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Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Wenbin Wang Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Course: Solid State II; Instructor: Elbio Dagotto; Semester: Spring 2009 Department of Physics Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 April, 18, 2009 This paper begins with a brief introduction the development of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); in the second part, we will present some basic theory about STM, we will pay more attention on the theory for tunneling between the surfaces of the sample with the model probe tip. Next, we introduce the STM facility, include different modes of operation and other influence factors. In addition, some application of STM to nanofabrication and Nanocharacterization are reviewed. Finally, conclusion and outlook are made towards the future research on STM. Keywords: STM, Tunnel current, Nanofabrication I. Introduction The 1986 years Nobel prize is a warded to Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope [1]. The invention of STM help scientist better understand the surface structure which means this technical solved the fundamental problem in surface physics. From 1986 until now, research go on improve this advance technical and apply this method into industry innovations of novel nanometer-scale product. Numerous advantages and versatility of STM make itself become a powerful tool [3]. STM with tunneling spectroscopy can be used to perform atomically resolved spectroscopy imaging functions such as energy-resolved local density of states (LDOS) mapping, spin-polarized tunneling imaging, molecular vibrational spectroscopy by inelastic tunneling, and tunneling-induced photon emission mapping. Further more, as a nanofabrication tool, STM also be used in atom manipulation, local deposition by the decomposition of organometallic gases. Moreover, STM can be adapted to various environments such as air, ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), controlled atmospheres and liquid [11]. In the following context, we will introduce both basic theory of STM and application of STM in nano-device industry. II. Theory of STM Tunneling current From the figure 1(a,b,c), we will show some basic idea of tunnel [2]. In the figure 1( a), we can show the scheme of tunneling into vacuum, the electron in a valence band are move in the Coulomb potential well of a atom core plus other valence electrons, the wave function of the electron is extend into the vacuum. In the vacuum, the wave function is decreasing exponentially, it tunnels into the vacuum. In real materials, If two atoms come sufficiently close, just as shown in the figure 1( b), the wave function of the two atoms overlapped with each other, at this time, an electron can tunnel back and forth through the vacuum or potential barrier between them. In a metal, in the figure 1 (c), the potential barriers between the atoms in the interior are quenched, the electrons in the conduction band can move freely. as the same situation as a, at the surface, the potential rises on the vacuum side forming the tunnel barrier, only those electrons which their electronic states very near the Fermi level, can be excited and tunnel across the barrier. As figure 1 (c) shown, when the two metal surface are closed enough, because the different Fermi levels of those two metals which produced by the small bias V, an electron can tunnel to the surface atom of another metal close by. The electron in the left side of metal can tunneling to the right side. There are many factors determine this tunnel. First, tunneling require empty level for the tunnel electron, so the tunneling current is related with the density of available states in the sample; the current is also due to the bias voltage V, when V is positive, electron in tip tunnel into empty state in the sample surface, if V is negative, electron tunnel our of occupied states in the sample into the tip. The tunneling current is Ψν is the state of the surface; Eν is the energy of state Ψν in the absence of tunneling. EF is the Fermi energy [6]. From this equation, we can found that the right part of this equation is the surface local density of states (LDOS) at EF , so the tunneling current is proportional to the surface LDOS. The microscope image represents a contour map of constant surface LDOS. When a electron transmission an barrier, the tunneling transitivity decreases exponentially with the distance of the barrier, in vacuum , when the distance of the barrier decreases 1Å ,the current increases by an order of magnitude, With one electrode shaped into a tip, the current flows practically only from the front atoms of the tip, in the best case from a specific orbital of the apex atom. This gives a tunnel-current filament width and thus a lateral resolution of atomic dimensions. The second tip shown is recessed by about two atoms and carries about a million times less current [4]. III. Facility A. Modes of operation Basically, there are two kinds of modes for STM [5], one is called Constant current which is the one we discussed in the following part and another one is named constant height. In the constant current mode, the tip is scanned across the surface at constant tunnel current, vertical tip position will be continuously changed to keep the tunnel current as a constant. Actually, in a homogeneous surface, constant current essentially means constant interval between sample surface and the tip. In this method, the function named height control mechanism will adjusting the tip move vertically up and down to keep the tunnel current to be constant through the feedback voltage. That means in this method, the tip topography the surface of the sample and gives a constant charge density surface image .The feedback voltage is a function of the height of the tip: Vz (Vx, Vy) Z(x,y) ∝ .When the surface of the sample is smooth, there is another choice named Constant height mode. In this mode, people through change the current to make sure both the voltage and height are held as a constant , the image of this mode is made of current changes over the surface, which can be related to charge density[8]. The changing tunneling current as a function of surface charge density conveys the same information as obtained in constant current mode. I(Vx, Vy) √ΨZ(x,y). ∝ This mode is much faster than the constant current mode. The only thing we should pay attention to is the surface should be smooth enough, or the scales of the ups and downs may even larger than the distance between the tip to the sample surface, at such situation, the tip may be destroyed by crashing with the sample. B. Instrument To introduce the instrument, we use the constant tunnel current as a example, the sketch of this instrument is shown in figure3 [7], the three frictionless x-y-z piezodrive Px, Py, Pz, which is quite vibration sensitive, will control the movement of the tip. Px, Py will scan the tip over the sample's surface, Pz will depend on the feedback voltage to determine the tip's vertical move to keep the constant tunnel current at constant tunnel voltage Vt. At the point B which is a contamination spot, this lead the tip has a z direction displacement. As we mentioned before, a little change on the surface will lead a dramatic current change, commonly, the barrier height or we called work function Is nearly several electronvolts, when we change the tunnel barrier width with a single atomic step (2-5 Å), the tunnel current will change about three orders of magnitude. This is the basic principle for this instrument. Include, in the constant tunnel current modes, the surface topography has constant work function and constant gap width. C. Tip materials influence There are lots of factors may influence the image of the STM, now, we introduce a theory of STM imaging mechanism in terms of actual electronic states on real tip. If we pay some attention to those researches about STM, we may found that the commonly used tip materials are W, Pt and Ir [8], all of those materials are d-band metals. Take tungsten tips as an example, we know that, at the Fermi level, 85% of its density of states come from d states. Just as the some reference shown, the W atoms on the tungsten tip surface will have a thinner electron density surrounded [9], the reason for this phenomenon is because the tip atoms has experience a reduced force, this force is come from the electron wind. In such situation, the w atom at the top of the tip will show a positive charge, the electrical field will attract the W atoms move to the apex of the tip, as a result, we can get very sharp tip with one atom at its apex, this structure will gives a rise to the metallic d tip state. The early STM research think that the tip materials have no relationship with the STM resolution, however, during further research, we can see that the STM resolution is dependent on the tip materials which require localized metallic Pz or dz [10] tip stats. From that research, we can draw a conclusion that only d-bond metals and semiconductors which can form Pz like metallic dangling bonds can be used as tip materials. All in all, the localized surface states of the tip especially the chemical identity of the apex atom will help people better understand the STM imaging mechanism. IV. Application Just as mentioned before, because the advance characteristics and lots of advantages of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), STM become a powerful tool to investigate surfaces of conductive materials since it's invented. Recently, through the trend of miniaturization both in magnetic and electronics devices, such as high-density information storage, high-resolution lithography, and production of nanoscale integrated chemical systems and electronic devices. So, now, the development of advanced fabrication and characterization technologies and science for the nanofunctional materials is become the most important problem in this research area. As we know, the size of the advance micro devices is shrinking into the nanometer scale, continuing miniaturization of electronic and mechanical devices has led in recent years to an interest in the generation of nanometer-sized structures on surfaces. To achieve this goal, we need to find an effective and efficient way to resolve the bottleneck of nanotechnology. In this advance research area, the invention of scanning probe techniques, particularly scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), has made it possible to modify surfaces at the nanometer scale and to manipulate even single atoms with the STM tip. STM nanofabrication technique has potential applications to various technologies. For example, from the effect of single-electron tunneling, a nanometer-scale SET transistor is become an important candidate technology for high-speed, low-power large-scale integrated circuits [11], which with tens of thousands of transistors per chip. As figure 4 show, technical for the fabricating nanometer scale part such as nanowires and nanodots on semiconductor substrate it become the key point for the nanometerdevices. A. Z-piezo voltage pulse As shown in figure 5, it is a STM image of a nanodot formed on a Si(111) surface after applying a single z-pulse. The main techniques for this nanodevices is try to fabricate metallic nanostructures on clean substrate. Now, let us show an example to explain this process. The material of the tip is made by tungsten wire with thin silver film deposited on it. At the beginning, we will apply a z-piezo voltage pulse on the tip. The duration time of this voltage pulse is 10sm. The reason why we need to apply a voltage pulse is because the adatoms on a surface will always migrate toward the center of the field which at that point, the field is highest. As shown in the figure 6 (a), in the absence of the voltage pulse, surface potential is periodic and the surface diffusion is in random direction. When we apply a voltage pulse, at the position which near the tip, the polarization energy is larger, this lead to the surface potential is inclined toward the center. The atoms will be migrated toward the center, figure 6 (b) [15]. The whole process is shown in the figure, During the whole process, we use the constant current mode. At the beginning, the tip is stay at a certain height, the gap distance between the tip and the surface of Si(111) is approximately 0.5 nm, this gap distance is changed with different materials and different tunneling conditions. Then, we applied an externally generated voltage pulse directly to the z-piezo, which leads to a corresponding movement of the STM tip in the z direction. When this additional external voltage pulse is applied on the z-piezo, both tip height and the tunnel current will show simultaneous responses. Just as shown in figure 7. In the first millisecond of the pulse ( figure 8), the tunnel current show a sudden and dramatic increase, showing that the STM tip approached the surface due to this additional voltage pulse on the z-piezo [14]. Through the tip is approaches to the surface, the gap distance will be shorter, when the gap distance is nearly to a typical bond length or approaches the atomic distance, the atoms on the apex of the tip will transferred to the sample surface and formed a nanodot on the sample surface. After 3ms, the feedback circuit will return a signal and causes the tip to retract in order that the tunneling current regains its predetermined value. All this process seems very simple, however, the principle of how the atoms on the tip can be migrated from the tip to the surface is complex. There are two ways can explain this transfer, one is called Field evaporation model, the other is caused by the spontaneous point contact. Figure 8. Schematic model of tip-material transfer mechanism by applying voltage pulse C. Field evaporation model We can get the general idea of this model from the figure 9(a,b) [15] and figure 10(a,b,c). When the distance between the tip and sample surface are closed enough, a potential barrier will formed, the atoms can transfer between them. When we apply a field between them, the energy barrier will be lower. In a metal-vacuum-metal model, the height of the barrier will be decreased a lot when apply a field. In the process of deposition, we apply a z direction voltage pulse on the tip and sample surface, when the tip and the surface are closed enough, the barrier which the atoms will be tunneled is very low. So the atoms can easier transfer from the tip to the sample surface [16]. This is the reason why atoms can be deposited on the surface. D. Spontaneous point contact Another way to explain the atom transfer is use mechanical point-contact model. In this model, tip-material transfer is caused by spontaneous formation of a point contact. This can be confirmed by an abrupt jump in current, as shown in the figure 12. We can prove this point contact from the I-z curve [13]. At the beginning, the tip is gradually moving to the surface when we apply a z-direction voltage, the current is exponentially increased through the tip close to the surface, the tip is in the tunneling regime during this process. When the distance between tip and surface is close to a typical bond length of -0.2nm, the current suddenly jumped to a very high value, this dramatically change of current suggests the formation of a mechanical point contact between the tip and Si(111) surface. The reason for this atomic-sized contact is various, it may be caused by field-induced diffusion (high electric field causes atoms at the tip Shank to diffuse to the apex by field-gradient-induced surface diffusion [15]) or by the formation of a chemical bond. Field-induced diffusion The first model is called Field-induced diffusion. For this model, when we apply a z-piezo voltage pulse on the tip, the field electrons can be emitted either from the tip or the sample surface, this electron current will heat up or even melt the tip. For another way, because there exist a field gradient on the tip surface, so the atoms on the tip shank will flow to the tip apex either by a directional surface diffusion or by a hydrodynamic flow. Then, at the apex of the tip , a liquidlike-metal cone will form, the atoms on the apex of the tip are very easier to contact with the atoms on the sample surface. After 10 ms, the voltage pulse is over and the liquidlike-metal cone will cools down. The neck between the tip and the surface will be broken and a mount of atoms migrated from the tip to the sample surface[15]. Just as shown in the figure 13. Chemical bond Some other research shows that for some materials, we can use the chemical bond to explain the mechanism for nanodots deposited. Such as Silicon, on the Si(111) surface contains lots of adatoms, those adatoms have dangling bonds protruding into the vacuum, when the gap distance is become very small, the dangling bonds will extracting the tip, a nanoscale silver dot will left on the surface of the silicon because the chemical bonding between the silver and silicon atoms [18]. After this, the feedback circuit causes the tip to retract in order that the tunneling current regains its predetermined value. This is the whole procedure for how tip-material transfer mechanism from an tip to n-Si(111) by applying a z-direction pulse. With the method we shown, people now can generate patterns on even a larger scale. Figure 14 is a picture show an 2020=400 single Cu clusters array which is fabricated on an area 245 nm by 275 nm , the time of this fabricate is less than 90 s [14]. The whole process for this is the same as we mentioned before. We were able to achieve this relatively fast patterning process by apply the additional voltage pulses on the z-piezo for the tip approach at the right moments, then the tip to approach the surface while it was scanning over the surface as in the usual imaging mode. Figure 15 is a picture provided by IBM company which have positioned 48 iron atoms into a circular ring in order to "corral" some surface state electrons and force them into "quantum" states of the circular structure [19]. The ripples in the ring of atoms are the density distribution of a particular set of quantum states of the corral. We were able to achieve this relatively fast patterning process by allowing the tip to approach the surface while it was scanning over the surface as in the usual imaging mode. It was necessary to apply the additional voltage pulses on the z-piezo for the tip approach at the right moments. V. Conclusion Basic theory and application of STM were reviewed. From the year 1986 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer receive the Nobel prize, STM has experienced a very fast development during the past decades, nowadays, it already become the most important method when research try to determine the surface structure. This method first time provides a possibility of direct, real-space determination of surface structure in three dimensions. Now, STM use its own advantages and combine its nanofabrication and nanocharacterization capabilities together, become the most powerful tool in the nanomaterial research field. Reference [1] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/ [2] Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer , Nobel lecture, December 8, 1986 [3] Nanoscience Instruments. http://www.nanoscience.com/education/STM.html. [4]G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel，Physical Review Letters, 49:57–61, 1982. [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_Tunneling_Microscope [6] J. Tersoff and D.R. Hamann, Physical Review B, 31, 1985 [7] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57 – 61， 1982 [8] Chen, C. J., Physical Review Letters 65 (4), 1990 [9] J.Wintterlin, J. Wiechers, H. Burne, T. Gritsch, H. Hofer and R.J.Behm, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 59，1989 [10] D.A. Papaconstantopoulos, Handbook of the Structure of Elemental Solids (Plenum, New York, 1986) [11] Fujisawa T, Hirayama Y and Tarucha S， Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 2250，1994 [12] Daisuke Fujita and Keisuke Sagisaka, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9， 2008 [13] Fujita D, Dong Z-C, Sheng H-Y and Nejoh H. Appl. Phys. A 66 S753， 1998 [14] D. M. Kolb, * R. Ullmann, T. Will, Science, 21，1097，1997 [15] Tsong T T， Phys. Rev. B 44 13703， 1991 [16] H.J.Mamin, P.H. Guethner, and D. Rugar. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65. 2418.1990 [17] Pascual J I, Mendez J, Gomez-Herrero J, Baro A M, Garcia N， Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1852，1993 [18] Takayanagi K, Tanishiro Y, Takahashi S and Takahashi M， Surf. Sci. 164 367 1985 [19] IBM http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/corral.html
Stylistics Analysis of Psalm of Life Mrs. Karen C. Quackenbush 1 , Mr. Don A. Quackenbush 2 1 Maryland State Department of Education, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.03.2019.p8723 http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.03.2019.p8723 Abstract: The stylistics analysis of Psalm of Life by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, a famous American poet, endeavors to demonstrate the ways levels of stylistics is structured in relationship to the linguistic element to meaning and to provide an account of initial interpretation of poem objectively. Stylistics analysis is based on facts and much more objective and delved into detail thus, digging deep into the thoughts and feeling of the poet. The aim is to explain how the words of a poem evoke the feelings and responses that readers get when they read it. Index terms: graphology, poetry, stylistics, syntactical I. Introduction Writers aim to communicate their ideas to express themselves in a unique, imaginative and poetic form to capture readers attention. Numerous literary devices are employed by are writers to enhance word choice, to clarify meanings and present their message creatively and artistically. The purpose is not just to communicate but to communicate effectively. As Leech (2003) puts it, to achieve beauty in the text and writers who achieve this can touch not only the minds of the readers but their hearts as well. The written word will have an emotional impact and influence on the thought processes of the readers as proven by history. One prime example is the Magna Carta written in 1215 which became the basis for the constitutional law we have today. Then and now, the power of the written word has not diminished. Writers used various means to present creativity aesthetically by employing devices to enhance word choice, to articulate clear meanings and to organize artistic messages. Literary devices are employed to enhance beauty and to extend relevance of the poems. Writers write not only to "encode and disseminate vision and message, but to achieve beauty in the texts." Leech (2003.5) Style Beyond the elements of grammar, composition, punctuation and spelling, style refers to the choice of words, sentence construction and paragraph structure by which a writer communicates his/her messages. Style is the writer's unique way of presenting his ideas so that readers will have a vivid picture and the clear words will evoke the expected mood. Riffaterre (1959) defines style as the manner by which the writer guarantees that concepts, ideas and thoughts in a literary work are absorbed by the readers not only the information furnished but appreciate the author's belief and sentiments towards it. Stephen (1994;52) affirmed "An author's style is usually individual, his literary fingerprint". Style are the ways the author present ideas in writing. The unique fashion a writer uses words to communicate his message, to sustain the mood and show images. Style is the poet's unique way of sending messages across and using semantics, rhetoric and syntactic or lexical items to express the abstract thoughts and feelings. It consists of meticulous and careful use of words in any shape and form. Riffaterre (1959) defines style as the manner by which the writer guarantees that concepts, ideas and thoughts in a literary work are absorbed by the readers not only the information furnished but appreciate the author's belief and sentiment towards it. Stephen (1994;52) affirmed "An author's style is usually individual, his literary fingerprint". Stylistics Analysis Stylistics is part of the study of language that focus on the diverse versions of simple to complex utilization of language in literature. Turner (1975). The analysis is based on quantifiable and concrete data and idea that ultimately guide to a higher level of comprehension. Stylistics aims to present the development of meaning by probing the multifarious interplay of literary feature to deliver the intended message of the literary piece. (Hanif, A. et. Al, 2015). Then, stylistics analysis sharpen the understanding and deep appreciation of literary composition and according to Carter (1996) it is a "way in" to a text as it ushers the means to a detailed and insightful interpretation texts. Poetry Poetry is one form of writing or literary work where special intensity is given to the interplay of words and rhythm. Lines and stanzas are the graphic structures of a literary piece the provide a visual cues that it a is poem. Putting punctuation in the right location helps in understanding the messages and aids in conveying emotions of the poem. It can be better appreciated and understood when stylistics analysis is done. Edgar Allan Poe defined poetry as "the rhythmical creation of beauty in words" and the expression of literary creativity and holds language to higher level. Rhythm is the heartbeat of poetry and applied in various element and lends poetry an emotional and musical experience. II. Stylistic Analysis Graphology is the linguistic level of stylistic analysis which deals with the graphic aspects of language. Crystal and Davy (1969) stressed that the "main graphological devices one can make use of are paragraphing, spacing, and capitalization, alongside the normal range of other punctuation marks". The roles of these devices are to facilitate the interpretation of poem and to contribute to the process of identifying meanings of the poem. Phonology According to Ofuya (2007), as the etymology of the words suggest, phonology is the arrangement of sounds in English and is defined as a literary device in which speech sounds interact with each other and what happens to speech sounds in a word or a sentence. Phonology is focused on how speech sounds change and behave when in a syllable, word, or sentence, as opposed to when spoken in isolation. Semantics is a branch of linguistics that intends to study the meaning of language. In stylistics, it is the meaning is implicit and depends on the literary context on how the language is being used. Meanings are judged through the analysis of context, social and individual point of views. Hidden meanings can be judged by the reader through the environment created by the poet in a poem. III. ANALYSIS The stylistics analysis of "Psalm of Life" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is undertaken. Meticulous study of sounds, punctuations, patterns, words, sentences and meanings are basis of investigation in order to discover the poet's thoughts, feeling and purpose. The poem is didactic, intended to give advice and counsel to the young men and women who needs guidance how to live a fruitful ephemeral life. ( Osborne-Bartucca, 2016) Graphology. Psalm of Life is composed of nine (9) stanzas and each stanza has four (4) lines. The poem has 215 words, 162 of which or 75% are one-syllable words. Every beginning letter of words of each line is capitalized and five words within the lines are capitalized. Punctuations used include period (.), comma (,), semi-colon (;), dash (-), apostrophe (') and exclamation point (!). Simpson (1997:28) stated that graphology has the capacity to "exert a psycholinguistic influence on the reading process" (Simpson, 1997: 28) because visual elements are as significant as the text. According to Harmer (2004) punctuations help in communicating real messages in an appropriate manner. Capitalization and Exclamation. Life in second and fifth stanza are capitalized. In the 4th stanza, the words Time, Future, Past, Present and God are also capitalized. Capitalization impacts readability and comprehension because it emphasize the importance of the words. To capitalize words, even the first letter of the words is to give visual prominence with the intent to focus attention on particular elements within any group of people, places, or things. Further, capitalization indicates the significance of the words in the ideas and messages of the poem. The word psalm in the title is a sacred song of worship to celebrate life and all its possibilities and it is also the prominent message of the poem. Time is of the essence in living a life. The Future is filled with the unknown and anticipation, its uncertainties can lead to desperation and wasteful use of time. Past is gone and all its pains and joys. The experiences of the past are lessons or blessings. Hence, no time is wasted. The Future is unborn - avoid the worries and the Past is dead - evade the regrets. Carnegie (p. 5) admonished, "The load of yesterday added to that of tomorrow, carried today, makes the most falter". The Present "lie all the verities and realities of existence". Words and deeds are acted now, live in the moment, seize the day. Exclamation point ends the line of the stanza, indicating emphasis of the message of the entire poem. Grammatically, the exclamation point is used to express surprise, amazement and excitement and other powerful emotions. This punctuation can turn expression of simple mental calmness to strong emotional contemplation. The use of capitalization and exclamation highlight valuable attitude of those who are here and now should possess in reference to time and life. The messages of the poem is not to be sure of the future though it may seem pleasant now because change happen anytime. The past and the future are unknown, hence it is wise to live for today with kindness the heart can bring and faith that God can inspire. Comma. The poem is composed of 36 lines and 21 lines have commas with a total of 33 commas. Ten (10) lines have two (2) commas, , eleven (11) have one (1) commas and one (1) have three (3) commas. The comma is used primarily for grammatical correctness and more importantly for contextual coherence. Both aid in creating drama, emphasizing feelings and adding meaning. Commas are appropriately placed to connect two (2) contrasting or continuing ideas or a series of ideas. The punctuation allows a pause to think about the ideas and to place an emphasis to both ideas that are separated by the comma. Caesuras in the poem indicate an abrupt pause in the middle line of poem and in this poem a comma is used for that purpose. The pause allows the reader to reflect on phrase after the caesura and produces a compelling effect. This punctuation mark is placed on a significant location for a valuable purpose of expressing specific, relevant and strong messages or thoughts. Hyphen and Dash. The hyphen is used in the words to-day and to-morrow in the 3rd stanza to emphasize time duration. For example, when a person dies his lifetime is measured from birth year to death year 1990-1989. Hyphen is used to represent a life lived here on earth from today to tomorrow. The dash can be found on the 6th stanza between the repeated word "act". This punctuation suggests an afterthought for forceful information and to reiterate an advice in the line. Period. Period is used specifically at the end of the last line of sin (6) out of nine (9) stanzas to mark full stop to show finality and completeness of statement. Period is appropriately used to articulate a direct counsel expressed the stanza. (Ali, et al, 2016) and should not be subject further interpretation. Semi-colon. Four (4) lines end with semi-colon. One of the functions of semicolon is to separate independent clauses that are related in terms of ideas. In this poem, the semi colon is used as a half full stop compared to the period which is a full stop. Swan (2003) explains that semicolon joins two related thoughts to establish a link that are grammatically independent but the implications are closely connected. Apostrophe. Apostrophe (') is used to indicate possession the words world's (stanza 5, line 1) and life's (stanza 8, line 2). These two words are singular as a rule, the possession is marked with 's and is written right after the owner. The world and life are the owners challenges, hopelessness and helplessness though temporary as indicated by the word bivouac. The apostrophe is used in words with letter v such however, overhead, over. Apostrophe replaces when letter v is omitted in those words to adhere to the established meter and foot which is trochaic tetrameter. Phonology Meter and foot. Meter in poetry is defined by Port (2003) as the alternating accented and unaccented syllable. The poem is composed of nine quatrains, each stanza has four lines. Trochee is applied, the first syllable in each line is stressed and followed by unstressed. The pattern is trochee. The metrical pattern of every line of the poem is tetrameter, 4 trochees. But the second and fourth lines of every stanza have four stressed syllables and only four (4) complete trochee. Notably, eight (8) out nine (9) of the last foot of the second line of every stanza is only one syllable word while here (3) out of the nine (9) last foot of the fourth line are two (2) syllables. Eliminating the final unstressed syllable is called catalexis, purposely for brief pause, to slow the pace to add a somber tone. It important to note that in order to maintain this pattern, words with letter "v" are replaced with apostrophe (') such as howe'er (stanza 6, line 1), o'erhead (stanza 6,line 4) and o'er (stanza 8,line 2). The regular rhyme pattern ensures the reassuring predictability of the poem and reinforces the its message that life is meaningful and purposeful Rhyme. Fabb (1997) identified rhyme as pairs of words that are phonologically similar from the last vowel sound to the end of a word. For examples, numbers, dream, slumbers and seem, The rhyme scheme of Psalm of Life is abab. The first and third sound of the last word are the same and so are the second and the fourth in every stanza. Rhyming words supports retention and comprehension (Lea, et al, 2008). Meter and rhyme constitute patterns that enhance familiarity and symmetry can intensify cognitive processing and facilitate positive emotional responses. (Kramer etal 1987). Hence, understanding the message is clear and effortless. SYNTACTICAL One-syllable words. Notably, most of the words in the poem are one syllable words. The editorial of The Economist that used one syllable words, quoted Churchill " Short words are best, and old words, when short, are best of all". Then, he continued "AND, not for the first time, he was right, short words are best. Plain they may be, but that is their strength. They are clear, sharp and to the point. You can get your tongue round them. You can spell them. Eye, brain and mouth work as one to greet them as friends, not foes. For that is what they are. Then, Michener confirms "good writing consists of trying to use ordinary words to achieve extraordinary results." Parallelism. Short (2007) stressed that in poetry the aesthetic value cannot be detached from the artful manipulation of the linguistic code. Parallelism, the construction of sentences or parts of sentences with the same grammatical structures in successive line, often repeating specific word or phrase in a style can potentially facilitate retention and sharpen the message. This repetition of the structure and words create balance of sound, expression and rhythm that can result to make the message forceful and effective. J. J. Thwala (2017) abstracted that in parallelism, meticulous selection of words and phrases in layered succession is constructed around the central theme. The style advance the equality of ideas, the similarities and differences, fact or opinion or possible or impossible, still maintaining the unity and coherence in the poem. Parallelism is employed in the same lines in the 6 lines of the poem.(1) Life is real, Life is earnest, (2) Dust thou art, to dust returnest, (3) Not enjoyment and not sorrow, (4)Art is long and Time is fleeting, (5)Heart within and God o'erhead, (6) Still achieving, still pursuing. Parallel structured phrases or clauses in poetry, according to Gregoriou (2009) in terms of similarity of sound, same grammatical structure or difference in meaning can still harmonize equal and contrasting semantic relationship of words. Parallelism or not, the sentences are expressed in statement or command. Imperative sentences are used in eight (8) out of thirty six (36) lines and begins with a verb. These are Tell, Be, Be, Trust, Learn, Act, Learn and Let. Birjulin & Xrakovski (2001) explain that these imperative sentences semantically tell that an action needed to be accomplished by the very information provided. All the rest of the lines, twenty eight (28) out of thirty six (36) lines are declarative sentences. Generally declarative sentences state a fact and chiefly to make an assertion. Some of declarative sentences (Brezgunova, 1968) are sentences that are beckoning, engaging and promising. Finally, Malik (2017) continues these sentences have informative function and declare unyielding counsel. (Malik, 2017) Religious and war attributes. Stanza one (1) has a religious reference with the words numbers and soul. Numbers is the 5th book of the bible and it contains countless statistics, population counts, tribal and priestly figure and other numerical data. Merrill (1985) stated that the book follows the Israelites in their forty years of wandering in the desert. The phrase "mournful numbers" indicates that life is a series difficult countless journeys. Soul is a reference to physical body that should deal with life in its reality, not in a fantasy. The lines suggest when life is a product of imagination and become worthless, when it is lived as a dream. Life after death, a Judeo-Christian pivotal essence of living and dying. "Dust thou art, to dust returnest", is expressed in archaic words taken from the Bible, Genesis 3:16. This line creates spiritual value and historical beginnings. This kind of writing impresses a flavor of antiquity and having the wisdom and authority of our ancestors and reverence to tradition. When employed in poetry, indicate that ancient language are more precise, more eloquent, more meaningful and more truthful. War terms are used in the stanza five (5) "battle", "bivouac", "hero" and 'strife". Words imply life has challenges, is temporary, be courageous and with conflict. Despite the overwhelming circumstances of living, those terms are used indicate that there so much can be done in life like in war. Negotiation and strategies are possible ways to rise above conflict life can bring. When faced with adversity, difficulty and chaos like in a war zone, the best reaction is not be a part of a cattle, a herd or crowd where behaviors are described by collective thought of defenseless and dependence. To be a hero is an individual act of fortitude. Reach for inner strength, steadfast determination and unfailing faith to move forward and not to yield, when life is paralyzed with the burden of worry, misery and perplexity. Litotes: The dictionary defines litotes as ideas expressed in affirmative and stated by the negative of the contrary. (Oxford English Dictionary). Six (6) lines conform with this definition with the negative word no and not. These are: (1) Tell me NOT in mournful numbers (2) And things are NOT what they seem (3)Was NOT spoken of the soul (4) NOT enjoyment and NOT sorrow (5) Be NOT like driven cattle (6)Trust NO future howe'ver pleasant. Articulating the negative of the contradicting idea seemingly decreases its importance but actually increases the significance. The reason Pontier (2013) disclosed is that negative words replaces the clear positive expression for depth and strength because of the ironic outcome created by negation. Irony is a peculiar way of capturing attention to ideas using concealed statements. Repetition. A rhetorical device repetition is applied in the poem. It is recurrence in succession of sounds, words and clauses in with no specific location to enhance emphasis of expression and meaning. Kemertelidze, &Manjavidze (2003). The poem Psalm of Life has three (3) pairs of lines of anaphora, the repetition of a word or a phrase is at the beginning of subsequent lines. The words or phrases repeated are in the following lines: * In the world's broad field of battle, * Be not like dumb, driven cattle! * In the bivouac of Life, * Be a hero in the strife! * Footprints, that perhaps another, * Footprints on the sands of time; Mesodiplosis, the repetition of words in the same line in the middle of the line is utilized in the poem. These words are: life, dust, not, dead, act and still and appear in these six (6) lines: * * Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Life is real! Life is earnest! * Not enjoyment, and not sorrow, * Act,— act in the living Present! * Let the dead Past bury its dead! * Still achieving, still pursuing, Croft (2007:57) "the technique of repeating or listing several words with the same or similar meaning (sometimes called cumulation) is often used to add emphasis or a persuasive quality to the poem such repetition of a word or words can add force and power to the subject or it can be used to work towards a dramatic climax" IV. Conclusion: After analyzing Psalm of Life stylistically, our initial interpretation deepened and was able to account for some of its features which the author haven't recognized The stylistics analysis of highlight elements of the poem that the authors might otherwise have missed like the relevance of repetition and punctuation. Knowing the rationale or the reason behind each element gave the authors a deeper understanding of the meaning of the poem and appreciation to its form and language. The analysis also provided the author clarity on the reasons the poet uses what is usually considered deviant language which is not used in everyday communication. The authors would have misconstrued this as using archaic language which does not have a place in modern literature. However, with this analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that a poem written ages before is still relevant today if we take the time to study and find its true meaning In conclusion, stylistics analysis can show how the linguistic features of a poem are directly related to meaning and in doing will uphold the initial interpretation of the poem. Of course, there can be more interpretation that could be given to the poem. However, stylistics can provide a systematic analytical technique that greatly ensures that the interpretation is as explicit and grounded in fact as it can be. It is the author's hope that she has shown that stylistics is a useful tool for interpreting literary texts. References Ali, Hira Ijaz Asghar Bhatti, Ali Hassan Shah, Stylistics Analysis of the Poem ―Hope is The Thing with Feathers World Journal of Research and Review (WJRR) ISSN:2455-3956, Volume-3, Issue-5, November 2016 Pages 18-21 Brisgunova, E. A. (1968). Practical Phonetics and Intonation of Russian Birjulin, Leonid A., and Victor S. Xrakovski. 2001. Imperative sentences: theoretical problems. In Victor S. Xrakovski (ed.), Typology of imperative constructions, 3–50. Munchen: Lincolm. Carter, R. (1996). Look both ways bedore crossing: developments in the language and literature classroom. In R. Carter and J. McRae (Eds.), Language, Literature & the Learner: Creative classroom practice (pp. 1-15). London: Longman. Croft, Steven, Robert Myers. Exploring Language of Literature. London: Oxford University Press,2000. Crystal, D. & Davy, D. (1969). Investigating English style. Harlow: Longman. Fabb N. (1997). Linguistics and Literature: Language in the Verbal Arts of the World. Oxford: Blackwell Gregoriou, Christiana 2009. English Literary Stylistics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Jakobson R. (1960). "Closing statement: linguistics and poetics," in Style in Language, ed. Seboek T. A., editor. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; ), 350–377 Kemertelidze, Nino &Manjavidze, Tamar. (2013). STYLISTIC REPETITION, ITS PECULIARITIES AND TYPES IN MODERN ENGLISH. European Scientific Journal. 1857-7881. Kramer A. F., Donchin E. (1987). Brain potentials as indices of orthographic and phonological interaction during word matching. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn.13, 76–8610.1037/0278-73220.127.116.11 Lea R., Rapp D., Elfenbein A., Mitchel A., Romine R. (2008). Sweet silent thought: alliteration and resonance in poetry comprehension. Psychol. Sci.19, 709–71610.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02146.x Malik, Dr. Mukhalad . Utilizing Linguistic Resources in the Analysis of PoetryIOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 22, Issue 3, Ver. VI (March. 2017) PP 73-76 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Merrill, ugene H., "Numbers," The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament, ed. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books, 1985), 215. Osborne-Bartucca, Kristen. "A Psalm of Life "Psalm of Life" Summary and Analysis". Gradesaver, 10 November 2016. Oxford English Dictionary [Internet], Litotes, [cited 2017 Aug 08], [about 1 screen]. Available from: www.oed.com. Pontier, p. (2013). The litotes of Thucydides. inTsakmakis, A., Tamiolaki, M. (Eds.) Thucydides between history and literature. Berlin: De Gruyter Port R. F. (2003). Meter and speech. J. Phon.31, 599–61110.1016/j.wocn.2003.08.001 Riffaterre, Michael (1959) Criteria for Style Analysis, WORD, 15:1, 154-174, DOI: 10.1080/00437956.1959.11659690 Sidra Hanif M. , Mumtaz, Ahmed and Aftab, Maria. A Stylistic Analysis of William Henry Davies' Leisure. Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics Journal Vol.7, 2015 Stephen, M. (1994). English Literature, A Student Guide. (2nd ed.). UK: Longman Group Ltd. Swan)., 2003, 476, Maclaren, 2003:168F Turner , G.W. (1975) .Stylistics . Benguin Books.London. Yumico Iwata. Creating suspense and surprise in short literary fiction: A stylistic and narratological approach. The University of Birmingham 2008 AUTHORS First Author - Karen C. Quackenbush, Special Education Teacher, Maryland State Department of Education, United States of America, email@example.com. Second Author - Don Alan Quackenbush, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, firstname.lastname@example.org Correspondent Author- Karen C. Quackenbush, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, 01-540-223-3661.
Organizational Behavior By Robbins And Judge 15th Edition Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior Essentials of organizational behavior/ Stephen P. Robbins Organizational Behavior Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Global Edition Organizational Behavior 12Th Ed. 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Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab Management, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyLab Management, search for: 0134639596 / 9780134639598 Essentials of Organizational Behavior Plus MyLab Management with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package 0134523857 / 9780134523859 Essentials of Organizational Behavior 0134527275 / 9780134527277 MyLab Management with Pearson eText -Access Card -- for Essentials of Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior Pearson Higher Education AU NOTE: Before purchasing, check with your instructor to ensure you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, and registrations are not transferable. To register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products, you may also need a Course ID, which your instructor will provide. Used books, rentals, and purchases made outside of Pearson If purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson, the access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included, may be incorrect, or may be previously redeemed. Check with the seller before completing your purchase. For undergraduate and graduate courses in Organizational Behavior. This package includes MyManagemetLab TM . Help Readers Better Understand Their Behavioral and Interpersonal Skills Long considered the standard for all organizational behavior textbooks, Organizational Behavior provides the research you want, in the language you can understand. This text continues its tradition of making current, relevant research come alive for readers. 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Within its structured environment, students practice what they learn, test their understanding, and pursue a personalized study plan that helps them better absorb course material and understand diﬃcult concepts. 0134437861/ 9780134437866 Organizational Behavior Plus MyManagementLab with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package Package consists of: 013410398X / 9780134103983 Organizational Behavior 0134182189 / 9780134182186 MyManagementLab with Pearson eText--Access Card--for Organizational Behavior Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Global Edition Spectra Compiled by three of the most inﬂuential authors in the ﬁeld, CLASSICS OF ORGANIZATION THEORY, Eighth Edition is a collection of the most enduring works in organization theory. To help students grasp important themes, perspectives, and theories, the authors describe what organization theory is, how it has developed, and how its development has coincided with events and changes in other ﬁelds. This highly acclaimed reader is not simply a retelling of the history of organization theory; its evolution is told through the words of the distinguished theorists themselves. The readings in this edition have been thoroughly reviewed and updated. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. Organizational Behavior 12Th Ed. John Wiley & Sons This book presents a step-by-step process aimed at helping you create the most successful business possible in the 21st century competitive landscape, empowering corporate citizenship professionals to accelerate their credibility within their company as an eﬀective contributor who understands their company's strategy and who creates value. Essentials of Organizational BehaviorOrganizational BehaviorOrganizational Behavior Organizational BehaviorOrganizational BehaviorPrentice HallOrganizational BehaviorPearson South Africa Organizational BehaviorCram101 For undergraduate and graduate courses in Organizational Behavior. Captivate the class with a clear writing style, cuttingedge content, and compelling pedagogy. Robbins/Judge provides the research you want, in the language your students understand. This text continues its tradition of making current, relevant research come alive for students. Cultural Change Work in Progress Pearson Higher Ed A less-expensive grayscale paperback version is available. Search for ISBN 9781680922875. The ﬁeld of management and organizational behavior exists today in a constant state of evolution and change. Casual readers of publications like the New York Times, The Economist and the Wall Street Journal will learn about the dynamic nature of organizations in today's everchanging business environment. Organizational Behavior is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the introductory course on Organizational Behavior. This is a 1 traditional approach to organizational behavior. The table of contents of this book was designed to address two main themes. What are the variables that aﬀect how, when, where, and why managers perform their jobs? What theories and techniques are used by successful managers at a variety of organizational levels to achieve and exceed objectives eﬀectively and eﬃciently throughout their careers? Management is a broad business discipline, and the Organizational Behavior course covers many areas such as individual and group behavior at work, as well as organizational processes such as communication in the workplace and managing conﬂict and negotiation. No one individual can be an expert in all areas of management, so an additional beneﬁt of this text is that specialists in a variety of areas have authored individual chapters. Finally, we all made an eﬀort to present a balanced approach to gender and diversity throughout the text in the examples used, the photographs selected, and the use of both male and female in alternating chapters when referring to generic managers or employees. 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Concepts, Controversies, Applications Pearson Education Canada Robbins: Leading the way in OB Written as an alternative to Robbins' larger Organisational Behaviour text, OB: The Essentials is an applied and focused text that will help your students to quickly grasp the essential elements of OB. In an engaging 13 chapter format, this book retains the ﬂuid writing style, academic rigour and extensive use of examples that are trademark features of the Robbins texts. While there are less chapters, the book continues to provide cutting-edge content that is often missing in other OB books – this is not merely a subset of material from Robbin's Organisational Behaviour text; it was written from the ground up to present all the essential content in a shorter format. This new text will have broad appeal; particularly to visual learners who will appreciate the lively design and extensive use of examples and photographs to aid comprehension and retention of concepts. New co-author Dr Michael Jones of the University of Wollongong brings his avid enthusiasm for student education as well as a solid research background in motivation, commitment and business operations to the new text. Reviewers and users of the Robbins texts regularly report that they are 'conversational', understandable'. Packed full of pedagogical features that will engage and stimulate your students, OB: The Essentials will ensure that they are getting a sound understanding of OB. Features such as the 'Applying Knowledge' and 'Student Challenge' boxes prompt students to apply and think strategically about what they have just learnt. A Practical Guide to Delivering Value to Society and your Business Pearson South Africa For courses in organizational behavior. A streamlined presentation of key organizational behavior concepts Essentials of Organizational Behavior teaches students how to communicate and interact within organizations, through real-world scenarios. The text oﬀers comprehensive coverage of key organizational behavior (OB) concepts, making each lesson engaging and easy to absorb. Students can use the book's concepts to apply what they've learned to their own education, future career plans, and other organizational endeavors. Currently used at more than 500 colleges and universities worldwide, Essentials of Organizational Behavior serves as a popular resource so students can learn and understand the most important concepts in OB. With updated research and the integration of contemporary global issues, the 14th Edition focuses on the most relevant OB concepts that resonate with students. MyLabTM Management not included. Students, if MyLab is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MyLab should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information. MyLab Management is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment, students practice what they learn, test their understanding, and pursue a personalized study plan that helps them better absorb course material and understand diﬃcult concepts. Positive Organizational Behavior Pearson Education ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products. Packages Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase. Used or rental books If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code. Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase. -- For one-semester undergraduate and graduate level courses in Organizational Behavior. Concise fundamentals for students. Ultimate ﬂexibility for instructors. This bestselling, brief alternative for the OB course covers all the key concepts needed to understand, predict, and respond to the behavior of people in real-world organizations. This text also includes cutting-edge topics and streamlined pedagogy to allow maximum ﬂexibility in designing and shaping your course. The eleventh edition contains expanded and updated coverage on international issues, as well as new sections on the management of information, safety and emotions at work, risk aversion, self-determination theory, managing information, and downsizing. Accompanied by mymanagementlab! See the hands in the air, hear the roar of discussion—be a rock star in the classroom. mymanagementlab makes it easier for you to rock the classroom by helping you hold students accountable for class preparation, and getting students engaged in the material through an array of relevant teaching and media resources. Visit mymanagementlab.com for more information. 'interesting', 'student-friendly' and 'very clear and Global and Southern African Perspectives Pearson OB is for Everyone Langton/Robbins/Judge, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, 5ce is the most student-engaging book in the market. It makes Organizational Behaviour relevant to students, no matter what their background or work experience (or lack of) or their career goals. As a pared-down version of the highly successful Langton franchise, this text is targeted at the college and university-transfer market for those who need a lighter, more accessible text. Note: MyManagementLab is not included with the purchase of this product. Changing Organizational Culture Pearson Higher Ed In the unusual world of Green Town, Illinois, a twelve-year-old Related with Organizational Behavior By Robbins And Judge 15th Edition: * Customer Experience Training Outline : click here 2 Organizational Behavior By Robbins And Judge 15th Edition discovers the wonders of reality and the power of imagination during the summer of 1928 The Discover Your True North FieldbookPrentice Hall This book is the ﬁrst Southern African edition of Stephen P. Robbins's Organizational Behaviour, the best-selling organisational behaviour textbook worldwide. A Personal Guide to Finding Your Authentic LeadershipEmerald Group Publishing For one-semester undergraduate and graduate level courses in Organizational Behavior. This title is a Pearson Global Edition. The Editorial team at Pearson has worked closely with educators around the world to include content which is especially relevant to students outside the United States. This best selling brief alternative for the OB course covers all the key concepts needed to understand, predict, and respond to the behavior of people in real world organizations, including cutting-edge topics and streamlined pedagogy to allow maximum ﬂexibility in designing and shaping your course. This tenth edition has been updated to include new research, examples, and topics, including, but not limited to, sections on attitudes, global implications, commitment and work engagement, virtual teams, and positive organizational culture. Chapters have been updated with new sections to help students focus on key concepts and to explain the implications of emerging technologies. Robbins/Judge, Essentials of Organizational Behavior: Concise fundamentals for students. Ultimate ﬂexibility for instructors. Essentials of Organizational Behavior, Global Edition Routledge Robbins/Judge provide the research you want in the language your students understand; accompanied with the best selling selfassessment software, SAL. Some topics include management functions; the social sciences; helping employees balance work and other responsibilities; improving people skills; improving customer service; motivational concepts; communication; power and politics; conﬂict and negotiation; culture; and stress management. Globally accepted and written by one of the most foremost authors in the ﬁeld, this is a necessary read for all managers, human resource workers, and anyone needing to understand and improve their people skills. Introduction to Organisational Behaviour Pearson Education (Us) Positive Organizational Behavior is emerging as a truly contemporary movement within the classic discipline of organizational behavior. The best work of leading scholars is gathered together in one edited collection. Chapters present the states, traits, and processes that compromise this exciting new science. In addition to mapping the ﬁeld, this collection goes one step further and invites noted experts to identify the methodological challenges facing scholars of positive organizational behavior. Positive Organizational Behavior constitutes the study of positive human strengths and competencies, how it can be facilitated, assessed and managed to improve performance in the workplace . Its roots are ﬁrmly within positive psychology but transplanted to the world of work and organizations. Concepts, Controversies, and Applications Pearson Higher Education AU For courses in organizational behavior. A streamlined presentation of key organizational behavior concepts Essentials of Organizational Behavior teaches students how to communicate and interact within organizations, through real-world scenarios. The text oﬀers comprehensive coverage of key organizational behavior (OB) concepts, making each lesson engaging and easy to absorb. Students can use the book's concepts to apply what they've learned to their own education, future career plans, and other organizational endeavors. Currently used at more than 500 colleges and universities worldwide, Essentials of Organizational Behavior serves as a popular resource so students can learn and understand the most important concepts in OB. With updated research and the integration of contemporary global issues, the 14th Edition focuses on the most relevant OB concepts that resonate with students. MyLabTM Management not included. Students, if MyLab is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MyLab should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information. MyLab Management is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment, students practice what they learn, test their understanding, and pursue a personalized study plan that helps them better absorb course material and understand diﬃcult concepts. 2023-07-01
EASTTOWN TOWNSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORY COUNCIL REGULAR MONTHLY MEETING MEETING MINUTES Thursday, September 22, 2022 The regular meeting was called to order at 7:00 pm by Chairperson Cara Rash. Environmental Advisory Councilmembers in attendance were Gary Ellis, Kate Goddard Doms, Cara Rash, and Radha Pyati. Councilmember Heather Hill was excused. Also attending were Supervisor Michael Wacey; Eugene Briggs, Township Manager; and Bill Hartman. Consideration of Draft August 25, 2022 Regular Meeting Minutes. The July minutes with three friendly amendments were approved with a motion, second, and 4-0 vote. Review of 2023 Budget Request Items. The EAC discussed various items with expenses that contribute to the overall 2023 budget request. These items included the seed saving library, the rain garden program, the Trex program, and workshops, excluding the tree program to be discussed also at this meeting. The rain garden program can be executed either with all-volunteer labor, or with the use of a landscape company to handle the heavy earthmoving and grading work. The EAC favored the use of a landscape company, which costs $1,800 per garden on average. For two gardens ($3,600), tools ($400), plants and mulch ($1,000), and legal fees to write documents ($1,200), the rain garden program totaled $6,200. With all those expenses per below, a budget of $7,500 for these programs, excluding the tree program, was determined. Following the tree program discussion below and the $15,519 allocated to the tree program, the total 2023 budget request was the following: \| Seed Library: \| \| \|---\|---\| \| 1000 Self Adhesive Seed Envelopes \| $27 \| \| All Purpose Labels (1.5" x 2.75") for 76 labels x 14 packages \| $21 \| \| Trex Program: \| \| \| Trex Can Liners (100 count) x 5 \| $200 \| \| Trex Bench Plaque \| $25 \| \| Workshops (Speaker fees, space rental, travel reimbursement, printing) \| $1,000 \| \| Rain garden program \| $6,200 \| \| Right of Way Tree Planting/Village Tree Program \| $15,519 \| The EAC passed with a second and 4-0 vote a motion to propose this budget. Consideration of Right-of-Way Trees/Village Tree Program Update and PECO Green Region Grant. The EAC passed with a second and a 4-0 a motion to move the tree program item to the next item on the agenda. Vice Chair Ellis and Mr. Bill Hartman, 57 Knox Ave., provided an update and proposed budget for the street tree program in the Village of Berwyn area. Mr. Hartman shared estimated budget figures for 20, 25, or 30 trees, and both with and without a landscaping company's assistance with the tree planting. The group discussed volunteer or homeowner participation in tree planting and concluded that, while volunteers and homeowners can perform lighter tasks, using a landscaping company is a better option for the heavy work involved. It is a goal of the BOS to bring in more grants, and the EAC will seek grants to fund this project. This year the PECO Green Region Grant deadline does not match the EAC's 2023 timeline, but if the EAC prepares a three-year plan, it can include grant proposal submissions in the future. The program will be designed with an application process and criteria for selection of the properties that will receive a tree. Manager Briggs encouraged the EAC to consider laying out for the BOS what the program plan is for Years 2 and 3. The EAC will initiate this project with approximately 20 trees and the use of a landscape company. Using the provided budget figures and an estimate of $1,200 for legal assistance in writing the required documents, the EAC passed a motion and a second with a 4-0 vote to approve $15,519 for the tree project portion of the 2023 budget request to the BOS. Consideration of EAC Insights Newsletter and Articles for Everything Easttown. Chairperson Rash had sent several articles to the EAC, Manager Briggs, and Supervisor Wacey for their consideration in advance of the meeting. Minor edits were made, and it was noted that Tredyffrin Twp has passed a single-use plastic ban that includes bags, Styrofoam, and straws. The EAC passed with a second and a 4-0 a motion to accept Chairperson Rash's articles for the EAC Insights Newsletter. The deadline for Everything Easttown is October 1. Ths will consist of notices about the compost drop and seed saving events, a workshop on plastic bags, and an article written by Vice Chair Ellis about MS4. Secretary Pyati will revise the plastic bag ban FAQ into an article and send it to Chairperson Rash and Manager Briggs. Consideration of Environmental Advisory Council Webpage Update. The EAC viewed the current update of the EAC webpage. An editing change to swap the names of Supervisors Bosco and Wacey was recommended. Liaison Report – Board of Supervisors. Councilmember Doms reported on the Board of Supervisors September 6 meeting per the notes below. Supervisor Wacey reported on the September 19 meeting, at which the omnibus bill was discussed and had minor edits. Liaison Report – Planning Commission. No video feed was provided for the last PC meeting. Vice Chair Ellis reported on its agenda items: a riparian buffer building request from a homeowner that was declined, and a sidewalk installation on Bridge Ave., 1 st Ave., and Waterloo Ave was discussed. Liaison Report – Parks and Recreation Board. Chairperson Rash conveyed Councilmember Hill's report that the P&R Board is considering the replacement of park benches as a budget item. She noted that the Trex benches from the recycling program can be used and will speak to the P&R Board. Liaison Report: Recreation, Open Space, and Environmental Resources Plan Task Force. The ROSERP Task Force has not met since the first meeting in August. Supervisor Wacey mentioned an interest in a town square, notably when apartment residents with children need a place for recreation. Pocket parks were discussed also. Single-use Plastic Bag Ban Ordinance Implementation Plan. Chairperson Rash and Councilmember Doms have revised the FAQ to match the ordinance language and hope to get the FAQ and list of vendors posted as soon as possible. Edits to the FAQ were made, and the EAC approved the FAQ with a motion, second, and 4-0 vote. A workshop on the plastic bag ban was planned, with a target date of Thursday, November 10 at the Easttown Library. Speakers will include Faran Savitz of PennEnvironment, a member of the West Chester Sustainability Council, and an attorney. Compost Program Workshop and Program Implementation. Chairperson Rash gave Councilmember Hill's update on the program. The workshop in September had 14 attendees: seven in person and seven on zoom. The compost drop program will begin on October 1, from 12-2 pm at the Easttown Library parking lot. Seed Library Workshop and Donations Update. The seed saving program will begin with a lecture on Tuesday, November 15, at 6:30 pm at the Easttown Library, with a speaker from Jenkins Arboretum. The seed library has received a large donation of seed packets from the Chester County Food Bank. Chairperson Rash requested assistance in writing instructions for sorting and storing the seeds. New Business. A motion to add the Darby Creek Watershed Partnership to the agenda was seconded and passed with a 4-0 vote. Councilmember Doms confirmed that the stormwater model can be used by laypeople, and in the future this project can be shared with residents. The Stormwater Management Advisory Committee did not express interest in attending. Public Comment. There was no public comment. Announcements. The next regularly scheduled meeting is Thursday, October 27, 2022, at 7:00 pm. Adjournment The meeting was adjourned at 9:26 pm. Respectfully submitted, Radha Pyati Secretary, Easttown EAC Project Steering Committee for developing the Darby Creek Watershed Resilience, Management and Conservation Plan Darby Creek Valley Association has enlisted Natural Lands to provide technical assistance, community outreach and project management in preparing an updated watershed management plan. The plan is intended to focus particularly on strengthening the resilience of the watershed and its communities in the face of anticipated climate change impacts, and recognizing disproportionate environmental burdens in identifying management measures applicable to environmental conditions in various portions of the watershed. Natural Lands will partner with a Project Steering Committee in carrying out this work. As indicated in the Scope of Work: "The steering committee should be made up of approximately 10 to 12 participants and will guide the project. The Steering Committee members should have a variety of backgrounds and be representative of the watershed geographically, racially, and socio-economically. The members should bring diverse perspectives to the group. They should include representatives of DCVA, Norwood Borough, Radnor Township [sponsoring municipalities], and other communities, relevant subject matter experts, community members and others with knowledge and interest in advancing this plan." Project Steering Committee members will be expected to: * attend 5-6 meetings over the 3-year plan development period; * tap into their community relationships and networks to recommend participants in the 5-6 focus groups that will be convened; * review drafts of materials developed by Natural Lands; * help ensure broad public engagement and input gathering. Darby Creek Watershed Resilience, Management and Conservation Plan Scope of Work September 17, 2021 Introduction Founded in 1984, by residents in the Darby Creek Watershed, DCVA is a nonprofit watershed organization dedicated to the protection and enhancement of the watershed and its resources, including water, wildlife, historical sites, floodplains, wetlands, and riparian zones. A major goal of DCVA is the immediate prevention of all forms of pollution in the Darby Creek and its tributaries, including a prohibition against all forms of dumping and construction within floodplain zones and maintenance of a debris-free stream through clean-ups and expanded public education programs. DCVA has worked energetically to support the protection of historic properties, such as the Swedish Cabin and Blue Bell Inn, and to establish a 30-mile greenway to safeguard the Darby Creek and its resources as it courses through the many highly urbanized communities. DCVA, with assistance from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("USEPA"), also supports a volunteer water quality monitoring program. DCVA continues to collaborate with public and private schools, the Delaware County library system, the Delaware County Environmental Network, the Philadelphia Water Department and the Darby-Cobbs Partnership, the Partnership for the Delaware Estuary (formerly Delaware Estuary Program), the Delaware County Historical Society, the Stroud Water Research Center, the Philadelphia Water Department ("PWD"), and Aqua Pennsylvania (formerly known as Philadelphia Suburban Water Company). Darby Creek Valley Association finalized a Darby Creek Watershed Conservation Plan in 2002. The plan envisioned establishment of a "ribbon of green" vision for the Darby Creek watershed that would restore stream corridors, provide riparian buffers, increase open space and recreational opportunities, educate residents and foster inter-municipal cooperation on a watershed basis. In the intervening years, the effects of climate disruption - intensified storm events, disruption of weather patterns, more severe heat waves - have compounded the stresses on watershed resources. The need has become clear for a watershed plan that emphasizes the fostering of greater climate resilience in the face of uncertainty about the extent of change in the future. In addition, DCVA acknowledges that a worthy plan for the Darby Creek watershed must recognize the racial and socio-economic disparities among our watershed communities and address the disproportionate pollution burdens and relative lack of access to watershed resources experienced in portions of the watershed. This plan must also result in actionable recommendations and achievable goals. Now, Darby Creek Valley Association wishes to prepare a plan that advances the goals set forth in the 2002 plan but is grounded in the reality of 2021. A modern plan must continue to advance river conservation but acknowledge that conservation is not enough. We must accept that we cannot completely undo the past 400 years of stream degradation, but we can begin to better manage the watershed. We cannot stop climate change with this plan, but we can implement changes which will make communities more resilient to its effects. This plan cannot desegregate the watershed or make it socially or environmentally equitable or just. But it can and must hear the needs of every segment of the population engage with them in shaping strategies to address them. DCVA has enlisted Natural Lands to provide technical assistance, community outreach and project management for their plan. They have also found municipal sponsors in Norwood Borough and Radnor Township. These two municipalities provide the perfect partners, as they represent the upper and lower watershed, two very different landscapes. The Darby Creek Watershed spans four counties and 31 municipalities. The communities within the watershed include a wide array of natural, physical, socio-economic, and racial characteristics. At the northern end of the watershed, communities like Radnor and Haverford Townships feature greenways which provide shade and buffering to the Darby Creek and its tributaries. The lower end of the watershed encompasses more developed Boroughs and urban Philadelphia, where much of the landscape is built out and segments of streams are piped underground. A series of commercial corridors, covered with asphalt and other impervious surfaces, cut across the watershed every few miles. Recommendations which make sense where the tributaries flow in open channels simply will not work on piped systems. The Plan will need to account for these physical and hydrologic differences. The watershed as a whole is racially diverse, but many of the individual communities have a predominant racial demographic. For instance, Easttown and Yeadon have similar population sizes at just over 10,000 people. Easttown is 88% white, while Yeadon is 88% black. Some communities, like Upper Darby, are more racially diverse. This community is currently 46% white, 34 % black, 13% Asian and 5% Hispanic or Latino. It will be vital for our predominantly white organization to seek to engage residents of more diverse communities by partnering with trusted community organizations. With this variety of race and culture, we also expect many different languages to be spoken within the watershed. According to the Department of Justice Civil Rights Division's 2015 Language Map App, over 20,000 Delaware County residents have a preferred language other than English. For these residents, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese and Spanish are the predominant first languages, but many others are also in use. The variety of languages may present challenges in connecting with these communities, but multilingual printed materials and interpreters may help resolve this obstacle. The entire watershed is impacted by the effects of climate change. Disruption of historic precipitation patterns means altered hydraulics and hydrology and greater uncertainty about the effectiveness of management measures. We do know that different areas within the watershed will experience the impacts differently. Less densely developed communities, which feature more preserved open space and natural areas, may be more resilient and able to better withstand extreme weather events, flooding and other aftereffects. Droughts may be more disruptive to the upper reaches of the watershed, where headwaters depend on precipitation for recharge. Downstream, storms and flooding likely cause the most difficult challenges where there is less pervious land available to soak up stormwater and contain flashy streams. While the plan will lean heavily on the public participation process and what we see and hear happening in the watershed, it must also be rooted in science. Studies have recently been produced at many levels, which can provide important baseline information. Non-profits and county governments have prepared studies which analyze the financial costs and savings related to natural features and the services they provide. Delaware County is currently preparing their own "Return on Environment" study. Municipalities across the region have prepared sustainability plans. At the state level, DCNR prepared a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Plan. DEP has produced the PA Climate Impact Assessment. At a world wide level, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has released the Sixth Assessment Report and the World Bank has released their Climate Change Action Plan, which includes near term recommendations for 2021 to 2025. There are no shortage of existing studies, reports, and assessments, at every scale. We believe we can incorporate information from many of these plans. We may need to conduct hydraulic modeling to gather watershed specific data. We may be able to use existing data and studies conducted by other local institutions or use online tools such as "map my watershed" and "model my watershed". However, we may need to seek out additional consultants if these tools and reports are insufficient. The plan will also support or implement many of the goals of Delaware County's own Open Space, Recreation and Greenways Plan. The guiding principles, Conserve, Enhance and Connect, could just as easily guide a Resilience, Management and Conservation Plan. The plan will certainly recommend that we Conserve more land, to buffer streams, encourage infiltration and keep development out of floodplains and recharge areas. We must Enhance the resources we have, whether they are natural areas, or developed lands with opportunities to install green infrastructure. These enhancements would improve the health of the watershed and residents' daily lives. This plan can Connect in many ways. More conservation could connect trails and greenways, creating the interconnected trail and greenway system envisioned by the county. Different strategies must also be connected. Municipalities may spend to conserve land, but their investment will be more worthwhile if they also zone for open space protection in new development, require green infrastructure, pursue redevelopment, and encourage tree plantings on properties surrounding conserved land. Finally, and maybe most importantly, this plan can connect people. The watershed covers a diverse set of communities, home to people of all walks of life. By showing them that they share the watershed, we hope to bring them closer together. This Resilience, Conservation and Management Plan for the Darby Creek watershed is intended to continue advancing the goals of maintaining and enhancing watershed resources and providing financial and technical assistance for local watershed conservation planning activities. The plan will integrate anticipated impacts of climate change in intense precipitation events and run off, impacting the health of the Darby Creek and its tributaries, affecting local communities, and putting those downstream in harm's way. This plan must focus closely on environmental justice and collaboration throughout the watershed. Scope of Work In order to prepare an implementable and equitable plan, we propose the following scope of work: 1. Public participation In order to create a plan that works for the diverse communities within the watershed, it must depend on input from the public. A robust information gathering campaign is essential. We will engage with members of the public, members of environmental groups and commissions, municipal staff members and elected officials. We will seek input from people with a variety of lived experiences and interests, in order to learn how they interact with the waterways and how we can improve their experiences while protecting the watershed. Most importantly, we will reach out to communities, rather than expecting them to come to us. We will provide materials in multiple languages and employ interpreters. We will hold meetings in locations where surrounding residents can walk, bike or use public transportation. We will seek to partner with well-established and trusted community organizations. We will seek public input through the following methods: a. Steering Committee Meetings (5-6) – The steering committee should be made up of approximately 10 to 12 participants and will guide the project. The SC members should have a variety of backgrounds and be representative of the watershed geographically, racially, and socio-economically. The members should bring diverse perspectives to the group. They should include representatives of DCVA, Norwood Borough, Radnor Township, and other communities, relevant subject matter experts, community members and others with knowledge and interest in advancing this plan. b. Focus Groups (5) -Natural Lands will conduct a series of focus groups on topics to be determined by the SC. Topics may include stormwater management, regulations, government or other similar topics. We strongly recommend that attendees be drawn from across the watershed, representing the different landscapes within the watershed as well as a diversity of ethnic, racial and socio-economic backgrounds. c. Key Person Interviews – (20-25) – Natural Lands will conduct KPI's with members of the public who may have valuable knowledge or information, as identified by the SC. These KPI's may be representatives of neighborhood groups, members of local commissions, community leaders, historians, scientists or others with specialized knowledge. The consultants will also interview a sampling of municipal staff and officials from throughout the watershed to gain insights into their successes, needs and challenges. We will also interview staff from Federal, State, and Local agencies and governments. To successfully complete this project, we will involve all of the counties with municipalities in our watershed (those being, Montgomery, Delaware, Chester, and Philadelphia counties). These counties have agreed to contribute to the success of this project by providing some time, thought, and funds to the development of this plan. We will also interview staff from agencies such as DCNR, DEP, the local Conservation Districts and others. d. Online Questionnaire – Natural Lands and DCVA will produce an online questionnaire to be distributed throughout the community. We will produce the questionnaire in multiple languages. We will seek assistance from the municipalities and community organizations to distribute and publicize the questionnaire. e. Open House Public Meetings – Natural Lands will work with Darby Creek Valley Association to conduct open house style public meetings in the early stages of the project to collect information. We will also hold public meetings later in the process to share the key findings and recommendations included in the plan. DCVA, Natural Lands and other partners can share information with the public and answer residents' questions. f. Summary of Public Participation – Natural Lands will prepare a summary of public participation, to be included in the final plan as an appendix item. 2. Plan Chapters, Maps and Data Natural Lands will work with DCVA and project partners to create the body of the plan. This will include the following sections: a. Purpose, Goals and Vision i. Purpose Statement, which describes why the study is being conducted and identifies the major issues to be addressed. ii. Goals, describing what the plan will accomplish. iii. Vision Statement, describing what success would look like, or how we would know the plan was a success. b. Watershed Characteristics - To better understand the natural, physical and anthropological characteristics of the watershed, we will analyze as much information as possible, through the study of census data, collection of public comments, analysis of existing reports and published data and use and creation of maps. We will, at minimum, study and summarize the following project area characteristics: i. Location- geographic location within the state including counties, townships, etc. ii. Size- watershed area in acres or square miles and length of river iii. Topography- mountainous, upland, bottomland, wetland, type of cover, etc. iv. Major Tributaries- names, lengths, etc. v. Land Use- farming, residential, commercial/industrial, etc. vi. Zoning, Subdivision and Land Development, and other relevant regulations vii. Social/Economic Profile viii. Population Centers- proximity to river corridor, trends, etc. ix. Transportation Facilities- roads, highways, trails, railroads, airports, terminals, etc x. Major Sources of Employment- location, size, commercial, industrial, etc. xi. Outstanding or Unique Features- river related values, etc. xii. Hydraulic modeling or other engineering or scientific data c. Issues, Concerns and Constraints We will work with the Steering Committee, DCVA, municipal leaders and the public to identify the most important and relevant issues, concerns and constraints related to the watershed, and to provide implementable recommendations which empower the communities to address these issues. We expect to explore topics such as: i. Climate change and its effects, including recharge and downstream flooding ii. Effects of major storms, including local flooding, power outages and drinking water conservation measures iii. Environmental justice and equity iv. Water quality v. Erosion and sedimentation vi. Stormwater management, infiltration, impervious surfaces and green infrastructure d. Land Resources In order to better understand the threats and opportunities within the watershed, we'll need to have a strong understanding of what resources exist. Therefore, we'll explore the following natural resources, land uses and elements of the built environment: i. Soil Characteristics- group, type classification, geology, etc. ii. Limitations/Suitability- erosion, building, drainage, wet, etc. iii. Ownership (%)- public and private iv. Critical Areas v. Landfills vi. Hazard Areas vii. Waste Sites viii. Abandoned Mines- Quarries ix. Sinkholes x. Distribution of and access to public open spaces e. Water Resources We will closely study the Darby Creek and its tributaries to gain a more thorough understanding of how the watershed works. We'll study the following aspects of the watershed's hydrology: i. Major Tributaries- name, length, protected use, confluence points, HQ/EV, etc. ii. Wetlands- map, characteristics, etc. iii. Floodplain- map, insurance, problems, etc. iv. Lakes and Ponds v. Water Quality vi. Point Sources vii. Non-Point Sources, including thermal pollution viii. Monitoring ix. Water Supply- use of surface and underground, locations, service area, yield, etc. x. Public water providers and private wells xi. Wellhead Protection Areas f. Biological Resources The well-being of the human population of the watershed is inextricably linked to the health of the ecosystem and its biodiversity. We will study the biological populations present in the watershed, potential threats to their viability in the face of climate change-induced alteration in conditions. We will seek out existing studies, plans and experts, to better understand the following: i. Wildlife, including terrestrial and aquatic species ii. Vegetation, with a focus on native and invasive species and the role they play in the health of the watershed iii. Species identified through PNDI reports and similar studies iv. Important habitats as identified through PNDI reports and similar studies g. Cultural Resources A strong understanding of the cultural resources within the watershed will help us better understand how people use the watershed, where they gather, how they communicate, and most importantly, how changes in the watershed, flooding and other effects impact the residents' daily lives. If we know where recreational facilities exist, we may be able to tailor strategies to conserve, enhance and connect these spaces. Therefore, we will depend on the Delaware County Open Space, Recreation and Greenway plan and other local plans to inform us about recreation sites. By identifying cultural centers, such as places of worship and education centers, we can connect with the local community in the places they feel most comfortable. Therefore, we will identify the following: i. Recreation Use (demand)- day, night, seasonal, special, etc. ii. Biking, hiking, running and walking iii. Picnicking iv. Birding v. Organized sports vi. Scenic enjoyment vii. Fishing and boating viii. Camping ix. Hiking and biking trails x. Picnic tables and group shelters xi. Sports fields xii. River access xiii. Boat access xiv. Scenic vistas xv. Camper and tent sites, etc. xvi. Archaeological and historically important sites xvii. Modern Cultural Centers, including churches, synagogues, mosques and other places of worship, community centers, recreation centers and Alliance for Watershed Education Sites 3. Issues, Concerns and Constraints The public participation process will include interaction with subject matter experts and local officials but will focus on listening to community members so we can address their specific needs and wants. We expect the experts and officials to tell us about climate change and its broad effects on the community, including flooding and the after effects of major weather events, water quality, erosion and sedimentation, impervious surfaces and green infrastructure. But we want to hear from the public how these broader issues, combined with social injustice and lack of equity, affect their daily lives. We will develop a list of issues, concerns and constraints and address those of the highest priority through the development of implementation strategies, described below. 4. Implementation Strategies After listening to the community members, analyzing existing data, interacting with experts and officials and studying the watershed's physical, cultural and natural features, and policies and regulations, we will create a list of issues, concerns and constraints, as described above. We will then develop strategies to be implemented at the individual, community, municipal and watershed levels, to better conserve and manage the watershed for resiliency and respond to the community's concerns, issues and constraints. These strategies will allow the community to use the plan as a guide which can be adapted to their needs. Specific strategies will be determined during the development of the plan, but we expect them to include the following: a. Conservation of open space, through easements, acquisition, conservation subdivisions or limited developments, policies and ordinance amendments b. Enhancement of existing parks, open spaces and public, as well as private, properties. This could include planting riparian buffers in open space, installing rain gardens on private properties, removing unused parking areas and other unnecessary paving at community centers or libraries, creating proper stream access areas for fishing and launching boats, and other strategies which enhance the available land and water resources. c. Connection of physical features, such as protected open spaces, riparian buffers and bmps, to create the "ribbon of green" envisioned in the 2002 RCP d. Connection of people across the watershed, through educational and recreational programming, events and groups 5. Deliverables Natural Lands will prepare the following documents, with support from DCVA, at the appropriate times. a. A Draft Plan will be provided to the Steering Committee for review and comments between months 15 to 20. The draft plan may be accompanied by a visual presentation to the Steering Committee if appropriate. The draft plan will include all relevant information, but may not include all of the relevant maps, photos and supporting materials. This plan will be provided in PDF format. b. A Final Plan will be prepared at the conclusion of the process, including all relevant information, maps, photos and supporting materials. This plan will be made available to the public, posted on the DCVA and municipal websites. The plan will be provided in a PDF format. Due to the environmental and financial cost of printing, printed and bound copies will only be provided to steering committee members or municipalities by special request, and then, only if any remaining budget allows. c. An Executive Summary will be prepared which focuses primarily on recommendations for the watershed. The Executive Summary will be prepared in a format which is easily shared, relies heavily on graphics and is easily translatable to different languages. 6. Conclusion Much has changed since the Darby Creek Watershed River Conservation Plan was prepared, nearly 20 years ago. The design and planning professions have realized that bulky plans filled with jargon sit on shelves, never to be implemented, and that we must produce plans which can be easily followed and implemented. Our nation and the world have started to accept that climate change is a reality, and have been forced to reckon with the financial, social and emotional burdens of its effects. Social justice, racial and socio-economic inequities have been brought to the forefront or our consciences, by a variety of social justice movements. In the Darby Creek Watershed, all of these changes can inform the Resilience, Management and Conservation Plan. We must create a document which DCVA, Delaware County, municipalities, non-profits and even individual landowners, can pick up, easily understand and use to find ways tin improve the watershed. The watershed has clearly demonstrated the effects of climate change, as flooding at the lower end of the watershed washes out trails and roads and inundates whole neighborhoods. Census data shows that these areas also tend to be poorer and more racially diverse or primarily populated by people of color. These smaller communities also inherently have less tax revenue, less technical expertise and capacity and may not have been given the opportunity to be heard. The Darby Creek Watershed Resilience, Conservation and Management Plan will not solve all of these problems. But it will give everyone in the watershed a voice. It will identify ways for professionals to work together to help solve the problems. It will empower every resident to make a difference. The plan will conserve, enhance and connect, in ways which improve the watershed and its residents' daily lives. Report on Drexel/Penn/Hunter College Darby Creek Watershed Project Kate Doms August 24, 2022 "In September 2021, [a] collaborative research team (Drexel University, University of Pennsylvania and Hunter College) received funding from NOAA to investigate how the increase in development and impervious surfaces in the Darby-Cobbs watershed over the decades has had major implications on flooding downstream, particularly in Eastwick. The goal of this project is to explore how to connect upstream and downstream communities to build resilience in the watershed." (Quoting the original email to Easttown Township). An or the ultimate goal (it became clear at yesterday's meeting) is to collect data to build a model to predict future flooding, damage, economic loss, etc., (see below). Kate Doms is representing Easttown as a member of the Watershed Partnership Team (WPT) which is made up of representatives of townships, Natural Lands Trust, Darby Creek Valley Association, Delaware River Keeper and other organizations as well as the researchers from Penn, Drexel, and Hunter College. A group of people from the watershed were hired to collect data, including GIS data and information from the townships (e.g. Pollution reduction plans = PRPs). These folks are called the Watershed Adaptation Corps. They are mostly graduate students. There have been three meetings thus far at which goals have been discussed and the WPT has made suggestions on types of data to collect. The meetings have all been remote thus far. In person meetings are desired. The project ends in 2023. At the August 23, 2022 meeting the WAC reported on the data they have collected thus far. They are trying to get PRPs from all townships from Easttown to Eastwick as one type of data to be put in a model that will be developed. The model being developed will incorporate percent impervious surface, storm frequency with climate change, etc. The model will be available to the public. Apparently, one should be able to change a parameter, for example percent impervious surface, and see the effect of that change. The output can include socio-economic effects, health, best management practices (BMPs), flood damage. The time frame (hours, years) for the output is still under consideration. The plan is that the model will be able to be used for a single municipality or the whole watershed. Decision making (by municipalities?) can be informed by the information gleaned from the model. Two questions: 1. The Easttown EAC asked if a member of the Easttown Stormwater Task Force could attend the meetings, the organizers said yes when we asked this question several months ago. Do we want to recommend this to the stormwater task force that they send someone to the meetings? 2. Can the Easttown Township PRP be sent to Mario Cimino, the WAC representative tasked with obtaining the Easttown Township PRP?
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The relation of forward head posture with back muscle endurance in primary school children: a cross‑sectional study Asmaa Hosny Abd‑Elshafy 1 , Gehan Hassan El‑Meniawy 1,2 , Wael S. Abu El Azm 3 and Mahmoud S. El Fakharany 1* Abstract Background:The goal of this study was to look at the correlation between forwarding head posture and back muscle endurance in 288 primary school healthy active children aged 7–10 years old in public schools in Sheblanga, Benha, Qalubyia governorate (170 boys and 118 girls). Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted on elementary school children to see whether there was a link between forwarding head posture and back muscle endurance. The photogrammetry technique of craniovertebral angle (CVA) was employed to quantify forward head position, and the Biering Sorensen test was utilized to evaluate isometric back muscle endurance. Results:The distribution of head posture in the study group revealed 132 (46%) children with advancing head posture and 156 (54%) children with normal posture. In the study group, the connection between CVA and trunk extensor endurance was moderately significant (r = 0.4, p = 0.0001). The trunk extensor endurance of children with advancing heads was significantly lower than that of children with normal postures (p = 0.0001). Conclusions:There is a link between forwarding head posture (FHP) and back muscle endurance. Keywords:Forward head, Muscle endurance, Craniovertebral angle, School children Background Long-term use of digital media, especially smartphones, frequently results in negative changes in head and neck posture, rounding the shoulders and pulling the head forward [1]. The anterior orientation of the cervical spine is referred to as forwarding head posture (FHP) [2] and is linked to muscular imbalance, discomfort, fatigue, and limited cervical spine motion [3]. By increasing external flexion torque and putting a greater burden on the extensors and some connective tissues, a forward head posture (FHP) produces various negative symptoms such as neck ache, shoulder pain, upper back pain, persistent headaches, increased curvature of the spine, and scapular dyskinesia [ 4 ]. In the long run, this incorrect posture can injure not only the cervical vertebrae and ligaments but also the structures around the lumbar area [ 5 ]. Muscular endurance refers to a muscle's ability to exert a force repeatedly over time. It also refers to a muscle's ability to sustain a fixed or static contraction, i.e., the ability to apply force and keep it there [ 6 ]. *Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.org 1 Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Epidemiological research found that spinal postural deviations predominated in children and adolescents, with forward head posture (FHP) and protracted shoulder posture (PS) being two of the most prevalent postural deviations [7]. According to Harrison (1999), "bad posture of any section of the spinal column will create abnormal stresses in the entire cord and neurological system, whereas appropriate posture will reduce these stresses." Theoretically, cervical spine positions can be believed to have direct impacts on the thoracic cord, lumbar cord, and lumbosacral nerve roots [8]. As the eyes are forced to focus on a nearby object, the effects of extended neck flexion can often contribute to nearsightedness, eye strain, or dry eyes [11]. A new study reveals a link between forward-leaning postures used while texting, studying, surfing the web, emailing, and playing video games and hyperkyphosis, which is linked to pulmonary disease and cardiovascular difficulties [12]. It was anticipated that forwarding head posture (FHP) and back muscle endurance in elementary school children were related. As a result, our research focuses on the relationship between abnormal cervical spine posture and back muscle endurance. Aries et al. [9] discovered a positive link between neck flexion and neck pain, implying an increased risk of neck pain for people who study with their necks at least 20° flexed for more than 70% of the time. Furthermore, when using cell phones, all of our participants exhibited significant neck flexion. "Text neck," a twenty-first century syndrome, is a name developed from the onset of cervical spine degeneration caused by the repeated stress of frequent forward head flexion when staring down at mobile device screens and "texting" for extended periods [10]. The effects of forwarding neck flexion extend beyond discomfort to lead to further problems. Methods Participants Sample size The number of students from grade 2 to grade 5 in local schools was 1147. The estimated prevalence of forwarding head posture in primary school children was 53% [13]. With an expected prevalence of 53% and precision of 2% with a 95% confidence interval, the required sample size was 288 according to the Daniel formula: where n is the sample size, N indicates the population size, Z resembles the statistic corresponding to the level of confidence, P reflects the expected prevalence, and d shows the precision level [14]. 288 primary school healthy active children in public schools at Sheblanga, Benha, Qalubyia governorate (170 boys and 118 girls) aged 7–10 years; their average value is ± SD; age, weight, and height were 8.94 ± 1.02 years, 31.86 ± 6.63 kg, and 131.5 ± 8.79 cm D). Those children have taken part in this cross-sectional study using convenient sampling. The examiner contacted the participants through the school administration. The inclusion criteria were having a craniovertebral angle (CVA) less than 50°, their age ranging from 7 to 10 years, and being from both genders. The exclusion criteria were as follows: subjects with pronated feet or leg length discrepancy, history of trunk or neck surgery, participation in any sports activities, and subjects with a neurological disorder (upper motor neuron lesion and lower motor neuron lesion). When the parents of the children were questioned if their children had any vision, hearing, or dental issues, they affirmed that their children did not. Ethical committee approvals from Cairo University's Faculty of Physical Therapy, as well as written agreement from children's parents, were obtained after complete information about the nature of the examination, objectives, and benefits of the study was provided. From 2019 to 2021, this study was carried out in gymnastic laboratories at Sheblanga primary schools during the children's free time. Procedures The photogrammetry approach was used to assess forward head posture (FHP) by measuring craniovertebral angle (CVA) in the standing position. Children with CVA levels less than 49° were thought to have FHP [15]. The Biering-Sorenson test was used to measure the static endurance of trunk muscle extensors. Endurance scores were measured in seconds, and the test was terminated if the subject could not maintain the tests' defined position based on special considerations for each test or experienced discomfort or pain [16]. Photographs were shot from the lateral left and right perspectives. The digital camera used for image capture was set up on a 1 m tripod 1.5 m away from the subjects in a standing position on a fixed base with no tilt or rotation. Figure 1 shows how colorful styrofoam balls were inserted in specified anatomical landmarks (C7 and the tragus of the ear) using double-faced adhesive tape. To avoid discomfort and pain among participants, the endurance test and CVA measurement procedures were performed just once after all members were given pointby-point clarifications of the methodologies. Following the collection of all information, the inspector performed test procedures to ensure the exact appliance. Participants were also given verbal and tactile input to help them maintain their endurance test positions properly. The CVA depicts the angle formed between the spinous process of the seventh neck vertebrae (C7) and the ear tragus with a horizontal line passing through the seventh neck vertebrae. After being obtained, the photographic images were transferred to a computer for the assessment using the postural evaluation computer application (Postural Assessment Software PAS). Picture calibration, anatomical landmark recognition, and computation of the comparing body's angles and distances are all part of information handling. distances with high inter and intra-rater reliabilities, and it should be regarded as a useful and dependable instrument for posture assessment [17]. The Biering-Sorenson test is the most often used method for assessing the isometric endurance of trunk extensor muscles [18]. The subject was requested to lie prone, with the lower body secured to the comfortable table by two sturdy straps at the hips and ankles. The upper body was extended over a stool, away from the table. The individual was instructed to release the table while holding the upper extremities and chest in extension. It was told to lift the upper body off the floor and maintain a horizontal position for as long as feasible [16]. The examiner calculated the endurance time using a stopwatch as long as the position was maintained, as indicated in Fig.2 [19]. Subjects characteristics Two hundred eighty-eight primary school children (118 girls and 170 boys) took part in the current study. Their average value ± SD age, both weight and height were 8.94 ± 1.02 years, 31.86 ± 6.63 kg, and 131.5 ± 8.79. Table1 showed the subject characteristics. CVA and trunk extensor endurance of the study group The mean ± SD CVA of the study group was 50.17 ± 3.97°. According to the study group's head posture Table 1Descriptive statistics for age, weight, and height of the study group A cross-format screen design screen cursor was used to encourage the recognized center of ball-shaped landmarks, and the evaluator will be allowed to use the software's zoom capability. Angles and distances on the body were computed in degrees and centimeters, respectively. PAS is a precise programming for measuring points and SD standard deviation Table 2The frequency distribution of head posture in the study group Table 3Descriptive statistics of the CVA and trunk extensor endurance of the study group Relationship between CVA and trunk extensor endurance The correlation between CVA and trunk extensor endurance in the study group was positive, prominent relation (r = 0.4, p = 0.001) (Fig.3). Comparison of trunk extensor endurance between children with forward head posture (FHP) and children with normal posture There was a significant decrease in trunk extensor endurance of children with forwarding heads compared with that of children with normal posture (p = 0.0001) (Table4). Results Statistical analysis SD To present the individuals' demographic and measurable data, descriptive statistics in the form of the mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and Standard deviation Fig. 3 Correlation between CVA and trunk extensor endurance in the study group Table 4Comparison of trunk extensor endurance between children with forward head posture (FHP) and children with normal posture SD Standard deviation, MD Average disparity, p value, the probability value distribution, there were 132 (46%) children with forwarding head posture and 156 (54%) children with normal posture, as indicated in Table2. The mean ± SD trunk extensor endurance of the study group was 99.75 ± 52.1 sec (Table3). frequency were used. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to ensure that the data was regularly distributed. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between CVA and trunk extensor endurance. Interpretation guidelines for the correlation 0 mean that there is no linear relationship. A weak positive (negative) linear relationship is indicated by values between 0 and 0.3 (0 and 0.3). A substantial positive (negative) linear connection is indicated by values between 0.3 and 0.7 (−0.3 and −0.7). A significant positive (negative) linear relationship is indicated by values between 0.7 and 1.0 (−0.7 and −1.0) (Ratner, 2009) [20]. CVA and trunk extensor endurance were compared between children with forward head posture and those with normal posture using an unpaired t value. For all statistical tests, the significance level was set at p 0.05. The statistical package for social studies (SPSS) version 25 for Windows was used to run all statistical analyses. Discussion The major objective is to figure out if there was a link between forwarding head position (FHP) and back muscle endurance in school children. The distribution of head posture in the study group revealed that 132 (46%) of the children had forward head posture and 156 (54%) had normal posture. In our study group, there was a moderately positive connection between CVA and trunk extensor endurance. When compared to children with normal posture, trunk extensor endurance was significantly lower in children with forwarding heads. According to Hlavenka et al. (2017) [24], hyperextension of the upper cervical spine found in FHP may contribute to lower trunk and back muscle endurance and, in the long run, may predispose people to back injury in the future when performing high-demand tasks like lifting. The findings of this study corroborate those of Myers (2010), who stated that forward head posture causes eccentric contraction of the posterior cervical muscles, which influences balance control by delivering tension to plantarflexion of the ankle via the fascia's effect, and who also summarized fascia's connecting human body muscles into 11 major myofascial meridians. Fascia connects the neck muscle to the trunk muscle, according to Tomas and Myers (2014) [21]. As a result, if neck problems need to be corrected, trunk posture should be taken into account. Furthermore, Diab (2012) discovered that FHP corrective exercises improved spinal posture in patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy or young adult idiopathic scoliosis [22]. Drozda and Lewandowski (2011) backed up the findings of this study, stating that poor posture in school children leads to degenerative changes in the spine, functional disorders, poor motor skill performance, and, ultimately, lower quality of life [23]. The superficial backline is one of these meridians. It connects the gastrocnemius to the hamstrings, which are connected to the ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous ligament, thoracolumbar fascia, erector spinae, iliocostalis, epicranial, galea aponeurotica, and frontalis muscles, to transmit tension from the head or gastrocnemius to other connected segments. Forward head posture may impact balance due to the continual eccentric contraction of extension muscles in the neck, which is communicated to the gastrocnemius via the myofascial meridian [ 25 ]. Maintaining the head forward for lengthy periods, according to Szeto et al. [29] and Moore [30], can result in musculoskeletal diseases such as "upper crossed syndrome," which combines reduced lordosis of the lower cervical vertebrae combined with kyphosis of the upper thoracic vertebrae. Long-term bad posture can result in muscle grinding and muscular imbalances, as well as decreased muscle efficacy and increased mechanical stress, all of which can result in discomfort [26]. According to Black et al. (1996), a change in lumbar posture was connected to a compensatory adjustment in cervical position [27]. Repetitive static and dynamic stress of the spine, according to Van et al. (2003), is a risk factor for low back, shoulder, and neck discomfort in both adults and children [28]. Limitations Coronavirus is a virus that causes the death of people. For the children's safety during the initial wave of coronavirus, several schools refused us access despite our security clearance, and the state canceled school education for a long time due to coronavirus. Conclusions Forward head position is a common mechanical issue among school children, and it is related to trunk muscle endurance. Forward head posture should be corrected to avoid future difficulties with the spine or posture. Abbreviations FHP: Forward head posture; PS: Protracted shoulder; CVA: Craniovertebral angle; PAS: Postural Assessment Software. Acknowledgements Special thanks to my whole family especially my father and my husband for their support. I also want to thank my supervisors for their instructions and help. The authors would like to thank the parents of all children who partici‑ pated in this study and the school manager and teacher Mr. Mohamed Hosny (my brother) for his deep help and support. Authors' contributions AH prepared the content of this manuscript and shared the assessment procedure. WS performed the statistical analysis of the data. AH, GH, and MS performed the interpretation of the data analysis. The authors read and approved the manuscript. Funding No funding was received. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the cor‑ responding author, MS, upon reasonable request. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval from the Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt (No:P.T.REC/012/002552). A signed written consent form with parent's acceptance for participation in the study was provided. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author details 1Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. 2 Dean of Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo Uni‑ versity, Cairo, Egypt. 3 Department of Statistics, Faculty of Commerce, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. Received: 18 October 2021 Accepted: 24 August 2022 References 1. Kim SH, Kim KU, Kim JS. Changes in cervical angle according to the dura‑ tion of computer use. 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Batistão M, Moreira R. Coury, Helenice & Salasar, Luis & Sato, Tatiana. Prevalence of postural deviations and associated factors in children. and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Fisioterapia em Movimento. 2016;29:777–86. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.004.ao14. 14. Daniel Wayne W, Cross CL. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences; 1999. 15. Gadotti I, Magee D. Validity of surface measurements to assess crani‑ ocervical posture in the sagittal plane: a critical review. Phys Ther Rev. 2008;13(4):258–68. 16. McGill SM, Childs A, Liebenson C. Endurance times for low back stabiliza‑ tion exercises: clinical targets for testing and training from a normal database. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(8):941–4. https://doi.org/10. 1016/s0003-9993(99)90087-4. 17. Ferreira EAG. Posture and postural control: development and application of the quantitative method of posture assessment. Doctoral thesis. São Paulo: Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo; 2006. 18. McIntosh G, Wilson L, Hall H. Trunk, and lower extremity muscle endurance: normative data for adults. J Rehabil Outcome Meas. 1998;2(4):20–39. 19. Biering-Sørensen F. Physical measurements as risk indicators for low-back trouble over one year. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1984;9(2):106–19. https://doi. org/10.1097/00007632-198403000-00002. 20. Ratner B. The correlation coefficient: its values range between +1/−1, or do they? J Targeting Measure Anal Market. 17(2):139–42. https://doi.org/ 10.1057/jt.2009. 21. Blanchard S. Anatomy Trains: Myofascial Meridians for Manual and Move‑ ment Therapists. 2014. 22. Diab AA. The role of forwarding head correction in management of adolescent idiopathic scoliotic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(12):1123–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215512 447085. 23. Drozda K, Lewandowski J, Górski P. Back pain in lower and upper second‑ ary school pupils living in urban areas of Poland. The case of Poznań. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2011;13(5):489–503. https://doi.org/10.5604/ 15093492.967218. 24. Hlavenka TM, Christner VFK, Gregory DE. Neck posture during lifting and its effect on trunk muscle activation and lumbar spine posture. Appl Ergon. 2017;62:28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.02.006. 25. Myers TW. Anatomy train: myofascial meridians for manual and move‑ ment therapists, 2nd ed. Seoul: Translated by Elsevier Korea LLC; 2010. p. 1–14. 95–123 26. Kim MI, Jung DC. A research for solving problems over common spiral caries and chronicle posture. Korea sports research. 2004;15(2):1411–22 http://www.ksr.ac. 27. Black KM, McClure P, Polansky M. The influence of different sitting positions on cervical and lumbar posture. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21(1):65–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199601010-00015. 28. Van Gent C, Dols JJ, de Rover CM, Hira Sing RA, de Vet HC. The weight of schoolbags and the occurrence of the neck, shoulder, and back pain in young adolescents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(9):916–21. https://doi. org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000058721.69053.EC. 29. Szeto GP, Straker L, Raine S. A field comparison of neck and shoulder postures in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers. Appl Ergon. 2002;33(1):75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-6870(01)00043-6. 30. Moore MK. Upper crossed syndrome and its relationship to cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(6):414–20. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jmpt.2004.05. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub‑ lished maps and institutional affiliations.
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Order of Worship — 8 February 2015 Theme for the Year: "Out of Myself and into the Savior" (Ezekiel 14:4-6) Prelude The Lord Is in His Holy Temple Call to Worship Opening Hymn 17 - Come Thou Fount Invocation & †Gloria Patri Responsive Reading Psalm 97 Hymn Insert - Jehovah Reigns, Let Earth Be Glad Tithes & Offering †Doxology & Offertory Prayer Scripture Reading Exodus 34:4-10 Hymn 209 - Grace Greater than Our Sins Confession of Faith & Pastoral Prayer Sermon "God's Chesed Love Endures Forever" Closing Hymn 301 - The King of Love My Shepherd Is Benediction & †Threefold Amen Silent Prayer & Postlude The Lord Bless You and Keep You Announcements † Inside cover of hymnal Congregation standing Email: email@example.com Remember Lot's Wife (Part I) One of my greatest concerns for my family and for the families in the church, is the potential absence of true spirituality. We raise our children in the faith, and we ourselves, have many privileges. But there is a very scary possibility that our children, our friends, and even ourselves may not truly be in the Lord. could weep over unbelieving Jerusalem. He could pray for the men who crucified him. Yet even he thinks it good to give this solemn warning and remind us of lost souls. Even he says, "Remember Lot's wife." JC Ryle (1816-1900) has written a piece for our reflection. May it evoke careful examination of ourselves. ~ Pastor There are few warnings in Scripture more solemn than this. Our Lord Jesus Christ says to us, "Remember Lot's wife" (Luke 17:32). Lot's wife professed the true religion. Her husband was a "righteous man" (2 Peter 2:8). She left Sodom with him on the day when Sodom was destroyed. She looked back towards the city from behind her husband, against God's clear command. She was struck dead at once and turned into a pillar of salt. And our Lord Jesus Christ holds her up as a warning to his church. He says, "Remember Lot's wife." It is a solemn warning, when we think of the person Jesus names. He does not bid us to remember Abraham, or Isaac, or Jacob, or Sarah, or Hannah, or Ruth. No. He singles out one whose soul was lost forever. He cries out to us, "Remember Lot's wife." It is a solemn warning, when we consider the subject Jesus is addressing. He is speaking of his own second coming to judge the world: he is describing the awful state of unpreparedness in which many will be found. Judgment is on his mind when he says, "Remember Lot's wife." It is a solemn warning, when we think of the person who gives it. Our Lord Jesus is full of love, mercy, and compassion. He is one who will never break the bruised reed nor quench the smoking flax. He It is a solemn warning, when we think of the persons to whom it was first given. Our Lord Jesus was speaking to his disciples. He was not addressing the scribes and Pharisees who hated him, but Peter, James, and John, and many others who loved him. Yet even to them he thinks it good to address a caution. Even to them he says, "Remember Lot's wife." It is a solemn warning, when we consider the manner in which it was given. He does not merely say, "Beware of following ... take heed of imitating ... do not be like ... Lot's wife." He uses a different word: he says, "Remember." He speaks as if we are each in danger of forgetting the subject. He stirs up our lazy memories. He bids us keep the case before our minds. He cries, "Remember Lot's wife." Consider the religious privileges which Lot's wife enjoyed. In the days of Abraham and Lot, true saving religion was scarce on the earth. There were no Bibles, no ministers, no churches, no tracts, no missionaries. The knowledge of God was confined to a few favored families. The greater part of the inhabitants of the world were living in darkness, ignorance, superstition, and sin. Not one in a thousand perhaps had such good example, such spiritual society, such clear knowledge, such plain warnings as Lot's wife. Compared with millions of her fellow creatures in her time, Lot's wife was a favored woman. She had a believer for her husband. She had Abraham, the father of the faithful, for her uncle by marriage. The faith, the knowledge, and the prayers of these two righteous men could have been no secret to her. It is impossible that she could have dwelt in tents with them for any length of time, without knowing whose they were and whom they served. Religion with them was no formality. It was the ruling principle of their lives. It was the mainspring of their actions. Lot's wife must have seen and known all this. This was no small privilege! When Abraham first received the promises, Lot's wife was probably there. When he built his tent between Ai and Bethel, she was probably there. When the angels came to Sodom and warned her husband to flee, she saw them. When they took them by the hand and led them out of the city, she was one of those whom they helped to escape. Once more, I say, these were no small privileges! despite all her special warnings and messages from heaven—she lived and died graceless, godless, impenitent, and unbelieving. The eyes of her understanding were never opened. Her conscience was never really aroused and quickened. Her will was never really brought into a state of obedience to God. Her affections were never really set on things above. The form of religion which she had was kept up for the sake of fashion, not from sincerity. It was a coat worn to please her family, but not from any sense of its value. Yet what good effect did all these privileges have on the heart of Lot's wife? None at all. Despite all her opportunities and means of grace— She did as others around her in Lot's house. She conformed to her husband's ways. She did not oppose his religion. She let herself be passively towed along in his wake. But all this time her heart was wrong in the sight of God. The world was in her heart, and her heart was in the world! In this state she lived, and in this state she died. (to be continued…) Westminster Confession of Faith XXI - Of Religious Worship, and the Sabbath Day 7. As it is the law of nature, that, in general, a due proportion of time be set apart for the worship of God; so, in His Word, by a positive, moral, and perpetual commandment binding all men in all ages, He has particularly appointed one day in seven, for a Sabbath, to be kept holy unto him: 1 which, from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, was the last day of the week: and, from the resurrection of Christ, was changed into the first day of the week, 2 which, in Scripture, is called the Lord's Day, 3 and is to be continued to the end of the world, as the Christian Sabbath. 4 8. This Sabbath is to be kept holy unto the Lord when men, after a due preparing of their hearts, and ordering of their common affairs beforehand, do not only observe an holy rest all the day from their own works, words, and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations, 5 but also are taken up the whole time in the public and private exercises of His worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy. 6 1. Exodus 20:8, 10–11; Isaiah 56:2, 4, 6–7 3. Revelation 1:10 2. Genesis 2:2–3; 1 Corinthians 16:1–2; Acts 20:7 4. Exodus 20:8, 10; Matthew 5:17–18. 6. Isaiah 58:13; Matthew 12:1–13. 5. Exodus 20:8; 16:23, 25–26, 29–30; 31:15–17; Isaiah 58:13; Nehemiah 13:15–22 Worship Service Roster \| Service \| This Week (8.2.15) \| \|---\|---\| \| Speaker \| Glen Lock \| \| Worship Leader \| Jimmy Orchard \| \| Pianist \| Valerie Ong \| \| Welcomers \| Yen Fye & Angela Yap \| \| Offering Stewards \| David Lim, Ken Hong \| \| Usher \| Angela Yap \| \| Kitchen Duties \| Lisa Lim*, Adeline Ng Aliza Chiu \| \| Prayer Meeting \| 11 February 2015 \| \| Speaker \| Terence Lee \| \| Chairperson \| Jonathan Ong \| Announcements 1. A warm welcome to all worshipers. May God richly bless you. Please stay behind after the service for fellowship and tea. 2. Next week's messenger is Ronald Nugent, former Pastor of All Nations Presbyterian Church. He will be speaking on "The Word of the Lord" (Jeremiah 1:1-19). 3. Pastor will be away from 3 to 19 February. For pastoral care, please contact Mr Philip Gardiner, Pastor of Perth Free Presbyterian Church, 0459 693 339. 4. The Adult Bible Class is in recess on 8 and 15 February. 5. Shepherding a Child's Heart Parenting Conference. Speaker: Dr Tedd Tripp. Dates: Monday, 13 - Wednesday, 15 April 2015. Time: 7:30 - 9:30 pm. Venue: Westminster Presbyterian Church Bull Creek. Please register at www.covenantbpc.org.au/shepherding. Like and share it at www.facebook.com/ shepherding.perth. Additional flyers are available at the foyer. Appointments for the Week Last Lord's Day Tithes & Offering, & Attendance General Fund - $2,998.00. Missions Fund - $340.00. Building Fund - $150.00 (#198 - $150.00). Total Tithes & Offering - $3,488.00. Attendance - 121. Elders: Mark Chen (Pastor) 0415 932 373. Jimmy Orchard0413 274 407. Deacons: Ken Chong0402 553 313. LH Chua0435 601 373. Terence Lee0418 845 617. Johnson Lim0402 145 682. SK Loh9386 1660.
PHIL390xPYSC391 (Spring 2022) Buddhist Philosophy & Psychology Instructor: Dr. Chris Goto-Jones (he/him/his) (firstname.lastname@example.org) Teaching Assistant: Alyssa Zacharias (she/her/hers) Office Hours: Mondays 12:30-13:20 and Thursdays 12.30-13.20 (booking link is on brightspace) Class Information: Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 12.30-13.20 (on Zoom) Course Website: Through Brightspace. http://bright.uvic.ca Readings available through the course website – all available electronically when on campus network. Links to academic support and other services available through course site. If you notice any accessibility issues with respect to this class, please let me know. If they are within my power, I will do my best to solve them. In general, though, I would also encourage any students who might benefit from their services to register with the Centre for Accessible Learning (www.uvic.ca/services/cal/), where accommodations and other support can be sought. Course Description This course is an introduction to the philosophy and psychology of Buddhism. It is not a course in religious studies, and hence it aims to explore some of the ways in which the various Buddhist traditions have sought to understand the nature of being, being human, thought, mind, suffering, and death. Hence, the course travels between the concerns of epistemology, metaphysics, and applied psychology. Concepts such as the meaning and nature of 'self' will be a central thread throughout the course. Given this disciplinary framework, ethical questions of epistemic violence and injustice (such as the appropriation or colonization of Buddhism by the clinical sciences today) will be live issues throughout. In particular, we will consider some of the issues that arise when Buddhism is treated a form of therapeutic modality, including in the form of 'Mindfulness.' Alongside conventional lectures and classes, this course will also introduce students to a more traditionally 'Buddhist' format for learning and teaching. By the end of this course, you can expect to: * Understand the foundational concepts of Buddhist philosophy and psychology; * Understand how those foundational concepts are deployed and represented in the contemporary field; * Recognise how various different traditions of Buddhism (from Asia) differ in their approaches to a number of concepts and practices; * Be able to differentiate between questions of Buddhist faith and reason in the context of philosophy and psychology; * Understand the significance of argument, text, experience, and practice as resources in the philosophy and psychology of Buddhism; * Demonstrate sensitivity and awareness of the ethical issues that arise from intercultural encounters, such as in the encounter between Buddhism and 'Western' psychology. Course materials This course is structured around two central books, both of which are available electronically through UVic library – you should be able to access them both, in full, for the duration of this course. Alternatively, if you'd prefer hard copies, you are welcome to buy them – they're both excellent but rather expensive. * Emmanuel (ed), A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons, 2013 * Nauriyal, Drummond, & Lal (eds), Buddhist Thought and Applied Psychological Research: Transcending the Boundaries. Routledge, 2006 Additional materials, including text excerpts and alternative readings will be provided through Brightspace. Each week will include two sessions dedicated to the specified reading; the third session will be in a more traditional 'Buddhist' format, exploring an extract from a sutta or other Buddhist primary text as a way to access some of the concepts and practices in a way more recognizable to those traditions. Course Logistics This will be a hybrid a/synchronous online course. This means that the classes will be held in realtime online via Zoom. You can expect the first session in each week (on Tuesdays) to be (moreor-less) in lecture format, and you can expect the second session in each week (on Wednesdays) to be more discussion-drive, with the content based on the previous session. For convenience and ease of access, the sessions on tuesdays will be recorded and made available for the class to review on Brightspace. These recordings will remain available throughout the course so that you can refer to them as needed. Hence, if you are unable to attend the Tuesday class on time due to illness, you can still access the material. Real-time attendance on Tuesdays is recommended. In some weeks we may have guest teachers from other universities, in which case I hope you will all attend the Tuesday sessions out of respect for their freely-given time. Wednesday classes will not be recorded or repeated. Real-time participation on Wednesdays is strongly encouraged and will be recognized in your participation grade for this course – if you are sick or have other good reason to miss the class, please let me know in advance of the class (or as soon as possible thereafter), and this may count as an excused absence. You can expect sessions on Fridays to take a more traditionally 'Buddhist' format. Rather than further analyzing the set-text for that week, the talk on Fridays will usually be based on exploring an extract from a Buddhist primacy source, such as a sutta. The idea of this session is to encourage participation in another mode of learning and inquiry. Friday sessions will usually be recorded and posted to brightspace, but attendance will be beneficial. Academic Integrity Everything you will be evaluated on in this course will be fully open book and untimed. You are welcome to talk about the course material as much as you like with anyone you like, but all answers to assignments have to be your own written work. This means that you are not allowed to provide answers for someone else, or vice versa or even versa vice. If you are ever unsure about what constitutes a violation of academic integrity, more information is provided on the University Calendar: http://web.uvic.ca/calendar/undergrad/info/regulations/academic-integrity.html Communication and Office Hours Email is my preferred method of communication, as opposed to Brightspace messages or forum posts, especially for any official requests. If you ask me a question over email, you can expect a reply within about 1 working day. If you don't hear back from me within that time frame, feel free to try again in case your message went astray. When you do address me (over email or otherwise), please do so as Chris, because that's my name. If you feel more comfortable with titles, then please use either Professor (Prof.) Goto-Jones or Dr. Goto-Jones. No 'sir' or 'mr,' for various reasons, thanks! If you are ever nervous about sending me an email, or asking a question, feel free to include a funny anecdote, cartoon, or a picture of your pet with your request. This will not affect whether or not I will be able to help you with your request, but it will be much more fun for us all. Finally, my pronouns are he/him. If you think I am unlikely to know the name you would prefer to be called, or the pronouns I ought to use for you (through the entry that I will see for you through your Brightspace/UVic registration), please don't hesitate to make me aware. My default platform for office hours will be Zoom, Mondays and Thursdays 12:30-13:20 am, but if that does not work for you, please feel free to email me in advance to suggest an alternative time and/or platform. Office hours will require pre-booking via Calendly (see brightspace for link). If you don't make an appointment, you are welcome to sit in the Zoom waiting room until I become free, but please keep in mind that all the slots might already be booked. All relevant links will be posted on Brightspace. Evaluation You are expected to maintain high standards of respect and academic integrity throughout this course. Discussion is essential to learning in this course, and it relies upon an atmosphere of trust. Everyone present should feel safe to express their views, which also means that everyone present is responsible for ensuring that they exercise academic freedom (rather than merely freedom of speech), treating each other respectfully and supportively. * Continuous Assessment/Participation: 20% In this course, your participation will be evidenced by attending class (especially on Wednesdays) and by submitting weekly 'reflections.' These 'reflections' will be short (approx. 100-200 word) responses to excerpts of text drawn from the weekly reading (or from a text adjacent to the reading). The prompt will be provided during or after class on Wednesday and will be due by 11.59pm on the following Tuesday. The purpose is to demonstrate thoughtfulness and reflection rather than to test your mastery of the material. Everyone will begin the course with a participation grade of zero. For each successful 'reflection' (marked pass/fail) you will receive 1 point. For each recorded attendance in class (on Wednesdays) you will receive 1 point. If you complete all reflections and attend all Wednesdays, you will have accumulated enough points for the full 20% participation grade. Excused absences and extenuating circumstances may be taken into account. * Midterm assignment: 30% -- deadline: Sunday 20 February, 23:59 The midterm assignment will be open-book format. You will receive a list of questions in week 3. From that list, you will answer two questions with 500-750 words each (ie. you will write a total of 1000-1500 words for the midterm). The questions will pertain to the first 6 weeks of material. Your work will be assessed on: its relevance to the themes and materials of the course; its accurate use of sources; its coherence, sophistication and persuasiveness; the convincingness and effectiveness of your argument and writing. Personal reflection and engagement is encouraged. * Final assignment: 50% -- deadline: Tuesday 12 April, 23:59 The final assignment will be open-book format. You will receive a list of potential topics in week 8. From that list, you can select one question, which you will address in a more extended and sophisticated manner than in the midterm. I will expect 1500-2000 words. The questions will pertain to material covered during the whole course. If there is a specific topic on which you'd like to write that isn't included amongst the suggested questions, please speak with me (Chris) to get approval for your topic before starting work on it. Your work will be assessed on: its relevance to the themes and materials of the course; its accurate use of sources; its coherence, sophistication and persuasiveness; the convincingness and effectiveness of your argument and writing. Personal reflection and engagement is encouraged. Grades Grades will be given as percentile marks. A+ = 90 - 100, A = 85 - 89, A- = 80 - 84, B+ = 77 - 79, B = 73 - 76, B- = 70 - 72, C+ = 65 - 69, C = 60 64, D = 50 - 59, F = 0 - 49. Per UVic grading rubric, the percentile mark for the course will be converted to a letter grade in the following manner: * The A range means exceptional, outstanding and excellent performance. * A grade in the B range means a very good, good and solid performance. * A grade in the C+ or C range means satisfactory, or minimally satisfactory, performance. * A grade of D or D- indicates merely passable or marginal performance. * An F indicates unsatisfactory performance. The full UVic grading rubric is provided in the Appendix to this syllabus. In the instance that it differs from this text, the UVic rubric takes precedence. Week 1: SCHEDULE Tues 11 January – Buddhism as Philosophy and Psychology Today Rev. Joan Halifax, 'Compassion and the True Meaning of Empathy.' TEDWomen, 2010 Joanna Macy, 'Climate Crisis as a Spiritual Path,' 2021 (https://www.ted.com/talks/joan_halifax_compassion_and_the_true_meaning_ of_empathy) (https://vimeo.com/588455489) PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS Week 2: Tuesday 18 January – Introducing Dukkha and the Non-Self Peter Harvey, 'Dukkha, Non-Self, and the Teachings on the Four "Noble Truths".' In Emmanuel (ed), A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons, 2013 (chapter 2) Week 3: Tuesday 25 January – Introducing Dependent-Origination Peter Harvey, 'The Conditioned Co-Arising of Mental and Bodily Processes within Life and Between Lives.' In Emmanuel (ed), A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons, 2013 (chapter 3) Midterm assignment questions issued PART TWO: PHILOSOPHY OF MIND Week 4: Tuesday 1 February – Introducing the Buddhist Mind Richard Hayes, ‘Philosophy of Mind in Buddhism.’ In Emmanuel (ed), A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy . John Wiley & Sons, 2013 (chapter 25) Week 5: Tuesday 8 February –The Problem of Free Will Joerg Tuske, 'The Non-Self Theory and Problems in the Philosophy of Mind.' In Emmanuel (ed),A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons, 2013 (chapter 27) OR: Andrew Olendzki, ‘The Transformative Impact of Non-Self.’ In Nauriyal, Drummond, & Lal (eds), Buddhist Thought and Applied Psychological Research: Transcending the Boundaries . Routledge, 2006 (chapter 12) PART THREE: ACTION AND ETHICS Week 6: Tuesday 15 February – The Problem of Doing Good Week 10: Sarah Shaw, 'Character, Disposition, and the Qualities of the Arahats as a Means of Communicating Buddhist Philosophy in the Suttas.' In Emmanuel (ed), A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons, 2013 (chapter 29) Midterm assignment due, Sunday 20 February, 23:59 Week 7: Tuesday 22 February – READNG WEEK Week 8: AND Tuesday 1 March – The Problem of Discriminating and Discrimination Rev. Angel Kyodo Williams, 'Your Liberation is on the Line.' Buddhadharma, Spring 2019 Gesshin Greenwood, 'Enlightenment is a Male Fantasy.' Buddhadharma, Winter 2018 OPTIONAL: Rita Gross, 'Buddhist Perspectives on Gender Issues.' In Emmanuel (ed), A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons, 2013 (chapter 43) Chris Goto-Jones, 'Doing No Harm: Mindfulness, (Western) Buddhism, Appropriation and Racism.' International Institute for Asian Studies, forthcoming, 2022. Final assignment questions issued PART THREE: MEDITATION, MINDFULNESS, and THERAPY Week 9: Tuesday 8 March – What is (Buddhist) Meditation? Sarah Shaw, 'What is Meditation?' Shaw, Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pāli Canon. Routledge, 2006 (chapter 1) OPTIONAL: Loriliai Biernacki, 'Psychology of Meditation: Philosophical Perspectives.' West (ed), The Psychology of Meditation: Research & Practice. Oxford University Press, 2016 (chapter 5) Martine Batchelor, 'Meditation: Practice and Experience.' West (ed), The Psychology of Meditation: Research & Practice. Oxford University Press, 2016 (chapter 2) Charles Goodman, 'Buddhist Meditation: Theory and Practice.' In Emmanuel (ed), A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons, 2013 (chapter 36) Tuesday 15 March – What is Mindfulness? (eds), Ven. Anālayo, 'Mindulness in the Pāli Nikāyas.' In Nauriyal, Drummond, & Lal Buddhist Thought and Applied Psychological Research: Transcending the Boundaries. Routledge, 2006 (chapter 11) Week 11: Week 12: Week 13: Tuesday 22 March – Mindfulness and Therapy Anne Harrington, 'When Mindfulness is Therapy: Ethical Qualms, Historical Perspectives.' American Psychologist, Vol 70(7), 2015, pp. 621-631 Tuesday 29 March –Buddhism and Death Religions Hyun Gong Moon, 'Educational Applications of Buddhist Meditations on Death.' OR: . 20:11 (2020), 269 (12 pages) Kaori Wada, 'Integrating Buddhist Psychology into Grief Counselling.' Death Studies. 33 (2009), pp. 657–683. Tuesday 5 April – Review of Themes and Ideas Last class Wednesday 6 April Final assignment due, Tuesday 12 April, 23:59 Please note that all assignments for this course and all materials posted to Brightspace are the intellectual property of myself and the University of Victoria. Do not circulate this material or post it to note-sharing sites without my permission. Posting course materials to note-sharing sites or otherwise circulating course materials without the permission of your instructor violates the Policy on Academic Integrity(http://web.uvic.ca/calendar/FACS/UnIn/UARe/PoAcI.html). APPENDIX: UVIC GRADING RUBRIC https://www.uvic.ca/calendar/undergrad/index.php#/policy/S1AAgoGuV?bc=true&bcCurrent=14%20-%2 0Grading&bcItemType=policies A primary purpose of evaluation and grading is to further effective teaching and learning. Any practices which assign a predetermined percentage of students a specific grade, that is, a certain percentage get A, another percentage get B and so on, without regard to individual achievement are prohibited. The table below shows the official grading system used by instructors in arriving at final assessments of student performance. For letter grades authorized for use in the Faculty of Law, see the entry under that faculty. \| Passing Grades \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Grade \| Grade Point \| Percentage* \| Description \| \| \| Value \| \| \| \| A+ \| 9 \| 90 - 100 \| An A+, A, or A- is earned by work which is technically superior, shows \| \| \| \| \| mastery of the subject matter, and in the case of an A+ offers original \| \| A \| 8 \| 85 - 89 \| insight and/or goes beyond course expectations. Normally achieved \| \| \| \| \| by a minority of students. \| \| A- \| 7 \| 80 - 84 \| \| \| B+ \| 6 \| 77 - 79 \| A B+, B, or B- is earned by work that indicates a good comprehension \| \| \| \| \| of the course material, a good command of the skills needed to work \| \| B \| 5 \| 73 - 76 \| with the course material, and the student’s full engagement with the \| \| \| \| \| course requirements and activities. A B+ represents a more complex \| \| B- \| 4 \| 70 - 72 \| understanding and/or application of the course material. \| \| C+ \| 3 \| 65 - 69 \| A C+ or C is earned by work that indicates an adequate \| \| \| \| \| comprehension of the course material and the skills needed to work \| \| C \| 2 \| 60 - 64 \| with the course material and that indicates the student has met the \| \| \| \| \| basic requirements for completing assigned work and/or \| \| \| \| \| participating in class activities. \| \| D \| 1 \| 50 - 59 \| A D is earned by work that indicates minimal command of the course \| \| \| \| \| materials and/or minimal participation in class activities that is \| \| \| \| \| worthy of course credit toward the degree. \| \| COM \| Excluded \| N/A \| Complete (pass). Used only for 0-unit courses and those credit \| \| \| Grade \| \| courses designated by the Senate. Such courses are identified in the \| \| \| \| \| course listings. \| \| CTN \| Excluded \| N/A \| Continuing. Denotes the first half of a full-year course. \| \| \| Grade \| \| \| \| Failing Grades \| \| \| \| \| Grade \| Grade Point \| Percentage* \| Description \| \| \| Value \| \| \| \| E \| 0 \| 0 - 49 \| Conditional supplemental. Supplemental examinations are not \| \| \| \| \| offered by all departments and the allowable percentage may vary by \| \| \| \| \| program (e.g. 35-49). Students will be advised whether supplemental \| \| Failing Grades \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Grade \| Grade Point \| Percentage* \| Description \| \| \| Value \| \| \| \| \| \| \| will be offered and if the percentage range varies when assessment \| \| \| \| \| techniques are announced at the beginning of the course. \| \| F \| 0 \| 0 - 49 \| F is earned by work, which after the completion of course \| \| \| \| \| requirements, is inadequate and unworthy of course credit towards \| \| \| \| \| the degree. \| \| N \| 0 \| 0 - 49 \| Did not write examination or complete course requirements by the \| \| \| \| \| end of term or session; no supplemental. \| \| N/X \| Excluded \| N/A \| Did not complete course requirements by the end of the term; no \| \| \| Grade \| \| supplemental. Used only for Co-op work terms and for courses \| \| \| \| \| designated by Senate. Such courses are identified in the course \| \| \| \| \| listings. The grade is EXCLUDED from the calculation of all grade point \| \| \| \| \| averages. \| \| F/X \| Excluded \| N/A \| Unsatisfactory performance. Completed course requirements; no \| \| \| Grade \| \| supplemental. Used only for Co-op work terms and for courses \| \| \| \| \| designated by Senate. Such courses are identified in the course \| \| \| \| \| listings. The grade is EXCLUDED from the calculation of all grade point \| \| Temporary Grades \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Grade \| Grade \| Percentage* \| Description \| \| \| Point \| \| \| \| \| Value \| \| \| \| INC \| N/A \| N/A \| Incomplete. Used only for those credit courses designated by the Senate, to \| \| \| \| \| be replaced with a final grade by June 1 for Winter Session courses and by \| \| \| \| \| October 1 for Summer Session courses. Such courses are identified in the \| \| \| \| \| course listings. \| \| DEF \| N/A \| N/A \| Deferred status granted. Used only when deferred status has been granted \| \| \| \| \| because of illness, an accident or family affliction. See Deferred status. \| \| INP \| N/A \| N/A \| In Progress. Used only for courses designated by Senate, to be replaced with \| \| \| \| \| a final grade by the end of the next Winter Session except for TIED courses \| \| \| \| \| (identified in the Calendar). In TIED courses the INP must be replaced with a \| \| \| \| \| final grade by the end of the subsequent term (including Summer Session) \| \| \| \| \| or, where a COOP Work Term, or other activity approved by the academic \| \| \| \| \| unit, intervenes, within eight months. If a student fails to complete the \| \| \| \| \| second course of a TIED course sequence, then the final grade will be N. \| \| CIC \| N/A \| N/A \| Co-op Interrupted Course. See General Regulations: Undergraduate Co-op. \| \| Grade \| Grade \| Percentage* \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| note \| Point \| \| \| \| Value \| \| \| AEG \| N/A \| N/A \| \| WE \| N/A \| N/A \| * The grading scale for the evaluation of course achievement at the University of Victoria is a percentage scale that translates to a 9 point GPA/letter grade system. The 9 point GPA system is the sole basis for the calculation of grade point averages and academic standing. Standardized percentage ranges have been established as the basis for the assignment of letter grades. The percentage grades are displayed on the official and administrative transcripts in order to provide fine grained course assessment which will be useful to students particularly in their application to graduate studies and for external scholarships and funding. Comparative grading information (average grade [mean] for the class), along with the number of students in the class, is displayed for each course section for which percentage grades are assigned. Sexualized Violence Prevention and Response at UVic UVic takes sexualized violence seriously, and has raised the bar for what is considered acceptable behaviour. We encourage students to learn more about how the university defines sexualized violence and its overall approach by visiting www.uvic.ca/svp. If you or someone you know has been impacted by sexualized violence and needs information, advice, and/or support please contact the sexualized violence resource office in Equity and Human Rights (EQHR). Whether or not you have been directly impacted, if you want to take part in the important prevention work taking place on campus, you can also reach out: Where: Sexualized violence resource office in EQHR, Sedgewick C119 Phone: 250.721.8021 Email: email@example.com Web: www.uvic.ca/svp BE WELL A note to remind you to take care of yourself. Do your best to maintain a healthy lifestyle this semester by eating well, exercising, getting enough sleep and taking some time to relax. This will help you achieve your goals and cope with stress. All of us benefit from support during times of struggle. You are not alone. Social Life, Friends, & Community at UVic: https://www.uvic.ca/mentalhealth/undergraduate/connecting/index.php Having a social network is an extremely important foundation for positive mental health. There are lots of benefits to joining clubs, course unions, intramurals and teams on campus. Counselling Services: Counselling Services can help you make the most of your university experience. They offer free professional, confidential, inclusive support to currently registered UVic students. www.uvic.ca/services/counselling/ Health Services: www.uvic.ca/services/health/ University Health Services (UHS) provides a full service primary health clinic for students, and coordinates healthy student and campus initiatives. Centre for Accessible Learning: The CAL staff are available by appointment to assess specific needs, provide referrals and arrange appropriate accommodations www.uvic.ca/services/cal/. The sooner you let us know your needs, the quicker we can assist you in achieving your learning goals in this course. Elders' Voices: www.uvic.ca/services/indigenous/students/programming/elders/ The Office of Indigenous Academic and Community Engagement (IACE) has the privilege of assembling a group of Elders from local communities to guide students, staff, faculty and administration in Indigenous ways of knowing and being. Mental Health Supports and Services: Mental health supports and services are available to students from all areas of the UVic community: www.uvic.ca/mentalhealth/undergraduate/ UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA Department of Psychology Important Course Policy Information Winter 2022 Prerequisites Students who remain in courses for which they do not have the prerequisites do so at their own risk. Students who complete courses without prerequisites ARE NOT exempt from having to complete the prerequisite course(s) if such courses are required for the degree program. Program Requirements For more information see the UVic Calendar January 2022. Registration Status Students are responsible for verifying their registration status. Registration status may be verified using My Page, View Schedule. Course adds and drops will not be processed after the deadlines set out in the current UVic Calendar. Commitment to Inclusivity and Diversity The University of Victoria is committed to promoting, providing and protecting a positive and supportive and safe learning and working environment for all its members. In the Event of Illness, Accident or Family Affliction * What to do if you miss the final exam scheduled during the formal exam period Apply at Records Services for a "Request for Academic Concession", normally within 10 working days of the date of the exam. Records Services will forward the form to the instructor. If the concession is granted, the instructor will determine how to deal with the situation (for example, a deferred exam). Where a concession is not applied for or where such application is denied, an N grade will be entered on the student's academic record. http://www.uvic.ca/registrar/assets/docs/record-forms/rac.pdf OR, you can download the Request for Academic Concession form here: * What to do if you miss an exam other than one scheduled during the formal exam period Do not apply at Records Services for a "Request for Academic Concession". Instead submit documentation of the illness, accident or family affliction directly to your course instructor (or designated teaching assistant). * What to do if you require additional time to complete course requirements Apply at Records Services for a "Request for Academic Concession", normally within 10 working days of the end of the course. Records Services will forward the form to the instructor. If the concession is granted, the instructor will determine how to deal with the situation (for example, a deferred exam). Where a concession is not applied for or where such application is denied, an N grade will be entered on the student's academic record. http://www.uvic.ca/registrar/assets/docs/record-forms/rac.pdf OR, you can download the Request for Academic Concession form here: Policy on Academic Integrity including Plagiarism and Cheating https://www.uvic.ca/calendar/future/undergrad/#/policy/Sk_0xsM_V?bc=true&bcCurrent=08%20%20Policy%20on%20Academic%20Integrity&bcGroup=Undergraduate%20Academic%20Regulations&bcIte mType=policies. It is of utmost importance that students who do their work honestly be protected from those who do not. Because this policy is in place to ensure that students carry out and benefit from the learning activities assigned in each course, it is expected that students will cooperate in its implementation. The Department of Psychology fully endorses and intends to enforce rigorously the Senate Policy on Academic integrity The offences defined by the policy can be summarized briefly as follows: 1. Plagiarism. You must make sure that the work you submit is your work and not someone else's. There are proper procedures for citing the works of others. The student is responsible for being aware of and using these procedures. 2. Unauthorized Use of an Editor. The use of an editor is prohibited unless the instructor grants explicit written authorization. 3. Multiple Submission. Only under exceptional circumstances may a work submitted to fulfill an academic requirement be used to satisfy another similar requirement. The student is responsible for clarifying this with the instructor(s) involved. 4. Falsifying Materials Subject to Academic Evaluation. This includes falsification of data, use of commercially prepared essays, using information from the Internet without proper citation, citing sources from which material is not actually obtained, etc. 5. Cheating on Assignments, Tests, and Examinations. You may not copy the work of others in or out of class; you may not give your work to others for the purpose of copying; you may not use unauthorized material or equipment during examinations or tests; and you may not impersonate or allow yourself to be impersonated by another at an examination. The Department of Psychology has a policy of not making old examinations available for study purposes. Therefore, use of old exams without the express written permission of the instructor constitutes cheating by the user, and abetting of cheating by the person who provided the exam. 6. Aiding Others to Cheat. It is a violation to help others or attempt to help others to engage in any of the conduct described above. Instructors are expected to make every effort to prevent cheating and plagiarism. This may include the assignment of seating for examinations, asking students to move during examinations, requests to see student identification cards, and other measures as appropriate. Instructors also have available to them a variety of tools and procedures to check for Internet and electronic media-based cheating. In instances of suspected or actual plagiarism or cheating, instructors, following prescribed procedures, are authorized to take steps consistent with the degree of the offence. These measures will range from a zero on the test or assignment or a failing grade for the course, probation within a program to temporary or even permanent suspension from the University. Rights of Appeal are described in the Policy on Academic Integrity in the University calendar September 2021. The definitive source for information on Academic Integrity is the University Calendar Other useful resources on Plagiarism and Cheating include: 2. UVic Library Resources https://www.uvic.ca/library/help/citation/plagiarism/index.php 1. The Ombudsperson's office: https://uvicombudsperson.ca/tips/plagiarism/ The Office of the Ombudsperson is an independent and impartial resource to assist with the fair resolution of student issues. A confidential consultation can help you understand your rights and responsibilities. The Ombudsperson can also clarify information, help navigate procedures, assist with problem-solving, facilitate communication, provide feedback on an appeal, investigate and make recommendations. Phone: 250-721-8357; Email: firstname.lastname@example.org;Web: uvicombudsperson.ca. 3. https://www.uvic.ca/library/research/citation/documents/avoiding%20plagiarism%20guideUpdate_Se pt_2013.pdf Winter 2022 Important Course Policy Info UNDERGRAD OMBUD.rtf
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The outline format helps readers ﬁnd information quickly, and the compact pocket size enables residents and practitioners to carry all the information they need with them. A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access JP Medical Ltd Rely on this concise, systematic introduction to the biology and epidemiology of human parasitic diseases. Explore an extensive series of photographs, line drawings, and plates that aid in the recognition of medically-relevant parasites and help to build a solid understanding of the fundamentals of diagnosis and treatment. Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness E-BookF.A. Davis This book is written for BDS undergraduates as per DCI norms Companion for 2nd MBBS JP Medical Ltd Providing a solid Cp Baveja Microbiology introduction to the essentials of diagnostic microbiology, this accessible, full-color text helps you develop the problem-solving skills necessary for success in the clinical setting. A reader-friendly, "building block" approach to microbiology moves progressively from basic concepts to advanced understanding, guiding you through the systematic identiﬁcation of etiologic agents of infectious diseases. Building block approach encourages recall of previously learned information, enhancing your critical and problem solving skills. Case in Point feature introduces case studies at the beginning of each chapter. Issues to Consider encourages you to analyze and comprehend the case in point. Key Terms provide a list of the most important and relevant terms in each chapter. Objectives give a measurable outcome to achieve by completing the material. Points to Remember summarize and help clearly identify key concepts covered in each chapter. Learning assessment questions evaluate how well you have mastered the 2021-01-11 material. New content addresses bone and joint infections, genital tract infections, and nosocomial infections. Signiﬁcantly updated chapter includes current information on molecular biology and highlights content on multidrug resistant bacteria. Reorganized chapters accent the most relevant information about viruses and parasites that are also transmissible to humans. Case studies on the Evolve site let you apply the information that you learn to realistic scenarios encountered in the laboratory. Manipal Manual of Anatomy: For Allied Health Science Courses, 2e Elsevier Health Sciences This book provides an upto-date information on microbial diseases which is an emerging health problem world over.This book presents a comprehensive coverage of basic and clinical microbiology, including immunology, bacteriology, virology, and mycology, in a clear and succinct manner.The text includes morphological features and identiﬁcation of each organism along with the pathogenesis of diseases, clinical manifestations, diagnostic laboratory tests, treatment, and prevention and control of resulting infections along with most recent advances in the ﬁeld. About the Author : Subhash Chandra Parija, MD, PhD, DSc, FRCPath, is Director-Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research(JIPMER), Pondicherry, India. Professor Parija, author of more than 200 research publications and 5 textbooks, is the recipient of more than 20 National and International Awards including the most prestigious Dr BC Roy National Award of the Medical Council of India for his immense contribution in the ﬁeld of Medical Microbiology. Textbook of Microbiology JP Medical Ltd The new edition of this textbook is a complete guide to parasitology for undergraduate medical students. Divided into 23 chapters, each topic has been thoroughly updated and expanded to cover the most recent advances and latest knowledge in the ﬁeld. The book begins with an overview of parasitology, then discusses numerous diﬀerent types of parasite, 5 concluding with a chapter on diagnosis methods. Many chapters have been rewritten and the eighth edition of the book features many new tables, ﬂow charts and photographs. Each chapter concludes with a 'key points' box to assist with revision. Key points Eighth edition providing undergraduates with a complete guide to parasitology Fully revised text with many new topics, tables and photographs Each chapter concludes with 'key points' box to assist revision Previous edition (9789350905340) published in 2013 Handbook of Interventional Radiologic Procedures singaraju gowri sankar This is the thoroughly revised and updated edition which aims to keep pace with the rapidly increasing information in medical sciences. The text is presented in a simple and lucid manner. It is illustrated with eight colour plates containing 52 ﬁgures, computerdrawn ﬁgures and photomicrographs. These make the book colourful and the readers can have a better understanding.The book has been divided into eight sections that include:* General bacteriology.* Serology/immunology.* Parasitology.* Systemic bacteriology.* Mycology.* Virology.* Recent advances* Spots.Each practical exercise ends with important questions and their answers which will help the student in preparing for theory, practical and viva voce examinations. Textbook of Microbiology, 3e Jones & Bartlett Learning Medical mycology refers to the study of fungi that produce disease in humans and other animals, and of the diseases they produce, their ecology, and their epidemiology. This new edition has been fully revised to provide microbiologists with the latest information on fungal infections, covering the entire spectrum of diﬀerent types of infection, and therapeutic modalities. Beginning with a general overview explaining morphology, taxonomy, and diagnosis, the following sections cover the diﬀerent categories of fungal infection including superﬁcial cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses and opportunistic mycoses. A 6 complete section is dedicated to pseudofungal infections. The highly illustrated text concludes with a detailed appendices section and each chapter features key references for further reading. Key points Fully revised, fourth edition providing latest information on the diagnosis and management of fungal infections Covers the entire spectrum of mycoses Highly illustrated with clinical photographs and ﬁgures Previous edition (9788188039780) published in 2009 Review of Microbiology and Immunology PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. useful. Pharmacology for Physiotherapy Orient Blackswan Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents. CONTENTS MICROBIOLOGY AND THEIR HISTORY …1 MICROSCOPY……………… …9 Staining Techniques Cp Baveja Microbiology Introduction to Microscopes Types of Microscopes Limitations DISTRIBUTION OF MICROORGANISMS ………20 Microorganisms in soil Microorganisms in water Microbes of the air Associated with man In association with insects CLASSIFICATION AND OF DENTIFICATION METHODS MICROORGANISMS…..26 Classiﬁcation of Prokaryotes Evolution of Prokaryotes Categories of microorganisms in ecology THE METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY ……………36 PROKARYOTIC CELLS AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS………40 NUCLEIC ACIDS ……………46 THE BACTERIA……………..76 General Characteristics Bacteria Morphology: Reproduction in Bacteria BACTERIAL GENETICS ……96 Genetic organization Mutations Plasmids: Types of Transposable Genetic Elements NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF BACTERIA …………..106 Nutritional Requirements of Cells Growth Factors The Eﬀect of Oxygen The Eﬀect of pH on Growth The Eﬀect of Temperature on Growth Water Availability Methods in bacteriology Culture Medium: Sterilisation vs 2021-01-11 disinfection Staining of bacteria CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA IN CULTURE MEDIA……..128 ACTINOMYCETES…………1 45 Classiﬁcation Importance of actinomycetes Actinomycosis PSEUDOMONAS, AND VIBRIO XANTHOMONAS…………..1 52 Classiﬁcation history Diseases Treatment ENTEROBACTERIACEAE...1 65 Salmonella, Escherichia, Shigella Klebsiella RICKETTSIA ………………176 Cell Structure and Metabolism Genome Structure Pathology Treatment ARCHAEBACTERIA……….1 81 Origin and evolution Types of Archaebacteria Lokiarcheota Methanobrevibacter smithii MYCOPLASMAS…………19 0 Structure of Mycoplasmas: Reproduction in Mycoplasma: Transmission of Mycoplasma: Diseases Caused by Mycoplasma: THE CHLAMYDIA ……….197 Chlamydial Infection Treatment VIRUSES ……………………204 Virus history Viral Morphology Replication of viruses BACTERIOPHAGES……….2 14 21. TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS .283 33. 7 ASPERGILLOSIS…………… …288 34. PREDACEOUS FUNGI………..292 Nematode trapping fungi Endoparasitic Fungi 35. BIOFERTILIZER ……………...295 36. MYCORRHIZA ………………..301 37. IMMUNOLOGY AND VACCINE…………………… ……..308 38. MICROBIOLOGY OF AIR……324 39. WATER MICROBIOLOGY…..333 40. SOIL MICROORGANISMS…..336 41. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY…………… …...340 42. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY…….342 43. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY…………… …….354 44. PETROLEUM MICROBIOLOGY…………… …….359 45. SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY …………………365 46. MICROBIOLOGY MCQ & ANSWERS…………………… …….370 47. TERMINOLOGY…………….. 392 REFERENCES Practical Manual of Medical Microbiology (For Medical, Dental and Paramedical Students) Jaypee Brothers,Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited Now in striking full color, this Seventh Edition of Koneman's gold standard text presents all the principles and practices 7 readers need for a solid grounding in all aspects of clinical microbiology—bacteriolog y, mycology, parasitology, and virology. Comprehensive, easy-tounderstand, and ﬁlled with high quality images, the book covers cell and structure identiﬁcation in more depth than any other book available. This fully updated Seventh Edition is enhanced by new pedagogy, new clinical scenarios, new photos and illustrations, and all-new instructor and student resources. Psychology for Nurses Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Essential Orthopaedics is the ﬁfth edition of this highly illustrated resource, ideal for undergraduate revision. Each of the 48 chapters has been thoroughly revised and updated, and an MCQs section has been added to the end of each chapter to aid revision. The chapters begin with a brief review of the relevant anatomy, before discussing basic principles and treatment, with various methods and their indications. The broad range of topics includes anatomy of bone and fracture healing, deformities and their management, bone 8 tumours, spinal injuries and degenerative disorders. Orthopaedic injuries to speciﬁc parts of the body are given individual chapters, for example injuries around the elbow, and injuries to the leg, ankle and foot. Essential Orthopaedics provides a chapter on recent advances in the treatment of fractures, oﬀering the most up-todate information in this constantly changing ﬁeld. Presenting a practical approach to various common emergencies, enhanced by sections on orthopaedic terminology and over 380 full colour images and illustrations, this book is an invaluable revision resource for undergraduate medical students. Key Points Fifth Edition of orthopaedic revision resource Previous edition published 2012 (9788184655421) MCQ and terminology sections to aid revision 382 full colour images and illustrations Text book of orthodontics Elsevier Health Sciences Textbook of MicrobiologyTextbook of Introductory MicrobiologyDr. A.K KUSHWAHA Medical Microbiology and Parasitology PMFU 4th Edition-E-book Bailliere Tindall Limited Cp Baveja Microbiology This book, a companion volume to the author's book on Building Materials, explains the basics of building construction practices in an accessible style. It discusses in detail every element of building construction from start to the ﬁnish—from site preparation to provision of services (such as water supply, drainage and electricity supply). Besides, the text describes acoustics and maintenance of buildings, which are important considerations in construction of buildings. This book is primarily designed as an introductory textbook for under-graduate students of civil engineering as well as those pursuing diploma courses in civil engineering and architecture. Practising engineers and any person who has a keen interest in the construction and maintenance of his/her own building will also ﬁnd the book very helpful. KEY FEATURES : Separate Appendix is given to discuss earthquakeresistant design of buildings. Review Questions provided at the end of each chapter enable the readers recapitulate the topics. The references to IS codes 2021-01-11 Related with Cp Baveja Microbiology: * 7th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas : click here 9 9
Gender in Socio-Economic Development in Kenya 1 Fred Jonyo, PhD. Gender continues to elicit a lot of debate in socio-economic issues and academia in general. This paper attempts to put the gender debate in perspective by examining the key issues in the debate and recommendations. It concludes by recommending an all inclusive system in which both men and women are integrated in the process of socio-economic management. Key words: Gender Equality, Gender Mainstreaming, Gender Construction 1 Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Nairobi firstname.lastname@example.org INTRODUCTION The UN Millennium Declaration 2000 resolved to promote gender equality and empowerment of women as effective way to combat poverty, hunger, disease and to stimulate sustainable development. This is reflected in Millennium Development goal three. The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in 2005 called for harmonization of gender equality. Yet despite this formal commitments to gender equality, there are significant variations across and within countries and gender gaps persist in access to education and quality health care, employment and business opportunities, political participation and decision making, personal security and access to justice (World Bank, 2004). This paper introduces the key terminologies used in gender debate; gender roles, gender equality, gender mainstreaming, women in development WID , Women and Development empowerment and the concept of development in Kenya. It will examine the growth of gender debate politically, economically and socially. In addition it further looks at some of the strategies that are used to promote gender equality to ensure effective and sustainable development in Kenya. Definition of terminologies Gender According to Marsha (2007) gender does not refer to biological differences between males and females, but to a set of culturally shaped and defined characteristics associated with masculinity and feminism. Unlike the term women , gender allows within its conceptualization the possibility of analyzing power relations between men and women. Accordingly, gender does not only apply to one particular group but to the process by which gender is put into practice in society. The World Bank report 2001 defi nes gender as socially constructed roles and socially learned behaviors and expectations associated with females and males. Women and men are different biologically , but all cultures interpret and elaborate innate biological differences into a set of social expectations about what behavi ors and activities are appropriate, and what rights, resources, and power th ey possess. Aguil ar , Castaneda and Salazar, (2002) agree with the definition above and defines gender as a social construction that assigns to men and women a series of socially differentiated ch ara cteristics and roles. Gender is not primarily an identity or role that is taught in childhood and enacted in family relations. Instead, gender is an institutionalized system of social practices for constituting people as two significantly different categories, men and women, and organizing social relations of inequality on the basis of that difference . In Kenya just like many developed countries the issue of gender is entrenched in its socio-political and economic structure. In this paper gender is conceptualized as socially and culturally constructed roles, behaviours, expectations and opportunities that determine one s relations in terms of access to and control over resources, power and rights which in turn ascribes their participation in both social and economic development. Gender Equality The term gender equality has been defined in a variety of ways in the context of development. Gender equality could be seen as leveling the playing field for girls and boys by ensuring that all children have equal opportunity to develop their talents. Gender equality can also be defined in terms of equality under the law, equality of opportunity (including equality of rewards for work and equality in access to human capital and other productive resources that enable opportunity), and equality of voice (the ability to influence and contribute to the development process). This would imply equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities between women and men and girls and boys. Equality does not imply that women and men will become the same but that women s and men s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Development Development is a complex process, involving the social economic, political and cultural betterment of individuals and of society itself. Betterment is the ability of the society and its member to meet the physical, emotional and creative needs of the population as historically accepted. It means bringing about sustained improvement in the well-being of the individual and to bestow benefits on all. It involves pushing or pulling people down a pre-established path. Development is people-centered, participatory and environmentally sound. It involves not just economic growth, but equitable distribution, enhancement of people s capabilities and widening of their choices. It gives top priority to poverty elimination, integration of women into the development process, self-reliance and selfdetermination of people and Governments, and protection of the rights of indigenous \| people. Gender mainstreaming It is a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of both women and men an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economical and social spheres. Growth of gender debate The theories of development before 1950 s did not recognize the role of women in development. This was because women were defined in the domestic sector which was not important in the society. The African set up was no different. In Kenya for instance women were assigned less lucrative roles as compared to men. Men were seen productive in development. Before 1950 s women were seen as; producers of children, mothers and wives, performers of household chores, principle careers of men, subordinates to men in authority and family comforter due to their sympathetic nature. This influenced the kind of socialization and education women were exposed to. Women were expected to engage in careers that would make them better mothers and wives. They were isolated from societal issues such as politics. In 1970 s things started changing. There was the introduction of micro-level studies that started paying attention to the differences in the society in terms of men and women. The differences raised concerns with development agencies which called for a fresh look at the role of women in development. This led to the growth of a feminist movement which mainly worked to bring to the attention the great roles women play in the society. The emergence of Liberal feminist groups (North America and Europe) brought a new dimension to the gender debate. Their aim was mainly to reject the patriarchal authority and worked hard to uplift the status of women across the globe. They wanted to change the discourse in as far as the role of women in society was concerned. The thrust of the Liberal feminist approach is the primacy of equality of all both women and men and the need to put structures in place to support the development of women in the socio economic and political structure. The women approach was initiated by women committees in Washington which was a charter aimed at developing women all over the world. They were mainly women professionals who were influenced by the work of Boserup who focused mainly on women in developing nations. Women in development (WID) developed from the liberal feminist group advocated for women involvement in development. Women and Development (WAD) paradigm came in the late 1970 s it aimed at improving women s life by ensuring that international structures On the other hand the Marxist feminists groups main argument is that as long as capitalism still exist, men will continue to dominate women as men controls the means of production. The supporters of this group disagreed with the views of capitalist nations which argued that the trickle down approach to economic development will automatically lead to women emancipation. That to change the women role in the society the structure of the political economy must be redefined became equitable. WAD however failed to explain how this structure could be modeled to benefit women. It emanated from the Marxist feminists. Gender and D evelopment (GAD) -emerged in 1980 s and focused on social relations of g ender. This paradigm took the analytical approach. It emphasis on the gender relations in both the labour force and the reproductive spheres. It focused on the relations between men and women in the work place as well as other settings. The approach used gender relations as an analytical tool for understanding different disparities and views men as potential supporters of women in any progress. It called for provision of social services in promoting women s emancipation. It saw women as a change agent rather than passive recipient of development assistance. It called upon women to organize themselves for a more effective political voice and it aimed at straightening women legal rights. The declaration of the women s year by the UN culminated into the adoption of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Violence against Women (CEDAW) in 1979. This created awareness within groups and individuals in the world. Despite this women were still marginalized in different parts of the world, but the awareness led to flow of information. In 1985, the UN conveyed a third world conference and the NGOs forum in Nairobi to review and appraise achievements of the decades. The conference adopted a strategy of equality, development and peace. This conference culminated into spirit of activism amongst women in different countries. While all these events were unfolding the approach however used the European yardstick to define the role of women in developing countries Kenya included. The African woman was portrayed as oppressed by culture and in need of salvation. The debate did not factor the need to consider cultural dynamics even as equality is promoted. It therefore shifted the debate to a confrontation between men and women rather than an effort to promote the welfare of women. Economic, Social and Political Issues Faced By Women in Promoting Development Also lack of access to or inadequate education and low literacy levels has hampered their ability to: Acquire vocational skills for selfemployment, rural women are the most disadvantaged in terms of access to education and other forms of formal and informal training programmes. Given such limitations, rural women are mostly engaged in mainly subsistence farming activities, and low-income generating activities, while poor urban women Women in development activities are faced with many challenges and they come in many forms but three main areas stand out: social, political and economic impediments. As noted earlier, the socialization process for both sexes one way or the other influences the kind of economic activities that women find themselves in. For instance, women are perceived to be homemakers and therefore they are socialized to care for the home and children. This contributes to low selfesteem for women who are made to believe that they are inferior to men and can therefore not stand up for themselves. operate marginal enterprises in the informal sector. These activities yield little or negative returns on investment because the enterprises experience little or no growth during the lifetime of their owners. Thus, women form the bulk of the poor in many countries. Majority of Kenyan women live in the rural areas and the main economic activity is farming. In Kenya for instance within the framework of women constitute 80% to 90% of the unskilled labor force in the Harambee projects in Machakos and Nyeri Districts. Through women s group movement, women have expanded their activities from the social to house improvement and economic projects especially in middle and high potential areas of Kenya. The Kenyan government through the women s Bureau, has shown commitment towards the movement. According to a UNESCO survey (1982), over 64% of Kenya s non-literate populations are women and the greatest percentages are rural inhabitants. This situation has reduced the understanding performance and managerial abilities of women. Lack of capital /material, poor and unreliable communication, lack of markets and technical know-how and leadership bickering have contributed to the underdevelopment of the women groups. Access to and Control over Land For agro-based countries in Africa such as Kenya, access to and control over land is vital for the survival of its people. Land to a large extent satisfies some of the most basic needs of humankind. It is the source of food, water and even shelter. It is also an important source of medicinal plants necessary for health delivery and among rural dwellers; it may be the only source of health delivery since access to orthodox medicine is highly inadequate and expensive. The traditional arrangement in as for as land ownership is concerned is disadvantageous to women where ownership in most cases is restricted to men. Women thus have less say on land ownership unless they buy. When their access to land is hampered by cultural and economic constraints, their participation in economic activity is impaired and thus reduces their own efforts at improving themselves economically and socially. They thus end up as farm laborers or become workers on their husbands land and therefore are economically dependent on them. Difficulties in acquiring land especially by women themselves may lead them to farm Thus the importance of land to the survival of the people cannot be overemphasized. When considered in terms of women s access to land it is seen as critical for the total economic emancipation and integration of women into economic and social spheres of life in the Kenyan .While the new constitution allows property ownership of land even to women, breaking the traditional ownership system is hard. The land tenure system and its administration is embroiled in a complicated maze of family/stool/tribe/clan holdings where land is held in trust by the leaders of the stool/family, who more often than not, are men. For tribes - with matrilineal inheritance even though women are supposed to be the leaders of the family, it is common practice for a man to be appointed to take care of the stool/family lands. This is so because in the traditional patriarchal setting. on abandoned plots with relatively low fertility and this contributes to the lower productivity of women s agricultural investment. Access to Training Credit and employment opportunity Women also lack business and marketing skills that may allow them to put together viable business proposals. Women have less access to formal channels that provide comprehensive skills training because they are mostly unaware of the existence of such programmes. Moreover, some of them may lack the needed basic educational qualification for such skill training and are therefore cut off from benefiting from such programmes, where these programmes exist. However, irrespective of the constraints that face them, women s access to training and retraining is an important tool, which can enhance their economic activities to improve their earning power. It is paramount therefore that efforts be enhanced by all stakeholders government and government agencies, women advocacy groups, other civil society groups, international development partners to promote training for women at all levels and in all spheres of endeavor. Because many women lack access to training opportunities they are likely to miss out on employment opportunities that can help uplift their living standards. Access to jobs is dependent on access to training and employment opportunity. But in Kenya women enterprises such as the Kenya Women Finance Trust and other micro finance agencies have played a critical role in training women and offering access to credit facilities. It is an initiative that has also been taken over by local banks. Access to Labour Whether their business is in agriculture, industry or services, women need extra labour beside their own to carry out effectively their economic activities. The immediate labour supply for women come from that of her family - her husband, children and other relatives. However there have been shortfalls in family labour as a result of migration into urban centers of older sons and daughters. Sometimes husband also migrate leaving the women and children whose capacity to supply la jour is very limited. Thus, women have to increasingly resort to hired labour, which have become expensive as a result of the supply shortages especially in the rural areas. This problem is especially serious for rural women farmers who have to support their husbands in planting and harvesting of their crops before attending to their own work on their individual farms, which have serious implications for her health, productivity and therefore the health and well-being of their children. Access to Technological Inputs and Extension Services In today s global economy, access to information is vital for businesses. To succeed in any economic endeavor, one needs to position him/herself to benefit or to take advantage of information about new technology, existing and new markets opportunities in order to move ahead in business. While some women may have access to such business-sensitive information a majority of Kenyan women have no access to such information because they either live in rural areas \| where such information may not be available or in peri-urban areas where such information may be limited to a few. Their low level of education to some extent hampers their access to information about existing/new technology. With this low access to information and technology. women s productivity will continue to be low and with lower productivity, their incomes will also be low which will leave them with nothing to plough back into their economic activities, a vicious cycle of under-productivity. Despite their central role in agriculture especially in food production, there is serious underinvestment in their productivity and thus they continue to use hand-held farm tools, which tend to make their work laborious and time-consuming. This also limits their productive capacity and their ability to cultivate large tracts of land. Their access to extension services is also limited because some of them are intimidated by the mostly male extension officers who also may not understand the needs of the woman farmer. Scholars have attempted to explain the gender problem, the most suited to explain the gender problem in Kenya is by adopting the Traditional model of gender. Traditional Model in understanding gender Advocates of traditional model of gender see the place of women as primarily in the home and the place of men as primary in the workplace. The husband is seen as the head even at home while the wife perceived as subservient to him. Traditionally, the man was the main breadwinner of the family whilst it was usually the woman s responsibility to look after the home. Looking after the home incorporated activities such as raising children, cleaning, cooking and looking after the sick or elderly relatives. Before compulsory schooling was introduced education and religious upbringing also largely fell into the responsibility of the female head of the family, usually the mother. In general, contemporary stereotypes describe women as more communal and men as important and instrumental. In addition to this dimension of difference gender beliefs have a hierarchical dimension of status inequality. Men are viewed as more status worthy and competent overall and more competent at the things that count (instrumental rationality). Women are seen as less competent in general but nicer and better at communal tasks even though these tasks themselves are less valued. Other critics add that the model in injurious to men, forcing them into an emotionally constructing gender based stereotypes that denies them the jobs of close relationships and places the burdens of financial supports squarely on their shoulders. In Kenya this traditional approach best explains the gender role for both men and women. Gender Equality and Economic Development Although achieving equality between women and men was one of the ten commitments agreed to by the heads of state at the World Summit for Social Development (WSSD) and is a main priority of the international women s movement, (Buvinic, 1999) gender discrimination remains pervasive in many dimensions of life worldwide. The same report reiterates that this is so despite considerable advances in gender equality in recent decades. The nature and extent of the discrimination vary considerably acr oss countries and regions, and the patterns are striking. It further reiterates that outsiders cannot empower women: only women can empower themselves to make choices or speak out on their own behalf. However, institutions, including international cooperation agencies, can support processes that increase women s self- Though the overall pattern of gender relations favor men in the distribution of resources, opportunities and power (CIDA, 2001), there have been significant changes, many of them positive, in the social and economic status of women. Female illiteracy has declined and more women are gaining access to higher levels of education. Women s longevity has increased in most countries and their health indicators continue to improve. With a few exceptions, the presence of women in public life has grown in all countries, whether in politics, in the workforce, or in the migrant streams that cross international borders. Critics doubt that women s access to the public spheres of work and politics is a step in the direction of greater gender equality or that this has the potential to increase wellbeing. On the other hand CIDA s, (2001) Policy on Gender Equality emphasizes the importance of women s empowerment to the achievement of gender equality. It provides a definition of empowerment and indicates a role for development cooperation. Empowerment is about people, both women and men taking control of their lives: setting their own agendas, gaining skills, building selfconfidence, solving problems and developing self-reliance. confidence, develop their self-reliance, and help them set their own agendas (CIDA, 2001). Gender gaps are widespread in access to and control of resources, in economic opportunities, in power, and political voice. This is because gender inequalities are resilient in the face of change. Women and girls bear the largest and most direct costs of these inequalities but the costs cut more broadly across society, ultimately harming everyone. For these reasons, gender equality is a core development issue-a development objective in its own right. It strengthens countries abilities to grow, to reduce poverty, and to govern effectively. Promoting gender equality is thus an important part of a development strategy that seeks to enable all people-women and men alike-to escape poverty and improve their standard of living. Kenya therefore cannot attain its development goals unless the gender issue is addressed. Effect of gender equality in economic development Gender equality is a necessary precondition for sustainable development as it facilitates the utilization of all available resources in order to promote development. The marginalization of some groups on the basis of social roles implies inefficiency. Unless women and men have equal opportunities, capacities and voice, gender equality will not be achieved. There is a much stronger analytical focus on understanding the economic and societal processes that enhance education and health as key factors that influence the capabilities, including the spending power of the individual. The unequal distribution of income and resources and in particular, gender inequality is a central concern in the quest to improve well-being. This is because economic inequality can contribute to or perpetuate various for ms of restrictions such as discrimination, social intolerance, and lack of political power that inhibits the acquisition of ind ividual capabilities . A gender equitable economy requires policies to achieve several important goals. First, equitable access to jobs is required through elimination of discriminatory employment barriers. Second, equity in earnings is needed, with both women and men able to earn living wages sufficiently high to permit adults to adequately provide for their families. Provisioning for families requires relatively secure income sources. This is particularly necessary for women who are sole breadwinners in their households, but is also a prerequisite for women who are part of two-adult households. This is because secure earnings are an important means to improve women s power to negotiate for an equitable distribution of household resources and unpaid labour. A further requirement is equitable distribution of state resources that can contribute to a closure of gender gaps in economic and social wellbeing, such as access to health, education, basic infrastructure, and other public goods, and to redress market and social gender inequalities. Gender inequality restricts a country s economic growth. Removing inequalities gives societies a better chance to develop. When women and men have relative equality, economies grow faster, children s health improves and there is less corruption. World Bank (2004), states that it is widely understood that promoting gender equality is an essential component of an effective economic and human development strategy. For example, there is now a shared understanding within the developing community that development policies and actions that fail to take gender inequality into account and fail to address disparities between males and females will have limited effectiveness and serious costs implications (World Bank, 2004). The toll on human lives is a toll on development-since improving the quality of people s lives is development s ultimate goal. In addition, gender inequalities impose an indirect cost by hindering productivity, efficiency, and economic progress. By hampering the accumulation of human capital through prejudice in the home and the labor market and by systematically excluding women or men from access to resources, public services, and certain productive activities-gender discrimination diminishes an economy s capacity to prosper and provide for its people (World Bank, 2001). When seen in this light, gender equality is not only morally right it is pivotal to human progress and sustainable development. Finally, gender inequality weakens the quality of governance in a country and thus the effectiveness of development policies. A country s quality of governance and public life is a mark of its level of developments much as it is a factor of development. The first premise is obvious to most people and requires no evidence; the second, less apparent, has received a boost from recent cross-country studies. A country whose political regime has checks and balances and is able to enforce laws is more stable and has better prospects of development than an autocratic one. Studies find a significantly negative association between corruption and economic growth and development, suggesting that the prevalence of corruption weakens the effectiveness of development policy. New research on corruption suggests that policies promoting gender equality can help clean up governments and businesses (World Bank 2001). Strategies for promoting gender equality First is to reform institutions to establish equal rights and opportunities for women and men. They argue that reforming legal and economic institutions is necessary to establish a foundation of equal rights and equal opportunities for women and men. Progress towards gender equality depends upon strategic and well targeted interventions. An important priority is to ensure that all country and regional strategies and their performance frameworks integrate gender equality objectives, indicators and identify actions for tackling inequality. Wolfensohn the former president of World Bank 2001 in a rejoinder said that there can be no onesize-fits all formula but one can identify what works and these requires consultation with stakeholders both men and women on key issues and actions. To enhance development effectiveness, gender issues must be an integral part of policy analysts, design and implementation. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2001 report argues for a three-part strategy for promoting gender equality: Because the law in many countries continues to give unequal rights to women and men, legal reforms are needed, particularly in family law, protection against violence, land rights, employment, and political rights. Encourages awareness sometimes laws are not enforced even if reforms are done. Kenya through the enactment of the new constitution has attempted to reform institutions to allow more women participate both in government and legislature. But this is still not enough. In a country where constitutionalism is not always the case these laws without political reform for implementation could be useless. Second is fostering economic development to strengthen incentives for more equal resources and participation. Rising income and falling poverty levels tend to reduce gender disparities in education, health, and nutrition. Higher productivity and new job opportunities often reduce gender inequalities in employment. And investments in basic water, energy, and transportation infrastructure help reduce gender disparities in workloads. Finally take active measures to redress persistent disparities in command over resources and political voice. Because institutional reforms and economic development may not be sufficient or forthcoming rather active measures are needed to redress persistent gender disparities in the short to medium term. Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for achieving sustainable development for all by supporting the right of choice, empowerment and provision of resources. It involves ensuring that all human beings ,women, men, boys and girls are considered equal and treated equally in terms of dignity and rights. Gender mainstreaming can also be regarded as an official strategy that allows all political actors to work on gender issues in a comprehensive way. Gender mainstreaming is the integration of the gender perspective into every stage of policy processes, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, with a view to promoting equality between women and men. It means assessing how policies impact on the life and position of both women and men and taking responsibility to re-address them if necessary. This is the way to make gender equality a concrete reality in the lives of women and men creating space for everyone within the organizations as well as in communities to contribute to the process of articulating a shared vision of sustainable human development and translating it into reality Though gender mainstreaming has been adopted by many governments, development organizations and international institutions, the outcomes remain to be critically evaluated and determined. Furthermore, while gender has made its way onto the agendas of development initiatives, there is still a noticeable absence of masculinity and the role of men and boys, with much of the focus still concentrating on women. Capacity development is another strategy for promoting gender equality. It goes beyond training on how to mainstream gender into finance and planning ministries, or training gender equality advocates on how to formulate gender sensitive macroeconomic policies. The UNDP defines capacity development as a comprehensive approach to generating a process through which abilities to formulate objectives, perform functions and achieve goals are obtained. Capacity development advocates for mobilization of stakeholders, facilitating partnerships among them; managing dialogues among various groups, mediating divergent interests and establish collaborative mechanisms. Each of these processes entail gender role expectations and power relations that capacity development approaches must take into account so that engagement is inclusive (UNIFEM, 2007). Denton 2002 reiterates that women are amongst an increasingly marginalized and vulnerable group as their abilities to accede to basic infrastructure is inhibited by the growing number of constructs they face in education, sanitation ,transport, health and so on. The main focus of sustainability is to reduce vulnerability and foster an environment that is predicted on social justice. Hence there is a tacit understanding amongst development analysts and policy makers alike that sustainable development is the trajectory to achieve greater equity. Strategies to Improve the Challenges of Gender The history of women mobilization in rural development in Kenya is long; it dates to the pre-colonial period. Women have always worked within the framework of mutual aid groups and have fully participated in rural development activities through self help. The expansion of the women group movement is demonstrated by increased number of groups that carry out agricultural and other welfare activities The promotion of women Groups in rural areas. Statistics show that by the end of 1989, there were more than 26000 women groups in the country with a membership of about two million women (Women Bureau reports 1989). Women play a part in the economic development of both their country of destination and their country of origin through financial contributions from remittances, the improvement of their own skills or their contribution to the improvement of the education and skills of the next generation. Women dominate the agricultural sector in most rural areas, a situation created by massive absence of men in those areas. In Kenya, both traditional and current population dynamics have tended to give a dominant role to women in the farming systems. Framework is predominantly done by women. Studies show that the rural-urban migration of men seeking wage work tends to change rural farms into almost exclusively female farming systems. This is especially characteristic of regions experiencing population pressure like central province and western Kenya. Women in Kenya play roles which suggest the need for redesigning the content of approach of agricultural extension. The accelerated improvements in agricultural production and utilization in Kenya depend on the extent to which women are actively involved in agricultural transformation. As such, women become a critical force in an economy heavily dependent on the motivational forces which underlie welfare programmes of women and use them within their programme package and implementation. The Kenyan women have also extensively participated in rural trade. They control rural trade as manufacturers and makers of pots, handcraft, baskets, mats, utensils and clothing items. The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) adopted 1979 is often called the international bill of rights for women due to its comprehensive provisions, seeking equal protections and rights for women. As of May 2009, 186 States had ratified the treaty. All ratifying States of CEDAW are obligated to the following: ensure and provide for gender equality in all relevant legislation in all aspects of economic, social, cultural and political life; repeal all discriminatory existing provisions, enact provisions to guard against discrimination against women and establish public institutions to guarantee effective protection of women against discrimination. During the Third World Conference on Women, the 157 countries present adopted by consensus the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women (1985), which provides for equality amongst genders, women s autonomy and power, recognition of women s unpaid work and advances in women s paid work. More notably, during the Fourth World Conference on Women, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) was adopted, advocating for the advancement and empowerment of women in all sectors of economic, social, cultural and political life. The Beijing Platform stresses the necessity of changing values, attitudes, practices and priorities at the national, regional and international levels in order to ensure equality between men and women. All stakeholders \| governments, public, private and nongovernmental sectors - must be actively engaged. Credit Facilities Targeting Women In some programs that target both men and women, the average loan size for women s businesses is smaller than that for men. In the rural areas, relatively few financial institutions are lending to women entrepreneurs. Unless any of these institutions develop policy measures that set aside a significant proportion of loan funds to women, the volume of loans lent to men is always going to be higher than those made to women. Women have received financial support from informal suppliers such as Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs). Savings and Loans, Rural and Community Banks, and Credit Unions have been the formal sources of financial support to women in Kenya. To ensure sustainability, and responsiveness to the needs of their clients, some of these micro-finance institutions (MFIs) like Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT) have used a number of approaches to service delivery. These approaches include group methodology, peer pressure, responsive disbursement mechanisms, and savings as cash collateral. These strategies have helped to ensure high loan repayments from clients, and have secured the quality of the MFIs credit portfolios. CONCLUSION Gender inequalities operate on several levels within households and in communities, markets and government institutions and in virtually all spheres of social, economic and political activity. For any nation to develop they have to come with strategies that will encompass both gender (male and female). Development results cannot be maximized without attending to the different needs, interests, priorities and roles of women, men, boys and girls, and the relations between them. Development programs cannot succeed without the participation and cooperation of all members of the community. The nature of relationships between men and women would therefore ultimately affect and help sustain development initiatives. Removing inequalities, alleviating poverty and empowering and creating an opportunity for women and men are vital to ensuring development. Kenya is no exception and for it to attain its goals in socio-economic development then it has to address gender issues. REFERENCES Aguilar L, Castaneda I, and Salazar H. (2002) In search of a lost gender: Equity in protected areas Absolute South Africa. IUCN Bamberger and Podem, (2002). Feminist evaluation in the international development context. New directions for Evaluation No. 96. Wiley Periodicals Inc. USA Baylis J., et al., (2006). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations 3rd Edition Oxford University Press New York Beall J. (1998). The gender and poverty nexus in the OFID White Paper: opportunity or constraint. Journal of International Development 10, 235-246 Buvinic Mayra (1999) Promoting gender equality. Blackwell Publishers, UK and USA. Chen D. H. C. (2004). Gender equality and economic development: The role of ICTs. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 32, 85 CIDA (2001) Questions about culture, gender equality and development cooperation. Canadian International Development. Agency Canada Denton F. (2002). Gender: The missing link to energy for sustainable development. Rethinking gender dynamics and strategies through sustainable energy services and integrated solutions. Policy Paper. Johannesburg, South Africa Kelly Patricia Fernandez (1989). Gender and international economic development Sociological Forum, Vol. 4, No.4, Springer Publishers Accessed: 02/12/2008 World Bank reports, various years Women Bureau Reports, various years
Department of Endocrinology Singapore General Hospital Outram Road Singapore 169608 Bee Y M, MBBS, MRCP Registrar Ng A C M, MBBS, MRCP, MMed Registrar Goh S Y, MBBS, MRCP Registrar Tran J, MBBS, FRACP Associate Consultant Kek P C, MBBS, MRCP Registrar Eng P H K, MBBS, MRCP, FAMS Consultant and Director National Skin Centre 1 Mandalay Road Singapore 308205 Chua S H, MBBS, FRCP, FAMS Senior Consultant Correspondence to: Dr Eng P H K Tel: (65) 6321 4654 Fax: (65) 6227 3576 Email: gecehk@ sgh.com.sg The skin and joint manifestations of diabetes mellitus: superﬁcial clues to deeper issues Bee Y M, Ng A C M, Goh S Y, Tran J, Kek P C, Chua S H, Eng P H K Diabetic patients have a variety of skin and joint conditions that may be observed during a thorough inspection. We have chosen some classical manifestations that occur in diabetes mellitus. Some of the conditions, while interesting and unusual, either do not require treatment or are untreatable. Conversely, other conditions, if left untreated, could lead to substantial morbidity or even mortality. It is important to recognise these cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus, understand their signiﬁcance, and manage them appropriately. ISCHAEMIC ULCER Description: Punched-out ulcer with sharply-demarcated borders and tissue slough at the base. The typical ischaemic foot has shiny atrophic skin with loss of hair. Frequency: Much more common in the diabetic than the general population. Location: Occurs over sites of pressure or trauma: lower leg, ankle, foot and toes. Pathogenesis: Due to atherosclerosis, with a predilection for the more distal tibial/peroneal vessels of the lower leg. The foot arteries, especially the dorsalis pedis and its branches, may be spared. Signiﬁcance: Substantial peripheral vascular disease may be present. Failure to treat appropriately may result in loss of limb. Markedly increased risk for cardiovascular events. Needs evaluation of vascular system and aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. Treatment: Debride non-viable tissue. Antibiotics if infected. Revascularisation for selected cases. Hyperbaric oxygen may enhance the healing of ischaemic, non-healing diabetic leg ulcers (1) . NEUROPATHIC ULCER Description: Painless, punched out ulcers, surrounded by thick callus. The typical diabetic neuropathic foot is numb, warm and dry, with palpable pulses. Frequency: Most commonly associated with long-standing diabetes mellitus. Location: Occurs over sites of pressure or trauma: heel, metatarsal head, and great toe. Patients are often unaware of prior trauma that commonly precedes ulceration. Pathogenesis: Due to loss of protective sensation and abnormal pressure distribution secondary to diabetic neuropathy. Pressure over prominences of foot leads progressively to callosity formation, autolysis and ﬁnally ulceration. Patient is unaware of these stresses because of an insensitive foot. Signiﬁcance: Epidemiological data shows a very strong association between foot ulcers and indicators of sensorimotor neuropathy (2) . Foot care education essential to minimise further ulceration and potential loss of limb. Treatment: Mainly supportive therapy. Rest injured part. Local dressings. Debride callus and non-viable tissue around ulcer margin. Antibiotics if infected. Casting the leg with plaster to redistribute weight-bearing and protect the lesion may be helpful. LIPOHYPERTROPHY Description: Benign swelling of fatty tissue below surface of skin. Frequency: 20-30% in type 1 diabetics and 4% in type 2 diabetics. More common with human insulin, frequent number of injections/day, total daily dose of insulin, reuse of needles, and missing rotation of injection sites. Location: Abdomen, arm, thighs (injection sites). Pathogenesis: Hypothesis is that it is due to a cellular response of adipocytes to the local effects of injected insulin. Immunological factors may also play a role. Signiﬁcance: Injection into lipohypertrophied site can lead to signiﬁcant delay in insulin absorption resulting in erratic glucose control and unpredictable hypoglycaemia (3) . Treatment: Education of patients about correct injection techniques and the necessity for routine change of injection sites. CHARCOT ARTHROPATHY (4) Description: Destructive, lytic joint changes resulting in joint loosening or instability and joint deformities. There may be skin changes such as erythema, swelling or hyperpigmentation and soft-tissue ulcers over the affected area. Frequency: It affects only 0.1-0.4% of diabetic patients, and is seen in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics. The average duration of disease in affected patients is 15 years. Location: Most commonly affects the feet in diabetes mellitus. Pathogenesis: Sensory neuropathy renders the patient unaware of the osseous destruction that occurs with ambulation. This microtrauma leads to progressive destruction and damage to bone and joints. Autonomic neuropathy causes an increase in blood ﬂow, which leads to osteopenia due to a mismatch in bone destruction and synthesis. Signiﬁcance: In the acute phase, may be easily mistaken for cellulitis and treated inappropriately. Failure to recognise this condition will lead to continual destruction of the bones of the foot and an eventual "rocker-bottom" foot. Treatment: Acute phase treatment – immobilisation and reduction of stress with total contact casting. Chronic phase treatment – good glycaemic control and podiatry management to prevent ulceration. CLAW TOES Description: Extension of toes at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and concurrent ﬂexion of the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joint. Frequency: The incidence varies from 2% to 20%, increasing with age and often seen in the 7 th and 8 th decades of life. Women are affected 4-5 times more often than men. Location: Any toe. Pathogenesis: Neuropathy causing an imbalance between the extrinsic extensor tendons, which indirectly extend the MTP joint and the intrinsics, which ﬂex the MTP joint (5) . Signiﬁcance: Can result in metatarsalgia secondary to distal migration of the plantar fat pad with hyperextension of the MTP joint. Predisposes to ulcers. Treatment: Measures include using shoes with a wide toe box, soft upper shoe, and stiff sole and in some cases, a metatarsal bar. Tendon transfers can be employed in ﬂexible claw toes while the ﬁxed deformities may need reconstruction. DIABETIC DERMOPATHY, SHIN SPOTS Description: Circumscribed reddish to brownish lesions, typically very small, measuring 0.5-1.5 cm. They heal as scaly patches that are light brown or red, often with thinning of the skin. Frequency: Most common cutaneous marker of diabetes mellitus, in up to 50% of diabetics. More prevalent in long-standing disease. Twice as common in males. Location: Most commonly on the shins. Occasionally affect the thighs and arms. Pathogenesis: Due to diabetic microangiopathy. Signiﬁcance: Patients with diabetic dermopathy typically have other complications of diabetes like retinopathy, neuropathy or nephropathy (6) , hence one should look out for these complications. Treatment: The lesions are asymptomatic and require no treatment. The condition tends to heal by itself into depressed, hyperpigmented scars. ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS Description: Diffuse, velvety thickening and hyperpigmentation of skin. Frequency: Common. Location: Neck, axilla, other ﬂexural areas. Pathogenesis: Postulated that hyperinsulinaemia may activate IGF-1 receptors on keratinocytes leading to epidermal growth (7) . Signiﬁcance: Limited acanthosis nigricans is associated with insulin resistance. Widespread acanthosis nigricans may occur as a paraneoplastic manifestation of malignancy. Treatment: Nil. NECROBIOSIS LIPOIDICA, NECROBIOSIS LIPOIDICA DIABETICORUM Description: Well-demarcated waxy plaques of variable size with central atrophic changes of epidermal thinning and telangiectasias. Frequency: Uncommon. Occurs in less than 1% of diabetics. More than 66% of patients with necrobiosis lipoidica have overt diabetes mellitus. Occurs predominantly in female patients. Location: Most cases occur on the shin. Bilateral in 75% of cases. Less commonly on feet, arms, trunk, or face and scalp. Pathogenesis: The aetiology is unknown but diabetic microangiopathy may play a role (8) . It is a disorder of collagen degeneration with a granulomatous response, thickening of blood vessel walls, and fat deposition. Signiﬁcance: The disease is typically chronic with variable progression and scarring. The lesions can enlarge to involve large areas of the skin surface unless treated. Treatment: Treatment is not very effective. Topical and intralesional steroids can lessen the inﬂammation of early active lesions and the active borders of enlarging lesions, but these have little beneﬁcial effect on atrophic lesions that are burned out. DIABETIC HAND SYNDROME (9) Description: Consists of joint limitations (mainly an inability to fully extend ﬁngers) and thickened skin of the hand. "Prayer sign" - patientsʼ inability to press their palms together completely without a gap remaining between opposed palms and ﬁngers. Frequency: While severe joint limitation coupled with scleroderma-like skin thickening is an uncommon event, a lesser degree of hand involvement is fairly common Location: Hands. Pathogenesis: Increased glycosylation of collagen in the skin and periarticular tissue, decreased collagen degradation, diabetic microangiopathy, and possibly diabetic neuropathy. Signiﬁcance: The syndrome has been reported to correlate with retinopathy (10) . Treatment: Nil. DIABETIC BLISTERS, BULLOSIS DIABETICORUM (11) Description: Tense, 0.5 to 3.0-cm bullae without surrounding inﬂammation. Often with an irregular shape. The lesions develop acutely and are usually painless. Frequency: Rare. Location: Fingers, hands, toes, feet, legs or forearms. Rarely, trunk may be involved. Pathogenesis: Aetiology unknown. Trauma, microangiopathy and vasculitis have been implicated. Signiﬁcance: Often occur in people who have severe diabetes mellitus and diabetic neuropathy. Treatment: Condition is self-limiting within 2-4 weeks from onset. The blisters heal without signiﬁcant scarring. Drainage and topical antibiotics may be required for large lesions. SCLEREDEMA, SCLEREDEMA ADULTORUM, SCLEREDEMA DIABETICORUM OF BUSCHKE (12) Description: Diffuse, symmetrical non-pitting induration of the skin with occasional erythema. Histology: Thickening of the reticular dermis with deposition of mucin between thickened collagen bundles. Frequency: Rare. Tends to occur in male diabetics over the age of 40 years. These patients tend to be on insulin therapy and have multiple complications. Scleredema not associated with diabetes mellitus is more common in females (ratio of 2:1). Location: Neck, shoulders, face, upper back. Rarely buttocks, abdomen and thighs. Hands and feet typically spared. Pathogenesis: Aetiology unknown. Signiﬁcance: Unpredictable disease course. Typically slowly progressive or unremitting over years. Morbidity depends on the affected body region e.g. limited range of motion, dysarthria and difﬁculty closing eyes. Has been associated with recurrent cellulitis and impaired wound healing. Treatment: Nil. SUMMARY Be very afraid DISSEMINATED GRANULOMA ANNULARE Description: Present with a few to thousands of 1- to 2-mm papules or nodules. Lesions may coalesce into annular plaques, with peripheral extension and central clearing. Frequency: Uncommon. Location: Dorsa of hands, ﬁngers, feet, extensor aspects of arms and legs and trunk. Pathogenesis: Aetiology unknown. Signiﬁcance: There has been a reported association between disseminated granuloma annulare and diabetes mellitus, although this is controversial. Treatment: Difﬁcult to treat and do not tend to resolve spontaneously. PUVA, photochemotherapy, isotretinoin (13) and topical vitamin E may be effective. REFERENCES * Ulcers (especially with poor peripheral pulses, neuropathy or infection) Be afraid * Charcot foot * Lipohypertrophy * Claw toes Be a little afraid * Acanthosis nigricans * Dermopathy Donʼt be afraid * Diabetic hand syndrome * Necrobiosis lipoidica * Diabetic blisters * Granuloma annulare * Scleredema ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge Mr Jasper Tong and Ms Nur Ashikin from the Podiatry Services, Department of Occupational Therapy, SGH for their kind assistance in providing some of the photographic material. 1. Abidia A, Laden G, Kuhan G, et al. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in ischaemic diabetic lower extremity ulcers: a double-blind randomised-controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003; 25:513-8. 3. Young RJ, Hannan WJ, Frier BM, Steel JM, Duncan JP. Diabetic lipohypertrophy delays insulin absorption. Diabetes Care 1984; 7:479-80. 2. Sosenko J. The epidemiology of neuropathic foot ulcers in individuals with diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2002; 2:477-81. 4. Giurini JN, Chrzan JS, Gibbons JW, Habershawe GM. Charcotʼs disease in diabetic patients. Postgrad Med 1991; 89:163. 6. Shemer A, Bergman R, Linn S, Kantor Y, Friedman-Birnbaum R. Diabetic dermopathy and internal complications in diabetes mellitus. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37:113-5. 5. Marx RM. Anatomy and pathophysiology of lesser toe deformities. In: Foot and Ankle Clinics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1998:199. 7. Geffner ME, Golde DW. Selective insulin action on skin, ovary, heart, in insulin resistant states. Diab Care 1988; 11:500-5. 9. Kapoor A, Sibbitt WL Jr. Contractures in diabetes mellitus: the syndrome of limited joint mobility. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1989; 18:168. 8. Sibbald RG, Landolt SJ, Toth D. Skin and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996; 25:463-72. 10. Arkkila PET, Kantola IM, Viikari JSA. Limited joint mobility in type 1 diabetic patients: Correlation to other diabetic complications. J Intern Med 1994; 236:215. 12. Cole GW, Headley J, Skowsky R. Scleredema Diabeticorum: a common and distinct cutaneous manifestation of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1983; 6:189-92. 11. Lipsky BA, Baker PD, Ahroni JH. Diabetic bullae: 12 cases of a purportedly rare cutaneous disorder. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39: 196-200. 13. Looney M, Smith KM. Isotretinoin in the treatment of granuloma annulare. Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38:494-7. SINGAPORE MEDICAL COUNCIL CATEGORY 3B CME PROGRAMME Multiple Choice Questions (Code SMJ 200602A) True False Question 1: The following statements regarding Charcot arthropathy are correct: (a) It most commonly affects the hips and knees. (b) It is excluded if there is pain of the affected joint. (c) In the acute phase, it may be difﬁcult to differentiate from septic arthritis. (d) It presents as a slowly progressing arthropathy rather than recurrent acute attacks. Question 2: Regarding lipohypertrophy: (a) This condition may be avoided by rotating sites of injection. (b) Injecting into hypertrophied sites leads to enhanced rates of insulin absorption. (c) Lipohypertrophy can be treated with liposuction. (d) Hypertrophied sites have relative hyperaesthesia. Question 3: The following are treatment options for ischaemic foot ulcer: (a) Wound debridement. (b) Hyperbaric oxygen. (c) Total contact casting. (d) Revascularisation. Question 4: Regarding neuropathic ulcer: (a) It is commonly associated with long-standing diabetes mellitus. (b) It occurs predominantly over the dorsum of the foot. (c) It is a strong indicator of underlying sensorimotor neuropathy. (d) It is a marker of insulin resistance. Question 5: Regarding acanthosis nigricans: (a) It is found in extensor areas of the body. (b) It is associated with insulin resistance. (c) It can be associated with malignancy. (d) It is due to activation of melanocytes in the skin. Doctorʼs particulars: Name in full:___________________________________________________________________________________ MCR number:_____________________________________ Specialty:____________________________________ Email address:__________________________________________________________________________________ Submission instructions: A. Using this answer form 1. Photocopy this answer form. 2. Indicate your responses by marking the "True" or "False" box 3. Fill in your professional particulars. 4. Post the answer form to the SMJ at 2 College Road, Singapore 169850. B. Electronic submission 1. Log on at the SMJ website: URL <http://www.sma.org.sg/cme/smj> and select the appropriate set of questions. 2. Select your answers and provide your name, email address and MCR number. Click on "Submit answers" to submit. Deadline for submission: (February 2006 SMJ 3B CME programme): 12 noon, 25 March 2006 Results: 1. Answers will be published in the SMJ April 2006 issue. 2. The MCR numbers of successful candidates will be posted online at http://www.sma.org.sg/cme/smj by 20 April 2006. 3. All online submissions will receive an automatic email acknowledgment. 4. Passing mark is 60%. No mark will be deducted for incorrect answers. 5. The SMJ editorial ofﬁce will submit the list of successful candidates to the Singapore Medical Council.
Resources for Primary Care Workforce Development January 2024 Primary Care Crisis and Causes "AAMC Report Reinforces Mounting Physician Shortage", AAMC, 6/11/21 https://www.aamc.org/news/press-releases/aamc-report-reinforces-mounting-physicianshortage "Finding a primary care doctor in Rhode Island is getting more difficult. Here's why", Providence Journal, 2/8/23 https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/healthcare/2023/02/08/primary-care-doctorshortage-in-ri/69843973007/ "How to cure shortage of primary care docs?" Providence Business News, 12/23/22 https://pbn.com/how-to-cure-shortage-of-primary-care-docs/ "Local doctors, patients feeling strain of national physician shortage" WPRI, 1/24/23 https://www.wpri.com/health/local-doctors-patients-feeling-strain-of-national-physicianshortage/ "Why you can't get in to see your primary care doctor. 'It's almost frightening." Boston Globe, 2/5/23 https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/05/metro/why-you-cant-get-see-your-primary-caredoctor-its-almost-frightening/?p1=BGSearch_Advanced_Results [bostonglobe.com] "Months-long waits accessing care leave patients sicker and in anguish." Boston Globe, 3/16/23 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/months-long-waits-accessing-care-leave-patientssicker-and-in-anguish/ar-AA18HdGZ "Doctors Aren't Burned Out from Overwork. We're Demoralized by Our Health System", The New York Times, 2/5/23 https://portside.org/2023-02-06/doctors-arent-burned-out-overworkwere-demoralized-our-health-system "National Academy of Medicine's National Plan to address health worker well-being", National Academy of Medicine. https://nam.edu/initiatives/clinician-resilience-and-well-being/nationalplan-for-health-workforce-well-being/ Study: Primary Care Doctors Increase Life Expectancy, But Does Anyone Care? (forbes.com) Dr. Michael Fine: What's Crazy about Primary Care in Rhode Island - What's Up Newp (whatsupnewp.com) Why students don't pursue primary care - A shortage of 48,000 primary care physicians is expected by 2034 https://www.mdlinx.com/article/why-us-medical-students-are-shunning-primarycare/2JDUr3eZh4MIcLex1XomEE - Many medical students turn away from the primary care specialty due to inadequate compensation, student loan debt, and administrative burden - Low pay - Lack of residency programs - Student loan burden - Inadequate reimbursement High workload Primary care saves money, improves quality, promotes equity - Greater use of primary care is associated with lower costs, higher patient satisfaction, fewer hospitalizations and emergency department visits, and lower mortality https://thepcc.org/resource/spending-primary-care-fact-sheet?language=en - primary care is imperative to achieving a stronger, higher-performing healthcare system - Underinvestment in primary care gives rise to patient access and workforce issues - Healthcare spending allocated to primary care ranges between 5.8% and 7.7% - While the number of primary care physician jobs grew by approximately 8% between 2005 and 2015, the number of jobs for specialists grew by approximately 48% during the same period, which is due in part to medical students opting for higher paying specialty practices https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9793026/#:~:text=Moreover%2C%20a%20recen t%20study%20found,than%20those%20without%20a%20PCP.&text=Finally%2C%20in%20rec ent%20years%2C%20PCMHs,is%20due%20to%20primary%20care. - Studies examining regional PC variations indicated that more PC services may be associated with lower total healthcare expenditures - Published literature has shown effective PC (continuity, comprehensiveness, and regularity) is associated with reduced emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and health expenditures - A recent study found the average annual total cost of the patients having a PC provider (PCP) was 27.4% lower than those without a PCP https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health/literaturesummaries/access-primary- - Research shows that access to primary care is associated with positive health outcomes care#:~:text=Research%20shows%20that%20access%20to,associated%20with%20positive%2 0health%20outcomes.&text=Primary%20care%20providers%20offer%20a,disease%20manage ment%2C%20and%20preventive%20care. - Primary care providers offer a usual source of care, 3 early detection and treatment of disease, chronic disease management, and preventive care. - Patients with a usual source of care are more likely to receive recommended preventive services such as flu shots, blood pressure screenings, and cancer screenings https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4410329/#:~:text=A%20recent%20study%20esti mated%20annual,in%20the%20intervention%20(15). - A recent study estimated annual net cost savings of $364 per CDSMP participant, which would amount to a national savings of $3.3 billion assuming 5% of adults with one or more chronic conditions participated in the intervention Primary Care's Essential Role in Advancing Health Equity for California https://public.3.basecamp.com/p/nLP6B7cULit1UwmRZ3HqpeRV Why Not Just Trust the Market to Respond? https://public.3.basecamp.com/p/txmkQ2NmqYvfUXUcfDCcZyAs "Corporate Investors in PC, Profits, Progress and Pitfalls", New England Journal of Medicine. 1/13/23 "Private equity firms are gnawing away at U.S. health care" https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/10/private-equity-health-care-costsacquisitions/ American health care already has a cost and quality problem. Private equity is making it worse "It can significantly increase costs, reduce access and even threaten patient safety" Editorial by Ashish K. Jha, Washington Post, 1/10/24 Best practices for medical education https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-162.pdf Overview of Graduate Medical Education for Physicians - The federal government funds many education programs for health care providers, but the vast majority of this funding—more than $10.3 billion in 2015— supports physician residency training through the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Medicare graduate medical education (GME) program - Approximately $136 million in fiscal year 2019 is available to train them - This program does not fund graduate training for nurse practitioners (NP) and physician assistants (PA) who deliver many of the same services as physicians, such as diagnosing patients and performing certain procedures - $47,000 per NP student and $45,000 per PA student Strategic planning to increase primary care in medical education Roett MA, Diller P, Piggott C, Weidner A, Fetter G, Bentley A, Bredemeyer M, Latta S, Mitchell K; Association of Departments of Family Medicine Education Transformation Committee. The best practice guide for strategic planning to increase student choice of family medicine. American Academy of Family Physicians; 2022. https://www.adfm.org/media/1798/draft-best-practice-guide.pdf University of California Programs in Medical Education (PRIME) - UC PRIME is a specialty track program within each of the six UC medical schools developed to meet the needs of California's medically underserved population and increase the diversity of medical school classes. https://www.mathematica.org/publications/university-of-california-programs-in-medicaleducation Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center - Family Medicine Accelerated Track waives one year of tuition for medical students committing to family medicine. 3+3 program https://www.ttuhsc.edu/medicine/admissions/fmat.aspx Healthcare Workforce Policy Overview Conceptual Categories for Healthcare Workforce Policies https://www.milbank.org/publications/the-effectiveness-of-policies-to-improve-primary-careaccess-for-underserved-populations/ Availability - workforce and training, debt Affordability – remove financial barriers to practice in primary care Acceptability – outreach, education, community-centering, CHWs, trust Accessibility and Accommodation – geography, distribution of clinical capacity, cultural State Legislative Actions to Address the Primary Care Crisis Recommendations for State Legislators (Georgetown / Milbank) https://www.milbank.org/publications/improving-access-to-primary-care-for-underservedpopulations-a-review-of-findings-from-five-case-studies-and-recommendations/ 1. Leverage federal Medicaid dollars to fund expansion of primary care residency spots in underserved areas of the state 3. Provide incentives to universities and hospitals operating residency training programs to collaborate with urban and rural FQHCs and other community health centers to nurture resident interest in providing primary care for underserved populations. 2. Fund AHECs in the state to help them maintain and expand their reach within local communities. Additionally, fund and emphasize the importance of comprehensive program evaluation. 4. For states that have not already eased scope-of-practice restrictions on advance practice providers consider doing so. 5. Establish collaborations between the state, local colleges, and local safety net employers to hire entry-level staff and pay them to train in support staff roles. Ensure that the pay scale for these roles reflect the critical role they play in improving patient care and mitigating provider burnout. Synopsis of state legislative initiatives as of 2023 (PCDC) Includes loan repayment, teaching stipends, enhanced training routes, and more. We are not alone. https://www.pcdc.org/resource/2023-primary-care-legislative-trends/ "We Told Congress How to Strengthen the Health Care Workforce", AAFP, 2/28/23 https://www.aafp.org/news/blogs/inthetrenches/entry/help-committee-strengthen-workforce.html * Increase diversity (enhanced NHSC and more Conrad J-1 visas) * Fund more training (traditional GME and Teaching Health Centers) * Lower student debt * Enhance Medicare and Medicaid rates * End non-compete grants * Promote team care and telehealth State-funded programs to reduce student tuition, debt - Arizona - Legislature provided additional funds to the University of Arizona to offer tuition waivers or scholarships that would encourage medical students to choose careers in primary care in HPSAs (rural/urban underserved), with an obligation to practice in an HPSA for years equivalent to the amount of time the student receives support. o https://financial-aid.medicine.arizona.edu/pcp-scholarship o And enhanced the state loan repayment for PCPs to exceed the NHSC https://www.azdhs.gov/documents/prevention/health-systemsdevelopment/workforce-programs/loan-repayment/arizona-loan-repayment.pdf - Michigan - Newly graduated physicians from four Michigan medical schools in the MIDOCs consortium (Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine) have an opportunity to reduce their medical school loans in exchange for working in underserved areas, thanks to an innovative program supported by a $5 million appropriation by the state legislature in fiscal year 2019. The program offers up to $75,000 in loan repayment to each MIDOCs physician in exchange for a two-year, post-residency commitment to practice in a rural or urban underserved setting in Michigan. MIDOCs will add select GME residency slots in medically underserved areas of Michigan. As of 2021, the MIDOCs program has three cohorts of primary care residents enrolled for a total of 52 residents across seven specialties. https://www.michigandocs.org/_files/ugd/f8c8aa_48d213ce423e4eef92ba5b1512ad20ff. pdf - Texas - At Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, a Family Medicine Accelerated Track waives one year of tuition for medical students committing to family medicine. 3+3 program https://www.ttuhsc.edu/medicine/admissions/fmat.aspx State-funded initiatives to create more training capacity - Florida's GME Statewide Medicaid Residency Program includes a statefunded startup bonus program providing $100,000 to qualifying training sites that create new resident positions for specialties experiencing shortages https://www.ncsl.org/statelegislatures-news/details/expanded-medical-training-could-help-hospitals-in-ruralunderserved-areas - The New Mexico GME Expansion Grant Program was established in 2019 to fund new and expand existing GME programs across the state, focusing on primary care and psychiatry positions https://www.hsd.state.nm.us/wpcontent/uploads/PressRelease/2f473c14ee654f868b5a25b3cfd15a6d/PR_2_4_20_GME _Announcement.pdf - The Iowa Medical Residency Training State Matching Grants Program plans to distribute $5.5 million in funding over three years to establish, expand or support clinical training programs. https://www.iowagrants.gov/viewStorefrontOpportunity.do?OIDString=1678306720901% 7COpportunity Loan Repayment Programs and Scholarships RI state health professions loan repayment program https://health.ri.gov/programs/detail.php?pgm_id=179 o Have completed health educational training in an accredited graduate training program and possess a valid and unrestricted license to practice their profession in Rhode Island. o Be a United States citizen or national (U.S. born or naturalized). o Be employed at or have accepted employment at a RI HPLPR Approve Site. o Not be in breach of any other health professional service obligation. o Not have any other existing service obligations with other entities. o Be free from judgments arising from federal debt. o ~25k per year, taxable income. Indirectly and sporadically funded by hospitals, matched by feds. No current state appropriation o Be willing to commit to a 2-year service obligation. National Health Service Corps (NHSC) Loan Repayment Program o Be a U.S. citizen (either U.S. born or naturalized) or U.S. national. https://nhsc.hrsa.gov/loan-repayment/nhsc-loan-repayment-program o Have a current, full, permanent, unencumbered, unrestricted health professional license, certificate, or registration in the discipline in which they are applying to serve. o Participate or be eligible to participate as a provider in the Medicare, Medicaid, and Children's Health Insurance Programs, as appropriate. o Be employed by, or have accepted a position at, a National Health Service Corps approved site o National Health Service Corps Loan Repayment Program participants should expect to serve their obligations as salaried, non-federal employees of a public or private entity approved by the National Health Service Corps. However, an applicant must be eligible to hold an appointment as a Commissioned Officer of the Public Health Service or as a federal civil servant. o 25k per year, non-taxable income Brown - Eligibility: Applicants must be a fourth-year medical student in good academic standing at an U.S.-accredited medical school https://diversity.biomed.brown.edu/student-belonging/diversity-visiting-student-scholarship - Students must have completed all core clerkships at their home institution - Scholarship award: $1,000-$2,000 for travel, housing and/or personal expenses depending on the program Other resources Primary Care Development Corporation, "State Trends, Primary Care Policy Update" (January 2024) https://3.basecamp.com/3848947/p/DVH8XtD14EuVhy4jFvTHemsp/vault/6056579032 Mass Legislation on Primary Care, "An Act Relative to Primary Care, SD2233" (January 2023) https://public.3.basecamp.com/p/AXLFbGBu5iuXD27QfpAveFDw https://public.3.basecamp.com/p/6bCSuf88ggK1YsfvJEaaD3DC Analyzing DEI Efforts and Curricula in Collegiate Nursing Programs port&item=1of2&page=1&acadtoken=60e746bf https://www.acadiate.com/ee/RIPHA/Poster_Session?view=std&showcase=994544591&show= Federal Response The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Is Taking Action to Strengthen Primary Care - National Academy of Medicine (nam.edu) New U.S. Health and Human Services Brief on Primary Care Offers Commitments but Leaves Questions Unanswered \| Milbank Memorial Fund Race/ethnicity composition of the Rhode Island population - The 2020 U.S census data indicate that residents are 71.3% White, not Hispanic; and 18.7% Hispanic or Latinx https://mchb.tvisdata.hrsa.gov/Narratives/Overview/80473301-e7a7-4b23-944b6f47bdb5424f#:~:text=The%20racial%20distribution%20in%20Rhode,Island%20Residents%20 are%20immigrants. - The racial distribution in Rhode Island is White 71.3%, 5.7% Black or African American, 3.6% Asian, 9.3% Multiracial, and 0.7% Native American, and Alaskan Native - It is estimated that 13% of Rhode Island Residents are immigrants Thanks to Jordan Brewster (PC '24) for starting this compendium! Additions and edits by Andrew Saal
© Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Publisher's Office JTET http://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/jtet Journal of Technical Education and Training ISSN 2229-8932 e-ISSN 2600-7932 Authentic Teaching and Learning in Malaysian National Dual Training System (NDTS) Apprenticeship Program Norhayati Yahaya 1* , Mohamad Sulaiman 2 , Suimi Abd Majid 3 , Mohamad Sattar Rasul 4 , Ruhizan Mohamad Yasin 5 1,2 Centre for Instructor and Advanced Skill Training (CIAST), Department of Skills Development, Ministry of Human Resources, Shah Alam, Selangor, 40900, MALAYSIA 3Department of Skills Development, Ministry of Human Resources, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63000, MALAYSIA 4,5 Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, MALAYSIA *Corresponding Author DOI: https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2020.12.01.010 Received 27 th March 2018; Accepted 27 th March 2019; Available online 31 st March 2020 Abstract: Authentic teaching and learning is a strategy that draws upon the apprentices' talents and experience within real-world settings, which provides them opportunities to exhibit and utilize their fundamental knowledge and skills. To optimize this strategy, skills trainers need to ingrain the apprentices with confidence and polished skills by synthesizing their personal qualities, in addition to their professional practices. This study expected to assess the acknowledgment of authentic teaching and learning of National Dual Training System (NDTS) program. A quantitative research design was used to conduct this research, involving 327 skills trainers in 3 different regions - Central, Northern and Southern. Statistical analysis was performed with the IBM Statistics version 22 software. Data were expressed as means and standard deviation. The Assessment Tool of Authentic Teaching and Learning introduced by Herrington & Oliver, 2000 was utilized as the instrument. The findings illustrate that a majority of the skills trainers provided feedbacks towards the acknowledgment of authentic teaching and learning at a moderate level. Nine authentic learning components were discussed: Provide authentic context that mirrors the way the information will be utilized as a part of real-life; Provide authentic exercises; Provide access to industrial experts, and the displaying of procedures; Provide numerous roles and points of view; Support shared development of learning; Promote reflection; Promote articulation; Provide coaching and scaffolding and; and Provide authentic assessment of learning inside the undertakings. Thus, this study inferred that integrating authentic teaching and learning of National Dual Training System (NDTS) program provides a further enhancement apprentice learning outcome. Keywords: Apprenticeship programmes, assessment tool of authentic teaching and learning, authentic teaching and learning, National Dual Training System (NDTS), skills trainer. 1. Introduction Authentic teaching and learning (T&L) is an approach meant to enhance the apprentices' motivation towards learning by creating T&L activities that are similar to actual workplace situations (Bennet, et al., 2005; Borthwick, et al., 2007; Wagner, 2008). Apart from that, authentic T&L also takes into consideration the trainees' perspective by adapting the syllabus by assigning them tasks that are related to real workplace situations (Andersson & Andersson, 2005). A conducive learning environment provides better opportunities for apprentices to combine concepts and theories from the classroom and apply them to real-life practices (Bennet et al. 2005; Borthwick et al. 2007). The apprentices not only have access to knowledge, but they could also relate them to the actual context through values that have been inculcated, which indirectly provide them with invaluable experience (Cranton & Carusetta, 2004). The Situated Learning Theory was applied as the main foundation in the authentic T&L that was the focus of the study (Collins 1998; Brown et al., 1989; Lave and Wenger 1991, McLellan 1995). The Situated Learning theory was first introduced in the 1980s, when a lot of research on authentic T&L were carried out (Rule 2006). From past research, it could be concluded that two major problems that are still relevant to be studied are the gap between the educational theories and teaching practical (Herrington, Reeves & Oliver 2006); and between learning experiences at training institutions and real experiences in the industry (Stein, Isaacs & Andrews 2004). Even though numerous researches on authentic T&L have been conducted, but there are still several problems on these two issues that can be studied. This study fills in the wide gap related to authentic teaching and learning (T&L) in the Malaysian context. Specifically, the objective of this study is to identify the frequency of implementation of authentic T&L among skills trainers for the dual system apprenticeship program. The participation of apprentices in authentic T&L is more meaningful as the main source of knowledge compared to the theories that they learn in the classroom (Billet 1996). This view is reiterated by constructivism philosophers who feel that apprentices could build their knowledge based on their experience. This point is also supported by Reeves et al. (2002) that state that knowledge which is learned theoretically is not adequate in authentic T&L. Instead, authentic T&L activities could define any theory better, as they can be adapted with real-life experiences (Brown et al. 1989). Thus, in authentic T&L, apprentices should be allowed to access the actual framework utilized by practitioners and experts in the field of study (Brown et al., 1989). Meanwhile, Lave & Wenger (1991) state that apprentices must master the basic elements in their specific field. Through authentic T&L experience, apprentices are more inclined to think that every problem can be solved and that there could even be various solutions. The more exposure given to apprentices, the faster will the apprentices build up their knowledge and skills, similar to the experiences of professionals (Lombardi 2007). 2. Methodology The research involved 327 respondents who were skills trainers of the dual system apprenticeship program under the Malaysian Skills Certification System, Department of Skills Development (JPK). A pilot study was conducted randomly on 120 skills trainers in the manufacturing sector from the East, Sabah and Sarawak regions. The respondents for the pilot study were chosen based on similar characteristics for the actual study. The sets of questionnaires were distributed to the skills trainers during a slot of an SLDN course, which was assisted by SLDN facilitators. In survey research, a very large sample might not determine accuracy. A view that was used as guidance for this study was the statement by Balvanes and Caputi (2001) that proposed a minimum of 30 to a maximum of 500 samples would be adequate and suitable for research using statistical analysis. All skills trainers in the actual research were not involved as respondents in the pilot study. The skills trainers selected for the actual research had more than five years of experience in the manufacturing sector. The selection of experienced respondents was important to ensure that the findings of the study reflected the actual need of why the study was conducted. High-reliability value with an Alpha Cronbach .958 value proved that the questionnaire was capable of measuring what it meant to measure. The basis for a questionnaire's reliability was based on Kerlinger (1979) and Hair et. al (1998) who stated that the minimum Alpha Cronbach value accepted for survey research was to be of similar or more than 0.60 (>=0.60) value. Fig. 1 - Flowchart of Survey Research Method Questionnaires Instruments are distributed to 327 skill trainers Data analysis uses descriptive statistics (Min score & standard deviation) Findings and discussions The need to develop the Authentic Teaching and Learning Social Skills and Social Values in Malaysian National Dual Training System The descriptive statistical analysis used to report the findings were percentage, mean and standard deviation. The mean score was described using the descriptive statistic findings interpretation as proposed by Nunally (1976) and utilized by Norasmah (2001) and Azhar (2006). Nine authentic T&L social skills and social values elements were measured, where all items were adapted from a research by Herrington and Oliver (2000). The questionnaire used as the research instrument consisted of 44 items. For data analysis, the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of the IBM SPSS Statistics version 22 software to get the mean score and standard deviation values. The analyzed data results illustrate the frequency of authentic T&L of social skills and social value implementation among the trainers of the dual system apprenticeship program. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the research methodology used in this research. 3. Result The analysis of part showed the overall picture of the respondents' background. The four main items in part A are: i. Gender iii. highest academic qualification ii. teaching experience iv. highest skill level Table 1 shows the spread of the data distribution for the respondents' demographic data. The findings reveal that more than half of the respondents are male skills trainers, and followed by female skills trainers with 167 and 160, respectively. the respondents with teaching experience of between 5 to 10 years showed the highest number with 220, followed by 11 to 15 years with a frequency of 63. the number of respondents with teaching experience of more than 20 years was 23, and 21 trainers had between 16 to 20 years of experience. The majority of respondents (183) had a diploma as their highest academic qualification, followed by 133 trainers with a bachelor's degree, 6 trainers with master's degrees, and 5 trainers with other qualifications. More than half of the trainers (201 respondents) had Malaysian Skills Certificate (MSC) Level 3, followed by 54 with Malaysian Skills Diploma (MSD), 43 with Malaysian Skills Certificate (MSC) Level 2, 12 with other qualifications, 6 with Malaysian Skills Advanced Diploma (MSAD) 10 with Malaysian Skills Certificate (MSC) Level 1, and 1 with Statement of Achievement (PC). Table 1 - Skill Trainers (Respondents) Demographic Distribution Furthermore, the analysis of Part B shows the frequency of the implementation of T&L social skills and social value authentic elements of the dual system apprenticeship program. Table 2 is the findings of the implementation of authentic T&L social skills and social values elements of the dual system apprenticeship programme. Table 2 - The Mean Score Distribution of The Authentic T&L Social Skills and Social Values' Elements 4. Findings and Discussions 4.1 Provide Authentic Context That Reflects The Way The Knowledge Will Be Used in Real-Life The mean score of element 1 is 2.438 (.491). It demonstrates that providing authentic context that mirrors the way the information will be utilized as a part of real-life is moderate-low among the skills trainers. Wenger (1998) advocated that a formal learning structure can't be planned. J. Herrington and Oliver (2000) determined that trainers can just plan an environment to enable learning rather than to instruct the apprentices' learning process. This affirmation inferred that apprentices should master their learning process and that trainers should coach or bolster apprentices in their learning procedure. These thoughts proposed that training must go past, the present unit instruction. Similarly, practicing real-world situations during classroom lessons can enable apprentices to remember and relate new data to their existing knowledge, as apprentices are likely to review and apply that new data later on, in actual circumstances outside the classroom (Brown et al., 1989). 4.2 Provide Authentic Activities. The mean score of element 2 is 2.420 (.479). It demonstrates that giving authentic activities is moderate-low among the skills trainers. Current instructive methodologies call for apprentices to be aggressive in the real world by incorporating realistic problem-solving skills into their learning, while conventional teaching methods concentrate on retaining information and adapting every required material before being acquainted with the real-world task. Apprentices will most likely be unable to completely apply their learning to the competitive work environment without appropriate, meaningful training in the classroom. By receiving such exercises in view of authentic learning strategy, apprentices ought to be better placed to learn and welcome the need to secure proficient aptitudes in the classroom, in addition to the procedures required in the long-term proficiency improvement. 4.3 Provide Access to Industry Experts and The Modeling of Processes The mean score of element 3 is 2.315 (.459). It shows that providing access to industry experts and the modeling of processes is moderate-low among the skills trainers. Authentic and service-based learning incorporating real-world experiences urge apprentices to cooperate with experts in the field instead of depending solely on their classroom skills trainers for learning (Herrington et al., 2006). It is on account of whether we can have access to experts' opinions and modeling processes, and in the meantime, the experts also have access to apprentices with different levels of aptitude. Therefore, apprentices will have an open door for the sharing of accounts and stories and able to socialize with experts of the industry. A. Herrington and J. Herrington (2006), and Owens and Valesky (2007) recommended that trainers should open apprentices to the setting of collaborative articulation of knowledge by methods for discussions, forums, conferences, the Internet, and customary classes. Likewise, increasingly capable apprentices can guide and mentor their companions. 4.4 Provide Multiple Roles and Perspectives The mean score of element 4 is 2.458 (.490). It reveals that giving multiple roles and perspectives is moderate-low among the skills trainers. Authentic learning helps overcome any issues between securing information and learning how to apply it on regular day-to-day existence, as shown by Choo (2007), who guaranteed that real-life skills and encounters ought to be at the center of authentic learning. A service-learning strategy might be similar to authentic learning as it also makes connections between real-world learning and in-class learning (Soslau & Yost, 2007). However, the authentic learning strategy gives exceptional advantages regarding interfacing with the real world related to apprentices' life and objectives. It provides unique benefits in terms of connecting with the real world associated with apprentices' professional life and goals. To be sure, the roles and perspectives of apprentices should reflect how a learning domain could mimic a situation where apprentices connect with real-world issues. 4.5 Support Collaborative Construction of Knowledge The mean score of element 5 is 2.432 (.474). It demonstrates that supporting collaborative construction of knowledge is moderate-low among the skills trainers. An authentic learning strategy cultivates apprentices' dynamic cooperation and engagement in learning by arranging issues and inquiries in real-world contexts (Brown et al., 1989). For apprentices, encounters with challenging tasks in authentic learning are more significant to viable, real-world tasks when contrasted to classroom-based projects. Moreover, authentic learning stresses the significance of coordinated effort in accomplishing objectives from different points of view as opposed to from a solitary viewpoint of learning (Herrington et al., 2006). It must be underlined that the requirement for coordinated efforts ought not to be unnaturally constrained on the group of apprentices by the framework yet grounded in the idea of the tasks. The apprentices welcome the estimation of joint efforts just on the off chance that it is unmistakably expected to fulfill the errand or accomplish preferable outcomes alone. They will truly take part in collaborative activities, for example, share data, examine halfway research results, and deliver shared choices and engineered arrangements. Understanding and valuing the requirement for coordinated effort might be a huge piece of the learning procedure. 4.6 Promote Reflection The mean score of element 6 is 2.328 (.452). It illustrates that advanced reflection is moderate-low among the skills trainers. It has been noticed that authentic context and task expect choices to be made. Here, one of the vital parts is teamwork, which is imperative in authentic learning encounters since it is generally polished in a real business environment setting. Business partners, clients, and customers frequently cooperate to manage their different points of view (Soslau & Yost, 2007). Considering that such collaborative endeavors are essential in creating powerful working connections (Hyman & Hu, 2005) apprentices must learn how to draw upon various sources and reach an agreed-upon end product through critical thinking and negotiating processes. Encouraging awareness towards others' expectations within a team, and developing responsibility for shared objectives are the key parts of accomplishing an effective result. By replicating real-world research in the current study, apprentices were able to practice collective problem-solving skills by taking on multiple roles, thereby enhancing their confidence as a team member. Here, apprentices could cooperate as a group in a domain, coordinating classroom lessons and working environment learning. Under such an intentionally planned setting, apprentices may be inspired to develop capabilities to fit in with what others are practicing. Mezirow (1991) expressed that apprentices must experience a basic reflection procedure of perceiving, questioning, examining, and revising their past experiences, in the long run changing their reality views and forming new ones. From the contemporary constructivists' points of view, trainers should make responsibilities to structuring real-world contexts and helping apprentices develop their unique, individual reasoning examples by presenting apprentices to different viewpoints established in such true settings (Jonassen, 1991). Most assuredly, the setting is viewed as one of the premises for authentic teaching and learning in useful learning hypotheses. 4.7 Promote Articulation The mean score of element 7 is 2.474 (.492). It demonstrates that promoting articulation is moderate-low among the skills trainers. A capacity to impart one's expertise and experience with others and articulate knowledge in virtual multi-cultural communities emerged in the data analysis as a factor affecting peer development (Sobrero, 2008). How can the journey effectively be visible to peripheral participants in a multi-stage process formed from multiple roles, and how can it be entered at various circumstances? Articulation of pedagogically tacit knowledge is challenging. As ability grows, there might be a downside to the development of articulation of knowledge from newcomers to the discourse. In practice, this was obvious in the project, for instance, when online session questions were benchmarked against the course content. Observers were just ready to see the incomplete setting, as the organized talk was not "unmistakable" to them. In any case, a superior recording of action is abandoned in web-interceded activity than in conventional up close and personal groups, in which members frequently hold a divided memory of the action (Zhang & Watts, 2008). As indicated by Choo (2007) the authentic learning approach accentuates social association through group work, thereby improving student learning. Research has proven the significance of providing more opportunities for interactions between colleagues. Cranton & Carusetta (2004) showed that interaction among all apprentices, and in addition to the teacher, enables a student's ability to learn and process information better. The authentic learning project in the present study requested that apprentices work within and between groups to characterize and execute goals, parameters, and tasks of assigned projects. The dynamic interactions in the present investigation, which are between clients and consultants, and among colleagues, enabled apprentices to take care of the issues and effectively accomplish the goals of the projects. 4.8 Provide Coaching and Scaffolding The mean score of element 8 is 2.692 (.483). It highlights that providing coaching and scaffolding is moderate-low among the skills trainers. Educators usually simulate practice sessions by distinguishing what is to be realized in the real-world circumstances and lead these authentic activities within the surrounding environments. The principles utilized as a part of the simulation model include conducting domain-related practices, ownership of inquiry and collaborative and social work (Barab & Duffy, 1998). In the classroom, authentic learning empowers educators to watch a learner react and handle issues, organize arguments, control evidence, and plan activities to address and take care of equivocal issues. With authentic learning, apprentices' competence is not surveyed from one execution, but rather through a progression of exercises (Duis, 1995). Apprentices are presented with various assessment tasks, so they can exhibit their skills. Such assessment tasks have logical noteworthiness (Hensley, 1997), and authentic assessment is coordinated based on presentation, information, or emotions that the educator wishes to gauge. Authentic assessment, in this manner, concentrates on the item, and the nature of execution, and understudies are all the more effectively required in the learning procedure. Moreover, understudies know how they will be assessed in front of the real evaluation, which frequently brings about more experience for apprentices' interest and motivation. 4.9 Provide Authentic Assessment of Learning Within the Tasks The mean score of element 9 is 2.346 (.469). It demonstrates providing an authentic assessment of learning within the tasks is moderate-low among the skills trainers. Authentic assessment is a type of evaluation in which apprentices have to perform real-world tasks that exhibit significant utilization of fundamental knowledge and skills. As stated by Herrington and Herrington (1998), the authentic assessment takes place within the setting of an authentic setting with complex difficulties, and focuses on dynamic trainees that produce refined outcomes or items, and is related to different learning ventures. Authentic assessments, frequently called performance-based assessments, expose apprentices to realworld tasks and scenario-based problem solving more than traditional measures, like in pencil-and-paper tests (DarlingHammond, 1997). Performance-based tasks are, to a great extent, open-ended and often can be utilized to cater to different methodologies (Reed, 1993). For maximum benefit, these errands ought to be highly significant and important to apprentices (Henderson & Karr-Kidwell, 1998). Authentic assessments can appear as presentations, projects, writings, demonstrations, debates, simulations, presentations, or other types of open-ended tasks. While the authentic assessment is profoundly contextual, excellent authentic assessments enable apprentices to exhibit knowledge and skills that reveal understanding (Dana & Tippins, 1993). 5. Conclusion Authentic T&L approach was the focus of this study as the approach could relate formal lessons carried out in the classroom to real-world settings. Authentic T&L provides opportunities for learners to voice their opinions, apart from having access to experts in the industry based on the programs designed by each training institution, like assignments through case studies (Riesbeck, 1996). Authentic T&L environment must encourage apprentices to explore different perspectives that are not confined by discipline, and allows the collaborative construction of knowledge development. In authentic T&L, more experienced skills trainers act as mentors or facilitators that could assist trainees by generating ideas to support the trainees' learning experience. Formative assessments are carried out concurrently whenever activities are conducted, which provides trainees with opportunities to improve their achievement from time to time. A few ramifications rendered from the discussions are imperative for future research and instructing. These preliminary discoveries demonstrate that the teaching and learning of authentic learning ought to be extensively executed in the Malaysian National Dual Training System. The execution of authentic teaching and learning in the National Dual Training System is moderate-low among the skills trainers. 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HANDLING AND PAYMENT MODEL AGREEMENT* *(can be modified and adapted in accordance with the Bureau's own situation) ----------------------------------- BETWEEN THE BUREAU OF.……………………………………[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] AND ……………………………………………….[Please add the name of the correspondent] HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS THE CORRESPONDENT 1 , The following is agreed: Article 1 1.1 Authorisation given to the correspondent The Bureau of ……………….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] is responsible for managing and settling claims involving the civil liability in respect of the use of a motor vehicle in ………… [Please add the country concerned] that is covered by an international motor insurance certificate (Green Card or delivered for a vehicle which is normally based in…..[Please fill in accordingly] pursuant to the Internal Regulations of the Council of Bureaux (called Internal Regulations hereafter), the provisions of which are binding on the signatories of such regulations. The Bureau of ……………….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] authorises……………[the correspondent] to handle and settle, in its name and under the conditions set out below, claims regarding civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles covered by insurance by the foreign insurers listed in a rider hereto that have applied for the services of a correspondent. This authorisation is granted to the correspondent under the strict condition that it does not accept to manage any claims regarding civil liability from foreign insurers other than those listed in the rider hereto or referred on the website without the consent of the Bureau of……………….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval]. 1 Correspondent shall be understood in the meaning of Article 4 of the Internal Regulations. [1.2 Cases of outsourcing: wording to be used unless prevented by the national legislation Exceptionally, and after having produced a written agreement of the foreign insurer which requested its approval, the correspondent shall be authorised to delegate the claims handling to a Bureau member or to a specialised organisation established in .......... [Please add the country concerned] (so-called the subcontractor hereafter). In the convention signed with the correspondent, the subcontractor shall commit itself to respect the Internal Regulations, the national law and the present Agreement as well as the obligations applying to the correspondent. It shall also indicate on each document and letter (correspondence, e-mail, fax, etc..…), the corporate name of the correspondent and the foreign insurer's Green Card code, specifying that it settles claims on its behalf. The correspondent remains legally and financially liable of the files management by the subcontractor, and guarantees the payments of the sums owed by it, in case of default of payment. The correspondent and the subcontractor will designate a contact person in each entity to solve possible difficulties ]. Article 2 Scope of the mandate given to the correspondent It is expressly specified that the authorisation granted to the correspondent exclusively concerns claims resulting of an accident caused by a vehicle covered by MTPL insurance of the insurance companies which requested its approval. The correspondent may be informed of these claims inter alia by the Bureau of…………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] the foreign insured person, his/her insurer, the injured party or one of its representatives. Article 3 Limit of the mandate The correspondent's authorisation to manage a file shall only take effect as from the time when the identity of the foreign insurer has been established by any means whatsoever. This authorisation shall terminate in the event that the foreign insurer contests the insurance cover. In these cases, the correspondent shall promptly notify the Bureau of ……………….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] thereof and return the entire file to this Bureau (except in the event that the Bureau of …..…………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] provides other instructions). The correspondent shall be reimbursed of any justified emergency costs [it is left at the discretion of the Bureau whether such reimbursement should apply only if there is a valid Green Card or a confirmation that the vehicle is normally based in the country concerned] by the Bureau to which the file is to be returned. Such costs shall not include any handling fees." Article 4 Rights of the Bureau of ……………[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] 4.1. The Bureau of ………………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] shall have solely the competence to decide on any issue relating to the interpretation of the laws applicable in………..[Please add the country concerned], even if it refers to the laws of a foreign country. The Bureau of ….. [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] delegates to the correspondent being its representative the possibility to decide on any issue relating to the interpretation of the law applicable in ………..[Please add the country concerned ] 4.2. The Bureau of ………….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] may, at any time take over the handling and settlement of a claim from a correspondent without any obligation to justify its decision. Article 5 The obligations of the correspondent for handlings claims 5.1. General commitments 5.1.1 The correspondent undertakes to handle and to pay in …….[Please add the country concerned] the claims for which it has received an authorisation. 5.1.2 The correspondent undertakes to obtain, as soon as possible the confirmation of the insurance cover by the insurer which requested its appointment. 5.1.3 The correspondent shall handle all claims in conformity with any legal or regulatory provisions applicable in the country in which the accident took place, relating to the liability, compensation of the injured parties and the compulsory motor insurance, in the name of the Bureau of ………….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] arising out of accidents occurring in that country involving vehicles insured by the insurance company which requested its approval. The correspondent shall refrain from asking the approval of this company for interpreting the law of the accident on any issue relating to the law applicable in the country of the accident. 5.1.4 When a settlement is in excess of the conditions or limits applicable pursuant to the laws on compulsory motor insurance against civil liability in force in …….[Please add the country concerned], but is covered by the insurance policy, the correspondent shall consult the foreign insurer and obtain its approval as regards the part of the claim that falls outside the scope of these conditions or limits. (Pursuant to the provisions of Article 2 of Directive 90/232/EEC, the insurer's consent is not required when the responsible party is insured with an insurer that carries on its business in the European Economic Area.). 5.1.5. It is not allowed to the correspondent to ask for the payment to be subject to the receipt of the relevant amounts from the foreign insurer. 5.1.6 The correspondent expressly commits itself to comply with the instructions of the Bureau of……..[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval], either from a general standpoint or in respect of a particular file. 5.1.7 The correspondent commits also itself to act in accordance with the relevant legislation on data protection. 5.2 Offer to the injured party For EEA countries and other countries in which the national law provides for an offer of compensation to the victims. Besides the model agreement, the attention of the foreign insurers should be drawn on the necessity to include provisions regulating the procedure of the offer in their agreements with their correspondents. 5.2.1. Pursuant to …………… [Please add the relevant reference to the national law], the correspondent is required either to make a reasoned offer to the victim in cases where liability is not contested and the damages have been quantified or to provide a reasoned reply to the victim to the points made in the claim in cases where liability is denied or has not been clearly determined or the damages have not been fully quantified. In that context, the correspondent shall apply its national law. 5.2.2. If a claim is not handled by the correspondent in conformity with the provisions of the 1 st paragraph of Article 4.4 of the Internal Regulations, and due to this lack of performance, the Bureau of …………[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] is required to pay sanctions as provided for by the ………[Please add the correspondent's country] regulatory provisions, it shall be reimbursed by the correspondent for the amount paid. (Decision n° 5 of 2005 GA: if the Bureau is not reimbursed by the correspondent, the Bureau which approved the correspondent shall be reimbursed directly by the bureau which requested the approval). 5.3 Duty in case of court proceeding 5.3.1 Correspondent's duty The correspondent shall not receive any authorisation ad litem enabling it to be summoned to court or to serve a writ in its capacity as representative of the Bureau of………….. [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] or the foreign insurer which appointed it. In the event that a writ is served, it shall preliminarily raise the issue of its lack of capacity and shall immediately inform the Bureau of …………….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] thereof. Since the injured party is always entitled to sue directly the foreign insurer which requested the approval of the correspondent, the latter shall not raise the unacceptability of the lawsuit, if it is aware of the intention to do so by the injured party. The correspondent may however defend the Bureau of…………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] if it was authorised to do so, defend the latter and the insured person on their respective behalf before the relevant court(s), without joining the proceedings or acting in its own behalf, in order to avoid a judgment being handed down to the correspondent itself. 5.3.2 Information to the Bureau on court proceedings The correspondent undertakes to systematically inform the Bureau of ……….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] about the progress of any court proceedings. The correspondent shall not take any legal action without the prior consent of the Bureau of ….. [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval], 1. when a dispute relates to or is likely to relate to the Green Card system; 2. when a dispute is brought before the Supreme Court. COUNCIL OF BUREAUX THE CORRESPONDENTS WORKING GROUP ANNEX 2 – HANDLING AND PAYMENT MODEL AGREEMENT Nonetheless, in case of an emergency, the correspondent shall take all the requisite protective measures. 5.4 Other information to the Bureau The Bureau of ……….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] shall be kept informed about any financial risks it may incur. The correspondent shall inform the Bureau of………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] of any difficulties that it can encounter when handling claims. 5.5 Statistical data asked from the correspondent [provision left at the Bureau's discretion] In order to provide the statistical data asked by the CoB every year and in the event that any person or entity other than the Bureau transmits its claim directly to the correspondent (short cut), the latter undertakes to notify to the Bureau of … [Please add the name of your Bureau granting the approval] the number of claims submitted directly to it during the year. Claims concerning material damage shall be listed separately from those concerning personal injuries, and the country in which the foreign vehicle is normally based or has its Green Card issued shall be specified. Other statistical data asked from the correspondent:…. [Please fill in accordingly if you wish to receive other statistical data: provisions on other data are left at the discretion of the Bureau]. The Bureau of……… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval commits itself not to disclose any other statistical data than the consolidated ones. ] Article 6 Information of the correspondent to the insurer The correspondent commits itself to inform as soon as possible the insurer which issued the Green Card of the estimated amount of the claim with a split between material damages and bodily injuries. If the correspondent when handling the claim receives further information which can modify its former estimate, it shall inform the foreign insurer without delay. The provision of such information shall not delay the claim settlement. Article 7 7.1. Freedom for conditions of reimbursement and handling fees. Subject to the provisions of Article 4 of the Internal Regulations, the correspondent may agree with the foreign insurer at the latter's request on the terms and conditions of reimbursement of the amounts paid to the injured parties at its own discretion, as well as on the calculation of the handling fees. However, in the event that the Bureau of …………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] is requested to act in place of the correspondent, it shall apply the rules as provided for in Article 5 of the Internal Regulations and shall by no means be bound by the rules agreed on between the insurer and the correspondent. The correspondent shall keep the Bureau of ………[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] informed of any difficulties it encounters in obtaining the reimbursement of the compensation it has paid without delay. 7.2 Lack of reimbursement of the correspondents Pursuant to the provisions of Article 4.7 of the Internal Regulations, the correspondent may obtain the amounts it has disbursed for the foreign insurer which appointed it from the Bureau of ………[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] if it is unable to obtain the reimbursement of these amounts. This request should be addressed to the Bureau of …………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] within a maximum period of one year from the date of the last payment made in favour of the injured party. The Bureau of …………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] shall reimburse the correspondent for the costs and expenses relating to the compensation of the injured parties including a handling fee if due and the late interest in accordance with the conditions set out in Article 5 of the Internal Regulations. However, the requested handling fee and late interest shall not exceed the provisions of Articles 5.1.3 and 5.2. of the Internal Regulations. The handling fee and late interest shall be reimbursed to the correspondent by the Bureau of…….[Please add the name of your Bureau granting the approval] which sent its request for reimbursement according to Article 5, after such amounts are received from the Bureau of which the insurer is or was a Member of. Before paying such costs and expenses, the Bureau of …………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] shall ensure that payment was duly made in accordance with the provisions of Article 4.4 of the Internal Regulations. COUNCIL OF BUREAUX THE CORRESPONDENTS WORKING GROUP ANNEX 2 – HANDLING AND PAYMENT MODEL AGREEMENT Article 8 Audits of the Correspondents The Bureau of ……………[ Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval ] may analyse the performance of the correspondent’s business on site in order to ensure the smooth management of the Green Card system. Following this analysis, a preliminary report shall be issued together with recommendations where applicable, and the findings of the said report shall be discussed with the correspondent. In such case, the Bureau of ….. [ Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval ] shall not disclose any confidential and sensitive matters that it might be aware of in the course of the audit. Article 9 Sanctions In the event of a serious breach by the correspondent of its obligations pursuant to the Internal Regulations, the national law and the present agreement, the Bureau of …………[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] shall be entitled to withdraw its approval. The decision to withdraw the approval shall be reasoned and preceded by 1. a warning granting the correspondent a deadline to remedy the defaults noted within a time limit given by the Bureau of …………… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval]; 2. If the defaults noted are not corrected by the deadline set, the Bureau / the Board [Or please add any other relevant body] shall address an official warning to the correspondent granting a final deadline of….. [Please add the time limit] to remedy to the defaults noted, unless the agreement would be withdrawn. The Bureau of……… [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] reserves its right to inform the other Bureau and the insurer which requested the approval of the situation and, if required so, the Supervisory Authority. Article 10 Withdrawal of the approval The Bureau of ……………[ Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval ] shall immediately notify the Bureau which submitted the request for approval and specify the date on which its approval shall cease to have effect. The correspondent commits itself to comply with the Bureau’s instructions relating to the pending files. COUNCIL OF BUREAUX THE CORRESPONDENTS WORKING GROUP ANNEX 2 – HANDLING AND PAYMENT MODEL AGREEMENT The correspondent may not seek for the payment of any indemnity following the termination of its authorisation. Article 11 Termination of the Agreement This agreement shall remain in force for as long as each of the foreign insurers listed in a rider hereto wishes to appoint …..[Please add the name of the correspondent] which signed the present agreement. In the event that the designated correspondent wishes to terminate its relationship with the insurer which requested its approval at its own initiative, it shall inform the Bureau of …….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] thereof, which will send the request to the Bureau concerned. The Bureau of …….[Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval] shall set the date of termination of the authorisation. The correspondent will continue to handle the pending files, unless another solution is agreed by the Bureau of ….. [Please add the name of the Bureau granting the approval]. Done in two originals on……………………….. For the correspondent For the Bureau of ………….. [respective signatures to be added]
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate At a Glance Small Business Legislation As reported by the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship on July 25, 2023 On July 25, 2023, the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship reported several bills related to the Small Business Administration's loan programs and operations. This single, comprehensive document provides estimates for seven of those bills. All of the bills would increase spending subject to appropriation. S. 1345 also would increase direct spending and revenues; pay-as-you-go procedures would apply to that bill. S. 1345 would increase net direct spending and on-budget deficits by less than $2.5 billion in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2034. The other bills would not increase net direct spending or onbudget deficits in those periods. None of the bills would impose intergovernmental or private-sector mandates. Details of the estimated costs of each bill are discussed in the text below. Detailed estimate begins on the next page. Summary On July 25, 2023, the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship reported several pieces of legislation. This document provides estimates for seven of those bills. The bills would codify the Boots to Business program, expand access to Small Business Administration (SBA) loan products, enhance the agency's 504 Certified Development Company loan guarantee program, establish the Coordinator for Community Financial Institutions position, require the appointment of an Associate Administrator to head the Office of Native American Affairs, and establish a new advisory committee for the Small Business Investment Company program. Estimated Federal Cost The bills' costs fall within budget function 370 (commerce and housing credit). Basis of Estimate For this estimate, CBO assumes that the bills will be enacted near the end of fiscal year 2023. This cost estimate does not include any effects of interaction among the bills. If all seven bills were combined and enacted as a single piece of legislation, the effects could be different from the sum of the separate estimates, although CBO expects that any differences would be small. Spending Subject to Appropriation CBO estimates that all seven bills would increase spending subject to appropriation; any spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds. S. 38, the Veteran Entrepreneurship Training Act of 2023, would authorize the SBA to carry out the Boots to Business (B2B) Program over the 2023-2028 period. That program, which the SBA operates under authorities provided in Public Law 93-237, provides entrepreneurship training to members of the Armed Forces (including the National Guard or Reserves), veterans, and the spouses or dependents of those people. The legislation would authorize the SBA to make grants to Veteran Business Outreach Centers and to collaborate with public and private entities to develop training courses, which it does under its current program. S. 38 also would require the SBA to share B2B program information with other veterans' agencies and to submit annual program reports to the Congress. CBO estimates that implementing the new requirements in S. 38 would cost less than $500,000 over the 2024-2028 period, primarily for additional reporting requirements. S. 673, the Small Business Child Care Investment Act, would authorize nonprofit childcare providers to receive loans guaranteed by the SBA. The bill also would require the SBA to report annually to the Congress on the number of such loans. Based on the costs of similar provisions, CBO expects that the additional costs to report to the Congress would total less than $500,000 over the 2024-2028 period. CBO estimates that any change in the subsidy cost of SBA loans, which are subject to appropriation, would be insignificant. S. 1156, the Native American Entrepreneurial and Opportunity Act of 2023, would codify the mission and authorities of the Office of Native American Affairs (ONAA) within the SBA and require the appointment of an Associate Administrator to head that office. The ONAA is currently led by an Assistant Administrator. Based on information from the agency, CBO expects that, under the bill, an existing employee would be elevated to the new position and that any increase in compensation paid for that position would not be significant over the 2024-2028 period. S. 1345, the 504 Credit Risk Management Improvement Act of 2023, would require the SBA to issue rules to clarify how certified development companies (CDCs) may comply with the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act. Using information from the SBA, CBO estimates that it would cost the agency less than $500,000 to issue rules. Two employees, at an average annual cost of $170,000 per employee, would be needed in 2024 for rulemaking activities. S. 1352, the 504 Modernization and Small Manufacturer Enhancement Act of 2023, would make changes to the SBA's 504 Certified Development Company (504/CDC) loan guarantee program, which provides financing to small businesses through nonprofit CDCs, helping small businesses purchase or improve fixed assets such as land, buildings, or machinery. The bill would raise the maximum loan amount for small manufacturers from $5.5 million to $6.5 million, expand eligibility for 504/CDC loans, and set new leasing terms for buildings that are financed by such loans. In addition, the bill would require SBA to report to the Congress on how those changes to leasing terms affect access to capital for small businesses. Using information about the cost of similar provisions, CBO estimates that it would cost $1 million over the 2024-2028 period for the SBA to issue rules and complete the required report. CBO estimates that any change in the subsidy cost of SBA loans, which are subject to appropriation, would be insignificant. S. 2099, the Supporting Community Lenders Act, would create the position of Coordinator for Community Financial Institutions within the SBA's Office of Capital Access. The new official would plan, coordinate, evaluate, and improve the SBA's efforts to enhance the performance of community financial institutions and support access to capital for small businesses. Using information from the SBA, CBO expects that the agency would hire a new employee to fulfill those responsibilities at an annual cost of about $200,000 in 2024. In addition, the agency would need to hire the equivalent of three supporting staff, at an average annual cost per employee of $150,000 in 2024, to develop strategies, conduct outreach, establish partnerships, hold public meetings, and prepare reports for the Congress. In total, and after accounting for anticipated inflation in later years, CBO estimates that implementing S. 2099 would cost $3 million over the 2024-2028 period. S. 2212, the SBIC Advisory Committee Act of 2023, would establish an advisory committee to advise the SBA on its Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program, which provides equity capital to small businesses through private SBICs that raise a mixture of private funds and SBA-guaranteed loans. The committee would make recommendations to the SBA, including how to increase the number of SBICs that invest in low-income and rural areas. The bill would require the committee to report to the Congress within 18 months, at which point the committee would terminate. Based on the cost of similar activities, CBO estimates that implementing S. 2212 would cost less than $500,000 over the 2024-2028 period. Direct Spending and Revenues CBO estimates that one bill, S. 1345, would affect direct spending and revenues. Those effects are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Estimated Effects on Direct Spending and Revenues of S. 1345, the 504 Credit Risk Management Improvement Act of 2023, as Reported by the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship on July 25, 2023 \| By Fiscal Year, Millions of Dollars 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 Increases in Direct Spending Estimated Budget Authority 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 Estimated Outlays 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 Increases in Revenues Estimated Revenues 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 Net Increase or Decrease (-) in the Deficit From Changes in Direct Spending and Revenues Effect on the Deficit 0 -2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| \| 2023- 2028 \| \| \| \| \| 2023- \| \| \| \| 2033 \| \| \| 12 \| \| \| \| 12 \| \| \| \| \| 29 \| \| \| 10 \| \| \| \| \| 24 \| \| \| 2 \| \| S. 1345, the 504 Credit Risk Management Improvement Act of 2023, would require SBA's Office of Credit Risk Management to supervise CDCs and conduct file reviews of loan closings under the agency's 504/CDC loan guarantee program. It would also authorize the SBA to collect fees from CDCs in an amount that does not exceed 1 basis point of the CDC's outstanding loan portfolio. In addition, the bill would authorize the SBA to take enforcement actions, including the assessment of civil monetary penalties, against CDCs that violate statutory or regulatory requirements. CBO estimates that enacting S. 1345 would increase net revenues by $24 million over the 2024-2033 period. CBO estimates that the SBA would collect $33 million in fees from CDCs over that period. When certain types of indirect taxes or fees are imposed on goods and services, however, taxable income for businesses and workers tends to decline, leading to reductions in revenues from income and payroll taxes. As a result, CBO estimates that the additional assessments would be partially offset by a reduction in tax receipts of between 24 percent and 27 percent of the gross assessment amount each year. 1 After accounting for that difference, CBO estimates that collecting those assessments would, on net, increase revenues by about $24 million over the 2024-2033 period. In addition, CBO estimates that the SBA would collect less than $500,000 in civil monetary penalties, which are treated as revenues, from CDCs. The SBA is authorized to retain some fees and spend them on oversight activities, including the fees that would be collected under S. 1345. CBO expects that fees collected in one fiscal year would be spent in the following year, starting in 2025. As a result, CBO estimates that the bill would increase direct spending by $29 million over the 2025-2033 period. Pay-As-You-Go Considerations: The Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010 establishes budget-reporting and enforcement procedures for legislation affecting direct spending or revenues. The net changes in outlays and revenues for the one bill that is subject to those pay-as-you-go procedures are shown in Table 1. Increase in Long-Term Net Direct Spending and Deficits: CBO estimates that enacting S. 1345 would not increase net direct spending by more than $2.5 billion in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2034 and also would not increase on-budget deficits by more than $5 billion in any of those periods. CBO estimates that none of the other six bills would increase net direct spending or deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning with 2034. 1. For more information, see Congressional Budget Office, CBO's Use of the Income and Payroll Tax Offset in Its Budget Projections and Cost Estimates (October 2022), www.cbo.gov/publication/58421. Mandates: None. Estimate Prepared By Federal Costs: David Hughes and Jon Sperl Mandates: Rachel Austin Estimate Reviewed By Emily Stern Senior Adviser for Budget Analysis Kathleen FitzGerald Chief, Public and Private Mandates Unit Christina Hawley Anthony Deputy Director of Budget Analysis Estimate Approved By Phillip L. Swagel Director, Congressional Budget Office
Internet Social Forum Another Internet is Possible Internet Social Forum: Why the Future of the Internet Needs Social Justice Movements October 2016 1. Introduction The Internet and the electronic networking revolution, like previous technological shifts, holds out the promise of a better and more equitable world for all. Yet it is increasingly evident that certain elites are capturing the benefits of these developments largely for themselves and consolidating their overall positions of control. Global corporations, often in partnership with governments, are framing and constructing this new society in their own interests, at the expense of what is required in the wider public interest. Several core sectors in wealthy, developing, and less developed countries alike are already seeing major disruption and transformation: retail shopping by Amazon, media by Facebook, the hotel sector by AirBnB, taxis by Uber. And Google and Apple are well advanced in digitally valorising and commodifying the minutest aspects of our personal and social lives. On the surface, many of the new services and delivery models seem benign, even positive, and indeed they do bring tangible benefits to some people and institutions, so much so that many are willing participants in relinquishing personal data and privacy. However, deeper analysis reveals shifts below the radar, triggering more fundamental societal changes and generating new forms of inequality and a deepening of existing social divisions. Unchecked, these could be forerunners of digitally-enabled business models and institutional dynamics that seriously undermine rights hard-won by workers and citizens and that significantly erode welfare regimes and, ultimately, democratic institutions. Analytical rigour and engaged activism must be applied to critique these emerging social and business models and to develop appropriate alternatives that actively promote social justice. This applies particularly to the internal transformation of sectors, enabled by micro data aggregation and analysis at a global level. "Big data" is thereby creating new paradigms across many areas – for instance the idea of "smart cities" is presented as the new model of data-based governance potentially supplanting political and democratic processes. Yet these changes – unlike those at the consumer level – are largely invisible. They are transforming the terms and conditions by which people are employed and work, the knowledge they have access to, basic economic power relations, and ultimately the rights to which people are entitled. The implementation of these paradigms can, and will, impact everyone as their influence spreads through social and economic sectors and enters the mainstream in all countries, and for all socio-economic classes. Challenging these dynamics is vitally important, and urgent, in the fast moving formative period of a new social paradigm, where almost all industrial-era social institutions are being undermined by the transformative force of a networking and data revolution. It is now, at this 'design phase', that the engagement of progressive social movements will be most fruitful. Yet while the dominant actors are densely networked and well on their way to shaping the digital society in their interests, progressive forces are only at the early stages of defining the contours of the issues and identifying the problems, usually around one specific issue; very little progress has been made in networking, developing appropriate collaborations and alternatives, strategising and moving into action at a broader level. The Internet Social Forum (ISF), through its various events and actions, will offer a response to this based on the real struggles of those fighting for social justice. It will build a dynamic and productive space for dialogue and action across different social sectors and interest groups that can raise awareness, inform, educate, and mobilize global civil society to bring about political change. From this space we will actively seek out and implement concrete and coherent alternatives. These will guide and energize the emerging innovative social movements, and lead toward a more sustainable development path that reinforces human rights and social justice outcomes. The idea of launching an ISF first took root as a legacy of civil society's accomplishments during the two UN World Summits on the Information Society (WSIS) in 2003 and 2005. However, with hindsight, ISF-collective members now perceive that the vision and scope emerging from these were focused too narrowly on concerns about the Internet and ICTs and not enough on how these could and now are transforming cultural, political, social and economic life. As a Thematic Forum of the World Social Forum, and in pursuit of its principles, the ISF takes inspiration from its maxim: "Another world is possible" in this domain too. The ISF process is still in its early days, but the ideological machines advancing a new normal are already moving into high gear. Utopian futures are being sold to the public: a world of free services and growing convenience and leisure. Such futures must be radically critiqued and exposed for what they are – the latest wave of technology-enabled capital accumulation. This wave is particularly dangerous given the transformational potential of these technological changes and their timing during an era in which neoliberalism – despite being debunked in theory and practice – still firmly drives the global agenda. As the challenge to much wider societal issues grows, and the dangers of undermining hard-won gains in social justice across sectors (health, education, environment, gender equality, economic development, etc.) become very real, the ISF facilitating group calls upon social justice movements around the world, as well as other concerned individuals and organizations, to engage with the ISF process. 2. Disturbing Global Trends Global society is now on the brink of a profound shift, driven by the rapidly emerging dominance of a new breed of transnational and neoliberal corporate entity, equipped with a persuasive rationale for why private industry should not only play a part in but also lead in solving many of society's most severe and urgent problems. Concerns over how the evolution of the Internet is impacting the social and economic environment, including the new areas of risk such as data mining and surveillance, pale into insignificance against the alarming possibilities that open up as this new bigdata driven paradigm enters the fabric and formative structuring of mainstream economy, society, and culture. The first generation of transnational Internet and social media corporations stand accused, with some justification, of weakening collective identity, eroding any sense of privacy, and diminishing citizen or even consumer capacity for action. Other corporate players, from agro-chemicals to hospitality, many of them new, as they move to networking and data-centred business models, are poised to fully exploit this "new normal", transforming one social and economic sector after another into machines for profit generation, very often at the expense of public services and spaces, and of rights and freedoms won over many generations. Moreover, computer algorithms/artificial intelligence increasingly become a part, not only of surveillance, but also of policing, credit provision, education, employment, healthcare and many other areas, including in the public sector. There is a thus a growing risk of inheriting and entrenching the bias of data collected by institutions leading to a deepening of racist, sexist, ethnic, social class or age discrimination. Social justice activists and movements everywhere must be concerned with these hugely significant issues and developments. Through concerted action, social justice activists are also essential to stemming the tide of these troubling trends and to developing alternative perspectives and options. In the global context, current internet governance structures are largely under the control of corporations and their friends in major governments. Such strategic partnerships seek to remould global governance structures to align more with corporate interests and the interests of capital than with the broader public interest, even while appearing to include all 'stakeholders' as partners in decision making. Ultimately it is, at least in effect, part of a broader implicit agenda intent on replacing existing democratic global governance structures, however flawed, with even more opaque and 'top-down' governance by corporations. This would render national governments, even where they genuinely represent the public interest, and 'bottom-up', participative, democratic processes, ever more redundant against corporate forces. In essence, we are witnessing an assault, slowly but inexorably gaining momentum, on numerous fronts, but most importantly on the very idea of social justice. Its outcome, if successful, would be to dramatically reduce the significance of participatory democratic structures as core and legitimate goals for society. To fully grasp the risks involved with these disturbing trends, to strategically build opposition to them, and to design and build effective alternatives, we need to initiate and sustain deep exploration of these dynamics coordinated around long-term engagement in actions focused on systemic change. 3. Building Alternatives, Together, through the ISF Strategically interconnected neoliberal interests across the globe are intent on capturing forever the power of these technologies to further their dominance. The alternative is not just to slow down, or even halt, this process, but to reclaim these technologies so that they promote and advance social justice. Although the digital is connected to social justice through its impact in specific sectors – governance and democracy, education, health, labour rights, public services including welfare, gender equality, environment, and so on – it cannot be understood and addressed from within each sector in isolation. In addition to a sector-specific understanding and response, it is important to address the phenomenon as a meta-level or infrastructural element as it envelops new and emerging social structures and dynamics as a whole. Most sectoral response has focused on practical applications (or, at best, specific adverse impacts) of the digital phenomenon, and not its structural constructs and directions, which in any case are difficult to articulate and address from within any one sector. Yet in its very form and the nature of its impact, the digital revolution calls for a holistic, cross-sectoral response. A space is needed that facilitates and nurtures social-justice oriented reflective learning and action on what all this means, and how best to address it. This is why the ISF seeks to engage with those already involved in social justice struggles across a whole range of issues and sectors. Thorough analysis and critique as well as positive intervention experiences will reveal insights into how these same technologies can be turned towards social justice and democracy ends. Among questions to be addressed are: - What does social justice mean in the context of digitally induced transformations across issues and sectors (environment, public safety, education, transportation, public health, national security, immigration, etc)? - How are these digital trends already impacting social justice movements around the globe? - How can the new business practices that dominate the digital age be effectively analysed, critiqued, and influenced? - What are the implications of these trends for global governance of the Internet, and for governance structures more broadly – as also for governance and democracy, generally? The ISF collective would discover, document, and support promising alternatives such as the following, illustrative, list: - Ways in which the world of Internet, "big data" and "artificial intelligence" can work for the social good, and the governance structures needed to achieve that. - Civil society and social movement media that can be used to educate, inform, and engage local to global responses and activities. - Community-owned technology systems that serve as alternatives to government or corporate controlled digital infrastructures. - Commoning projects around the world (open source, open knowledge, etc.) and the solidarity economy movement. - Internet tools to support social justice movements, and how to link with Internet activists to build these. - Examples of effective stakeholder activism (for instance advances in Internet and privacy rights, movements that promote net neutrality or oppose zero-rating, social-justice oriented shareholder activism across industry sectors). - Fighting surveillance by supporting security based on enhancing the fundamental rights of the end-user via strong encryption and privacy-enhancing technologies, rather than the cybersecurity discourse of corporations and governments. - Examples of gender equity/women's rights successes in ICT policymaking. - Specific perspectives and approaches that young people can bring, growing up as 'digital natives', as prime targets of digital corporate strategies, and as among the most articulate and creative builders of alternatives. The ISF collective encourages interested groups/persons to contact us by writing to: email@example.com
Preface I often talked philosophy with a few friends, and while I have only a little bit of formal training, I do like to critique the philosophers of old. One such friend eventually got annoyed at my critiques and stated "I can't take you seriously unless you are willing to write something yourself." So I did. This is that. There is a claim that people are driven by a variety of motivators. A few examples - beyond the basic needs of food, shelter, and warmth - are logic or compassion or religion or fear or liberty. It's an understandable claim and even more reasonable when it is understood that these could be combined with unbounded potential. While the "free will" found in the chaos is granted unrestrained potential, it also arrives at the fundamental conclusion that no one can ever really understand each other. This thesis will reject that claim. While it is spelled out in more explicit detail below (as well as addressing repercussions of the shift in understanding), the initial step is to show that survival itself results in validation being the most meaningful motivator. In that context, it follows that the more influence a person will have, the more they will seek to push their validity onto the rest of the community. It should be noted that a shift in understanding also necessitates a shift in language. So while some of the words I use have the same cultural meaning, the description I will ascribe to them are quite different. For example, the promotion of validity is synonymous with "legacy". Additionally, the more that a person can normalize and institutionalize their own validity, the more it is synonymous with being "civil". It makes sense then that - as society grows - these validations are conflated with reality through a variety of civil constructs: religion, entertainment, education, politics, etc. Of course one person's validity won't apply to everyone, and - while these civilities (aka "normalized and institutionalized validities") will adapt and morph over time - there will always be members of the community that are INvalidated by the civility that everyone has adapted to. These members have a right to critique that civility and are appropriately called "radicals". This is the idea that the name of this thesis is based on, so - hopefully now that you know what you are getting into - here is Radical Civility. Snapshot People are manifestations of practicality. Religion, science, culture, politics, identity, entertainment; all of it - when understood in the right context - are people trying to do what they think is the most practical and trying to convince others that what they do is right. Intent This thesis will introduce a form of cultural analysis and one of many interpretations that can result from it. While a practical historical appeal will be mentioned, the foundation of the presentation will be a logical and philosophical inquiry. So the reader is asked to evaluate it - at least initially - on a basis of consistency. If the text can meet that expectation, then the aim (to offer an alternative perspective for appreciating reality) has been met. With this in mind, a successful read is not predicated on convincing the reader that this prescription is the only lens through which reality can be viewed, but instead on providing an additional lens that can be used to broaden the language for cultural discussion. The presentation will be laid out in the following sections: 0. a summary of the paper 1. description of the analytical approach 2. description of a metric to judge culture 3. what an ideal society would look like with that metric 4. a means of promoting that ideal 5. responses to expected critiques While many may see the discussion as long and cumbersome, the purpose of the summary (0) is to provide a concise description. While it is the hope that the reader will desire to see the full context of the ideas presented within the other sections, their main purpose is to clarify misunderstandings or questions that may arise in the summary. Additionally, a few sections will be concluded with a "natural language" explanation. These portions are included with hesitation, because they will be saturated with my own perception bias, so - while I see the need for them - I hope they aren't the main way this thesis is understood. Summary Global Definitions There are specific terms that are used repeatedly in this thesis that have been critiqued as "loaded" or "confusing" due to the way they are used in this paper. In an attempt to normalize the language, the major sections will list the relevant terms that have already been discussed. Below is the full list with definitions so the reader can be primed to look for them. - Legacy: motivator of the existential self identity which can be used as a vehicle for immortality - Civil: inherent community approval - Radical: Motivating or acting in opposition to inherent community approval - Civil Radicality: expecting social critiques to be limited to civil action - Radical Civility: expecting a community to oppose inherent approval - Liberty: The ability to critique our own motivators and the truth of our perceived reality. - Alterable: in a variant state of being relative to the discussion - Population: all objects (except for possibly a statistically insignificant set of outliers) in a system which are alterable - Person: a member of the population that fulfills the axioms for life - Element: non-person member of the population that can be added or removed by will - Absolute essential: an element that is required for a person to live - Excess: an element that is not an absolute essential lacking the capability to be distributed with all persons - Normality: the minimum expected state of all persons when excluding excess - Relative essential: an element that is required to gain normality - Harm: causing normality to be unobtainable - Tragic: increases both normality and harm Every effort needs two main tools to accomplish a goal: method and means. In an attempt to promote a useful view of society, the "method" will be the analytical approach and the "means" will be a rubric to evaluate it. Analytical Approach (pg 12) The following is a graphical interpretation of the motivation behind the analytical approach. While the concept shown is only applicable on an individual level, it is intended to show that our understandings of reality are strengthened and solidified over time. This is not because of some underlying truth (which is neither knowable nor falsifiable), but because our initial beliefs and practical experiences dictate them. Understanding how this knowledge can be used to analyze a general community or identifying which ideas can be used to promote the community's well being will be the remainder of this project. Clarifying remarks: - The "Weight of Practicality" will always move the hourglass to an "upright" position assuming no outside influence is applied using the lever - Outside influences do not necessarily turn the hourglass and often keep it "upright", reinforcing the solidification of the reality An analytical system is only valid as long as it can be shown to be amoral and unbiased with regards to the environment it is evaluating. Since the chosen environment in question (community) can be generalized as any subset of living things, it is only appropriate to force the axioms of the analysis to align with the common properties which all life shares (pg 12). For the sake of this paper, "living thing" will be defined as "the embodiment of a collection of impulses that developed (through evolution) the ability to compete for survival", and the direct fallout will be that only two common traits can be identified: - Preservation of Legacy (Self Preservation) (pg 12) - Perception Bias (Limited Knowledge) (pg 13) For the sake of clarification, "legacy" only exists as an assertion of self validation within the public consciousness. This leads to a conflict: where legacy necessitates a community to preserve it, perception bias will cause a community to partition due to individual legacy promotion beyond that of others'. Within that context, this need for - and institutionalization of validation is the primary driver of how we interact with reality and this dueling foundation is at the core of legacy analysis (the name of the analytical system that is being presented). Understanding the chaotic dynamics of how a community will determine that one legacy can coexist while another is destructive is impossible for any individual (pg 14). It is therefore necessary to discuss the interaction using three independent types of consent within a predetermined population: * Civil - the self promoted cultural institutions and mythoi that promote historically approved and defended legacies (pg 15) * Radical - a community critique stating "part of the civil consent hinders less traditional legacies" (pg 16) * Constructed - the community's conclusion on what legacies are acceptable and which must be excluded (pg 17) While one may desire to look at these various consents as strictly opposing sub-communities, it is important to understand that they are not. Civil consent (which can be shortened to "civility", "tradition", "orthodoxy", etc) is inherent to any community, and will always exist passively. In most cases, civility's acceptance is often confused with the nature of reality itself. Radical consent - by contrast - is an active fight consisting of smaller communities that have their own civility. Constructed consent is a fluid discussion that can only truly be resolved (if that is possible at all) by the community as a whole. Communities are dependent on civility's protection from both historic and current threats, so regardless of how many agree with a critique - radical consent will provoke pushback. It should be obvious that an appeal to the culturally dictated actions to counter a radical method of argumentation is circular. This appeal to civility to condemn a critique of civility will be referenced as utilizing "civil radicality" or demanding others to be "civilly radical" (pg 18). While rationally vapid, those that fear their legacy's rejection by an uninfluenced constructed consent do not have an alternative defense. In contrast, the radical consent will desire to tear down the specific civility in question. This is not to promote their own legacies (although the radical communities' civilities will likely demand that), but because they trust the constructed consent will determine the best environment for the community once the civil dictation has been negated. The general desire to institutionalize a rejection of civility is called "radical civility" (pg 19). The thesis is named after this concept because it is the practical implementation which references both legacy analysis and the upcoming metric by which we will evaluate communities. Applying these terms to practical scenarios is helpful in both constructing an understanding of how the theory can be utilized and identifying how the terms may differ from their common usage (pg 21). While these examples attempt to be accurate, the purpose of this section is to show how the analysis can be carried out, not to rewrite reality. The more basic examples (which are included in the full text) show that - due to the axioms on which it is built - legacy analysis applies to communities of cells just as easily as entire nations (pg 21). Summary analyses of the more complex communities are provided below (pg 25): The USSR (pg 25) Due to the discontent of the citizens within imperial Russia, the Soviet Union was formed on the premise that the Marxian philosophy "private ownership of production is harmful". When combined with the underlying legacy of dictatorship that the Romanov Dynasty embedded in the culture, it isn't hard to see that the Bolshevik Revolution eventually created a central power that believed itself to represent the people and took it upon itself to suppress their enemies (the capitalists and oligarchs). This of course had no alternative than to create a civility that reinforced the mythos of "state above the individual". In turn, the state necessitated promotion above other ideologies lest other legacies be considered, so external influence was restricted as to not undermine the declared mythos. The limited resources resulting from the lack of trade both inhibited the constructed consent from validating any form of radical critique and also empowered the need for civil protection and distribution of goods. Combined, these two forces eradicated the appeal to radical civility, leaving only the expectation for the populace to be civilly radical. If this went on indefinitely, there may not have been an issue for the country, but Stalin died and with him the strong civility he personified. This allowed the critiques to manifest into radical consent. Constructed consent (having not been practiced) could not keep up with the radical critiques that were spawning in different communities and the country splintered slightly. When eventually radical civility was applied by allowing interdependence on other countries to meet the needs expressed by the critiques, the mythos of "state strength and success independent of capitalists" (which the already weakened legacy was heavily dependent on) was undermined and the civility fractured into smaller conflicting communities dissolving the USSR. Nazi (pg 26) Due to the blame the Central Powers incurred after WWI, Germany was both materially and existentially devastated. While Europe was striving to disperse power through democracy and the ideal of socialism, the inability to retain national essentials caused an increase in protectionism and an appeal to a strong civility. These two legacies were in direct contrast as Germany rebuilt it's national legacy over the next 20 years. It is unsurprising the favor of democracy within the constructed consent weakened and alongside it - the social cohesion. The result: few who demanded assimilation to their own legacies gave a purpose to the growing population that were disillusioned with the mythos of national pride they were indoctrinated under. It's important to note that the typical extremism associated with fascism (victim complex for the civil, enemies being weak and strong, anti-intellectualism, etc) can all be understood when considering the creation of the absurd mythos that is necessary to defend it. An appeal to deservedness requires a rejection of expertise in favor of a fictional past that supports the hyper specific legacy. Of course this past was both superior to all others, but also able to be defeated by the corruption that came with the infestation of inferior legacies (which is easiest to identify using physical traits). The mythos has the added bonus of blaming other cultures for personal failings since the fascist cannot partake in the utopian promises that came with the fictitious ideal; thus there is a desire to revert to this previous illusion in spite of and often to the detriment of all others. Once in power, the Nazi civility demanded subserviance from the rest of the nation. Those that could not or would not abide by the demand were used for slave labor. This both excluded any radical considerations from the constructed consent and gave the impression that - due to increased production and decreased population - the civility had successfully increased the living conditions. With an inability to empower the unheard radical voices and the seeming increase in comfort, constructed consent further justified and empowered the new civility and the mythos that was generating around it, ensuring that civil radicality was absolute. The change from geographical boundaries to ideological and the demand for assimilation naturally caused the Nazis to overlap with other civilities that continued to define themselves with borders. This overlap isn't necessarily an issue, but the exclusive ideology and unique cultural mythos of the Nazis directly opposed those they were infringing on. The clash of overlapping contradictory civilities inevitably became a war. The USA (pg 28) The founding of the US government designated a mythos of individual freedoms and egalitarianism along with an institutionalized diversity of rule which was an ideal setup for radical civility. This was all inverted by hypocritically exercising a practical empowerment of select legacies to the detriment of a second class majority. The empowered individualism was allowed to claim moral superiority while simply engaging in basic cultural authoritarianism that became synonymous with the US identity. Of course the mythos adapted to justify this, declaring "individual empowerment is possible for anyone, so support of a group to the detriment of an (empowered) individual is harmful and should be ideologically invalid if not outright treasonous". The allure of personal autonomy for an incoming populace generated an initial amplification for civil consent as the country grew (first geographically then strictly imperialistically). Even after the experiential realization that the mythos was potentially a mirage, the anecdotal success stories were enough to sustain the illusion for the indoctrinated. This combined with the (erroneous) denial of a civil authority, a complete undermining of direct criticism aimed at the civil structures (which were increasingly conflated with reality itself) was established. Because of the invalidation repeatedly met when appealing to the influenced constructed consent, any radicality was forced to focus on the local civilities leaving the national framework unopposed. There were of course instances when the civil structures have been identified as so oppressive that a radical critique generated a large community despite their internal disagreements. In this case, out of self preservation, the US civility briefly acknowledged small aspects of the mythos that were identified as problematic. Ultimately this only had limited impact due to the foundational legacy of individualism: non-individuals could not be the cause of the problem, so instead a new aspect of the mythos - a villain - was established that could be blamed as the initial instigator. This has always had the result of redividing the radical community along new lines: the reduced radical consent that wasn't satisfied, the legacies the new mythos protected, and the new "villains" that were sacrificed (all of which reinitiated the typical infighting). In general, this has the effect of incremental empowerment, but only insofar that it could not compete with the continuous promotion that civility grants to the historically empowered. Unless the cornerstone of individuality is suppressed, the expectation is that success will continue to be based strictly on the value of the individual in spite of the system that is influencing them. Those in power will continue to feel they are deserving of it. Those without will continue to be marginally promoted if not outright ignored. The imbalance will eventually make it relatively impossible for those not in power to construct (much less preserve) any legacy of their own. The select few retaining power will institutionalize their legacies to such an extent that the general majority will (with no alternative) succumb to internalizing them. For these people, the legacy and mythos supplied by the empowered will be indistinguishable from reality itself creating a neo-feudalism. As this happens, those that have the most influence over the legacy will rightfully believe that they have supernatural influence and - with the support of the growing civility - will force their legacy as far as their imagination will allow it. At this point, the audience is expected to have a clear understanding of what legacy analysis is attempting to present. If this section is too dense or abstract, there is a "plain language" explanation as well (pg 30). Optimization (pg 32) Up to this point, there has been an attempt to remain amoral, but a metric necessitates values. Considering that "optimize" could mean anything from "ensure the continuation of civility regardless of those that are harmed" to "ensure that all legacies are equally made impossible", any virtues based on a different analysis could cause this thesis to have horrendous outcomes. To avoid this, a value system will be derived with the goal of remaining unbiased (pg 32). When deciding which system to use, the following principles were appealed to: - Moral conclusions can not claim cultural independence, therefore a predetermined scope will be required before establishing any evaluation (pg 33) - Any system (moral or not) that is inconsistent will fail, therefore the system will not be reactive but constructed (pg 33) With these in mind, the system selected (called relative normality) can be summarized with the phrase "individual comfort ought never detract from community comfort". There is always a risk that practical needs will always adapt a metric to its cultural and mythological truths (pg 34). In this light, while the motto may be useful in common discussion, it cannot stand up to scrutiny that will inevitably appear, so a more detailed description of relative normality is as follows: 1. One ought not to critique people for making tragic decisions 2. One ought to critique tragic situations (pg 35) 3. If situations are not described here, one ought not to declare that someone ought or ought not to do them (pg 36) 4. One ought to distribute relative essentials unless it does harm (pg 36) 5. One ought to remove elements which cause strict harm (pg 37) 6. One ought to use excess to increase normality (pg 37) 7. One ought not to demand or strive to gain excess for one's legacy (pg 37) 8. One ought to instruct the population what they ought to and what they ought not do (pg 38) There are some practical repercussions (pg 38) worth pointing out: - This rejects the classical notion that absolute essentials are deserved. While they are not excess by definition, they may not be relatively essential and attempting to gain these is - at worst - morally tragic (pg 38) - Temporary hierarchies are expected to distribute relative essentials (both material and non material), normalize absolute essentials, and to negotiate excess (pg 39) - The scope of the conversation must always dictate the normality being considered (pg 40) - Elements are not only material. Consider the relative essential "respect". (pg 40) While this section is much less dependent on universal acceptance, it has still been attempted to present a valid claim which necessitates rigor and specific language. So - once again - if this has been too abstract or laborious, a more practical explanation is also given (pg 41). Ideal Society (pg 42) Within this value system, an optimized society would dictate that civility fundamentally would consider community legacies, even - and especially - the ones spawning radical consent. This is synonymous with radical civility (pg 42). Civil consent will of course exist inherently even if practicing radical civility at all times. Whether due to unchallenged assumptions or an inherent desire to be protected, we all appeal to civility for community cohesion (pg 43). That said, the explicit cultural infrastructures expected in an ideal society is limited to the following necessities: - Accurate accounting of resources within the population (pg 44) - Accurate descriptions of the different subcommunities' status (pg 44) - Current relations with external civilities (pg 45) While statistical and systematic distribution of information necessitates a dependency on civility, the ability for constructed consent to thrive also requires trust in the knowledge they have. It is therefore prescribed that solutions to cultural conflicts do not rely on civility for solutions, but radicality and constructed consent (pg 46). Expectations that communities cultivate an atmosphere of cooperation will promote social cohesion and normalize inclusivity. By extension this will also provide a check for the civil responsibilities listed above (pg 47). As with all latent civilities, there is a risk of both legacy promotion and exploitation which will be unintentionally promoted by the constructed consent. To combat these, it is necessary for civil responsibilities to be partitioned with preestablished "retirement" dates based on both time and trust (pg 47) in addition to promotion of subnormal communities which can correct systematic harms that are unknown to others (pg 48). While it is true that everyone is influenced by civility, with most there is the ability to critique new civilities with pre-existing ones; this is not true for children. Therefore - for the sake of radical civility - it is crucial to provide children with tools that will allow them the most liberty in their lives via education (pg 49). The following topics have been identified as necessary to fulfill that goal: - Expanding Language: necessary for considering ideas beyond personal experience and perception bias (pg 50) - Epistemology: necessary for being able to reflect on and critique personal perception bias from an external point of view (pg 50) - Sociology: necessary for understanding the sources of legacy (pg 50) - Self reflection: necessary for understanding the legacies that influence us (pg 51) - Discovery: necessary for evaluating, adopting, and expanding other legacies (pg 51) As a final note: it should also be mentioned that even with all the previous prescriptions for utopia, there is still a threat of civility stagnating due to tribalism. For this reason there is a need to constantly push the ideological boundaries of the community for the sake of cooperating with and eventually including others that we fear (pg 52). Implementation (pg 54) It must be admitted that believing all cultures can reach optimization as described above is idealistic. Yet - even understanding that limitation - there is no harm in trying to achieve it with a non-aggressive approach. When attempting this, the natural procession already alluded to must attempted if there is any hope of success: 1. Identify the conversation and the community being considered (pg 54) 2. Empower and understand others using cooperation (pg 55); this will a. Establish normality (pg 55) b. Identify those unwilling to participate in radical civility (pg 56) c. Identify external communities for future growth (pg 56) 3. Enforce radical civility by a. Limiting civilities that are harmful (pg 57) which requires i. Deconstructing and replacing exclusive mythoi (pg 58) ii. Redefining cultural success (pg 59) b. Empowering radical consent (pg 59) If this is done organically, the constant reduction of civility and promotion of the radical can only result in a powerful community consciousness and constructed consent (pg 60). This community cohesion will dominate any attempt to ideologically dictate legacy by use of exclusive external authoritarian civility. The only true threat then is if the community is forced to divide via metaphysical oppression (be it economical, physical, or other) which ought to be universally opposed by anyone believing in radical civility (pg 60). Some practical examples of how this may be implemented is included in the full text (pg 61). Anticipated Critiques (pg 64) While the hope is that everything presented here is agreeable, it would be ignorant to ignore the glaring contrast to many existing ideas. To anticipate these critiques, included in the full text is a list of responses to many general oppositions: - axiomatic differences (pg 64) [e.g. objective virtues (pg 64), civil radicality (pg 65)]; - human nature (pg 65) [e.g. free will (pg 65), individualism (pg 65), inalienable rights (pg 66), mob mentality (pg 66)]; - different premises (pg 67) [e.g. materialism (pg 67), religion (pg 67)]; - practical success (pg 67) [e.g. propaganda vs reality vs truth (pg 67)]; - different analyses (pg 68) [e.g. material analysis (pg 68), consumerism (pg 68)]; - utility monsters (pg 68) [e.g. insanity (pg 69), fascism (pg 69)]; - and - of course - personal hypocrisy (pg 70) . Thanks for taking an interest in this idea (pg 70), I hope this and the full text was worth your time and will help you with understanding the world in the future. Analytical Approach It is ignorant to deny that current analytic systems are dependable and helpful, but it is also ignorant to think that they are complete. Brilliant minds are constantly building on these to fill in the gaps, but these adaptations will always be confined to the underlying assumptions. In an attempt to avoid this restriction, another approach will be taken here: building a new one from an axiomatic base. While this attempt can soundly be accused of hubris, I hope that the logic laid out will not be invalidated by that perspective. To accomplish this daunting task, the following approach will be used: identify generalizable commonalities for communities and use those postulates to deconstruct and rationalize the social effects caused by them. Axioms The perceived nature of humanity (and the more broad understanding of "life") is different for different cultures. Everything from religion to economy is utilized to create and defend a shared medium that can be utilized to preserve and advance the survival of the society. If we are going to construct axioms for this thesis, it must dismiss all these preconceptions and reflect on what unites living beings in general. For the purposes of this conversation, "living object" will be described as "the physical embodiment of a collection of impulses that developed (through evolution) the ability to compete for survival". Since the axioms are generated by this definition, it is suggested that the reader take a moment and attempt to find counterexamples for the sake of testing its validity. Preservation of Legacy (Self Preservation) The ability to compete for survival necessitates the justification of why you deserve life while something else doesn't. Whether it is done by regarding some personal qualities as more valuable than others or simply declaring it true, our psyche will create a reality consistent with this base need. Self preservation is therefore inherent to all life. But this begs the question: what is the "self"? Philosophically, there is no universally consistent answer to this. The individual identity of a person will change over time either through experience or demand on responsibility. For example, the self may be extended to those you are responsible for (children, students, citizens, etc) or be restricted to exclude parts of yourself (feet, hands, eyes, etc). Being that it depends too much on personal interpretation, we cannot help to read it without bias. So "self preservation" carries too many assumptions to be useful as an axiom. Regardless, preservation is a concept that unites all life. Either through biological lineage, ideology, heroics, vandalism, stories, or a litany of other forms; life will strive to embed its existence on the culture it exists within. The more intertwined a sense of self can be within the fabric of reality - be it through myth or action - the more the "self" can force acknowledgement onto others. "Legacy" will be used to describe this attempt at forced acknowledgement: the existential motivator of self identity which can be used as a vehicle for immortality. It is important to note how the self and legacy differ. First and foremost, it needs to be understood that - unlike the self - there is no origin of legacy. Regardless of the "uniqueness" of an individual, all legacies are a mutation of those that predated it. In this way, legacy is not a product of life, but an independent external entity that supplements life with a purpose. Similar to how the self will exist within a physical space, legacy must also have a native environment: the metaphysical. While the self is shaped by the experiences of life, a legacy will be shaped by the joint psyche that preserves it, and - by extension - the legacy will mutate and split so that it can thrive in stable communities. While the self is nourished by material needs, legacy is nourished by the consciousness that it occupies. While the self will compete and cooperate with other selves, legacy will compete and cooperate with other legacies. Different interpretations of philosophy, religion, knowledge, history, communication, politics, and all other cultural aspects are susceptible and utilized by legacies to grow and thrive. It therefore makes sense that these aspects will be defended. But where a "self" will protect material needs with physical barriers, legacy will defend its resources with objectification. Barricading these mythological resources within the fortress of "reality" is the highest state of security a legacy can obtain, so - given the chance - this is what it will strive for. To provide a simplified example of this: there are many who will discuss (for example) religion as objective fact (regardless of how unreasonable it may appear): the legacy these people are striving to preserve and promote has achieved this security and - symbiotically - the legacy will allow them to exist immortally through its preservation. Perception Bias (Limited Knowledge) Similarly, survival also thrives when we promote our own experiences beyond that of our competitors. Without this promotion, the acquisition of limited resources will be lost to the quicker reaction of a less considerate opportunist. On its own, this will suggest that greed is an inherent virtue when regarding the continuation of life, but this initially seems contradictory to humanity's success. Humans are physically ill prepared for individual competition in nature. Alternatively, strength of numbers will allow greed and initial skill to be less valid. By benefiting both survival (through innovation and pure physical force) and legacy (referenced in the previous section); community will always win over individual promotion. Yet this seems in direct contradiction to the benefits of inherent greed. Without any way to mitigate this divide, humans (and all "herd animals") would be a living paradox. Fortunately, practical consideration introduces the existence of empathy (and the more ambiguous sympathy) that is portrayed repeatedly with animals that survive in communities. Regardless, we cannot project what we cannot know, so it seems the promotion of personal experience (and those with similar experiences) for the sake of survival is still justified as universal. It is important to note that - acknowledging this axiom - empathy is based exclusively on shared experiences. As such a person will be forced to deny conflicting experiences if one has to depend on others for survival. Conversely, given the luxury of choosing allies, efficiency dictates that empathy will be attributed to those that appear to have the most common experiences (while often rejecting the differences). Together, these two axioms supply the ability to survive (perception bias) and the reason that the survival is valid (preservation of legacy). While the critique could be made that additional axioms should be considered, any hard claims would be hypocritical since that would be - itself based on perception bias. Social Consent Relevant definitions - Legacy: motivator of the existential self identity which can be used as a vehicle for immortality. There is an ingrained contention within the declared axioms: a desire to both limit and expand the population of a society. With an elementary perspective: a large community allows legacy to be preserved, yet - conversely - perception bias cannot efficiently incorporate the entire community due to differing experiences. With a bit more complexity, this contention continues to exist: existential threats will allow perception bias to prioritize innovation and production for survival, but legacy preservation will be hindered due to competing resources that are introduced (e.g. a differing morality). The analysis of this dichotomy of growth and refinement is what "legacy analysis" will reference: observing which legacies are thriving in the current conditions and determining how that propagation affects communities. Before any further understanding can be reached, there is one gaping flaw that must first be addressed: an analyst must be able to obtain sufficient information to utilize the relevant models. Unfortunately, the subject attempting to be described (community) is - axiomatically unknowable due to perception bias. The conclusion is non-traditional and rudimentary: accept this analysis cannot be performed by a single person or limited group. It naturally follows that only a combined analysis performed by representatives spanning all legacies in a community can validly accommodate the most people. Furthermore, since it is a natural tendency to ignore differences for the sake of empathy, it is impossible to know when all legacies are represented and anything less than considering the reactions of the full community is insufficient. Although they are not formal, repeatable, nor trackable; by observing the chaotic interactions of society at large, we can gain a glimpse of this analysis in action and - more importantly - we can see trends in the results. In summary, only the ever morphing conclusion of legacy analysis can be fully understood, and these results are what we will call "social consent". While - admittedly - the predictive capabilities of legacy analysis for individuals is limited (although hopefully with future breakthroughs this may be improved on), it can anticipate how societies will interact and can be influenced. For example, it is easy to see that the subculture with the biggest platform will necessarily guide the conversation around social consent. This will inevitably result in their specific legacies being promoted beyond - and often in spite of - other's (which includes the provision of material and metaphysical goods). Thus, practically speaking, this influential group will - almost assuredly - acquire an empowered position and will dictate the perception of reality for everyone else. Those that cannot or will not abide by this reality will be treated as threats; branded "traitors" or "insane" or "criminals". Without further simplification, this is not much use. The vaguity and nondescript nature of the results are at best noise that cannot be parsed and at worst will be combed through to justify flawed thinking. It is therefore necessary to consolidate social consent into how it is utilized: what is expected from the group at large, the support for rejecting expectations, and what is implicitly under consideration within the group. These will be called "civil consent", "radical consent", and "constructed consent" respectively. Civil Consent True cohesion of a community is when everyone has the opportunity and the ability (either known explicitly or because of implicit repercussions) to preserve the legacy they've adopted. Providing unity necessitates the provision and defense of non-contested resources within the group. For this reason, communities will naturally internalize successful reactions to historical threats for future security. This inherent protection is the purpose of civility and - for the legacies considered acceptable - it takes considerable introspection to challenge it. These virtues are important to keep in mind through the rest of this thesis, because this concept will be used as an anti-hero after this section. It's presence within a community is both necessary and intrinsic; providing the community with a common platform and guidance through myths and institutions. All underlying neutral interactions in a community will support the reality that civility cultivates; from legal rules to 'apolitical' entertainment, an expected understanding of the world is reinforced to provide the ideal environment in which the accepted legacies can thrive. With those caveats in mind, it follows that if resources (either material or metaphysical) become a point of conflict within the community, civility will exclude some of the more metaphysically demanding legacies to eliminate the threat of infighting. For this reason social changes (eg. a sharp reduction in material goods or a new technology that challenges civility) will proc a communal reaction. This shift will include the rejection of new legacy mutations and an attempt to insulate the community from infringing legacies that could compete within the already stressed habitat. In extreme examples, civility will deny the preservation of any independent legacies and only allow the preservation of the community legacy that is at the foundation of the civility itself. The core of civility can always be identified by which legacies are promoted by the largest platforms. The reason for this is simple: civility is almost universally acceptable and - in turn civility will be reinforced by the narratives that the platform promotes. Being that the platform is held as an authority; personal perspective, lies, and context will only serve to create a mythos and further blend civility into reality. In a more broad sense, the longer specific aspects of civility remain unchanged, the more mythoi will be constructed to defend it and thus will become harder to doubt. Additionally, when civility is challenged, if the opposition is sufficiently denied, institutions and mythoi will be created for the intent of objectifying the civility further. The more objective the metaphysical resources of civility, the more justification it will have to grow and manage population size. While the theme of this section (showing how the socially implicit defense of accepted legacies is cultivated and reacts) will be referenced almost exclusively within this thesis as a conjugation of "civil", the broader colloquial reference is much more diverse. Synonyms such as "tradition", "cultural norms", "orthodoxy", "time tested", "appropriate", "iconic", "natural", etc will always fundamentally appeal to the same underlying justification: the community has already accepted the idea as valid so it is factual. While this claim is inherently true, it is vital to note that the social cohesion provided becomes circular at the moment when it is defended. Civility that is not questioned is practical reality, and reality needs no defense. The moment it is questioned, it stops being reality and enters the realm of subjectivity. As a final note, it should be pointed out that subcommunities will have their own civility which necessarily complies with the protections (myths and institutions) of the super-civility the greater community would appeal to. Radical Consent Whether through advancement of technology, theory, and knowledge or unexpected shortages; civility will continuously need to adapt to a changing environment. This creates fringe subcommunities which are tentatively included when the society is comfortable and quickly excluded if scarcity occurs. Due to this lack of consistent coverage, these communities will often criticize the current cultural agreement and perceived reality as insufficient to their communal needs. This critique of civil exclusion is called "radicality" and - when there is community agreement that the critique is valid - "radical consent". Insignificantly small occurrences of radicality will be ignored within this thesis for both clarity and simplicity allowing "radicality" and "radical consent" to be synonymous. When civilities collide, the less established will become subservient and will be forced to - at least when challenged - accommodate the other mythoi and structures. It needs to be remembered that civility is a passive defense, so the suppression and promotion of different legacies are amorally systemic and utilitarian and must not be confused with malice. In contrast, radicality is a critique; a tool needed to remove mythoi and structures from civility for the explicit purpose of including the legacies of the most people. It is irrelevant to consider other civilities that are more inclusive since radicality is only meaningful in the context of exclusive defenses. Regardless, radicality is always seen as a threat to legacies that have constructed local exclusionary mythoi. Due to their limited ability to independently generate the metaphysical resources needed to be preserved, they are dependent on what civility supplies for their preservation. In the same way that no one would advocate for their own hunger, these legacies cannot support the radical critique. Instead they will elect to appeal to civility's objectivity. The exception to this is if there is a civility that can both protect the exclusive mythos better and avoid the criticism. In this case, the legacy may amplify radicality for the sake of demoting the old civility and incorporating itself as an advocate of the new one. Acknowledging that civility will have base exclusionary support and an objectification that radicality is incapable of developing, without support the critique is a wasted effort. In contrast, radicality has two advantages over civility: consistency and inclusivity. Radicality exists only as a critique of civility's defense, it serves no other purpose, therefore - unless it succeeds in weakening civility - it will always exist. Additionally, the "civil" minded are not excluded from being sympathetic to the radical cause and can actually work from within to show that radicality can succeed while allowing civility to serve its purpose. On its own, the persistent critique will simply be an irritation to the community, but - when joined with the second - a sympathetic critique will consistently get stronger until civility is forced to adapt or lose it's community. The allegiance with the civil minded is not without consequence. Any person that is willing to support another plight without gaining benefit from it cannot voice accurately the needs or the full criticism. Due to perception bias, even if the person once suffered due to similar situations, the inability to know the current conditions combined with the adoption of civil objectivity will render their experience inadequate. For better or worse, this also causes many radical communities to be influenced by the stronger local civility and the critique will morph into a less disruptive judgment which - for the most fringe groups - will result in a frustrating disempowerment of the harsher critique. Constructed Consent The contrast between civility and radicality are inherently at odds, so - unless a community is to fracture - there must be a means of balancing the critique with the civil dependency. The solution can be found in the community conversation that incorporates both of them. Within the metaphysical realm, if civility can be compared to the walls surrounding a community and radicality a battering ram, then constructed consent would be the structural integrity of the walls. While civility will attempt to dictate the conversation - as is its purpose - it is ultimately empowered by the will of the people. So if radicality's critique is persuasive enough to the community, the specific defense being attacked will lose that empowerment. It is improbable that anyone can predict this chaotic flow of unknowable legacy mutations and the constant fluctuation within community perception. In the future - with further understanding of how legacies thrive - it may be the case that constructed consent can be dissected further, but for now only a few superficial points will be presented: * Constructed consent will never abandon civility's core legacy, no matter how large the community can become * Only the legacies considered civil can influence the constructed consent * The more support radical consent has, the more civil consent will need to change. As already established, civilities have historic foundations that generated an established cache of metaphysical resources (laws, morality, etc). These will fundamentally support and be dictated by core legacies. As constructed consent adapts to new legacies (both internal mutations and external discovery), the shift in boundary of civil acceptance is primarily dependent on how it affects the gain or loss in resource objectification. If a legacy is introduced that allows access to a large population but causes foundational resources to become subjective, constructed consent will likely consider this a loss. In contrast, if radicality introduces a legacy that can already be included with no alteration to the metaphysical resources, then constructed consent will shift the civil boundary without recourse. In summary, including additional legacies is not a zero-sum-game. It should follow that legacies with no community support will be irrelevant to constructed consent since there can be no effect on the confidence that the civil defenses (i.e. mythology and institutions) depend on. These external legacies are forced to develop their own civility which will attempt to compete for the community (either through ideological competition or material destruction). Due to the risk of becoming fringe, the legacies most susceptible to the ideological competition will become radical and constructed consent will be influenced. For the situation in which constructed consent evaluates the inclusion of the new legacy as not worth the objective strain on the resources, the civil competition will continue. The radical legacies will have to evaluate the better position: remaining under the fringe protection of the more objectified civility or assuming the new civility which offers a more native and fundamental protection. Recursively as long as the radicality continues to appeal to fringe communities, the civility will slowly suffer with the radical critique gaining support and the opposing civility becoming more objective. If constructed consent determines that inclusion of the new legacy (and castration the opposing civility) has the risk of rendering the current civility completely subjective, the growing external civility will eventually overtake the community and the weakened civility will be absorbed forcing it to become submissive to a new mythos. Civil Radicality At this point I would like to take a moment to recognize that the discussion so far has been intentionally abstract and theoretical. Unless discussed as an alien idea, the experience of the reader would fundamentally alter the way they perceived it. With that in mind, I would like to take a moment to express my appreciation for considering how legacy utilizes civility, radicality, and the conversation surrounding it. Before moving on to a more practical discussion, there is a request: please take a moment to consider how this metaphysical competition of constructing an objective reality is influencing you [the reader] even now. This is an earnest plea, the writing will still be here when you are done. Take at least a 2 minutes pause to consider your own consciousness and evaluate if the ideas presented so far can coexist with it. Assuming legacy analysis was considered during this introspection, it is the hope that the reader has a more practical understanding of how this internal struggle between traditional thought (aka civility) and influence of external ideas (radicality) can interact. Where the argument "your consciousness only retroactively describes why you make decisions" (radicality) contrasts the traditional perspective of "your 'self' is a free agent" (civility); the decision concerning "which reality gives you the most ability to thrive?" is constructed consent. Regardless of the conclusion you landed on (likely that you have agency over yourself), the intent of the exercise was to bring the theoretical understanding into the practical realm. Continuing to reflect on this inner conflict, it should be apparent that radicality will only gain support when civility causes ideas to be suppressed. By contrast, defenders of civility will never acknowledge the harm caused as valid or meaningful. Given that you believe that this statement is read under your own agency, what we believe is true is fundamentally a practical conclusion that relies on itself for legitimacy. To say this with more generalization: radical efforts only exist because communities are harmed under the reality that civility constructs. By contrast, the civil minded are incapable of acknowledging the radical communities as valid. Within the constructed consent of the community, any argument based on the premise of civility would be practically motivated and logically circular. While both supported with civil praise (eg "patriotic" or a "good citizen") and expected, the unquestioning defense of civility will lead to an inability to empathize with those that are neglected under its protection. Under the fullest belief in civility, there will be a demand that even sympathy for radical ideas is an affront to the objective truth that civility proclaims. This final state is what is meant when someone demands "civil radicality". A full indoctrination into the belief that civility is not only appropriate, but necessarily true will only allow one thought: radicality must ONLY exist within the confines of civility to be valid (which makes sympathy with true radicality impossible). Radical Civility There are rational defenses to the radical claim "I am not in control". For example one could say "It doesn't really matter who is controlling me since I feel like I am" or "I must have agency or none of this matters". These are not civil arguments. Quite the contrary, these statements can only be made if the civil reality of "I'm necessarily in control" is temporarily set aside. If convincing, these responses will become part of civility's defense, but they can only be generated originally through constructed consent. Although it is a revisiting of the previous sections, it is important to acknowledge that supporting radicality is not necessarily a denial of the civil validity, but only an attempt to treat it with the same subjectivity as the alternative claim. Communities are much the same way: portions of a population can come to the conclusion that civility is beneficial while promoting radicality. There may be deeper civil assumptions they are relying on, but - unless those are critiqued as well those premises are practically objective. All this is pointed out again to clarify one thing: those that support radicality are doing so because they are willing to be critical of civility, not because they deny it. While there are legacies that will lose the ability to be preserved if the aspect of civility they depend on is to become subjective, this cannot happen without the general community perception that the mythos is invalid. To demonstrate this virtue of practicality, the radical idea that "a metaphysical puppet master is controlling your consciousness" was never a real threat to your reality. Even if the objectivity of your agency is treated as subjective, the entire rejection of it has no practical gain and accepting servitude as civilly valid will only revoke your identity and purpose. The practical gain in committing to the "trade off" was never an option. In short, systematically promoting the recognition of radical consent is not denying the utility in objective reality, nor is it an inherent advocation for civility's removal. Even though avatars of civility will necessarily describe allies of radicality as "ungrateful" or "offensive" or "impractical", in truth the radical are only wanting to consider reality subjectively so that legacies will have the best chance of preservation. The expectation that all of society can and should treat civility as subjective when challenged is called "radical civility". At this point it would be negligent to ignore a critique that is typically brought up regarding the advocates of radical civility: the paradox of tolerance. To paraphrase: being tolerant of intolerance will result in greater intolerance. This makes the assumption that exclusive civility is fundamentally more objective. According to what has been laid out so far, if bigory is accepted within a more objectively inclusive community then it will be necessarily submissive and will cast aside all mythoi that conflict with the objective metaphysical resources lest it become irrelevant. So (in spite of the logic laid out with the paradox) the anticipated reaction will be that - all things being equal - whatever legacy the bigotry is promoting will be preserved better under a larger community. Legacies will adopt the more protective civility (radical civility) and abandon the irrelevant one (bigotry). In an idealistically simple display of what this would look like: within an insulated community that accepts everyone, a bigoted stranger joins. They will manufacture discontent and create myths of harm so that their bigotry is justified. Since the community is axiomatically accepting, reality is subjectified and the perceived harm is evaluated by the community (which would ultimately side against the bigot since the bigotry is less practical). At this point the bigoted defenses become more subjective and - unless the legacy is to become surreal - the person will be forced to suppress the bigotry and adapt to the community mythos eventually causing them to abandon it entirely. All this assumes that exclusion is the subservient civility. If it is the other way around and bigotry was objective, then it would necessarily reject all advocates of radical civility due to the subjective threat it produces to the metaphysical resources. Even with this justification, it needs to be noted that a community claiming to be radically civil will not be able to avoid defensive hypocrisy and a perceived need for competition. In a more practical rendering of the above example, there will be historic mythoi that the bigotry will be able to objectify. While this suggests that accepting exclusive civilities will find a foundation within the existing hypocrisy and utilizing radical civility is actually a Trojan horse for the worst of history's outcomes, this is a circular argument for civil radicality. In contrast there is the equally circular claim from radical civility: since exclusion will always exist due to practical community defenses, and legacies can always thrive better with a wider community; it is optimal to fundamentally institutionalize radical civility in order to allow the most legacies to thrive. Which bias is individually chosen fundamentally depends on the metric we judge culture by and how much current civility is promoting you. The usage of both extremes (and all intermediate combinations) within society gives us what we see practically. Practical Discussion Relevant Definitions - Legacy: motivator of the existential self identity which can be used as a vehicle for immortality. - Civil: inherent community approval - Radical: Motivating or acting in opposition to inherent community approval - Civil Radicality: expecting social critiques to be limited to civil action - Radical Civility: expecting a community to oppose inherent approval Now that the language of the analysis and the general concepts have been laid out, it is useful to see how this can be applied to more practical community dynamics. By starting small and working up, hopefully - under an amoral context - complex social dynamics can be understood with a less gilded perspective, allowing the conflicting motivators to be seen more clearly. Additionally, many of the historic narratives the world has established within its own civil mythos will contradict the narratives described here. The reader is urged to attempt reading the following without moral evaluation, but only to understand how the civil institutions provide a framework for life to find purpose within. Local Examples While the main focus on this thesis is humanity, it will actually be easier to start analysing society in a less complex example that has already implemented (in general) a working system. The following scenarios will be presented in the order of increasing internal conflict. Disclaimer: these are not meant to be all encompassing nor discussed from "an expert" perspective. There will be complexities that are overlooked and unfair generalities. The intent of this section is to provide (within a scope of limited accuracy) a narrative in which the language above can be applied and normalized. Drones Whether it be bees or ants or any other colony that works as a single unit, these communities have an extremely limited civility that the entire community can - and needs - to abide by: survival and expansion of the community to combat natural threats. No individual "person" has a drive to produce new legacies that may threaten the objectified civility of the community (either directly or even tangentially). It is only through this civil stability that the colony can reach an equilibrium with the external environment. While it seems chaotic, the legacies of the individuals are dictated by the civil authority in what can be allowed. There are times in which this fails due to a catastrophic disruption of the community (which may include corruption such as fungal manipulation) or changes within the external environment disrupting the equilibrium. If the threat is internal, the colony - practicing civil radicality - will attempt to eliminate all radical oppositions to civility. If the threat is external then the colony will engage in war as dictated by its civility and it will either kill the threat, be killed, or establish a new equilibrium in which the internal civility can coexist with the civility of the threat. This works well for large communities as seen in the success of insect colonies, but it also inhibits adaptation to large scale change due to the lack of robust radical experiences. Cells Recalling that creating and preserving legacy was introduced as a biological concept necessary for justifying survival (instead of simply a generational inheritance), it is meaningful to see how it applies to the basic building blocks of life itself: cells. These communities have evolved with a similar limited scope to the civility found in drones since the greater survival is dependent on the "individual" fulfilling the duty literally written into its code. While this may seem irrelevant since legacy is typically discussed as responsibilities, characteristics, narratives, or other metaphysical inherited remnants of the past instead of RNA sequences; it is important to see that legacy inheritance via biology is a natural extension. While cell reproduction perpetuates individual legacy, any mutations within the cloning process are neither promoted nor necessarily rejected. As long as the mutations still can operate civilly (allowing the cultures to function), changes are not rejected. This has the potential to be good and bad for the overall community. Whether it be a mutation that - for example - eventually helps to reject toxins or - in contrast - a cancer that will cause harm, the mutation (through evolutionary training) will attempt to find its place within the community so its legacy (the mutation of the code) is preserved. Similar to the benefits of civil radicality within the "drone" section, cells will utilize a civil mythos to efficiently identify radical threats which were previously encountered, and the single cell which poses the direct threat will be destroyed. Unlike the previous section, civility is allowed to be tested through mutations which allows a more robust ability to adapt to unexpected external changes increasing the capability to survive and thrive. As such, cells are neither civilly radical (as drones are) nor can they be described as radically civil since it relies on institutionalized defenses to ensure survival. Through this, life can both be preserved and adapt over time (eg macro evolution) while ensuring a stable system. It should also be noted that if new legacies ever become radical (opposing the civil scope and causing potential harm or inability to operate), the body will go through an internal conflict which has either the risk of death or - more likely - altering the internal equilibrium of the organism to be more optimized within a different environment and updated civil defenses. As a final note, it could be considered that the subconscious of a person is a manifestation of the constructed consent of the organism as a whole. It is reactive to the needs indicated by the community: pain is an indicator of identifiable civil conflict (either internal or external), while hunger and or thirst (as well as the rest of the survivalistic urges of the body) are a reaction to needs that the cells are indicating. Moving forward with more complex systems, understanding constructed consent as "oftentimes inexpressible wisdom of the community" can be helpful to understand the ambiguity and necessity of it. Family While this section will be more in line with how the typical notion of "legacy" is considered, it should be noted we are still using the same definition as before. In this light, it is also important to see that a legacy will not start with any individual person. There is always unknown civil inheritance that people are unaware of. Like all civility, the longer it goes unopposed the more it is institutionalized and objectified via mythos and expectations/rules. The culture a person is brought up in is no different than the genetic sequence inherited by the cell. It is only through outside influence or anomalous mutations that the expected legacy will be changed and possibly become radical. It won't be denied that humans are complex, but to avoid any ambiguity beyond that which is inherently built into "legacy", we will define "free will" as "the ability to consider and incorporate forgien legacies". In other words, freedom or liberty is the ability to critique our own motivators and the truth of our perceived reality. For many this is not - nor can it be - a choice. Whether this be due to absolute essential needs being denied or an expected comfort being taken away, it won't matter if the individual cannot obtain the conditions they expect. It is also important to see that the conflict between family members is due to the non-compliance of civil radicality. This is often due to conflict of two civilities and the perception of at least one party to believe that "family" is synonymous with "civil dictation". This is often detrimental to the broader cultural development of a child since the legacy they grew up with is in conflict with their personal experience of reality, thus an existential ultimatum occurs: choose to adopt the civility of the family (which could result in an abandonment or restriction of the "self") or become radical and attempt to expand the civil reality to include the new perspective. Human ingenuity (which leads to new technologies), educational foresight (which can identify upcoming external catastrophes), exploratory discoveries (which leads to new understanding of external dictations), language advancement (which will further give clarification to individual experience), or other enlightening progressions can all undermine existing mythoi of the family and give the newer generation insight that the older lacks. As such, the inability for a family civility to remain unchanged beyond a single generation is practically impossible unless the outside culture is rejected. This can last temporarily and the civility will construct a mythos that will harden to change, but - if the civility ever comes in conflict with the broader community - this reduced freedom will likely cause the legacies to be wiped out or it will fundamentally alter the larger community creating a new equilibrium (as with the organism in the case of the cells). Due to the limited number of legacies within a family and the narrow scope on how those legacies will differ, the "traditional family" is either strictly radically civil or civilly radical. While not fair to consider this a direct comparison to the implementation within the broader society, it logically follows that - everything being equal - the coherency and comfort of the family is increased when radical civility is practiced due to metaphysical adaptability when challenged. In contrast coherency and comfort is decreased under civil radicality due to inevitable conflict and rejection. Communities Although this parallels the "families" section, the number of local civilities that are interacting with each other are much more numerous and broad. For this reason, civility is less strict and radicality is always present to some degree. This also has the reverse effect that entire subcommunities can be forced into obscurity as long as the majority can institutionalize their own legacy or - more importantly - are convinced that they can institutionalize a legacy they believe is theirs. Similar to the past sections that adopted the historical preservation of a created mythos, communities will do the same. The clear distinction between the two being that communities necessarily have to be more broad so diverse legacies won't be excluded to challenge the civil dictation. As long as a group can collectively conform to a civility, then fringe subgroups will adjust for the sake of survival when possible. When able to be included, fringe legacis will be mutated to conform, but it will remain as unchanged as possible (which aligns with the inertia expected within civility's preservation). In contrast, there are instances when subcommunities are fundamentally unable to conform either through material needs not being met or conflicts in mythoi - and civility cannot be extended without risking its own subjectivity. In this case, there will be a new civility created to defend the neglected legacy. When the conflict is shared with multiple people or is able to garner sympathy, a radical critique of the original civility is formed and critiques of the "state" will follow. Similarly, it will be the reaction of civility to manufacture a dependency on the critiqued legacy so it will be defended. It is important to note that within legacy analysis, there are no such things as "bad actors". Any action that cannot be understood is the result of perception bias of the observer. Due to the axioms initially proposed, every action is assumed to be driven by the adaptation, acceptance, or promotion of legacy. The more a mythos misaligns with reality, the more it shows a conflict between the perceiver's civility and the civility being perceived. At worst, the perception of reality has been deliberately and systematically constructed in attempts to dissuade any sympathy with radical legacies that civility cannot include but are threatened by. It should be fairly obvious that - like legacy itself - the perception of civility is dependent on the experiences and teachings a person has lived through. This will lead to the constructed consent and - by extension - civility of a community to fundamentally be driven by those with the largest platforms. It additionally follows that tradition is less important than the perception of tradition and (similarly) civility is less important than the perception of civility. Ultimately, it is the manipulation of this perception that most of society centers around. With this understanding, "reality" should be less thought of as an objective supernatural medium to live within, but a personal construction of local inputs filtered through our accepted civility. Which leads to the troubling but inevitable realization that reality is constructed by the institutions that surround us. Historical Narratives With the risk of being redundant, this is a reminder that this section is not an in-depth approach to understanding the mindset of any nation. While attempting to be accurate, most of the motivators described will be a single - possibly flawed - understanding of elementary history. To reiterate - the reason for including this section is to show (within the narrative of history presented) how legacy analysis can be used for people more knowledgeable than myself. Being that this is described through the lens of philosophic continuity, many common understandings of history based on artifacts and internally generated narratives surrounding it may conflict with what is provided. The USSR After the Romanovs fell to the increasing need for worker comfort within imperial Russia, the previous strict civility of the dynasty was still fresh in the minds of those who were ruled by it. Even with no authoritative entity to fall back on, the aspects of the community cohesion that were objectified (morality, agency, responsibility, etc) were not challenged, thus remained after the change in civility. Regardless and in spite of attempts to fulfill a Marxian ideology of equal distribution of labor ownership, these civil dictators ensured the legacy of a centralized protector (which was institutionalized in the previous government) persisted through the leadership of the socialist party. This was seen with the heavy handed approach presented by Lenin and his successor (Stalin) to ensure that the capitalist ideology was defended against and therefore stamped out instead of allowing them to be equally influential. On a separate note, the nationalism that was necessary for the institutionalization of a dynasty's mythos was also metaphysically unopposed. The conflicting and hostile view of capitalism and the effects of imperialism (which was being promoted by most of the developed countries) further justified the need of a strong centralized uniter. The compounded need for national insulation (due to protection and economic independence) dictated a rejection of external cooperation. All of which contributed to the construction of a legacy that promoted success of "an unaided superior state" above all. While inherently true that other industrialized countries would have pushed their own legacy (capitalism) given the chance to exploit trade (as it had with many other less stable countries), the protection that self induced isolation provided had the cost of limiting the amount of resources the region was able to obtain. To solve this resource deficit, there was a drive to become economic allies with non-capitalist countries. This led to the cold war: capitalist countries recovering from two world wars competing with the economically isolated USSR for economic resources in weaker countries. While neither could outright point to an explicit physical threat (beyond the mutually assured nuclear destruction), the lack of material national comfort (which could not be internationally justified) was threatened on both sides. Additionally, the lack of resources within the public also caused radical voices to start to emerge within the USSR. These were quickly squashed since it conflicted with the expectation of civil radicality that state pride necessitated. If promotion of this civility had continued after Stalin and someone else had taken up the mantle, the inertia of the USSR (and the civility built on the Romanov dynasty) may still exist today. Alas, Stalin only relinquished power through his death, further objectifying the civility within the citizens. It is no surprise that the ability to hold the country together weakened when civility was adjusted by a series of leaders (ending in Gorbachev) to contrast with the heavy handed Stalin/Lenin approach. The increased democracy forced - within the public - the same ultimatum that children go through within families: choose between empowerment of the individual self or defend the authority, pride, and protection that was civilly dictated. With the new environment which allowed radical consent to flourish, the material needs that were limited had to be quickly expanded to meet the call for individualistic comfort that was previously suppressed due to the now questionable - need for national seclusion. Trade was inevitable, and with it came the undermining of the foundational national legacy of "an unaided superior state" that held the USSR together. In short: due to the rapid shift of the leaders that neglected the inertia of the cultural civility, the metaphysical resources became subjectified and the civility of the state dissolved into fractured local authorities. With no overarching civility to hold them together, the country fell apart. Eventually, it resolidified under a new mythos (which was very similar to the old dynasty while utilizing the scoicalist party structure) with a new branding: Russia. Nazi The late 18th century saw governmental shifts of power from monarchies to representative rule. For each country that converted, regardless whether this was a forced or peaceful transition, the territorial legacy of the old dictation merged with the communal appreciation of the distributed power. The resulting civility was a nation with strong borders and an appreciation for allies. As such, World War I could be seen as a war of fallen monarchies trying to prove they can still protect themselves and a test of recreated alliships. When the war ended and Germany surrendered, the pride of national supremacy dictated that the majority of the blame was placed on the loser (which logically meant that they had to pay for reparations). Additionally, the treaty also destroyed the German border and outlawed the engineering production that the German people excelled at. Regardless of how intentional it was, this reaction left the German people both economically and existentially decimated. While the victorious countries of Europe could take WWI as justification that nothing was lost in the democratic dispersal of authority, those that suffered the loss saw the metaphysical resources becoming drastically subjectified and fringe communities being increasingly abandoned by the limited civility. This gave rise to a counterculture that praised a legacy of biological superiority of the first reich (the Germanic Kingdom) that was all but forgotten. While the authoritarian mythoi of the past was practically insufficient when competing with distributed power of democracy, the new fascist reality demanded civil defenses that could manipulate the populace into rejecting empathy with "inferior" communities. This was found in a constructed consent void of objective metaphysics pulling from every culture to create a new reality that fit the practical justification of excluding others. Conspiracy theories, alien mythoi, historic religious iconography; everything was used to construct a worldview that could singularly be used to justify the German superiority and that empowerment was promoted through a new objective reality. After two decades of frustration and rebuilding under strained resources, the refined metaphysical protection of the Nazi party's civility practically overtook the Wienmar republic's more accepting worldview. The exclusive civility was institutionalized and it's new mythos rejuvenated a cultural pride that was on the brink of being lost. At this point every person that rejected the new civility was treated as a threat due to the "corrupting influence" (aka egalitarianism or genetic corruption) that destroyed the "rightful" hierarchy of the past. It was ideologically consistent to use these new "criminals'' as slave labor and ensure the superior race had the resources needed to take its rightful position in the world. Hence, the concentration camps were inevitable for these "traitors" and "subhuman" peoples. When treated as objective truth, the acceptance of deservedness within the new purified superiority demanded that non-pure communities deserved to be subjugated as a natural conclusion. As noted, by ensuring comfort (through increasing resources and a decreased population) there was practical reason to further objectify the fascistic civility. Additionally, it protected the metaphysical resources by segregating the radical communities; destroying any chance of radical consent since empathy through cooperation was impossible. Civil radicality was officially accepted and - like drones of an insect colony - the ability to employ different legacies (aka liberty and freedom) were stripped away. Unlike the nationalistic cohesive protection adopted by the surrounding countries, the mythos of the Nazi civility was independent of geographical restriction. The deservedness of increased comfort was unopposed by other claims of genetic superiority (but instead only found the commonly accepted claim of democratic agency) so there was no need to respect the forgien civilities as valid. The reacting clash of civilities resulting in World War II is well known, but more interesting is the question "is there any way Nazi Germany could have reached an equalibrium with the rest of the world?" I would argue "no" unless other fascist civilities developed within other countries to counter the claim of genetic authority and reinstate a geographic limitation to their claim of superiority. The mythos of Nazi deservedness was foundational to the civility it held, so democracy (and its rejection of biological "rights") was considered illegitimate. It should be noted that the fascistic civilities needed to counter this idea started to develop in other countries during WWII (as seen with segregation of races out of fear), but fortunately these civilities never fully came to fruition (even if there are hints of them protecting legacies of biologic deservedness still today). Further and most importantly, the mythos of fascism is an amalgamation of reactive defenses that are internally inconsistent. It cannot self-sustain without a foil; even if everyone was converted or segregated, there would still be a need to find dissenters so the flaws of the mythos wouldn't collapse under its own weight. There is an ongoing organic effort to create a consistent reality via further complex narratives (aka conspiracy theories) where these civilities still exist. The USA The build up to the US revolution was fundamentally driven by ideas of the enlightenment most apply seen in the phrase "right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness" which was a direct reference to John Locke's belief that every man has the right to life, liberty, and property. Further the assertion that "all men are created equal" directly undermined the monarchical civility that the leaders had divine authority which others lacked. As such, the pre-revolutionary colonies pushed a narrative of a new world which would prioritize radical civility and promote all citizens. This ideal was immediately undermined by the people driving the rebellion. It wasn't commoners that were being mistreated, but the wealthy community that saw an opportunity to gain more power and independence from regulation. A cry of "authoritarianism", "overtaxation", and "oppression" was used to rally the public to reject the distant rulership. As a foreshadowing of things to come, this critique wasn't applied to their own lives regardless of the forgien civility they still accepted and promoted (especially when it came to slave treatment and seizing land from the natives). The war was won and the US claimed its independence. The construction of the government was in many ways revolutionary at the time, but when contrasted with the initial values (e.g. egalitarianism) the influence of legacies passed down by the monarchy can be seen. As with all civilities, the legacies of those with the largest platforms were prioritized. Through laws such as "white male landowners" being the only ones that can vote and the "three fifths compromise", the meaning of "all men" was redefined to be "european landowning males" legally ensuring that their power structure was institutionalized (implementing aspects of the civility they had just escaped). It is important to note that - if they had been driven by their claimed ideals - they could have adopted aspects of the civility of the natives that were familiar with the environment or the growing population of imported Africans rendered indispensable while constructing the new nation, but they did not. Instead there was an organic national identity of "the individual is to be respected beyond the masses" and any attempt to empower the public in spite of an individual is an assault on their individual freedom. This simultaneously rejected the monarchical rule for those with pre-generated privilege and reaffirmed it for those that had none. In the less that 100 years that predated the civil war, the civility became objectified: the economy and private land (which was reminiscent of the monarchical power base) was never challenged, division between communities shifted from being "national origin" to "race", and individual success was promoted in spite of the shoulders of the giants they stood on (community and inheritance). As with the monarchy they came from, the civility ensured platforms were available to those with the most empowerment and the now abandoned civility laid out in the Declaration of Independence (which attempted to establish a form of idealism, universal equity, and empathy) was superficially utilized for those forgien to the US experience. Additionally, the rare success stories were promoted to give the illusion of commonplace success further objectifying the narrative that "anyone can succeed". As the nation grew westward, a clash of new civilities formed. The civility of the north became an equilibrium through private land ownership ensuring the systemic starvation for anyone that didn't "voluntarily" trade their labor for predefined wages. This reality was seen as a threat to the continued expansion of the southern economy that depended on slavery for their comfort. The formation of the Confederate States was the attempt to finally dismiss the illusion of egalitarianism from the founders Laissez-faire civility instilled in the constitution. With the claim of "states rights" and reduction of regulation, the influential aristocrats of the south created a narrative to promote themselves. While unintentional, the transparency within the Confederate economy had the ability to potentially upset the northern equilibrium by unveiling the injustice of empowering the individual over the community. Thus the conflicting civilities resulted in the Civil War. While I hope it is clear, it is worth reflecting that initially neither side was fighting to empower the civility of the Declaration of Independence, but - like the reactive rise of international fascism in WWII - there was a need in the Union to show their civility did not overlap, thus slavery was abolished and that became the moral focus. After the Confederates lost, the need to conform to the new moral objectification left many legacies weaker than before. The legacies that lost the most status ended up being the most fringe and the most influential, so a stronger radical civility analogous to post WWI Germany was created. The "racism" (that held the same ideological place of nationalism and biological superiority) and inability to live up to expected privilege forced a blended reality to justify their victimhood. Racism was adopted as objectively true and constructed consent manufactured a reality to justify it. The Jim Crow Laws and the cultural backlash (aka civil rights movements) were the natural reaction. In this aspect, the legacies that caused the civil war (rejecting the need for the illusionary egalitarianism vs the understanding it is needed to perpetuate the US economy) continues well into the 21st century. Additionally, this clash introduced a third fringe community: those that want to reject the traditions of the monarchy and fully accept the virtues hinted at in the Declaration of Independence (even though this often was in stark contrast to the US identity laid out by the founders). While being in a constant tug of war between increasing equity and further institutionalizing hierarchies, one thing remains constant to the US: the focus on the individual. Even the egalitarian civility still allows for the reality that systemic concerns can be conflated with individual action, so civility - in all its forms - has never allowed the critique of this cornerstone. Even when massive civil rights struggles were in the forefront of history, there were always counter revolutions to oppose the idea of "community empowerment" and opted instead to focus on the leaders rather than the group. The movements themselves would often fall prey to this same mindset (which was experienced when the loss or removal of a movement's icon initiated its decay). Even when forced to shift metaphysical resources to accept new legacies, it never allowed the idea of community agency, but - instead - granted only enough individual rights to reduce the radical consent to the status of an ignorable group of radical voices. Unless the US is willing to engage in this existential change, the idolization of the individual will be it's identity. This inherently favors that of the pre-empowered voice (as it always has) leading to a citizenship that will constantly be exploited. If this is true, the US will continue to expect the illusion of radical civility applied to continue granting personal freedoms (such as voting rights, marriage equality, and economic justice) but only with additional barriers created to overcome (such as businesses that are "too big to fail" or segregating communities of immigrants to be treated as enemies). Media (both fiction and non-fiction) will continue to focus on "heroism" and "villains" while unable or neglecting to outright identify cultural influences. The majority of the people will continue to sink further into equal poverty while being convinced through the combined national narrative that individuals are succeeding and poverty is an individual issue (as opposed to a cultural one). Systemic bigotry will continue to shift in forms so demographic infighting will continue while an aristocratic group will remain unchallenged and continue to solidify. Further, explicit racism and sexism (while still existing on a personal level and causing personal disagreements) will be held up as institutional icons of moral progress. People on average will achieve equality, but in terms of legacy no one will be metaphysically stable enough to be free (adopting instead the objectified civil limitations refined by the aristocracy). An ideological feudalism will be established and everyone will accept it as reality as the serfs did under the monarchy. If, on the other hand, the peoples of the US decided to reject the national identity and become radical to individualistic domination, the legacy of the monarchy could possibly be removed, but like the Revolutionary war that created the "free states", I fear the cornerstone is too institutionalized to allow peaceful transition. In Other Words… At this point it should be incredibly apparent that this is intended to be abstract. Since the desire is to lay a loose groundwork for others to carry forward, I was hoping to make a work without my own culture or flaws written in beyond what was necessary. While I hope I accomplished that, I can understand if the high mindedness of it left some wishing for a more grounded approach. For that sake I'll summarize it here, but I urge you to only take this as a flawed and simplified conversion. We start with life: it competes, and the better it can compete and win over others, the better it can survive. Due to that competition, our ancestors ended up being selfish (developing perception bias) and self assured (developing unfounded pride). In the same way that organisms that lost the ability to reproduce couldn't biologically persist, competing identities demanded these attributes if they were to be adopted by others and continue on. Over time this creates imprints on the community influenced most by those with the biggest platforms. And those legacies turn into morality or law or myth ensuring they will survive as long as the community exists "in the right way". Those that are destined to conflict with the community are therefore branded "uncivil", but - in truth - they simply have their own civility (and with it a different morality and myth). The easiest way to see this is the difference of religious conflict: even though most of the believers don't know the full extent of the theology that "defines their reality", they know the points they need so they can be accepted by their community. They know how to be "civil" in their local circle (even if it seems monstrous to the wider community), because that's all they need to be validated. Even if this leads to real world conflicts, it won't matter: adopting the legacy of the religion comes with the cultural fusion and leaving it results in cultural isolation. Of course civilities have to adapt. Technology and knowledge will always threaten to invalidate the legacies of old, but the further civility it has been accepted as "the truth of reality" (objectivity) the less it will need to. Even if leaders change or nations fall, the civility that is expected will remain as long as the community does. For another practical example we can look at the Roman Empire: even though it is long dead and the myths and legends changed, the remnants of its legacy can easily be seen still to proliferate in the modern "Western" world. It is through promoting the neglected legacies that surround us and understanding that our own lives are driven by a flawed understanding of reality (which excludes others), can we start to be more inclusive and free. That last part - "freedom" - needs to be justified since most people consider "freedom" to do "what I want, when I want". Legacy analysis suggests differently. In contrast, it suggests the typical understanding of "freedom" is actually entrapment: it is allowing others' legacies to dictate your actions fully and you then are a willing slave to their objectivity. True freedom is the ability to validate others and choose from the plethora of legacies that "being civil" would have limited you from choosing. Optimization Now that the method and language of the analysis has been established, it is important to see how this can be utilized. After the historical examples described in the previous section, it should be obvious that the amoral analysis proposed can be used with different metrics to produce greatly different results. To further solidify this concern, below are a few examples: - If one was to consider an objective civility worth promoting to the detriment of those that are excluded from the constructed mythos, then legacy analysis will urge civil radicality and provide reason to be uncompromising in spite of others' suffering. - If someone was to demand promotion of their own legacy in spite of others, legacy analysis will urge the removal of liberty from the community (i.e. remove the ability of the community to choose alternative legacies). - If someone wants to allow forgien civilities to usurp the current one, legacy analysis would advocate for causing infighting so civility will not be able to defend the metaphysical resources. When considering all this, the gravity of choosing an unbiased metric becomes apparent. Promoting one group over another will always ensure someone's freedom will be restricted due to the civility that forms. Therefore, the metric that will be used within the remainder of this thesis will attempt to be chosen without cultural influence. While this is a genuine pursuit, the immediate hypocrisy of the intent should be apparent since even attempting to reject cultural influence is the product of how one analyzes culture in the first place. In spite of the civil indoctrination and perception bias of the author, the reader is asked to evaluate the metric strictly based on the reasoning presented instead of how agreeable it is. Equally, it is asked that this is contrasted with other metrics and value systems to ensure that an optimized community can grow. Values Relevant Definitions - Legacy: motivator of the existential self identity which can be used as a vehicle for immortality. - Civil: inherent community approval - Radical: Motivating or acting in opposition to inherent community approval - Civil Radicality: expecting social critiques to be limited to civil action It should go without saying that there is no objectively "best" metric. Even the use of "metric" assumes that it needs to be logical and stagnant where values can be based on situational relativity or flat out inconsistency (due to the unknown composite legacies defining the values instead of a predetermined metric). Instead of attempting to resolve that ball of worms, it will be assumed that there are various relevant rubrics that people have to choose from (many of which will conflict with others) and it will be requested that the reader evaluate the validity of the one presented before critiquing it. This is not a plea for the reader to adopt the system (although - if I am to be honest - I truly hope you do). The request is quite the opposite: the hope is that you will understand it well enough so counterexamples and critiques can be found. To make that request more palatable, the system will be explicitly reasoned out so that any suspension of disbelief needed will be easier to engage. If the reader ultimately decides to adopt this system, then it is hoped that the same presentation given here can be internalized and used to defend it without appealing to an authority. Moral Relativity Some will reasonably argue that abstract systems should be applied universally. While this is theoretically sound, stagnant systems - when introduced into the chaos of practicality - will generally collapse under unforeseen environments. Either through the ambiguity of language, the differing cultural understanding of "good" and "bad", or the systemic inability for some to be "moral"; universal applicability is generally impossible. As such, even the most abstract consistent moral system cannot be trusted when utilized outside the culture that generated it. In contrast, a relative system (one that adjusts to fit the culture it is in) makes no hard claims about predetermining how a society ought to be. While this does fall prey to a lack of divine authority and therefore lacks initial objectification, the payoff is allowing the system to adapt to the conversation presented. Since this will be used for an analysis system that claims relevance to all life, the value of adaptability will far outweigh all other concerns. For this reason, the metric must be fundamentally - irrelevant unless the environment being analyzed is first established. Moral Consistency Regardless of validity or fairness, morality will generate in one of two ways: either reactive (in response to a confrontation which will tend to align with civility) or derived (from a predetermined ideology). There are benefits and negatives regarding each of these methods. For example, while reactive morality will reflect previous conflicts of the society allowing for a more accurate reflection of the practical (and often nuanced) issues and needs that will be encountered, it is in danger of supporting historical powers allowing (to appropriate a well known phrase) "goodness to be dictated by the influential" in spite of the underrepresented. In contrast, derived morality will be consistent and more fair to all groups (unless the ideology is based on civility as well) by design, but it will lack the specifics needed to address many of the practical issues that will arise. It is highly unlikely due to the lack of practicality that fully derived morality will be instituted in its pure state. Which is why all systems should be assumed - from a theoretical standpoint - to be a reflection of the culture that it came from and critiqued as such. Further, ideological value systems are generally advertised as universally applicable, so dictating morality is an assurance of cultural imperialism and many will become uncivil. It is also the case that reactive values are fundamentally exclusive and relevant specifically to the situations in which they were created. It should be easy to see that in both of these cases, values are a tool primarily used to ensure that personal legacies can be optimally preserved (to the detriment of the uncivil). Since one of the stipulations for a valid system is to be internally consistent, the second ideological approach (derived) will be used. This should beg the question, how to ensure one group is not favored above the others? The solution: generate the system on a tautologically true statement that could be accepted within any culture. What will be used is the claim "normality ought to be normal". This can be read one of two ways: "everyone ought to adapt to MY view of normality" or "I should adapt to ensure normality includes everyone". Since the first is fundamentally incorporating "rejection of other cultures as valid" which is conflicting with the idea of normalization itself, it is definitionally self-defeating. With this clarification, a more clear phrase will be used to capture the same sentiment of "normality ought to be normal" without the misreading - and therefore more applicable to basic conversations: "individual comfort ought never detract from community comfort". Relative Normality One point needs to be made perfectly clear before explaining the main points of the system itself: if this system ever becomes stagnant or used for individual judgement, something has gone horribly wrong. This is not a system that depends on villains or heroes. No one is inherently better than anyone else and engaging in superiority at any level will strip the normality of respect away from those that we are considering. Hopefully this will naturally fall out of the definitions and premises listed below, but it should be expected that practicality will be used to alter the system from its original intent at some point. As such I would never personally advocate for this to be institutionalized into law, regardless of how pure the intent is. Instead I would wish this to be an independent underlying premise that laws were based on and a means of critiquing any institutionalized morality at regular intervals (including reflectively). Relevant Definitions There are many terms specific to this section that will be listed here as a reference (as well as future sections when they are needed): - Alterable: in a variant state of being relative to the discussion - Population: all objects (except for possibly a statistically insignificant set of outliers) in a system which are alterable † - Person: a member of the population that fulfills the axioms for life - Element: non-person member of the population that can be added or removed by will - Absolute essential: an element that is required for a person to live - Excess: an element that is not an absolute essential lacking the capability to be distributed with all persons † - Normality: the minimum expected state of all persons when excluding excess - Relative essential: an element that is required to gain normality - Harm: causing normality to be unobtainable - Tragic: increases both normality and harm † within distribution - for the sake of statistical outliers - a neglect of the statistically insignificant outliers is needed from the population. This adds a degree of uncertainty, but the alternative would make the entire value system vapidly fulfilled at all times since exceptions could always be found. With that in mind, the summary will be posted for convenience here for reference: 1. One ought not to critique people for making tragic decisions 2. One ought to critique tragic situations 3. If situations are not described here, one ought not to declare that someone ought or ought not to do them 4. One ought to distribute relative essentials unless it does harm 5. One ought to remove elements which cause strict harm 6. One ought to use excess to increase normality 7. One ought not to demand or strive to gain excess for one's legacy 8. One ought to instruct the population what they ought to and what they ought not to do 1 & 2: Critiques of Tragedy First and foremost, understand that positions of authority are not persons since a position is not alive (i.e. it is not physical). While a position ought to be criticized the person utilizing that position ought not to be. This pair of values is the first listed intentionally. All personal judgements of others are inherently due to conflicting value systems and how we act on them. It is hard - if not downright impossible - to separate this gut reaction from self-preservation/preservation-of-legacy and therefore - by extension - based on personal experience. In this respect, judgement is simply an admittance that one set of experiences being unknown to all involved is tragic. It would be regressive circular reasoning to promote critiques of personal tragic decisions, since that is - in itself tragic. That said, if the holder of a position was expected to have that experience - either through prescribed training or necessary requirements for the position - the holder of the position ought to receive the critique only insofar as they are able to perform their duties. Much of the difficulty utilizing this system will be to make this separation due to the ways people identify. It is natural to look at people as a combination of their experiences which includes the positions they hold, but this is inconsistent with the axiom of "perception bias" to assume our critique can be seen by everyone. To project our understanding of their experience onto their actual experience is to neglect our own bias. Even in the case of actors that are intentionally misdirecting the perception of the community to get the upper hand (informally known as "acting in bad faith"), it is necessary to reflect on unknown motivators that led the actor just as it is necessary to ensure that this person is removed from the position and the nature of the position restricts this from happening again. Similarly, even if we are able to overcome this urge to conflate identity and position, there may be some positions that will be inseparable from the person holding it (eg. a subject matter expert or a parent). Convincing the holder that a critique of the way they abide by a position is not a critique of their identity may be impossible. In spite of this, we ought to remain consistent in where blame is being placed and be as explicit as possible that the person themselves is not the focus. It is the intent of this system to increase the normality of everyone. To do this, the system we inhabit must be constantly analyzed within as many different conversations as possible. We therefore ought to reject the narratives which promote public harm in favor of increasing limited normality. Most "harmful" situations when fully analyzed are tragic, but that doesn't mean that we ought to accept a shift and restrict the population to justify the harm done. Instead it should be attempted to separate the harm from the increased normalization so future actions will be more advantageous. 3: If situations are not described here, one ought not to declare that someone ought or ought not to do them While being a shorter section, this may be the most controversial. While this value system is robust relative to the possible narratives, it is intended to be limited within those narratives. The urge to expand this in order to judge others or extract vengeance or to generally prioritize experience over perception bias is both expected and inconsistent to the axioms proposed. Therefore, this system must allow some - if not most - situations to fall outside the scope of strict judgement. 4: One ought to distribute relative essentials unless it does harm This is a direct fallout of "normality should be normal for everyone". Everyone's understanding of "normal" is inherently built into perception bias so our projection of what everyone's needs are will not be universally accurate. Regardless, the alternative - assuming that your normality is deserved and only applicable to yourself - breaks the meaning of what "normal" is intended to describe. Assuming your normality is not deserved by others is not only a gross misrepresentation of others, but will be - by definition - more harmful. It is important to address the situations in which normality for one person is harmful for another. While many times it will be obvious that distributing the element would cause or avoid harm, this conclusion is always influenced by our own experience. If there is a dispute of a claim that an essential may or may not increase harm, the ultimate conclusion ought to be made by persons (not groups) that would receive the essential. To use this in practice: consider two people of a group that has normalized using a psychedelic drug and has enough excess to spread it to the rest. If there is pushback on whether this will cause harm (which I expect there would be) then it is up to each person to make the decision of accepting the distribution. The group ought not to push this on each individual, but simply to listen to what they want and to oblige. It is important to note that - by definition - "relative essential" does not describe only material goods. This is vital. In the example above, one could and ought to make the argument that the "harm" caused is the removal of "lucidity". So we can see that this distribution ought to be considered more tragic (distribution of "new perspective" while reducing "lucidity") and critiqued/analyzed to find if there is a better way to move forward. This will surely cause the most mental and philosophical struggle while people use this system, but I urge anyone willing to use it to appeal to the previous values (how to critique tragic events) to analyze the situation (and the position included in it) but not the people making the decision. 5: One ought to remove elements which cause strict harm It should throw up some flags from the last section that it was only about distribution. If it stopped there, then sins of our ancestors that were inherited by normality ought to be preserved, even if they caused harm. When accounting for the premise that this should include all points which someone ought or ought not act on, it is necessary to include the rejection of these sins that cause strict harm. The easiest practical example of this would the support of slavery in the US and the strict harm that specific communities continue to suffer because of it. We ought to advocate against these types of offenses. This includes any other type of servitude as well can be abolished. 6: One ought to use excess to increase normality Everyone has excess of something. Whether it be experience, knowledge, material possessions, respect, leadership skills, or anything else; these elements (that can be distributed or removed at will) create a holder position which ought to be used to increase normality. The normality that is increased is not limited to the element (although that should be the priority), but can also include repercussions of holding the excess that can be distributed to others. I hope the premise of the system will dictate that this is both consistent and expected, but without it being exclusively stated one could point to the valid point that nothing is said about excess and what we ought to do with it, and then it would be ambiguous whether using it to harm others is something that ought not be done. Thus, inclusion of this point is necessary. 7: One ought not to demand or strive to gain excess for one's legacy This is another point expected to be controversial because of our natural perception bias and preservation of legacy. Elements we have personally normalized are not always categorized as a relative essential for a larger population. Similarly, elements that others have that we lack are also - not always categorized as relative essentials. As such, we shouldn't demand or strive to gain something that will be excessive as we don't understand the experiences (which includes the needs) of others. Since this can be misconstrued, it is important to reiterate the following: having excess is a position. According to previously stated values, this position deserves critique about the prerequisites or training needed to spread normality. To be clear as to what this means, holding excess is not deserved or part of an identity since - by definition - it can be given away. Therefore, if the person wants to keep the position while it exists, they must also abide by the expectation: they will strive to increase the normality of the population. This requires knowledge (which is gained by "training") about other's experiences which the holder's initial perception bias may cause them to ignore. The holder ought to retain and reference and internalize this training. Also, and this is vital, those without or in need are expected to express accurately what is needed to increase the normality of their population. This is necessary so the holder (through "training") will know how to accurately increase normality from that population perspective (be it better communication or relative essentials). As an example: if only one dose of a cure is available in a population of 1000, but only one person is vulnerable to death due to the illness, it is the responsibility of the person to express that "life" will be normalized by their obtaining it and the training of the holder to know that it is their responsibility to get it to the person. 8: One ought to instruct the population what they ought to and what they ought not do. Since this value system is - and always will be - in competition with other value systems, then the premise (normality needs to be normal for everyone) demands that it is important to confront those other value systems and see which premises are in conflict. While promotion and working beside other systems which hold similar values is appropriate, a critique of both systems where they disagree is still beneficial. This must never be done while increasing harm to the population. Currently and historically, examples can be seen where absolute essentials could not be distributed. Whether through drought, famine, plague, or even something as simple as assault; the expectation to inform and expect others to abide by relative normality will ensure death for everyone, and that - practically - is an absurd request even if it is idealistically consistent. Practical Repercussions The hope is - by this point - the value system presented is clear enough to consider if not outright accepted. It is therefore negligent to hold back on some of the unexpected repercussions that need to be pointed out in case they were missed by the reader. Some have been hinted at but all need addressing to ensure that the scope is clearly understood. Rejection of Classic Rights This is unfortunate, but crucial to address. Not all elements necessary to survival can be distributed. Water - for example - may not be available for the population. In which case, the resulting competition that will result in acquiring the resources needed for a preservation of legacy will be inevitable, but not technically tragic. According to the system proposed, this struggle ought not happen. The points "excess ought not be demanded" and "excess ought to increase normality" would ideally subdue any turmoil. Ultimately, this is ignorant since it will contradict our assumptions of the axioms already established. The perception bias that "my legacy cannot be preserved" (even though the most optimal approach is taken) will always overwrite "ought". Expecting a perfect world without the ability to construct a legacy (which necessarily includes survival) being normalized is - put simply - impossible. In such a situation, the position of distributor of essentials should expect to always be critiqued and necessary to provide feedback for why decisions were made. Another practical example of this seeming contradiction is "self defense." If death is imminent or life is not assured, it is not an essential element within the population considered. It is therefore an "ought" to increase normality by providing an assurance of life using the least harmful method. If the least harm is removing one life so it can be guaranteed to the rest of the population, that is what ought to be done. The tragic portion is that it is rarely that simple and often alternatives can be taken, but it is unlikely that this will be realized at the time. Since this will practically make the value system at odds with the axioms provided, it is in the best interest of the system to acquire necessities to ensure legacies of the community can be constructed and preserved. It is only for the persons that have met these requirements - within the conversation considered - should be expected to follow relative normality at all. Temporary Arch and Essential Holding is Expected Arch (as defined by the holder of relative essentials that are not yet distributed) is inevitable either by natural inclination or by luck. (Please note that while something may be excess under one discussion, in others it will be a relative essential.) As already explained, it is expected that arch have the scope of distributing that which gives the arch authority. This will often increase the individual normality of the arch holder and this is why it is essential for the holder to be treated as a position instead of an identity. It must have strict limitations, including a mandatory separation from the position at a predetermined time and a clear scope on how they are to distribute normality. For this reason above most others, it is necessary to ensure that representation of different cultures has influence over the holder's position to ensure the different legacies are being considered. It is vital that these stakeholders be inseparable from the comfort within the communities that have the most restricted internal normality. While optimal, the above will only apply to existing arch. Often a relative essential will be generated due to new information or technology acquired by an individual. At this point, the arch requirements will need to be applied retroactively. It is therefore necessary that the basic requirement of the holder (considering others as worth listening to and being respected) should be known and practiced by everyone that has achieved normality. Without this practice, any spontaneous promotion to an arch holder will be a culture shock and preservation of legacy will reject the separation of identity and position. Changing the Conversation will Change the Population Within a small population, a relative essential may not be the same as when discussing a larger population. This results in the requirement for distribution of relative essentials within a small community being ignored when shifting to a larger population, rendering the same elements as excess. Alternatively, relative essentials that can be distributed to the whole of humanity should not stop there. Normalization of life and health should include all the population, including non-human peoples. If an element of a population has an intent to preserve a legacy and can be interpreted as having perception bias, it is definitionally a person. While reducing the conversation to limit the population should never be used as an excuse to limit normality for smaller communities, it can be helpful to optimize the excess a community currently has. If this is done, then discussions can be constructed to ensure a total community's excess is optimally distributed to increase normality within a smaller population. Although this can get into some tragic situations if it is already normalized elsewhere. Relative Essentials Are Not Strictly Material Objects While already identified, the extent of this claim needs to be examined. Explicitly stated, material analysis lacks the considerations needed to optimize society. Emotions such as "compassion", "protection", "respect" are also worth considering (when not doing harm). Consider for example emotional bullying: By definition, a group is withholding "respect", "validation", or "acceptance" from a person due to their own specific legacy. No material needs are being withheld or taken away, but harm is being done. These relative essentials can easily be granted. Not doing so will ensure they cannot be normalized anywhere in the community. There is a critique to be had in this section that aligns with the paradox of tolerance. Put more simply: are you supposed to distribute "acceptance" to the exclusive thinkers? Under this system, the answer is "as long as the relative essential is not doing harm". In this perspective, the potential harm done by not distributing "acceptance" will reduce the normality of "respected" that is expected for everyone else. In this sense - at worst - the situation is tragic because of a misunderstanding and the situation must be analyzed. At best, the exclusive thinker is identified as engaging in civil radicality and can be excluded while constantly educated as a holder should be. Either way, the exclusive thinker shouldn't be individually blamed but instead the environment which led them to accept that legacy. If the exclusive thinker abandons the legacy and stops defending comfort that is hurting others (which would contradict them being an exclusive thinker), then the community should react accordingly. In Other Words… This is the last of the high minded sections, and while it shouldn't have been as abstract as the first one, I'll still simplify it here. Legacy analysis claims that all morality is manufactured in some way or another. So therefore why depend on moralities that exclude others unless you just want to be selfish? Instead let's try to identify a system we can believe in. Reactions will hyperbolize past events over time. Call it the "telephone game" or "that the fish gets bigger after every retelling" but over time, the messages will be changed based on translation through different experiences. So the only valid moral systems are those which are principled (even if they can't be all encompassing). Similarly, perception bias forces us to recognize that only an adaptable moral system is sound. Therefore the moral system described doesn't result in the same conclusions for the same communities. So... Step 1: define the community you are talking about Step 2: figure out what everyone would look like if it was "as fair as possible" Step 3: work to that - meaning promote everyone that needs promoting the most. Also don't judge people, that would be assuming you don't have perception bias AND YOU DO. Ideal Society Relevant definitions - Legacy: motivator of the existential self identity which can be used as a vehicle for immortality. - Civil: inherent community approval - Radical: Motivating or acting in opposition to inherent community approval - Civil Radicality: expecting social critiques to be limited to civil action - Radical Civility: expecting a community to oppose inherent approval - Liberty: The ability to critique our own motivators and the truth of our perceived reality. - Alterable: in a variant state of being relative to the discussion - Population: all objects (except for possibly a statistically insignificant set of outliers) in a system which are alterable - Person: a member of the population that fulfills the axioms for life - Element: non-person member of the population that can be added or removed by will - Absolute essential: an element that is required for a person to live - Excess: an element that is not an absolute essential lacking the capability to be distributed with all persons - Normality: the minimum expected state of all persons when excluding excess - Relative essential: an element that is required to gain normality - Harm: causing normality to be unobtainable Now that the metric for optimization has been laid out, practical expectations will be considered. It is expected for readers to be extra critical from this point on to ensure that the perception bias of the author aligns with the points laid out above. In the event that a conclusion is reached that contradicts expectation or that a conclusion is expected but not expressed, it would be beneficial to reflect on why this happened and which assumptions caused the conflict. Normalization of Radical Civility The guidelines laid out below will not assume that all needs can be met within a group. That in itself would assume that all communities have the same needs to begin with and would contradict the axiom of perception bias. As such "utopia" can never be fully realized. Any advocating for a stagnant "best" society is an appeal to a supreme civility which will inherently exclude others. For this reason civility must be rejected as a method of imposing normality. By definition, legacies are self promoting; therefore civility is the defense of a collection of legacies in spite of others. Using civility to delegitimize others without constructed consent is invalid (since it directly contradicts point 6 in the value system: ought to use excess to increase normality). While there are valid uses for civil consent - which are listed in the next section - the demand for civil radicality ought to be fundamentally rejected allowing only radical civility to exist. The entirety of society ought to be constructed around the promotion of this ideal. It is also important to note that there may be gut reactions to what is promoted. Amplifying others can be seen as conflicting with the natural tendency of humanity via preservation of legacy, but this incorporates an unrecognized mythos: competition is necessary. This need for competition will occur in any non-egalitarian civility, otherwise it would advocate for everyone being promoted without bias. As an alternative, if competition is unneeded due to all absolute essentials being relative essentials (i.e. living in a post-"scarcity of needs" environment), then preservation of legacy is optimized when the disempowered in a community can be securely protected under the community's civility (i.e. radical civility is foundational). Expectations of Civil Consent and Propaganda The only way for civil consent to be utilized under the authority of radical civility is to promote unestablished legacies while rejecting the infrastructure (eg. mythoi or virtues) that they align with. Recalling that these infrastructures are defenses of legacies and not legacies themselves, it ought be up to the constructed consent to determine which legacies can coexist within the current society and which fundamentally contradict. This of course takes a strong community consciousness in spite of praise or damnation that comes with civilities of the past. Two embedded viewpoints must be pointed out before we continue: First - a hope: if mythoi are torn down then it is assumed that constructed consent will find a way to allow all legacies to coexist (under the condition that normality includes "survival"). It is only with this belief that ongoing critiques of situations are useful and radical consent ought never be opposed (since there is a single shared reality we can all operate under). In this way, internalizing the experiences of the subnormal will allow everyone to become radical and normality can be universally met. In short - under this assumption, subcommunities will promote each other. Alternatively, if this existentially incorrect and multiple realities essentially exist, then constructed consent will dictate a partitioning of these realities; both thriving independently even though - in spite of being the most optimal solution - they will periodically clash. Nevertheless, even if this hope is flawed, the following restrictions on civility will optimize normality to ensure everyone has the greatest chance at liberty and preservation of legacy. Second - a warning: civility will always exist. Even if minimal, local communities cannot be stopped from protecting themselves and fighting for metaphysical resources (including absolute essentials) when lacking. Even when appealing to point 8 (promote the value system) and point 2 (critique situations), we should always employ point 1 (don't critique people) since no one single accuser knows all the information. It should follow that in the ideal society there are institutional reminders that limiting individual legacies is exclusively the responsibility of constructed consent and the undercurrent of local civility should be rebuked when possible. Most of the following expectations will be fundamentally unrecognizable to how governments currently are implemented and ultimately the amount of power that comes with these prescriptions should be answerable to the community via unapologetic expectation for transparency and data driven honesty. Any and all evaluators - from media to united groups to individuals - ought to be given the means and expectation to verify the propaganda they are given (assuming it is not causing harm to the community) without recourse. The only reason these are considered "civil expectations" is due to the amount of effort and coordination that is needed to accurately provide the necessities listed. Relative Amount of Resources In order to allow constructed consent to be the dictating factor of society, there must be an ability to establish normality for a population as a baseline. In the same way, establishing normality relies on the ability to differentiate between relative essentials and excess. For that reason alone, communities must have accurate descriptions concerning the resources relative to the population. While it is easiest to identify the status of material resources, it would be assumed that identifying the distribution status of metaphysical resources (respect, community acceptance, ethical inclusion, etc) should also be attempted. Without this being reported for the entire community, normality can never be established beyond local knowledge (if it can be known at all). Lacking trust in this knowledge will lead to the combination of assumptions and apprehension of the future; necessitating competition at the expense of cooperation. Further, having segrigated normalities will ensure that communities will fracture when different ways of life are justified as appropriate and deserved - from solitude to slavery to excess. Therefore, a community cannot exist without a trusted normality that everyone in the community can achieve. To ensure that all unilateral trust is not without merit and can be verified by the community if in doubt; the production, logistics, means of distribution, and means of exchange must all be verifiably transparent. Further, a predefined benchmark - which undergoes mandatory regular review by the community for critique - should be the extent of which the reports ought to be condemned (lest excessive expectations can be used to promote individual legacy and point 7 is violated). So if the holder reports that an element can or cannot be distributed, the population can depend on the knowledge provided to indicate what ought to be expected or (alternately) to which community the conversation of distribution ought apply and why others were neglected. In spite of the optimal situation - i.e. the community appropriately distributing relative essentials in an efficient and effective manner - part of the reporting of elements should include redistributing empowerment for arch holders. No other entity in the community could verify this knowledge nor ensure that arch holders were restrained from institutionalizing themselves via manufactured limitations. In the event that an arch holder consistently neglects distribution to subnormal communities, it should be those neglected communities that are given the means to promote a new holder. Which brings the next point… Subculture Status Regular announcements need to be distributed about the status of different subgroups with the intent of identifying those that are subnormal or have excess. The categorization of the "subgroups" should not be stagnant, but statistically driven based on an "official" publicly scrutinized rubric that goes through regular reviews and is adjusted appropriately (as with the review of resource reporting). Any statistical outliers found either to have increased or decreased normality will be highlighted so constructed consent can be informed and can best figure out how to increase normality for the entire community. Those with excess will be expected to platform members identified living in the least comfort and normalize their voice - not by speaking over them - but by submitting to their narrative and normalizing their language (since it is only through that which their plight can be fully expressed). The more normalized the communication of subnormal communities becomes, the more they can be understood and the more their legacy construction can be amplified. The rubric for identifying these outliers ultimately needs to be accepted by the larger community which are - at the very least - represented by experts to ensure that exclusive or excessive communities do not end up being amplified. The reason for this need is simple: subcommunities of civility will seek to become metaphysically stable. As such traditional appeals to perception bias and legacy preservation of authorities will naturally create locally exclusive civilities. These will vilify and dehumanize those less "civil" than themselves. Since the justification of the metaphysical protection is only knowable by the constructed consent (regardless of what civility may claim), it is the job of the global civility to treat all subcommunities as valid and equal which will limit the exclusivity of the subcommunites (since these civilities must conform with the greater one). Legacy analysis dictates that this will lead to a strengthening of radical civility's virtues (community cohesion and influence of constructed consent). In the event that local civilities cannot coexist in the same ideological space, it is important to identify shared legacies. The more that cooperation can be achieved between conflicting local civilities, the more the conflicting mythoi and structures will be forced to adapt to avoid conflict. For this reason, universal diplomacy and cooperation should be advocated for. Of course, this will only apply to the "citizens of radical civility". There may be external civilities that either choose not to conform to radical civility or have yet to adopt it. While individuals can and should cooperate with these external groups, it is a responsibility of civility to inform the public what to expect and how to best interact with them. Therefore… External Expectations Assuming that civility can appropriately manage the expectations of absolute essentials and the perception of others, it is assumed that constructed consent will best analyze how to optimize normality if left uninfluenced. For this reason, there is one last expectation of civility: protect the community from conflicting external civilities. It is not up to the institutionalized mythoi or virtues of the community to dictate which new legacies are conflicting, therefore - like all other expectations - the scope will be to strictly inform on the relationships of other civilities based on a predetermined rubric and to have a method laid out of how to defend if attacked (either physically or ideologically). Without this, outside civilities are empowered to influence the inner analysis, either by manipulation or force, to conform with their own metaphysical needs. While this cannot happen at the local level (since perception bias will cause them to neglect other subcommunities) it is necessary for individuals to report their own experiences. This will keep civility from becoming stagnant, ensure any historic civil mythoi can be deconstructed, and remind local civility holders that trust should not be betrayed lest their legacy become one of mistrust. While including new legacies should universally be promoted so that the liberty of the community can continue to grow, a forced inclusion will strain the local metaphysical stability which will cause exclusionary civil mythoi and structures to form. Since new legacies are always promoted by civilities with preformed institutions, virtues, and mythoi; it must be made clear that the legacies will be accepted while the exclusive aspects of civility are invalid. Much like an invasive species, a community without pre-established defenses will easily be overtaken. The population must therefore be prepared with information; constructed consent cannot evaluate how to best react to the legacies without knowing the expected metaphysical resources and where there is a conflict to existing legacies. While it is ideal to unite with these external communities and allow constructed consent to reestablish normality for everyone (hopefully - but not necessarily - through increasing it), the acceptance must always come from the community with a lower level of normality and submission from the higher. The more comfortable the community, the more stable, and therefore - the more institutionalized their civility and mythos will be. This will often not be obvious since it is harder for the stable community to understand the needs of the subnormal and - like always - radical civilly ought to be universally employed. The product of any collaboration with an external community should always be considered excess so constructed consent is never manipulated into being dependent on an invasive legacy that aims to influence inherent civil consent. In this way, there will be more desire to construct a common non-harmful civility that both communities operate under which will foundationally - increase normality for everyone. Clashing Subcultures Identifying civility optimization is relatively straightforward: provide information and an avenue for community organization if needed. Addressing public optimization will be a bit different since subcommunities all have internal struggles, changes of needs, unforeseen experiences, and so many other events that can manipulate legacy construction. The following, therefore, will not be a subscription based on needs, but on the empowerment of the most suppressed communities so that analysis via constructed consent will include as many as possible. As initially stated, it is assumed that once civility has been adequately suppressed from influencing constructed consent, an equilibrium of metaphysical security can be obtained for every covered legacy. Using this understanding, the clashing of subcultures will not be solved by promoting civil responses to disagreements, but the destruction of civil structures and mythoi that are initially the source of the radicality. Critiques of Civility Knowing which communities are the most subnormal is vital. For that reason communication within the community, especially those that share different legacies, needs to be both normalized and expected. The experiences of these communications should align with the expectations that are produced within civility. When they don't, it is important to express the radical critique thereby influencing constructed consent. While initially this critique of civility is necessarily based on anecdotal experiences and communal trust in civility will not be affected; if constructed consent is to remain the authority of the community, each individual should desire to prioritize appealing to the misrepresented subgroups directly so that the radical critique can become a radical consent. Multiple independent verifications via first hand experience of the misrepresentation is necessary for constructed consent to hold civility accountable and remove the holder if necessary. By extension, neglecting to voice a subnormal status will ensure that constructed consent cannot advocate for an appropriate corrective action. As stated initially, radical consent cannot be individualistic, and therefore necessitates community advocacy to be considered within the social analysis. Once normality has been established - it is vital for ALL people who live in subnormal conditions to have both the opportunity and ability to express their situation so that radical consent can grow. Unlike the prescription of civility (which is to amplify knowledge and expectation of normality), it is the duty of the community to ensure civility will institutionalize as few mythoi as possible. With that in mind, civility ought always be rejected if a radical consent becomes known. This will not always result in constructed consent promoting the legacy living in subnormal conditions (there will always be legacies harmful to the particular community), but - without the chance to be evaluated - liberty will stagnate. Even though this is expected within radical civility, it is important to see continued justification for it. Holding Civility Accountable It is important to point out that scarcity of needs necessitates authority. The reasoning for this is built into what has already been discussed: scarce elements are definitionally excess even if they are universal essentials. Excess isn't naturally deserved by anyone, so - without an authority to dictate civility and holders - people will acquire excess through competition. In that situation, survival will render constructed consent invalid since perception bias and preservation of legacy (the axioms of life discussed originally) are expected to dictate actions within a competitive environment. To put it more simply, the community would devolve into a competition for the excess element (ie life), which is definitionally a deathmatch. To be clear, competition is a valid means of excess acquisition between communities or persons where - and this cannot be stressed enough - normality includes survival. It is up to communities to decide if the motivation, inspiration, and other virtues that competition leads to will benefit society and whether those benefits are unique to a competitive environment. It is important to note, if survival is normalized and everyone accepts that excess ought not be demanded then the competition is fundamentally voluntary and arch has little material power to influence the community. Without the ability to influence the constructed consent - there is no reason to view archy as a threat. Contrasting this, when survival cannot be distributed, if a community is to retain any cohesion, an agreed authority must exist to optimize and regulate distribution. As with all hierarchies though, in an ideal society the archy must exist to eliminate the need of it's own position. Beyond - and often in spite of - the distribution of the scarcity in question, authorities will strive to institutionalize their own legacy, which is in contrast to point 7 above (one ought not strive for excess). Regardless of what ought to happen, it is ignorant to expect arch holders to deny their axiomatic driver (preservation of legacy). Therefore, once arch is acknowledged, it is important to establish how much of a dependency can be created by the archy. The bigger the dependency, the sooner the mandatory removal of the holder. It is not unreasonable for a community to change holders every few years. The more the holder is seen as necessary to the position, the more reason they have to be removed since they are institutionalizing themselves. This doesn't mean that the new holder cannot utilize the old, but just that the ability to influence constructed consent must be negated as much as possible. Additionally, it is important to realize that - at the point of identification - the position (holder) is definitionally excess. In the same way that no one is singularly equipt to be a cook, no person is singularly equipt to be a holder. The best cooks train for years under other experts, but they aren't afraid to use their own experience to create a better outcome; the same goes for holders. The position of holder should not be conflated with a person's identity for the population or the holder themselves. If this is conflated then this will necessarily harm the community since any opposition will be seen as an attack and civil institutions and mythoi will be constructed. It is the community's responsibility to reject this conflation and to demand the holder be removed due to lack of trust. Representation and Partitioning Civility Due to the nature of civility, it is expected that the most influential historical legacies are going to have the most luxury and privilege. Rejecting this trend is as necessary as it is difficult. There will always be a desire to reference hyperbolic exceptional success stories from subnormal groups in order to individually blame subnormal communities for systemic civil failures. While completely in line with the expected response to an unaddressed civil mythos, these references are ridiculous since - by definition - outliers are not representative of those that are harmed. While every individual is accountable for their own influence and responsibility within constructed consent, many will still empower overlooked civility due to ignorance. Understanding this, we can see that it is necessary to systemically ensure the civil structures are explicitly limited. It may be redundant, but the emphasis is needed to ensure that the following point is justified: those in sub-normal conditions must have the most influence. Even the most egalitarian society will fall prey to protectionism and stagnation left to its own design. To offset that inertia directly, promotion of those which have the direct knowledge of radical critiques need to be prioritized. While excess ought not be demanded, it is part of radicality to promote representation that can correctly identify the changes needed to offset the civil harm and increase normality. This fundamentally - is how radical civility and the systemic increase of normality is accomplished. While it is ultimately up to the community how to best implement this promotion of the subnormal, it is important to recognize the following: normality will be increased when those with the most influence have the motivation and interest to do so. The best way to ensure this is for those with influence and direct ability to make changes to be personally promoted when normality is increased. Also, representatives shouldn't have large platforms; they should be dictated by constructed consent, not helping civility to institutionalize itself further. This leads us to the following suggestions: - Those that have a platform to influence constructed consent ought not be representatives. - Those that are representatives ought to live a life of normality without excess. - Those that live with substantial excess ought not have a platform which can influence constructed consent. The best indicator for the optimization of a community is how often representation will shift to align with the recommendations above. If normality is achieved by everyone then there will be no need to appeal to these restrictions since civility is trusted and holders are held accountable by the representatives that promote their community. Alternatively, If normality is not set or society has been divided fundamentally into different categories, then it will be impossible to abide by the recommendations at all (since civil "reality" will conflict with the virtues of radical civility). Education It cannot be denied that the mythoi and civility of a community is promoted most in the youth. Indoctrination is unavoidable and undeniable. It creates an ideological direction that will take decades to overcome assuming that it can be at all. For this reason, cooperation with those of different communities and ability to question civility must be part of that indoctrination. Beyond encouraging the acceptance of others through education (which should be universally supported), any type of civility must be rejected when possible to undermine intentional bias. That said, there are specific topics that need attention to ensure that radical civility is ingrained into the worldview the children create (which is necessary via point 8: instruct the population). Language Conversational - Language is the only tool that grants the ability to differentiate others from our own existential selves, values, beliefs, plights, and anything else that gives our identity meaning. We cannot respect those as independent and equal that we cannot identify, so language is necessary for cooperation (as opposed to assimilation or rejection). The more language we have to identify differences, the more respect we can have for things that are not ourselves. The ability to communicate in as much detail and with as many concepts as we can capture, the better. It should not only be proposed that language be expanded during indoctrination, but also (using local and forgien texts) during the lifetime in which we are constructing our world view. Logic - The ability to reason should be treated as a language. Utilizing it as a way to experience the metaphysical should not be refined to a system of rules, but an exploration of the unknown systems to be discovered. All of practical mathematics or other rule based systems should be treated in this same way. These structured descriptions should be recognized as a fluid way of describing the world that may not accurately represent the way the world is, but instead extremely useful descriptions of metaphorical objects and supplemental precise explanations where conversational language fails. Epistemology History - Narrative history is ripe with the potential for propaganda and for this reason it should be avoided. Instead of dictation of stories of great men and actions, there needs to be a more objective focus: how history was captured or discovered, what led to the narratives around our understanding, and the skepticisms that both came with it and were identified later. It may be questioned why the risk is worth it, but practical knowledge of the past is one of the best ways to understand how legacies can be tracked and how they can be expected to proceed. Analysis - Just as much as knowledge of the past is needed to understand reality, so is the ability to understand the situations that surround us. It is necessary to be proficient while constructing, consuming, and presenting statistics and reports (especially those that will be produced by civil sources) for the sake of critique and the ability to be well informed. Being both comfortable reading and skeptical of any lacking data is valuable for analyzing the reality around us through combatting the internalization of perception bias, propaganda, and general fiction. Critical Thought - While it's never possible to combat personal civility internally; being able to find evidence conflicting to one's own narrative, determine it valid, and critically utilize it to remove our own bias is as close as we can come. Without learning this skill, we are doomed to be trapped by the perception bias our beliefs create. Sociology Social Expectations - In the same way that a community needs to have an understanding of other legacies, so do students. This includes their own community (spoken about without praise or promotion) as well as others (without unfounded criticism). Students should be trained with the ability to determine what a community values and how to identify the norms that are often assumed. Biology should also be expressed as a way of contrasting other animals to ourselves and an indication that analyzing biology/social processes requires an identification of conflict and the ability to dissociate. Religion - While religions should not be imposed nor treated as the single truth to follow, it is important to see how religion is reflected in culture. Since these structures tend to define knowledge and world views more than - arguably - any other institution, it is just as important to have an understanding of how they originated, what they believe, what caused them to succeed, and how culture affected them throughout their lifecycle. Morality - Similar to religion, the civil morality that has been institutionalized by different cultures throughout history is important to recognize to see how it helped to influence communities over time. Comparisons and contrasts of values can help to establish what causes some cultures to flourish and others to bring about internal and global conflict. Self Reflection Social Legacy Analysis - Understanding that persons are driven by legacy, it is vital to be able to decrypt the different levels of legacy influence that persons will encounter in their day to day lives. For the sake of increased ability to recognize and avoid civil entrapment as well as being able to identify the combinations of legacies that will create the "self" as opposed to "others", it is important to learn to be both knowledgeable and critical of the legacies we are influenced by. Mental Health - Perception bias will always dictate that any given person is the most normal person that person can know. In fact, the only solid truth that any person will ever be able to depend on is "I am real". For this reason it must be taught to reject this idea and treat yourself as atypical so that we can treat others as equals. This takes reflection and - more importantly trust in multiple external evaluators. This trust must come from a place of basic training and the expectation to be able to be understood without judgement. Discovery A Posteriori - Our perspective on reality (like everything) is dependent on our perception bias, which makes it a delusion. Without proper focus and training, it is extremely easy to reject shared experiences that are in contrast with that delusion. Testing of shared experiences and the exploration of the non-delusional world must be promoted if perception bias is to be countered efficiently. This practical adjustment to our own constant delusions to help it align more with the delusion of others is practically useful and necessary for cooperation (as well as advancing the predictive and developmental knowledge that the community has). A Priori - While practical critical evaluation using an a posteriori method is necessary, it will also inevitably result in self contradictions. These contradictions on their own are not problematic and people tend to live with them constantly, but they are often used to protect perception bias that needs to be disregarded. Only through the assumption that reality is non-contradictory does any discovery or reflection have meaning. Indoctrination to this mindset (internal consistency is a "good") is preferable to the alternative, since - without it - cooperation is meaningless and legacies cannot be preserved. Therefore, axiomatic systems - no matter how impractical - must be a topic of discovery to ensure that one is well versed in philosophical exploration. Overcoming Perception Bias The greatest hurdle for empowering an egalitarian society will always be combating the fear of domination from an outside force. Whether metaphysical resources are lost due to forced replacement or changed internally, the fear that legacies will be abandoned is ever present. It is nice to believe that the acceptance of radical civility would combat this fear (since civil critique leads to the normalization of metaphysical subjectification), but questioning the commitment to being protected by acceptance will always be an expected philosophical doubt. The reason this is fundamentally a challenge is the metaphysical resources that the legacies have become dependent on will be put at risk. Other civilities (that may not ensure as much protection) could become more influential. This "paradox of tolerance" must be recognized as a rejection of the fundamentals of legacy analysis operating under radical civility: all subservient civilities necessarily will be forced to adopt the metaphysical resources of the dominant civility. In the case of a society that promotes radical civility, all subservient civilities must adopt inclusion. If - on the other hand - the threatening civility denies the dominant metaphysical resources of radical civility (i.e. acceptance) then it will be forced to recruit a radical community under an exclusionary metaphysics. This will inherently be rejected by community consciousness (as long as those being excluded are part of the analysis). So the "threat" is only a risk if it can become the dominant civility which cannot happen in an ideal society (i.e. when normality - which includes survival - is knowable and achievable to everyone). Due to all this, it is a worthy - but ultimately impossible - endeavor to combat perception bias directly, the best way to react to the threats of other civilities is to identify the potential harm that is caused by your own. Reflecting on the radical critiques (especially those that are the hardest to support) will identify unfair perception bias you may hold and what aspects of reality need reevaluation. Through cooperation, the civil mythoi will adapt and the civil structures will be deconstructed. This will take time and the ability to relinquish the metaphysical needs will vary causing conflict, but this contrast of metaphysical resources can be separated from the civility that protects it. Through cooperation (whether operating under radical civility or not); civility becomes impotent, enemies become peers, and perception bias becomes less influential. As a final reminder, it again must be reemphasized that - within a predefined conversation those below the state of normality or that in which normality doesn't include life cannot be expected to act in accordance with the value system proposed. The comfortable - and therefore stable - must always succumb to the sub-normal (as long as no absolute essentials become excess) lest the subnormal become justifiably radical. Implementation Relevant definitions - Legacy: motivator of the existential self identity which can be used as a vehicle for immortality - Civil: inherent community approval - Radical: Motivating or acting in opposition to inherent community approval - Civil Radicality: expecting social critiques to be limited to civil action - Radical Civility: expecting a community to oppose inherent approval - Liberty: The ability to critique our own motivators and the truth of our perceived reality. - Alterable: in a variant state of being relative to the discussion - Population: all objects (except for possibly a statistically insignificant set of outliers) in a system which are alterable - Person: a member of the population that fulfills the axioms for life - Element: non-person member of the population that can be added or removed by will - Absolute essential: an element that is required for a person to live - Excess: an element that is not an absolute essential lacking the capability to be distributed with all persons - Normality: the minimum expected state of all persons when excluding excess - Harm: causing normality to be unobtainable - Tragic: increases both normality and harm First and foremost it needs to be established that not all communities can achieve the ideal above. While the prescriptions laid out below will benefit any society (under the values already stated) and it is my belief that there is no ceiling to how close a community can come to approaching the ideal described, this should happen ONLY by constructed consent. To claim that every community will optimally benefit in the same way would be falling prey to perception bias and would be hypocritical in the context of this thesis. With that out of the way, the following are suggestions as to how to adjust a society in the most organic way. Define the Conversation The primary precondition to increasing social normality is to first identify the current state of that normality. Thus - according to the definition - the population and the conversation must be established both for the sake of internal understanding of values and needs in addition to the understanding of external communication and influence. To clarify further, if two people are conversing about two populations, a single normality cannot be established which will render any agreement impossible. For this reason, prior to any attempt at optimization, the community needs to be well defined. Due to the benefit of excluding a population so that normality can be increased for the rest, extra care should be made to ensure the conversation isn't limited once established. While there are some that will feel compelled to abandon radical civility for more objectified metaphysics (thereby adopting an external conflicting civility); once a community has adopted the metaphysical dictation of radical civility, it would undermine the entire philosophy for it to be abandoned. It falls on the community consciousness to work with them and ensure that the local civilities can coexist, but the civil coverage should never be reduced. For example, a wealthy community can intentionally impoverish slaves while still considering the entire community very comfortable, but this is only done for justification. Additionally, this has the added effect of setting the impossible expectation that slaves can achieve a normality that cannot be distributed to them. It therefore stands that - instead of excluding the slave community - they must be included within the conversation initially (even if those who benefit from them will object due to their own exclusive civility) so that any difference in expectations between peers will become apparent and challenged. Build Community Consciousness Once the population has been defined, it is vital to build an understanding of others on their terms. "On their own terms" does not mean that expertise or values should be discarded (even though those may play a role in unfair expectations), but instead to reject - as much as possible - any "personal civility" or "personal mythos" that has the potential of causing unintentional harm within the community. When everyone engages through a lens of radical civility, cooperation will lead to acceptance and community cohesion. Establish normality While being ignorant of a subcommunity's status, it is easy to assume what normality should be (which is used to justify both imperialism and oppression when left unaddressed). Initially, only universal plights should be acted on: material needs and knowledge which will support self preservation that can be gifted while other metaphysical needs remain unknown. It should be - nonetheless - anticipated, especially when historic civility necessitates a mythos of protectionism, that this course will be seen as a threat. Whether it be "immoral" dependencies (e.g. the exploitation of subcommunities) or exotic resources, if previous outside civilities overpowered the local metaphysics and attempted to subjectify them, any altruistic cooperation may be misidentified as a hostile attack on the community. Extending inclusion of these civilities into the established conversation will either result in conflict or - in some cases - empower harm. To reduce the former and avoid the latter, cooperation should always be promoted with the requirement of establishing normality to ensure that radical civility can guide the interaction. To accomplish this, any myths of inherent inequality should be disallowed during the cooperation and - additionally - ensuring that anyone expected to work more is educated on radical civility (both of these will be discussed more later). While cooperation may include aspects of the local exclusive civility, the promotion will draw attention to any inherent internal power dynamics within the endeavor (including the protectionist mythos) and increase any radicality when it applies. With the possible exception of taking up residency and being indoctrinated within the local civility, any outsider is subject to perception bias and can only know a limited amount of the plights and needs of another community. Even the most altruistic of invasive groups can be oppressive through ignorance. Understanding normality (both establishing and readjusting) should always take a primary focus within the conversation so knowing how to increase it can be organically optimized. External Civilities For the sake of community identity, it is important to establish philosophical boundaries when a population refuses to be submissive to radical civility. In other words, no group - even one's own - can be required to restrict legacy acceptance except through their own community's constructed consent. For this reason, it is tragically sound to fear cooperation with communities that have an increased state of normality than one's own. Cooperating on their terms will almost always have the effect of demanding their civility be respected to the harm of others (since their internal normality will be reduced if subnormal groups are promoted due to acceptance). When interacting, even in the case of devout advocates for radical civility, other civilities may satisfy an unmet metaphysical need producing sympathy and a radical critique. Individually this may not seem harmful, and - practically - may not be when considering the wider community, but the critique should be considered through the lens of constructed consent before that conclusion can be determined. Regardless - due to the inherent subjectivity of radical civility any civil sympathies (e.g. mythoi or civil structures) that accompany the radical critique should be rejected entirely. For this reason it needs to be required that advocates of the community take mandatory breaks so they can evaluate if they are internalizing civil conflicts (either subtle or explicitly hostile) to others that are silent in the external community. There are instances when the internal community will generate an exclusive civility. When this happens (either through rejecting new knowledge, technological advances, or anything else), the defenders of limiting the allowable legacies will - by definition - no longer be participating in radical civility and therefore become self imposed ideological outcasts. While cooperation should still be promoted (to both expand mythos and undermine their desire for exclusion), they should be treated as any other civility that will cause harm by unintentionally (or - in nefarious situations - intentionally) invalidating portions of the population. Expand acceptability Everything discussed so far will be a necessary hindrance to building community consciousness. From not being able to permanently pin down a normality, to being cautious of other civilities and the resulting rifts, a community can always find a reason not to reach out to others. Stagnation of a community is a safe way to build legacy and strengthen the civility needed for survival, but this will in turn objectify the community's ideological boundaries to the point of rejecting others. While this does not necessarily contradict radical civility, since all radical voices within the ideological boundary can still be promoted, it is unlikely that consideration of new legacies will be considered within the constructed conversation. The fear associated with new potential threats will likely necessitate rejection and further strengthening of civility in light of the potential for harm. As such, the need to fight stagnation is always virtuous, even if - and especially if - one has to be radical to do so. There is a warning with continually expanding the conversation: forcing civil radicality onto a new resistant group fundamentally contradicts the theory and should be universally rejected. There will be an urge to argue that expanding the conversation and - by extension - adjusting normality to incorporate an excessive community is an "ought" according to the value system, but this is flawed. By definition, normality within an outgroup is unknowable since it lacks the ability to participate in constructed consent and negotiate the rubric establishing how "excess" is determined. While perception bias may dictate that there is no scenario in which the civility of that community necessitates a need for such excess to preserve legacies, only through cooperation can that be known. In summary, it is vital to always look for shared overlap among external legacies and one's own civility instead of focusing on the need for defense. Like relatively close geographic allies sharing material influences, ideological descendants of the same civility will almost assuredly have shared legacies that can be appealed to. An argument for stagnation or forced inclusion will lead to an undermining of radical civility. Deconstruction of Civility After establishing the scope of a conversation and normality can be relatively established, it is important to reflect on the civilities involved to ensure all known legacies are included. Where they exist, exclusive civilities cannot simply be disregarded due to the influence and dependency that the peoples have internalized. While inertia is a force within constructed consent that requires cultural influence and time to alter, authorities (which include institutions) will seek to uphold the civil authority and stagnate any change. While many of these authorities are obvious, it is vital for the members of radical groups to identify and reject their specific representatives that are invalidating their plight in the general community. Due to perception bias, those protected by civility will promote any false representatives that support civil radicality, which is of course detrimental to the liberty of the exploited radicals. As a reminder, the scope of the conversation must dictate the narrative. The outright rejection of radical consent due to a single dissenting voice (even if it is a "representative") is harmful. This will further institutionalize the current subnormal plight being identified by the radical community as acceptable; artificially increasing normality and attempting to restrict the community. Whether it be through ignorance or an adjusted narrative, the civil conformity coming from the representative must be seen by the radical community as a declaration that they are no longer capable of accurately fulfilling their role. If constructed consent is to become empowered, the radical consent must be prioritized above these fallacious representatives and - as a community - they must be systematically opposed. Only by replacing them with someone more suitable (chosen explicitly by the radical community) can the radical critique be given a platform and heard. In the same way civil radicality must be rejected by necessity, so must existing instances of radical civility be promoted. While civil authorities - by definition - cannot be radical, they can refine the boundaries of civility. Whether an increase of normality be promoted through: providing the status of their represented community, the advocacy of cooperation within conflicting communities, or bringing attention to growing radical consents; these reporting standards ought to be praised regardless of the civil source. While the community will be tempted to fall prey to universal dependence on the authorities (leading to a willing acceptance of misrepresentation and a advocation of silence regarding civil failings), it must be remembered that representatives are the holders of archy (elements needed for distribution) and ought to be treated as such. It is therefore the responsibility of harmed groups to identify themselves within the broader community to both give validity to the civil reports and show contradicts when they arise. Regardless, universal promotion and universal hostility of civil representation is counter to the information that the constructed consent needs for analysis regarding any radical considerations and absolutes are just as harmful as silence. Deconstructing Mythoi Where critique of civil constructors (i.e. authorities) is necessary to ensure normality is being increased within their represented group, they are easy to identify and relatively simple to change. Mythoi on the other hand are often synonymous with the community identity itself, so identifying them is only possible through contrast when that contrast exists at all. Hopefully through understanding of how embedded these narratives can be, it is transparent how influential they are. If not, consider this question: how does one acknowledge harm when that harm is synonymous with being moral? Cultural mythoi and the overarching tropes used to embed lessons into a community must be reflected on when identified, and no civility is excluded from this - especially one's own. While they are expected to generally align with the broader community in terms of virtues and fears, the contrasts will provide insight into the (possibly historic) subconscious civility specific to the community it comes from. It is vital for these differences to be observed and discussed to see why the differences exist (or - optimistically - existed) - especially when educating/indoctrinating lest they become internalized. Only by making this identification can constructed consent become empowered. It is also expected that these stories will be defended more than most other arbiters of civility. By their very nature they carry with them the integrity of the community that holds them. Understanding the appeal of the stories (from the hyperbolized conflicts that are overcome to the immortalized virtues declared through the material/ideological bastions the villain seeks to destroy), the subconscious objective reality which the mythoi intended to portray is a better representation of the community identity than the laws or philosophy that has been generated. For anyone unable to actualize the conflicting mythological differences (either due to community cohesion or existential answers) it will be impossible to partition them from their relative truth. For these, a carefully constructed alternative mythos is necessary. The need for careful construction when creating any alternative is due to three necessary traits: the inclusion of current local civility, the intentional and obvious change to the conflicting aspects, and - most importantly - an embedded self contradiction. The first point - which includes a sense of respect - is necessary for the new mythos's acceptance. The second is to introduce the necessary critique to the forefront of the community conversation. The last is to ensure an underlying critique of mythoi and the rejection of civility is always acknowledged. Defining Success Up until this point, economics has not been a focus. The reason for this is simple: currency - in relation to the axioms of life that have been assumed - is not an influential force but simply another civil institution. While it is often necessary to be used as a standard metric surpassing geographical and resource diversification, wealth has no direct relation to the preservation of the existential self nor community consciousness. In this way, the economy is a farcical illusion of material empowerment with no ideological differences from the legacies it seeks to empower. Thus, treating fiscal gain as an exceptional form of success will be rejected. Instead the discussion of success - within current culture - will reflect the core of what people utilize money, power, fame, influence, or any other cultural currency for: the institutionalization of their own legacy often in spite of everyone else's. Striving for this success is (I hope at this point) obviously flawed. If success is promoted culturally as a virtue, all constructed consent will be skewed to reflect the empowered legacies above all. Since promotion of one's own legacy is axiomatic for life and will exist regardless of promotion, it is therefore a failure of any community to empower the fascistic desire to exclusively honor a single one. There is only one clear alternative for those that promote radical civility: to civilly redefine success to be "the amount that one increases normality within the greatest conversation imaginable". Empowerment of Radical Consent While radical civility dictates that the institutional limitations of legacies be rejected, without an avenue for radical consent to be respected and heard, a limited civility is meaningless. This section will be a bit redundant in respect to the rest of this thesis, but the points will continue to be reiterated for the sake of both completeness and reinforcement. With the realization that the critiques within a community cannot be understood sufficiently through civil discourse (since any plight promoted through civility cannot - by definition - be radical), it is not enough to only listen to "official" or widespread platforms. Invalidation of any radical movement will inevitably cause a conflict and - by extension - diminish everything associated with community consciousness (e.g. a collaborating population or a common identification of normality). As such, radical identification, validation, and promotion is vital to ensure an empowered constructed consent. This can be accomplished by either experience or narrative. Experience is necessarily internalized and thus is more optimal but it is also more practically demanding. Cooperation with radical communities should therefore be universally strived for when it can be accomplished. When not possible, there should still be an attempt to platform the radical consent, preferably through representation of a native voice. Even though the audience of the narrative will not be able to fully comprehend the local plight, providing identification of the raw civil critique with the untranslated codex can at least be established as existing if not more significantly understood. For those that support radical civility, it is the end goal to ensure that radical representation is institutionalized as much as possible. Empowering those of your community that are familiar with - preferably through personal experience - the plights and needs of subnormal conditions will promote normality shared by everyone. This may seem conflicting since civility cannot represent radicality, but this concept encapsulates exactly that which radical civility hopes to accomplish: to address the radical critique before it ever becomes a consenting population. Expansion of Constructed Consent Assuming that all the above is achieved (identifying the conversation, establishing a relatively stable normality through community consciousness, minimizing civil oppression, and empowering the radical communities), the institutional support for the legacy preservation will have been demolished. Believing that this would cause the populace to partition into exclusive single legacies in spite of each other would be to reject the axiomatic assumption that life demands: preservation of legacy demands a community to be promoted. As such, it seems there is no alternative other than constructed consent to become empowered and to naturally thrive ensuring that the most inclusive set of legacies will be maintained. Fracture Avoidance There will always be a threat of external forces attempting to overtake a weakened civility and dictate the terms of the constructed consent. This is true whether the authoritative power believes it is deserving of fealty or allegiance or - conversely - it is promoting the "will of the people". Unlike civil consents - which can be manipulated and corrupted by charlatans and demagogues, a strong community consciousness must be dismantled before it can be effectively exploited. Attempting to undermine this practical medium of constructed consent (via institutionalizing mythoi, obscuring the conversation, or restricting acceptability) within local communities will shift the need for legacy preservation back to civility. Therefore, even under encroaching external civilities, the strength of radical civility comes from constant cooperation and acceptance between ideologically and materially different groups within the conversation. Every syllable, every action, every presentation is a vote within the direct democracy that is society for the reality that you want to exist. The more we relinquish this responsibility to civility, the more we condemn our peers to servitude. If everyone in society accepts agency to a reasonable degree, then it is impossible for any civility to become divisive unless authorities resort to material harm (be it physical or metaphysical - which includes economic coercion). If this harm is ever used to divide a community, it is the responsibility of the entire community to defend itself lest material harm be normalized. This bears repeating, since it not only strengthens the existing oppressive civility, but also seeks to exclude legacies that are currently defended. If this harm is ever used to divide a community, it is the responsibility of the entire community to defend itself lest material harm be normalized. Simple Examples Below are three simplified examples of how this praxis may be implemented. The first will address the case when normality is readjusted when new information is discovered. The last two will address how to react to new hostile civilities (subnormal and excessive). All will be simplified to only consider the inclusion of an additional street into an established community. Also the reader should not confuse the examples below as the only solution, but simply an example that likely will not work in all cases. Readjusting normality Consider the case that a family from the new street includes an unknown abusive relationship. It is a very real possibility that the abused will be ignorant of their situation or unable to speak about it, which is why cooperation with peoples beyond that of a representative should be the objective. Ideally the abuser would adjust to the pressures of the changing community and reflect the external promotion of those that need help; extending it to those that they previously abused. This should not be counted on though since the legacy of abuse has likely been institutionalized in the household as civil. The more likely scenario will be that the abuse is identified before the abuser succumbs to outside pressure and normality is redefined (via the community's civil reports) to establish "safety" or "non-abuse" as excessive within the community consciousness. The systematic obligation to increase normality will dictate that the abused be acknowledged as the one with the least excess (i.e. lacking safety). They should therefore be educated in the ways of radical civility and given influence to express the radical plight. With the reminder that civility should only be reporting of status, resources, and external relations or - alternatively holding those reportings accountable; the leverage that the abused holds will have the capability of systemic influence so any other similar unknown situations can be negated as well. If the abuser is reacting to either a lack of necessities or the opposite (testing power), this should be expressed so the community can understand and construct consent on how to react. While this will cause a readjustment to the perceived normality of the population, it is a necessary aspect of civility to relay the information of the population so constructed consent can thrive. It should be noted that realigning the community's understanding of excess will cause an (ignorant but expected) radical claim of reduced normality (aka harm). At this point, it is the community's responsibility to evaluate the radical experiences in spite of the civil (historically established) mythos of normality. It is also expected that they realize this revelation within normality is not the fault of the civil holders for adjusting to previously unknown information, but instead - the new advocate for radical civility should be praised for extending the community to include an overlooked subnormal voice. If radical civility is to thrive, such adjustments are natural and expected. If anyone rejects this realization via experience, their radical voice must be addressed as well to ensure that civility is not being manufactured or misrepresentative (in this case, the pushback would quickly fail). The truth of the situation is that correcting the faulty assumption of normality is not harmful but just a further understanding of the existing community. Hostile subnormal inclusion In this scenario, everyone on the newly included street knows about the abuse that is going on in one of the families and willfully overlooks it. Whether each person approves or not, it is considered uncivil to even try to identify the problem with the abuse. There is a trade off here: on one hand, it is easy to identify what normality has become and - on the other - the institutionalized acceptance of the abuse is already set in and normality will be harder to increase. In a sense, this civil consent must be treated as radical and the abusive actions must be treated as tragic. With this in mind, the population should cooperate with the holders of the radical community and try to understand the legacies that are needing to be supported while deconstructing the civil framework causing the harm. It may be beneficial to state the reminder: while legacies are individualistic preservation of an existential self, civilities affect communities and are exclusionary by definition. Legacies - it is therefore assumed - can always coexist, so the blame for harm should always be placed exclusively on civility that has institutionalized itself. Any ambassadors should make it clear that - within any cooperation - all legacies should be respected. For those advocating for radical civility, the ambassador should be personally aligning with the civility of the other culture when possible, but must always make a point to explicitly acknowledge the differences in mythoi and promote where one civility is more inclusive even if it is not their own. As this cooperation persists, the incorporation of this community will no longer be hostile to radical consent and will demand the abused be promoted (for the same reasons as the previous scenario). Hostile excessive inclusion In this scenario, the additional street has a local normality that is a strict increase from one's own. It must be recognized that to demand a broadening of their population is definitionally a demand to reduce their normality (which - when not chosen by local constructed consent - is harm). While the radically civil should strive to ensure this happens internally, the leverage is always on the side of the increased normality and - as such - any demand will be seen as oppression. It is suggested that cooperation still be attempted, but - since their civility likely demands fealty the conversation and the resulting normality should encompass everyone involved in the cooperation. If one starts demanding excess (e.g. more resources or leisure time than the norm), then cooperation must end. Similar to the previous scenarios, advocates must do their best to remain a radical voice and represent the radical civility of the unheard population. By extension, radical plights within the new civility should attempt to be understood and promoted (as long as they aren't generated from a civil perspective). But this interaction comes with an extra demand on those cooperating within the new environment: do not become expectant of the benefits that the heightened normality offers. These are - by definition - excessive within the greater community. Even though these may appear to give advantage to preserving one's own legacy, restricting the considerations of the population will ultimately harm others. To be honest though, this will likely have little effect. The cooperation with an excessive community is negligible without the promotion and accountability of holders that radical civility demands. While a deconstruction of their civility and mythos is helpful, it is more productive to increase the radically civil expectation and - with it - the objectified metaphysics it protects. As time goes on, radical consent within external civilities will grow causing either an abandonment to a more free community, an oppressive backlash from civility, or - inevitably - a demand for radical civility to be adopted. Regardless, cooperation with the new "street" will become more amenable over time. Anticipated Critiques Relevant definitions - Legacy: motivator of the existential self identity which can be used as a vehicle for immortality - Civil: inherent community approval - Radical: Motivating or acting in opposition to inherent community approval - Civil Radicality: expecting social critiques to be limited to civil action - Radical Civility: expecting a community to oppose inherent approval - Liberty: The ability to critique our own motivators and the truth of our perceived reality. - Alterable: in a variant state of being relative to the discussion - Population: all objects (except for possibly a statistically insignificant set of outliers) in a system which are alterable - Person: a member of the population that fulfills the axioms for life - Element: non-person member of the population that can be added or removed by will - Absolute essential: an element that is required for a person to live - Excess: an element that is not an absolute essential lacking the capability to be distributed with all persons - Normality: the minimum expected state of all persons when excluding excess - Harm: causing normality to be unobtainable In this section, expected push backs will be addressed from the aspect of different civilities that conflict with this thesis. While some are worth engaging in (because they are either based on ignorance or a common philosophical litmus test to judge systems by), others must simply be disregarded as axiomatically different or a hyperbolic situation which can make any system fail. Axioms/Value Collision Axiomatic differences are impossible to oppose. At best one can simply point out what the differences are and the resulting repercussions. What is harder is identifying the existence of differing axioms since most see no point in discussing "truth" that civility has embedded so severely that it has been objectified. While irritating, it is understandable that these remnant beliefs will be unquestionable due to the amount of mythos that have encrusted it through practicality. Most often the proposal that all truth is subject to perspective bias is easily dismissed due to "absurdism". Objective Virtues When rules - inherently constructed to empower a community - are presented as unbiased and foundational, it is expected that the community will internalize those rules. The more it could harm others, the more civility will attempt to objectify them to ensure there is no doubt of their inalienability. For this reason, there will always be a desire for many to take a practical stance on objective virtues - appealing to authorities to supply them through unquestionable divine providence so any harm that comes will not be their own fault but - instead - that of the "just" system. If the virtues are inconsistent (which is often the case with reactionary morality), that inconsistency needs to be pointed out, and hopefully an appeal to logic will be enough to sow doubt. If not, the best one can do is to determine where the values disagree with the 8 points of relative normality to see where there is any contradiction with "normality being normal". In the end, this can only be used to appeal to an open minded audience since one will rarely question their own "truth". Civilly Radical Unlike differences of morality, believing that civility or tradition should be promoted for its own sake cannot be reflected against morals since it is independent of them. The appeal to culture be it the ambiguous and situational "will of the people" or the promotion of those that "deserve it" - is a valid interpretation of how legacy analysis can stabilize (albeit, not one that leads to a "free" society - as shown above). If a person chooses to prioritize perception bias over empathy, they have been convinced that legacy should only be achieved through dictation (instead of being preserved through cooperation). This immediate critique of radical civility and disregard of constructed consent unfortunately cannot be refuted except to appeal to the tautology "normality ought be normal". It can also be shown to be practically flawed by questioning if the "will of the people" might desire self optimization over dictation. Human nature\Rights Radical Civility has an underlying theme of rejecting the autonomy of the individual. If the decisions we make are the result of cultural legacies that are forcing themselves onto us, it cannot be known which of our choices (if any) have been formulated by our independent character. This will rub many the wrong way. Free will While ultimately unknowable until we have the ability to revisit past events, many will hold on to the hope of free will for multiple different reasons. Whether it be a "need to blame" that comes with the responsibility of mistakes or simply a "pride of success", many have an existential dependence for legacy preservation to be a construction of which they or others must take ownership. It is interesting in these cases to see if they disagree with the concept of determinism within self preservation (can they question their own desire to persist) and what insinuation that observation offers regarding the more general justification of agency. Once that is introduced, extending that concept to immortality via legacy will result in the conclusion that "free will" is at best ambiguous. Individualism Similar to free will, the need to believe that individual success and failure is deserved has no practical difference from the desire to reject normality within the broader population. Whether it be the need for having an internal self worth or a desire to feel superior to others' failings, individualism is a defense of personal empowerment at the expense of others. As such, that false relative empowerment needs to be pointed out. No action is a singularity, but - instead part of a system. The claim that personal actions will have overbearing influence beyond all others is as misguided as the belief that a drop of water will cause a flood. Just as any single action has influence and can be a point of failure, all of them are. Once this is accepted, suggesting that promotion can be deserved for some but not others becomes invalid. Life, Liberty, and Land While a solid attempt at establishing a primitive form of cultural expectations, the source of these human rights (the things that we deserve) are granted directly by a supernatural source, typically imbued by a Divine that is not empirically knowable. It is therefore suspicious - to say the least - when this claim originates from positions of comfort (as it almost always does). It has already been shown that preservation of comfort will drive people to justify their comfort using mythoi, so to claim that this belief is essential seems to lack self awareness. It becomes a bit more transparent when the argument is rephrased as "other's rights end where my nose begins" (a common mantra for individualist freedom). This is a rejection that normality is a reflection of what a community can be and instead claims pre-determined baselines are necessary to establish what people deserve (regardless if it is achievable for everyone). If this is believed dogmatically, then all failings of others to achieve the dictated baseline will be justified through imagined plights or sins. It may be possible to show that these sins don't (and shouldn't) result in loss of rights or - alternatively - one could show that in a "sinless world" these graces of the Divine would still be the same as they are now: unequal. Fundamentally it contradicts the absolutism of the statement "normality should be normal". The logic is unlikely to land on those that use this argument since this mythos is reactionary: it is a defence of current comfort instead of a direct critique on radical civility. So even if the claim of "human rights" is refuted, they would still believe their comfort is essentially deserved. Mob Mentality The desire to believe that group consciousness will lead a group astray more often than one with direction is rooted in the concept of individual intelligence and rationality. If it is accepted that a collective is more analytical than a person, then much of the mythos behind the futuristic entrepreneur or the spontaneous genius driving progress would be undermined. When the issue of mob mentality is raised, it is important to show that optimization is not the same as universalization in legacy preservation so harmful civilities are rightfully rejected. Trust is put into the "mob" because no individual or group can account for the needs of everyone. It is therefore up to the rejected civility to either adapt to radical civility or establish a critique of an underlying civil legacy that people can empathize with; building radicality. Since all legacies can optimally coexist within radical civility, it is claimed - via legacy analysis - that non-exclusive civilities will be accepted to further objectify the community's metaphysical resources. So mob mentality is not actually a critique of radical civility, but an argument for it: mobs that abandon constructed consent but act on the behest of civil dictations will cause harm. In truth, this critique is primarily used by the comfortable to ensure that their own civility will continue to be respected in spite of it being known to harm the rest of the community. With this in mind, the population being considered must remain stagnant (as opposed to being reduced to an ambiguous "them") and the appeal must always be made to increasing normality (as defined by radical civility) for that set of people despite expectations of any single individual. Different Premises There can be a rejection of legacy analysis based on a perception of how reality is structured. In other words, if someone has a fundamentally different belief about the metaphysical atoms of the universe, then legacies themselves could be dismissed. As with differing axioms, asserting the following foundations cannot be addressed directly since they fundamentally reject the language being used. Materialism If materialism is the driving force behind everything, then consciousness, philosophy, ideology and legacy are simply "sound and fury" not worth discussing. Even someone offering this critique is fundamentally contradicting their own assertion since the understanding of words will be relatively meaningless. Religion Unless a person is willing to argue "free will" or "objective virtues", using a belief in a higher power as a critique is a distraction. While religion is an institution that necessitates both a civility and a mythos, the underlying critique will ultimately reference something else. Religion - as with any other civility - only contrasts radical civility if it is exclusive which is not a defining quality. Appeal to Practical Success While success is culturally determined, the historical mythoi surrounding power is hard to ignore. It will likely always be appealed to in some form or another, and conservatives - by definition will always revert to it given the chance. Propaganda vs Reality vs Truth The appeal to power or success is an illusion of civility meant to focus on the few to the detriment of the many. Money, ownership, and deservedness are metaphysical addictions that are indistinguishable from reality itself for those that have grown up under their propaganda. Material dependency (especially those of absolute essentials) shouldn't be neglected, but influence should not be restricted to that consideration. The civilities and mythologies we allow to limit our realities will always be the ideological entrapments we find ourselves in. As such, critical thinking and appreciation of outside influences should be promoted within the broader population so they can decide on the most optimal method for community empowerment. Different Analyses A person can only know what is in the scope of their perception. Therefore, every form of analysis ought to be considered incomplete. It is important to recognize that all sound theories will be representing the same reality so - even if contrasting them draws focus to different conclusions and gaps are identified - they ought not contradict. With each additional system employed, a more clear prediction of an unaltered future can be determined along with identifying what - if any - actions are necessary for optimization of a metric. Material Analysis Under a Marxian framework of a materially driven culture, much of history can be justified and similar situations can be expected to reproduce. Although, there is the flaw of both projecting legacy and assuming a civility that cannot transfer to different communities. Both inferences will drive predictions to be more erroneous the further removed from the current outlook (assuming the right material focus was being considered to begin with). In short, as a way of being self fulfilling, material analysis will further institute civilities that the analysis will depend on (a possible example is "a need for material scarcity") if exclusively applied. Consumerism The dependence on the economy to preserve comfort has generated a need for constant competition. This aligns with historical power structures and the methods employed to keep community consciousness subdued. While many will argue that the purchase of products is - at a fundamental level - the natural way of life and has been adapting through the ages to become the promotive system we have today, it is important to reflect on what relations that directly has to the axioms of life initially declared: none. Within the fiction of a false material hierarchy, consumerism can be used as an anti-analysis to see what should be avoided. From institutionalizing comfort in spite of others suffering to the markets necessary for institutionalizing the economic mythos, all the monetary civil structures designed around disallowing normality can be identified. It can't be denied that the system is soundly beneficial while distribution is deemed "untraditional", the dependency of this analysis (as with material analysis above) depends on that which it critiques: in this case "fair exchange". Therefore exclusively utilizing this contrast will also hinder the success of radical civility due to its need for fiscal dependency. Utility Monsters The utility monster is a philosophical stress test to ensure that the worst representatives of a population will not break an economic system. While it is simultaneously reductive and enlightening, it also assumes that motivations for some people cannot be empathized with. For this reason using it as a critique - instead of simply a theoretical inquiry - is harmful for both the understanding of people and the viability of a system. That said, these topics will come up so they are worth addressing. Insanity (and other "scientific" exclusions) Mental health in general is an experience that is easy to vilify because it is inherently unknowable to those that don't witness or experience it. For this reason, using any form (especially those seen as dangerous to society) can be used as a boogeyman against egalitarianism. While neurodiversity is a challenge when establishing normality, so is every other social irregularity that a person is unfamiliar with. Biological differences are in this sense an excuse for not broadening the conversation to include such people and thus is a fundamental rejection of radical civility itself. In truth, neurodiversity - as with every other biologic difference is best understood by accepting that it is exceptional to be completely "status quo" and these "outliers" ought to be treated as any group: with cooperation on their own terms to identify overlapping legacies. Fascism While "fascism" is typically a vague reference to "the harmful other", within the realm of legacy analysis it will strictly mean "those that cannot work with others unless it promotes their individual legacy". The use of "legacy" here is vital, because it is not a discussion about what is civil, but specifically a rejection of the independence of others unless they have assimilated to the fascist's motivation. In their minds, this will always mean two things: the other (those that cannot promote their legacy) are harmful and - unfortunately - they will always be radically critical unless they have power (and then it is too late). Now that the discussion has been established, the critique it brings is thus: "radical civility will fundamentally undermine the typical defense against fascism: a strong civil foundation." While fascism would heavily utilize the second axiom of life (perception bias), the critique neglects the first (preservation of legacy). To believe that a strong constructed consent will be manipulated to promote a hyper exclusive civility (even if it has the appearance of being justified) is to claim that individuals will find further promotion within a small community than a large one. Therefore the critique can be refined to: "specific metaphysical objectivity is more practical than the civil coverage." While this is a difficult claim to refute since it is yet untested, it falls out from legacy analysis that the legacies incorporated in that civility will eventually be distorted to assimilate to the fascist legacy. Therefore the promotion of individual legacy for the fascist sympothizer will, optimistically, suffer the damnation of being conflated into an anti-fascist civil defense when it eventually fails or, pessimistically, be disregarded entirely within radical civility. Of course this is just a reason not to join any fascist civility, but the harm they might do is still a concern. For this it must be realized that radical civility (the institutionalization of promoting radical critiques) can be - and must be - objective. The only way that fascism is a threat is if its own civility can dominate others by either being more objective or partitioning the society. As shown in this thesis, promoting radicality will fundamentally render all civilities impotent and unify society. Therefore, under legacy analysis, radical civility is ironically the greatest method to combat the implementation and success of fascism. Personal Hypocrisy Everyone is hypocritical to some degree. For this reason people ought not be critiqued, only situations ought to be, and we should all try to be more loyal to the consistency of our values (preferably radical civility via relative normality). Final Thoughts You made it through! Thank you! I know this is not an easy read and the ideas are - as some have critiqued it - idiosyncratic or simply "too much", but it really means a lot to me that you were willing to consider it in full. I truly believe that this can be used to make a beautiful world for everyone as long as we (our legacies) can get out of our (the community's) own way. Even if you don't believe it, even if you have critiques or doubts (which I would love for the community to discuss); I hope legacy analysis, relative normality, and radical civility have provided you with enough of a foundation so it can be used if needed. Also, if you believe this, please don't let this be the conclusion. Many people are much more brilliant than I am and I have no doubt they can improve on mapping civility interactions, expand on ways to strengthen radical civility, and create more influential presentations than I have here. Just as a reminder: every action, every decision, every choice is a vote to make reality what you want it to be. Please help promote each other. Thank you again, and as much as I take any and all responsibility for the flaws of this thesis there are some people I would like to thank for helping it be more readable and coherent. While they may not have agreed with me, they have my deepest gratitude for taking the time to help me get out of my own head. (And yes… it was worse before they provided feedback.) <document is still under review… will update this later>
State Of California California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board Minutes of the Public Meeting & Closed Session Held on December 2, 2021 on Zoom platform Present: Judith Freyman, Management Member Ed Lowry, Chair, Public Member Marvin Kropke, Labor Member Jeff Mojcher, Chief Counsel Patricia Hapgood, Acting Executive Officer Kevin Reedy, Presiding Administrative Law Judge Aaron Jackson, Industrial Relations Counsel Sam Lucas, Presiding Administrative Law Judge Janis Jonas, Executive Secretary Kerry Lewis, Administrative Law Judge Christopher Jessup, Administrative Law Judge Lisa Prince, Attorney, Prince Law Firm Dan Lucido, Chief Counsel, DOSH Minutes of November 18, 2021 Meeting: (Approve or amend minutes of previous board meeting.) Action: The Board approved the minutes of the November 18, 2021 Board meeting as amended. Moved: Marvin Kropke Seconded: Judith Freyman The vote was 3-0 New Business: (The appeals Board hears and discusses new reports presented by staff.) Action: No report. Old Business: (The appeals Board hears and/or discusses matters on a follow-up basis.) 1. Consideration of regulatory amendments to the Board's rules of practice and procedure to govern, address and permit Board hearings via telephone or videoconference, including consideration of proposed amendments to Board regulation 376. Action: Aaron Jackson updated the Board on progress of writing the notice and the regulatory amendments to the Board regulation 376. California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board Minutes of the Public Meeting and Closed Session December 2, 2021 Legislation: (Review and discuss current legislation which may affect the appeals Board.) Action: No report. Chairperson's Report: (Hear report from the Chairperson on activities and issues affecting the Appeals Board.) Action: No report. Board Members Reports: Action: (Hear reports from Board members on activities and issues affecting the Appeals Board.) Judith Freyman shared that she received an invitation to the Employee Advisory Group's Christmas zoom party. Executive Officer's Report: (Report regarding administrative matters.) Action: Acting Executive Officer Patricia Hapgood updated the Board on new staffing. Staff Reports: (Reports from the presiding ALJ and the Chief Counsel regarding matters from the Hearing Operations and Legal Units.) 1. Discuss whether there are any proposals for new regulations or proposals for modifications to existing regulations. In addition, discuss whether any concerns exist with existing regulations. Action: No report. 2. Discuss status of Video Hearings. Action: Judge Sam Lucas updated the Board on current scheduled video hearings. Presiding Judge; Kevin Reedy reported a one-month pilot program, which will begin February 2022 for the purpose of holding Status Conferences on the zoom platform. 3. Discuss recent appeals filed related to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Action: Judge Sam Lucas discussed the current filing of appeals relating to the COVID pandemic. Judge Lucas explained the audit and updating of the COVID case report. 4. Litigation update: Action: Chief Counsel Jeff Mojcher reported on current court cases. California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board December 2, 2021 Minutes of the Public Meeting and Closed Session Any matter not completed at this meeting may be continued to subsequent meetings. If the closed session agenda is not completed on the scheduled day, the closed session will continue from day to day until completion and adjournment. Public Comment: (Public comment will be entertained during discussion of each agenda item of the open meeting.) Action: The Board received public comments. The board recessed to its closed session. Decisions of Administrative Law Judges: (Written decision issued by an Administrative Law Judge. The Decision summarizes the evidence received from the Division of Occupational Safety & Health and the Employer, makes findings of fact for all issues involved in the appeal and gives reasons and grounds for the Decision. The board members review the Decision and decide if they will reconsider the ALJ Decision on their own motion.) 1410726 Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Co. Action: The Board reviewed this decision. Petitions for Reconsideration: (The Division of Occupational Safety & Health and the Employer each have the right to petition the Appeals Board to reconsider a decision or order of an Administrative Law Judge. The Appeals Board must decide to grant or deny each petition.) 1494822 Ciasom, LLC dba Advoque Safeguard Action: The Board voted to grant this petition. Moved: Marvin Kropke Second: Judith Freyman Vote: 3-0 Petitions for Reconsideration (Second Review): 1423464 Lineage Logistics LLC Action: The Board discussed this matter. 1342017 O.C. Jones & Sons, Inc. Action: The Board voted to deny this petition. Moved: Marvin Kropke Second: Judith Freyman Vote: 3-0 Orders Dismissing Appeal: 317541761 C&L Sparks Inc. dba Sparks Electric Inc. Action: The Board reviewed this Order. California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board Minutes of the Public Meeting and Closed Session December 2, 2021 Order Denying Leave To File Late Appeal: None Matters Pending Reconsideration: (If the Appeals Board orders reconsideration of an Order or Decision, it reviews the record and then affirms, rescinds, alters or amends the Order or Decision being reconsidered.) The following list is intended to inform stakeholders and members of the public of what the Board believes is the issue of most interest to the general public presented in each of the following matters. The issues are listed so as to assist those interested in research or public information, and not litigation, and are not necessarily or exclusively the only issue or issues presented in each matter. The issues identified are not positions of the Board. Further, the Board may add and decide issues not included in the list or decide the matter on other grounds, under authority of Labor Code sections 6620 through 6623. 1272378 Andrew Harrison Barnes Whether Mr. Barnes was/is an employer. Action: The Board discussed this matter. 1279492 Arriaga USA, LLC Whether the cited employer’s rights were adequately protected at the video hearing. Action: The Board voted to issue DAR Moved: Marvin Kropke Seconded: Judith Freyman Vote: 3-0 1141604 Boy Racer Inc. DBA Burning Angel (Employer's Petition) Whether adult film performers are employees or independent contractors. 1141604 Boy Racer Inc. DBA Burning Angel (Dosh's Petition) Whether adult film performers are employees or independent contractors. 1246527 Cemex Whether the settlement in this matter was procured by fraud. 1290766 Millenium Reinforcing Whether the Employer proved that wearing foot protection would not have prevented the injury. Whether futility is a defense to a personal protective equipment requirement. California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board December 2, 2021 Minutes of the Public Meeting and Closed Session Whether Walmart was an employer citable for the alleged violation. Matters Pending Litigation: (If the Division of Occupational Safety & Health or the Employer disagrees with a Decision after Reconsideration or a Denial of a Petition for Reconsideration, either one or both parties may apply to the California Superior Court for a Writ of Mandate. The Appeals Board receives legal advice from its Legal Unit and provides policy direction regarding pending litigation.) Superior Court: 1. Key Energy Service, LLC (12004280) 2. Barnard Impregilo Healy, JV, CPF 17-515575, (317134021) 3. Ashley Furniture Industries, 34-2017-800002750 (1016514) 4. United Parcel Service, Inc. DBA UPS, 34-2019-80003174 (1116529) California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board December 2, 2021 Minutes of the Public Meeting and Closed Session 5. Shimmick Construction Company, Inc., 34-2019-80003191 (1059365) 6. Process Cooling International, 34-2019-80003220 (1232555) 7. Prestige Painting, 37-2019-00066143 (1367265) 8. Davis Development Company, 34-2020-80003373 (1226084) 9. MWL Solutions, 34-2020-80003549 (1436014) 10. Hampton Tedder Electric, 34-2020-80003562 (1233597) 11. BMW West, LLC, 34-2021-80003574 (1399613) 12. Southern California Edison, 34-2021-80003580 (1320327) 13. L&S Framing, Inc., SCV-0046603 (1173183) 14. Granite Construction, 34-2021-80003634 (1235643) 15. Pacific Utility Installation, Inc., 30-2021-01201020 (1321161) 16. Golden State FC, LLC dba Amazon Fulfillment, STK-CV-UWM-2021-0004380 (1310525) 17. USA Waste of California, Inc. dba Blue Barrel Disposal Services, 21STCP01729 (1384029) 18. Grimmway Enterprises, Inc., BCV-21-101503 (1477159) 19. Grimmway Enterprises, Inc., BCV-21-101554 (1238985) 20. RND Contractors, Inc., CIV SB 2119442 (1436785) 21. Sunview Vineyards of California, Inc. RG21111733 (1153101) 22. Hill Crane Service Inc., 34-2021-80003744 (1135350) Appellate Court: 1. Atkinson Construction, LP, 34-2017-80002611, C091705 (317386084) 2. United Parcel Service, B308218, 18STCP03195 (1158285) Other Items: 1. New and/or interlocutory petitions for reconsideration not filed in time to be agendized. Action: No report. California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board December 2, 2021 Minutes of the Public Meeting and Closed Session 2. Categorizing the Board's DARs and Denials on the DIR website. Action: No report. Staff attorneys to provide legal analysis, advice and counsel regarding COVID-19 cases. 3. Action: Cases with citations related to COVID-19 were discussed. Orders Of Administrative Law Judges: (Written order issued by an Administrative Law Judge after a pre-hearing conference in which the Division of Occupational Safety & Health and the Employer agree to settle an appeal without a hearing. The Board Members review the Order and decide if they will reconsider or remand the issued order.) California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board Minutes of the Public Meeting and Closed Session December 2, 2021 1511657 Frank Lucarelli 1491400 S.R. Freeman, Inc. California Occupational Safety and Health Appeals Board Minutes of the Public Meeting and Closed Session December 2, 2021 Action: The Board reviewed and discussed the Settlement Orders issued by the Administrative Law Judges. Personnel: (Issues regarding staff) Action: No report. The Closed Session adjourned at 12:02 p.m. and the Board returned to the Public Meeting. The Appeals Board incorporated by reference its actions in the Closed Session, as indicated above. The meeting adjourned at 12:03 p.m.
MULBERRY & CO Chartered Certified Accountants Registered Auditors & Chartered Tax Advisors Our Ref: MARK/GOD001 Ms R Tong Godalming Town Council 107-109 High Street Godalming Surrey GU7 1AQ 20 th September 2022 Dear Rita Re: Godalming Town Council Internal Audit Year Ended 31 March 2023 – Interim Audit report Executive summary Following completion of our interim internal audit on 20 th September 2022 we enclose our report for your kind attention and presentation to the council. The audit was conducted in accordance with current practices and guidelines and testing was risk based. Whilst we have not tested all transactions, our samples have where appropriate covered the entire year to date. Our report is presented in the same order as the assertions on the internal auditor report within the published AGAR. The start of each section details the nature of the assertion to be verified. Testing requirements follow those detailed in the audit plan previously sent to the council, a copy of this is available on request. The report concludes with an opinion as to whether each assertion has been met or not at the interim audit. Where appropriate recommendations for action are shown in bold text and are summarised in the table at the end of the report. Our sample testing did not uncover any errors or misstatements that require reporting to the external auditor at this time, nor did we identify any significant weaknesses in the internal controls such that public money would be put at risk. It is clear the council takes governance, policies and procedures seriously and I am pleased to report that overall, the systems and procedures you have in place are fit for purpose and whilst my report may contain recommendations to change these are not indicative of any significant failings, but rather are pointers to improving upon an already well-ordered system. It is therefore our opinion that the systems and internal procedures at Godalming Town Council are well established and followed. Regulation The Accounts and Audit Regulations 2015 require smaller authorities, each financial year, to conduct a review of the effectiveness of the system of internal control and prepare an annual governance statement in accordance with proper practices in relation to accounts. In addition to this, a smaller authority is required by Regulation 5(1) of the Accounts and Audit Regulations 2015 to "undertake an effective internal audit to evaluate the effectiveness of its risk management, control and governance processes, taking into account public sector internal auditing standards or guidance." Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance activity designed to improve an organisation's operations. It helps an organisation accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes. The purpose of internal audit is to review and report to the authority on whether its systems of financial and other internal controls over its activities and operating procedures are effective. 9 Pound Lane Godalming Surrey, GU7 1BX t + 44(0)1483 423054 e email@example.com w www.mulberryandco.co.uk Internal audit's function is to test and report to the authority on whether its specific system of internal control is adequate and working satisfactorily. The internal audit reports should therefore be made available to all Members to support and inform them when they considering the authority's approval of the annual governance statement. Independence and competence Your audit was conducted by Mark Mulberry of Mulberry & Co. We confirm we are independent from the management of the financial controls and procedures of the council and neither the internal auditor or the firm have any conflicts of interest with the audit client, nor do they provide any management or financial assistance to the client. Your auditor has over 30 years' experience in the financial sector with the last 20 years specialising in local government finance and internal audit. Engagement Letter An engagement letter was previously issued to the council covering the 2022/23 internal audit assignment. Copies of this document are available on request. Planning and inherent risk assessment The scope and plan of works including fee structure was issued to the council under separate cover. Copies of this document are available on request. In summary, our work will address each of the internal control objectives as stated on the Annual Internal Audit Report of the AGAR. As part of the inherent risk assessment, we have concluded that: o There have been no reported instances of breaches of regulations in the past o The client uses an industry approved financial reporting package o The client regularly carries out reconciliations and documents these o There is regular reporting to council o The management team are experienced and informed o Records are neatly maintained and referenced o The client is aware of current regulations and practices o There has been no instance of high staff turnover It is our opinion that the inherent risk of error or misstatement is low, and the controls of the council can be relied upon and as such substantive testing of individual transactions is not required. Testing to be carried out will be "walk through testing" on sample data to encompass the period of the council year under review. Table of contents \| \| \| TEST AT INTERIM \| TEST AT FINAL \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| A \| BOOKS OF ACCOUNT (INTERIM AUDIT) \| \| N/A \| \| B \| FINANCIAL REGULATIONS, GOVERNANCE AND PAYMENTS (INTERIM AND FINAL AUDIT) \| \| \| \| C \| RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE (INTERIM AND FINAL AUDIT) \| \| N/A \| \| D \| BUDGET, PRECEPT AND RESERVES (INTERIM AND FINAL AUDIT) \| \| \| \| E \| INCOME (INTERIM AUDIT) \| \| \| \| F \| PETTY CASH (INTERIM AUDIT) \| N/A \| N/A \| \| G \| PAYROLL (INTERIM AND FINAL AUDIT) \| \| \| \| H \| ASSETS AND INVESTMENTS (INTERIM AND FINAL AUDIT) \| \| \| \| I \| BANK AND CASH (INTERIM AND FINAL AUDIT) \| \| \| \| J \| YEAR END ACCOUNTS (FINAL AUDIT) \| \| \| \| K \| LIMITED ASSURANCE REVIEW (FINAL AUDIT) \| N/A \| N/A \| \| L \| TRANSPARENCY (FINAL AUDIT) \| \| N/A \| \| M \| EXERCISE OF PUBLIC RIGHTS – INSPECTION OF ACCOUNTS (INTERIM AND FINAL AUDIT) \| \| \| \| N \| PUBLICATION REQUIREMENTS (INTERIM AUDIT) \| \| N/A \| \| O \| TRUSTEESHIP (INTERIM AUDIT) \| N/A \| N/A \| \| \| ACHIEVEMENT OF CONTROL ASSERTIONS AT INTERIM AUDIT DATE \| \| \| \| \| INTERIM AUDIT POINTS CARRIED FORWARD \| \| \| A. BOOKS OF ACCOUNT Internal audit requirement Appropriate accounting records have been properly kept throughout the financial year. Audit findings The council continues to use RBS Rialtus suite. This an industry specific accounting package. The RBS system is used daily to report and record the financial transactions of the council. There are a number of access users. The system is cloud based and access is by secure log on to the local machine and a separate password for the cloud system. Passwords need to be changed between 30-60 days. This is a good control. * RFO - full access all areas * Clerk - Read only all areas * Facilities supervisor - read write to bookings * Support services - read write to bookings * Receptionist – read write to bookings and purchase ledger The system encompasses, sales ledger, purchase ledger and cashbook. It provides for reconciliation of key control accounts and regular reporting against budget. Every month, a month end close down is performed by the RFO, various reports are printed in both soft & hard copy, with soft copies filed in logical order on the "W" drive, these include but are not limited to income and expenditure against budget, bank reconciliations and other reports as fit. The W drive is backed up daily by external IT company. The back up was tested when emails needed to be retrieved. This was undertaken correctly. The RFO makes use of a control sheet to tick off the various reconciliations and financial activities that must be completed to finalise a month end. I have reviewed the April to August 22 months and can confirm the tick sheet is completed and the various reconciliations are in evidence. This is a robust, clear to follow system of internal control and demonstrates good working practices. I also reviewed the bank reconciliation file and can confirm for June, July & August there was evidence of the RFO preparing and signing off the bank reconciliations, together with counter signatures for council approval. This demonstrates internal controls are in evidence and being followed. The cashbooks are routinely saved and are also retrospectively accessible via the RBS package. The system requires the population of key data fields to enable the user to record a transaction with sufficient detail to understand the nature and scope of the transaction. This is a clear and easy to follow system and a review of the cashbook shows that all data fields are being entered, the reports are easy to read and logically filed. My walk-through audit testing of receipts and payments to underlying documentation chosen at random from month three showed that the referencing system can be relied upon, and that the source documents could be easily located in the council records. I selected at random a cashbook payment of £4,115,41 made on the 21 st June and agreed this to the physical bank payments list & bank statement. I was then able to reference this to the list of individual suppliers and invoices; in addition to this, I was able to verify the approval of the list of payments. I make no recommendation to change in this system. I tested opening balances as at 1/4/22 and confirmed they could be agreed back to the audited accounts for 2021/22. The council is VAT registered and the last VAT return was for quarter ended 30th June 2022. This was submitted using the software package under the making tax digital rules and was submitted on time ahead of the deadline. The return was a refund return, and I proved the amount shown on the return to the HMRC system and to the physical bank statements on the 13 th July 2022. This test indicates that the council is up to date with its postings on the financial package and that these can be verified to third party evidence. B. FINANCIAL REGULATIONS, GOVERNANCE AND PAYMENTS Internal audit requirement This authority complied with its financial regulations, payments were supported by invoices, all expenditure was approved, and VAT was appropriately accounted for. Audit findings Check the publication & minuting of the prior year audited AGAR and notice of conclusion of audit. The external auditors report was not qualified in 2021/22. The notice of conclusion of audit is posted to the council website in accordance with regulations. Both the auditor's report and the notice will be reported to the audit committee at the next meeting. This will then be ratified by full council 21. Confirm by sample testing that councillors sign statutory office forms I confirmed by sample testing that Councillors sign "Acceptance of Office" forms and "Register of members Interests" and "Acceptance to receive information by Electronic Means", all in line with regulations. Each councillor is listed on the website, has a mini biography and link to their register of interests. I reviewed the website with the RFO, and it was verbally confirmed all councillors were up to date. Confirm that the Council is compliant with the GDPR. The council is aware of GDPR, it was noted the Council has common email addresses internally which gives a natural segregation, so it is clear beyond doubt in what capacity a councillor is acting, gives control to the council, adds a degree of professionalism and in the event of a FOI request limits access to personal computers. Confirm that the Council meets regularly throughout the year The council has the following committees: * Full Council; meets circa 6 times per annum * Audit; quarterly * Staffing; Quarterly * Mayoralty – annual * P&M – 6 weekly * Environment & Planning – new * JBC - quarterly There are also a number of working parties and groups which meets as and when necessary to cover specific tasks, not committee have spending powers. Check that agendas for meetings are published giving 3 clear days' notice. I reviewed the agendas for meetings held in during April to August and can confirm that at least 3 clear days' notice is given. Check the draft minutes of the last meeting(s) are on the council's website Minutes are uploaded to the council website, and these agree to signed hard copies. Confirm that the Parish Council's Standing Orders have been reviewed within the last 12 months. The standing orders are based on the NALC model. These were adopted by full council the May 2022 meeting. Confirm that the Parish Council has adopted and recently reviewed Financial Regulations. Financial regulations are based on the NALC model. These were adopted by full council the May 2022 meeting. Check that the council's Financial Regulations are being routinely followed. Financial regulation 2.2 deals with bank reconciliations, the council is performing a monthly bank reconciliation for all accounts, and this is signed & minuted in accordance with regulations. Financial regulation 3 deals with Annual estimates (Budget) and Forward planning. Budget monitoring reports are presented to the Policy and Management Committee at each meeting. The reports are logically presented with both summary and detailed narrative. I reviewed the June report and minutes and can confirm that councillors are well informed, and this is minuted. Financial regulation 4 deals with budgetary control and authority to spend. The office has the power to spend within a budget heading and the clerk has emergency powers up to £4,500. The internal processes of the council are sufficiently robust to ensure before an order is placed the budgets are checked. On occasion it is necessary to get retrospective approval from council. Financial Regulation 5 deals with authorisation of payments. The minutes show authorisation of payments lists in accordance with regulations. The bank mandate is up to date. Financial regulation 6 deals with making payments. The council makes payments by cheque, direct debit, debit card and bacs. The system in place is routinely followed and a review of the payments file showed all summaries are signed and invoices verified. There is no doubt payments are properly reported to council, approved and the physical payment authorised. The de-minimis limit recorded in the Financial Regulations for the competitive purchase of items and services is as listed below. * £25,000 + Tender Process * £5,000 - £25,000 3 quotations are required. * £1,000 - £5,000 – strive to get 2 estimates – council considering removing this category * 0 - £1,000 – power to spend – council considering change to £5,000 (2021/22) I discussed the purchasing system with the RFO vis-à-vis financial regulations 4, 5 & 6 and ascertained that the regulations are being followed at a local level as described below: 1. Regular and recurring expenditure (rent, rates, wages, light & heat, contractual spend etc.) is known and authorised in advance (budget setting or tender process). These are, in the main, paid via direct debit, standing order or on-line banking. Evidence was noted in the minutes of advance variable direct debits being properly authorised. 1. An ad hoc expenditure requirement is identified and noted to the clerk/RFO – this can be from a number of sources and depending on the financial amount will discussed in advance with council, committee or chair. If required, this is approved in advance by council committee before the expenditure incurred. My audit testing showed via the minutes that there is where appropriate discussion of expenditure before the orders are placed. 2. The order is made via the office – councillors are not allowed or permitted to place amend or vary orders. 3. The supplier invoice, when received, is reviewed by the RFO and box stamped and passed to budget holder for authorisation and review. My audit testing showed that supplier invoices do all have a box stamp. 4. The authorised invoices are then returned to the RFO and are input into the financial reporting package. 5. On a weekly basis a payments list is prepared by the RFO, and councillors are invited to approve the payment sheet and approve the invoices via email. The RFO sets the payments up on the on-line banking screens and prints this out in hard copy and the clerk verifies the list to the bank print. The clerk then authorises the physical payment on the bank system. Dual access is not required to access bank. The RFO accesses bank account and inputs payment and Town Clerk reviews input against schedule and signs that it is correct. 6. The payments list is taken to committee for approval in accordance with regulations. In conducting our walk-through testing, we identified that the correct VAT is recorded on the system and could be agreed to physical invoices and the VAT return, which in turn was proved to the physical refund and HMRC website. We also agreed to documentary evidence and supplier invoices payments made by bacs and DD – there were no errors. Confirm all section 137 expenditure meets the guidelines & does not exceed the annual per elector limit of £8.41 (2021: £8.32 per elector.) The council has no S.137 expenditure because they have GPC. This was approved in May 2019 at the annual meeting. I have verified this to the minutes. Confirm that checks of the accounts are made by a councillor. The client has an internal audit committee, with a detail remit and schedule of works. In July 2021 a body of review work was presented and documented. No errors or omissions were noted. I am under no doubt the council has robust internal controls in place. C. RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE Internal audit requirement This authority assessed the significant risks to achieving its objectives and reviewed the adequacy of arrangements to manage these. Audit findings As part of the audit committee remit of works the Council undertakes risk assessments that cover a number of categories. Evidence was noted in Audit Committee meetings of review and adoption of the risk management policy and documentation. These are very comprehensive and detailed documents. Godalming TC is insured with Zurich on a 3-year deal. Asset cover seems consistent with the asset register, and money cover is adequate for a council of this size. The certificate is in date. D. BUDGET, PRECEPT AND RESERVES Internal audit requirement The precept or rates requirement resulted from an adequate budgetary process; progress against the budget was regularly monitored; and reserves were appropriate. I confirmed that the 2022-23 budget and precept setting process was completed and approved by council at the meeting held on 13 January 2022, which is within the timescales set within the financial regulations and submitted its application on time to the precepting authority. Councillors receive regular reports on budget against actuals via reports to the Policy and Management Committee. I reviewed the report for the period to end of June 2022 and was able to confirm that the budget is well managed and reported on. Overspends have been properly explained and approval for funding sought from Councillors. The Council has well developed reserves, which are properly maintained and recorded. At the interim audit date the council has £428 of general reserves and £465 of earmarked reserves. It is forecasted that at the end of the council year general reserves could be at £300k. The RFO is aware that the general reserve is a little on the low side (below the 50% of precept rule of thumb). This has been discussed with council so that a strategy can be put in place to bring the reserves level up over time. I discussed the earmarked reserves with the RFO and RFO was able to provide explanations and reasons for all reserves. I am of the opinion these are bonafide reserves. E. INCOME Internal audit requirement Expected income was fully received, based on correct prices, properly recorded and promptly banked; and VAT was appropriately accounted for. Audit findings The council has multiple income sources to support the precept, including, grants, donations, room and facility hire income, rental income, and other miscellaneous sources. A review of the nominal ledger report and cashbooks shows income is clearly recorded with sufficient narrative description to identify the source. There was no evidence of netting off and the income item appears to be posted to the correct heading to which the expenditure related. I verified the precept and council tax support grant to remittance advice, bank statement and minute evidence – there were no errors. I verified a CIL receipt recoded in the cashbook to bank statements – there were no errors. I verified a selection of sales invoices drawn from the monial ledger and agreed these back to the hard copies, the VAT and charge rates were agreed to underlying charge sheets. There were no errors. F. PETTY CASH Internal audit requirement Petty cash payments were properly supported by receipts, all petty cash expenditure was approved, and VAT appropriately accounted for. Audit findings The council no longer maintains petty cash floats, and now uses expenses claims. G. PAYROLL Internal audit requirement Salaries to employees and allowances to members were paid in accordance with this authority's approvals, and PAYE and NI requirements were properly applied. Audit findings Previous internal audits have confirmed that all employees have a signed contract of employment, based on the NALC model, and are paid in accordance with the NJC salary scales. There are no councillor allowances. The payroll is processed using Sage 50 payroll and is processed in house by the RFO. Payroll is then reviewed by the Clerk and signed off electronically by two councillors prior to payment to staff. The council has fulfilled its obligations in respect of auto-enrolment and uses LGPS. I tested the tax deduction and pay scales for a full time & part time employee – there were no errors. I am of the opinion salaries are correctly calculated and paid. I tested the month 6 PAYE and NI Liability and agreed this to a physical payment made on the 30 th August. The PAYE and NI liabilities are paid on time. I also verified the HMRC record and can confirm there are no outstanding liabilities. All council employees are paid through the payroll for all council work undertaken. No employees are paid separately for any other council work undertaken. Casual labour payments are correctly recorded via the payroll. Pay increases are based on an annual appraisal and a fixed % e.g., an annual cost of living increase or an incremental scale increase, where applicable. H. ASSETS AND INVESTMENTS Internal audit requirement Asset and investments registers were complete and accurate and properly maintained. Audit findings The fixed asset register is maintained on excel, additions and disposals have been agreed to a schedule prepared by the RFO and have been correctly added at cost or written off the asset register as obsolete. There have been no fixed asset purchases since the year end. I tested a sample of payments to PWLB, the loan interest and capital repayments were agreed to PWLB debt management letters. There were no errors. The council does not hold any long-term investments i.e., over 1 year. I. BANK AND CASH Internal audit requirement Periodic and year-end bank account reconciliations were properly carried out. Audit findings Financial Regulation 2.2 On a regular basis, at least once in each quarter, and at each financial year end, a member other than a cheque signatory shall be appointed to verify bank reconciliations (for all accounts) produced by the RFO. The member shall sign the reconciliations and the original bank statements (or similar document) as evidence of verification. This activity shall on conclusion be reported, including exceptions, to and noted by the Audit Committee. The bank reconciliations for all accounts are completed on a monthly basis by the RFO, and are presented to the Audit committee meetings for review. I reviewed the bank statement folder and can confirm monthly reconciliations were filed in order and signed off by the RFO. I was also able to prove that the June reconciliation was reviewed, and counter signed in accordance with financial regulations. I was able to confirm all the balances to the bank statements and found no errors. Due to the council's budget exceeding €500,000, it does not benefit from any protection form the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS). However, it is clear the council carefully considers its banking arrangements and has an adopted Investment Strategy dated the 22 nd May on its website, which were re-adopted by Full council at its annual meeting. J. YEAR END ACCOUNTS Internal audit requirement Accounting statements prepared during the year were prepared on the correct accounting basis (receipts and payments or income and expenditure), agreed to the cash book, supported by an adequate audit trail from underlying records and where appropriate debtors and creditors were properly recorded. Section 1 – Annual Governance Statement \| \| Annual Governance Statement \| ‘Yes’, means that this authority \| Suggested response based on \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| evidence \| \| 1 \| We have put in place arrangements for effective financial management during the year, and for the preparation of the accounting statements. \| prepared its accounting statements in accordance with the Accounts and Audit Regulations. \| \| \| 2 \| We maintained an adequate system of internal control including measures designed to prevent and detect fraud and corruption and reviewed its effectiveness. \| made proper arrangements and accepted responsibility for safeguarding the public money and resources in its charge. \| \| \| 3 \| We took all reasonable steps to assure ourselves that there are no matters of actual or potential non-compliance with laws, regulations and Proper Practices that could have a significant financial effect on the ability of this authority to conduct its business or manage its finances. \| has only done what it has the legal power to do and has complied with Proper Practices in doing so. \| \| \| 4 \| We provided proper opportunity during the year for the exercise of electors’ rights in accordance with the requirements of the Accounts and Audit Regulations. \| during the year gave all persons interested the opportunity to inspect and ask questions about this authority’s accounts. \| \| \| 5 \| We carried out an assessment of the risks facing this authority and took appropriate steps to manage those risks, including the introduction of internal controls and/or external insurance cover where required. \| considered and documented the financial and other risks it faces and dealt with them properly. \| \| \| 6 \| We maintained throughout the year an adequate and effective system of internal audit of the accounting records and control systems. \| arranged for a competent person, independent of the financial controls and procedures, to give an objective view on whether internal controls meet the needs of this smaller authority. \| \| \| 7 \| We took appropriate action on all matters raised in reports from internal and external audit. \| responded to matters brought to its attention by internal and external audit. \| \| \| 8 \| We considered whether any litigation, liabilities or commitments, events or transactions, occurring either during or after the year-end, have a financial impact on this authority and. Where appropriate, have included them in the accounting statements. \| disclosed everything it should have about its business activity during the year including events taking place after the year end if relevant. \| \| \| 9 \| Trust funds including charitable – In our capacity as the sole managing trustee we discharged our accountability responsibilities for the fund(s)/asset(s), \| has met all of its responsibilities where, as a body corporate, it is a sole managing trustee of a local trust or trusts. \| \| Section 2 – Accounting Statements The year-end accounts have been correctly prepared on an income and expenditure basis. The box 7 and 8 reconciliation has been completed using the RBS information and shows total debtors of £36,193.24 made up of debtor control (£18,128.64), VAT control account (£17,938.50) and prepayments (£126.10), and total creditors of £24,295.31 made up of creditors (£13,705.67), Revenue in Advance (£1,054.35), Accruals (£2,420.00), Deposits control (£492.56) and High Street parking deposits (£6,622.73). The AGAR correctly casts and cross casts and the comparatives have been correctly copied over from the 2020/21 AGAR. Figures have been verified against underlying accounting records where appropriate. The variance analysis has been correctly completed with sufficient detail to explain the changes over 15% compared to the previous year's totals. K. LIMITED ASSURANCE REVIEW Internal audit requirement If the authority certified itself as exempt from a limited assurance review in 2021/22, it met the exemption criteria and correctly declared itself exempt. (If the authority had a limited assurance review of its 2021/22 AGAR tick "not covered") Audit findings The council did not certify itself exempt in 2021/22 due to exceeding the income and expenditure limits and this test does not apply. L: TRANSPARENCY Internal audit requirement The authority publishes information on a free to access website/webpage up to date at the time of the internal audit in accordance with any relevant transparency code requirements Audit findings The council has income and expenditure in excess of £200,000 and as such is required to follow the "Local Government Transparency Code 2015" which is recommend practice not law. Code requires local authorities in England to publish the following information quarterly: Additionally, local authorities are required to publish the following information annually: M: EXERCISE OF PUBLIC RIGHTS - INSPECTION OF ACCOUNTS Internal audit requirement The authority, during the previous year (2021-22) correctly provided for the period for the exercise of public rights as required by the Accounts and Audit Regulations (evidenced by the notice published on the website and/or authority approved minutes confirming the dates set). Audit findings \| \| 2020/21 \| 2021/22 \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Actual \| Proposed \| \| 11 June 2021 \| \| \| \| 14 June 2021 \| \| \| \| 23 July 2021 \| \| \| \| Yes \| \| \| \| Yes \| \| \| The council signed the AGAR at the meeting to be held on 28 th April 2022. The website of the council contains copies of the accounts, AGAR, notice of conclusion etc. I am satisfied the requirements of this control objective were met for 2021/22. N: PUBLICATION REQUIREMENTS Internal audit requirement The authority has complied with the publication requirements for 2021/22. Under the Accounts and Audit Regulations 2015, authorities must publish the following information on the authority website / webpage. Before 1 July 2022 authorities must publish: * Notice of the period for the exercise of public rights and a declaration that the accounting statements are as yet unaudited * Section 1 - Annual Governance Statement 2021/22, approved and signed, page 4 * Section 2 - Accounting Statements 2021/22, approved and signed, page 5 Not later than 30 September 2022 authorities must publish: Notice of conclusion of audit Section 3 - External Auditor Report and Certificate *Sections 1 and 2 of AGAR including any amendments as a result of the limited assurance review. It is recommended as best practice, to avoid any potential confusion by local electors and interested parties, that you also publish the Annual Internal Audit Report, page 3. Audit findings I was able to confirm that the publication requirements for 2021/22 have been met and the Notice of Public Rights is published on the council website. O. TRUSTEESHIP Internal audit requirement Trust funds (including charitable) – The council met its responsibilities as a trustee. Audit findings The council has no trusts, and this test does not apply. Achievement of control assertions at interim audit date Based on the tests conducted during the interim audit, our conclusions on the achievement of the internal control objectives are summarised in the table below. A further review and update of this opinion will be conducted at the final audit. \| \| INTERNAL CONTROL OBJECTIVE \| YES \| NO \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| A \| Appropriate accounting records have been properly kept throughout the financial year \| \| \| \| B \| This authority complied with its financial regulations, payments were supported by invoices, all expenditure was approved, and VAT was appropriately accounted for \| \| \| \| C \| This authority assesses the significant risks to achieving its objectives and reviewed the adequacy of arrangements to manage these \| \| \| \| D \| The precept or rates requirement resulted from an adequate budgetary process; progress against the budget was regularly monitored; and reserves were appropriate. \| \| \| \| E \| Expected income was fully received, based on correct prices, properly recorded and promptly banked; and VAT was appropriately accounted for \| \| \| \| F \| Petty cash payments were properly supported by receipts, all petty cash expenditure was approved, and VAT appropriately accounted for \| \| \| \| G \| Salaries to employees and allowances to members were paid in accordance with this authority’s approvals, and PAYE and NI requirements were properly applied. \| \| \| \| H \| Asset and investments registers were complete and accurate and properly maintained. \| \| \| \| I \| Periodic bank account reconciliations were properly carried out during the year. \| \| \| \| J \| Accounting statements prepared during the year were prepared on the correct accounting basis (receipts and payments or income and expenditure), agreed to the cash book, supported by an adequate audit trail from underlying records and where appropriate debtors and creditors were properly recorded. \| \| \| \| K \| If the authority certified itself as exempt from a limited assurance review in 2021/22, it met the exemption criteria and correctly declared itself exempt. (If the authority had a limited assurance review of its 2020/21 AGAR tick “not covered”) \| \| \| \| L \| The authority publishes information on a free to access website/webpage up to date at the time of the internal audit in accordance with any relevant transparency code requirements \| \| \| \| M \| The authority, during the previous year (2021-22) correctly provided for the period for the exercise of public rights as required by the Accounts and Audit Regulations (evidenced by the notice published on the website and/or authority approved minutes confirming the dates set). \| \| \| \| N \| The authority has complied with the publication requirements for 2021/22 AGAR. \| \| \| \| O \| Trust funds (including charitable) – The council met its responsibilities as a trustee. \| \| \| Should you have any queries please do not hesitate to contact me. Yours sincerely Mark Mulberry For Mulberry & Co Interim Audit - Points Carried Forward None at the interim stage
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Design and Build Websites Health and Human Services Department Artists and creators in interactive art and interaction design have long been conducting research on humanmachine interaction. Through artistic, conceptual, social and critical projects, they have shown how interactive digital processes are essential elements for their artistic creations. Resulting prototypes have often reached beyond the art arena into areas such as mobile computing, intelligent ambiences, intelligent architecture, fashionable technologies, ubiquitous computing and pervasive gaming. Many of the early artistdeveloped interactive technologies have inﬂuenced new design practices, products and services of today's media society. This book brings together key theoreticians and practitioners of this ﬁeld. 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And in case you're wondering how to handle clients, we have some professional advice on how to deal with exceptional situations and customer requests.Professional Web Design, Vol. 1Learn about the harsh truths of corporate Web design and the troubles you are bound to run into. Create eﬀective online portfolios with optimized user experiences, without the usual trial and error. Use storytelling to create engaging user experiences. Impress clients by staying on top of enhancements and Web standards. And in case you're wondering how to handle clients, we have some professional advice on how to deal with exceptional situations and customer requests.Professional Web DesignProfessional Web DesignVolume 1 2011 Updated Reprint. Updated Annually. 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TABLE OF CONTENTS Responsible Considerations For Responsive Web Design Implementing Oﬀ-Canvas Navigation For A Responsive Website Choosing A Responsive Image Solution Automate Your Responsive Images With Mobify.js - Adapting To A Responsive Design (Case Study) - Responsive Web Design With Physical Units - Lightening Your Responsive Website Design With RESS Improve Mobile Support With Server-Side Enhanced Responsive Design - Responsively Retroﬁtting An Existing Site With RWD Retroﬁt Making Advertising Work In A Responsive World Narrating Intercultural Engineering and Technical Communication Springer A full-color introduction to the basics of HTML and CSS from the publishers of Wrox! Every day, more and more people want to learn some HTML and CSS. Joining the professional web designers and programmers are new audiences who need to know a little bit of code at work (update a content management system or ecommerce store) and those who want to make their personal blogs more attractive. 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Sudan Mineral & Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations Lulu.com Although recent ﬁndings show the public increasingly interacting with government Web sites, a common problem is that people can't ﬁnd what they're looking for. In other words, the sites lack usability. The Research-Based Web Design and Usability Guidelines aid in correcting this problem by providing the latest Web design guidance from the research and other forms of evidence. This unique publication has been updated from its earlier version to include over 40 new or updated research guidelines, bringing the total to 209. Primary audiences for the book are: Web managers, designers, and all staﬀ involved in the creation of Web sites. Topics in the book include: home page design, page and site navigation, graphics and images, eﬀective Web content writing, and search. A new section on usability testing guidance has been added. Experts from across government, industry, and academia have reviewed and contributed to the development of the Guidelines. And, since their introduction in 2003, the Guidelines have been widely used by government, private, and academic institutions to improve Web design. The Winning Website, Volume II, How to Design a Winning Website Smashing Magazine The Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design covers basic human factors issues relating to screen design, input devices, and information organization and processing, as well as addresses newer features which will become prominent in the next generation of Web technologies. These include multimodal interfaces, wireless capabilities, and agents that can improve convenience and usability. Written by leading researchers and/or practitioners in the ﬁeld, this volume reﬂects the varied backgrounds and interests of individuals involved in all aspects of human factors and Web design and includes chapters on a full range of topics. Divided into 12 sections, this book covers: historical backgrounds and overviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) speciﬁc subﬁelds of HFE issues involved in content preparation for the Web information search and interactive information agents designing for universal access and speciﬁc user populations the importance of incorporating usability evaluations in the design process task analysis, meaning analysis, and performance modeling speciﬁc Web applications in academic and industrial settings Web psychology and information security emerging technological developments and applications for the Web the costs and beneﬁts of incorporating human factors for the Web and the state of current guidelines The Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design is intended for researchers and practitioners concerned with all aspects of Web design. It could also be used as a text for advanced courses in computer science, industrial engineering, and psychology. Research-based Web Design & Usability Guidelines HOW Books CSIE2012 is an integrated conference concentrating its focus on Computer Science and Information Engineering . In the proceeding, you can learn much more knowledge about Computer Science and Information Engineering of researchers from all around the world. The main role of the proceeding is to be used as an exchange pillar for researchers who are working in the mentioned ﬁelds. In order to meet the high quality of Springer, AISC series, the organization committee has made their eﬀorts to do the following things. Firstly, poor quality paper has been refused after reviewing course by anonymous referee experts. Secondly, periodically review meetings have been held around the reviewers about ﬁve times for exchanging reviewing suggestions. Finally, the conference organizers had several preliminary sessions before the conference. Through eﬀorts of diﬀerent people and departments, the conference will be successful and fruitful. Learning Web Design Springer Sudan (Republic of the Sudan ) Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments Everything you need to know about the country Geography, history, politics, economy, business, etc. Guernsey Economic & Development Strategy Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information, Programs, Developments MEAR Partners Do you want to build web pages but have no prior experience? This friendly guide is the perfect place to start. You'll begin at square one, learning how the web and web pages work, and then steadily build from there. By the end of the book, you'll have the skills to create a simple site with multicolumn pages that adapt for mobile devices. Each chapter provides exercises to help you learn various techniques and short quizzes to make sure you understand key concepts. This thoroughly revised edition is ideal for students and professionals of all backgrounds and skill levels. It is simple and clear enough for beginners, yet thorough enough to be a useful reference for experienced developers keeping their skills up to date. Build HTML pages with text, links, images, tables, and forms Use style sheets (CSS) for colors, backgrounds, formatting text, page layout, and even simple animation eﬀects Learn how JavaScript works and why the language is so important in web design Create and optimize web images so they'll download as quickly as possible NEW! Use CSS Flexbox and Grid for sophisticated and ﬂexible page layout NEW! Learn the ins and outs of Responsive Web Design to make web pages look great on all devices NEW! Become familiar with the command line, Git, and other tools in the modern web developer's toolkit NEW! Get to know the super-powers of SVG graphics EJEG Volume 8 Issue 1 Createspace Independent Publishing Platform Web design, with its wide range of disciplines and ﬁelds, is not an easy nut to crack. However, it is possible to put together a book with some of the crucial principles and fundamentals that you will need for every project you take on. Learn about the harsh truths of corporate Web design and the troubles you are bound to run into. Create eﬀective online portfolios with optimized user experiences, without the usual trial and error. Use storytelling to create engaging user experiences. Impress clients by staying on top of enhancements and Web standards. And in case you are wondering how to handle clients, we have some professional advice on how to deal with exceptional situations and customer requests. This guide to professional Web design was carefully selected, prepared and edited to bring you the most useful Web design advice from Smashing Magazines articles. Know where you stand, put your situation in perspective, and get the advice you've been looking for. TABLE OF CONTENTS - 10 Harsh Truths About Corporate Websites - Portfolio Design Study: Design Patterns And Current Practices - Creating A Successful Online Portfolio - Better User Experience With Storytelling Designing User Interfaces For Business Web Applications - Progressive Enhancement And Standards Do Not Limit Web Design - Color Theory For Designers, Part 1: The Meaning Of Color Is John The Client Dense Or Are You Failing Him? How To Identify And Deal With Diﬀerent Types Of Clients - How To Respond Eﬀectively To Design Criticism - Web Designers Guide To Professional Networking - Group Interview: Expert Advice For Students and Young Web Designers Web Design IAP This book constitutes the workshop proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, DASFAA 2012, held in Busan, South Korea, in April 2012. The volume contains ﬁve workshops, each focusing on speciﬁc area that contributes to the main themes of the DASFAA conference: The Second International Workshop on Flash-based Advanced Professional Database Systems (FlashDB 2012), the First International Workshop on Information Technologies for Maritime and Logistics (ITEMS 2012), the Third International Workshop on Social Networks and Social Media Mining on the Web (SNSMW 2012), the Second International Workshop on Spatial Information Modeling, Management and Mining (SIM3 2012), and the Fifth International Workshop on Data Quality in Integration Systems (DQIS 2012). Related with Professional Web Design Vol 1 Smashing Ebook Series: * Lexia Power Up Answer Key : click here
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONAL VALUES OF THE MACEDONIAN COMMUNITIES IN ROMANIA Dumitru OTOVESCU¹, Anda -Diana PÂRLEA² 1Professor, Ph. D, Doctoral School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Craiova (Romania) E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org ¹ Ph.D. Student, Doctoral School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Craiova (Romania) E-mail: email@example.com Abstract: The purpose of this article is to highlight certain Macedonian customs but also their influence in Romania. Old Macedonian customs are unchanged in some areas of Romania. The traditions of the Macedonians consist of many ritual activities. Therefore, these practices specific to Macedonians lead to the preservation of their ethnic identity. These customs are preserved from antiquity to the present, sometimes some aspects have been changed, but they still fit with the popular customs and beliefs of their Macedonian, both from the perspective of the time when they celebrate, but also in terms of actions, procedures, and ritual symbolism so that equitation reflect their Macedonian identity, from antiquity until today. In my approach I had as a point of reference a series of objectives: identifying the Macedonian cultural specificity, researching traditions, customs, habits, and social practices, capitalizing on authentic popular creation from the perspective of avoiding distortion and obsolescence, initiating a sociological study on the need for traditions popular as a component of the means of communication of old customs. Keywords: customs; beliefs; Macedonian; rituals; Macedonian traditions. 1.Introduction National minorities on the territory of Romania are identified by some particular characteristics that make a specific identity, that any member of an ethnic group trying to preserve and pass on to future generations. Identity in general and national identity, in particular, is seen as a fact as well as a process. In Romania, there are 20 national minorities: Albanians, Armenians, Bulgarians, Czechs, Croats, Jews, Germans, Greeks, Italians, Macedonians, Hungarians, Poles, Roma, Russian-Slipover, Athenians, Serbs, Slovaks, Tatars, Turks, and Ukrainians which have specific cultural, linguistic and religious traditions. The group is ethnic "identity is justified in particular by the fact that they have the same origin and language, a cultural heritage shared consciousness of membership identity and a limited membership" (Otovescu, 2013: 77). Custom, tradition called, is, therefore, usually target one of the most important elements of traditional culture. The study of customs has a special role in understanding the formation of communities and in explaining the national specificity of an ethnic group. By studying the so-called folklore, customs involving research content, their traditions can be outlined certain rules social of a community in its historical evolution (Boboş, 1999: 187). Custom is the oldest formal source of society, before the existence of laws and rules of the organization, the terms of tradition and tradition were the only ones used in this social field. Tradition is the multitude of habits, customs, beliefs that are transmitted from generation to generation, forming the specific features of a people. Traditions are a system of ideas, laws, norms of conduct, a totality of concepts that have formed over time that do not constitute a complete form spontaneously. Therefore, the structure of the traditional three layers can be delimited: Any culture single has specific values, which influence the conduct of members of society. If values are imposed on them as "abstract standards" for what is desirable, right, or good, traditions and norms are indicators of conduct that show what is appropriate or inappropriate in actions aimed at accomplishing individual and social tasks. An important role in social existence is played by traditional norms, which essentially influence the individual and collective conduct of members of society. So very occupied traditions, customs, rules of social life, holidays, rituals, etc. 1. the idea (representation); 2. habit (a certain norm of conduct); 3. ritual (symbolic embodiment of custom). (Capcelea, 1998: 9). Traditions are part of the social memory of a people that has helps us to answer the six "of the sites" involved in self-knowledge: Who am I? Why am I? How are they? What are they for? Where? When?. In which we are building on their sense, di away from the all other and individuals sem single n complicated with us. Consequently, there are multiple ways of dealing with traditions: * traditions as a component of social consciousness; * as a means of transmitting experience it is social; * certain dealings with the social, etc. (Capcelea, 1998: 221-223). In ancient Macedonia habits that work their ritual celebrating their religion are closely linked to the territory and the climatic conditions. Many customs and ritual activities of the Macedonians, were unique but some were changed but, still present among the Macedonian people. In the current period, the identity construction of Macedonians is a mixture of ethnic identity, national identity, and European identity, it helps us to observe a new historical, social and cultural situation, recognizing and reaffirming the cultural values of the Macedonian ethnicity. The Macedonian people lived in tribal territories mountainous leading many fights is for a gain certain territories that were covered with grass. Residents Macedonian territory and wanted to have as much land farming and land where he could hunting of and fish (Thomas, 2007: 138). Ritual their customs and their Macedonian them that them I noticed at certain times of the year were closely linked to climate. Some of the holiday-related customs are centered around four astronomical phenomena: 1. spring equinox; 2. autumn equinox; 4. summer solstice. 3. winter solstice; Most habits are closely linked to agricultural work season, ie planting and harvesting into other habits were an adjacent circle of life: birth and death. To date, the Macedonians of Northern Macedonia, but also in Romania kept their fundamental characteristics, language, traditions, customs and origin, and ethnic unity consciousness. The Macedonian minority located in the territory of Romania is identified by some particular characteristics that make a specific identity, that any member of an ethnic group trying to preserve and pass on to future generations. The Macedonian ethnic group has many customs that play an important role even today in the daily life of Macedonians. Some rituals are practiced by ethnic groups today, others are present only in the memory of older people. All events in the life of Macedonians are accompanied by appropriate traditions that are rules, codes of conduct, springing from experience and habit even though they are not written, is a major ethical feature of any ethnic community. The events that have marked the life ok each person are an opportunity to use that happiness to the person at the center of the event. Popular customs played an important role in the self-regulation of nuptials, births, and deaths. The passage is prepared long before, through customs, ritual acts, magical practices (Capcelea, 1998: 9). The traditions of the Macedonians in Romania preserved over time refer to the belief in ancestral traditions, creating a close connection between ethnic Macedonians. 2. Old Macedonian customs and traditions The traditions and customs of the Macedonians from Northern Macedonia but also from those from Romania are related to our daily life. The Macedonians have kept certain customs, traditions, passed on to the generations the spiritual values of the Macedonian people through religious traditions, folklore, customs, culinary art, etc. For the Macedonians, the most common ceremonies are those of initiation, namely those that make the transition from childhood to adulthood. The rituals of transition from childhood to adulthood are performed by boys and involve the transition from an immature child to an adult (Proeva, 2004: 132). Religion plays an important role in the life of the Macedonian community, as does each of its members. Religion was one of the reasons for the emigration of Macedonians to Romania. Ethnic Macedonians in Romania, as well as those in Northern Macedonia, are Orthodox of the old rite, celebrating most church holidays 13 days after they are celebrated by Romanians. So, for the Macedonians, Christmas is celebrated on January 7, and the New Year on January 14. The most important holidays for Macedonians are Veligden - Pasha; Bojik Christmas; Bogorodița - Virgo Maria; Cârstovden - Epiphany; Nova Godina – New Year; Ilinden - Saint Elijah; Spasovden - Ascension; Petrovden - Saint Peter; Saint Dumitru. In the Republic of Northern Macedonia, a well-known custom that is practiced today is the celebration of Vasilica, the "unbaptized days". These days are twelve in a number being between Christmas which is on the 7th of January in Macedonians and the Epiphany which is on the date of January 19th. In this period time, they take holidays, according to some popular beliefs, spirits them evil enters homes Macedonians making them worse. So, as to ward off evil Macedonians (Kovacheva and Boceva, 2014: 23) during the holidays day's Christians are processions in which men are asked to remove the spirits that bring misfortune in their lives. Masked men are just bachelors or younger married people (Kovacheva, 2012: 133-134). The processions were attended by between 30 and 50 Vasilicas people, of whom only four were "maskardzhi" ("men in masks"). But today the number of those participating in processions is declining. The men who take part in the procession have well-defined roles to mark the struggle between good and evil, and where of course good always overcomes evil. This celebration show ritual symbolism of the victory of good over evil, which, according to popular belief brings it healthy house and harvest rich (Kovacheva and Boceva, 2014: 30-31). The most spectacular "Rusaliis" dances are those that Macedonians perform on the occasion of the feast of Basilica, the "unbaptized days". In the Republic of Macedonia Northern groups of countries called "Rusaliis" consist of 20 or 30 for boys and men between 20 and 40 years and 10 or 30 for girls. Each group has musicians, the most appreciated being the drummer. The dance "Rusaliis" ends the baptismal holiday.Dancers before returning to their homes go first to the church for prayer with some swords which they hold up in the church. For example, if a child is sick and is held in the arms of his mother in the church as prayer takes place, symbolically it is considered that the disease is banished far away (Kovachev, 2012: 131-132). The feast of Basilica, of the "unbaptized days", which we find in the Macedonians of Northern Macedonia, in those of Romania we find under the name of Pentecost which also takes place between January 7 and 19, starting with the last day of Christmas and ending - on the eve of the Epiphany. These are the so-called days of evil or fairy tales that cripple people and threaten people's lives. Pentecostal customs are sprinkled with choruses, these chairs are nothing more than ritual dances dating back to pre-Christian times. Originally, this tradition was very different from today. The customs and choruses of Pentecost that we encounter in all the peoples of the Balkans have something in common. What is common is that everywhere we find traces of ancient cultures. Before the dances that were made on this occasion had a magical character, which ward off evil spirits which was referred to above, ensuring - human and animal health. What it is, however, for us and more importantly, that the magical power of these dances is practiced and Căluşarii. Romanian given recovery sick "these ancient elements we meet and Macedonians in-far more insignificant" (Obrembski, 2002: 78). Dancers or Pentecostals, as they are called by some and others, rarely allow the introduction of the sick in their midst and just as hard go to the houses where they are sick. At the request of that family, they are willing to go applying some of the rules rites, but without them to do something on their initiative, while at Căluşarii Romanian. This element is primarily where dancers have the same role as doctors, priests, and sorcerers (Pouqueville, 1826:172-176). in Macedonia, a very popular celebration is Saint Tryphon, which is described as a patron of the owners of taverns and protector of Macedonians have gardens. In the cities of Ohrid, Prilep, and Radovic you can drink for free in taverns (Kovacheva and Boceva, 2014: 328). For Macedonians, the feast of St. George is very important for the family, in the past this holiday was equivalent to the transhumance of the flocks, it was a spectacle, people went out of town to see the sheep of the Macedonians. Men wore weapons and holiday clothes, and women also wore special holiday clothes. At the head of the congregation was a newlywed young woman in a wedding dress. Climbing the mountain was an event full of joy, a joy that Macedonians still experience today by organizing cultural and artistic events. We can say that the are numerous sources that partiallyprovide information about their Macedonian holidays, customs, and rituals, b ut these are not known (Thomas, 2007: 50). In the middle of the Macedonian community from Urzicuța locality from Dolj county, we find a custom kept by Saint Tryphon, which takes place on February 1st in new style and in old-style on February 14th. People who have vine crops go on the plots and sprinkle it with wine, to be fruitful and the wine to be of the best quality. The ritual is attended by the priest who holds a service where all the villagers gather who wish each other much abundance and health. On this holiday the drums play, the trumpets drink a lot of brandy and wine. This ritual is still practiced today by Macedonian ethnics in Romania wine-growing areas of Macedonia. The traditional songs and dances of the Macedonians are mainly related to their history, dominated by pastoral life, always in motion, which required a good knowledge of places, cycles of nature and its laws, dangers of all kinds. In Romania, they brought with them all these songs that evoke their troubled and dynamic history, but they also developed specific folklore, recently, influenced by European multiculturalism. In addition to inspiration from their history and culture, Macedonian folk songs, dances and costumes were influenced by other Balkan peoples, Greeks, Turks, Albanians, and to a greater extent Slavs. The village choir, the seats (claca), and the various holidays occasioned by calendar customs, family life were opportunities for ethnic Macedonians to learn traditional games and songs. Detached from their hearth, they had to adapt to imposed conditions, the Macedonians managed to keep in the collective memory all those artistic manifestations (ballads, own songs - sayings, customs, rituals, and games) that differentiated them from the other ethnic groups around them. Among the Macedonians, the old song was monophonic, sung by shepherds with the help of a whistle. Later, after the Ottoman conquest, the violin, the flute, the flute, the drum, the kaval, or the gaida were adopted. Regarding traditional Macedonian songs and games, they are known, sung, and danced by young people, who know part of the traditional repertoire. Children know traditional songs and games because they learn them in the family, but also in an organized setting, in the program of celebrations organized on various occasions, customs. They are performed at weddings, baptisms, holidays, parties organized on the occasion of the birthday or name day, on the occasion of visits to relatives and friends. The popular instruments that Macedonians play most often today are the whistle and the horse that we find in the folklore of other peoples in the Balkans. He drums an instrument with pinched strings of Arab - Persian origin, from the lute family. It can have from 2 to 12 metal strings, pinched with the help of a plastic plectrum. It is a characteristic vocal accompaniment instrument or instrumental being found- to the popular culture of the countries in the Balkans, this tool can be found under the name of gîdulka, gunilka, Lirik. (Cernea and Coatu, 1986: 13). The whistle, brought from its native places by ethnic Macedonians, is a whistle with seven openings (six on the front and one on the opposite side of the tube). The whistle is semi-transverse, without a stopper, small in size, the fingers being placed at equal distances, covering the six holes placed on the front of the tube. He still plays this type of whistle. The historical conditions allowed contact between the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula, united by the fight against the invaders. These connections have left their mark on their folklore. The outlaw song, a species of the old song, represents in the Macedonian folk creation the class struggle of a people against the oppressors. Following the coexistence in the multi ethnic Balkan space, it was natural to have loans in the traditional culture of various ethnic groups. The Macedonians also adopted the horse. It consists of three tubes, the middle tube having seven openings, three up and four down, plus an opening on the opposite side of the pipe. The third tube, at the bottom, has four other holes, grouped two by two. The dances or choirs ("hour"-in Macedonian) that Macedonians play at various events, are characterized by rhythms frequently alert with interruptions of rhythm or their identification. The most important Macedonian dances are the men's dances, the warrior dances, in which only men play, with spectacular steps - jumping, kneeling, etc. The symbol specific to Macedonians - the Sun - is also found in dance Macedonian dancers play with their eyes on the sun and their knees facing the sky. Their traditional dance, specifically, is the choir in an open circle. Usually, at this choir, the whole community was gathered, women and men, old and young, in a very large circle, usually in a meadow, on the edge of the village. Today in Romania there are no big choirs in the meadows of the villages, but the habit of dancing in the choir is still preserved, either at weddings, parties, or during various Macedonian folk dance festivals. The same open circle is kept in which the person in front leads the dance, having in his free hand a white scarf or a talisman, made of beads. Sometimes they dance in a double circle, consisting of two concentric circles, the men on the outside and the women in the inner circle. But in general, the simple, open circle predominates. Along with the language, Macedonians also identify with traditions but especially with the spirit of unity in family and community. The family in Romania still preserves its traditional values, although there has been a process of emancipation, democratization, secularization, and liberalization of family life. It represents the "cell" of society, it is the unique element of primitive society and the essential element of modern society, gathering around it the social forces. It is a specific form of human community, uniting people through marriage, filiation, or kinship, constituting a community of life, interests, and mutual aid (Otovescu, 2006: 70). From a sociological perspective, the family is defined as a specific form of human community (Otovescu, 2010: 838). Just as for Macedonians, the family is holy, it is the most important social institution. In their family, the family is somewhat conservatively united, dominated by a code of honor which, if violated, the individual was completely excluded from both the family and the community. In addition to their language, they are found in their culture and traditions, especially in music and folk costumes, which they proudly display whenever they have the opportunity to spend time together. Another symbol that Macedonians identify with is the flag, which represents the sun with its rays, the symbol of the Macedonian royal dynasty from which they claim to have originated, to emphasize their connection with Alexander the Great and thus their antiquity among the European peoples who would it gives the moral and historical right to their recognition as national minorities and the support to preserve their language and traditions (Obrebski, 1977). Currently, the most important role belongs to the family in which the specific ceremonies and rituals take place, on the occasion of the family and calendar holidays. Thus, baptisms, weddings, and funerals are conducted in Macedonian, traditionally safe adapting them - are conditions of society and progress. In the case of mixed families, the situation is similar to that in Macedonia, as we will see, in the sense that the cultural heritage takes precedence over the husband. This situation is also encountered, however, in the case of marriages between Macedonians and Romanians. 3. Conclusions To a certain extent, the Macedonian communities also contributed to the opening of the Romanian space to universal culture. The contribution of Macedonian culture to the Romanian spiritual life must also be understood within the historical and political transformations. The archives show that Macedonians have respect and devotion to their customs. They are proud of their origin, language, and religion, and preserved habits Macedonian, as evidenced by Quintus C. Rufus: "Macedonians should not forget the language and customs of their ancestors. The uniqueness of their language was one of the ways to distinguish themselves from the citizens of other nations" ( Quintus, 2008: 43-44 ). The identity of Macedonians in Romania is given by their mother tongue, their culture, and traditions. Today, the language and culture of the Macedonians is a Slavic one, it does not deny their common belonging to this Romanian cultural space. The identity of Macedonians is given by their mother tongue, which for Macedonians is the only homeland, their identity card, which reflects their conscience and ethnic identity. We can say that the story of the Macedonians in Romania is a happy one because they remained a united community, well preserved and culturally active, a fact confirmed by the Association of Macedonians in Romania with a cultural character from the numerous public events, folk ensembles. With the belief that Europe will be a diverse one with space without borders, Macedonians will integrate into the European family, the future will be very good for Macedonians and their language and culture will last. The Macedonians kept and promoted the identity of the communities they belonged to and managed to find ways to know and understand the "others", but also of the people they worked in the community. References: 1. Boboş, G. (1999). Teoria generală a dreptului. Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut. 2. Capcelea, V. (1998). Tradițiile naționale – mecanism de asigurare a continuității în dezvoltare în epocile de tranziție. In Tezele conferinței: Statul. Societatea. Omul: Realizări și probleme ale tranziției a Republicii Moldova. Chișinău: Institutul de Filosofie, Sociologie și Drept. 3. Capcelea, V. (1998). Tradițiile naționale: continuitate în dezvoltarea generațiilor. Chișinău.: Evrica. 4. Cernea, E. and Coatu, N. (1986). Cântecul popular nou. Bucharest: Muzicală. 6. Kovacheva, L. (2012). The Symbolism of Holidays in Ancient Greek and Macedonian Folk Tradition. Skopje: Matica. 5. Kitevski, M. (1996). Macedonian holidays and holiday traditions. Skopje: Menora. 7. Kovacheva, L., Boceva, L. (2014). Dictionary of Macedonian folk festivals, customs, and beliefs. Center for spiritual and cultural heritage. Skopje: Center for spiritual and cultural heritage. 8. Obrebski, J. (1977). Structura rituală și socială într-un sat macedonean, In: International Area Studies Programs, (eds.) Kerewsky-Halpern B. and Halpern MJ Amherst: University of Massachusetts. 9. Obrembski, J. (2002). Studii etnosociologice macedonene. Skopje: Tanas 10. Otovescu, A. (2013). Conservarea identității culturale în mediile de imigranți români din Europa. Bucharest: Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române. 11. Otovescu, D. (2006). Monografia sociologică în România. Cercetări contemporane. Craiova: Beladi. 12. Otovescu, D. (2010). Tratat de sociologie generală. Craiova:Beladi. 14. Proeva, N. (2004). History of the Argeads. Skopje: Grafotisokk. 13. Pouqueville F. C. H. L. (1826). Travel from Greece. Paris: ed. II. 15. Quintus, C. R. (2008). History of Alexander the Macedonian. Translation of Hellenic Basotova. Lj. Skopje: Matica. 16. Thomas, C. G. (2000). Alexander the Great in his World. Mainn USA. Oxford UK.: Carlton.
SPAIN / MOROCCO A Bridge Between Continents 10 Night Hiking & Cultural Discovery Tour Adventurebug is pleased to present this unique hiking tour that combines 2 countries and 2 continents in the same journey - Bridging Europe with Africa! Tour highlights include Southern Spain´s Andalusian region and further explorations across the Straits of Gibraltar to the Kingdom of Morocco. It includes a wide range of attractive hikes; comfortable hotels; tasty authentic dishes; superb wines; short transfers in air-conditioned vehicles and a high level of personal attention by your guiding team. Tour with us through Southern Spain's finest countryside as we visit historic city monuments, National Parks, charming pueblos and stunning coastal and beachside locations. From Bandit hide-aways to Pirate coves and the impressive inland rural areas such as Ronda and the Grazalema UNESCO Bio Reserve – we introduce you to the finest features of the south. First time to Spain? This is very much a local guide´s choice tour... The daily pace is balanced with inspiring hikes through beautiful countryside. We utilize our private coach for visits a well as daily hikes with your guide in towns, some countryside areas and of course the coastline. The Moroccan portion allows us to explore North Africa´s stunning nature and urban landscapes alike – offering glimpses of rural life and how the Berber tribes' people go about their daily lives – where little has changed for half a century. Chefchouen village, considered one of Morocco´s most sought after destinations is just divine. Our comfortable lodgings next to the old quarter (medina), guarantee comfort and relaxation. Our daily hikes are diverse and beautiful and the interactions with local people make this tour authentic in so many ways. You will feel safe and welcome travelling in Morocco. It´s a diverse and open society with engaging people who have been hosting visitors from all nationalities, for over a century. ITINERARY DAY 1 - Arrival to Malaga, Andalucia, Spain Bienvenido to Malaga, the home of Pablo Picasso and a rich Moorish influence that is displayed in wonderful street life and architecture. Today you are free to acclimate and self explore Malaga´s city center and beach areas before meeting the rest of the group. No transfers provided from the airport but many options available as the journey is only 15 minutes by car. Group welcome dinner this evening with your guiding team. 1 night in Malaga´s Historic Quarter. Hotel Don Curro 3 stars http://www.hoteldoncurro.com/ Welcome dinner included. DAY 2 - Malaga to Estepona This morning we have a guided walking visit of Malaga´s historic quarter that includes Picasso´s birthplace, the Roman Ampitheatre, Cathedral and insights to the Malagense lifestyle and it´s rich Moorish history. Afternoon transfer to Estepona (1 hr 20 min). Estepona is considered the green lung of the Spanish southern coast. The streets are adorned with colorful potted plants and enormous building art that leaves one awe inspired. Time permitting we´ll walk around the Estepona to view it´s wonderful street building art – including a visit to the Orchidarium (Orchid House): http://www.orchidariumestepona.com/ 3 nights - Beachside hotel H10 Estepona Palace Spa (4 stars) Breakfast and Dinner included. www.h10hotels.com/es/hoteles-costa-del-sol/h10-estepona-palace DAY 3 - Hiking Casares Pueblo (traditional white village) Today we´ll hike a pretty hilltop village of Malaga´s interior where little has changed since the middle ages. Our private coach will escort us through charming countryside witnessing the landscape of Moorish roots from centuries ago – including glimpses of Roman ruins from the period of Julius Ceasar. Hiking today will be 5-6 miles in total spread over rural countryside, cork forests and some village explorations. Same hotel in Estepona. Breakfast and picnic lunch included. DAY 4 - Ronda & Grazalema National Park Today we hike the wonderful mountain region of Ronda and with it´s famous bridges and charming architecture in a beautiful natural setting in the UNESCO biosphere of Grazalema. Our hike will capture what inspired both Hemingway and Orson Wells – the dramatic natural scenery of Ronda´s gorge and the wonderful nature surrounding it – including vineyards, olive groves and ranches. Same hotel in Estepona. Breakfast and picnic lunch included. DAY 5 - Tarifa – The Costa del Luz (The coast of light) Today we transfer to Tarifa (1 hr 20 min), the most southerly tip of continental Europe where we´ll visit the Roman ruins of Bolonia and enjoy a coastal hike to the dunes of Punta Paloma where the Mediterrenean meets the Atlantic - only miles across from Africa´s imposing Rif Mountains. Night in Tarifa´s historic quarter – Hostal Alameda http://www.hostalalameda.com/en/ Breakfast, Picnic Lunch and Dinner included. DAY 6 - Morocco – Tangier and Cape Spartel This morning we take a 45 minute ferry to Africa – walking through Tangier´s colourful medina followed by a scenic bus journey to Cape Spartel – Africa´s most north westerly point. Following this we travel approximately 3 hours to finish our journey in Chefchouen – our home for the next 4 nights. Hotel Casa Hassan http://www.casahassan.com/e n/ Chefchouen Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner included. DAY 7 - Chefchouen, Morocco Medina Tour & Hiking This morning we visit the bustling markets & community of Chefchouen. Our local guide introduces us to ´Chouen´ and we have time to hike around the medina and up to the Spanish Mosque and surrounding countryside where families still grind wheat by hand and dry figs and tomatoes on the roofs of their simple homes. This afternoon you may try out a local Haman (Turkish Bath) or enjoy shopping in the lively ´souks´ or markets. Same Hotel. Breakfast & Lunch included. DAY 8 - Chefchouen, Morocco – Talessemtane National Park Visit This morning we travel to Akchour and Talessemtane National Park (45 min) for a glimpse of the remote Rif Berber villages and stunning natural scenery. We may even spot Barbary Apes and birds of prey in pristine natural surroundings. The region is famous for hiking and the access to the swimming ponds and waterfalls of the canyon are part of our hiking program today (5 miles). Night in same hotel. Breakfast & Lunch included. DAY 9 - Hiking the Merchkala Village Today our hike brings us to the wonderful Rif Mountains less explored by tourists – offering an opportunity to visit some non-profit foundation projects and volunteer work done in this part of North Africa. We´ll have a chance to meet some of the community and children while at the same time, hike along some unexplored countryside tracks away from the tourist areas. Night in same hotel Chefchouen. Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner inc. DAY 10 - Benalmadena (Malaga) (Final Night) This morning after breakfast we return to the port of Tangier for our return boat journey to Spain and then to Benalmadena (1 hr 30 min drive), for a final night on the coast near Malaga airport. Our late afternoon arrival may allow last minute souvenir hunting and perhaps a Flamenco performance (pending availability) and a farewell dinner whilst sipping ´Malaga Dulce´, the classic apertif of our region! Night in 4 star seaside hotel (15 min transfer time to airport). Hotel Melia Costa Del Sol: https://www.melia.com/es/hoteles/espana/torremolinos/melia-costa-del-sol/index.html . Breakfast, Travel Lunch & Farewell Dinner included today. DAY 11 - Departure Depart Malaga for home or onward travel in the region. From the hotel there are a number of efficient transport services to connect the 15 minutes to Malaga International Airport (AGP) and the highspeed AVE Train station of Malaga that connects to all major hubs in Spain (and Europe for that matter). Transfers are not included this day but Adventurebug can assist you with all your booking arrangements. Breakfast included. ABOUT YOUR TOUR, WE INCLUDE: Lodgings – We provide 10 tour nights' in high quality hotels located in specially selected regions. Rooms are based on double sharing with single supplements available. All hotels have WIFI connections and some have swimming pool and are beachside. Meals – Meals are generally taken within your hotel (and sometimes in the villages). Dinners (6 included) normally include a choice of starters, main courses and a dessert. Wine or beer (in Spain) and mineral water are always provided. Please note, for Morocco we must bring our own wine or buy it locally. On occasions we provide your lunch (sometimes a packed lunch for carrying on the trail and/or ferry). Breakfasts are traditionally buffet style with a variety of options. Transport – During the tour days, we have a private mini bus for our use. In Morocco, we´ll also have an air conditioned mini bus for all transfers. We will also be crossing the Straits of Gibraltar on a 45 minute high speed ferry that is modern, safe and comfortable. The ferry has cafe services and bathrooms. One may also stand in the outdoor area of the ferry to watch for whales and dolphins during the crossings! Please note, airport transfers are not included. Guiding Services & Entrance Fees – Your regional guide is Matt Butler, the director of Adventurebug Tours. He has vast experience leading trips worldwide and in particular Spain (where he resides with his family), and Morocco. In 2008, Matt co-founded a charity called RIFCOM (www.rifcom.org). He will be sharing some of his Rifcom experiences with you on the Morocco portion of this tour. All entrances for museums and historic sites on this itinerary are included. Personal Money Outside of the meals not included in your tour price, you may wish to have some Euros for other purposes. This could include visits to taverns for tapas and beverages or extra drinks during/after dinner, local souvenirs, and the options on the rest day and any sites you may visit. Exchanging money between your currency and the Euro and Moroccan Dirham is easy. Some options are: * To buy or bring Euros from your bank at home * Use your bankcard here in Spanish or Moroccan bank machines (good rates of exchange and low fees – pending your bank card arrangements from home) * Buy Euros from banks and moneychangers in Spain or Morocco * Pay with your credit card (used everywhere in Spain but limited in Morocco) (Important note – traveller's cheques are practically obsolete in Spain or Morocco) TELEPHONE AND INTERNET SERVICES IN SPAIN AND MOROCCO Credit Cards may be used for International calls or a Spanish Phone Card can be purchased for a certain value. Additionally, you can access an International Operator by dialling 025 from any phone. INTERNET wifi is available in all of our hotels - including cafes throughout the region. Please note, hotel wifi connection always in the common areas but not always guaranteed in rooms. INSURANCE Please ensure, as a condition of travelling with Adventurebug that you have taken out personal travel insurance which covers you for accident, injury, evacuation and general health insurance for both Spain and Morocco travel. Adventure bug is a licensed operator of Adventure Travel and thereby has necessary permits and Third Party Public Liability cover but we do not cover personal accident, health and travel insurance for our participants. TIPPING Tipping for meals and transport services (buses, etc) is included. Tips for local guides and any porter services (except on/off ferry if required), not associated with the tour are not included. CONTACT NUMBERS: Adventurebug Worldwide is your specialist operator for this tour. Contact numbers are as follows: Adventurebug 24 contact (mobile / cell) +34 635 817 819 Adventurebug Office contact +34 952 894 308 Adventurebug Office EMAIL firstname.lastname@example.org European Emergency Number (All languages) 112 (similar to 911 in North America) POPULAR PHRASES IN SPANISH... ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT MOROCCAN TRAVEL Morocco has few annoyances or serious health problems. Society is non-violent and the Arab Spring of 2011 was little more than public demonstration in a few large cities. The King of Morocco has had his recent constitutional change accepted by the people via a national referendum – June 2011. Harassment to buy items in the market place is minimal these days – especially with guides present. Like everywhere, common sense with money, personal handbags, cell phones, cameras, etc. is advised. For up to date health information about North Morocco, consult the WHO website and / or speak to a medical specialist that deals with travel to this region. Malaria nor any serious tropical diseases are not a problem in this region. No other specialist vaccines are required for our journeys in Northern Morocco but it´s always good to check in with your local health services. * Visas are not required for US, Canadian, Commonwealth, British or European nationals. It is normal to receive a 3 month tourist visa upon entry with a passport containing a minimum of 6 months validity. * Transport on this tour will be in the form of a private mini bus. Our driving pace is careful so that we can enjoy the views and not feel anxious on the roads. * Refrain from drinking local water and use bottled water as it is widely sold. They cost about 75 cents to 1 dollar max per 1.5 litre bottle. * Restaurant prepared food in our experience is tasty, clean and well cooked. Delhi belly is never a problem if precautions are taken. * Please respect dress code of locals - shorts / t-shirts (for ladies) are fine in the mountains and on beaches but not usually around mosques or holy centers / town centers and urban market places. * You can feel safe walking the streets day or night in Morocco – particularly in the town of Chefchouen. They are accustomed to many foreign visitors and in fact, many live and own property in the village itself. * Our hotel is very clean, modern and designed for international cliental. It is a gated property and has a pool, garden areas and tastefully decorated rooms and social areas.
The Naked Bible Podcast 2.0 Number 72 "Leviticus 8-9" Dr. Michael S. Heiser With Residential Layman Trey Stricklin October 25, 2015 Leviticus 8-9 Leviticus 8-9 describes two distinct but related ceremonies: the consecration of the altar and Tabernacle, and the consecration of Aaron as High Priest (vv. 6–12) and his sons as priests. This episode focuses on some of the objects worn by the high priest (ephod, gold plate) and the enigmatic Urim and Thummim. TS: Welcome to the Naked Bible Podcast, Episode 72, Leviticus 8-9. I'm your layman, Trey Stricklin, and he's the scholar, Dr. Michael Heiser. Well Mike? I beat you in fantasy this week. MSH: Yeah you did and it wasn't even really close. I had a terrible week. TS: It was over 65 points, if I can brag a little bit. MSH: You didn't count though, right? TS: Yeah, right, just 65.4 points or something. Who's keeping score? MSH: Yeah I had a terrible week. I'm in four leagues and I can't remember the last time I lost every matchup in every league I was in but it happened this last weekend. TS: I really can't say I feel sorry for you Mike. MSH: I know. I'm not shocked. TS: Well, we're 1-1 because last year you beat me so I've tied it up. MSH: It's early enough in the season we might meet again. TS: That's true. I'm only one game behind you. MSH: Yeah I still have a good record, at least in that league. Yeah and playoffs, who knows what will happen there. TS: Well, nothing goes as good with fantasy football as Leviticus. MSH: Yeah, it was sort of a blood-letting. Nice Segway there, yeah. It was pretty ugly. It's just too bad we're not into skin diseases or something. But that will come. Today we're going to do 8-9. I know last time we said 8-10, but there is enough here. I just sort of felt bad about giving 10 sort of the short shrift, so we'll save 10 for next time. Leviticus 8-9 is today and most of the time, even with those two chapters we'll be in chapter 8. There is something in chapter 9 I want to draw attention to, but there's a bit of repetition in chapter 9 with the sacrifice of material we already covered and that will happen again in Leviticus as we proceed. But 8-9 I think is plenty to talk about. So just for the sake of kind of structured arrangement most of Leviticus chapter 8 is really devoted to two events, two ceremonies and that is the consecration ceremony of the altar and the tabernacle, basically, the objects that are most concerned with sacred space in the sacrificial system. So consecrating them, getting them ready to be used, purging them of impurity so they can be used and then also consecrating Aaron, the high priest and his sons as priests. So basically everything that's relevant to the sacrificial system and every person that's going to be sort of officiating and carry out the duties, they have to be individually and collectively sanctified or consecrated, purged of impurity. And so that's why you get references in these two chapters to some of the offerings, the sacrifices and offerings we've talked about up to this point. So this in chapter 8 takes place over the period of seven days, and then in chapter 9 we have an eight day, there's a ritual on the eighth day, and that is sort of a catchall ceremony to make sure that the entire newly consecrated tabernacle is ready to go and then there's the celebration of the entry of God's presence, the glory cloud, the kavod. Kavod is the Hebrew word for cloud that takes up residence in the tabernacle and so that's the eighth day celebration. So, it was on the eighth day that the tabernacle altar itself is used for the first time in the performance of the sacrificial ritual. Prior to this, the previous seven days that their animals are being slain and then blood being sprinkled on the altar itself to purge it of impurity to ready it for use, but it's actual first use is only in chapter 9. So that's basically what the two chapters cover and the logic is when you welcome the presence of God into the tabernacle, you have to be extremely careful that everything and everybody has been purged from impurity so that the presence of God is not polluted, if we can use these terms. And so the priest and the people on these occasions, they're going to be offering the offerings and sacrifices that need to be offered to make sure that everything is ready and set to go that we sort of talked about prior. So after all that's done, then you get chapter 10, which we're going to reserve for next time in the next episode. Chapter 10 is the chapter where you get Aaron's sons, Nadab and Abihu, they're struck down by God for offering "strange fire." And the whole point of what happens there in chapter 10 really needs to be set against the backdrop of 89 because they are a living and basically a dead object lesson as to the seriousness of keeping everything the way it should be and observing all these rules about being fit to enter sacred space and to offer what needs to be offered in the proper way at the proper time and all that sort of stuff. So Aaron loses two sons basically to make the point that God's actually serious about this. You're supposed to learn these lessons about sacred space and approaching God and making sure that God's purity is never polluted and all that sort of thing. So we'll leave chapter 10 for next time but I think it's worth pointing out here that needs to be understood against the backdrop of these earlier two chapters, the consecration ceremonies for the people and the things that are going to be used in the whole system. Now we're going to jump into chapter 8 here, so let me just go to Leviticus 8 because I'm not going to be reading through the entirety of both chapters but a few sections and then just stopping along the way and commenting about a few things that I think are interesting. So in chapter 8, we read, The LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 2 "Take Aaron and his sons with him, and the garments and the anointing oil and the bull of the sin offering and the two rams and the basket of unleavened bread. 3 And assemble all the congregation at the entrance of the tent of meeting." 4 And Moses did as the LORD commanded him, and the congregation was assembled at the entrance of the tent of meeting. MSH: Now, there's a lot of people here so it's worth commenting about, well, how do you get them all at the tent of meeting? What does that mean? Rather than overly literalize this, the actual place of assembly for the people was the outer section of the courtyard. It's not that everybody had to be right in front of the tent because there just isn't space for that. And we're going to talk a little bit about the logistics of sacred space in this episode because they're just some things that happen basically because the system is what it is because it has to serve the whole population of the Israelite nation but yet, there's this limited space when you're talking about the tabernacle. So how does that work? There are some concessions that have means and some rules that have to be put in place. But in this instance when the chapter starts out, they're basically in the courtyard area, and according to the procedures given in Leviticus, it was forbidden for anybody except priests, and the priests are about to be consecrated, but no one but priests advanced beyond the altar of burnt offerings. I can't visually give you a depiction here in the podcast of the layout of the tabernacle. But you might want to pull one up online or something like that just so you can see what I'm talking about here. But if you were not a priest, you could not advance beyond the altar of burnt offerings. That was off-limits, sacred space that can only be occupied by someone Yahweh had chosen to serve him in that capacity and then that person had to do the right set of offerings we've talked about up to this point so that sacred space is not polluted or profaned by that person. So, basically, it was an area. The courtyard is about halfway between the outer gate, the entrance to the tabernacle proper. And without getting into it because we're not doing Exodus. If we were doing a podcast on Exodus 25-40, we could talk about how the colors, how the materials used to construct the tent proper and then the sections of the tent actually denoted gradations of sanctity in terms of the metals progressing all the way up to gold, fine gold, that was reserved for the innermost part of the holy of holies. The higher gradation of metals as you moved into the complex was a sign. It's a symbol of sanctity, a symbol of importance or value. The closer you got to the actual presence of God, the more expensive, the more valuable the material was. These were just object lessons. God is not like Donald Trump here. That isn't the point. Look at all the expensive stuff God has. God owns everything, so there's no point to that, but the point is that the materials that were used were supposed to inform the person working in there and the people because they know what's going on. They see the thing constructed. They know what it's made of, and of course, they teach people that, too, their children these sorts of things that the lesson was the presence of God was something so significant, so important that you had use materials that were increasing in value as you move toward him. So I think that's sufficient. That's all we really need to say about that because we're not in Exodus 25-40. It was still an important teaching point so I wanted to say something about that, but I don't want to get distracted by it either. So in verse 5, 5 And Moses said to the congregation, "This is the thing that the LORD has commanded to be done." 6 And Moses brought Aaron and his sons and washed them with water. MSH: This is a very familiar act done with any priestly system in the ANE using water as a symbolic gesture or act of removing impurity because just in the language of life experience, this is how you cleaned things. They don't have the fancy chemicals we have today. If you wanted to clean something, you used water. So that's what they're doing here. And it's kind of interesting but if you look at the usage in the Hebrew Bible of the verb used here, to wash, rachats, is the lemma here. It typically, really basically, always refers to the washing of hands and feet. So what we have here is Aaron and his sons are brought there. Their hands and their feet are washed. You'll notice there's no mention in that verse Moses brought Aaron and his sons and washed with water. Then he puts the coat on him and ties the sash around the waist. That's when you get the description of what the high priest is wearing, the ephod, the band around the waist, the breastplate, the Urim and Thummim, we're going to talk about all this stuff today, the turbine on the head, all at stuff. There's no mention of sandals so it's kind of curious. I just think it's worth pointing out that rachats is when you wash the hands and feet because those are the two things that matter in sacred space. The hands matter because they're going to touch objects that have been "made" holy or sanctified to the Lord. We've talked about some of these things already in previous episodes. And so the act of washing the hand because the hand is what is going to be touching objects. The hands need to be purified so this was a ritual act that denoted this person now is fit to touch holy objects because he's undertaken this ritual. The feet are important because you're going to walk on holy ground. This is actually consistent with other passages like Exodus 3, the burning bush, Joshua 5, the captain of the lord's host when they're told to take off your sandals because you're standing on holy ground. The priests actually did what they did barefoot and their feet were washed in a ritual act to denote that now your feet have been purged of impurity and you can walk on sacred space. So the priest would go around barefoot doing whatever they needed to do when their feet and their hands were cleansed making them fit to do whatever it was they needed to do. So let's read verses 7-9 to get the full description here of what the priests are. I'm not going to talk about every element because there's some that are just more interesting than others. In verse 7, we see, 7 And he put the coat on him and tied the sash around his waist and clothed him with the robe and put the ephod on him and tied the skillfully woven band of the ephod around him, binding it to him with the band. 8 And he placed the breastpiece on him, and in the breastpiece he put the Urim and the Thummim. 9 And he set the turban on his head, and on the turban, in front, he set the golden plate, the holy crown, as the LORD commanded Moses. MSH: Now, this stuff is describing in Exodus, Exodus 28, Exodus 29, what the high priestly garments and the garments for the other priests as well. But I just wanted to say a few things about some of these things, especially the Urim and the Thummim because I get questions about this all the time. It's kind of an interesting topic because it deals with divination and whatnot. But the ephod, urim and thummim are the most interesting objects here. So the high priest has to wear a linen tunic and that gets tied with the sash and he has to put a robe on top of that. And then the ephod was worn over all that. Now the robe that the ephod fits over, according to Exodus 28, was made of purple wool and it had golden bells attached to it. Between each bell there was a pomegranate. That's in Exodus 28:34 and Exodus 39:26. And I think that's interesting because you don't actually see this in the Old Testament but there are Second Temple sources and rabbinic sources, I wanted to say rabbinic speculations, about why the bells were there and what purpose they served. And I think that there is a practical possibility here, let's just call it a possibility because you don't actually have an example of this historically, either in the Old Testament or not. But you'll actually read of speculations like when the high priest, especially at the Day of Atonement when he actually went in before the Ark of the Covenant. He entered the Most Holy place. Since he's the one wearing the bells here, this robe that has the bells sewn at the bottom, that was so that people could hear that he was moving around and that he was still alive. And you'll read rabbinic sort of speculations about tying a rope around his leg because someone figured out well, if God kills him, if he does something wrong, if he's impure and God strikes him down, how do we get them out? And so you'd tie a rope around his leg. If the bells stop ringing then there might be a problem. There might be trouble, that sort of thing. There's no actual instance of that, either in the Old Testament or other ancient sources but you will read about this kind of speculation, kind of a hey, maybe we should do this or someone will allude to the fact that it was done but nothing ever happen. How do you validate that historically? Well, I guess you can't in one sense but just in terms of a practical sort of solution to a problem that could come up in somebody's mind, well, because of Nadab and Abihu like in the Leviticus 10, what if this happens to the high priest? How do we get him out? We can't just go in there. And if he's in the holy of holies, even the priests, no priest is going to say yeah, I'll go in and get him because he could get struck dead, too. So as a practical consideration, yeah, maybe this is why the bells were there. Maybe they did tie a rope around his ankle or something. You'll see that reference, you'll see this problem alluded to but you don't actually have an incident of it. It's kind of interesting. Now the ephod itself I find interesting because it's made of wool, if you go back Exodus, the chapters that describe its constitutions, made of wool and linen and it has gold threads woven into the fabric, so much so that it has a golden appearance. Now the reason I mention this, sort of the amount of gold I'm hinting at something here, is that elsewhere in the Old Testament you will see people like David call for the ephod to be brought to them. You'll see Gideon he "sets up an ephod in Judges 8:7 in his hometown. He either makes a replica of this or it that has something to do with divination, with asking God questions for the will of God and that sort of thing because in the high priest ephod, you had the Urim and Thummim in this pouch that was on the breast piece and that's what the high priest would use to get knowledge from God. So there are other passages that either that specific ephod is used via a high priest or some priest to ask questions of God or you have somebody like Gideon who might have sort made his own. And the question is well, that's just kind of odd. Why are you asking for like a garment to be brought up and how do you "setup" a garment? This has led to some speculations. Some people say well maybe they're just using the term ephod for a statue, like Gideon made a statue or an idle or something because Gideon by this time in Judges 8 really isn't a good guy. Maybe that's what's going on. Others suggest well maybe they made a statue and they clothed it. They put clothes on it so it would look like the high priest and then that was brought out, something like that. There's another possibility here. If there was enough gold in this thing and if it was the actually ephod or an exact replica, there is the possibility that it could've stood on its own. It could have supported its own weight because of the gold in it and it would've sort of held the fabric firm and you could move it around and stand it erect. Who knows? We're not specifically told. It's just that this same term, the ephod, is used in these contexts, especially Gideon. The issue with the Levite later in the book of Judges, his name is Micah, he's not really the high priest and yet he has this ephod and he uses it. So you have these situations where they're using something and something is moved around, something is brought to them and put back that has something to do with the way the actually ephod functioned. The high priest would've been wearing this thing and would have had the Urim and Thummim inside of it. So there's some apparent attempt to either use that actual object or to make something like it to use for divination, to get knowledge from God on the part of other people. So it's speculation. We're not specifically told but those are the possibilities. While we're at it, let's talk a little bit about the Urim and Thummim that's mentioned in verse 8. This is really, I don't know. Somebody should just make a Twilight Zone episode out of the Urim and Thummim because there's just all sorts of interesting possibilities here. So we have in verse 8 Moses places the breast piece on Aaron and in the breast piece he puts the Urim and Thummim. What are these things? There's two of them, these two objects. What are they? Now the meanings of Urim and Thummim, even that's not completely clear. They're apparently stone objects and the question is, there's a number of questions about them, but the first question is, what shape were they in? Were they flat or fairly flat stones like on one side? And that question is raised because in Mesopotamia, there are similar objects used to cast lots. Now you say why are we talking about casting lots with the Urim and Thummim? In passages like 1 Samuel 14 where the Urim and Thummim are brought out, this is the episode where Saul makes this stupid vow about nobody can eat anything until this battle's won. Jonathan, his son, doesn't hear it and Saul's like anybody who'd eats anything is going to be put to death. And so Jonathan is the hero of the battle but he has some honey on the battlefield because he was exhausted. And he comes back and this is found out so Saul is put in the awkward position of having to execute the guy responsible for winning the battle. And, of course, they don't do that. The people basically protect Jonathan in protest of the whole thing. Basically, this was a dumb thing to say. But while Saul is trying to figure out what's going on here, who's the guilty party because he hears about this, they bring out the Urim and Thummim and it's actually said that they are cast. They are thrown down in the Hebrew text. And so the speculation is that well, maybe they were flat on one side and so they would land either one side or the other because you have this casting lot terminology associated with the Urim and Thummim. Now if that's the case, if the Urim and Thummim were like flat, flat stones where they could be on one side or the other, in other words, they couldn't stand on edge if you threw them, then the view is that well, there must've been something on them that elicited either a yes or no response, a positive or negative response. And so some scholars believe that the Urim and Thummim were designed specifically for yes and no questions of God. Now if that's the case, the word Thummim, in Hebrew tummim, has a fairly apparent meaning because it would be from the Hebrew adjective tom, which means to be complete or to be innocent. Urim therefore, if we have this polar oppositional idea, Urim, which is Alef-Vav-Resh-Yod-Mem and then the M(em) at the end is the plural, could come from the Hebrew lemma arar-aleph-resh, which means to curse. So you could have on the face of one side of the stone the word for curse and on the other side of the stone the word for innocent, which would sort of by extension be yes and no. You have to be careful what question you were asking and then you threw them. And so the idea was whatever side comes up that's what God is telling us, cursed or innocent, yes or no. You have to think about the way you wanted to ask the question. Now this is just a theory. Obviously if you track it with me, it raises the question, well, what happened if you throw the two things down and then opposite sides both show up? You have the yes and no both show, then what do you do? There's actually an instance in the Septuagint that gives us a little glimpse into this that there might be something to this theory. So I'm going to read from either Milgram or Levine, I can't remember which at this point but one of them says, there's a classic instance of the use of the Urim and Thummim preserved in 1 Samuel 14, which I've already alluded to. King Saul's orders have been disobeyed. In order to discover the guilty parties, he has recourse to the oracular inquiry of God. So hoping that his son Jonathan will not be identified, when it sort of gets down to Jonathan being a possibility, the Septuagint version of this story has Saul saying to the Lord, show the Thummim. In other words, show the tom side, show the innocent side because that's going to clear Jonathan. So in the Septuagint, you get this statement by Saul. He says, 41 Therefore Saul said, "O LORD God of Israel, why have you not answered your servant this day? If this guilt is in me or in Jonathan my son, O LORD, God of Israel, give Urim. But if this guilt is in your people Israel, give Thummim." And Jonathan and Saul were taken, but the people escaped. 42 Then Saul said, "Cast the lot between me and my son Jonathan." And Jonathan was taken. MSH: Then, of course, it turns up to be Jonathan. Well, look at what Saul says, why have you not responded to your servant? This is in the Septuagint. Yo're not going to get it in the Masoretic Text. The speculation here is, because Saul asks for the Tummim side, some scholars will say look, here's an indication that on one side was innocent, other side was cursed, yes-no kind of questions. And since Saul has to say why haven't you answered, the speculation is that he had thrown them a number of times and he got one of each to show up and Saul's getting a little frustrated, so he's like come on. Give us an answer here and then it turns out to be something against him. That's how the Septuagint has it. It's the Septuagint that actually adds information that you don't get in the traditional Masoretic Text. But it sort of goes hand-in-hand with this idea that the Urim and Thummim were stones that were flat so that you would get one or the other when you threw them out, when you cast them, kind of like flipping a coin, heads or tails, that sort of thing. So maybe that's the case. Maybe it isn't. Who knows? There are some problems with it even though it sort of works or it sort of could work. Milgram points out that there are some issues here. There's some problems. So he says, even if the Septuagint represents the correct story, the correct text, the theory would not allow for an inconclusive answer. You'd have to keep throwing the things, which to Milgram, just doesn't feel right. He says, also it wouldn't explained the plural forms of Urim and Thummim. Why not just have ur or arar, curse and tom for innocent? Why the plural, why the plural word? It doesn't make any sense if it's just a yes or no possibility. And Milgram adds, above all, it would not explain how the Oracle was able to give more than yes and no answers because that does happen. In Judges 1:1-2, Judges 1, Judges 18, 1 Samuel 10:22, 2 Samuel 2, the beginning of the chapter and in 2 Samuel 5, you have incidents that involve David, Saul, David a couple of times actually and then the people of Israel at the beginning of Judges. Judges 18 would be the other Levite. You have them inquiring of God. Some of these, in fact maybe all of them, don't actually say that the Urim and Thummim were brought out when the question was asked but the same formulaic language to inquire of God, shaal, to ask of God, that is used with the Urim and Thummim episodes, shows up in these instances and the answers to the questions are just beyond yes and no possibilities. You actually get sort of full answers. For instance, the one in 2 Samuel 5, David inquired of the Lord, this is 2 Samuel 5:23-24, 23 And when David inquired of the LORD, he said, "You shall not go up; go around to their rear, and come against them opposite the balsam trees. 24 And when you hear the sound of marching in the tops of the balsam trees, then rouse yourself, for then the LORD has gone out before you to strike down the army of the Philistines." MSH: That is way beyond yes, go up, no, don't go up. So how in the world were the Urim and Thummim, if it's a stone with two flat sides and one's yes, one's no, one's curse, one's innocent. How in the world do you get a fully developed answer like that, and these other passages have similar things in them that are just more fully developed answers. How do you get that with just a yes or no possibility with a two-sided Urim and Thummim? So Milgram's not the only one to point this out that you got kind of a problem here. It just doesn't work in these instances under the assumption that to inquire of the Lord means to go get the priest, bring the ephod, get out the Urim and Thummim and cast those babies down and then we'll find out what God wants us to do. So that's the assumption. Now this has led to a second possibility or at least a second theory. Some scholars have argued, I'm going to throw in a third, too, because it's one I heard in Bible college that always makes me chuckle, but that's a freebie. The second serious one is that some scholars argue that the Urim and Thummim were not flat, that they were actually sort of square shaped like dice. They had more than two sides. They had multiple sides and that on those sides were the letters, the 22 letters, of the Hebrew alphabet. Now, I should say maybe not all 22 but maybe most of them or something like that. Here's the logic. Since Hebrew is a Semitic language and most words, most lemmas, lemma is the basic dictionary spelling of the word, like if you wanted to look up the word running in an English dictionary, you won't find running, you'll find run though. You'll find the base form of the word. In Hebrew the base form of words are typically overwhelmingly spelled with only three consonants. It's a trilateral language, a trilateral language. So most of the words in the language are going to only have three letters, and so you could fit enough of the alphabet on a multisided object to account for a lot of the vocabulary in Hebrew. That's the theory. You might think, boy that just sounds kind of weird. Wait until you hear number three. Let's just use dice. Dice we use now as an illustration has six sides. So let's say you had two of these, 12 sides, and you put 12 letters of the Hebrew alphabet on it. You're missing 10, but let's just say you put 12, maybe like the beginning constant for each tribe or something like that. And now you get two dice and whatever two sides, when you throw the things, they land face-up. You take those two and you throw another one and you get your third consonant and now you've got your first word. Or you keep throwing them and you just write out the consonants and then it's the priest job to take all those letters and figure out what God's trying to say, which ones sort of make words. It's kind of an odd theory but this is a theory that's actually talked about in the literature. If you can't, if the priest couldn't make sense of it, then that would be interpreted as God's silence so on the surface, it sounds like it has little bit of logic to it because a lot of people just don't prefer the two-sided option because you get answers that really kind of long, kind of complicated. Who knows? If you think that's bizarre, here's the third theory. I heard this in Bible college and it always makes me chuckle. The third suggestion is that the Urim and Thummim weren't used in those instances that give longer answers. What was used was the breast piece because that's also part of the ephod. And on the breast piece you'll recall you have these 12 stones and on the stones were written the names of the tribes of Israel. And so the theory here is that when you asked God a question that involves more than a yes or no answer, that the stones. I can't help it. I'm chuckling here. We used to call this the blinking light theory in Bible college. The stones would light up and then the priest would write down the consonants on that stone, and whatever stones lit up, those are the ones you'd write down. And then you have to figure out what the message is. Do you like that? If you like that better than the other two, congratulations. Nobody really knows precisely what the Urim and Thummin were and how this worked. The only real indication you get is 1 Samuel 14 when they are cast. So there must've been some sort of casting thing, casting act going on. There you have it. So every time someone inquires of the Lord, do we assume it's Urim and Thummim when they're not actually mentioned? Some say yes, some say no. Those who say no say maybe it was the breast pieces or the ephod itself or who knows what's going on. That's the honest answer. You can come up with ideas as to how this might've worked and for yes and no questions it works kind of well. For the ones that go beyond yes and no, who knows? I've just given you the speculation so if you find any of those entertaining, good because years after I heard the blinking light theory, I still love it. It just makes me chuckle every time. Let's go to verse 9, the headdress. I want to say something about this. You have the high priest wearing a turban and in the front there's this golden plate, the holy crown as the Lord commanded Moses. Now we're told elsewhere in Exodus that on this plate were engraved the words Kodesh L'Adonai, Kodesh la and then the divine name. It means holy to the Lord or sacred to the Lord, to Yahweh. And this indicated that the high priest himself as a sanctified individual was the one that could enter the Most Holy place and he represented the nation. In Ezekiel 28:38, you have this reference to this idea that the high priest represents the entire nation. I'll just read it to you. It says, 38 It shall be on Aaron's forehead, and Aaron shall bear any guilt from the holy things that the people of Israel consecrate as their holy gifts. It shall regularly be on his forehead, that they may be accepted before the LORD. MSH: So this just marked visually that the high priest was the representative of the entire people. This was especially seen on the Day of Atonement because he's the only one who could go into the Most Holy place before the Ark of the Covenant. Most listeners are going to be familiar with Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement ceremony, at least in that respect. So I think this is kind of interesting because it's a very sort of literal bearing of the sacred name. One individual actually wears the name. He bears the name of Yahweh but do you realize that in a more abstract sense, every Israelite bore the name. Every Israelite carried the name in an abstract sense. You say what are you talking about? Well, this is something that often isn't realized but in Exodus 20, this of the 10 Commandments, verse 7 says, 7 "You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain, for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain. MSH: The word take there, you shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain, is nasa. It's the same word for to lift up or carry or bear. So the command doesn't actually refer to verbal swearing. It refers to bearing the name not in vain, not emptily, not uselessly, not worthlessly. And what does bearing the name mean? Bearing the name means you are sort of owned by God. You are God's people. He is the name. Think back to lots of the things I've have done on the blog, the chapters in the Unseen Realm about the name theology of the Old Testament. Every Israelite was warned do not represent God, the true God, all these other nations, they're doing their own thing with their other gods that God allotted to them, Deuteronomy 32 worldview. You people you represent the true God. You bear the name and do not bear it lightly. Don't bear it worthlessly. Don't represent it poorly is the idea. This idea carries into the New Testament. Paul says the Timothy, let everyone who names the name of Christ depart from iniquity. You represent Yahweh Israelite. And Paul's saying you represent Jesus, Christian, Christians. The name of the Christ attaches to his followers. This is representation, this is imaging. This is divine imaging to sort of really cast with a different term. Now it's bearing the name. It is the same idea. It's representing God. And interestingly enough, when you get to the book of Revelation, the whole thing about 666, the name of the beast? Unbelievers are marked with the name of the beast. They bear that name and believers and the 144,000 and all that, they are marked with the name of God, the name of Jesus. It's this abstract idea of representation and ownership, imaging and ownership. That's what was conveyed with this idea with the high priest. With him, it's done explicitly and literally, literally engraved on his forehead on this band, this gold band holy to the Lord, sanctified to the Lord. Remember back in earlier episodes of the podcast, we talk about what it meant to be consecrated or sanctified. It was something that was set aside for specific and exclusive use by God. And so the high priest is set aside for very specific use, by God for very specific circumstances and represents the people but the people themselves in the law are told to not bear the name worthlessly, carelessly. I just think it's a really good object lesson that kind of ties together or least advances, that's probably a better way of saying it, advances the idea of divine imaging for believers. Because every human images God, every human is God's representative on some level, on a very broad level. When it comes the believers, especially post-Babel, post Deuteronomy 32 worldview, post the time when God disinherits the nations and allots the nations the other gods and lots those gods to other nations, then imaging God takes on a new meaning. It is alignment with the true God, with Yahweh. It is representing the true God, Yahweh, bearing his name in distinction from and to distinguish you from all other peoples and all other gods and it carries right into the New Testament. So I think it's a really interesting feature here, just sort of a thing that we see in passing here Leviticus 8 that's really worth pointing out. In verse 10, Moses takes the anointing oil, anoints the tabernacle and all that was in it and consecrates them. I want to say something about a little bit later when we transition into chapter 9. We get down to verses 14 and following. This is the section where the altar is cleansed where we have the altar atoned for. The altars don't sin. This isn't moral sinning. This is, if you remember back to earlier episodes, this is purging from impurity, purging from infection. This is disinfecting things. So you have Aaron and his sons, the priests and the altar, this is just how it's done. So in verses 14 on toward the end of the chapter, you have these procedures, the sprinkling, the pouring of the blood on different objects to disinfect them, to ready them for use. Verse 22, that's kind of interesting. This is when, I'll just read it. 22 Then he presented the other ram, the ram of ordination, and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on the head of the ram. 23 And he killed it, and Moses took some of its blood and put it on the lobe of Aaron's right ear and on the thumb of his right hand and on the big toe of his right foot. 24 Then he presented Aaron's sons, and Moses put some of the blood on the lobes of their right ears and on the thumbs of their right hands and on the big toes of their right feet. And Moses threw the blood against the sides of the altar. MSH: The extremities, the human extremities, the ear the thumb, the toe, the person is literally being purged and purified and sanctified and consecrated from head to foot is the point. We've washed the hands and feet because the hands are going to go be working with sacred objects and the feet are going to be walking on holy ground. But now the blood is applied to the priest and Aaron's sons, head to foot, basically saying that their entire body now has been disinfected and is now made fit for occupying sacred space. And you get to verse 24, Moses put some of the blood on the sons of Aaron's ears and the toes and all that, and he threw the blood, the rest of the blood against the sides of the altar. That's kind of interesting because when the remainder the blood taken from the ram of ordination, as it's called, is cast on the altar, that is actually an analogy, that act is an analogy to what occurred back in Exodus 24 in the enactment of the Sinai Covenant. Now back then, part of the blood that was cast upon the altar and that represented God as one of the parties of the covenant and the rest of the blood was sprinkled and cast, flung over the people who were the other party of the covenant. The ordination of the priests here, it sort of has a dual function. It purifies the priests who represent the people and also binds them in a covenant relationship, the priests in this case to serve God in his tabernacle on sacred space in relation to the carrying out of the law and when the law is violated to bring people back into a right standing through the sacrificial system. So you have this analogy back to the Sinai ritual in this particular act. Now one more thing I want to mention here is in chapter 9. The end of chapter 8 starts talking about the tent of meeting, mentions it briefly, and then chapter 9, we pick up with tent of meeting again and that phrase is going to become important here because there is something about it that I think is interesting. In chapter 9, we get this eighth day ritual for sanctifying the whole system essentially, the altar and the tabernacle itself. That happened on the eighth day. Tabernacle alter's actually used and now the whole system basically is now in place after this ritual. It's kind of interesting, at least to me anyway. If you've ever read, this is going to sound like it's really coming out of left field, like it has nothing to do with this. But if you've ever read anything about JEDP, the authorship of the Pentateuch in the four separate sources, one of the arguments to divide the Pentateuch up into sources is variation in vocabulary, and typically what we associate with that is differences in divine name, Yahweh versus Elohim, and that was one of the things that lead people to speculate, well, why isn't it one name? Why do we have these two names, Yahweh names and El names? That must be two different sources. Then we get J and E, Jehovah and Elohim. But the discussion of differences in vocabulary is actually much bigger than that and one of the issues is why do we have a word like tabernacle, mishkan, for the tent? And then we have ohel moed, the tent of meeting? Why not just have one, either call it a mishkan or call it the ohel moed. Why do we have two? Critics thought that indicates two sources. Well, it's actually fairly easy to show that is a misguided understanding, at least with these two terms, mishkan and ohel moed. If you actually do some searching for both of these terms, mishkan, tabernacle, and ohel moed, tent of meeting, you find something interesting. In the case of mishkan, the tabernacle, that term is used a lot in the book of Exodus, almost 60 times. But in Leviticus, it only occurs four times. When you get mishkan, it begins to be used in Exodus sort of where you'd expect it, from chapter 25 onward because that's when the tabernacle's being built. You might ask yourself, ok, they built a tabernacle in Exodus 25-40, got that. And so then it's ready to be used. So naturally we would expect Leviticus, the sacrificial system, to be talking about the tabernacle all the time but guess what, it doesn't. It uses of the term mishkan tabernacle only four times in the entire book of Leviticus. Instead, what you get in Leviticus is you get the other phrase, the ohel moed. So in 62 occurrences, in terms of sort of a collective between these books of the tent of meeting, when it comes to Leviticus, you have a concentration of the tent of meeting terminology in Leviticus as opposed to the tabernacle in Exodus, why? Think about it. Even though you have tent of meeting show up in Exodus, that term is only, is basically, almost exclusively the term you get in Leviticus where as in the other term, it's sort of flipped. What makes the difference? What makes Leviticus different than Exodus 25-40? Why does Leviticus favor tent of meeting and not tabernacle? The reason is what we just read, Leviticus 8 and here in Leviticus 9. The tabernacle has to be sanctified and the priests have to be sanctified in order for God to meet people there. And so once that happens, the tent of meeting, the meeting language takes over in Leviticus because now this tabernacle thing that we were talking about in Exodus now we're not going to use that terminology. Now we're going to talk about that structure as the place where God meets with people, meets with his people through the priesthood. So after you get this sanctification ritual, it sort of reflected in the way that term is used in the book of Leviticus. It is one of these sorts of vocabulary situations that telegraph a certain theological message. There's nothing wrong with the word tabernacle but now that it's in place, now that it's been sanctified, now that the system is in place, this is the place where God meets with us. And so it just telegraphs to people what's going on, and of course, to readers, telegraphs us what's going on. So to wrap up here, just a few thoughts that I think we can get out of Leviticus 8-9. Think about the necessity of the priesthood. Now you say well, the priests represent the people but wouldn't it be nice if the people had direct access to God like we do? Well, they don't. We've talked about this before and we see now that there is a sort of logistic reason for this, too. You have to have a priesthood because the tabernacle's only so large and the amount of a sacred space is only so large. You can't just have everybody there so there's a logistic reason why access to God is restricted to only a handful of people. Think about the way a Jew in Jesus' day would've thought of this. That whole system, that whole necessity, probably a better way of saying it, is gone because the same presence that made the space sacred back in Leviticus now dwells in honest and we all have access to God. There is no restriction of sacred space. There's no need for it either on a spiritual level, a theological level or a physical level. There's just no need for it. So we have a situation where God dwelt among his people in the Old Testament but he wasn't in them like we have in the New Testament. That's actually, that whole situation where God wasn't indwelling is going to necessitate the New Covenant because without that, you only have, I hate to say it this way, but you only have occasional contact with the presence of God, and even then, it's through the priesthood. And that just isn't going to cut it when it comes to sort of combating human nature, our propensity and our willingness to sin. So part of the new covenant is the coming of the Spirit and the Spirit takes up residence in the believer. That's not something that was going on. That wasn't common in the Old Testament. You had an entirely different setup. And lastly, think about divine knowledge, and we spent a lot of time on the Urim and Thummim in this episode. You had to go to the priests to get answers to a whole variety of questions, why? There's no Bible and frankly there's very little torah, even if you accept mosaic authorship for every word, this is the book of Leviticus. We're here at Sinai. Going with mosaic authorship, they spend 13 months at Sinai building the tabernacle, getting the clothes for the priest, sanctifying the whole system and then they take off and go to the promise land after all this ritual stuff is done. They're there for 13 months and if Moses is busy writing, you still then only got a very small portion and even what you have is about the law, about the priest, about the tabernacle. You don't have any information from God really to direct you in all sorts of ways. This is why if you think back to the episode with Moses and Jethro, Moses had to spend his day answering questions and Jethro says this isn't really a good use of your time. You need to appoint elders to help you out. Of course, Moses does that. They don't have Scripture. They don't have revelation. What that means is, they do not have access to divine knowledge. The average person didn't have any of that. It's so much superior in the New Testament context compared to the old, and we probably never even thought of that particular way, that that particular setting for why it's just better now. So we should be thankful and frankly, even in light of our Urim and Thummin discussion, even what they did get from the Urim and Thummim, that had an element of uncertainty. Did we pick the right words? Is the words right? Did we spell it right? Is it a yes or no? Is it not? Even that was sort of an imperfect process or an imprecise process, or maybe a better way to say it, one that just had this element of uncertainty and subjectivity to it, because of the way knowledge was dispensed through the priesthood. It's going to get better with the prophets. God's going to speak to them more often. And he does speak to Moses that Moses is going to die. He does speak to Joshua, and Joshua is going to die. You get the period of Judges and the whole thing sort of blows up. And what you're left with is what we just described, a very sort of uncertain process with an element of subjectivity in it to know what God is thinking, to know he wants us to do. Well, what we have today is just so much better, so we can learn comparative things like that just by paying attention what's going on in Leviticus 8-9 and looking at them in their context.
Legislative Assembly of Ontario Assemblée législative de l’Ontario Official Report of Debates (Hansard) Journal des débats (Hansard) SP-14 Standing Committee on Social Policy SP-14 Comité permanent de la politique sociale The People's Health Care Act, 2019 Loi de 2019 sur les soins de santé pour la population re 1 st Session nd 42 Parliament Tuesday 9 April 2019 1 session 42 e législature Mardi 9 avril 2019 Chair: Nina Tangri Clerk: Eric Rennie Greffier : Eric Rennie Hansard on the Internet Le Journal des débats sur Internet Hansard and other documents of the Legislative Assembly can be on your personal computer within hours after each sitting. The address is: L'adresse pour faire paraître sur votre ordinateur personnel le Journal et d'autres documents de l'Assemblée législative en quelques heures seulement après la séance est : https://www.ola.org/ Index inquiries Reference to a cumulative index of previous issues may be obtained by calling the Hansard Reporting Service indexing staff at 416-325-7400. Hansard Reporting and Interpretation Services Room 500, West Wing, Legislative Building 111 Wellesley Street West, Queen's Park Toronto ON M7A 1A2 Telephone 416-325-7400; fax 416-325-7430 Published by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Renseignements sur l'index Adressez vos questions portant sur des numéros précédents du Journal des débats au personnel de l'index, qui vous fourniront des références aux pages dans l'index cumulatif, en composant le 416-325-7400. ISSN 1710-9477 Service du Journal des débats et d'interprétation Salle 500, aile ouest, Édifice du Parlement 111, rue Wellesley ouest, Queen's Park Téléphone, 416-325-7400; télécopieur, 416-325-7430 Toronto ON M7A 1A2 Publié par l'Assemblée législative de l'Ontario CONTENTS Tuesday 9 April 2019 STANDING COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL POLICY Tuesday 9 April 2019 The committee met at 0900 in room 151. THE PEOPLE'S HEALTH CARE ACT, 2019 LOI DE 2019 SUR LES SOINS DE SANTÉ POUR LA POPULATION Consideration of the following bill: The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Good morning. We are assembled for clause-by-clause consideration of Bill 74, An Act concerning the provision of health care, continuing Ontario Health and making consequential and related amendments and repeals. Bill 74, An Act concerning the provision of health care, continuing Ontario Health and making consequential and related amendments and repeals / Projet de loi 74, Loi concernant la prestation de soins de santé, la prorogation de Santé Ontario, l'ajout de modifications corrélatives et connexes et des abrogations. Ralph Armstrong from legislative counsel is here to assist us with our work, should we have any questions for him. A recess having been requested pursuant to standing order 129(a) when we adjourned yesterday, I must now immediately put the question on Mr. Fraser's proposed amendment without any further comments or debate. When we adjourned yesterday evening, we were considering Mr. Fraser's amendment to section 48 of schedule 1 to the bill, which is on page 72 of your amendment package. Prior to beginning, should any recorded votes be requested, please let me know. Mr. John Fraser: Recorded vote. M me France Gélinas: Can I let you know now that I want a recorded vote on all of our motions as well as the notices? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas? That's fine; noted. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Motion 72: Mr. Fraser has moved section 48 of schedule 1 to the bill. Ayes Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. Nays Bouma, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. ASSEMBLÉE LÉGISLATIVE DE L'ONTARIO COMITÉ PERMANENT DE LA POLITIQUE SOCIALE Mardi 9 avril 2019 The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare the amendment defeated. There hasn't been much community engagement at all regarding this bill. This bill will have a profound impact on our health care system. Every opportunity for engagement should be sought. Health care is one of the most important programs that the provincial government provides, which means that for many, many Ontarians, the most important relationship to their government is when they gain access to health care. Any further debate on section 48? Madame Gélinas? M me France Gélinas: Section 48 is the part of the bill that deals with regulations and—more specifically, "the Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations." For reasons unknown, the government saw fit to withdraw from this section that the Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations regarding engagement mechanisms. To me, this is a grave error. I think we should really look at what has been done with this bill. There has not been much engagement at all. We've asked for deputations to be extended. Last night, all of us were willing to sit till 8 o'clock. Last week, when we had deputations, at 6 o'clock we cut people off who never even got a chance to have a question and answer to them because we had to be finished. We limited it to 30 people, although 1,594 people asked to make deputations. We got over 19,413 pieces of paper, letters, sent to us from those who wanted us to look at their point of view, and we never had the time to do this. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Ms. Armstrong? Here we are in section 48 that looks at the regulations, and the one and only part that we have taken away in that section is the part that has to do with engagement mechanisms. I want the government side to think about this long and hard. If you want this to be successful, people have to be able to be heard, to see how it's going to be positive to them. To be told that it's going to be positive is very different than to be engaged in the process, to see the difference and to hope for an end goal that makes sense to your community. When there are limited—as it is—parts of this bill that allow us to focus on engagement mechanisms, then I don't see why we're taking them out. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: Yes, I would like to make some comments on this particular section, Chair. This government seems to be limiting the consultation, limiting the input, of this bill. Taking out the Lieutenant Governor's opportunity to make regulations again shows the limitations that this government is willing to impose on public consultation, on someone else's authority when it comes to expertise and experience. When we have this kind of makeup and design of a bill and we don't open our minds to other people's opinions, then we're going down a very slippery slope by creating legislation that's not what we think it's going to be. Even though we may have been convinced otherwise, you have to be free-thinking and have an open mind. Even if in the end you come to the decision that the Lieutenant Governor shouldn't make regulations—the process that's been happening hasn't been that way. It hasn't been described that way, it hasn't been utilized that way. When we're discussing creation of legislation, we are all here representing our constituents. I don't think it behooves anyone to limit the input that can make a bill so much better. As leaders in our community and representing the voices of people we have been elected to represent, it is our duty and obligation to keep an open mind. Even though we may have an opinion about something, we have to keep an open mind. That's truly someone who is representing everyone that voted for you. I know when I'm in my constituency office and someone comes in for help and says, "Well, I voted for you," I'm like, "But that doesn't matter, I am here to represent everyone, whether they voted for me or not." I have to tell you, it's concerning to me. It's concerning to me in a working relationship, it's concerning to me in how we represent the people that put confidence in us. You can't shut out people who you think didn't vote for you or you think have a difference of opinion because you believe you're right. That is not a leadership quality that people expect. We've had many examples, such as in New Zealand, where the Prime Minister there opened her mind to what was happening in that horrific act. When we talk about officers of this Legislature, we have to give them some kind of respect for the professionalism that they bring to the table. A lot of us here—I was elected in 2011; I'm still learning every day. I certainly don't profess to shut out an expert's opinion. I think the government side, whether they're on this committee or in the Legislature or in their constituency office, have to remember that they represent all the people in their constituency. For us not to take consideration when we're looking at a system of presenting at committee, when we have over 1,500 people asking for us to hear their voices and reducing it and chopping it down to 30 presentations, I have to tell you it's remarkably strange. It's remarkably strange to me that that's okay, that that's how leadership wants to operate. Then we have, as France mentioned, I think, 19,000 pieces of paper; that's a lot of voices that we are not opening our minds to, that we are shutting out, shutting off. Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair, on a point of order. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: I will wrap up, if that's what the member is asking me to do, but I don't think taking out the regulations— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): We have a point of order. One moment. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Point taken. Please speak to the schedule at hand, and please wrap up. Mrs. Robin Martin: I think we're not talking about the matter under discussion, pursuant to section 23 of the standing orders. We're also straying into false motives etc. unavowed motives that she's attributing to us. I think we should get on and focus on the matter at hand. 0910 Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: There are no false motives. That's my belief of what I feel I am as a leader—okay? There are no false motives. Mr. John Fraser: I wanted to throw in there that I think what Teresa is saying is that this bill is moving at lightning speed and the protections that should be in there for all of our communities aren't there. She's expressing that, and I don't think it's a violation of section 23. I think she's just taking her right, as any one of us would, as you would on this side of the table and the other side of the table. I think we have to respect that. It's an important point that she's making. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Fraser. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Mamakwa. So when we talk about health service providers—when Health Canada, a health service provider, is trying to provide that service, how are you going to deal with that? How are you going to talk to the First Nations that are onreserve? How are you going to talk to the mental health professionals who go into the communities? Mr. Sol Mamakwa: When we talk about regulations— section 48 talks about health service providers. Not just in committee, but also in the House, I always talk about provision of health services that goes—in my communities, Health Canada is the health care service provider. How are we going to deal with the jurisdictional ambiguity that exists within our communities? For example, the services that exist are physician services, Ornge for medevacs—I stipulated how many medevacs there are in the fly-in communities—and also MTO. MTO airports play a critical role. They're a service provider. I told you about some of the stories that have happened in our communities with respect to those services. Three years ago, there was a young man who lit himself on fire in a community, and Ornge couldn't land. For example, when we talk about engagement, how do we ensure that the Corporations Information Act—how are you going to deal with the federal side of those acts? These are all provincial, and that's one of the things that we have to consider. Meegwetch. Shall schedule 1, section 48, as amended, carry? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I'm going to call the question. Ayes Bouma, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 1, section 48, carried. Mrs. Robin Martin: Can I ask that we bundle the next three as a block because we have no notices on any of them? Moving on to schedule 1, section 49: Further debate? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Are we all in agreeance to— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): In agreeance? So we'll begin with schedule 1, section 49. M me France Gélinas: If we could do 49—then the other two; okay. Further debate? Madame Gélinas. Many individuals also asked that Cancer Care Ontario and the Trillium Gift of Life not be rolled into Ontario Health. I wanted to read this on the record. We are in a part of the bill that allows us to look at the amendments to the act. We never had an opportunity to listen to all of those people who wrote in, and this is the summary that—is it Hansard that does the summary, or research? M me France Gélinas: I just wanted to put on the record that this part of the bill deals with an amendment to the act—we've mentioned many times that over 19,000 took the time to write to us. They had concerns about increasing the role of the private sector in the delivery of care. They had concerns that the bill will result in services requiring a fee or becoming unaffordable. They had concerns that it may lead to outsourcing, delisting of services or forced mergers. They had concerns about cuts to services. They requested that it include statements relating to the principles of the Canada Health Act. Those 19,000 people had a desire to see more citizen input into health care decisions, including at Ontario Health. They had concerns that regions will have less input into centralized decisionmaking processes. They had a desire to see an appeal process added to the legislation. They wanted to give support for public health care as a Canadian value. They had skepticism that changes will result in cost savings. They had a desire to see more investment in health care; for example, more medical professionals. They had a desire for more time for consultation and/or research on the bill, and a desire to see the bill withdrawn or significantly revised. The Clerk of the Committee (Mr. Eric Rennie): Research. Throughout the debates on the different parts of this bill, not once did any member of the government speak; not once did any member of the government acknowledge that a lot of people had tried to be heard. The only mention of them was rather negative, but those are real people in Ontario who use our health care system and have worries. M me France Gélinas: Okay. This is the summary that was done by the research officers of the legislative library and research services. It highlighted the points that were in the written submissions from individuals. They have taken the time to write to us with their worries, and this is the summary of the worries that individuals had brought forward. I wanted to make sure that they were on the record. I can tell you that I spent a lot of time going through them, and all of the people who wrote to us signed their names. They all give us their postal codes. We know where they come from. We know who they are. I recognize two of the names. The rest of the people I don't know, but I know that they come from every part of Ontario. Whether you look all the way down to Windsor to Hamilton to Niagara Falls to Cornwall to eastern Ontario, all the way up to—the furthest one I saw was from Weeneebayko, but many from the northeast, and Thunder Bay and Kenora. You still have about 10 amendments that you get to speak to, that you get to go through. I'm opening the door and putting out the olive branch that you give them a reason to be hopeful as we go through the parts of the bill that deal with amendments. Let them know that you value their input, that you value the fact that they are interested in our health care system. From every part of the province, some people have taken the time to write, but for most of the 14 million people, this process went too fast and they never had a chance to be heard. But they will live with the consequences. I just wanted to put their words on the record. Shall schedule 1, section 49, carry? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Bouma, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Schedule 1, section 49, is carried. Shall schedule 1, section 50 and section 51, carry? Moving on to—and we will do them together— schedule 1, section 50, and schedule 1, section 51: Further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Bouma, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. 0920 Moving to schedule 1 on the preamble: Mr. Fraser? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Those opposed? Carried. Mr. John Fraser: I just wanted a clarification: Do I have to seek unanimous consent to open this up, or is this just a matter of course? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Because it is in there, you do have to move the motion. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Go ahead, Mr. Fraser. Mr. John Fraser: Okay; I'll move it. I understand. Thank you. Mr. John Fraser: I move that the preamble to schedule 1 to the bill be amended by striking out the second-to-last paragraph and substituting the following: "Respect the requirements of the French Language Services Act and recognize the role of Ontario's Frenchspeaking community in the planning, design, delivery and evaluation of health services; and" "Acknowledge that the public health system should recognize the diversity within all of Ontario's communities; The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Fraser? I know that we have another amendment being put forward, which I am looking at and trying to sort out which one I think is the best. But I'd welcome any debate from the other side, or on this side as well too—as to whether there's an openness to open up the preamble and insert those things that we believe are important. Mr. John Fraser: I think this is pretty straightforward. It's what we've been debating in this bill. It belongs in the preamble. I think it's important. It's an important message to send to communities: that we respect them. I think it should be included in the preamble, and that's why I've written it this way. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Madame Gélinas? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Armstrong? M me France Gélinas: I would like to ask legislative counsel Mr. Armstrong to clarify for us the difference in putting words in the preamble versus putting the same requirement into the bill. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: The preamble forms part of the bill, but it's not what we call a "substantive provision." In substantive provisions, you look directly to them and they give a direction. In the preamble, they would be used to interpret the bill, to understand what its purposes were, how one is to look at it and what the motivations were. Once upon a time, preambles were very common; over the history of the law, they became less so. Even in the course of my career, I've noticed a tendency for them to make somewhat of a comeback because their utility as an interpretive tool has increased. But like any interpretive tool, they would only come up in a case of doubt—probably not so much when something seems plain on its face. When you would refer to the preamble, it would probably be in cases of doubt, which does happen. Am I addressing the question, ma'am? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas? M me France Gélinas: Yes. M me France Gélinas: Just to follow up, the bill doesn't talk about "recognize the diversity within all of Ontario's communities," but if we vote for this, the preamble would say, "Acknowledge that the public health system should recognize the diversity within all of Ontario's communities." We have tried, at many opportunities, to put amendments to have diversity included in the bill, but they were all voted down. If diversity is not included in the bill, and it's included in the preamble—am I thinking it right that if it doesn't need to be clarified within the bill then the preamble is not that useful? Mr. Ralph Armstrong: I do believe that there is some provision that speaks to diversity, but if I can just leave it as a general question— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Armstrong? M me France Gélinas: Sure. If I can abstract this a bit, with permission—because I find that sometimes more useful than getting into the contents of the bill which everyone's engaged in. Suppose there was a bill about using firearms to commit crimes and it prohibited using guns, and somebody robbed a store with a shotgun. I don't think anybody would ever look at the preamble, because, hey—shotgun. Suppose it was a pellet gun, and you go, "Well, is a pellet gun really a gun?" And suppose the preamble had said, "Recognizing the dangers presented by weapons, including toy weapons, air guns and similar," then you'd go, "Uh huh." Mr. Ralph Armstrong: Referring to the preamble is much the same as any tool of statutory interpretation. It comes up when you need to refer to the tool. Am I making the least amount of sense? Sometimes people say I don't. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Fraser? M me France Gélinas: Yes. Mr. John Fraser: I'll just wind this up. This is how I understand it. I think you've explained it fairly clearly. To me, it's an interpretive tool that can be used, and that not having that tool there—that will not be something that's available to people when they're interpreting that legislation and the intent of that legislation if it's needed, right? It may never be needed, but if it's needed and it's not there, then they will not have a tool to apply those principles. Mr. John Fraser: Okay, thank you. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: If it's not there, you can't look at it. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? So I'm a little torn here right now. Can I withdraw right now, or is it too late in the game? Mr. John Fraser: I know this is not in order, but I'm looking at both of these preambles here right now. I put this preamble forward. I look at the second piece in the preamble and I say to myself, "Which one do we think is better?", which we will figure out, I guess, at the next vote. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): You've already moved it. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): But you can withdraw with unanimous consent of the committee. Mr. John Fraser: I've already moved it. Okay. M me France Gélinas: So you would like to withdraw because you want us to deal with 74? Mr. John Fraser: I think that 74 has a bit more in it and, as a tool, I think it will be a stronger tool. When I look at that in consideration I'd love to pass the amendment, but I think 74 adds some more that's not included in my amendment. So I'd like to ask for unanimous consent to withdraw. Agreed. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I'll pose the question. Do we all agree to withdraw? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. So we'll move on to 74, the preamble to schedule 1 to the bill. Mrs. Martin. Interjection: Mrs. Robin Martin: I move that the preamble to schedule 1 to the bill be amended by striking out the second-to-last paragraph and substituting the following: "Acknowledge that the public health care system should recognize the diversity within all of Ontario's communities and respect the requirements of the French Language Services Act in the planning, design, delivery and evaluation of health care services for Ontario's French-speaking communities; and" "Believe that the public health care system should be guided by a commitment to equity and to the promotion of equitable health outcomes; The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mrs. Martin. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Fraser? Mrs. Robin Martin: We're recommending voting for this motion for the reasons we've just discussed. These changes make clear the government's commitment to health equity in our publicly funded system, and the amendment will reinforce our commitment to Frenchspeaking Ontarians by specifying exactly how the French Language Services Act should be respected in the health care system. We have had a couple of motions where it's also been included, but this is another way of signalling that. We've heard from several stakeholders on this issue, and we believe health equity is important to the patientcentred system that we're developing. Mr. John Fraser: I will be supporting this motion. I withdrew my motion because I think the commitment to equity and equitable health outcomes is important to have as an interpretive tool if ever needed. I do want to go on to say, though, that it is a preamble, and there were opportunities to do this in the bill that would have made the bill stronger. We should have taken those opportunities. We should also have taken the opportunities to protect communities, if I can say that right now. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you very much. Madame Gélinas. 0930 But despite all those things, and the shortcomings that are there, to not support this, I think, would not be the right thing to do. That's why I'm supporting it. M me France Gélinas: Just a little comment: We have interpretation in here, and when people speak really, really fast, the good people who work for interpretation have a really tough time. I just thought I would put it out there. You use that information as you see fit. You will remember that we wanted some change to the preamble. We wanted change that dealt with ensuring that Ontario's health system is managed, funded and delivered to support patient care in a manner that aligns with the principles of the Canada Health Act. We wanted to ensure that the minister, the agency and the Ontario government do not remove or reduce funding of health services from within a community. We wanted to ensure that the minister, the agency, the integrated care delivery system, the health service providers and any other person or entity that has a role in managing funding and delivering health care do do not profit from not-for-profit, for the health and well-being of Ontarians, and that they would carry out their responsibilities with the aim of ensuring that patient care is adequately funded and delivered. We wanted to ensure that the minister, the agency and the Ontario government are transparent in their administration and the funding of Ontario's health system. We wanted to ensure that the minister, the agency and the Ontario government administer Ontario's health system in a manner that promotes transparency, compassion and equity; that promotes the delivery of public health care services by public and not-for-profit organizations; and that protects against the expansion of private, forprofit delivery of care. We wanted to ensure and recognize the important role that the people of Ontario play in the planning, design, delivery and evaluation of Ontario's health system. We wanted to ensure that no person who is a patient of Ontario is required to pay to access their personal health records. We wanted to promote health standards that are based on the principle that health is the highest attainable state of physical, mental and social well-being, including the ability to adapt and self-manage in the face of social, physical and emotional challenges, and to ensure that the people of Ontario have a right to be involved meaningfully in decision-making with respect to Ontario's health system, and to be notified of any relevant decisions made by the Ontario government with respect to Ontario's health system. We wanted respect of the requirements of the French Language Services Act and recognition of the role of the Ontario French-speaking community in the planning, design, delivery and evaluation of health services. We pushed really hard to have the minister comply with the principles of public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability and accessibility as provided in the Canada Health Act, and supported the prohibition of two-tier medicine, extra billing or user fees, to continue to be in accordance with the Canada Health Act. We wanted the public authority to be subject to audit of its accounts and financial transactions by such authority as is charged by law with the audit of the accounts of Ontario. We wanted to bring certainty that our health care insurance plan in Ontario would be administered and operated on a not-for-profit basis in a public authority appointed or designated by the government of Ontario, and that the public authority would be responsible to the Ontario government for that administration and operation. We wanted our provincial health system—that the minister create a plan that is based on the principles of equity, compassion, and public, not-for-profit delivery of care that sets standards and benchmarks to meet the health care needs of Ontario's population. Those are the types of changes that we would have liked to see in the bill and see in the preamble. None of those changes were accepted. We wanted to make sure, if there was to be a transfer of all or part of a service to a person or entity, that the transfer of all or parts to an integrated care system—that the Public Sector Labour Relations Transition Act and the Labour Relations Act were respected. The preamble will be better with the changing of one part. Changing "Acknowledge that the public health system should recognize the diversity within all of Ontario's communities and respect the requirements of the French Language Services Act in serving Ontario's French-speaking community" to "Acknowledge that the public health care system should recognize the diversity within all of Ontario's communities and respect the requirements of the French Language Services Act in the planning, design, delivery and evaluation of health care services for Ontario's French-speaking communities"— it's a bit better. But the preamble could have set the tone for way more, as counsel Mr. Armstrong explained to us this morning. The preamble to schedule 1, page 74. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Armstrong, Bouma, Fraser, Gélinas, Karahalios, Kusendova, Mamakwa, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Carried. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: It's good to see that the government is taking some small initiative in the preamble to look at equity. However, there have been so many amendments around equity—that we could strengthen in the legislation. So although the intent is there, I think the public and—most people, with how they've seen some of the ways the patterns of behaviour have rolled out in legislation, are just looking for guarantees of equity in health care. I don't think that's a lot to ask when we're talking about access to health care. I think it's a fundamental right of everyone who needs health care that there is that equitable piece, so that they're not left behind. So at least that is something that we're getting. But it's certainly not legislation where it's a requirement that they have to make sure people have access to health care—when it comes to equity. Any further debate on the preamble to schedule 1? Ms. Armstrong. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Mamakwa. Mr. Sol Mamakwa: Again, in my riding there are a lot of First Nations communities, and because we're on- reserve, First Nations communities fall into this jurisdictional thing. There's mention of Indigenous peoples within the preamble, when we talk about planning, when we talk about design, when we talk about delivery and evaluation of health services. That's very minimal—just to say those words, even in the preamble. I think we have to move further than that, as a provincial government. When we talk about the example of vision services, optometrists—the optometrist in my home community comes twice a year for a week. Those are our vision services. Dental services: four times a year. When you have a toothache, you have to fly out. A return ticket to Sioux Lookout is $400 return, which is a 50-minute flight. 0940 We are part of Ontario, and this is 2019, and just because we are brown, just because we are on-reserve, we should not be treated differently. We are human beings, as well. I say that because it talks about equity, as well, in the preamble. When we talk about equitable services, access to health services, that does not exist. For example, Health Quality Ontario: Within their mission, within their vision, they talk about equity for access to health services for all Ontarians. That is not true at all. When we talk about equality within Ontario, as First Nations people, as Indigenous peoples, that does not exist. All I'm saying is, this is not enough. We have to put more resources, more wording into the provision of health care services for Indigenous peoples. I just wanted to share those thoughts. Shall the preamble to schedule 1, as amended, carry? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Armstrong, Bouma, Gélinas, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Those opposed? Carried. M me France Gélinas: Schedule 1 of the bill is the biggest part of the bill. It is the part of the bill that creates the super-agency. It is the part of the bill that creates the integrated health teams. It is the part of the bill that gives the minister incredible powers, powers that a Minister of Health has never had before, to go against the wishes of a community, to go against the wishes of an agency, of people, of patients and their families. The NDP has filed a notice to schedule 1 of the bill. Further debate? Madame Gélinas. First, this bill was time-allocated, so it stayed in the House the minimum amount of time that they had to put it through the House. We never had consultations before on those mega-changes to our health care system. The bill came, it was in the House for six hours and 20 minutes, and that was it. That was all; it was finished. Then they time-allocated how we were going to deal with this in committee. Some 1,594 people asked to be heard; 30 of them were heard. The minister then said, "Well, if you don't have time to be heard, just send us your written requests." We had over 9,613 written requests that came in, and by the conversations we've had, it's becoming quite obvious that nobody on the government side took the time to read them. Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair, on a point of order. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Point of order. I want to put on the record some of the people who have written submissions. We had l'Assemblée de la francophonie de l'Ontario, who had asked to present, was not able to be selected in the top 30, and sent a written submission. We had the ALS Society of Canada, who also wanted to be heard, never had the chance, and they sent a written submission. We had the Nishnawbe Aski Nation that wanted to be heard; they sent a written submission. We had the Association of Ontario Midwives, which had to send a written submission. We had the Arthritis Society send a written submission. Remember, in those 19,000 emails that you got? Those were in there. Bayshore HealthCare sent a written submission. So did Mike Bye. So did the Canadian Cancer Society, who was really worried— Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair, I think this is a breach of standing order 23(d)—unnecessarily reading things into the record. We've all received the written submissions. Contrary to what Madame Gélinas has imputed, we have looked at the written submissions and read them. I think this is unnecessary and also contrary to that standing order. M me France Gélinas: Sure. Those are people who wanted to be heard. When the Canadian Cancer Society wants to be heard on a bill that will do away with Cancer Care Ontario, I think this is worth putting on the record that this is how this bill goes through. I can tell you that in five years, six years or 10 years from now, people will look back as to, "How did we get to this?", and there will be lessons to be learned. Unless we put on the record that the Canadian Federation of University Women Ontario Council sent us a written submission, nobody will know. If we don't say that the College of Homeopaths of Ontario have put in a written submission, nobody would know. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Yes, I think reading off all of the written submissions is unnecessary as everyone in the committee has received all of those written submissions, so if you can speak directly to schedule 1. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I believe you're continuing to just read off each and every organization or person that wrote in. Once again, I'd just like to remind you that everybody did receive—all members of this committee did receive—all of the submissions. It is up to the committee members to read through who has, and what has been, written. So I'd ask you to please not continue on that road and just speak to the actual schedule itself. M me France Gélinas: Okay. Can I say that the Kidney Foundation of Ontario and the Kidney Foundation of Canada wrote specifically to talk about the issue of taking Trillium Gift of Life and dissolving it into the superagency? There are a lot of people—April is organ donation month. We had a beautiful ceremony yesterday to honour organ donation and the donation that was made after the Humboldt tragedy. Those people are asking us to reconsider. Don't roll Trillium Gift of Life into the superagency. Trillium Gift of Life, with its focus on organ donations, with its focus on helping families make the hard decisions of giving, and the specialty that we have been able to build just here down the road at—sorry, I pointed in the wrong direction—UHN, at Toronto General, we have some of the best surgical and surgeon teams in all of Canada. People come to Ontario because of our expertise. This expertise came to be because we had the Trillium Gift of Life that is now going to be— Mrs. Robin Martin: On a point of order, Madam Chair, we have heard all of these points from Madame Gélinas already in this discussion. Under standing order 23(c), I believe we are at the point of engaging in needless repetition on these points. Madame Gélinas has made these points many times, as have some of the other members of the opposition. Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair, on a point of order. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Point of order. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas has permission to speak to schedule 1 as a whole and can continue to do so, but I will concur: Once again, please do not just read off each and every organization. Submissions were given to each member of the committee, and it was the responsibility of the committee members to read each of those submissions. I do ask you to— I can tell you that there's a nursing station in Gogama in my riding. Their nurse practitioners had been there for years. They have lost their nurse practitioners. It will be 10 months this week, actually, that they haven't had a nurse practitioner. They are worried as to what this new integrated care will mean to them. They know that there are 14 million people in Ontario. If we are to have about 50 integrated health teams, then that means about 280,000 people per team. For northern Ontario, that means all of us and then some. Those people wanted to be heard. They wanted to know what will happen. 0950 M me France Gélinas: Will do. I can speak to Espanola. Espanola is a little community about an hour west of Sudbury. They have a fantastic integrated team model. Their hospital, their long-term care, their home and community services, their family health team and their community mental health are all under one roof with one team, so that if you happen to live in the long-term-care home and you get sick, you don't need to go to the hospital; the physicians from the family health team that covers the ER actually go to see you in the long-term-care home. If you have been admitted into the hospital and you need follow-up in mental health, the community mental health services are all integrated. You will see the same providers, who will continue to see you in the community. This is exactly the type of integrated care that the Minister of Health has described so many times. This is something that exists already in northern Ontario, but it exists for 4,000 people, not for 280,000. The people of Espanola and the small hospitals and Espanola Regional Hospital are all worried: What will happen to their team? It works really good. You had all of those willing partners who came together, who transformed the different silos and made it work at the level, and it works really good. I've actually encouraged the Minister of Health to come and see. It works really good. But they are worried that, the way the bill is written, they're not going to be able to continue, that all of the little, small rural hospitals are going to be gobbled up against their will into those bigger integrated health systems. We have seen this movie before. Rural and northern Ontario— we are always the losers when decisions are made in big cities, in central areas. For them, it means travelling hours in the car. We've had a brutally tough winter; there's no other way to describe it. It's still snowing back home right now. It makes my husband really unhappy, and many other people. Those people have had to travel through snowstorm after snowstorm because they are sick and because they need access to care, and none of this is available in their community. We used to have the LHINs. Did I love the LHINs? Absolutely not, but they were giving us a voice for northeastern Ontario. Now that the LHINs are no longer there, it's going to be those 15 people from southern Ontario, except for one from North Bay, who are in charge of Ontario Health, which is based out of Toronto, who will be making decisions for the community of Gogama. I bet you that half of them don't know where Gogama is, and all of them have never been to Gogama. Yet Gogama needs help to find a nurse practitioner, because in the 10 months, they have had zero nurse practitioners available and one day of a physician available. That it; that's all. They would have liked to be heard. They would have liked to make sure that, as we move forward with this massive transformation, you don't forget that a one-sizefits-all for integrated care, at about 280,000 people, makes no sense whatsoever for the people I represent and even less for the people MPP Mamakwa represents. But yet, they never had a chance to be heard, and yet we are moving ahead with a plan that will create the super-agency based out of Toronto, directed by people from southern Ontario. We are moving ahead with an integrated care system that will have an average of 280,000 people, which is more than all of the people in northeastern Ontario. Can you see that, if you were in their shoes, you would be worried? You would have liked to be heard. You would want changes to the bill, but all of the changes that we have tried to bring forward were voted down. You took zero of our amendments that were asking for things that—you are willing to stand up and speak in the House and say that it is publicly funded. You never say "publicly delivered," but you seem to imply that you want it to continue to be publicly delivered. Yet when we tried 12 different times to put "publicly delivered" into the bill, every single time you voted that down. When we tried to put reassurance for all of those little hospitals that do good work, that are economic engines of their communities, that provide health care to people who otherwise have to travel hundreds of kilometres on roads that are poorly maintained, where it snows six months out of the year—none of this you accepted. Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair? Those people are worried. The bill that we pass now is not just for Toronto and people who can drive to Toronto within an hour; it is for all 14 million of us. It will have a drastic impact. Give people a chance to be heard. The idea of integration is something that people support. I've given you examples from northern Ontario. But make sure that we have the flexibility to make it real for them. Give them the chance to share with you their thoughts of integration. They're not opposed to it. They just want to make sure that what works in northern Ontario, what works in rural Ontario, what works for small rural hospitals has an opportunity to continue, to flourish under this new direction of integrated care, of putting silos down, of making sure that we end hallway health care—all of the above. If you were to travel the bill, if you were to come and see what happens in Espanola, in Blind River, in Smooth Rock, in Matheson, in Iroquois Falls, you would see— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Point of order, Mrs. Martin. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas, we have had some repetitiveness in much of what you have said today. But if you would like, we'd like to hear from some other members prior to calling the vote, so I'd ask you to please wrap up. Mrs. Robin Martin: Again, under section 23(b)(i), I would have to say that Madame Gélinas is directing her speech to all kinds of things except for the matter under discussion, which is schedule 1. We have given her all kinds of leeway. I think we've been sitting here for 20 minutes listening to her. It's fascinating to learn about Espanola etc., but I would like to ask you to call the question. M me France Gélinas: So we are about to vote on section 1 of the bill. Section 1 of the bill talks about the super-agency, talks about the power of the minister, talks about the integration. This is the part of the bill that changes the laws to allow this to happen. A lot of people wanted to be heard, not because they are opposed; just because they want to make sure that going forward, they are part of this, that it makes sense for them. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. Further debate? Mr. Fraser. I would encourage people to really consider coming out and listening to the people who have ideas for integration that align perfectly with what you are trying to do, but need some tweaking in the bill to make sure that they are allowed to continue to do the end goal of what the bill wants to do. Mr. John Fraser: I want to add that what the member was bringing up, what France was bringing up, is all very, very relevant—very relevant. You have to understand, from this side, we have to give expression to those people who are expressing concern, and there have been a number of them. I know on that side, you have a job to do as well, but we have time, and this bill is moving at warp speed— warp speed. Mike Harris took more time. He took more time than the Liberal government did when we did restructuring. The reason you do that is, you've got to get it right. What France had to say is very, very important. Inside schedule 1, we've failed to protect communities' stake in health care, 100%. It's not a criticism; it's fact. This is half of what we do. This is the most important thing to families, especially when somebody's sick. Nothing else matters. If we mess this up, something happens farther down the line, and here's the problem with that: We don't see it. We don't see it from this vantage point. We can't see it. That's why we have to get it right. We've put in no mechanism for appeal. We've not extended any time frames. It's not something I'm very proud of as a legislator. Ten years down the road, when we're in our communities and things start to happen—and I've seen it happening because I've seen it happen 20 years ago, where they tried to close a hospital or close a really important service—and we don't have the tools to protect our communities, protect those people we live with, protect our families, what do we do? Who owns the Peterborough hospice or the Peterborough Regional Health Centre? Who owns Stedman? Who owns the Grand River Hospital? Is it the Minister of Health? No. Is it the Ministry of Health? No. Is it the super-agency? No. It's the people who live in those communities; it's their care; it's their money. We've put nothing in this bill to protect them, and that's wrong. What's the rush? Why are we in such a hurry? My gosh, it's half of what we do. It's about $30 billion. If you were sitting on this side, you'd be saying exactly the same thing I am right now. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Further debate? I'm not going to belabour it because I know we want to vote on this section, but let's not kid ourselves about schedule 1. We did nothing to protect our communities in there. We should have done it, and I can't support schedule 1 simply because that's not there. Thank you, Chair. We'll call the question. Shall schedule 1— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): How long would you like a recess? M me France Gélinas: Can I ask for a recess, please. M me France Gélinas: A 20-minute recess. Under section 129(a), we will recess until 2 p.m. this afternoon, when we will come back and immediately vote on schedule 1. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Twenty minutes will take us into the adjournment recess for question period, coming back this afternoon. The committee recessed from 1003 to 1400. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Good afternoon. We are assembled for clause-by-clause consideration of Bill 74, An Act concerning the provision of health care, continuing Ontario Health and making consequential and related amendments and repeals. When we recessed this morning, we were considering schedule 1 of the bill, as amended. A recess having been requested pursuant to standing order 129(a), this morning, I must now immediately put the question on schedule 1 to the bill, as amended, without any further comments or debate. Shall schedule 1, as amended, carry? Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 1, as amended, carried. Ms. Natalia Kusendova: I move that section 1 of schedule 2 to the bill be struck out and the following substituted: Moving on to schedule 2: The government has moved section 1 of schedule 2 to the bill. Ms. Kusendova. "1. The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Act is amended by adding the following section: "8.1(1) The minister shall establish the following councils: "Councils "1. One or more Indigenous health councils to advise the minister about health and service delivery issues related to Indigenous peoples. "Members "2. A French-language health services advisory council to advise the minister about health and service delivery issues related to francophone communities. "(2) The minister shall engage with Indigenous communities before appointing members of a council established under paragraph 1 of subsection (1)." Further debate? Ms. Kusendova. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Before we move on, I just wanted to confirm that everybody is on page 75. I'm going to request that when you do move an amendment, if you can speak a little slower, all of you, just for Hansard and to make sure that it's very clear. Thank you. Ms. Natalia Kusendova: I will be voting in favour of this motion because, in the public response to the tabling of Bill 74, Ontario Regional Chief Archibald raised concerns regarding the minister's council and First Nations engagement and participation. It is expected that other Indigenous partners would have similar concerns, and therefore replacing section 8.1 would remove the requirement that member organizations be prescribed and enable the minister to establish more than one Indigenous council. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Interjections. The proposed amendment also establishes a requirement for the minister to engage with Indigenous communities in the selection of the council members. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas? The changes that have been made to—it used to read, "A French-language health services advisory council to advise the minister about health and service delivery issues related to francophone communities"—did I miss something? Did it change? M me France Gélinas: We were too polite. I was letting him go first and he was letting me go first, but, apparently a woman is first. All good. Maybe I'll ask our good Mr. Armstrong to help me out. I think I'm right. I'm on page 29 of the bill. I'm looking at an amendment that, to me—I don't see what has changed. In subsection 2, which—instead of being an appointment power, it simply is a requirement that the minister engage with the Indigenous communities before appointing council members. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: The change is not in paragraph 2, about the French-language advisory council; the change is in paragraph 1, where, instead of it being "an Indigenous health council" it's about "one or more Indigenous health councils." M me France Gélinas: All right. So I understood this right; there is no change. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: You are reading that correctly, ma'am. So that leads one to believe that the French-language health services advisory council to advise the minister will be selected by the minister—-appointed by the minister for whoever she wants to listen to, as opposed to one or more Indigenous health councils. So the second part only applies to—she will "engage with Indigenous communities before" appointing members. That part won't apply to the French community—before appointing members to the French council. Am I reading this right? M me France Gélinas: I'm reading that correctly. Right now, it is not a surprise to anyone that there's a little bit of discontent between the francophone community and the Ford government. When the fall economic statement came out and we saw that the French-language university was no more, and we saw that the Frenchlanguage commissioner was no more, the French community rebelled soundly and held a massive forum throughout Ontario on December 1. I think it would help the government re-establish sound ties to the francophone community. If you give the francophone community the same goodwill that you seem to be putting toward the Indigenous community, where the minister shall engage with the Indigenous community before appointing members of the council—that this is not afforded to the French community I think is a mistake. It should be. I will let my colleague talk to the Indigenous health council. But I think you build a whole lot more trust in your advisory council if you give the population you want to listen to a chance to select who they want to be their voice. Otherwise, it sounds, really, a lot like you invite your friends who will tell you what you want to hear. In the past, the Ministers of Health have had a Frenchlanguage advisory council. I know for a fact that l'Assemblée de la francophonie de l'Ontario, l'AFO, got to nominate who they wanted to be their voice—same thing with la FARFO, which is la Fédération des aînés et des retraités francophones de l'Ontario. I don't know how to say that in English, but they represent francophone seniors in Ontario. They got to select who they wanted to be on that council. The list goes on—same thing with le RÉFO, la FARFO and many others. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Mamakwa. Here again, it looks like you're moving in the right direction for Indigenous people—a small step. I would have thought that the same step would have been just as useful for the francophone community. Mr. Sol Mamakwa: Thank you very much, Madam Chair, and I also thank you for the amendments to schedule 2. We have to understand as well that there are 133 First Nations in Ontario. We have to understand that Indigenous communities are not homogeneous, with many different needs, which is why some of the integrated delivery systems, such as the Ontario health teams, should be mandated to be led by our people, by Indigenous health organizations. I just want to say that First Nations communities, Indigenous communities, do not just want to advise; they want to deliver their health care system. Examples could be the Weeneebayko Area Health Authority, the Nishnawbe Aski Nation and the Sioux Lookout First Nations Health Authority. I know that, earlier, your government voted this amendment down. I think you heard from our First Nations presentations that they are ready. So the council should also advise the super-agency, Ontario Health, and the integrated health delivery systems on the needs of our people. Time and time again, I share what's happening in our communities on the issues. I know they're just stories for you, but it's the norm for our communities, and it does not help if you do not do anything about it. It's really a struggle when I come here and try to make an impact in these communities and when I hear that people are not listening. 1410 I had an opportunity to visit Cat Lake twice, in January and February. I visited the homes. I talked to the parents. I talked to the children. I saw the skin conditions that they had on their faces—also, the mental health. I asked this government to respond. Do you know what I was told? "That's a federal responsibility." We cannot do that anymore. I think in one of the presentations they talked about— I'm not sure if you've read the presentation from the Nishnawbe Aski Nation. I come from a Treaty 9 territory—that was signed in 1905, with adhesions in 1929 and 1930. Ontario was a signatory to those treaties, and this government keeps telling me, "That's not our responsibility." I think there was also a presentation with Nishnawbe All I'm saying is, this amendment is just not enough. The future is bleak for Indigenous peoples in this province. Aski Nation—that they said you have your treaty obligations. What I'm saying is, you have your own definition of consultation. I hear it when we talk in the House. So many phone calls, engagement—but we have our own processes, as First Nations people, on how we want to be engaged. That's really concerning. People want to discuss how they want to be consulted about their health issues, and it's on a government-to-government basis—and the government don't treat us that way. Also, we spoke about engagement. Again, that note that says—I can advise you. I don't know if you would listen to me; so far, you haven't—and you want an Indigenous person on these advisory councils. It was already said, as well—about Nishnawbe Aski Nation's position—that a complete lack of deep consultation and accommodation on this bill represents a failure of the province to uphold its treaty rights, that legal duty to consult First Nations. As First Nations people, it creates a very grave concern about the current government's commitment to consulting First Nations. I hear when we talk; I hear when ministers speak. "Northern Ontario is open for business"—how is that going to happen as treaty partners if you don't talk to our people? It's not just the provincial government; but it's also the federal government. It leads to discriminatory practices and inequitable health outcomes. People die because of these practices. I'm a colonized person. The system that's here around the table, the House that's there—I can't even speak my own native-tongue language in the House. Even further, the interpretation and also the implementation of these policies are often reflective of individual and systemic racism, but I've learned to accept it. It has become a norm for me. You would not understand it, but it's just something I expect. It's really difficult to try and make you understand, and I don't think it's working. You might be hearing me; I don't know if you're listening. I don't know if you believe me—I don't know that. But based on the votes that I've been getting from across, the system that's behind you there, it's not listening. I might get across to you as a human being, but the system that's there doesn't listen. It does not care. The discrimination that happens in urban hospitals, reported by our community members, is consistent, ongoing. When I think about this, that's what I mean by it's just not enough. We need equitable access to these services. Reorganizing the status quo—sometimes when you just add resources to existing programs that are not working, it further perpetuates the crisis in our communities. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I would like to caution the member to please stick to what we're discussing here. In northern Ontario, in the northern communities, we have 30 water-boil advisories, that you cannot drink water. Mr. Sol Mamakwa: So again, going back to engagement, all I'm saying is, you have to engage with our people. You have to engage at the community level. If you do not have water, and if you want to have dialysis units, how do we do that in the communities? We have a high rate of diabetes in our communities. That's what I mean. The systems that you have here—just to have a seat on the council, it's not enough. I am just trying to reemphasize that. It's deeper than that. I have a community that has had 25 years of water-boil advisories. I went to a funeral two months ago for a 15year-old young girl, and she never grew up with water. The province is nowhere to be seen. That's why I keep saying, "We are humans too." I wanted to share those thoughts. Meegwetch. 1420 Mr. John Fraser: I actually have a question about what the difference between a health council to advise the minister and an advisory council to advise the minister is. What's the difference? Is there a distinction in there? I don't know why one is an advisory council and one is a health council. Can anybody explain that to me? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Fraser? I didn't think so, but I wanted to ask the question anyway, if you want to take a shot. Mr. John Fraser: Anybody from the ministry want to step forward and help me understand that distinction? Mr. Ralph Armstrong: That might be a matter for ministry staff, if I may suggest, here. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Do we have someone from the ministry staff that's able to come forward to clarify? Ms. Melissa Gibson: Melissa Gibson. I'm counsel with the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. There really is no distinction. It's taken from wording that was originally in LHSIA. Please introduce yourself. Mr. John Fraser: Okay. So for both the Indigenous council and— Mr. John Fraser: So there's essentially no difference? Ms. Melissa Gibson: Yes. Ms. Melissa Gibson: No. Ms. Melissa Gibson: Yes. Mr. John Fraser: So it's just a drafting thing? Mr. John Fraser: Okay. Mr. John Fraser: Oh, I'm not done. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Continue, Mr. Fraser. Mr. John Fraser: Thank you very much. Further to what Sol was saying about the engagement with Indigenous communities, I don't know how we go about this but I think that number one, in section 8.1(1), where it says, "1. An Indigenous health council to advise the minister about health and service delivery issues related to Indigenous peoples," that would be much stronger in terms of the relationship that exists if you wanted to talk nationto-nation, government-to-government, if in that sentence you added in "one or more Indigenous health councils to advise and engage with the minister about the health and service delivery issues related to Indigenous peoples." I don't know how to go about trying to make that change or whether we can do that, or whether I have to ask for unanimous consent, or whether we could— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): We're proposing an amendment? Sorry, my apologies. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: That cannot be done at this point, under the order of the House. Mr. John Fraser: What I was proposing is that I think the language would be stronger and better if we added in the first sentence, "One or more Indigenous health councils to advise"—and the addition would be "and engage with the minister." It's a simple change. I think it's— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Point of order, Mrs. Martin? Mrs. Robin Martin: Point of order, Madam Chair. Mrs. Robin Martin: The deadline for filing amendments was last Thursday at 12 p.m. under the order of the House. Therefore, the motion to propose an amendment is invalid at this time. Mr. John Fraser: Well, that's really unfortunate. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Agreed. Amendments cannot be filed at this point. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): The opportunity was given prior to the deadline. I said earlier today, and I said it in a blanket sense, that we've failed to protect our communities in this bill in schedule 1. I'm not going to go back there because I don't want to be called out for discussing something that I'm not supposed to discuss right now, which might happen. Mr. John Fraser: Oh, I'm just saying it's unfortunate because it's an opportunity here to make the bill stronger. I'm not arguing or criticizing or anything like that. I was asking that question. I think that what the member is expressing is a genuine effort to ensure that the communities that he represents are engaged in the planning of health in the way in which they would like to be engaged. The nature of that relationship is different because of the history, because of things like treaties. It's unfortunate that that is not reflected. That's why I made that suggestion. This is part of it. I'm going to say it again: This bill is going at warp speed. It's at warp speed. They'd like us to finish by 3 so we can debate it this afternoon. We don't need to do that. Mr. John Fraser: No, we need to take the time to get it right. We just put schedule 1 through. and we didn't get it right. This is a big thing that's for a very long period of time that affects everybody in this province, and I think we need to take the time to get it right. Interjection. I don't have anything else to say about this amendment. Thank you, Chair. M me France Gélinas: It will be very quick. To our very capable legal counsel, Mr. Armstrong: The amendment says: The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Madame Gélinas. "Members "(2) The minister shall engage with Indigenous communities before appointing members of a council established under paragraph 1 of subsection (1)." Mr. Ralph Armstrong: That is correct. Does that mean that what is there now—"The minister shall appoint the members of each of the councils established under subsection (1) who shall be representatives of the organizations that are prescribed"—won't exist no more? M me France Gélinas: Okay. So how will the people on the French-language health services advisory council be appointed? M me France Gélinas: As well, although they're not mentioned? Mr. Ralph Armstrong: I think that we would say that by necessary implication, because the minister is establishing the councils, the minister will take responsibility for appointing them or setting up a mechanism by which they come into existence. It's just a change in the wording of the explicit requirement that the minister appoint, to leaving it to how it works out as the minister provides for it. But I would normally expect that it would be assumed that because the minister is establishing these committees and because the new subsection (2) explicitly mentions appointing members of the paragraph (1) council, it will be assumed that in the normal course of events the minister has the power to appoint the members of the francophone council. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: While not explicitly mentioned, by necessary implication. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: I don't know if this classifies as a legal question, so I might want to ask Mr. Armstrong, possibly. Could someone challenge that, then, and say that implication is not actual direction, and therefore we can challenge the minister on whether or not she'd be able to appoint this francophone piece? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Armstrong? Mr. Ralph Armstrong: Well, when the question is "Can somebody challenge something?", someone can always challenge something. As to whether it's a worthwhile use of time, that's to be decided. All I can say is that if I were asked my opinion, I would say that this, by necessary implication, gives the minister power to appoint. That's as far— Mr. Ralph Armstrong: My wife is a Small Claims Court judge. She makes actual judgments, and sometimes she gets appealed against. The world is complicated. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: Yes. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: Thank you. I just thought I'd ask if implication is something that could be open for— M me France Gélinas: Again to counsel, just so that I understand: Because it says, "The minister shall engage with Indigenous communities before appointing members"—it says right there that she will be appointing members of a council. Does that mean that that overrides The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. Madame Gélinas, you've actually had more than 15 minutes of your time. Madame Gélinas? what we did in schedule 1 that precludes those people to be called to committee for review of appointments? Or, because the minister is appointing those members, automatically, we get to call them in front of committee as they get appointed? M me France Gélinas: One of the lawyers over there— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Is there anyone currently in the room who is able to answer that question? If they can come forward. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: I will say that I honestly do not know how the appointment process works in that respect. If there's someone in the room who has more knowledge of it than me, I'm in their hands, but I cannot say. Once again, if you can please introduce yourself. Madame Gélinas, are you inquiring about the jurisdiction of the standing committee on government appointments over minister appointments? me Ms. Tara Corless: Good afternoon. My name is Tara Corless, counsel from the Ministry of Health and LongTerm Care. M France Gélinas: Yes, I am. Ms. Tara Corless: The answer to that is in the standing order establishing the standing committee on government appointments. I have not reviewed it recently, but I seem to recall that applies only to cabinet appointments. I'm going to ask one of my colleagues if they can confirm that. Interjection. 1430 Ms. Tara Corless: They're looking that up. We'll have the answer momentarily. me Madam Chair? M France Gélinas: Thank you. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Martin. Mrs. Robin Martin: Mrs. Robin Martin: On a point of order: This is interesting, but I'm not sure it's really the matter that we're debating right now, which is our motion 75. It's tangential to that. We can wait for the answer, but I would like to call the question and vote on motion 75, because this is not related to that. M me France Gélinas: If it's a single minister, it's not considered the Lieutenant Governor in Council. Therefore, it doesn't apply to people who can be called to committee. Am I understanding you right? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): One moment, please. Ms. Tara Corless: I can confirm agencies is in power to review and report to the House on appointments made by the Lieutenant Governor in Council for terms of more than one year. Ms. Tara Corless: That's correct. Appointments made by the minister under the authority that we're establishing here under the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Act would not be subject to review by the Standing Committee on Government Agencies. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I'm going to call the question. M me France Gélinas: Okay. The government has moved section 1 of schedule 2 to the bill—it's page 75, for those of you who want to confirm. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Fraser. Carried. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. John Fraser: I move that section 1 of schedule 2 to the bill be amended by adding the following subsection to section 8.1 of the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Act: Mr. Fraser has moved section 1 of schedule 2 to the bill—Mr. Fraser. "Time limit The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Fraser. "(3) The minister shall establish the councils described in subsection (1) and appoint their members before the day subsection 3(1) of the Connecting Care Act, 2019, comes into force." Mr. John Fraser: I think that's pretty straightforward. The minister has to do the work of having those councils in place before it comes into force. I think that's a reasonable amendment and request. It's not overly complex. I hope the members opposite can see the value in that. M me France Gélinas: Although I understand the good intention behind this, given that there have been no consultations with First Nations, given that First Nations have come here and shared with us how they would like to be consulted as much as—the time limit would apply to both as much as on one side. I want the French-language advisory committee to be in place so that the Frenchlanguage entities have somebody to talk to and we don't have this gap where nothing is happening. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Madame Gélinas. At the same time, I'm really respectful of the fact that if you have not started consultations with First Nations, if you have not even identified which leadership of First Nations you should start to have those discussions with, putting a two-month deadline on getting that—two months; I'm assuming that the bill will come into force on July 1. This is what the minister has been saying. We're now in April—I don't know. Maybe I'll ask Mr. Mamakwa to think if this is feasible or not. Mr. John Fraser: I can understand the conundrum between ensuring that the work is done so that the bill doesn't come into force before we're actually ready—and that's actually the point, I think, that I've been trying to make since this morning: We're moving too fast. We're moving way too fast for something this important. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Fraser. I take the member's point. Given what we have in front of us right now and the concerns that were expressed by Mr. Mamakwa, I think—and this will be the second time I've done this here—I'm prepared to ask for a— me Mr. John Fraser: Okay, go ahead. M France Gélinas: Let him— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Are you finished, Mr. Fraser? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas. Mr. John Fraser: Well, I'm prepared to let Madame Gélinas speak. M me France Gélinas: Mr. Armstrong, I hope you're getting danger pay for assisting in this committee. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: If the question is that if this motion were to pass, saying the minister must "establish the councils as described in subsection (1) and appoint their members before the day subsection 3(1) of the Connecting Care Act, 2019, comes into force," whether that would delay the commencement of subsection 3(1)— well, it does what it says. It puts a requirement on the minister to establish the councils. Whether that would lead to any necessary delay in the commencement of the other provision, who is to say? My question to you is, if we support what's there, can I dream that this bill would not come into force until they have engaged with the First Nations and have put a committee into place? Can it be read and interpreted to be that way? Because then I'd love that. There's also the question as to whether, if it was not complied with, that would make any actual difference to the coming into force of the Connecting Care Act provision or whether it would just affect the validity of the councils. I guess that I'm saying, probably not as the world worked, although once again, everything is very difficult in the world of law. That's why the courts exist. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. M me France Gélinas: Wow. Thank you. M me France Gélinas: Can I ask for a recess before voting, please? M me France Gélinas: Just the regular 20 minutes, please. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): How long would you like a recess for, Madame Gélinas? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Okay, 20 minutes. We'll recess up until 2:59. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Good afternoon, everyone. We'll return to call the question from Mr. Fraser: page 76, section 1 of schedule 2 to the bill—the amendment. All of those in favour of the amendment, please raise your hands—would you like a recorded vote, Mr. Fraser? The committee recessed from 1439 to 1459. Sure. Mr. John Fraser: Ayes Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. Nays Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare the amendment defeated. Shall schedule 2, section 1, as amended, carry? We'll move on to call the question on schedule 2, section 1. Any further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 2, section 1, carried. M me France Gélinas: So, just to be sure that I understand, what we are taking out is "(0.b) prescribing organizations for the purposes of subsection 8.1(2);"? Okay. So am I right? This comes right out of LHSIA, and this is the part of LHSIA that says things such as: Moving on to schedule 2, section 2. The government has moved notice. Any further debate? Madame Gélinas. "French language health services advisory council "1. Alliance des réseaux ontariens de santé en français. "1. The following organizations are prescribed for the purposes of appointing members to the French-language health services advisory council under subsection 14(3) of the act: "2. Assemblée de la francophonie de l'Ontario.... "4. Fédération des aînés et des retraités francophones de l'Ontario.... "3. Association française des municipalités de l'Ontario.... "5. Groupe francophone de l'Association des centres de santé de l'Ontario. "7. Union Provinciale des Minorités Raciales et Ethnoculturelles Francophones de l'Ontario...." "6. Regroupement des intervenantes et intervenants francophones en santé et en services sociaux de l'Ontario.... All of this stuff that is in LHSIA will now not apply anymore? Am I reading this right, Counsel? Mr. Ralph Armstrong: You're reading it correctly, ma'am, because it follows on the change that was made previously to section 1, so that section 8.1, as it read originally in the bill, referred to councils being "representatives of the organizations that are prescribed." The motion that was just passed, changing section 8.1, no longer referred to prescribed organizations, and so there's no longer anything for this provision to do. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Armstrong. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas. M me France Gélinas: Okay, so that means that the French-language services entity and the French-language council are not going to be—who's going to be on this is not going to be in legislation, it's not going to be in regulation. Then how is it done? M me France Gélinas: At the ministry's discretion? Mr. Ralph Armstrong: It will be done within the minister's discretion. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: The minister. The minister is given the power to establish the health services advisory council, and the minister would engage with whatever organizations seemed appropriate in establishing that. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: That would be my understanding, yes. It's taking a different approach. M me France Gélinas: So am I right in thinking that, if we take out all of basically the section of LHSIA that this applies to, we would not necessarily know who is on the council. Right now, it prescribes how often they have to meet. It prescribes how long members are to sit on those committees. It prescribes who is accountable to where. Everything that is in LHSIA regarding the Frenchlanguage advisory councils is gone. M me France Gélinas: Okay. But the taking of the different approach—we don't know what that approach is, but we know that that approach is not in legislation and it's not going to be in regulation either. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: I would call than an understanding of the implications of the previous provision given, moving how this would be set up in the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Act, taking a different legislative approach than the LHSIA approach. M me France Gélinas: Can I ask why is the government doing that? Mrs. Robin Martin: I think the last motion we brought—because we thought the provisions were not necessary and would potentially create duplication with regard to existing provisions contained in LHSIA, 2006, until such time as those provisions are repealed by proclamation. So they're still in force. I think that's right. Am I saying the right thing? I think that's right. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Would anybody from the government side respond? Mrs. Martin. Ms. Melissa Gibson: Yes. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas. Mrs. Robin Martin: Legislative counsel seems to agree. M me France Gélinas: All right. So I'm hoping somebody will tell me that I'm wrong, is where I stand at this point. In LHSIA, there was an entire section that talked about the French-language entity. I have printed the three pages of it. It goes into quite a bit of detail as to the purpose—the French-language health planning entity, who should be on it and how they are incorporated. They have to have "experience with or knowledge of the local health system and the health needs of the francophone community in the area, including the needs of diverse groups within the francophone community." It goes on to talk about how they have to do their community engagement, how they have to do planning and reporting and who is to nominate people to sit on those. It's a good idea to not have that anymore? How so? Mrs. Robin Martin: This is the minister's council and not the language-planning entities. They're two different things. I hope that clarifies things. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Martin. M me France Gélinas: Okay, so tell me exactly what it is in LHSIA that's being repealed, then, because what I'm looking at and what you're saying are a world apart. Mrs. Robin Martin: I believe the legislative counsel advised that this provision that we are now voting on— which I hope is what we're talking about—is not effective to do anything anymore, given the last motion. So I would like to vote on it. I don't think we need to discuss it further. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Martin. Mr. John Fraser: Okay, so— Mr. John Fraser: So just so I understand—the reason that we discuss it further is so that we have clarity when we're voting. The member's question is legitimate. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Fraser? There is currently a French-language advisory council to the minister. When this— Mr. John Fraser: There currently is right now. When this piece here is removed, what happens to that council? I just need to know what happens to that council that exists right now. Does it change that council? Does it remove that council from being the minister's advisory council when we vote against section 2? I just need an answer to that question. Mrs. Robin Martin: This isn't about that. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Would someone like to respond? Mr. Armstrong. As I mentioned, this provision as it stands, if it was not voted down, would still have no effect because there is now nothing for it to apply to. Section 8.1 is previously amended and no longer refers to prescribed organizations. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: No, because this is only about the provisions that would be added to the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Act and how the members to the committee would be established under that or appointed. The interaction with LHSIA, if any at this point, I'm not in a position to comment on. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas. Mr. John Fraser: Thank you. M me France Gélinas: We're in schedule 2.2. It says, "Section 12 of the act is amended by adding the following clause," and then it says, "(0.b) prescribing organizations for the purposes of subsection 8.1(2);" Mr. Ralph Armstrong: No. It's referring back to section 1 of this schedule, setting up councils that can be established under the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Act, 8.1: the one or more Indigenous health councils and the French-language health services advisory council. Section 12 of the act that is amended referred to LHSIA, no? Now, as it is in the printed bill, subsection 8.1(2) refers to how the members of the council must be representatives of organizations that are prescribed. The previous amendment set out a new 8.1(2) that makes no reference to prescribed organizations. It's the Indigenous communities that are to be engaged with, so the provision that would have been added by this to the Ministry of LongTerm Care Act no longer has anything to do. Therefore, that is why it would be voted down now. Even if it were passed, it would never be proclaimed, because it would have nothing to apply to. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas. 1510 M me France Gélinas: Okay, but the prescribing organizations, when we had them before, were to apply to the French-Language health services advisory council. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Madame Gélinas. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: That is correct, but it referred to prescribed entities, and the section no longer refers to prescribed organizations. The section no longer refers to prescribed organizations, is what I'm saying. This change follows consequentially from the previous motion that was just passed—if the committee decides to vote the section down, which, of course, is the committee's decision. M me France Gélinas: So all of my worries about the French-Language health services advisory council—it used to be described as a prescribed organization; we've passed a motion that says that 8.1 has changed. So now, because they're not referred to as a prescribed organization, everything that came with this that gives you who will sit, how long they will sit, who they report to, who they're accountable to—simply because they're not a prescribed organization anymore, we lost all of that? I think I've pretty much reached the limit of what I can explain. If you have further questions about LHSIA, there might be someone who can help. But in terms of why this particular notice—it's not a motion; it's a reminder to the government to vote down the provision. It's in consequence of the change that was made in section 1. Mr. Ralph Armstrong: Well, ma'am, this is a whole different provision in a different act. LHSIA is being amended and repealed in schedule 3. I guess if the question is, "Are changes being made from the LHSIA system?" that's correct, but this provision, the LHSIA repeal, is not necessarily connected to this, as I believe was pointed out. M me France Gélinas: All right. Can MPP Martin repeat to me what this is to do? Mrs. Robin Martin: No, I would not. I think I've said everything I can say about this. I'm not the legislative counsel or the counsel from the Ministry of Health on this issue. I think we've discussed it long enough, and I've made a couple of submissions. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Martin, would you like to respond? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. I'd like to call the question—Madame Gélinas. Interjections. M me France Gélinas: Did Hansard go quick enough to be able to repeat to me what she had said? Hansard didn't either? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Fraser. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): No, we have until 5:30, pursuant to orders of the House. Having said that— Mr. John Fraser: Chair, it's really important to remember we've got till 8 o'clock and maybe five or six amendments to go, so time is not a huge problem for us. The Clerk of the Committee (Mr. Eric Rennie): Until 5:30 for debate. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Yes, up to 5:30 for debate. Mr. John Fraser: For debate, yes. Mr. John Fraser: We've got lots of time. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: That's okay. It's been a long day. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): There's time, but I believe there is no response coming from her, so—Mrs. Andrews? No, Ms. Armstrong. Chair, I understand what Madame Gélinas is requesting. She just wants to repeat the reasoning for the explanation of this amendment. If the member is not agreeable to that, can we ask legislative counsel to confirm that explanation? Because with all the discussions with Mr. Armstrong, I think we lost the rationales we can piece together. That's where I think— The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Martin. Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair? Mrs. Robin Martin: On a point of order: This is not an amendment. It is a notice. So, I don't have to explain it. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): There's a point of order on the floor. Go ahead. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: Okay, correction—excuse me, Chair. Mrs. Robin Martin: I don't have to explain it. It is a notice that we intend to vote against this. That's all. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: We can go back and forth. All we're asking is for some common courtesy and respect, and asking if they could please explain, or what she had mentioned the rationale was for this notice. That's all. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Armstrong. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I believe she has already answered that question, that she is not going to respond again. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Is there any further debate? Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: No worries. I respect that. Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong: Can we ask legislative counsel to give us that rationale? Is there any further debate? We'll call the question. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): The answer has already been given. Therefore, I think we should move forward. Section 2 of schedule 2: all those in favour? Opposed? Nays Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 2, section 2, lost. Mr. John Fraser: Withdraw. Schedule 2, section 3: Mr. Fraser. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Amendment 77 has been withdrawn. Is there any debate on section 3 of schedule 2? No further debate? Shall schedule 2, section 3, carry? Recorded vote. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Carried. Any further debate on schedule 2, as noted? The idea of having those councils is to reduce the linguistic and cultural barriers that many Franco-Ontarians face when they interact with our health care system. What those barriers amount to is that the access to health promotion, the access to preventive services, the time it takes to do a consultation, the number of diagnostic tests ordered, the probability of diagnostic treatment and error—all of those increase. M me France Gélinas: We are in schedule 2. This is where the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care establishes the French-language council. You will note that 31% of francophone Ontarians speak French to their family physician, but only 20% of them get to speak French outside of their family physician's office. In southeastern Ontario, 76% of francophones want to speak French when they interact with the health care system. Where I'm from, in northeastern Ontario, it's 58%. Linguistic and cultural barriers also reduce the probability of compliance with treatment and user satisfaction in the care that they receive. I wanted to share that with you to show how important it is. With the changes that you have made to schedule 2, you have taken some reassurance that used to be in legislation, that used to be in regulation and that will now be at the discretion of the minister. This bill will be there for years to come. We don't know who the minister will be. What if it's a minister—and we've had some before—who is very against Frenchlanguage services or very against services for the First Nations and Indigenous people? It could very well be that they don't fill up the number of the people on the council. The council meets once every two years. They become irrelevant. The idea of putting this information in the bill is to make sure that we are true to the intention. I'm not saying that the current Minister of Health has any bad intentions; far be it from me. But when you pass legislation, you pass it for good ministers, bad ministers and every minister in between. It will be there forever. 1520 Given what has been done to schedule 2, given the lack of certainty that you bring to Indigenous people, to First Nations people, to francophones, I would have to say that we would have to vote against schedule 2. If you want to send a good message to the francophone community, to the First Nations community and to the Indigenous community, you would do the same. Shall schedule 2, as amended, carry? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 2, as amended, carried. We'll move to the question. Shall schedule 3, section 1 carry? All of those in favour? Would we like a recorded vote? Schedule 3, section 1: Is there any debate? M me France Gélinas: No. Schedule 3, section 2—just for your clarification, it's page 78—subsection 2(1) of schedule 3 to the bill. Madame Gélinas. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): No. Those opposed? Carried. M me France Gélinas: I move that subsection 2(1) of schedule 3 to the bill be struck out and the following substituted: "(1) The definition of 'designated broader public sector organization' in subsection 1(1) of the Broader Public Sector Accountability Act, 2010, is amended by adding the following clause: "Broader Public Sector Accountability Act, 2010 "'(a.1) every integrated care delivery system, The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Madam Gélinas. "'(1.1) The definition of "local health integration network" in subsection 1(1) of the act is repealed.'" M me France Gélinas: Basically, what this amendment would do is include all of the integrated care delivery systems—I think we all agree that they will be called "Ontario health teams"—to be part of the broader public sector as defined in the Broader Public Sector Accountability Act, 2010. The broader public sector establishes requirements in the areas of compensation, expenses, prerequisites, business documents and procurement and is designed to improve accountability and transparency across the broader public sector. Just to give you a little bit of what that means, the "broader public sector" refers to organizations that receive funding from the provincial government, but they are not part of the government itself. The examples that we know the best are hospitals, universities, colleges and school boards. In the Broader Public Sector Accountability Act, organizations are prohibited from paying for lobbyists with public funds. It also has a requirement for hospitals— that could be extended, if we want—to report on the use of consultants and make those reports on expense claims and information public. I think it would be wise to treat this new player in the health care system the same way we treat every other entity in the health care system, where they are considered part of the broader public sector and they have to follow the rules of the broader public sector, in the view of improving accountability and transparency. By designating the integrated care delivery team and the Ontario health teams as part of the broader public sector, it means that the Broader Public Sector Executive Compensation Act is applied. This act limits the top salaries of the executives to twice the salary of the Premier. It also sets the rules on compensation that executives can receive. You see things like: Everybody who makes over $100,000, their salary gets published etc. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. M me France Gélinas: Yes, please. The NDP has moved that subsection 2(1) of schedule 3 to the bill be amended. All of those in favour of the amendment? Would you like a recorded vote? Ayes Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. Nays Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare the amendment lost. Shall schedule 3, section 2, carry? Any further debate on schedule 3, section 2? No further debate. I'll call the question. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 3, section 2, carried. Madam Chair? Moving on to schedule 3, section 3. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Martin? Mrs. Robin Martin: Mrs. Robin Martin: Can I suggest that we vote for the next four that have no notices—that's sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 of schedule 3—in a block? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Do we have agreeance? Shall schedule 3, section 3, section 4, section 5 and section 6, carry? All of those in favour? Recorded vote? M me France Gélinas: Let me just check—yes. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Okay. So I'll call the question. M me France Gélinas: Yes, please. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 3, section 3 through section 6, carried. M me France Gélinas: I move that section 7 of schedule 3 to the bill be amended by adding the following subsection: Moving on to schedule 3, section 7, page 79: The NDP has moved section 7 of schedule 3 to the bill. "(7.1) Subsection 13.1(2) of the act is amended by adding the following clause: The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Madam Gélinas. "'(c.1) to determine whether a person or entity that receives funding under section 21 of the Connecting Care Act, 2019, has held any required public consultations;'" M me France Gélinas: Give me one second to find out where I am in the bill. We are at section 7 of schedule 3, so I'm on page 30. Am I at the right place? M me France Gélinas: Okay. I knew I was having a problem. Thank you. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Page 32. We're at section 7.1, the Excellent Care for All Act, talking about the agency. In order to expand the mandate, this amendment seeks to amend the Excellent Care for All Act, 2010, to make sure that everything that has to do with public consultation has an opportunity to be reviewed so that people have a place that they can call, that they can ask, that they can complain to; so that if a person or entity is receiving funding to manage and deliver care, they are actually holding public consultations, so that we bring in some checks and balances, in a very small way, to make sure that, as our health care system changes and evolves, people have an opportunity to be heard. We want to expand the mandate of the Patient Ombudsman, who is now an employee of the agency, so they'd assess all persons and entities that receive funding from the agency to see if those persons or entities have held public consultations when developing health system planning. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. The NDP have moved that section 7 of schedule 3 to the bill be amended. All of those in favour of the amendment—recorded vote? M me France Gélinas: Yes, please. Ayes Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. Nays Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare the amendment lost. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mrs. Martin. Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair? Mrs. Robin Martin: I'd like to call for a recess, please, under section 129(a). Mrs. Robin Martin: Twenty minutes. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): How long would you like? Interjection. me The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): The recess should be requested when we pose a question. However, if everyone is in agreeance, we can recess. Are we in agreeance? Mr. John Fraser: Sure. M France Gélinas: Sure. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): How long did you request, Mrs. Martin? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Twenty minutes. The time is currently 3:32—so 3:52. Mrs. Robin Martin: Twenty minutes. The committee recessed from 1532 to 1552. M me France Gélinas: I move that subsection 7(14) of schedule 3 to the bill be amended by striking out "personal information" in subsection 13.6(4) of the Excellent Care for All Act, 2010, and substituting "personal health information". The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Good afternoon. We'll reconvene. The NDP has a motion. We're on page 80, if anyone is looking to see that: subsection 7(14) of schedule 3 to the bill. Madame Gélinas. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Madame Gélinas. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mrs. Martin. M me France Gélinas: I think this comes from the Information and Privacy Commissioner. I see that the government has received the same memo we have received, because they've put the very same amendment forward also. So I think we all know what this is about. Mrs. Robin Martin: We'll be supporting the motion. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Armstrong, Crawford, Fraser, Gélinas, Karahalios, Kusendova, Mamakwa, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Carried. Mr. Dave Smith: I'd like to withdraw the amendment. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): So 81 has been withdrawn. The government has put forward amendment 81. Mr. Smith, Peterborough–Kawartha? We'll move forward. Any further debate to schedule 3, section 7, as amended? We'll call the question. Shall schedule 3, section 7, as amended, carry? Ayes Armstrong, Crawford, Fraser, Gélinas, Karahalios, Kusendova, Mamakwa, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Schedule 3, section 7, as amended, has carried. Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair, can I ask again that we vote on schedule 3, sections 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, as a block? Schedule 3, section 8: Mrs. Martin? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Are we all in agreement? Any further debate? We'll call the question. me Schedule 3, section 8, section 9, section 10, section 11 and section 12: All of those in favour of those sections, please raise your hands. Recorded vote? M France Gélinas: Yes, please. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 3, sections 8 through 12, carried. M me France Gélinas: Yes. I haven't got the right papers in front of me. Could you help me and tell me which page we're on? Schedule 3, section 13: I see an NDP notice. Madame Gélinas. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Page 37. The Lung Health Act was a tripartite bill that Jeff Yurek, the Minister of Transportation, members of the Liberals and myself put forward. This is something that Mr. Yurek has pushed for, I would tell you, since he was elected. M me France Gélinas: On section 13—all right, the Lung Health Act. Thank you, Chair. Basically, the Lung Health Act put a lung health advisory council together. It was made up of 20 members: a person with lung disease, an informal caregiver of a person with lung disease, a respirologist, a therapist, a nurse, other professional researchers and a not-for-profit organization interested in health. What they did is, they made recommendations for the promotion of lung health and the prevention of lung disease. They increased early detection of lung disease. They ensured fair and equitable access, dissemination of best practices, research and diagnostics. They put an annual report out and they were working—but it hasn't happened—on an Ontario Lung Health Action Plan. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Fraser. This cost next to nothing. When they met, they got little sandwiches and a glass of pop. All of them were volunteers. They worked a long time together before we got the act to pass. It passed in December 2017. It received support from everybody in the House. I don't know why, lung disease being so common in Ontario, between COPD and asthma—this is something that cost nothing. I will pay for the sandwiches and the glass of pop when they meet. Allow them to continue to meet. Mr. John Fraser: I concur with France. This is a private member's bill that's a three-party bill. I think the bill took about four or five years from its first iteration, and it came from the stakeholders themselves. It's not a very prescriptive bill; it's a bill that does enable a lung health plan, which I think the super-agency will want to do because we all decided here, as members of the assembly on behalf of the people that we represent, that this was an important act to pass. As a matter of fact, the person who put forward that act was a government minister. I think it was Ted McMeekin— Mr. John Fraser: —Ted McMeekin, a long-serving member of the Legislature. M me France Gélinas: Yes. I would suggest my colleagues vote against this. Vote against this. I think it's hard enough to pass a private member's bill, but to pass a private member's bill with three parties and then to throw it out the window a couple of years after it passed is not going to send the right message to those people who wanted us to bring it forward. 1600 The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Madame Gélinas. M me France Gélinas: I will quote to you three sentences from Minister Yurek. It was his bill. He used his time at second reading of private member's bills to bring this bill forward. He said, "Having a council in order to help aid the minister in his decisions—with the size of the Ministry of Health—he needs"—it was a "he" at the time—"that help ... depending on who's sitting as the minister. Having this council of experts to guide strategy, awareness and education with regard to lung health is key, because as the member spoke earlier, the costs of lung health are exponentially growing.... The more we can do at this Legislature to improve upon awareness, education, strategy, medications, diagnosis and support of our health care professionals to improve those with lung health problems, the better we'll be. This legislation takes a step in the right direction. It's going to open so many doors as we improve this strategy." The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? We'll call the question. Shall schedule 3, section 13, carry? A recorded vote, Madame Gélinas? That comes from Jeff Yurek, who was using his second reading of a private member's bill. M me France Gélinas: Yes, please. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 3, section 13, carried. Mrs. Robin Martin: Can I ask that we vote on schedule 3, sections 14, 15 and 16, in a block? Schedule 3, section 14: Mrs. Martin. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Are we in agreeance? M me France Gélinas: Give me one second—14, 15, 16? Yes. Yes, that's fine. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Mr. Fraser, are you in agreeance? Any further debate? Mr. John Fraser: M me France Gélinas: Recorded vote. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Recorded vote. Shall schedule 3, section 14, section 15 and section 16, carry? Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 3, section 14 through section 16, carried. M me France Gélinas: I move that section 17 of schedule 3 to the bill be amended by adding the following subsections: Moving on to schedule 3, section 17: The NDP have an amendment to section 17 of schedule 3 to the bill. Madame Gélinas. "(2.1) The definition of 'health information custodian' in subsection 3(1) of the act is amended by adding the following paragraph: "(2.2) The act is amended by adding the following section: "'3. An integrated health delivery system.' "'No sale of information "'Notice to commissioner "'12.1(1) Despite anything else in this act or any other act, a health information custodian shall not sell to any person or entity, or otherwise profit from, personal health information in the custodian's custody or control. "'(2) If a health information custodian learns that health information that was under its custody or control has been sold or that it has been profited from, the health information custodian shall notify the commissioner of the sale or profit.'" Committee members, the proposed amendment is out of order because it seeks to amend a section of a parent act that is not before the committee. As Bosc and Gagnon note on page 771 of the third edition of House of Commons Procedure and Practice, "an amendment is inadmissible if it proposes to amend a statute that is not before the committee or a section of the parent act, unless the latter is specifically amended by a clause of the bill." The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. We'll move to schedule 3, section 18. Interjection. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Are we in agreeance? Madame Gélinas. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I apologize. I'll call the question. Any further debate on schedule 3, section 17? Mrs. Robin Martin: Madam Chair? May I suggest that we vote en bloc for sections 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 of schedule 3? me M France Gélinas: Not for 17; yes, for the others. agreeance for all of them? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): So we're not in Interjections. Madame Gélinas? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Committee, I just want to confirm agreeance that we will vote on section 17 first, and then the rest collectively. Thank you. M me France Gélinas: I want everybody to realize that under section 17 we talk about virtual care. I am all for virtual care. I live in northern Ontario. We use it extensively to have access to specialists that we don't have in the north, but you have to look at what the Information and Privacy Commissioner has told us about protecting information as we move into virtual care—that we have to make the Ontario health teams an information custodian, so that they fall under all of the rules that protect our information. The Information and Privacy Commissioner sent some pretty strong words regarding establishing certain privacy rights for people. All of this is in section 17. I urge you to vote down this part of the bill. You can always fix it in any other bill, so that we can give people the reassurance that nobody will make money off our If we vote for section 17, then, first of all, the Ontario health teams won't afford us the same protection as other parts of the health care system when it comes to protecting our personal health information, plus there is a gaping hole in section 17 that allows people to profit from gathering health information on us. personal health information, and that the new entities that are created will have to follow the law and will have to follow FIPPA and become custodians and protect our personal health information that they will come to collect for us. This is to ensure that people have confidence. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. Further debate? We already know that there are many cell phone companies that want to get into this market. There is a very high demand right now for people to gain access to the personal health information that is held in our hospitals in different parts of the health care system. What happens when you have companies with the logistical know-how and you have a very high demand from the clients? It means that they will charge us to have access to our electronic health records in hospitals and people will start to pay once you enter for-profit between us and our hospital records. Then, the chances that this gets sold, gets used, gets profited from—the door is wide open. This section of the bill needs to be voted down. I'll call the question. Shall schedule 3, section 17, carry? Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Schedule 3, section 17, carried. Shall schedule 3, sections 18 through 30, carry? Any further debate on schedule 3, sections 18 through 30? We'll call the question. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 3, sections 18 through 30, carried. M me France Gélinas: In schedule 3, this is where we repeal the Trillium Gift of Life. This is where we make many changes to virtual care that again open the door to people to profit from our personal health information. 1610 The NDP has filed notice on schedule 3. Further debate? There are many sections to schedule 3 that need to be reworked and looked at. Right now, in schedule 1, we have put the legislative process in place to create the superagency and to create the integrated care. The way that this is worded, and if you add to this all of the acts that are repealed in schedule 3 of the bill, then the only ones left standing to be the leaders of those integrated health teams or Ontario health teams will be hospitals and big international for-profit chains—so Chartwell, Extendicare, Leisureworld and hospitals. Once you vote on schedule 3, they will be the only ones left standing that will be big enough to become leaders of our new Ontario health teams, which will look after 280,000 people. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. Further debate? I call the question. Of the 19,413 written submissions that we received, 19,000 of them told us not to do this, not to level the playing field, as we are doing in schedule 3, where the only ones left standing are hospitals and big international private companies, which will become the leaders of our Ontario health teams. I encourage you to rethink this section of the bill. Vote it down, and let's relook at everything that's being repealed in that section. Shall schedule 3, as amended, carry? Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare schedule 3 carried, as amended. M me France Gélinas: Sorry, I want to be sure that I know what we're doing. This is the part where we vote on—no? You tell me what it is that we're doing. We're going to move to section 1 of the bill. Is there any further debate on section 1? Madame Gélinas. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): On page 1, you can see "Contents of this act," 1, 2 and 3. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Any further debate? Madame Gélinas. M me France Gélinas: Okay. M me France Gélinas: Here we are at the end of clauseby-clause for Bill 74. You all realize that some of the amendments that we have tried to bring forward were amendments that people and groups wanted to bring forward, and are amendments that would ensure that what you are trying to do to get rid of hallway health care, to have wraparound services, to make sure that you have a warm send-off from the hospital to mental health, to home care, to long-term care—that this happens. You have voted down all of those suggestions. This is for you to decide. Once you vote for this bill, our health care system will change, will never be the same, will never have the protection that we used to have, will never have the number of not-for-profits that we used to have, will never have the number of Meals on Wheels that we used to have. It will open the door to the for-profits, who are the only ones left standing, with our hospitals, able to take on those new, integrated Ontario health teams. It will be on you when we go back years from now and realize how much our health care system has changed for the worse. Mr. John Fraser: I'll be brief, because I've said this already this morning. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Fraser. This bill has proceeded far too quickly. As I said this morning, even Mike Harris took more time. He took more time than we did when we did LHSIA. This is an important thing. Mr. John Fraser: No, it's important. It's important that we get it right, and we haven't taken the time to get it right. Interjection. I don't think we've done enough to protect our francophone community and our First Nations in this bill. I can tell you what happens with centralized decisionmaking: They often get it wrong, or often enough that it really impacts the community. I've lived through that, and some people here have lived through that, as well. We haven't done right by our communities. We've vested a tremendous amount of power into the minister and into the agency. We've failed to increase the minimum amount of time that communities could respond to a change that the minister or the agency, through the minister, might do, and then we did not provide for any appeal mechanism. We've taken away our community's stake in health care. We've diminished our voices here in the Legislature with regard to that in this bill. Ten or 15 years down the road, when something happens and they say to Stedman hospice, "You really should be part of this integrated health care group. You don't really need this extra governance that you have. So I'm ordering you to integrate with the hospital," and they must do it, what do you think your community is going to say? They're not going to be happy, because it's their care, it's their money, it's their hospice, it's their hospital. Whatever facility it is, it belongs to them. So I want to put that out there. I don't think that's the intent that you see in this. I think you're saying, "No, he's wrong"; I'm not. We have not done enough to protect the communities that we represent and the people who live in them. That's not a good thing. Shall section 1 carry? The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare section 1 carried. Shall section 2 carry? Section 2, commencement: Any further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): I declare section 2 carried. Shall section 3 carry? Section 3, short title: Any further debate? I'll call the question. Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Section 3 is carried. We'll move to the title. Is there any debate on the title? Shall the title of the bill carry? Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): The title of the bill is carried. 1620 Shall Bill 74, as amended, carry? Any further debate? Madame Gélinas. M me France Gélinas: One last chance to do the right thing. One super-agency in Toronto led by 15 people, 14 out of 15 who come from southern Ontario, one that comes from North Bay, is not good governance for our health care system, for tens of billions of dollars of health care system. Fifty integrated health teams for 14 million people? That won't work in northern Ontario. That won't work for First Nations communities. No appeal mechanism, no true engagement with the francophone community, no true engagement with the First Nations, nothing in the bill that brings us equity, fairness? It's not my favourite bill. Mrs. Robin Martin: I just want to put on the record that we believe that this bill will help us to transform health care in Ontario for the better. Contrary to the doom and gloom from Madame Gélinas, there are many provi- The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you very much. Further debate? Mrs. Martin. sions in here, which we have discussed today and yesterday and put in, and some amendments we have accepted. They deal with equity and diversity and Indigenous peoples and francophones. So I think the bill is improved from our hearings and we're ready to go forward and to try to bring patient-centred care to Ontario. We hope that it's very successful. Mr. John Fraser: I don't think we call in question the intent; I just think that the tool that you're using is not going to yield the results that you want. We've all been saying the same thing for 30 years about patient-centred care, about increasing primary care. There is a fundamental flaw in this bill that will come home to roost at one point. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Thank you. Further debate? Mr. Fraser. I don't doubt that you're trying to do the right thing. What I'm trying to convey to you—it's a bit late now—is that it will not yield the results that you think it will. It's going to cause problems in our communities, and I am as sure of that as I am sure I'm sitting in this room right now. That's what I've tried to convey to you. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Ms. Kusendova. It's not that I'm calling into question what you're trying to do. I don't believe you're trying to do something bad; I think you're trying to do something good. I just don't think it's going to work out the way you think it's going to work out. Ms. Natalia Kusendova: I just wanted to state on the record that as a health care provider, a registered nurse, it's been a privilege to be a part of this committee, to be able to hear from our stakeholders on this very important bill. Since I was a nursing student, the first time I came to Queen's Park with the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario on a student placement, I knew even back then that there were issues in our health care system. Patients were being treated in hallways and closets, waiting for hours on stretchers, mental health patients waiting to see their specialists. Even from that day, I knew that we needed to do something. We believe that by passing this bill, we are centring care around the patient. We are investing in primary care, in front-line care, and we are building a system that is not fragmented, but is more equitable and fair for patients and their families. This is why I am so proud of the work that we have done as this government. With all due respect to my colleague Mr. Fraser, your colleagues had 15 years to do something and to improve our health care system, and you haven't done it. Our government has listened. Our Minister of Health and Long-Term Care has listened to patients and families across Ontario. In her role as Patient Ombudsman and since she's become the minister, she's consulted many front-line workers, including nurses, doctors and people on the front lines, and this is why we brought Bill 74, The People's Health Care Act, forward. Thank you to my colleagues across the aisle for being patient with us and for bringing your thoughtful amendments. We have listened. As you know, we have passed some of them. This has been a great collaborative effort, and in the name of this government, we thank you. Mr. John Fraser: Not that I'm trying to get the last word. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Fraser. I don't doubt your intent. This bill is not going to fix hallway health care this year, next year, the year after that. Maybe it will start to impact the year after that—that is what's going to come on Thursday. There are no easy fixes—no easy fixes. What I was trying to convey to you was just that there are some risks there that you have to keep an eye on. I'm proud of the work that I did, I'm proud of the work that we did in our government. And you'll find, as you go through with this, there will be always be things that you have to get to. There will always be things that have to be improved in the health care system—anything we have to do with people. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? Mr. Sabawy. It's a learning curve and it's dynamic. Even the times change; like, maybe what was not very important 15 years ago became now very important. So it's a dynamic thing and we did our best. We spent the time; we did lots of effort from lots of people; we consulted with a lot of the Mr. Sheref Sabawy: I would like to say, as a closing statement, that I'm very proud to be part of the team that worked on this bill. We understand that there is always the risk, and there will always be something that may be missed and may be misestimated. I mean, compared to what our colleagues did in the last 15 years, we could now say—even yourself, you might see some stuff which you said, "We might change that," and "We didn't have this issue." stakeholders, especially the medical staff and the patients who—everybody was complaining, so there was no one winner. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Further debate? I'll call the question. At least if we change something, we are hoping that this will give us a chance to give it a new approach and solve some of the issues which we are experiencing now. Something might come up; absolutely, maybe. We don't know. We can't guarantee that. But we did our best, and hopefully it will be good for all Ontarians. Shall Bill 74, as amended, carry? Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. Nays Armstrong, Fraser, Gélinas, Mamakwa. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Bill 74, as amended, has carried. Shall I report the bill, as amended, to the House? Ayes Crawford, Karahalios, Kusendova, Martin, Sabawy, Dave Smith. The Chair (Mrs. Nina Tangri): Opposed? Carried. Thank you. The committee adjourned at 1628. This committee stands adjourned. STANDING COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL POLICY Chair / Présidente Mrs. Nina Tangri (Mississauga–Streetsville PC) Vice-Chair / Vice-Président Mr. Deepak Anand (Mississauga–Malton PC) Mr. Deepak Anand (Mississauga–Malton PC) Mr. Jeff Burch (Niagara Centre / Niagara-Centre ND) Ms. Doly Begum (Scarborough Southwest / Scarborough-Sud-Ouest ND) Mrs. Amy Fee (Kitchener South–Hespeler / Kitchener-Sud–Hespeler PC) Mr. Joel Harden (Ottawa Centre / Ottawa-Centre ND) Mr. John Fraser (Ottawa South / Ottawa-Sud L) Mrs. Belinda Karahalios (Cambridge PC) Mr. Sheref Sabawy (Mississauga–Erin Mills PC) Mrs. Robin Martin (Eglinton–Lawrence PC) Mrs. Nina Tangri (Mississauga–Streetsville PC) Ms. Effie J. Triantafilopoulos (Oakville North–Burlington / Oakville-Nord–Burlington PC) Substitutions / Membres remplaçants Ms. Teresa J. Armstrong (London–Fanshawe ND) Mr. Will Bouma (Brantford–Brant PC) Mr. Stephen Crawford (Oakville PC) M me France Gélinas (Nickel Belt ND) Ms. Natalia Kusendova (Mississauga Centre / Mississauga-Centre PC) Mr. Sol Mamakwa (Kiiwetinoong ND) Mr. Dave Smith (Peterborough–Kawartha PC) Also taking part / Autres participants et participantes Ms. Tara Corless, counsel, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Ms. Melissa Gibson, counsel, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Clerk / Greffier Mr. Eric Rennie Staff / Personnel Mr. Ralph Armstrong, legislative counsel
\| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710\| www.ijirset.com \| Impact Factor: 7.089\| \|\| Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2020 \|\| Chemical Equilibria for Reactive Extraction of Trans-Aconitic Acid Using Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate in Benzene and Toluene Prof.Pravin M. Dawale Assistant Professor, Department Of Chemical Engineering, Jawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering & Technology, MIDC, Lohara,Yavatmal-445001, India ABSTRACT: Reactive extraction is an alternative to conventional methods. It is advantageous since the extraction process, if properly applied, does not affect the stability of the bioproducts and the energy demand is substantially low like liquid-liquid extraction, two liquid phases ; one being the aqueous phase containing aconitic acid and the other being the organic phase into which aconitic acid is extracted, are contacted in reactive extraction. But in the case of reactive extraction, the organic phase contains an extractant (or reactant) which yields higher distribution coefficients for aconitic acid than the traditional organic solvents. Compared to physical liquid-liquid extraction, the selectivity of separation is remarkably enhanced in reactive extraction because the reactant present in the organic phase promotes the transfer of aconitic acid to the organic phase. [1,2] The values of distribution coefficient using 20% TBP (KD=1.5) & 40%TBP (KD = 2.5) for Toluene and for Benzene using 20% TBP (KD=1.2) & 40%TBP( KD=2.1). KEYWORDS: Trans-aconitic Acid, Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate, Benzene, Toluene, Reactive Extraction. I.INTRODUCTION Aconitic acid is a tricarboxylic unsaturated acid and is of special interest in the production of resins, plastics, plasticizers, flavors, etc. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-liquid extraction and ion exchange were evaluated for the recovery of Trans aconitic acid from cane leaf matter stillage. It is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. [3,4] Reactive extraction employs an extractant to remove the acid.Extractant are usually classiﬁed as: (i) anion exchange extractants (e.g., aliphatic primary, secondary, and tertiary amines), which form ion pairs (salts) in acidic medium; (ii) cation exchange extractants (e.g.,phosphine and phosphoric acid), which exchange the proton against the cation; (iii) solvating extractants (e.g., phosphoric and phosphinic acid, esters, and phosphinoxides), which are Lewis bases and form nonstoichometric compounds with neutral solutes; and (iv) chelate-forming extractants (e.g., aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyines), which exchange the cation and form coordinate binding.Extractants are generally viscous liquids or solids, so they are dissolved in diluents ,which improve their physical properties like surface tension and viscosity. Diluents provide the solution of the extractants and also general and speciﬁc solvation to the extractant-acid complexes formed. Polar diluents are more favorable than low polarity, low dielectric constant, aliphatic, or aromatic hydrocarbons. The dipole-dipole interaction plays an important role for the solvation of the whole extrac-tant-acid complex and has been found to play an important role in the neutralization reaction between acid and extractant, which is promoted by increasing the polarity of the diluent. Reactive extraction with specified extractant giving a higher distribution coefficient has been proposed as a promising technique for the recovery of carboxylic and hydroxycarboxylic acids. [5] This method is advantageous for alcohol and organic fermentations. The advantages include increased reactor productivity, ease in reactor pH control without requiring base addition, and use of a high-concentration substrate as the process feed to reduce process wastes and production costs. This method may also allow the process to produce and recover the fermentation product in one continuous step and reduce the down stream processing load and the recovery costs. For the separation of carboxylic acids from dilute aqueous solution Long-chain aliphatic amines are effective extractants. [6] ) \| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710\| www.ijirset.com \| Impact Factor: 7.089\| \|\| Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2020 \|\| ) Generally, the amine extractants are dissolved in a diluent, an organic solvent that dilutes the extractant. It controls the viscosity and density of the solvent phase. For the reactive extraction of organic acids, the pH of the aqueous phase is an important parameter. [7] There has been a resurgence of interest in large-scale production of fermentation chemicals due to the sharp increase in petroleum cost over the last 3 decades. So the potential role of a new energy efficient fermentation technology is receiving growing attention. Thus, for fermentation products to penetrate the organic chemicals industry, substantial improvements in the existing recovery technology are needed. In the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries, organic acids are widely used. Fermentation technology for the production of organic acids in particular has been known for more than a century and acids have been produced in aqueous solutions. [8] The conventional method for the recovery of Aconitic acid from fermentation broth is the calcium hydroxide precipitation method. This method of recovery is expensive and unfriendly to the environment as it consumes lime and sulphuric acid and also produces a large quantity of calcium sulphate sludge as solid waste. Thus there is a need to look at other methods of producing Aconitic acid. By bioprocessing of natural products such as by fermentation a number of carboxylic acids are obtained. Pharmaceutical and food industries challenge the recovery of these valuable products, which are their major users. A number of methods are available such as precipitation, adsorption, membranes, dialysis, distillation, ion exchange, or reactive extraction to recover carboxylic acids from fermentation broths. [9] Conventionally, precipitation by calcium hydroxide was employed to extract carboxylic acids, but the method is expensive as it employs a large amount of chemicals and is environmentally unfriendly as it produces a large amount of waste sludge. Alternative methods have always been discussed to recover the acid. For the recovery of carboxylic acids reactive extraction is an important recovery technique, which has received increasing attention over the past decade. [9] Reactive liquid-liquid extraction has the advantage that Aconitic acid can be removed easily from aquesous stream. Further, the aconitic acid can be re-extracted and the extractant recycled to the process. When selecting an extractant, along with other considerations such as price, availability, ease of regeneration, very high distribution coefficients, and low toxicity, one must ensure that the extractant is environment friendly. In other words, the extractant should have as low solubility in water as possible, so that it does not add substantially to COD of the aqueous raffinate . [10] Diluents is usually added along with the extractant to enhance its physical properties by providing general solvation and affect the extraction power of the extractant by providing specific interaction. The diluent may consists of one or more components, inert or active. Various active polar and proton or electron donating diluents (halogenated aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, nitrobenzenes,higher alcohols), enhance the extraction. On the otherhand, inert diluents (long chain paraffins, benzene etc.), limit the solvent capacity. The three important variables which can influence the equilibrium extraction charac-teristics of the system are the nature of the acid ex-tracted, the concentration of the extractant, and the type of diluent. Wasewar and his group have extensively worked on reactive extraction of various carboxylic acids. [11] The distribution coefficient KD was measured for the extraction of caproic acid from aqueous waste stream and also the effect of presence of salts such as sodium sulphate and sodium chloride was studied. [12] In the present work, reactive extraction of aconitic acid was studied using TBP, an organophosphorous compound. A comparison of the type of diluents on extraction was investigated. Physical extraction using these diluents and chemical extraction using TBP with a volume fraction of (20 to 40) % in respective diluents were performed and compared. Extraction mechanism, distribution coefficient, and equilibrium complexation constants were determined. The difference in degree of extraction is discussed. A lot of work has been done on the reactive extraction of different carboxylic acids using tertiary and quaternary amine but very little work on aconitic acid extraction can be found. In view of this, attempts were made to study the extraction of aconitic acid using TBP in Benzene and Toluene.The distribution of acontic acid between water and TBP dissolved in various diluents, and a comparison with the extraction capacity of pure diluent alone were studied at isothermal conditions. The data on the distribution coefficient, equilibrium complexation constant were presented. II. EXPERIMENTAL For the practical work of equilibrium study, experimental set-up consists of magnetic stirrer, conical flasks, separating funnels and burette for titration. A.CHEMICALS Trans-Aconitic acid (volume fraction of 98+ %) (Lancaster Synthesis, England) and the diluents: Benzene (Loba Chemie Pvt.Ltd.India), Toluene (Loba Chemie Pvt.Ltd.India) are of Analytical grade and were used as supplied by suppliers. These diluents are in Aromatic Group to see the effect on extraction of Trans-Aconitic AcidTri-n-butyl phosphate (volume fraction of 99 %)(Loba Chemie Pvt.Ltd. India ), a phosphorus-bonded oxygen donor, is a light colorless liquid with the International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET) \| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710\| www.ijirset.com \| Impact Factor: 7.089\| \|\| Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2020 \|\| molar mass of 266.32 g · mol-1 and density of 0.92 g·cm-3.The solutions of various concentrations of Trans-aconitic acid. NaOH used for titration is of analytical grade & prepared in distilled water and was supplied by Loba Chemie Pvt.Ltd. India. For the standardization of the NaOH, oxalic acid (99.5%) was obtained from Loba Chemie Pvt.Ltd. India. Phenolphthalein solution (pH range 8.0 to 10.0) was used as an indicator for titration and was obtained from Loba Chemie Pvt.Ltd.India. The initial TBP concentrations in the range of (0.732 to 1.4647) mol·L-1 and the initial aqueous acid concentration range of (0.01 to 0.2) mol· L-1 were used (where superscript "o" signiﬁes the initial). B.REACTIVE EXTRACTION Experiments were carried out in 200 ml shake flasks with a working volume of 30 ml in the magnetic stirrer with capacity of 1 flask. Equal volumes (15 ml) of the aqueous phase and the organic phase in 200 ml of flask were shaken for 6-8 hrs. at room temperature. Aqueous Trans-aconitic acid solution of the required concentration was prepared by diluting the Transaconitic acid (99%v/v) with distilled water. Our preliminary studies had shown that 6-8 hrs. of mixing time is sufficient to reach equilibrium and the settling time for the solution was 2-3 hrs. The initial pH of the Trans aconitic acid solution was taken as such by initial concentration of solutions. After attaining equilibrium, the phases were brought into contact for separation C.ANALYTICAL METHOD Phases were separated after settling and the volume of each phase was determined. The standardization of NaOH with the 0.1 N Oxalic Acid has been carried out and the 0.1 N NaOH was freshly prepared before every Titration for taking the accurate burette reading. The initial TBP concentrations in the range of (0.732 to 1.4647) mol · L-1 and the initial aqueous acid concentration range of (0.01 to 0.2) mol ·L-1 were used. The Trans-aconitic acid concentration in equilibrium aqueous phases was determined by potentiometric titration using 0.1 N NaOH solution. The acid concentration in the organic phase was obtained by the mass balance. The extraction ability was represented by the distribution coefficient. The calculated distribution coefficient, KD, is calculated with following relation as given by Eq.1 K D Where, Corg is the concentration of Trans-aconitic acid in organic phase and Caq is the concentration of Trans-aconitic acid in aqueous phase after reaching equilibrium. Degree of extraction (E%) is defined as the ratio of Trans-Aconitic acid concentration in organic phase to the sum of acid concentration in organic and aqueous phase and is defined in term of K D as III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The physical and chemical equilibria for Trans-aconitic acid using Tri-butyl Phosphate in Benzene and Toluene were carried out by experiments. A.PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIA Experiments were carried to know the effect of initial acid concentration on distribution coefficient for a particular solvent. The results are shown in Fig.1 shows the equilibrium curves with Benzene and Toluene are much stripper from Fig.1. So Toluene show better recovery of Trans-Aconitic Acid in organic phase than Benzene. At higher initial Trans Aconitic acid concentration, the amount of solvent may be the limiting factor for the strength of solvation of the complex..The physical equilibrium was studied for Trans-aconitic acid using solvents like aromatics Benzene and Tolene were used to find the distribution coefficient of Trans-aconitic acid \| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710\| www.ijirset.com \| Impact Factor: 7.089\| \|\| Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2020 \|\| B.CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA Experimental studies shows that TBP is dissolved in a diluents, Benzene & Toluene that dilutes the extractant. TBP controls the viscosity and density of the solvent phase. Tri-Butyl Phosphate an effective organophosphorous compound are effective extractants for separation of carboxylic acids from dilute aqueous solution of Trans-aconitic acid. Chemical equilibria results for extraction of Trans Aconitic acid are shown in Fig.3 & Fig.4. The Trans Aconitic acid extraction with TBP, the variation of KD with initial acid concentration is given in Fig.3 with 20% TBP in Toluene 20% TBP in Benzene and a unit Corg to Caq ratio, KD decreased from 1.5 to 1.2 and increases from 2.5 to 2.1 for 40%TBP in Benzene and 40% TBP in Toluene upon increasing initial Trans aconitic acid concentration from 0.732 to 1.464 gmol/L. At higher initial acid concentrations, the amount of TBP may be the limiting factor for the TBP: acid reaction. Fig.3 & Fig.4 shows Chemical equilibria for extraction of Trans-Aconitic acid using various percentages of TBP in Benzene and Toluene. The interactions between the complex and solvent can, somewhat arbitrarily, be divided into "general solvation" and "specific interaction" of the diluent with the complex. Fig.3 &4 shows the Distribution coefficient Vs Initial Concentration of Trans Aconitic Acid using various percentages of TBP in Benzene and Toluene. Our experimental study shows that acid is recovered from aqueous solution to organic solvent. Solvent can be regenerated to give pure acid. The differences among distribution coefficient and equilibrium values for the same acid in different diluents indicate that solvation of the complex by the diluent is a critical factor in the extraction of acid. So an extractive separation and recovery process normally involves two steps: extraction and solvent regeneration. By stripping with a small volume of alkaline solution extractant can be easily regenerated. There are various methods for back extraction such as temperature swing, diluent swing, and gas anti-solvent methods using NaOH, HCl, ammonia and trimethyl amine. Wasewar et al. (2004) have given the exhaustive discussion on these processes for the back extraction of carboxylic acids. [9 ] ) \| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710\| www.ijirset.com \| Impact Factor: 7.089\| \|\| Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2020 \|\| Fig.3 Plot of Distribution coefficient Vs Initial Concentration of Trans –Aconitic Acid using various percentages of TBP in Toluene. Fig.4 Plot of Distribution coefficient Vs Initial Concentration of Trans –Aconitic Acid using various percentages of TBP in Benzene. ) \| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710\| www.ijirset.com \| Impact Factor: 7.089\| \|\| Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2020 \|\| IV. CONCLUSIONS By the experimental study of Physical and chemical equilibria for Trans Aconitic acid extraction by dissolved in Benzene & Toluene have been determined. Distribution coefficient for extraction of Trans- aconitic acid using Tri-Butyl Phosphate in Toluene was higher than Benzene. It has been found that the combination of TBP and solvent gave a higher distribution coefficient as compared to pure solvent by using the initial TBP concentrations in the range of (0.732 to 1.4647) mol · L-1 and the initial aqueous acid concentration range of (0.01 to 0.2) mol·L1. V.NOMENCLATURE [HNp] = Trans Aconitic acid concentration, (mol/l) [H + ] = H + ion concentration in aqueous phase (mol/l) [Np ] = concentration of dissociated Trans Aconitic acid in aqueous phase (mol/l) KD = distribution coefficient of acid in organic phase E% =degree of extraction SUBSCRIPTS : aq = aqueous phase org = organic phase o = initial SUPERSCRIPT : diluent = for diluent only max = maximum REFERENCES 1. Guy Malmary, Joël Albet, Agus Putranto, Hafida Hanine, Jacques Molinier ,"Recovery of aconitic and lactic acids from simulated aqueous effluents of the sugar-cane industry through liquid–liquid extraction," Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Volume 2000,pp.1169–1173. 2. Wasewar, K. L.; Heesink, A. B. M., "Intensification of Enzymatic Conversion of Glucose to Lactic Acid by Reactive Extraction," Chem. Eng. Sci., 58(15), 2003, pp. 3385-3394. 3. Scott Herbert McMurray, Gregory John Griffin," Extraction of aconitic acid from mixtures of organic acids and cane molasses solutions using supported liquid membranes," Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Volume2002,pp. 1262–1268. 4. Malmary ,G.H., Monteil, F., Molinier,J.R., Hanine,H, Conte,T., Mourgues,J.,"Recovery of aconitic acid from simulated aqueous effluents of the sugar-cane industry through liquid-liquid extraction," Technology, Volume 52, 1995, pp. 33-36. 5. Kertes, A. S. and King, C. J., "Extraction Chemistry of Fermentation Product Carboxylic Acids," Biotech. Bio-engg.," Vol. 28, 1986, pp. 269-282. ) International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET) \| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710\| www.ijirset.com \| Impact Factor: 7.089\| \|\| Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2020 \|\| 6.Kahya, E., Bayraktar, E. and Mehmeto, G. U., "Optimization of Process Parameters for Reactive Lactic Acid Extraction," Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 25, 2001, pp. 223-230. 7.Ingale,M.N., Mahajani,V.V., "Recovery of Butyric Acid, Valeric Acid, and Caproic Acid (BVC acids) from an Aqueous Waste Stream using Tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) as an Extractant," Sep. Technol., Vol. 4, 1994, pp. 252-257. 8.Kertes, A. S.; King, C. J. Extraction , "Chemistry of Fermentation Product Carboxylic Acids." Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1986, 28, 269. 9.Wasewar, K. L.; Pangarkar, V. G., "Intensification of Propionic Acid Production by Reactive Extraction: Effect of Diluents on Equilibrium," Chem. Biochem. Eng. 2006, 20 , 1. 10. Keshav,A., Wasewar,K.L. , "Back Extraction of Proponic Acid from Loaded Organic Phase," Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 65, No. 9, 2010, pp. 2751-2757. 11. Wasewar, K. L., Yawalkar, A., "Fermentation of glucose to lactic acid coupled with reactive extraction: A review," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2004, 43, pp. 5969-5982. 12.Kencaly, W. R.; Cao, Y.; Weimcr, P. J.,"Production of Caproic Acid by Cocultures of Ruminal Cellulolytic Bacteria and Clostridium Kluyveri Grown on Cellulose and Ethanol. Appl. Microbiol," Biotechnol. 1995, 44, 507.
Batangas State University Approved Annual Procurement Plan for FY 2022 Campus: Central Administration Fund Source: MDS (brief description Servers; Lot 3: Interactive (GAA) Other MOOE- Furniture and Fixtures- Other Machinery and (brief description (Agency to Agency or availability in DBM-PS SVP) depends on the (Agency to Agency or availability in DBM-PS SVP) depends on the (Agency to Agency or availability in DBM-PS SVP) depends on the (Agency to Agency or availability in DBM-PS SVP) depends on the MDS (NEP)-as the need MDS (NEP)-as the need \| \| \| \| \| Advertiseme nt/Posting of IB/REI \| Submission/Ope ning of Bids \| Notice of Award \| Contract Signing \| \| Total \| MOOE \| CO \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Survey, Research, Exploration and Development Expenses (Furure Thinking Reasearch on Engineering \| Research \| NO \| Competitive Bidding \| Within the FY 2022 \| \| \| \| Others \| 5,000,000.00 \| 5,000,000.00 \| \| \| Procurement of Accountable Forms \| Cashier \| NO \| NP-53.5 Agency-to-Agency \| N/A \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 80,000.00 \| 80,000.00 \| \| \| Procurement of Medical, Dental and Laboratory Supplies \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 52,000.00 \| 52,000.00 \| \| \| Proucrement of Office Supplies \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.5 Agency-to-Agency \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 307,685.01 \| 307,685.01 \| \| \| Procurement of Office Supplies-Common Used Office Supplies and Devices \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.5 Agency-to-Agency \| N/A \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 777,193.71 \| 777,193.71 \| \| \| Procurement of Office Supplies-Inks and Consumables \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.5 Agency-to-Agency \| N/A \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 1,835,121.28 \| 1,835,121.28 \| \| \| Procurement of Other Supplies \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 851,000.00 \| 851,000.00 \| \| \| Other Subscription Expenses \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 950,000.00 \| 950,000.00 \| \| \| Repairs & Maintenance-Furnitures and Fixtures \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 18,000.00 \| 18,000.00 \| \| \| Repairs & Maintenance-ICTE \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 50,000.00 \| 50,000.00 \| \| (brief description MDS (NEP)-as the need MDS (NEP)-as the need MDS (NEP)-as the need MDS (NEP)-as the need MDS (NEP)-as the need MDS (NEP)-as the need \| Procurement Project \| PMO/ End-User \| Is this an Early Procureme nt Activity? (Yes/No) \| Mode of Procurement \| Schedule for Each Procurement Activity \| \| \| \| Source of Funds \| Estimated Budget (PhP) \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| Advertiseme nt/Posting of IB/REI \| Submission/Ope ning of Bids \| Notice of Award \| Contract Signing \| \| Total \| MOOE \| CO \| \| Repairs & Maintenance-Motor Vehicle \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 1,212,000.00 \| 1,212,000.00 \| \| \| Repairs & Maintenance-Office Equipment \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 40,000.00 \| 40,000.00 \| \| \| Repairs & Maintenance-Other Machinery & Equipment \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 99,000.00 \| 99,000.00 \| \| \| Repairs & Maintenance-Other PPP & Equipment \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 10,000.00 \| 10,000.00 \| \| \| Repairs & Maintenance- Other Structures \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 50,000.00 \| 50,000.00 \| \| \| Repairs & Maintenance-School Buildings \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 340,000.00 \| 340,000.00 \| \| \| Textbooks and Instructional Materials \| Library \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 500,000.00 \| 500,000.00 \| \| \| Auditing Services \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 35,000.00 \| 35,000.00 \| \| \| Electricity Services \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| Direct Contracting \| N/A \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 10,000,000.00 \| 10,000,000.00 \| \| (brief description MDS (NEP); EPA not required: with existing MDS (NEP); EPA not of procurement required; indefinite time \| \| \| \| \| Advertiseme nt/Posting of IB/REI \| Submission/Ope ning of Bids \| Notice of Award \| Contract Signing \| \| Total \| MOOE \| CO \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Internet Services \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| Competitive Bidding \| Within the FY 2022 \| \| \| \| Others \| 13,861,000.00 \| 13,861,000.00 \| \| \| Other General Services \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 19,223,000.00 \| 19,223,000.00 \| \| \| Other Professional Services \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 80,000.00 \| 80,000.00 \| \| \| Printing and Publication Expenses \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 52,000.00 \| 52,000.00 \| \| \| Procurement of Fuel, Oil and Lubricants \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| Direct Contracting \| N/A \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 826,000.00 \| 826,000.00 \| \| \| Procurement of Janitorial Services \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 1,888,000.00 \| 1,888,000.00 \| \| \| Procurement of Postage and Courier Services \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 10,000.00 \| 10,000.00 \| \| \| Rent-Motor Vehicles \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 28,000.00 \| 28,000.00 \| \| \| Representation Expenses \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| NP-53.9 - Small Value Procurement \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 83,000.00 \| 83,000.00 \| \| \| Subscription of Cable, Satellite, Telgraph and Radio \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| Direct Contracting \| N/A \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 5,000.00 \| 5,000.00 \| \| (brief description \| Procurement Project \| PMO/ End-User \| Is this an Early Procureme nt Activity? (Yes/No) \| Mode of Procurement \| Schedule for Each Procurement Activity \| \| \| \| Source of Funds \| Estimated Budget (PhP) \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| Advertiseme nt/Posting of IB/REI \| Submission/Ope ning of Bids \| Notice of Award \| Contract Signing \| \| Total \| MOOE \| CO \| \| Subscription of Landline Communication \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| Direct Contracting \| N/A \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 307,000.00 \| 307,000.00 \| \| \| Subscription of Water Services \| Various Offices/Colleges \| NO \| Direct Contracting \| N/A \| N/A \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| 1st-4th Qtr. \| Others \| 566,000.00 \| 566,000.00 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 129,099,000.00 \| 91,728,000.00 \| 37,371,000.00 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 151,689,000.00 \| 91,728,000.00 \| 59,961,000.00 \| Prepared by: Certified Correct: Approved by: MR. JONAS ERIK L. EBORA BAC Secretary ATTY. NOEL ALBERTO S. OMANDAP DR. TIRSO A. RONQUILLO University President BAC Chairperson
ENERGY MINIMIZATION AND CONFORMATION SEARCH ANALYSIS OF TYPE-2 ANTI-DIABETES DRUGS R. PRASANNA LAKSHMI ∗∗∗∗ a , CH. NARASHIMA KUMAR a , B. VASANTHA LAKSHMI, K. NAGA SUDHA, K. MANOJA, V. JAYA LAKSHMI and P. AJAY BABU a Department of Microbiology, Sir C. R Reddy College for Women, Vatluru, ELURU-534125 (A.P.) INDIA a ProGene Biosciences, 103, Bharat Towers, Dwaraka Nagar, VISAKHAPATNAM – 530016 (A.P.), INDIA ABSTRACT In any drug design studies, the protein and ligand interactions are carried out in their lowest energy state, usually selected from protein data bank and the ligands can be either from literature or a database. In such cases, where ligands are derived from literature, certain steps need to be undertaken to perform 'protein-ligand' docking studies. Of all the steps involved in ligand docking, the first and foremost major step was energy minimization and conformation search analysis. Different algorithms were used to perform the task. Three major algorithms are considered in this analysis such as Steepest descent, conjugate gradient and block diagonal newton Raphson methods. Here in this paper, we report the utility of such algorithms in minimizing the energies of four anti-diabetic molecules, nateglinide, pioglitazone, repaglinide and glyburide, respectively. Key words: Energy minimization, Conformation analysis, Drug design, Steepest descent, Conjugate gradient, Block diagonal Newton Raphson, Rotatable bonds. INTRODUCTION A basic assumption in rational drug design 1 is that the activity of a drug molecule results from the binding of this molecule to the receptor such as protein. Ligands when bound within the binding site exhibits geometric and chemical complementarities 2 . In any drug design studies, a receptor is a fairly rigid molecule. In contrast, a ligand has multiple degrees of freedom, mainly torsional ones around bonds connecting atoms. Any kinematically valid relative placement of the ligand's atoms in 3-D space defines a conformation, the ligand's internal energy, which is a function of its conformation. Only ∗ Author for correspondence; E-mail: email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.org low-energy conformations are highly stable. The problem is thus to identify a ligand that admits a low-energy conformation achieving good geometrical and chemical complementarity with the targeted binding site. The starting point is then a collection of ligands that have been experimentally discovered to exhibit some level of desired activity against a protein target involved in a disease 3, 4 . While some of these are highly active, some are moderately active and others are inactive, yet they can bind in a comparable manner. By examining the possible shapes of these ligands, 3-D substructure properties (e.g., atoms or groups of atoms of certain types) can be identified and the ability of a ligand to exhibit low-energy conformation can be discerned 5 . For example, one may screen large databases of ligands to extract those molecules, which have a low-energy conformation 6 . Most potent ligands are regarded as leads that can be modified by adding/removing groups of atoms and testing the activity level of the modified ligands. Conformational search, pharmacophore identification, and database screening are three important challenging search problems in rational drug design. Of all these, in this paper, we account for the importance of minimized energy and algorithms thereof as well as conformational search analysis of four potent type-2 anti-diabetic drugs. , For a given ligand, the conformation of a molecule is dependent on the number of freely rotatable bonds or in other words, the degrees of freedom (DOF) that include, bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral or torsion angles. In practice, only the torsional DOFs are considered because these are the only ones that achieve large variations 1 . In many drug molecules, the number of torsional DOFs ranges between 3 and 15. Conformational analysis is a classical problem in computational chemistry. It includes protein folding 7 where one must find with great precision the conformation of a large molecule that achieves the global minimum of the energy function. Instead, smaller, flexible ligands have multiple stable states, each corresponding to a local energy minimum. So one must find set geometrically distinct conformations, whose energy is below a threshold 8 . It is not critical to find each such conformation with high precision since, when a ligand binds against a receptor, the energy function is modified by a binding energy term that one cannot compute in the absence of a model of the binding site; this additional term is usually small compared to the ligand's internal energy, but it is not negligible. EXPERIMENTAL Four inhibitors of type-2 diabetes utilized for energy minimization and conformation analysis are depicted in Fig.-1 and the rotatable bonds are presented in Table 1. The selected four molecules 3D structures are drawn using CAChe software and the molecule beautification was carried out before energy minimization. Table 1. Number of rotatable bonds of four molecules Nateglinide Pioglitazone Energy minimization In molecule beautification, various properties such as valence, hybridization, rings and geometry are structurally optimized. Using standard procedure, the structure of the chemical sample was refined by performing an optimized geometry calculation in molecular mechanics using Augmented MM3 parameters. Molecular mechanics deals with the energy associated by the atoms of molecule and reported as kcal/mol. A molecular mechanics calculation was carried out by using MM3 force field and the energy terms such as bond stretch, bond angle, dihedral angle, improper torsion, torsion stretch, bend bend, Van der Waals, electrostatics and hydrogen bond interactions are employed. Finally, the procedure resulted in a minimized energy are tabulated in Table 2. Conformation analysis After energy minimization, different possible conformations of each molecule were applied using 'conformation of long chains' option and generated a sequence of conformations. Search labels with large step-sizes (e.g., 120 deg. For sp 3 -sp 3 bonds) are usually recommended to minimize calculation time. Geometry labels are most conveniently added from the geometry label wizard using standard procedure. MM3 molecular mechanics with a multiple pass sequential search program was utilized to generate graphs for each molecule that displayed the conformational energy and orientation of the molecule. The convergence criterion is set to 0.001 kcal/mol with maximum of up to 300 updates, respectively. Van der Waals cut-off distance is set to 9.0 Å, while electrostatic interactions are defined using MM3 bond dipoles. The resulted potential energy map for the selected molecules with lowest energy was displayed. Similar procedure was repeated on all four molecules using three algorithms, steepest descent, conjugate gradient and block diagonal Newton Raphson methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Initial and final energies of all the molecules are given in Table 2. Conformation search analysis coupled with energy minimization resulted in lowest energy than minimization alone. A conformational search analysis displayed a graph with different energy states. Lowest energy state was referred as local minima and highest energy state was called as local maxima. Table 2. Energy minimization data showing energy states of four molecules (before and after minimization steps) From Table 2, almost all molecules considered under study showed lowest energy state when conjugate gradient method was employed. Hence, it can be emphasized that irrespective of the number of freely rotatable bonds within a molecule, conjugate gradient algorithm represents the method of choice for minimizing the energy of a molecule. Further, conformational search analysis resulted in best conformer with lowest energy state. The minimized structure from conjugate gradient method was considered to generate various conformations. Nateglinide conformations run in 18 steps, with the step-4 being displayed as the lowest energy state -5.159 kcal/mol given in Fig.2. Fig. 2: Conformation analysis potential energy map and lowest energy state of nateglinide Fig. 3: Conformation analysis potential energy map and lowest energy state of pioglitazone Fig. 4: Conformation analysis potential energy map and lowest energy state of repaglinide Fig. 5: Conformation analysis potential energy map and lowest energy state of glyburide Table 3. Conformational energy minimized structure data for four molecules CONCLUSION In this paper, an attempt was made to study the importance of minimization algorithms on four anti-diabetic molecules with different rotatable bonds. In most of the cases, conjugate gradient algorithm represented the best method and further validated using conformation search analysis, resulted in much lower energy values than with energy minimization procedure alone. It was evident from Table 3 that the use of conjugate gradient algorithm resulted in lowest energy than the remaining methods for all the molecules. Therefore, these studies provide a method to minimize the energy of any molecule irrespective of the number of freely rotatable bonds. And from the analysis, it can be emphasized that the conjugate gradient algorithm represented as the method of choice to achieve the lowest energy state with its most probable geometry for nateglinide, pioglitazone, repaglinide and glyburide, respectively, which can be further utilized for drug design studies. REFERENCES 1. D. B. Boyd, Aspects of Molecular Modeling. in K. Lipkowitz and D. B. Boyd, (Eds.), Reviews in Comp. Chem., VCH Pub., 1, 351, (1990). 2. L. Balbes, S. Mascarella and D. Boyd. A Perspective of Modern Methods in Computer-Aided Drug Design, in K. Lipkowitz and D. B. Boyd, (Eds.), Reviews in Comp. Chem., VCH Pub., 5, 370, (1994). 3. D. Barnum, J. Greene, A. Smellie and P. Sprague.. Identification of Common Functional Components among Molecules, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., (1996). 4. Y. Martin, M. Bures, E. Danaher, J. DeLazzer and I. Lico, A Fast New Approach to Pharmacophore Mapping and its Application to Dopaminergic and Benzodiazepine Agonists, J. Computer-Aided Molecular Design, 7, 102, (1993). 5. R. Glen, G. Martin, AHill, R. Hyde, P. Wollard, J. Salmon, J. Buckingham and A. Robertson, Computer-Aided Design and Synthesis of 5-Substituted Tryptamines and their Pharmacology at the 5 HT 10 Receptor, Discovery of Compounds with Potential Anti-migraine Properties, J. Medical Chem., 38, 3580 (1995). 6. P. Willet, Searching for Pharmacophoric Patterns in Databases of Three-dimensional Chemical Structures, J. Molecular Recognition, 8, 303, (1995). 7. K. Dill, Folding Proteins, Finding a Needle in a Haystack, Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 3, 103, (1993). 8. A. Leach, A Survey of Methods for Searching the Conformational Space of Small and Medium, Sized Molecules, in K. Lipkowitz and D. Boyd, (Eds.), Revs. Comp. Chem., VCH Pub., 2, 47, (1991). Accepted : 15.03.2008
Error Simulation with Conditional Error Models DAVID VAN CAMPENHOUT, TREVOR MUDGE, AND JOHN P. HAYES Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA {davidvc, tnm, firstname.lastname@example.org Abstract we address error simulation with conditional errors. First, we motivate error simulation. Error-oriented functional design verification attempts to uncover functional bugs by applying test sequences to the design that are targeted at instances of synthetic design error models. Conditional error (CE) models have recently been shown to be powerful error models for such an approach. Practical use of higher order CE models has been impeded by the computational cost associated with test generation and error simulation as the number of error instances is superlinear in the size of the circuit. This paper presents a new algorithm CESIM for efficient error simulation with CE's. Experiments using the ISCAS'89 benchmarks are presented that show the improved performance of CESIM compared with a state-of-the-art fault simulator. Keywords: High Level Design Validation, High Level Design Error Modeling, High Level ATPG/Fault, Validation of Microprocessors, Simulation-based Verification, Error models and verification test. 1. Introduction Design verification is considered one of the most serious bottlenecks for multimillion-gate microprocessor designs. There are two broad approaches to hardware design verification: formal and simulation-based. Formal methods try to verify the correctness of a system by using mathematical proofs. Simulation-based design verification tries to uncover design errors by detecting a circuit's faulty behavior when deterministic or pseudo-random tests (simulation vectors) are applied [Ahar91, Chan95, Tayl98]. The effectiveness of verification test suites is quantified by coverage metrics that include code coverage measures from software testing [Bez90], finite-state machine coverage [Ho96], architectural event coverage [Tayl98], and observability-based metrics [Fall98]. A shortcoming of all these metrics is that the relationship between the metric and the detection of classes of design errors is not well specified or understood. An alternative verification approach draws on the similarity between hardware design verification and physical fault testing [Abad88, AA95, VC98]. In this approach, synthetic error models are derived from empirical design error data, and physical fault testing techniques are adapted to generate test sets for the synthetic errors. The problem addressed by error simulation is as follows. Given a design, a set of (synthetic) design errors, and a sequence of test vectors, determine which errors are detected by the test sequence. Fault simulation addresses a similar problem in physical fault testing, but differs in the error/fault models. Whereas physical fault testing is concerned with SSL faults, bridging faults, open faults, our design verification methodology needs to consider other errors, such as the conditional errors introduced in [VC98]. In this section Augmenting targeted test generation with error simulation can reduce overall run times. Test generators typically target one error at a time. A targeted test may detect errors other than just the targeted error. These errors can be identified by an error simulator so that they do not need to be considered by the test generator any more. A stand-alone use of error simulation is the computation of design error coverage of a given test suite. This is useful in regression testing, where one might be interested in selecting a subset of a given set of test sequences that provides coverage of design errors similar to those of the complete test set. Error simulation can also reveal areas of the design that are not sufficiently tested by a given test suite, and hence spur further targeted test generation. Error simulation needs to be efficient. Not only the length of test suites, which is extremely large for pseudo-random tests, but also the nature of the error models, and the number of error instances to be considered affect the size of the task. It is clear that better methods are required than simple serial error simulation, which simulates the erroneous designs for the complete test suite one by one. Conditional error models. A conditional error (C, E) [VC98] consists of a condition C and a basic error E; its interpretation is that E is only active when C is satisfied. In general, C is a predicate over the signals in the circuit during some time period. To limit the number of error instances, we restrict C to a conjunction of terms (y i = w i ), where y i is a signal in the circuit that is not in the transitive combinational fanout of the basic error 1 , and w i is a constant of the same signal-width as y i and whose value is either all-0's or all-1's. The number of terms (condition variables) appearing in C is said to be the order of (C, E). Specifically, we consider the following conditional error (CE) types: * conditional single-stuck line error of order n (CSSLn) * conditional bus order error of order n (CBOEn) * conditional bus source error of order n (CBSEn) Figure 1 gives an example of a CSSL1 error, (x = 1, y / 0). If the condition does not hold, x ≠ 1, the erroneous circuit operates as the error-free. If the condition holds, x = 1, line y is stuck at 0. The number of instances defined by a conditional error model (C,E) is given by the product of the number of basic errors and the number of conditions: ``` #CSSLn = O(2 n +1 N n +1 ) #CBOEn = O(2 n N n +1 ) #CBSEn = O(2 n N n +2 ) ``` 1. The requirement that condition signals are not to be part of the transitive combinational fanout of the basic error, eliminates problems of combinational feedback, and thus ensure that all conditional errors are well defined. This requirement also facilitates efficient error simulation, as we will see in Section 3. x ≠ 1 Figure 1. CSSL1 error (x = 1, y / 0): a) error-free design; b) erroneous design with x ≠ 1; c) erroneous design with x = 1. For n = 0, a conditional error (C,E) reduces to the basic error E from which it is derived. Higher-order conditional errors enable the generation of more specific tests, but lead to a greater test generation cost due to the larger number of error instances. For example, the CSSL1 model defines a number of instances quadratic in the size of the circuit. Although the total set of all signals we consider for each term in the condition can possibly be reduced, CSSLn errors where n > 1 are probably not practical. Experimental work presented in [VC98, VC99] shows that test sets that are complete for CSSL1 errors provide a higher coverage for actual errors than test sets that are complete for CSSL0 errors only. We review relevant previous work in Section 2. Our error simulation algorithm is presented in Section 3. We present experimental results in Section 4, and give some concluding remarks in Section 5. 2. Related Work Representative approaches to fault simulation for sequential circuits [Abra90, Nier91a] are parallel, concurrent, deductive, and differential fault simulation. Parallel fault simulation takes advantage of the word-level parallelism of the computer used. On a 32bit computer, 32 faulty machines can be simulated in parallel. This method lacks the ability to drop errors. The other methods are motivated by the observation that as long as a fault is not detected, the good and faulty circuit differ in only a fraction of the number of signals present. For this purpose, such methods process the complete set of faulty machines one vector at a time. Both concurrent and deductive fault simulation compute the node values of a faulty machine for the current vector, based on the good circuit's node values for the current vector, and the faulty machine's node values for the previous vector. A drawback of both methods is high memory requirement. Differential fault simulation, a variant of concurrent fault simulation, addresses the memory problem, but suffers from the inability to drop detected faults. Niermann, Cheng and Patel [Nier90, Nier91a] described a fault simulator, called PROOFS, that combines ideas of concurrent, differential and parallel fault simulation. As our error simulation method for conditional errors derives from PROOFS, we briefly describe its main features, referring to Figure 2. Given is a gate-level sequential circuit, a fault list, and a test vector sequence, PROOFS maintains two sets of signal values: one for the good, and one for a faulty machine. For each undetected fault, PROOFS also stores the difference in present state between the good machine and the corresponding faulty machine. The outermost loop of PROOFS processes one test vector at a time. First, the good machine is simulated for the current vector. Next, faults that are active for the current test vector are identified. A fault is considered active if one or both of the following two conditions holds: 1) the present state of the faulty machine is different from that of the good machine; 2) the fault is excited by the current vector, and the faulty line is sensitized through the first two ``` 1. while (vectors left) { 1.1 read next vector 1.2 simulate good circuit 1.3 determine which faults are active 1.4 for each active fault { 1.4.1 inject fault 1.4.2 add faulty node events 1.4.3 simulate faulty circuit 1.4.4 drop detected faults 1.4.5 store faulty next state 1.4.6 remove fault 1.5 } 2. } ``` Figure 2. PROOFS' error simulation algorithm levels of logic. Checking condition 1 is straightforward since we have saved the faulty circuit's state while processing the previous vector. If condition 1 does not hold, that is, if the faulty circuit's present state is identical to that of the good circuit, checking condition 2 is inexpensive too, as it is very localized and requires only the good circuit's values. Faults that are not active for the current vector have the property that they are not detected by the current vector and the next states of the corresponding faulty machines are identical to the next state of the good machine. Consequently, there is no need to simulate these faulty machines for the current vector. Each active fault is processed as follows: First, the fault is injected into faulty circuit. The event list is initialized to reflect the fault injection and the present state lines whose values differ in the good and the faulty machine. The event-driven simulation of the faulty machine in PROOFS typically has a very low event activity, as in concurrent fault simulation. If the fault is detected by the current vector, it is dropped. Otherwise, the difference between the next state of the faulty machine and that of the good machine is saved. The basic algorithm, as discussed above, can be augmented to take advantage of the word-level parallelism available on the computer executing the fault simulator. On a 32-bit machine, up to 32 iterations the simulation step 1.4.3 of loop 1.4 can be executed in parallel. This is done by assigning the values of different faulty machines to different bit positions within a word. The other steps of loop 1.4 still have to be executed serially. A more detailed description of one implementation is given in [Nier90, Nier91a]. 3. CESIM It is straightforward to modify PROOFS to handle conditional errors, such as CSSL1. For a given circuit and a given test sequence, the average run time per error for CSSL1 error simulation is very close to that for SSL error simulation. As the number of CSSL1 errors is quadratic in the size of the circuit, the cost of error simulation for CSSL1 may be prohibitively large. To address this, we develop an error simulation algorithm for conditional errors, called CESIM, that exploits the close relationship among CSSL1 errors derived from the same CSSL0 error. Its key features are processing of sets of conditional errors, and the injection of basic (instead of conditional) errors. We will demonstrate that this leads to improved performance over the naive extension of PROOFS. is excited in the erroneous machine for the current vector, and 3) that basic error is sensitized through the first two levels of logic. First, we define two equivalence relations on conditional errors. Two conditional errors are PS-equivalent with respect to the current vector iff the present states of the corresponding erroneous machines are identical. Two conditional errors are PSBE-equivalent with respect to the current vector, iff they are derived from the same basic error and the present states of the corresponding erroneous machines are identical. The two equivalence relations define a hierarchical partition on the set of conditional errors; PSBE-equivalence refines the partition defined by PS-equivalence. CESIM maintains the set of undetected errors in partitioned form. We redefine the activity criterion of PROOFS as follows: A conditional error is active for the current vector iff 1) its condition holds in the erroneous circuit, and 2) the corresponding basic error The inner loop 1.4 of PROOFS (Figure 2) that iterates over individual active faults is replaced in CESIM, outlined in Figure 4, by one that iterates over sets of PS-equivalent conditional errors: Given is a set S 1 of undetected PS-equivalent conditional errors, we process this set of errors for the current vector as follows. First, we simulate the erroneous machine 1 with no errors 1. Note that CESIM uses a single copy of the circuit structure but associates two values with each signal, one corresponding to the error-free machine, the other to an erroneous machine. Hence by simulating the erroneous machine we mean simulating the circuit using the set of erroneous values. ``` 1. U = errorlist /* hierarchically partitioned set of undetected errors */ 2. while (vectors left) { 2.1 read next vector 2.2 simulate good circuit 2.3 for each set S 1 of PS-equivalent condit. errs. in U { 2.3.1 add the erroneous present-state events 2.3.2 simulate erroneous machine (no errors injected) 2.3.3 partition S 1 into an active/inactive subsets, A/D. 2.3.4 if error effect is exposed { 126.96.36.199 drop all errors in D 2.3.5 } 2.3.6 else { 188.8.131.52 save next state for D 184.108.40.206 insert D in nextU 2.3.7 } 2.3.8 for each set S 2 of PSBE-equiv. condit. errs. in A { 220.127.116.11 inject the corresponding basic error 18.104.22.168 add the erroneous node events 22.214.171.124 simulate the erroneous circuit 126.96.36.199 if basic error is detected { 188.8.131.52.1 drop all errors in S 2 184.108.40.206 } 220.127.116.11 else { 18.104.22.168.1 save the erroneous next state for S 2 22.214.171.124.2 insert S 2 in nextU 126.96.36.199 } 188.8.131.52 remove the error 2.3.9 } 2.4 } 2.5 U = nextU 3. } ``` Figure 4. CESIM error simulation algorithm for conditional errors injected, starting from the present state associated with S 1 for the current vector (steps 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 of Figure 4). For each conditional error in S 1 , we check if it is active. Activation is determined by three conditions (see above). Conditions 2 and 3 only depend on the basic error, and hence are identical for all E-equivalent errors. We therefore check conditions 2 and 3 first (one check for each class of PSBE-equivalent errors). Only if both conditions hold do we have to check condition 1 (one check per individual conditional error). Note that lines appearing in the condition of a conditional error are not part of the transitive combinational fanout of the basic error. Therefore, the activation conditions can be evaluated using the values computed in step 2.3.2. This partitions S 1 into a subset A of the active conditional errors, and a subset D of dormant (not active) errors (step 2.3.3). If any outputs computed in 2.3.2 differ from those of the good circuit (step 2.2) all errors in D are detected and can be dropped. Otherwise, we record the erroneous next state corresponding to D, and insert D into the nextU, the set of undetected errors for the next vector. For each set S 2 of PSBE-equivalent errors in A, we inject the basic error corresponding to S 2 , apply the erroneous present state corresponding to S 2 , and simulate the erroneous circuit. If any outputs differ from those in the good circuit, all errors in S 2 are dropped. Otherwise, we record the erroneous next state for S 2 , and insert S 2 into nextU. Example. Figure 3 illustrates CESIM. Consider sets of conditional errors derived from three basic errors , , and . Initially, the corresponding erroneous machines are all in the same present state, namely the unknown state . The initial PS-partition has a single class, which is further partitioned with respect to PSBE-equivalence. First, the error-free machine is simulated for the first vector; the next state is . This allows us to separate those conditional errors that are active (shaded in the figure) for the first vector from those that are not. For the dormant errors no further work is required: none of them is detected, and the next state of the corresponding erroneous machines is . For each PSBE class that contains active conditional errors, the corresponding basic error is injected and the erroneous circuit is simulated for the current vector. In the example, none of these errors is detected, and the next states and are distinct. This process is repeated for the next vector. In the example, the active errors in PSBE class are detected by the second vector; all other errors remain undetected. Note that there is a one-to-one correspondence between a single transition in the state transition diagram in Figure 3 and a circuit simulation step in the algorithm (steps 2.2, 2.3.2, or 184.108.40.206 in Figure 4). e 1 e 2 e 3 s 0 s 0 1 s 0 1 s 1 s 2 1 s 2 1 e 2 , ( ) Analysis. CESIM minimizes the overall computational cost by exploiting PS- and PSBE-equivalence of conditional errors. We now analyze the algorithm's complexity. The two major components of the cost of one iteration of the top-level loop (step 2) are the simulation cost of steps 2.2, 2.3.2, and 220.127.116.11, and the partition cost of step 2.3.3. The partition cost is proportional to the number of conditional errors for which we have to check activation condition 1, which is typically a small fraction of the total number of conditional errors. The event-driven simulator is called as many times as there are PSBE partition classes on all sets A; this is a fraction of the number of PSBE partition classes of U. In summary, the cost of one iteration has one component with complexity sublinear in the size of the error list (partition cost), and a second component proportional to the size of the circuit and the product of the number of basic errors and the number of distinct states (simulation cost). In our experiments, we observed that 90% of the execution time is due to partitioning, while only 10% is due to simulation. The algorithm requires maintaining both partitions (PS and PSBE) on the set of undetected errors. All partitions are implemented using hash tables, which allow for constant time insertions of error sets. Initially, all errors are undetected and the corresponding erroneous machines all start from an unknown present state. Hence all errors are PS-equivalent initially, and all errors derived from the same basic error are PSBE-equivalent. In the partition step (2.3.3), the number of error sets (PSBE equivalence classes) may increase. The worst case occurs when 1) neither A nor D is empty, 2) neither of them is detected, and 3) the next states generated in steps 18.104.22.168 and 2.3.2 are all distinct. For this case, the number of error sets can double in a single iteration of step 2, leading to an exponential growth in the number of vectors. However, the total number of PSBE-equivalence classes can never exceed the total number of individual conditional errors we started with. Our experimental results (see below) show that, in practice, the number of error sets remains fairly constant. Optimizations. As in PROOFS we take advantage of the wordlevel parallelism of the host computer; hence multiple iterations of Table 1. Test generation and fault simulation of ISCAS'89 circuits using HITEC 2.3.2 and of 22.214.171.124 are executed in parallel. To further reduce execution time, static dominators [Nier91a] could be used to identify redundant errors during a preprocessing step. 4. Experiments We used the ISCAS'89 benchmarks to evaluate the performance of CESIM. We generated test sequences for SSL faults using HITEC [Nier90, Nier91a]. The parameters that determine when to abort a fault were set as follows: the backtrack limit was set to 10,000; the state backtrack limit was set to 10,000; the time limit per fault was set to 2 seconds. We separately fault simulated the obtained test sequences using PROOFS [Nier90, Nier91a]. Test generation and fault simulation were performed on a Fujitsu HALStation/300; the results are summarized in Table 1. We did not try to improve fault coverage further by increasing the abort limits. We error-simulated the same test sequences using CESIM for CSSL0 and CSSL1 errors. The error list for CSSL0 errors is identical to the collapsed SSL fault list from before. The CSSL1 error list was constructed as follows. For each CSSL0 error, we considered a maximum of 500 lines to condition the error. The smaller circuits have less than 500 lines, so every line in the circuit is considered as the condition line. This leads to a maximum of 1000 CSSL1 errors per CSSL0 error. However, some CSSL1 errors are rejected because their condition is part of the transitive fanout of the error site. The results of error simulation using CESIM are summarized in Table 2. In the analysis that follows, we exclude benchmarks for which the test sequence achieves an SSL coverage less than 0.1. Comparing the results of CSSL0 error simulation using CESIM in Table 2 with the results of SSL fault simulation using PROOFS in Table 1, we conclude the following. Fault/error coverages for Table 2. Error simulation of ISCAS'89 circuits using CESIM \| Circuit Vectors \| CSSL0 No. Coverage CPU [s] \| CSSL1 No. Coverage CPU [s] \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| s27 21 s208.1 12 s298 220 s344 89 s349 106 s382 881 s386 273 s400 1,228 s420.1 20 s444 316 s526 34 s526n 37 s641 203 s713 196 s820 940 s832 962 s838.1 28 s953 14 s1196 439 s1238 472 s1423 89 s1488 778 s1494 991 s5378 894 s9234 6 s9234.1 38 s13207 76 s13207.1 106 s15850 8 s15850.1 2,493 s35932 300 s38417 51 s38584 1,593 s38584.1 4,383 \| 32 1.0000 0.01 217 0.0829 0.11 308 0.8604 0.63 342 0.9386 0.39 350 0.9400 0.32 399 0.7043 5.61 384 0.8177 1.30 426 0.7770 7.77 455 0.0615 0.28 474 0.5359 3.44 555 0.0919 0.65 553 0.0995 0.69 467 0.8651 1.31 581 0.8193 1.39 850 0.9541 6.30 870 0.9345 6.72 931 0.0516 1.02 1,079 0.0825 0.63 1,242 0.9976 5.75 1,355 0.9469 7.49 1,515 0.3815 5.44 1,486 0.9206 10.18 1,506 0.9608 10.74 4,603 0.6835 94.80 3,934 0.0046 2.11 3,938 0.0929 21.70 9,447 0.0590 77.66 9,589 0.0895 115.96 11,513 0.0074 11.92 11,523 0.3796 2735.14 39,094 0.8919 170.70 30,460 0.0357 249.88 36,301 0.2148 6233.05 36,303 0.5671 8,656.32 \| 664 0.7289 0.10 44,492 0.0228 0.67 75,468 0.7103 7.80 114,294 0.7598 5.09 117,484 0.7796 5.20 130,656 0.5830 60.35 93,060 0.6040 12.60 144,628 0.6275 74.47 199,616 0.0180 3.60 175,616 0.4185 42.15 218,816 0.0656 7.15 219,166 0.0704 7.54 349,832 0.7219 24.87 452,256 0.6742 32.78 442,758 0.6456 160.27 445,274 0.6355 165.86 821,774 0.0158 17.72 879,540 0.0321 12.95 1,058,844 0.7483 151.78 1,140,402 0.6969 186.76 1,287,036 0.2695 72.08 1,142,374 0.6615 272.48 1,151,208 0.6993 327.06 4,517,276 0.5418 1,753.33 3,850,188 0.0004 43.25 3,854,738 0.0490 147.79 9,325,456 0.0132 638.82 9,453,928 0.0363 1,167.80 11,197,872 0.0021 151.72 11,186,886 0.2574 33,994.54 38,708,548 0.8400 4,541.98 30,222,794 0.0109 1,981.77 36,124,976 0.1244 122,142.85 36,124,758 0.4423 199,346.07 \| corresponding circuits are identical, as expected. We can deduce that CESIM is on average 4.5 times slower than PROOFS. The actual slowdown varies between 0.3 and 7.7; for the largest benchmark it is 5.6. CESIM does not include any optimizations that are specific to CSSL0 errors. 78, its average is 34, and for the largest benchmark a speedup of 43 was obtained. The last two columns in Table 2 compare error simulation for CSSL1 errors to error simulation for CSSL0 errors. We observe that the ratio of coverage of CSSL1 errors to coverage of CSSL0 varies between 0.58 and 0.94; its average is 0.76. We also computed the ratio of CPU time per error for CSSL1 errors to CPU time per error for CSSL0 errors. This ratio attempts to measure the speedup of CESIM for CSSL1 errors compared to a naive approach. We observe an average speedup varies between 2 and The efficiency of CESIM can best be seen by plotting the CPU time per test vector versus the total number of errors simulated for each benchmark, as in Figure 5. There are two sets of data: the first concerns CSSL0 error simulation, the other CSSL1 error simulation. The plot also shows a least square fit (linear regression) for each data set. The execution time of CSSL0 error simulation is dominated by event-driven simulation of faulty circuits. However, when simulating the CSSL1 errors, checking whether the condition of each CSSL1 error holds dominates the execution time. Leastsquare analysis shows that the CPU time per test vector is proportional to the number of CSSL0 errors to the power 1.33. This superlinear behavior reflects the fact that those data with a larger number of CSSL0 errors correspond to larger circuits, and hence the execution time of each event-driven simulation increases. For the CSSL1 execution time we find that the CPU time per test vector is proportional to the number of CSSL1 errors to the power 1.13. This near-linear behavior is because checking if CSSL1 errors are active, which is independent of the size of the circuit, dominates the execution time. Further analysis is provided in [VC99]. Table 5 also allows us to compare CESIM with the straightforward extension of PROOFS for CSSL1 error simulation, which we will refer to here as CPROOFS. CPROOFS treats CSSL1 errors the same way CESIM treats CSSL0 errors. The increase in execution time of CPROOFS for CSSL1 errors compared to the execution time of PROOFS for CSSL0 errors is therefore proportional to the ratio of the number of CSSL1 errors to the number of CSSL0 errors. The figure shows the execution time of CPROOFS for only one benchmark (s1423); the speedup for that circuit is 64. We can see that the speedup is roughly equal to the vertical distance between the linear regression lines for CSSL0 and CSSL1 datasets. We conclude that CESIM outperforms the CPROOFS by a wide margin. We further analyze the behavior of CESIM for a representative circuit, s1238. This circuit has 14 inputs, 14 outputs, 18 D-type flip-flops, 80 inverters and 428 gates. Figure 6 shows the error coverage as a function of the number of test vectors applied. The ratio of coverage of CSSL1 errors to coverage of CSSL0 errors varies between 0.49 and 0.72. Figure 7 shows the number of distinct states as a function of the number of test vectors applied. For CSSL0 error simulation, the number of states rapidly drops; after vector 300 there are at most five distinct states among the present states of the remaining undetected erroneous machines. For CSSL1 error simulation, we observe that the number of states hovers around 20 but never becomes larger than 35 (about twice the number of flip-flops in the circuit). Figure 8 details the number of error sets occurring during the execution of CESIM. We show both the total number of error sets, and the number of error sets in use. Both are normalized with respect to the total number of errors. The number of error sets in use is the number of PSBE-equivalence classes of the set of undetected errors U in loop 2.3 of Figure 4. The total number of error sets is the number of error sets in use plus the number of errors sets detected by previous vectors (those error sets are dropped in steps 126.96.36.199 and 188.8.131.52.1 of Figure 4). For CSSL0 simulation, the total number of error sets remains constant at the number of errors, whereas the number of error sets in use drops as coverage increases. For CSSL1 simulation we observe that the total number of error sets increases steadily, as coverage increases. However, the number of error sets in use remains fairly constant and hovers around the total number of basic errors, which is about 1000 times smaller than the total number of errors. 5. Conclusions Higher-order conditional error models, such as the CSSL1 model, define a number of error instances superlinear in the size of the circuit. Although state-of-the-art fault simulation methods, such as PROOFS, can easily be extended for conditional error models, the large number of error instances may result in prohibitively large computational cost for error simulation with these error models. To address this problem, we have developed a new error simulation algorithm CESIM that exploits the nature of conditional errors. We have conducted experiments using the ISCAS'89 benchmarks that demonstrate that error simulation with CSSL1 errors is practical for moderately sized circuits. On average CESIM gained a 34x improvement in execution time compared to CPROOFS, which is a straightforward extension of PROOFS for CSSL errors. However, as the run time of our algorithm is linear in the number of errors, for very large circuits the quadratic number of CSSL1 errors becomes prohibitive. For those circuits restrictions on the general CSSL1 model may be appropriate. For example, 35 Test vector when deriving CSSL1 errors from a given CSSL0 error, one could restrict the condition signals to those signals appearing in the same hierarchical module as the CSSL0 error. Acknowledgment This research is supported by DARPA under Contract No. DABT63-96-C-0074. References [AA95] H. Al-Asaad and J. P. Hayes. Design verification via simulation and automatic test pattern generation. In Proc. Int. Conf. Com- puter-Aided Design , pages 174–180, 1995. [Abad88] M. S. Abadir, J. Ferguson, and T. E. Kirkland. Logic design ver- ification via test generation. IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided De- sign , 7(1):138–148, January 1988. [Abra90] M. Abramovici. Digital systems testing and testable design. Computer Science Press, New York, 1990. [Ahar91] A. Aharon, A. Bar-David, B. Dorfman, E. Gofman, M. Leibowitz, and V. Schwartzburd. Verification of the IBM RISC System/6000 by dynamic biased pseudo-random test pro- gram generator. IBM Systems Journal , pages 527–538, 1991. [Beiz90] B. Beizer. Software testing techniques. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 2nd edition, 1990. [Chan95] A.K. Chandra, V.S. Iyengar, D. Jameson, R. Jawalekar, I. Nair, B.K. Rosen, M.P. Mullen, J. Yoon, R. Armoni, D. Geist, and Y. Wolfsthal. AVPGEN - a test generator for architecture verifi- cation. IEEE Trans. on VLSI , pages 188–200, 1995. F. Fallah, S. Devadas, and K. Keutzer. OCCOM: Efficient com- putation of observability-based code coverage metric for func- tional simulation. In Proc. Design Automation Conf. , pages 152– 157, 1998. [Fall98] [Ho96] R. C. Ho and M. A. Horowitz. Validation coverage analysis for Proc. Int. Conf. Computer-Aided De- complex digital designs. In sign, pages 146–151, 1996. [Nier90] T. Niermann, W. T. Cheng, and J. H. Patel. PROOFS: A fast memorry efficient fault simulator for sequential circuits. In Proc. Design Automation Conf., pages 190–196, 1990. [Nier91a] T. Niermann. Techniques for sequential circuit automatic test generation. PhD thesis, University of Illinois, 1991. [Nier91b] T. Niermann and J. H. Patel. HITEC: A test generation packaged for sequential circuits. In Proc. European Design Automation Conf., pages 214–218, 1991. [Tayl98] S. Taylor, M. Quinn, D. Brown, N. Dohm, S. Hildebrandt, J. Huggins, and C. Ramey. Functional verification of a multiple- issue, out-of-order, superscalar Alpha processor - the DEC Al- pha 21264 microprocessor. In Proc. Design Automation Conf. , pages 638–643, 1998. [VC98] D. Van Campenhout, H. Al-Asaad, J. P. Hayes, T. Mudge, and R. B. Brown. High-level design verification of microprocessors via error modeling. ACM Trans. Design Automation of Electron- ic Systems , 3(4):581–599, October 1998. [VC99] D. Van Campenhout. 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IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 80A,9th floor, IBSL Building Elvitigala Mawatha, Colombo 08. Sri Lanka Tel.: +94112112600 Fax: +94112112602 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.iom.int This publication has been issued without formal editing by IOM. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Foreword I am pleased to present the IOM Sri Lanka Country Strategy 2021-2022. This document serves as an interim document covering January 2021 to December 2022 thereby allowing IOM to align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Framework (UNSDF) 2018-2022. The Strategy is in alignment with the global IOM Strategic Vision 2019-2023 and the IOM Regional Strategy for Asia and the Pacific 2020-2024. It presents IOM priorities in support of the people and Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) through contributions towards effective migration management in line with national development priorities, working towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and with the objectives of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM). All IOM support is provided in coordination with GoSL, the United Nations Country Team (UNCT), civil society organizations (CSOs), the private sector, and other partners. Through the implementation of this Strategy, with the support of dedicated staff members, and in close collaboration with the IOM Regional Office of Asia and the Pacific, and IOM Headquarters, IOM Sri Lanka will provide comprehensive support to GoSL to work towards safe, orderly and regular migration for all. Sarat Dash Chief of Mission, IOM Sri Lanka iii Acknowledgements IOM expresses its appreciation to the Government of Sri Lanka for its continuous partnership and cooperation since the assisted return of more than 90,000 Sri Lankans during the Gulf War in 1990 and the establishment of the IOM mission in Sri Lanka in 2002. IOM extends its gratitude to the donors whose support has been instrumental in allocating the resources required to implement activities in the framework of this Strategy. Finally, IOM thanks all of its other partners in Sri Lanka, including the United Nations partners, CSOs, academia, research institutions and the private sector, with whom we look forward to working together in the implementation of our initiatives. Contents Acronyms AVRR Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 CBO(s) Community-based organization(s) CSO(s) Civil Society Organization(s) DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DTM Disaster Tracking Matrix FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GCM Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration GOALS Governance of Labour Migration in South and Southeast Asia GoSL Government of Sri Lanka IBM Immigration and Border Management IDP(s) Internally Displaced Persons IOM International Organization for Migration JPP Joint Programme for Peace MGI Migration Governance Indicators MHPSS Mental Health and Psychosocial Support MoH Ministry of Health NGO(s) Non-Governmental Organization(s) SDG(s) Sustainable Development Goal(s) SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SRF Strategic Results Framework TIP Trafficking in Persons TOC(s) Transnational Organized Crime(s) UNSDF United Nations Sustainable Development Framework UNSDCF United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework UNCT United Nations Country Team WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1.1. About IOM Established in 1951, IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners. In 2016 IOM became a related Agency of the United Nations. IOM currently operates through 174 member states and offices in over 100 countries. Dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all, IOM provides services and advice to governments and migrants. IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). The IOM Constitution recognizes the link between migration and economic, social and cultural development, as well as to the right of freedom of movement. The global IOM Strategic Vision 2019-2023 articulates IOM plans to meet the organizations' new and emerging responsibilities, including IOM mandated role as Coordinator for the United Nations Migration Network. It sets out the 'direction of travel' for IOM and encourages 'joined up thinking' anchored in the overall framework of the 2030 Agenda and the GCM. This Country Strategy is aligned with the Strategic Vision, its corresponding Regional Strategy for Asia and the Pacific (2020-2024), and the IOM Strategic Results Framework (SRF). IOM will work with GoSL and partners to harness the potential of migration through a whole-of-government and whole of society approach to achieve sustainable development outcomes for all. 1.2. IOM in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka became a Member State of IOM in 1990 following the outbreak of the Gulf War when IOM assisted with the return home of thousands of migrant workers displaced by the conflict. Since opening a country office in 2002, IOM Sri Lanka has implemented more than 180 projects in migration management, crisis response, and migrant assistance in collaboration with GoSL. In 2021, IOM Sri Lanka has 147 staff members and operates from seven offices and service centres, comprising the following: located in Colombo—the Head Office; Operations and Migrant Services Centre; Migrant Health Assessment Centre (outbound); and Migrant Health Assessment Centre (inbound); and three field offices located in Jaffna, Kilinochchi, and Batticaloa. As an active member of the UNCT, IOM closely coordinates with United Nations and government agencies to build synergies as well as contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (UNSDCF). IOM serves as the coordinator and the secretariat to the United 1 Nations Network on Migration in Sri Lanka, which coordinates the work of a wide range of stakeholders active in the field of migration, working to support the rights and wellbeing of migrants and their communities. IOM also chairs the United Nations Social Cohesion Results Group. Supporting the country's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, IOM is currently the United Nations focal point for Point of Entry (PoE) and is the co-lead for the Humanitarian Country Team shelter sector. 1.3. Vision Statement IOM Sri Lanka envisages a world where migrants and Sri Lanka benefit socially and economically from safe, orderly and regular migration. We aim to achieve this by supporting GoSL on migration management and addressing challenges migrants and local communities face in collaboration with our partners. 2. Context Analysis 3 2. Context Analysis Migration and country outlook in Sri Lanka - challenges and opportunities Sri Lanka has long been a country of origin for labour migrants with an annual outflow of 230,000 to 250,000 persons and a total of over 1.7 million Sri Lankan migrants working abroad. 1 In 2018, domestic workers comprised 55.2 per cent of total departures for foreign employment, while Sri Lankan migrants also included skilled labour (31.7 per cent), middle-level workers (3.7 per cent) and clerical workers (4.7 per cent). 2 Remittances from migrant workers are a major source of foreign exchange inflow. On average, Sri Lanka receives USD 7 billion from remittances per year, constituting approximately 8 per cent of the country's GDP. 3 In recent years, Sri Lanka has experienced an increased inward migration trend as the economy has grown. A large proportion of inbound migrants are migrant workers from countries such as India, Bangladesh and China who have come to fill labour shortages, especially in the category of low-skilled labour and to work in projects funded by foreign investments. 4 Inbound migrants also comprise high-skilled workers, tourists, students and returning Sri Lankan citizens. GoSL is in the process of establishing institutional, legal and policy frameworks to better manage the migration flows into the country. Maintaining border security and migrant health are key areas of concern. Internal migration is characterized by rural-to-urban migration, mainly to Colombo in the Western Province. Disparities in infrastructure development, employment opportunities, educational opportunities, and access to other facilities across the provinces are the main drivers of migration. 5 The three decades of conflict between GoSL and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) brought a multitude of migration issues including mass internal displacement and regular and irregular outbound migration. IOM work to assist with the voluntary return and sustainable reintegration of Sri Lankans located around the world as a result of the conflict remains ongoing. With steady economic growth after the end of the conflict, Sri Lanka reached an upper-middle-income country status in 2019 only to fall back to a lower-middle-income country status a year later following a drop in GNI per capita 6 (largely due to the effects on the economy following the 'Easter bombing' in 2019 and political instability). Given the overall rise in economic status, Sri Lanka's efforts as a nation and the interests of donors changed from short-term emergency response and conflict resolution to addressing the challenges and opportunities of long-term development. The focus of IOM work similarly adjusted from tackling humanitarian and early recovery needs mainly in former conflict-affected areas in the Northern and Eastern provinces towards addressing migration issues related to the country's effort towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sri Lanka is a source and destination country for trafficking in persons (TIP) and was placed on the Tier 2 Watch List by the US 1 Data taken from SLBFE's 'Different Perspectives of Departure Details'. http://www.slbfe.lk/page.php?LID=1&MID=232 2 Ibid. 3 World Bank, 2020, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-dat a 4 IOM, Sri Lankan Country Report on Migration Governance in Sri Lanka 2018. 5 Perera E.L.S.J. (2020) Internal Migration in Sri Lanka. In: Bell M., Bernard A., Charles-Edwards E., Zhu Y. (eds) Internal Migration in the Countries of Asia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44010-7_14. 6 https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-growth-stalls-per-capita-gdp-drops-us200-in-2019-after-monetary-instability-69772/. TIP Report for three consecutive years. 7 Within Sri Lanka, men, women and children are trafficked for forced labour and sex trafficking. Sri Lankan nationals migrating to the Middle East in search of semi or low-skilled jobs are often subject to trafficking and exploitation by recruit agencies and employers. Transnational and internal trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation is also observed. GoSL has highlighted curbing irregular migration as a key priority. 8 Owing to its geostrategic location in the Indian Ocean Region, Sri Lanka remains vulnerable to other transnational organized crimes (TOCs) including human smuggling, drug trafficking, fisheries crime and illicit trade in goods. The country is both a transit point and source for TOC activities. 9 Effective and efficient border management remains a policy priority for GoSL both in terms of economic development and security of the country. Climate change affects human mobility in Sri Lanka through extreme weather events and natural disasters. The consequences of such events have adversely impacted socio-economic progress and have pushed people to migrate within the country and across international borders. 10,11 Extreme weather events and the impact of climate change have reduced the capacity of vulnerable communities to respond to and prepare for such events. Sri Lanka was ranked 6 th among 176 countries most affected by extreme weather events on the Global Climate Risk Index 2020. 12 The GoSL has prioritized addressing climate change and its knock-on effects (including on migration) in its national policy framework. 13 COVID-19 impacts, including reduced employment opportunities, and international responses to the pandemic such as restricted international travel, have directly affected Sri Lankan migrants overseas. Over 50,000 Sri Lankan migrant workers have returned home, creating challenges for existing social protection systems, care networks, and returnee support services. 14 Many more migrant workers who lost their jobs are expected to return to Sri Lanka over the coming months. 15 GoSL aims to upskill migrant workers and has highlighted the strategic need to promote local employment for migrant returnees to facilitate their return and reintegration into the country. 16 The pandemic has also highlighted the fragility of social cohesion in the country with several incidents of stigmatization, discrimination and hate speech towards returning migrant workers, foreigners and minorities reported during the crisis. 17 Sri Lanka has a robust health system compared to countries at a similar economic level and was able to respond to the initial challenges posed by COVID-19. However, pressure on the health system increased significantly following surges in cases in October 2020. The disruption of primary health care services has made access to essential services difficult, particularly for vulnerable groups, including internal migrants, IDPs, asylum seekers and refugees with pre-existing medical conditions. 1819 7 US Trafficking Report 2021, available at https://lk.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/149/2021-TIP-Sri-Lanka.pdf. 8 National Policy Framework, available at http://www.doc.gov.lk/images/pdf/NationalPolicyframeworkEN/FinalDovVer02-English.pdf. 9 https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2018/07/15/news/transnational-organised-crime-sri-lanka-needs-extraordinary-measures-protect-itself. 10 Understanding Migration Trends from Climate Change Affected Districts in Sri Lanka 2018. 11 Conducted by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Wildlife Resources revealed that communities resort to internal migration as a strategy, mostly perceived as “unwilling” and not as a proactive decision stemming from desire to migrate. 12 Global Climate Risk Index 2020, available at https://www.germanwatch.org/en/17307. 13 National Policy Framework, available at http://www.doc.gov.lk/images/pdf/NationalPolicyframeworkEN/FinalDovVer02-English.pdf. 14 United Nations Sri Lanka. 2020. UN Advisory Paper: Immediate Socioeconomic Response to COVID-19 in Sri Lanka. 15 Socio Economic Impact of COVD19 on Migrant Population Communities in Sri Lanka. 16 National Labour Migration Policy for Sri Lanka (2008). 17 United Nations Sri Lanka. 2020. UN Advisory Paper: Immediate Socioeconomic Response to COVID-19 in Sri Lanka. 18 Ibid. 19 World Bank, Sri Lanka's COVID-19 Response: Saving Lives Today, Preparing for Tomorrow. 3. Strategic Priorities 3. Strategic Priorities 3.1. Strategic priorities Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework 2018-2022, Outcome 1: Towards improved data, knowledge management and evidence-based policy (SDG driven national planning, financing and data) Strategic Results Framework, Objective Four: Migration Governance (Long Term Outcome 4 a - Data and Evidence for Policymaking) IOM Regional Strategy for Asia and the Pacific 2020-2024, Strategic Priority 4.3.1 Key Programme Area – Migration Governance Indicators and Migration and Development The Migration Governance Indicators (MGI) framework, developed by IOM in collaboration with the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) offers a consolidated framework to assess the comprehensiveness of country-specific migration policies, to identify gaps and areas that could be strengthened, and to act as a potential source to inform the implementation of migration-related SDGs. 20 IOM is currently conducting a follow-up assessment and consultation process to the original exercise conducted in 2016 to produce an updated MGI Sri Lanka report. IOM has also initiated a Migration and Development (M&D) country assessment to identify current national goals and priorities to mainstream migration into the development strategies of Sri Lanka. Based on the findings from the MGI follow-up and the M&D national assessments, IOM will support the establishment of an Inter-Ministerial Committee on Migration and Development (IMCMD). The IMCMD will lead the development of a GCM National Implementation Plan, which will guide actions to mainstream migration into national policies and programmes. UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework 2018-2022, Driver 2: Strengthened, Innovative Public Institutions and Engagement Towards a Lasting Peace (Social Cohesion 21 ) Strategic Results Framework, Objective Two: Individuals and communities are empowered and resilient. IOM Regional Strategy for Asia and the Pacific 2020-2024, Strategic Priority 4.1.1 and 4.3.3 Key Programme Areas: (a) Social Cohesion and Reconciliation (b) Community Stabilization (c) Immigration and Border Management (d) Operations and Migrant Services (I. Document verifications and solutions) (a) Social Cohesion and Reconciliation IOM will continue to work within the first United Nations SDG Multi-Partner Trust Fund (Peace Window – the Joint Programme for Peace (JPP)) in Sri Lanka working towards durable peace in Sri Lanka. 22 IOM social cohesion programme will support the JPP through 1) technical support extended to the Office for 20Migration Governance in Sri Lanka (2018), available at https://srilanka.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl356/files/documents/MGI%20Country%20Report_2018%20New.pdf. 21 Restructured results Groups, October 2020 – The UNCT Retreat decided that the priorities of the UN Socioeconomic Advisory Paper (Health, Social Protection, Economic Recovery, Social Cohesion, Macroeconomic Response) will become priorities up until the end of 2021. Social protection, health is identified as amended result areas. 22 The United Nations established a Joint Programme for Peace (JPP) to ensure harmonized and sustainable support towards securing a durable peace that would supplement the process of economic development embarked upon by the government. Resources under the JPP are aligned under three pillars: a) the process of dealing with the past, b) social cohesion/reconciliation and c) durable returns/resettlement and economic development. Reparations/Ministry of Justice and 2) collaborating with CSOs and community-based organizations (CBOs) to strengthen and facilitate efforts to promote social cohesion and reconciliation. (b) Solutions to Displacement In line with the National Policy Framework Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour, which prioritizes both infrastructure and livelihood development of former conflict-affected districts, IOM will work to address overarching economic, legal and social challenges in the areas. IOM aims to provide an enabling environment to overcome the socio-economic challenges of Sri Lankan refugee returnees from Tamil Nadu, related to livelihoods and employment, civil and legal documentation and psychosocial wellbeing to support their sustainable reintegration, promoting social integration at inter and intra community with the aim of contributing to reconciliation efforts. The learnings from this initiative can be utilized to strengthen existing legislative frameworks related to the return and reintegration of Sri Lankan refugee returnees from Tamil Nadu and formulate a larger intervention for sustainable reintegration in the future. (c) Immigration and Border Management 23 The Immigration and Border Management (IBM) programme supports improvements to the GoSL policy, legislation, operational systems, human resources capacities and administrative and technical structures required to respond to diverse migration and border management challenges. IBM activities are aligned with the Sri Lanka Integrated Border Management Strategy, which lays a foundation for border management agencies to operate in an integrated manner to enhance national security, including risk detection and prevention of TOCs, while facilitating travel and trade, supporting Sri Lanka's economic development. IOM acts as the secretariat of the newly established National Border Management Committee and supports its Member Agencies. IOM will also prioritize cross mobility challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic by introducing safe travel programmes and the use of new technologies. New initiatives include work with government authorities to support the management of Sri Lanka's maritime border through the introduction of a vessel monitoring system to regulate a fleet of over 5,000 fishing vessels. (d) Operations and Migrant Services 24 The Operations and Migrant Services Centre in Sri Lanka supports governments and individuals from 34 countries through a range of services for temporary or permanent migration. Services include document verification for visa applicants, pre-departure orientation and counselling, resettlement assistance for refugees and permanent immigrants, DNA testing to support family reunification and humanitarian return assistance for stranded migrants. UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework 2018-2022, Driver 3: Human Security and Socioeconomic Resilience (Social Protection, Socio-Economic and Recovery, Health 25 ) Strategic Results Framework, Objective Two: Individuals and communities are empowered and resilient. IOM Regional Strategy for Asia and the Pacific 2020-2024, Strategic Priority 4.2.1 and 4.3.1 23 NSDF Results Group: Institutional support to strengthen digital governance and digital processing solutions mechanisms. 24 contributes to IOM Strategic Response Framework, Objective Two: Resilience and Empowerment. 25 Restructured results Groups, October 2020 – UNCT Retreat decided that the priorities of the UN Socioeconomic Advisory Paper (Health, Social Protection, Economic Recovery, Social Cohesion, Macroeconomic Response) will become priorities up until the end of 2021. Social protection, health are identified as amended result areas. Key Programme Areas: (a) Assisted Voluntary Return (b) Holistic Reintegration (c) CounterTrafficking and Preventing Irregular Migration (d) Labour Migration (e) Migration Health (f) Operations and Migrant Services (a) Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR) Since the beginning of its operations in Sri Lanka in 1990, IOM has assisted over 97,000 Sri Lankans (stranded migrants, failed asylum seekers, victims of human trafficking and those in extremely vulnerable situations who are unable or unwilling to remain in host countries) to voluntarily return to Sri Lanka and to reintegrate into their communities of origin. 26 Drawing from the extensive experience of implementing AVRR programmes, IOM is supporting the repatriation of migrant workers stranded in the Middle East due to the COVID-10 pandemic. The Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment reports that some 110,000 Sri Lankan nationals have returned to Sri Lanka since the pandemic began with GoSL plans to repatriate 30,000 Sri Lankan migrants from the region. (b) Holistic Reintegration IOM integrated approach to sustainable reintegration encompasses economic, social and psychosocial dimensions of migrant reintegration by comprehensively targeting interventions around the individual, their community and at an overall structural level. Sustainable reintegration is a priority requirement under the long-term interventions in the National COVID-19 Response Plan, the Sub-policy and National Action Plan on Return and Reintegration and the Strategic priorities identified in the UN Advisory Paper: Immediate Socioeconomic Response to COVID-19 in Sri Lanka. 2728 IOM will support the implementation of these policies in the areas of the reintegration of returning migrant workers through protection of returnee migrants and preparation for effective social reintegration, skill development for future employment opportunities and integration in the national labour market, and the strengthening of the capacity of the vocational training centres supporting returnees. IOM support for the returnees will comprise of a wide array of interventions including facilitating opportunities for skills transfer, productive employment and building market linkages, in-kind support, infrastructure development and mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS). This intervention will have a special focus on women returnees to enhance their skills for successful socio-economic reintegration. (c) Counter-Trafficking and Preventing Irregular Migration In partnership with the Chair of the National Anti-Human Trafficking forum, the Ministry of Justice, IOM will implement the recommendations of the new National Strategic Action Plan (2021-2025), developed with the technical assistance of IOM. With a view to promoting safe and regular migration, IOM will conduct training to capacitate government officials in providing protection services for victims of trafficking and awareness programmes to sensitize community members. Building upon current actions, campaigns will be accompanied by an expanded IOM hotline service offering advice on safe migration to potential migrants. 26 97,000 migrants are comprised of the 90,000 migrants repatriated from Lebanon during the Gulf war in 1990s and over 7000 supported since 2002 to date. 27 COVID-19 Sri Lanka Strategic Preparedness & Response Plan 2021, available at http://www.health.gov.lk/moh_final/english/public/elfinder/files/publications/2021/Edited%20F in al% 20SPRP%20on%2015th%20May%202021%20.pdf. (d) Labour Migration * Regional Labour Migration Programme – Governance of Labour Migration in South and SouthEast Asia (GOALS) Programme IOM Sri Lanka provides secretariat and technical support to the five thematic area working groups (TAWG) of the Colombo Process--a twelve-country regional consultative process for labour sending countries in Asia. IOM is also the co-convener of the Governance of Labour Migration in South and Southeast Asia (GOALS) programme, a three-year joint programme implemented in conjunction with the International Labour Organisation and UN Women. The GOALS programme responds to the current context, achievements, gaps and challenges relating to safe, orderly and regular labour migration from the countries of the Colombo Process. * National Labour Migration Programme - Creating foreign employment-ready workforce IOM will continue to support the Ministry of Foreign Employment in the implementation of national policy objectives for foreign employment to enhance the skills of prospective migrant workers. 29 IOM will introduce an integrated solution supported by an employer-pay model that will bring all stakeholders involved in the worker upskilling process to a single platform and enable them to more efficiently coordinate the upskilling of potential migrant workers to help Sri Lanka to increase its pool of higherskilled potential migrant workers. (e) Migration Health In line with the National Migration Health Policy, IOM will continue to conduct migration health assessments for inbound and outbound migrants and to provide technical assistance to the Ministry of Health (MoH) in developing standards for implementing and monitoring pre-departure and post-arrival health assessments. In addition to the Outbound Migration Health Centre for outbound Sri Lankan migrants and refugees, since 2019, IOM has supported the MoH in the implementation of the National Migration Health Policy, working together to develop and operate an Inbound Health Assessment Programme--the first such operation supported by IOM globally. The objective is to mitigate the impact of migrants' disease burdens on the national health system and social services, and to contribute to maximizing the developmental impact of migrants on Sri Lanka. IOM will continue to advocate for migrant inclusive health services and provide technical support to the MoH in establishing migrant inclusive health services. In addition, IOM will continue to support Sri Lanka's national vertical health programmes to address migratory related health issues. (f) Operations and Migrant Services IOM will continue to support refugees and migrants to adapt to their destination countries smoothly through pre-departure orientation and counselling services. IOM will also continue to assist the resettlement of refugees, who are nationals from countries other than Sri Lanka, and designated migrants from Sri Lanka to resettle to third countries through document processing, health assessments and international travel assistance. Through travel and operational support services, IOM will also assist the 29 National Policy Framework Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour, available at http://www.doc.gov.lk/images/pdf/NationalPolicyframeworkEN/FinalDovVer02English.pdf. GoSL to provide return assistance to foreign nationals who are stranded in Sri Lanka and Sri Lankan nationals stranded overseas. ``` UN Sustainable Development Framework (UNSDF) 2018-2022, Driver 4: Enhancing Resilience to ``` Climate Change and Disasters and Strengthening Environmental Management (Climate Change 30 ) ``` IOM Strategic Results Framework, Objective Two - Individuals and communities are empowered and resilient. IOM Regional Strategy for Asia and the Pacific 2020-2024, Strategic Priority 4.1.1 and 4.3.2 ``` Key Programme Areas: (a) Disaster Preparedness (b) Climate Resilience Building on the major emergency response work undertaken following the 2017 floods and landslides, IOM continues to support the GoSL to address and adapt to health emergencies, climate-related disasters and multihazard risks. (a) Disaster Preparedness IOM will continue to support the Government and communities to improve preparedness systems and capacities to manage their immediate response to disasters or climate hazards. IOM plans to help local authorities in setting up evacuation centres and assist the GoSL to document the locations that have been previously used as evacuation centres and to develop guidelines for quality and management of the centres. IOM intends to mobilize resources to support the GoSL with planned relocation and resettlement of communities as well. Moreover, IOM will support local authorities for effective land use planning to prepare for possible displacements in identified areas. As part of this activity, IOM will assist local authorities in creating plans, assessing the impact of floods or landslides and developing an evacuation plan. IOM also plans to work with Sri Lanka's Disaster Management Centre and other GoSL entities to establish the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) in Sri Lanka to support tracking and monitoring of displacement, relocation, returns, process, and services in each site. (b) Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation IOM is currently implementing a research project to help enhance the evidence base on human mobility and climate change in the Sri Lankan context. This research report builds on a previous rapid assessment jointly conducted by IOM, FAO and WFP, in coordination with the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. These products are intended to strengthen Government efforts to mainstream human mobility dynamics into policies and programmes dealing with disasters and climate change and to increase community resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in Sri Lanka. Together with other IOM initiatives, such as the MGI assessment, the research findings will support the Government in mainstreaming human mobility dynamics into policy processes within Sri Lanka and globally, including the ongoing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) review process (2020-21) and other Government policy development efforts. 30 Restructured results Groups, October 2020 – UNCT Retreat decided that the priorities of the UN Socioeconomic Advisory Paper (Health, Social Protection, Economic Recovery, Social Cohesion, Macroeconomic Response) will become priorities up until the end of 2021. The area of work is categorized under climate change. 3.2. Cross-cutting themes (a) Environment: In 2017, IOM launched its global Environmental Sustainability Programme (ESP) with the objective of mainstreaming environmental sustainability principles across the Organization (C/109/4). In line with the environment-related commitments of the SDGs (inter alia, sustainable natural resource management, climate action, sustainable water management, biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, circular economy, environmentally sound management of chemicals and waste) and the United Nations environmental sustainability standards, IOM made an institutional commitment to improve the environmental sustainability of its operations at the strategy / policy level in its programmes and projects, and in its facilities and operations. IOM Sri Lanka will continue to support a more sustainable IOM through the identification and implementation of new and innovative initiatives. (b) Human Rights: IOM is guided by the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, including upholding human rights for all. Respect for the rights, dignity and well-being of migrants remains paramount. Safeguarding the rights, dignity, and well-being of migrants and their families, and protecting them from all forms of discrimination and marginalization is fundamental to IOM work. Drawing on core international human rights instruments, IOM will continue to adopt the rights-based approach 31 in its activities to protect the rights of migrants and people vulnerable to forced migration in close coordination with its partners. Moreover, IOM has a zero-tolerance policy for sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) by IOM staff members and the employees or any other persons engaged and controlled by IOM contractors. The Organization ensures that it is accountable to its beneficiaries and is committed to protecting against and preventing SEA. (c) Equality and Diversity: IOM mainstreams gender across all activities and pursues gender equality in accordance with the IOM Gender Equality Policy. Gender is central to the causes and consequences of migration, and thus, it is crucial to integrate a gender-responsive approach into all programmes to meet the objective of safe, orderly, and regular migration for all. IOM will continue to ensure that programmes recognize and respond to the different needs of all gender groups and ages throughout the migration cycle. In line with the United Nations Disability Inclusion Strategy 2019 and the GCM objectives, IOM will identify and respond to the specific needs and vulnerabilities of people with disabilities through our projects to ensure the inclusion and meaningful participation of persons with disabilities at all levels. (d) Mental Health and Psychosocial Support: IOM will continue to ensure that its activities address the MPHSS needs of migrants and communities through a person-centred, rights-based and communitybased approach. 32 Working with partners and key stakeholders such as MHPSS.net and WHO MHPSS capacity will be strengthened for migrants and their communities. 31 IOM, Manual on the Right-Based Approach for Programming, available at https://publications.iom.int/books/rights-based-approach-programming. 32 IOM, Manual on Community-Based Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergencies and Displacement. IOM, Geneva. 3.3. Partnerships and Coordination Guided by the principles of a whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach, IOM works closely with government institutions, communities, migrants, donors and other partners to address the complex migration challenges to enable effective migration governance. IOM Sri Lanka's funding is from multilateral funds such as United Nations SDG Multi-Partner Trust Fund and Peace Building Fund, donor governments and international entities. The private sector is a key partner to amplify important migration messages and as potential donors. 4. Institutional Development 4. Institutional Development 4.1. Internal Governance Framework IOM extensive operations in the country since 2002 have earned the organization a reputation as a credible and responsive organization. IOM will continue to improve internal governance, risk management, staffing and financial management to ensure transparency and accountability. 4.2. Holistic Integration of Programming and Innovation IOM will continue to invest in coordination and strategic collaboration across programme areas encouraging cross fertilization and sharing of innovative practices to address issues of migration and mobility. 4.3. Staff Development and Inclusive Workplace Environment IOM will strengthen the culture of continuous learning among its staff and will make the required investments to allow access to resources to develop skills and knowledge. The Organization will utilize the established institutional resources for staff training and development to facilitate growth and enhanced performance. IOM is committed to creating an inclusive workplace, where every staff member feels secure and respected. 5. The Way Forward 5. The Way Forward The IOM Country Strategy 2021-2022 provides a programmatic framework to address pressing migration issues in Sri Lanka. The Strategy identifies IOM programmatic priorities in line with the UNSDCF and will guide IOM approach to implement the migration-related development goals and priorities of the GoSL. Looking ahead, IOM will develop a new Strategy for 2023 to 2027 to align with the timeframe of the forthcoming UNSDCF. This will build on and expand the existing priority areas to support the Government and people of Sri Lanka. While the COVID-19 pandemic has already had a considerable impact on migration and human mobility, its longer-term implications are yet to be fully observed. As the situation evolves, IOM will monitor and adapt its programming to ensure emerging challenges are addressed. IOM recognizes that partnerships provide a key platform for advancing cooperation on migration. In the implementation of this strategy, IOM Sri Lanka looks forward to working with partners in government, donor agencies, United Nations agencies, NGOs, CBOs, academia, research institutions and the private sector to ensure effective migration management. Annex I: Communication Plan During this interim strategic planning period, IOM will continue to strengthen and expand strategic networks and partnerships with the media, local communication specialists, grassroots organizations, wider civil society, and public and private sectors and influencers in fields related to IOM work to leverage our contents and reach a wider audience. Results and achievements will continue to be communicated on a regular basis, issued to a wide range of outlets including press releases and social media. The IOM Sri Lanka website will be updated on a regular basis with published press releases, info sheets, job vacancies, human interest stories and creative communication products that will enable the media and the public to better understand IOM work. Finally, the country has an active social media community with Facebook being the most popular platform. In line with the recommendations in the Social Media Annual Report 2020, IOM will invest more resources in creative content creation, dissemination of evidence-based objective information on migration and campaigns to engage with social media users to promote safe, regular and orderly migration. Annex II: United Nations Sustainable Development Framework 2018-2022 The current UNSDF 2018-2022 in Sri Lanka comprises four driver statements to which IOM is actively contributing, as presented below together with linkages to the IOM SRF. UNSDF Driver 1: By 2022, people in Sri Lanka benefit from improved data and knowledge management to address inequalities and ensure inclusive and responsive decision making. - SRF: Outcome 4.a: Accurate, disaggregated evidence on migration (human mobility) is collected, shared and utilized for evidence-based policy making by governments (at the local, national, regional and global level). IOM Sri Lanka will contribute to increased evidence-based policymaking and planning across various sectors of migration management. IOM will also deepen partnerships with the government and strengthen relationships with other stakeholders such as academia and the private sector to increase the production and use of evidence-based data. UNSDF Driver 2: By 2022, people in Sri Lanka, especially the marginalised and vulnerable, benefit from more rights based, accountable, inclusive and effective public institutions, to enhance trust amongst communities and towards the State. - SRF: Outcome 3.b: Migration flows and cross-border mobility are well managed, with measures to ensure well-being, including health, security, and safety through the mobility continuum. - SRF: Outcome 3.a: Sustainable channels for regular migration are efficient, innovative and responsive to current and emerging trends. - SRF: Outcome 4.b: Government institutions, systems and migration policy and legal frameworks are well-coordinated, aligned with international standards, and coherent with broader development and policy planning from the global to the local level. - SRF: Outcome 4.c: Negative perceptions of migration and xenophobia are mitigated through evidence-based public discourse. IOM Sri Lanka will continue to combat Trafficking in Persons and ensure the sustainable return and reintegration assistance to vulnerable migrants. IOM will work to facilitate safe, orderly and regular migration across borders and work to mitigate threats of smuggling and trans-border crimes. Further, IOM will work to ensure that health systems are migrant-friendly and contribute to reducing the risk of the public health impact of mobility. UNSDF Driver 3: By 2022, people in Sri Lanka, especially the vulnerable and marginalised groups of children, youth, women, elderly and disabled, benefit equitably from dynamic and responsive social protection systems. - SRF: Outcome 2.a The adverse drivers and structural factors that compel people to leave their homes are addressed or minimized. - SRF: Outcome 2.d: Cohesive societies with equal opportunities and access to services enable (migrations and displacement affected populations) irrespective of gender, age, disabilities to contribute to sustainable development. IOM will support initiatives working towards increased employment opportunities for vulnerable youths. IOM will ensure effective pre-departure and orientation programmes to address and reduce potential inequalities and vulnerabilities and improve access to safe, regular, and orderly migration services and will contribute to improved policies and programs to ensure safe, ethical, and beneficial labour migration. UNSDF Driver 4: By 2022, people in Sri Lanka, in particular the vulnerable and marginalized are more resilient to climate change and natural disasters and benefit from increasingly sustainable management of natural resources, better environmental governance and blue/green development. - SRF: Outcome 2.a: The adverse drivers and structural factors that compel people to leave their homes are addressed or minimized. - SRF Outcome 2.b: Migrants and displaced affected populations irrespective of gender, age, disabilities, and legal status are protected from violence, exploitation and abuse, and their rights are upheld. - SRF Outcome 2.c: Communities affected by crises (or situations of vulnerability) recover and transition towards development, with needs, vulnerabilities and risks sustainability reduced. IOM will support improved government and community preparedness to manage disasters and the effects of climate change and build resilience in communities especially vulnerable to climate change.
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MCSE Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure- LANWrights, Inc. Staff 2003 * The 70-293 exam is part of the new MCSE Windows Server 2003 certification. >• 200, 000+ potential customers for this book! >• Two complete practice exams and answer keys with explanations included in the book. >• Includes the famous >• Cram Sheet tool used for last minute review. MCSA/MCSE Managing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment for an MCSA Certified on Windows 2000 (Exam 70-292) - Will Schmied 2003-10-09 MCSA/MCSE Exam 70-292 Study Guide & DVD Training System: Managing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment for an MCSA Certified on Windows 2000 is a one-of-a-kind integration of text, DVD-quality instructor led training, and Web-based exam simulation and remediation. This system gives you 100% coverage of the official Microsoft 70-292 exam objectives plus test preparation software for the edge you need to pass the exam on your first try. In June, 2003 Microsoft will launch beta exams for the Windows Server 2003 certification line. Exams will likely go live the following August and September. This launch is a comprehensive revamping of the MCSE (Microsoft Certified System Enginner) track with all new core exams and all new electives. In addition, the MCSA (Microsoft Certified System Administrator) certification will expand its program to include Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 1/11 on by guest an additional upgrade exam for MCSAs wanting to become MCSEs. The launch of this new certification track means that all current MCSEs, representing an installed base of approximately 200,000 (source: MCP Magazine) will need to recertify under Windows Server 2003. In addition, any MCP looking to become an MCSE--estimates are about 1.2 million (source: MCP Magazine)--will also have to continue their certifications under the new program. Many industry experts expect the Windows 2003 certification, and product line as well, to be a more popular track since many organziations are still using NT and plan to skip 2000 and go directly to 2003. * DVD Provides a "Virtual Classroom": Get the benefits of instructor led training at a fraction of the cost and hassle. * Guaranteed Coverage of All Exam Objectives: If the topic is listed in Microsoft's Exam 70-292 objectives, it is covered here. * Fully Integrated Learning: This system includes a study guide, DVD training and Web-based practice exams. Organizes its coverage by the "Skills measured" posted on the exam webpage • Features strategic, what-if scenarios to challenge you • Points to in-depth material by topic for exam candidates needing additional review • Assumes you are an IT pro looking to validate your skills in and knowledge of installing and configuring Windows Server 2016 Sam Networking Academy - Course Technology Staff 2005-12 Introducing the newest and best way to turn your students into Microsoft Certified Professionals! SAM Networking Academy offers an exclusive blend of instructional and assessment techniques to simulate a real Microsoft Certification Academy Â- allowing students to gain the knowledge they need to conquer the MCSA and MCSE certification exams. Exam Ref 70-740 Installation, Storage and Compute with Windows Server 2016 - Craig Zacker 2017-01-17 Exam Ref 70-741 Networking with Windows Server 2016 - Andrew Warren 2016-12-27 Microsoft Exam 70-741 is for IT Pros interested in enhancing their skills for the latest version of Windows Server. This exam validates skills and knowledge for configuring advanced tasks required to deploy, manage, and maintain a Windows Server 2016 infrastructure, such as fault tolerance, certificate services, and identity federation. Passing this exam along with two other exams is required for MCSA and MCSE certifications. The Exam Ref is the official study guide for Microsoft certification exam 70-741. Featuring concise, objective-by-objective reviews and strategic case scenarios and Thought Experiments, exam candidates get professionallevel preparation for the exam. The Exam Ref helps candidates maximize their performance on the exam and sharpen their job-role skills. It organizes material by the exam's objective domains Focus is on the skills measured on the exam: • Implement Domain Name System (DNS) • Implement DHCP • Implement IP Address Management (IPAM) • Implement network connectivity and remote access solutions • Implement core and distributed network solutions • Implement an advanced network infrastructure This Microsoft Exam Ref: • Prepare for Microsoft Exam 70-740–and help demonstrate your real-world mastery of Windows Server 2016 installation, storage, and compute features and capabilities. Designed for experienced IT professionals ready to advance their status, Exam Ref focuses on the criticalthinking and decision-making acumen needed for success at the MCSA level. Focus on the expertise measured by these objectives: • Install Windows Servers in host and compute environments • Implement storage solutions • Implement Hyper-V • Implement Windows containers • Implement high availability • Maintain and monitor server environments This Microsoft Exam Ref: • Organizes its coverage by exam objectives • Features strategic, what-if scenarios to challenge you • Assumes you have experience working with Windows Server in an enterprise environment; are familiar with core networking infrastructure, topologies, architectures, and protocols; and have experience with Windows clients and virtualization About the Exam Exam 70-740 focuses on the skills and knowledge necessary to implement and configure storage and compute features and functionality in Windows Server 2016. About Microsoft Certification Passing this exam earns you credit toward a Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSA) Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 2/11 on by guest certification that demonstrates your mastery of core Windows Server 2016 skills for reducing IT costs and delivering more business value. Exam 70-741 (Networking with Windows Server 2016) and Exam 70-742 (Identity with Windows Server 2016) are also required for MCSA: Windows Server 2016 certification. See full details at: microsoft.com/learning MCSA on Windows Server 2003 Core Exams in a Nutshell - William R. Stanek 2006-11-17 For Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 administrators preparing forMicrosoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) core exams 70-270, 70-290, and 70-291, this Short Cut is invaluable. Think of this document as the notes you would have taken if you were to capture every essential nugget of information related to the skills measured in these exams. This Short Cut boils down the required knowledge to its finest core. To begin with, MCSA on Windows Server 2003 Core Exams in a Nutshell allows you to see all of the topics expected for mastery in each of the exams. Each exam is covered in three parts: "Exam Overview", "Study Guide" and "Test Your Knowledge" sections. This makes for easy reference and a great study aid. Exam coverage includes: EXAM 70-270: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows XP Professional EXAM 70-290: Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment EXAM 70-291: Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure The best way to use this document is during your final review. After you've built sufficient hands-on expertise and studied all the relevant texts, grab this and study it cover to cover, answering the provided sample questions, as part of your exam cram. Once you've completed the exams successfully, you will find this Short Cut to be a valuable reference to core Windows administration and security skills. The document uses the same successful format found in MCSE Core Required Exams in a Nutshell by William Stanek. MCSA / MCSE: Exchange Server 2003 Implementation and Management Study Guide Will Schmied 2006-02-20 Here's the book you need to prepare for the Implementing and Managing Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 exam (70-284). This Study Guide was developed to meet the exacting requirements of today's certification candidates. In addition to the consistent and accessible instructional approach that earned Sybex the "Best Study Guide" designation in the 2003 CertCities Readers' Choice Awards, this book provides: Clear and concise information on managing an Exchange network environment Practical examples and insights drawn from realworld experience Leading-edge exam preparation software, including a testing engine and electronic flashcards for your Palm You'll also find authoritative coverage of key exam topics, including: Installing, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Exchange Server 2003 Managing, Monitoring, and Troubleshooting Exchange Server Computers Managing, Monitoring, and Troubleshooting the Exchange Organization Managing Security in the Exchange Environment Managing Recipient Objects and Address Lists Managing and Monitoring Technologies that Support Exchange Server 2003 Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. MCSA/MCSE 70-290 Exam Cram - Dan Balter 2007-03-13 Covers the critical information you'll need to know to score higher on your 70-290 exam! Set up and maintain Windows Server Update Services (WSUS) Use the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) Intelligently select the appropriate disk storage technology when deciding between basic versus dynamic disks and between MBR versus GPT disks Take advantage of command-line tools such as DSADD, DSGET, DSMOD, DSMOVE, DSQUERY, and DSRM Discover the enhanced functionality of Microsoft Management Console (MMC) 3.0 under the R2 edition of Windows Server 2003 Harness the power of the increased security that Service Pack 1 (SP1) offers, such as the Security Configuration Wizard (SCW) and Access-based Enumeration filtering of network files and folders Perform bulk imports and exports of Active Directory user accounts using the CSVDE and LDIFDE command-line utilities Manage Windows Firewall settings under SP1 and R2 Configure shadow copies of shared folders so that users can easily retrieve previous versions of data files on their own Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 3/11 MCSE: Windows Server 2003 Certification Kit (70-290, 70-291, 70-293, 70-294) - James Chellis 2006-06-06 MCSA/MCSE Windows Server 2003 Network Environment Management and Maintenance Study Guide (70290) MCSA/MCSE Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure Implementation, Management, and Maintenance Study Guide (70291) MCSA/MCSE Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure Planning and Maintenance Study Guide (70293) MCSA/MCSE Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Planning, Implementation, and Maintenance Study Guide (70294) Plus two bonus CDs featuring an evaluation version of Windows Server 2003 and 300 additional practice test questions MCSA / MCSE: Windows Server 2003 Environment Management and Maintenance Study Guide - Lisa Donald 2008-04-21 This exam (70290) is a core requirement for both the MCSA and MCSE Updated to cover the latest exam version, which includes questions on Windows Server 2003 R2 and Windows XP Professional SP2 The CD-ROM features our exclusive WinSim simulation program plus a testing engine, hundreds of sample questions, a PDF of the book, and flashcards MCSA/MCSE 70-290 Exam Prep- Lee Scales 2006-11-21 MCSA/MCSE 70-290 Exam Prep: Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft® Windows Server™ 2003 Environment is Your Complete Certification Solution and the Smart Way to Study™ This is the eBook version of the print title. Note that the eBook does not provide access to the practice test that accompanies the print book. In This Book You'll Learn How To Implement and manage local and network resources Manage files and folders Implement, manage, monitor, and troubleshoot hardware devices Implement, manage, monitor, and troubleshoot disk quotas Implement, manage, monitor, and troubleshoot Print Monitor Monitor and optimize system performance Implement and manage group policy Manage and implement disaster recovery Manage users, computers, and groups Implement and manage a software update infrastructure WRITTEN BY A LEADING 70-290 EXAM EXPERT! Lee Scales, BSEE, MCSE (NT/W2K/W2K3), has worked in the computer industry for more than 25 years, including stints with IBM and Microsoft. He is employed as a senior network consultant with Levi, Ray & Shoup, Inc., of Overland Park, Kansas. In addition to his consulting duties, he has developed courseware for the Windows platform for several years and has contributed as an author to titles in the Exam Cram series and to a number of websites. Helps you identify your strengths and weaknesses, so you can assess your readiness to take the actual 70-290 exam. Provides detailed explanations of correct and incorrect answers. Covers each 70-290 exam objective. Sukses Sertifikasi Mcsa/mcse Exam 70-290 - MCSE - James Chellis 2003 The Most Comprehensive MCSE 2003 Self-Study Solution on the Market! This box set provides you with the knowledge and skills needed to approach the MCSE exams with confidence. You'll find in-depth coverage of all official objectives for the four MCSE 2003 network OS exams: * 70-290, Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment * 70-291, Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure * 70-293, Planning and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure * 70-294, Planning, Implementing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure Each book includes WinSim 2003 product simulation software which allows you to zero in on the key hands-on tasks you'll need to be familiar with for the exams. In addition, we've provided software tools to help you make the most of your exam preparation efforts: Cutting Edge Software in Each Book: Test Engine with Hundreds of Challenging Questions Electronic Flashcards for PCs, Pocket PCs, and Palm Handhelds WinSim 2003 Product Simulation Software Entire Books in PDF Two Bonus CDs: 180-Day Evaluation Version of Windows Server 2003 Eight Practice Tests--Two for Each Exam Box Set Contains: * MCSE: Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure Planning and Maintenance Study Guide (70-293) * MCSA/MCSE: Windows Server 2003 Environment Management and Maintenance Study Guide (70-290) * MCSA/MCSE: Windows Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 4/11 Server 2003 Network Infrastructure Implementation, Management, and Maintenance Study Guide (70-291) * MCSE: Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Planning, Implementation, and Maintenance Study Guide (70-294) MCSE Core Elective Exams in a Nutshell - Pawan K. Bhardwaj 2006-10-23 Overview, study guide, and practice exams for Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) core exams 70-270, 70-297, and 70-298. Mike Meyers' MCSA . Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Environment Certification Passport (Exam 70- 291) - Walter Glenn 2003 Covers the objectives of the MCSA exam and provides definitions of terms and concepts, sample questions and answers, and two complete tests on the included CD-ROM. MCSA Windows Server 2016 Study Guide: Exam 70-740 - William Panek 2017-05-19 The bestselling MCSA 70-470 study guide, updated for the latest exam MCSA Windows Server 2016 Study Guide is your ultimate resource for Exam 70-740. Covering 100% of all exam objectives, this study guide goes far beyond concept review with real-world scenarios containing expert insights, chapter review questions, hands-on practice exercises while the Sybex interactive learning environment provides additional last minute review through practice exams, electronic flashcards, and searchable glossary. This new edition has been fully updated to align with the Windows Server 2016 exam, featuring authoritative coverage of installation, configuration, server roles, Hyper-V, core network services, Active Directory, Group Policy, security, remote access, disaster recovery, and more. The vast majority of servers around the world use Windows Server, and the 2016 release includes a host of new features and updates. This study guide has been updated to prepare you for these changes so you can be confident on exam day and beyond. Study 100% of Exam 70-740 objectives Gain hands-on practice performing critical tasks Link concept to practice through real-world scenarios Access to the Sybex interactive learning environment Whether you want to sit for the exam, or simply improve your job performance, this Sybex study guide will give you the expert insight to learn the key concepts and latest updates to Windows Server 2016. MCDST: Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician Study Guide - Bill Ferguson 2006-07-05 If you're seeking MCDST certification, here's the book you need to prepare for Exam 70-271, Supporting Users and Troubleshooting a Microsoft XP Operating System, and Exam 70-272, Supporting Users and Troubleshooting Desktop Applications on a Microsoft Windows XP Operating System. This revised and updated Deluxe Edition features over 200 pages of new content-including the very latest updates to the exams as well as case studies-and provides complete instruction to meet the exacting requirements of each exam. Prepare for your certification and career with this two-in-one, value-packed guide. Inside you'll find: Practical information on how to analyze problems and provide support to end users Hundreds of challenging review questions Bonus CD loaded with exam prep software, four bonus exams, Sybex test engine, and 300 electronic flashcards Authoritative coverage of all exam objectives, including: Exam 70-271 Installing a Windows Desktop Operating System Managing and Troubleshooting Access to Resources Configuring and Troubleshooting Hardware Devices and Drivers Configuring and Troubleshooting the Desktop and User Environments Troubleshooting Network Protocols and Services Exam 70-272 Configuring and Troubleshooting Applications Resolving Issues Related to Usability Resolving Issues Related to Application Customization Configuring and Troubleshooting Connectivity for Applications Configuring Application Security SYBEX TEST ENGINE: Test your knowledge with advanced testing software. Includes all chapter review questions plus bonus exams. ELECTRONIC FLASHCARDS: Reinforce your understanding with flashcards that can run on your PC, Pocket PC, or Palm device. Also on the CD you'll find the entire book in searchable and printable PDF. Study anywhere, any time, and approach the exam with confidence. Visit www.sybex.com for all of your Microsoft certification needs Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. MCSE Planning and Maintaining a Microsoft Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 5/11 Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure (Exam 70-293) - Syngress 2003-10-16 Syngress Study Guides guarantee comprehensive coverage of all exam objectives. There are no longer any short cuts or gimmicks that allow candidates to pass Microsoft's new, more rigorous exams. The days of cramming to become a "paper MCSE" are over; candidates must have a full grasp of all core concepts and plenty of hands-on experience to become certified. This book provides complete coverage of Microsoft Exam 70-293 and features one-of-akind integration of text, DVD-quality instructorled training, and Web-based exam simulation and remediation, this study guide & DVD training system gives students 100% coverage of official Microsoft exam objectives plus realistic test prep. The System package consists of: 1) STUDY GUIDE. 800 pages of coverage explicitly organized in the identical structure of Microsoft's exam objectives. Sections are designed to "standalone", allowing readers to focus on those areas in which they are weakest and skim topics they may have already mastered. 2) DVD: A full hour of instructor-led training, complete with on-screen configurations and networking schematics, demystifying the toughest exam topics. 3) ONLINE PRACTICE EXAMS AND E-BOOK. Most exam candidates indicate that PRACTICE EXAMS are their single most valuable exam prep tool. Buyers of our Study Guides have immediate access to our exam simulations located at WWW.SYNGRESS.COM/SOLUTIONS. Syngress practice exams are highly regarded for rigor or the questions, the extensive explanation of the right AND wrong answers, and the direct hyperlinks from the exams to appropriate sections in the e-book for remediation. Readers will be fully prepared to pass the exam based on our 100% Certified guarantee. Readers may save thousands of dollars required to purchase alternative methods of exam preparation. Because of its breadth of coverage, this book will serve as a post-certification reference for IT professionals Syngress Study Guides are the only products that include a DVD of actual instructor led training on the topic Windows Operating System Fundamentals - Crystal Panek 2019-10-24 A clear and concise resource, the ideal guide to Windows for IT beginners Windows Operating System Fundamentals covers everything you need to know about Windows 10. Learn to master the installation process and discover the cool new features of Windows 10, including Edge, Cortana, and more. And because this book follows the Windows Server Operating System Fundamentals MTA Certification, it is perfect for IT professionals who are new to the industry and need an entry point into IT certification. This book covers the basics of the Windows operating system, from setting up user accounts to using the start menu, running applications, and setting up internet access. You'll be prepared to upgrade a computer to Windows 10 and to master the basic tools necessary to work effectively within the OS. Each chapter closes with a quiz so you can test your knowledge before moving to the next section. Learn to configure your Windows 10 operating system, optimize account controls, configure user profiles, customize system options, and more! Understand how to use Windows applications and tools for managing LAN settings, configuring Microsoft Edge, and setting up remote assistance Use Windows to manage devices like printers, cloud storage, OneDrive, and system devices Maintain, update, protect, and backup your data by configuring Windows Update, automated backup, and system recovery and restore With Windows Operating System Fundamentals, IT Professionals looking to understand more about Windows 10 will gain the knowledge to effectively use applications, navigate files and folders, and upgrade client systems. Thanks to the troubleshooting tools and tips in this book, you can apply your new skills in real-world situations and feel confident while taking the certification exam. MCSA/MCSE 70-294 Exam Cram - Will Willis 2006-09-18 MCSA/MCSE 70-294 Exam Cram, Second Edition is the #1-selling quick-study guide to help you pass the 70-294 exam from Microsoft, which is one of the four core exams in the MCSE 2003 and MCSA 2003 certification programs. This new edition covers all exam objectives, including how to implement and manage an active directory service forest and domain structure, plan effective user and group administration policies, configure user Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 6/11 on by guest environments, and troubleshoot active directory. It also incorporates two full practice exams, and has been updated against Microsoft's official courseware (MOC) that corresponds to this exam, as well as changes made to Windows Server 2003 R2. Test-taking strategies, timesaving study tips, a special Cram Sheet, tips, acronyms, and memory joggers not available anywhere else comes with this, and all, Exam Cram books. MCSA / MCSE: Windows Server 2003 Upgrade Study Guide - Lisa Donald 2006-07-14 Here's the book you need to prepare for Exams 70-292 and 70-296. This Study Guide provides: In-depth coverage of every exam objective Practical information on planning, implementing, and maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment Hundreds of challenging practice questions Leading-edge exam preparation software, including a test engine, electronic flashcards, and simulation software Authoritative coverage of all exam objectives: Exam 70-292: Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment for an MCSA Certified on Windows 2000 Managing users, computers, and groups Managing and maintaining access to resources Managing and maintaining a server environment Managing and implementing disaster recovery Implementing, managing, and maintaining name resolution Implementing, managing, and maintaining network security Exam 70-296: Planning, Implementing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment for an MCSE Certified on Windows 2000 Planning and implementing server roles and server security Planning, implementing, and maintaining a network infrastructure Planning, implementing, and maintaining server availability Planning and maintaining network security Planning, implementing, and maintaining security infrastructure Planning and implementing an active directory infrastructure Managing and maintaining an active directory infrastructure Planning and implementing user, computer, and group strategies Planning and implementing group policy Managing and maintaining group policy Note:CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure (Exam 70-294) - Syngress 2003-10-16 Syngress Study Guides guarantee comprehensive coverage of all exam objectives. There are no longer any short cuts or gimmicks that allow candidates to pass Microsoft's new, more rigorous exams. The days of cramming to become a "paper MCSE" are over; candidates must have a full grasp of all core concepts and plenty of hands-on experience to become certified. This book provides complete coverage of Microsoft Exam 70-277 and features one-of-akind integration of text, instructor-led training, and Web-based exam simulation and remediation, this study guide gives students 100% coverage of official Microsoft exam objectives plus realistic test prep. The System package consists of: STUDY GUIDE. 800 pages of coverage explicitly organized in the identical structure of Microsoft's exam objectives. Sections are designed to "standalone", allowing readers to focus on those areas in which they are weakest and skim topics they may have already mastered. ONLINE PRACTICE EXAMS AND E-BOOK. Most exam candidates indicate that PRACTICE EXAMS are their single most valuable exam prep tool. Buyers of our Study Guides have immediate access to our exam simulations located at WWW.SYNGRESS.COM/SOLUTIONS. Syngress practice exams are highly regarded for rigor or the questions, the extensive explanation of the right AND wrong answers, and the direct hyperlinks from the exams to appropriate sections in the e-book for remediation. Readers will be fully prepared to pass the exam based on our 100% Certified guarantee Readers may save thousands of dollars required to purchase alternative methods of exam preparation Because of its breadth of coverage, this book will serve as a post-certification reference for IT professionals MCSA/MCSE 70-291 Exam Prep - Will Schmied 2006-10-12 MCSE Planning, Implementing, and The MCSE/MCSA 70-291 Exam Prep is the most accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date study guide for you if you are preparing for one of the core exams required of these popular Microsoft certifications. Updated for R2 versions of the product and the exam, this book serves as both a Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 7/11 on by guest learning and practice tool. Organized according to the exam objectives, which helps you quickly and easily assess your understanding of the key exam topics, the book features several key features that help you score better on the test: exam objective explanations, notes, tips, warnings, key terms, exercises, step-by-step examples, study strategies, fast facts, as well as multiple self-assessment opportunities. This is the ultimate study guide to help you prepare for this required MCSE and MCSA exam. The 70-291 exam measures the ability to implement and manage a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 network infrastructure. Exam Ref 70-743 Upgrading Your Skills to MCSA - Charles Pluta 2016-12-27 About the Book: Prepare for Microsoft Exam 70-743—and demonstrate that your skills are upgraded for Windows Server 2016. Designed for experienced IT pros ready to advance their status, this Exam Ref focuses on the criticalthinking and decision-making acumen needed for success at the MCSA level. Focus on the skills measured on the exam: • Install Windows servers in host and compute environments • Implement storage solutions • Implement HyperV • Implement Windows containers • Implement high availability • Implement Domain Name System (DNS) • Implement IP Address Management (IPAM) • Implement network connectivity and remote access solutions • Implement an advanced network infrastructure • Install and configure Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) • Implement identity federation and access solutions This Microsoft Exam Ref: • Organizes its coverage by the "Skills measured" posted on the exam webpage * Features strategic, what-if scenarios to challenge you • Points to in-depth material by topic for exam candidates needing additional review • Assumes you are an IT pro looking to validate your skills in and knowledge of installing and configuring Windows Server 2016 MCSA / MCSE: Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure, Implementation, Management and Maintenance Study Guide - James Chellis 2006-02-20 provides: In-depth coverage of every exam objective Practical information on managing and maintaining a Windows Server 2003 environment Hundreds of challenging practice questions, in the book and on the CD Leadingedge exam preparation software, including a test engine, electronic flashcards, and simulation software Authoritative coverage of all exam objectives, including: Implementing, managing, and maintaining IP addressing Implementing, managing, and maintaining name resolution Implementing, managing, and maintaining network security Implementing, managing, and maintaining routing and remote access Maintaining a network infrastructure Note: CDROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. MCSE Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure Planning and Maintenance Study Guide - Suzan Sage London 2006-07-14 Here's the book you need to prepare for Exam 70-293, Planning and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure. This Study Guide provides: In-depth coverage of every exam objective Practical information on planning, implementing and maintaining a Windows Server 2003 network infrastructure Hundreds of challenging practice questions Leading-edge exam preparation software, including a test engine, electronic flashcards, and simulation software Authoritative coverage of all exam objectives, including: Planning and implementing server roles and server security Planning, implementing, and maintaining a network infrastructure Planning, implementing, and maintaining routing and remote access Planning, implementing, and maintaining server availability Planning and maintaining network security Planning, implementing, and maintaining security infrastructure Note: CDROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. Exam Ref 70-414 Implementing an - Advanced Server Infrastructure (MCSE) Steve Suehring 2014-07-22 Here's the book you need to prepare for Exam 70-291, Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure. This Study Guide Prepare for Exam 70-414—and help demonstrate your real-world mastery of advanced server design, planning, and implementation. Designed for experienced, MCSA-certified professionals ready to advance their status—Exam Ref focuses on the critical-thinking and decision-making Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 8/11 on by guest acumen needed for success at the MCSE level. Optimize your exam-prep by focusing on the expertise needed to: Manage and Maintain a Server Infrastructure Plan and Implement a Highly Available Enterprise Infrastructure Plan and Implement a Server Virtualization Infrastructure Design and Implement Identity and Access Solutions Managing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment for an MCSA Certified on Windows 2000 - Kalani Kirk Hausman 2003 Your resource to upgrading your MCSE or MCSA Certification to Windows Sever 2003! Join the ranks of readers who have trusted Exam Cram 2 to their certification preparation needs! TheMCSA/MCSE Managing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment Exam Cram 2is focused on what you need to know to pass the 70-292 upgrade exam for Windows Server 2003. The Exam Cram 2 Method of Study provides you with a concise method to learn the exam topics. The book includes tips, exam notes, acronyms and memory joggers in order to help you pass the exam. Included in theMCSA/MCSE Managing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment Exam Cram 2: A tear-out "Cram Sheet" for last minute test preparation. Two complete practice exams and answer keys with key explanations. The PrepLogic Practice Tests, test engine to simulate the testing environment and test your knowledge. Trust in the series that has helped many others achieve certification success -Exam Cram 2. The British National Bibliography - Arthur James Wells 2007 MCSE: Windows® Server 2003 Network Security Design Study Guide - Brian Reisman 2006-02-20 Here's the book you need to prepare for the Designing Security for a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network exam (70-298). This Study Guide was developed to meet the exacting requirements of today's certification candidates. In addition to the consistent and accessible instructional approach that earned Sybex the "Best Study Guide" designation in the 2003 CertCities Readers Choice Awards, this book provides: Clear and concise information on designing a secure Windows based network Practical examples and insights drawn from realworld experience Leading-edge exam preparation software, including a testing engine and electronic flashcards for your Palm You'll also find authoritative coverage of key exam topics, including: Creating the Conceptual Design for Network Infrastructure Security by Gathering and Analyzing Business and Technical Requirements Creating the Logical Design for Network Infrastructure Security Creating the Physical Design for Network Infrastructure Security Designing an Access Control Strategy for Data Creating the Physical Design for Client Infrastructure Security Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. MCSA/MCSE Planning, Implementing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Will Schmied 2003 & One of two core upgrade exams for MCSEs who need to update their 2000 certification to the 2003 program. & & Approximately 180, 000 people hold MCSE certifications and will be looking to update to the latest Microsoft Certification on Windows Server 2003. & & Can be used as a sole study guide for those experienced enough with Windows 2000 or can serve as the ultimate complement guide for larger training guides, instructor-led classes, and/or CBT training. & & A first-rate practice test engine from PrepLogic is included on the book's companion CD. Exam/cram 70-291 - Diana Huggins 2006 This second edition is the #1 quick-study guide to passing the MCSA/MCSE 70-291 exam, covering all exam objectives, including how to maintain a DHCP server, manage name resolution with DNS, secure networks using IPSec, troubleshoot network and Internet connectivity, and monitor network traffic. Includes two full practice exams. MCSE Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Planning Implementation, and Maintenance Study Guide - Anil Desai 2006-07-14 Here's the book you need to prepare for Exam 70-294, Planning, Implementing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure. This Study Guide provides: In-depth coverage of every exam objective Practical information on planning, implementing, and maintaining a Windows Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 9/11 Server 2003 Active Directory infrastructure Hundreds of challenging practice questions Leading-edge exam preparation software, including a test engine, electronic flashcards, and simulation software Authoritative coverage of all exam objectives, including: Planning and implementing an active directory infrastructure Managing and maintaining an active directory infrastructure Planning and implementing user, computer, and group strategies Planning and implementing group policy Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. MCSA 70-740 Cert Guide - Anthony Sequeira 2017-05-11 This is the eBook version of the print title. Note that the eBook does not provide access to the practice test software that accompanies the print book. Access to the appendixes and video lessons is available through product registration at Pearson IT Certification; or see instructions in back pages of your eBook. Learn, prepare, and practice for MCSA 70-740 exam success with this Cert Guide from Pearson IT Certification, a leader in IT certification. Master MCSA 70-740 exam topics Assess your knowledge with chapter-ending quizzes Review key concepts with exam preparation tasks Learn from more than one hour of video lessons MCSA 70-740 Cert Guide is a best-of-breed exam study guide. Leading technology trainer and consultant Anthony Sequeira shares preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention of exam topics. The book presents you with an organized test preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. Exam topic lists make referencing easy. Chapterending Exam Preparation Tasks help you drill on key concepts you must know thoroughly. Review questions help you assess your knowledge, and a final preparation chapter guides you through tools and resources to help you craft your final study plan. Well regarded for its level of detail, assessment features, and challenging review questions and exercises, this study guide helps you master the concepts and techniques that will allow you to succeed on the exam the first time. The study guide helps you master all the topics on the MCSA 70-740 exam, including: Windows Server installation in host and compute environments, including Nano Server Storage: configuring disks and volumes, implementing server storage, and data duplication Hyper-V implementation, including VM settings, storage, and networking Windows container deployment and management High availability: HA/DR options, failover clustering, Storage Spaces Direct, VM movement, and network load balancing Server environment maintenance and monitoring MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide (Exams 70-290, 70-291, 70-293 & 70-294) - Brian Culp 2003-12-11 All-in-One is all you need! This authoritative reference offers complete coverage of all material on the MCSE Windows Server 2003 exams 70-290, 70-291-, 70-293, and 70-294. You'll find exam objectives at the beginning of each chapter, helpful exam tips, end-of-chapter practice questions, and photographs and illustrations. The bonus CD-ROM contains a testing engine with questions found only on the CD. This comprehensive guide not only helps you pass this challenging exam, but will also serve as an invaluable on-the-job reference. MCSA / MCSE / MCDBA: SQL Server 2000 Administration Study Guide - Rick Sawtell 2006-02-20 Here's the book you need to prepare for Exam 70-228, Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft SQL Server 2000. This Study Guide provides: In-depth coverage of every official exam objective Practical information on installing, configuring, and administering SQL Server 2000 Real-world insights, advice, and recommendations Hundreds of challenging practice questions, in the book and on the CD Leading-edge exam preparation software, including a test engine and electronic flashcards Authoritative coverage of all exam objectives, including: Installing and configuring SQL Server 2000 Creating SQL Server 2000 databases Managing, monitoring, and troubleshooting SQL Server 2000 databases Extracting and transforming data with SQL Server 2000 Managing and monitoring SQL Server 2000 security Managing, monitoring, and troubleshooting SQL Server 2000 Note: CD- Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 10/11 ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. MCSE Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure Design Study Guide - Brad Price 2008-03-11 Here's the book you need to prepare for the Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure exam (70-297). This Study Guide was developed to meet the exacting requirements of today's certification candidates. In addition to the consistent and accessible instructional approach that earned Sybex the "Best Study Guide" designation in the 2003 CertCities Readers Choice Awards, this book provides: Clear and concise information on designing an Active Directory network infrastructure Practical examples and insights drawn from real-world experience Leading-edge exam preparation software, including a testing engine and electronic flashcards for your Palm You'll also find authoritative coverage of key exam topics, including: Creating the Conceptual Design by Gathering and Analyzing Business and Technical Requirements Creating the Logical Design for an Active Directory Infrastructure Creating the Logical Design for a Network Services Infrastructure Creating the Physical Design for an Active Directory and Network Infrastructure MCSA/MCSE Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure (Exam 70-291) - Syngress 2003-10-22 Syngress Study Guides guarantee comprehensive coverage of all exam objectives. There are no longer any short cuts or gimmicks that allow candidates to pass Microsoft's new, more rigorous exams. The days of cramming to become a "paper MCSE" are over; candidates must have a full grasp of all core concepts and plenty of hands-on experience to become certified. This book provides complete coverage of Microsoft Exam 70-291 and features one-of-akind integration of text, DVD-quality instructorled training, and Web-based exam simulation and remediation, this study guide and DVD training system gives students 100% coverage of official Microsoft exam objectives plus realistic test prep. The System package consists of: 1) STUDY GUIDE. 800 pages of coverage explicitly organized in the identical structure of Microsoft's exam objectives. Sections are designed to "standalone", allowing readers to focus on those areas in which they are weakest and skim topics they may have already mastered. 2) DVD: A full hour of instructor-led training, complete with on-screen configurations and networking schematics, demystifying the toughest exam topics. 3) ONLINE PRACTICE EXAMS AND E-BOOK. Most exam candidates indicate that PRACTICE EXAMS are their single most valuable exam prep tool. Buyers of our Study Guides have immediate access to our exam simulations located at WWW.SYNGRESS.COM/SOLUTIONS. Syngress practice exams are highly regarded for rigor or the questions, the extensive explanation of the right AND wrong answers, and the direct hyperlinks from the exams to appropriate sections in the e-book for remediation. Readers will be fully prepared to pass the exam based on our 100% Certified guarantee Readers may save thousands of dollars required to purchase alternative methods of exam preparation Because of its breadth of coverage, this book will serve as a post-certification reference for IT professionals MCSA / MCSE: Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure Implementation, Management, and Maintenance Study Guide - Steve Suehring 2006-04-03 This exam (70291) is a core requirement for both the MCSA andMCSE. Now updated for the new version of the exam covering WindowsServer 2003 R2 and revised with enhanced troubleshooting guidanceand new case studies. The CD-ROM includes the cuttingedge WinSim simulation program,plus hundreds of sample questions, an e-version of the book, andflashcards. More and more companies have begun upgrading to Windows Server2003, increasing demand for Microsoft certified administrators andengineers. Downloaded from aquagulfarabia.com mcsa-mcse-exams-70-290-70-291-70-293-70-294-self-paced-training-kit-managing-and-maintaining-a-windows-server-2003-environment-windows-server-2003-core-requirements-pro-certification 11/11
PR/17/08 QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION EUTELSAT COMMUNICATIONS REPORTS 8.9% REVENUE INCREASE FOR THIRD QUARTER 2007-2008 REVENUE OBJECTIVE FOR CURRENT FISCAL YEAR REVISED UPWARDS o Strong revenue increase compared to third quarter of the previous fiscal year driven by continued growth of Video Applications and Value Added Services o Upward revision of revenue objective for fiscal year 2007-2008 to 860-870 million euros, compared to previous objective of 850-860 million euros Paris, May 15, 2008 - Eutelsat Communications (ISIN: FR0010221234 - Euronext Paris: ETL), one of the world's leading satellite operators, today reported financial information for the third quarter ended March 31, 2008. Revenue by application \| 3rd quarter ended March 31 \| \| Change \| 9 months ended March 31 \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| In million euros 2007 \| 2008 \| in % \| 2007 \| 2008 \| \| Video Applications 148.8 Data & Value Added Services 39.2 Of which Value Added Services 8.5 Multi-usage 15.1 Other 2.5 \| 164.9 40.0 9.7 14.2 4.8 \| +10.8% +1.9% +13.4% -5.6% \| 438.6 120.8 23.5 44.5 5.7 \| 484.2 114.9 26.6 43.8 10.4 \| \| Sub-total 205.7 \| 223.9 \| +8.9% \| 609.6 \| 653.3 \| \| Non-recurring revenues - \| - \| \| 11.4 \| - \| \| Total 205.7 \| 223.9 \| +8.92% \| 621.0 \| 653.3 \| Commenting on the Group's results, Giuliano Berretta, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Eutelsat Communications said: "Our performance continues to perfectly reflect a strategy combining growth, visibility and innovation, positioning us in the most attractive markets. The strong dynamic of Video Applications is reconfirmed by the almost 20% increase in the number of television channels broadcast by our satellites over one year. Video activity has also further consolidated our strong visibility on revenues, illustrated by longterm contracts that include the recent renewal to 2020 of capacity at our HOT BIRD™ position for NOVA, the leading pay-TV platform in Greece. Further examples of new business underscore the increasing role of our satellites for distributing digital services: following the launch at the end of 2007 of the BIS TV platform from our HOT BIRD™ and ATLANTIC BIRD™ 3 neighbourhoods, our activity in France has been further strengthened by the announcement last month by Orange of its selection of our satellites to deliver the TV component of its triple play offer in cases where it is not accessible via ADSL. The contract concluded in Germany with Tele Columbus for delivery of digital channels to cable networks increases our participation in Europe's leading cable market, while the selection by Swisscom 1 At a constant exchange rate and excluding non-recurring revenues, year-to-date revenue growth would have been 9.5% compared with the same period of the previous fiscal year. 2 At a constant exchange rate, revenue growth would have been 11.2% compared with the third quarter of the previous fiscal year. of our new TOOWAY™ service to ensure universal broadband access for homes throughout Switzerland is a positive signal of the demand for satellite broadband to close the digital divide. Our strong increase in revenues leads us to revise upwards our revenue objective for the current fiscal year to 860–870 million euros". Q3 2007-2008 HIGHLIGHTS Video Applications (164.9 million euros) continue to develop rapidly. Strong year-on-year growth of 10.8% mainly reflects: * The launch since March 2007 of 472 new channels (+19%), taking to 2,977 the total number of channels broadcast by the Group's satellites at March 31, 2008; * The markets of Russia, Africa, Turkey and the Middle East account for almost 60% of new channels, notably as a consequence of major contracts signed since March 2007 with the Russian operator Intersputnik, as well as with the pay-TV operators Entertainment Highway and Gateway for Africa, and with CanalSat Réunion for Indian Ocean islands; * The take-up of the EUROBIRD™ 9 satellite which entered into service at 9 degrees East at the end of the last fiscal year, and which was broadcasting 78 channels at March 31, 2008. EUROBIRD™ 9 was selected during the third quarter by Tele Colombus, one of the three leading cable operators in Germany for the upcoming launch of an offer of digital channels within the framework of the transition of German cable from analogue to digital; * Finally, the Group more than doubled the number of HDTV channels broadcast by its satellites over one year, with 35 HDTV channels broadcasting at March 31, 2008. New HDTV channels launched in the third quarter include Rush HD for the UK, FilmBox HD and HBO Polska for Poland and Movie Max HD for Turkey. The development of Data and Value Added Services (40.0 million euros, +1.9%) is attributed to factors that include: * Strong increase of 13.4% of Value Added Services to 9.7 million euros at March 31, 2008. This growth is principally fuelled by continued deployment of D-STAR broadband access services in Africa and the Middle East. The third quarter was also marked by delivery of new equipment to test broadband services on TGV Est high-speed trains within the scope of the contract with France's SNCF. Value-Added Services also benefited from the deployment by Swisscom, the leading telecom operator in Switzerland, of the first terminals for Eutelsat's TOOWAY TM service to ensure universal broadband access to homes throughout Switzerland; * The quasi stability of Data Services (down 0.4 million euros year-on-year). This activity included the activation of new contracts with the telecom and corporate network operators Telespazio (Italy), Teles (Germany), Orascom (Algeria) and GulfSat (Middle East). Revenue from Multi-usage (14.2 million euros) is slightly down year-on-year due to the depreciation of the US dollar versus the euro. At a constant exchange rate, year-on-year revenue growth would have been 9.4%. Other Revenues of 4.8 million euros mainly reflect the impact on revenue (+3.7 millions euros) of the currency hedging policy put in place during the preceding fiscal year. - 2 - YEAR-TO-DATE 2007-2008 REVENUE HIGHLIGHTS Revenue for the first nine months of the 2007-2008 fiscal year amounts to 653.3 million euros, up 5.2% year-on-year. Excluding non-recurring revenue and at a constant exchange rate, revenue would have risen by 9.5%. This performance reflects: o Expansion of in-orbit resources during the previous fiscal year, with the opening of three new neighbourhoods: 7 degrees West (ATLANTIC BIRD™ 4), 4 degrees East (EUROBIRD™ 4) and 9 degrees East (EUROBIRD™ 9), bringing 43 additional operational transponders during the current fiscal year 3 ; o Strong momentum of Video Applications, illustrated by the continued increase of channels broadcast by the Group's satellites for DTH (Direct-to-Home) reception and for feeding cable and DTT networks; o Continued take-up of Value Added Services, notably sustained by deployment of the DSTAR service, by mobile broadband services for transport markets and also by the launch of the first offers of the TOOWAY™ satellite consumer broadband service. FISCAL YEAR 2007-2008 FINANCIAL SITUATION AND OBJECTIVES In view of its performance, Eutelsat Communications is revising upwards its revenue objective for the current fiscal year: the Group now targets revenue between 860 and 870 million euros compared with the previous objective of 850 to 860 million euros. The Group maintains its EBITDA margin objective for the current fiscal year at above 78%, confirming its strong financial situation. RECENT SIGNIFICANT EVENTS: INSURANCE POLICY SIGNED FOR THE LAUNCH OF ALL SATELLITES IN PROCUREMENT In April 2008, Eutelsat concluded one of the largest insurance packages by a Fixed Satellite Services operator. The highly favourable conditions of this contract, which covers insurance "launch plus one year in orbit" of the Group's seven satellites currently in construction equips Eutelsat with the possibility to use the full range of launch vehicles available in the market. It delivers the Group maximum flexibility in the deployment of its in-orbit expansion programme over the coming three years. Financial calendar Full year results: July 31, 2008 About Eutelsat Communications Eutelsat Communications (Euronext Paris: ETL, ISIN code: FR0010221234) is the holding company of Eutelsat S.A.. With capacity commercialised on 24 satellites that provide coverage over the entire European continent, as well as the Middle East, Africa, India and significant parts of Asia and the Americas, Eutelsat is one of the world's three leading satellite operators in terms of revenues. At 31 March 2008, Eutelsat's satellites were broadcasting almost 3,000 television channels and 1,100 radio stations. More than 1,100 channels broadcast via its HOT BIRD™ video neighbourhood at 13 degrees East which serves over 120 million cable and satellite homes in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Group's satellites also serve a wide range of fixed and mobile telecommunications services, TV contribution markets, corporate networks, and broadband markets for Internet Service Providers and for transport, maritime and in-flight markets. Eutelsat's broadband subsidiary, Skylogic, markets 3 The Group had 505 operational transponders at March 31, 2008 - 3 - and operates services through teleports in France and Italy that serve enterprises, local communities, government agencies and aid organisations in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. Headquartered in Paris, Eutelsat and its subsidiaries employ 538 commercial, technical and operational experts from 27 countries. www.eutelsat.com For further information Press Vanessa O'Connor Tel: + 33 1 53 98 38 88 email@example.com Frédérique Gautier Tel: + 33 1 53 98 38 88 firstname.lastname@example.org Investors Gilles Janvier Tel: +33 1 53 98 35 30 email@example.com Appendix Quarterly revenues by business application \| \| 2006-2007 \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| In million euros \| Q1 \| Q2 \| Q3 \| Q4 \| Q1 \| Q2 \| \| Video Applications \| 142.8 \| 147.0 \| 148.8 \| 151.8 \| 158.1 \| 161.2 \| \| Data & Value Added Services \| 40.8 \| 40.8 \| 39.2 \| 38.2 \| 37.3 \| 37.7 \| \| Of which Value Added Services \| 7.4 \| 7.5 \| 8.5 \| 7.9 \| 8.2 \| 8.7 \| \| Multi-usage \| 14.7 \| 14.8 \| 15.1 \| 14.6 \| 14.5 \| 15.0 \| \| Others \| 1.3 \| 1.9 \| 2.5 \| 3.6 \| 2.0 \| 3.6 \| \| Sub-total \| 199.5 \| 204.4 \| 205.7 \| 208.1 \| 211.9 \| 217.5 \| \| Non-recurring revenues \| - \| 11.4 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Total \| 199.5 \| 215.8 \| 205.7 \| 208.1 \| 211.9 \| 217.5 \| - 4 -
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Transport Geography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jtrangeo Meet & ﬂy: Sustainable transport academics and the elephant in the room Freke Caset a , ⁎ , Kobe Boussauw b , Tom Storme c a Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8 9000 Gent, Belgium c Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8 9000 Gent, Belgium b Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research VUB – Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, F4.55 1050 Brussels, Belgium 1. Introduction This viewpoint addresses the discrepancy between our 'normal' academic travel behaviour (ﬂying to meetings all over the planet) and today's hot-topic research agendas in transport studies, including 'sustainable mobility', 'sustainable accessibility', 'resilient and healthy cities', but also 'engaged planning theory and practice' and 'active and responsible citizenship'. As of today, this paradox remains a blind spot within the community of transport academics exploring and advocating sustainable mobility, i.e. the 'sustainable transport academics'. Research agendas and conference themes rarely draw attention to the problem, and transport academics do not seem to organize or openly engage in working towards solutions. We believe this negation of the environmental 'curse' of our hypermobility obstructs immediate and clear-cut actions to reduce our carbon footprint, and hampers a shift towards more sustainable academic meeting practices in the long run. We conceptualize a global academic partnership as a promising and necessary route forward, both for science and society. Two recent developments have stimulated the current viewpoint. First, following US travel restrictions by the Trump administration and Britain's upcoming departure from the EU, the beneﬁts of mobility for science as a whole were lauded once again (e.g. Sugimoto et al., 2017; Wagner and Jonkers, 2017), while the detrimental impacts of the ﬂying it generates are ignored. We believe this to be an untenable situation, one which is ultimately counterproductive for the future of science. Second, one of us participated in a brainstorm workshop organized by a community of sustainable transport academics in Lisbon (July 2017). During the event there was a self-reﬂexive debate on academic ﬂying as the 'elephant in the room', which arose since two participants had travelled to the venue by modes not taken for granted: by train (23 h) and by coach (10 h). Their motives were of environmental nature which led to uneasy shuﬄing around in chairs. 2. The paradox in numbers The huge environmental impact of academic conferences has been addressed before (see for example Høyer and Naess, 2001; Hischier and Hilty, 2002; Hall, 2007; Lester, 2007; Burke, 2010; Lassen, 2010; Spinellis and Louridas, 2013; Hopkins et al., 2015). Travel to and from these meetings accounts for the largest share of conference-related carbon emissions (Hischier and Hilty, 2002; Bossdorf et al., 2010; Orsi, 2012; Achten et al., 2013). Below, we roughly estimated the travelrelated carbon footprint for all 18 participants of the Lisbon brainstorm workshop (see Table 1), by applying the conversion factors provided by DEFRA (2016) 1 The results of these back-of-the-envelope calculations 2 are worrying in a period in which our planet is on the brink of locking in dangerous levels of climate change (Raftery et al., 2017). By attending the workshop, we collectively emitted more than 8 tons of CO2, and over 16 tons of CO2 when including the radiative forcing 3 eﬀects of the air trips. To put these numbers in perspective; the latter ﬁgure equals the annual carbon emissions of 10 Costa Ricans, 4 Norwegians or 1 US citizen. 4 Table 1 furthermore illustrates how 98% of all carbon emissions were caused by half of all participants. Even more so, only 2 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: email@example.com (F. Caset), firstname.lastname@example.org (K. Boussauw), email@example.com (T. Storme). 2 Of course this empirical exercise only informs us about those who actually attended the event, and does not reveal the individual choices and options considered. It is after all possible that the brainstorm workshop was the one event per year that some of the participants allowed themselves to ﬂy to. Ideally therefore, analysis of emissions should start from the perspective of individual academics and the individual, social and institutional factors shaping their mobility decisions. 1 Among all possible guidelines we chose to use the DEFRA report due to its solid methodological approach in which key data sources and assumptions to deﬁne the factors are transparently communicated and regularly updated. Some methodological drawbacks however need mentioning in light of our workshop case. As for the train trips, the DEFRA conversion factors do not include passenger-km weighted averages for the emission factors for Spain and Portugal (only UK and Eurostar routes running through the UK, France and Belgium are considered). A similar remark holds for the 'coach' value as emission factors are based on ﬁgures from the majority of scheduled coach services in the UK. Lastly, as for the air trips, the 'international' category ﬁgures were used for all ﬂights, although according to DEFRA one trip would classify as 'short-haul' since it departs from a UK-based airport. For reasons of clarity and because both factors don't vary much, we chose to classify all ﬂights as 'international'. For all trips, the 'average passenger' numbers were used. 3 The total climate impact of aviation is larger than its CO2 emissions (European Union, 2015; DEFRA, 2016). Additional warming eﬀects are caused by emissions of NOx and SO2 into the upper troposphere, the formation of contrails, and the seeding of cirrus clouds with aerosols from fuel combustion. As there is still much uncertainty about the extent of some of these eﬀects, there is no suitable climatic metric available that could be used to express the full climate impact of aviation. However, a 'multiplier' to account for these non-CO2 eﬀects is usually proposed. In line with DEFRA (2016) we adopted the 1,9 central estimate. 4 Averages per country. Data from the World Bank (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC) Table 1 estimates of return trip carbon emission for all workshop participants (RF = radiative forcing). ⁎ Two participants carpooled, therefore these emissions were halved. participants were responsible for 69% of all carbon emissions. By ﬂying to overseas conferences and meetings, we thus perpetuate the problem we study. Among the ﬁrst to address this uncomfortable contradiction was Grémillet (2008, 1175) who questioned "whether the carbon footprints of ecologists outweigh the environmental beneﬁts of their ﬁndings and their lobbying". Besides the ﬁeld of ecology (see also Fox et al., 2009), this paradox has been addressed within other academes, such as the ﬁelds of medicine (Roberts and Godlee, 2007), psychiatry and neuroscience (Young, 2009), biomedical science (Dwyer, 2013) and agricultural economics (Desiere, 2016) and geography (Nevins, 2014). For the case of climate scientists, Attari et al. (2016) even argue that a large personal carbon footprint clearly aﬀects their credibility to the public hence the impact of their advice. It thus seems that "the tool (conference) adopted to share knowledge for improving human wellbeing is actually jeopardizing human wellbeing due to the environmental impact it causes" (Orsi, 2012, 462). We expect a pioneering role from academics, especially from those occupied with research on sustainable transport and planning, in openly and actively engaging with the problems addressed. Besides the paradox illustrated above, this expectation is supported by the ﬂexibility academics enjoy when it comes to organizing their work and travel (Lassen, 2006). They can, with relative ease, trade oﬀ the beneﬁts and costs of trips which may lead to alternative internationalization strategies (Storme et al., 2013). We therefore think that the academic realm can and must take its responsibility and lead by example. Alas, we do not see this happening within the disciplines occupied with sustainable transport. Research activities addressing potential alternatives or strategies to lessen the dependence on air travel are negligible in the overall corpus of transport research and do not appear within headline conference themes. Scanning some well-used academic web search engines looking for articles dealing with this issue led to a low outcome, with most papers published in journals not directly related to transport issues. 5 A survey conducted by Banister et al. (2012) for a group of transport geographers furthermore revealed a moderate to low allocation of research priorities to air transport, business travel and telecommunications. Considerate and signiﬁcant actions to reduce travel carbon emissions on an individual, community or institutional 5 Google scholar, Scopus and ISI Web of Science were consulted and screened for different combinations of the following keywords: "conferences", "sustainable", "aviation", "climate change" and "academics". The articles speciﬁcally focusing on the environmental impact of academic ﬂying were retained, and are all included in the reference list of the current paper. level are rarely taken either. We can come up with a couple of explanations for the general neglect of the topic in transport research agendas. Self-reﬂexivity and responsibilization are not very attractive research topics (see also Lassen, 2006) and adequate data sources on (business) air travel are very scarce. But obviously, there's more to it; the mere thought of having to reduce our trips makes us uncomfortable already. 3. Heads in the clouds It seems to be more convenient to sit by and watch the aviation industry solve the problem. Popular media recurrently report about sustainable aircraft technology and new aircraft prototypes. 6 These are grist to the mill of airline companies, who have every interest in feeding a discourse in which an entirely clean manner of operation is just a couple of years away. We believe technological improvements for longdistance travel won't likely bring meaningful solutions for decades to come and refer to this as the 'technological hoax'. Aviation innovation will in reality prove too little, too late, especially if the expected growth in air travel demand is taken into account. Take electric ﬂying, which in fact comes down to ﬂying with a 'more electric aircraft' and relies on fossil fuel 'for propulsion only' (Wheeler, 2016). Another back-of-the-envelope calculation makes clear that fast ﬂying with a large electric aircraft is indeed a wish dream that may not even be compatible with the basic laws of physics. To store the electrical energy equivalent of the fuel tank of an Airbus A380 (320 m 3 ), we would need about 22,000 tons of currently available commercial batteries, 7 representing about 38 times the maximum take-oﬀ weight of such an aircraft. The most promising electrical alternative would be a not-that-small on-board nuclear reactor, a rather frightening idea that was indeed on the drawing tables of military aircraft designers during the Cold War (Lange, 1976). Similar arguments can be made for biofuel propulsion. Although it is technically possible to propel an aircraft by means of biofuel, the scale on which energy crops should be grown is of such a nature that it would put tremendous pressure, not only on food production, but also on biodiversity at a global scale. A last back-of-theenvelope calculation 8 indicates that a switch from the current 6 See for example Milmo (2008), Rosen (2017) and Tan (2018) . 8 Calculated on the basis of the energy content of ethanol extracted from cane sugar at a rate of 84 GJ/ha. 7 Assuming the use of Li-ion batteries as applied in the Tesla S all electric vehicle, with an energy density of 1.4 Wh/kg. 65 worldwide consumption of kerosene fuel (approximately 2 billion barrels per year) to biofuels would necessitate an expansion of the global agricultural area by around 7%. And even if technological breakthroughs are going to be signiﬁcant and at relatively short notice, they most likely will not reduce the absolute amount of emission from aviation, due to the huge demand in growth forecasted, including growth from those nations where the sector is considered to be mature (Chapman, 2007; Bows and Anderson, 2007; Grote et al., 2014). Globally, air travel is soaring almost exponentially (European Union, 2015; World Bank, 2017). By 2100, the world's population is expected to consume nine times more distance than in 2015 and the average distance covered per trip is set to double (Peeters, 2017). Growth in travel demand seems to outweigh all eﬀorts within the sector to reduce its climate impact (Banister et al., 2012; Sims et al., 2014; Peeters, 2017). As a corollary, for future commercial aviation, to which speed and large capacities are vital, a signiﬁcant electric, biofuel or fuel cell powered future remains far-oﬀ, and these 'technology myths' may result in inaction which continues to delay much needed progress in climate policy for aviation (Peeters et al., 2016). The inconvenient truth about ﬂying is simply that there is no one-on-one alternative for kerosene combustion in aviation. We seem to live in a ﬁnite time window in which long-haul travel is a privilege we all-too-easily take for granted (Nevins, 2014). It would be naïve to assume we can continue 'as is'. Yet no academic is really looking forward to cut back on her or his own travels. Part of it has to do with the fact that regular (air) travel provides a break from everyday routines and allows mixing work and play (see Gustafson, 2006). More important however, is that behind many travels lie important (and somewhat invisible) social mechanisms (Urry, 2007). Travel fulﬁls meeting expectations and obligations between members of transnational academic networks (Storme, 2014). The majority of the trips undertaken by academics is to meet and re-meet each other in the conference circuit and/or through circular mechanisms of invited speeches and lectures. We recognize that today, (rich and) important social goods are exchanged through repeated formal and informal faceto-face meetings (Storme et al., 2018). These meetings lead to the latest insights, future collaboration and publication opportunities, new job prospects, etc. Not being able to travel is associated with a fear of missing out. The importance of engagement in transnational networks is reﬂected in the 'internationalization'-discourses of academic institutions, in which 'brain circulation' is considered vital for early-career scientists and therefore stimulated by funding agencies (Ackers 2008). In doing so, mobility is implicitly stimulated and there is hardly any room to debate its environmentally alarming character (Glover et al., 2017). 4. The route forward The real challenge is therefore to reduce signiﬁcant amounts of kilometres ﬂown, while retaining high levels of international collaboration, quality and productivity. We believe this is possible by selfimposing an academic emission ceiling. Although this idea may seem radical, it is inspired by existing sectoral and (inter)national carbon cap schemes (McAllister, 2014). We imagine a transnational academic partnership in which all research institutes in the world commit themselves to reducing the emissions covered by their staﬀ by, for example, 5% each year (a rate in line with the 40% reduction target of Europe by 2030 within the Paris agreement). This way, academia could ﬁrmly grow towards a low-carbon future without precluding scientiﬁc progress. We believe the least useful as well as the most easily substitutable meetings would immediately be avoided, hence a natural break to the growth of mainly the less useful trips would occur. The implementation and coordination of such a scheme is not selfevident. In ﬁrst instance, it seems logical to assign such a mandate to a supranational organization. UN agencies would be obvious candidates for such a task, and UNESCO in particular, since it deals with the 66 education and research sectors. However, a breakthrough seems more realistic on the basis of a pre-existing breeding ground, which could consist of an academic partnership of voluntarily joined research groups that commit themselves to closely monitor their own air travel related emissions and indeed reduce them by 5% each year, in this way building the momentum required for further, supranational action. The system we propose would start from a linear reduction, based on the current proportions in terms of air travel consumption, but would leave room for social corrections within a cap-and-trade system (Stavins, 2003). Research groups at remote institutes in the Australian continent, or those doing research in regions far from their home base, would also in the future be allowed to ﬂy more than average, albeit within an emission budget that would be declining for them as well. Social corrections would apply to researchers working in countries of the Global South who, on the basis of a faster than average declining air travel budget in the countries of the Global North, might still count on a temporarily growth of their air travel budget. Obviously, such a new academic modus operandi would lead to substantial changes in meeting practices. Part of an operational response to a self-imposed emission ceiling implies optimizing every single aspect of potential face-to-face meetings in terms of environmental sustainability (e.g. purpose/need, travel mode, meeting location). It will also involve reducing the frequency of face-to-face meetings with far-away colleagues (Philippe, 2008), combining multiple purposes at the destination (work-work, but also work-play), and implementing a surcharge on conference fees. A more considerate action however, includes the incorporation of geography into the meeting location selection process (Ponette-González and Byrnes, 2011), by centralizing meeting locations between attendees on a regional scale, and by decentralizing large international conferences over multiple sites that are connected via virtual communication technologies 9 (Hischier and Hilty, 2002; Ponette-González and Byrnes, 2011; Coroama et al., 2011; Orsi, 2012; Stroud and Feeley, 2015). We believe the 'multiple-site paradigm' may hold an important key to a proper adaptation strategy, as it allows a considerable cut of carbon emissions, without precluding the physical meeting of scientists. Some scientiﬁc organizations have already commenced experimenting with this new conference format and satisfaction of participants proved overwhelmingly positive. 10 A full range of alternatives and actors (ranging from conference organizers and funding agencies to individual academics and the communities in which they function) will thus need to be mobilised and, although some of these measures may sound commonsensical, it is paramount to consider them part of this new academic modus operandi, 9 Although virtual communication technologies have in the past been considered promising substitutes for physical travel, their relationships have proved ambiguous at best. In reality, ICTs can also be seen as complementary to physical travel, can also generate more physical travel and can be quite neutral towards physical travel (see Aguiléra et al., 2012). As Poom et al. (2017, pp. 293-294) put it: "ICT can in fact stimulate further travel by increasing the size of one's social network and the intensity of the communications between members of the network, thereby creating the need for additional face-to-face meetings (…) In addition, the use of ICT is itself not entirely environmentally friendly due to its use of energy, the short life-span of many ICT devices, and other environmental impacts of production". In light of the academic partnership proposed in this viewpoint, we call for more experimentation with virtual meeting practices that might create momentum for the tool builders to optimize it so that they will prove to be more eﬀective than physical travel practices. Furthermore, as Lassen et al. (2006) indicated, there is a connection between knowledge of virtual communication technology and the willingness to use it. 10 For example, the two-day Global Arts and Psychology Seminar was hosted in 2017 over ﬁve hubs (Boston, La Plata, Sheﬃeld, Graz and Sydney), mixing in-person and virtual conferencing as a pilot run for a larger professional conference in 2018. Each hub transmitted its local presentations live to the cloud and all other hubs could choose which presentations to include in their virtual program, either live or with a time delay. Another example is the World Resource Forum conference which was organized in 2009 as a twosite event, taking place in Japan and Switzerland simultaneously (see Coroama et al., 2011). The results showed a signiﬁcant reduction in travel-related emissions, along with an overwhelmingly positive experience of the participants as revealed by a survey. which is serving the ultimate goal of sticking to the declining emission ceiling while maintaining current levels of academic quality and productivity. After all, without an emission ceiling, stand-alone measures aimed at reducing emissions will likely be compensated through a natural rebound eﬀect (Saunders, 1992). In anticipation of a new academic modus operandi, we should not underestimate the value of action by individual academic communities, who have the power and freedom to strategize, to organize eﬀective action and to lobby with conferences and institutes. We believe sustainable transport academics in particular, could lead the charge against 'business as usual' by demonstrating a radically diﬀerent way of doing business (after Burke, 2010). Or, as Bonnett (2006, p. 230) puts it: "It is about a shift in culture. 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THE LOCAL WISDOM'S ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN THE CITY OF TIDORE KEPULAUAN PROVINCE OF NORTH MALUKU INDONESIA Arifin Muhammad ADE 1 , David EFENDI 2 , Alam MAHADIKA 3 1Researcher at Community Read House, Indonesia, Email: email@example.com 2Lecture In Department of Government Affairs and Administration, University Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: firstname.lastname@example.org 3 Researcher at Muhammadiyah Study Center, Indonesia, Email: email@example.com Abstract: Local wisdom in the agricultural sector is one of the local knowledge and people have of operating farm activities. The current environmental crisis also dramatically impacts agriculture, which is one of Indonesia's leading sectors. The study aims to know the role of local wisdom in supporting sustainable agriculture, understanding the factors that affect regional variety-based agricultural productivity, and how strategies maintain local prudence in supporting the sustainable farming system in The City of Tidore Kepulauan. The sample in this study is based on an impressive sampling technique with the number of respondents in the number of those who have agricultural land using data collection techniques using interview, dissemination of questionnaire. To get data linked to local agrarian prudence using a snowball sampling technique. The resulting data is further descriptive and uses SWOT analysis as a strategy to maintain local agricultural sense in The City of Tidore Kepulauan. Studies suggest that the local wisdom's role in the farming sector of the City of Tidore Kepulauan can be seen from land opening activities in the form of the Galasi tradition, the planting, and the post-harvest training accompanied by the Ritual Paca Goya. Local virtue plays in The City of Tidore Kepulauan in implementing a sustained farming system of cultivation, rotation of crops, and stabilization, water conservation techniques, land conservation, and not breaking away from the local cultural context and appreciating local values order, spirit and knowledge. Agriculture In the City of Tidore Kepulauan is also affected by the area of land harnessed, the needed capital, and the availability of labor in farm activity. Research has found that farm yields in a single season of 51.39% quintal and 6-9 quintal at 46.61%. In contrast, the practice of maintaining local wisdom in the agricultural sector based on SWOT analysis can be done by strengthening public social ties and indigenous institutions and maintaining local wisdom values preserved by involving governments in producing written rules. Keywords: Local Wisdom; Sustainable Agriculture; Agricultural Productivity. 1. Introduction Facing increasingly concerning environmental problems and the effects of increasingly uncontrolled global warming, humans are required to as much as possible live a life that is in harmony and harmony with nature to build a good relationship between humans and nature, one of which can be done by revitalizing local wisdom that becomes the outlook on life of a community of people. Rapid development is accompanied by an increase in population growth, causing an increase in natural resources. Excessive utilization of natural resources and from ecological rules will affect sustainability and impact worsening environmental quality. Therefore, there needs to be a guarantee of the sustainability of natural resources utilized. Local wisdom as a result of human and environmental interaction and as a result of a long process that takes place continuously is a form of guidance, views, rules, and policies that are not written in society. In the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Nomo 23 of 2003 on the protection and management of the environment, it is explained that local aria is a noble value that applies in people's lives to protect and manage the environment sustainably. The current environmental crisis is also very influential on the agricultural sector, one of Indonesia's leading sectors. It is known as an agricultural country with the majority of its people eyed in the farming sector. Through the Ministry of Agriculture, the Government of Indonesia seeks to increase food productivity by modernizing the agricultural sector in line with Law No. 18 of 2012 on Food. The problem was the increase in food productivity which is the government's instruction to force farmers to adopt modern farming methods that depend on the availability of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The practice of natural resource management and environmental conservation based on local wisdom can overcome problems that have been allegedly only able to be solved using modern science and technology (Susilo, 2014). However, according to Marfai et al. (2015), local wisdom is now beginning to be threatened by the intervention of modernity and capitalism. For that, in the implementation of its sustainability, local knowledge meets many challenges. Excessive use of chemicals or pesticides to improve agricultural yields is only temporary. Pesticide use will further worsen environmental conditions and threaten the diversity of living things, including humans (Carson, 1990). In addition, environmental pollution, especially in the agricultural sector in Indonesia, is characterized by the presence of a green revolution. According to Vandana Shiva (1998), the green course was not based on independence but on dependence, not on diversity but uniformity. The green revolution is long-term damaging diversity, increasing costs for farmers, and increasing ecological risks, especially in droughtstricken environments. Regarding local wisdom in the agricultural sector, the people in Tidore Islands are people whose life activities constantly interact with the surrounding nature. The process of interaction is contained of farm activities, namely land management and farming. The method of human interaction with nature in agricultural activities has succeeded in forming an order of local cultural values in various traditions that teach people how to conserve natural resources to be utilized sustainably. The form of local wisdom of the Tidore community in maintaining ecological balance can be seen in various traditions and rituals that are carried out in line with land management activities until post-harvest. The application of sustainable agricultural systems and comprehensive integration between environmental and socio-economic aspects of farming communities is a practice in farming activities that implement organic farming systems and utilize natural resources appropriately. The practice of managing and utilizing natural resources in the agricultural sector based on local wisdom carried out by the Tidore community does need to be studied in hopes of maximizing the management of natural resources, especially in the agricultural sector, and at the same time avoiding the damages that will occur to the environment taking into account its ecological aspects. Based on the above bragging, the objectives in this study are as follows, Knowing the role of local wisdom in the sustainable agricultural system in the City of Tidore Islands. Analyzed factors that affect the productivity of farm products based on local learning in the Tidore Islands City. Develop strategies to maintain local wisdom in support of sustainable agricultural systems in the city of Tidore Kepualauan. 2. Theoretical framework 2.1 Sustainable agriculture Sustainable agricultural development is the implementation of the concept of sustainable development aimed at increasing the income and welfare of the farm community at large. This is done through increasing agricultural production (quantity and quality) while keeping in mind the sustainability of natural resources and the environment. Agricultural development is carried out in a balanced manner and adapted to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem so that the continuity of production can be maintained in the long term by suppressing the level of environmental damage as little as possible (Fadlina, Supriyono and Soeaidy, 2013). A sustainable agricultural system is defined as a farming system that utilizes renewable resources and resources that cannot be renewed in a series of agricultural production processes by reducing the negative impact on the environment to a minimum. Sustainable farming systems have become a new phenomenon that has been growing since 1990. Sustainable agriculture systems emerged as the answer to various problems resulting from applying conventional agricultural systems that use many chemicals such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. A sustainable agricultural system, often also referred to as an organic farming system, is not just the process of planting and maintaining crops but is an uninterrupted cycle ranging from pre-production, production to post-harvest (Nurlaeny, 2013). Sudalmi (2010) in Ruhimat (2015) explained that organic farming is defined as the ability of an agricultural business to remain productive and meet the growing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and preserving natural resources. 2.2. Factors that affect agricultural productivity Agriculture is one of the dominant sectors in people's income and has a vital role in Indonesia because Indonesia's population works as farmers. The agricultural sector has a strategic role in national economic development. This causes agrarian land to be the main factor of agricultural production because it is difficult to replace in a farming business process (Makhfatih, 2014). Mangkuprawira (2007) in (Dewi, Utama and Yuliarmi, 2017) explained that productivity is the ratio between the inputs and outputs of a particular production process. The information and results of agriculture greatly influence agricultural productivity. Inputs from agriculture include labor, agricultural land, and capital, while agriculture production includes agricultural products; in addition to productivity in agriculture is also inseparable from socio-economic factors around it. 2.1.1 Land factor Rustiadi (2008) in Amanila et al. (2018) explained that the availability of sustainable food agricultural land resources is a condition for national food security. Productivity is the ability of a factor of production (land area) to obtain output per unit area of land. Production and productivity are determined by many factors such as soil fertility, varieties of planted seedlings, sufficient water availability, use of fertilizers, proper farming techniques, the use of adequate agricultural tools, and the availability of labor. Agricultural land tenure is significant in the production process or agricultural business and agricultural business. In farming, companies such as ownership or narrow land tenure are certainly less efficient than broader land. The thinner the business land, the more inefficient the farming business is carried out. Unless a farming business is run in an orderly and sound administration and proper technology, the efficiency lies in applying technology. Because of the narrower area, the application of technology tends to be excessive and makes an effort inefficient (Daniel, 2004). Agricultural land is a determinant of the influence of agricultural commodities. In general, it is said, the wider the land (tilled/planted), the greater the number of products produced by the land. The size of the farmland can be expressed by a hectare (ha). Farmers still use standard sizes in the countryside, such as patok and jengkal (Rahim, 2007). 2.1.2 Capital factor The availability of capital becomes one of the factors of agricultural productivity. Empirically capital in agriculture is funds derived from owners, banks, or shareholders consisting of cash used within one growing season. Capital determines the level of fertilization costs, irrigation, labor wages, and so on. This difference in capital intensity substantially contributes to widespread disparities in agricultural productivity. Capital in agriculture can distinguish the use of two types of technology, namely traditional technology and modern technology. Conventional technology is generally used by farmers with relatively low capital, while farmers use modern technology with more outstanding capital. 2.1.3 Labor factor Labor in the farming business is labor that is devoted to the farm's own business or family business. In economics, labor is a tool of physical force and the human brain, which cannot be separated from humans and aimed at the efforts of production. Every agricultural business that will be implemented must require labor. Therefore, in the analysis of employment in agriculture, the use of labor is expressed by the amount of labor outpouring used is the amount of effective labor used. The scale of the business will affect the small amount of labor needed and also determine the type of labor that is needed (Soekartawi 1993). 2.2. Concept of local wisdom The technological engineering solutions offered are entirely unable to overcome the problem and have not touched on the issue of natural environmental The quality of the natural environment is currently getting worse. The function of the natural environment that continues to degrade due to prolonged and continuous damage adversely affects the sustainability of living things, including humans. Human exploitation of the natural environment results in a gap in the relationship between man himself and his environment (Niman, 2016). damage (Susilo, 2014). According to Mashall McLuhan (1962) in Pinantyo (2016), technological inventions and developments have changed human behavior or culture. Technology has a devastating impact not only on humans themselves but also on the surrounding environment. In line with Mashall McLuhan, Suwardi Endraswara explained that whether realized or not, damage after damage that afflicts most parts of the hemisphere is closely related to the ability of humans to find and use modern technology, in addition to changes in human mindset (Endraswara, 2016). So there need to be efforts to protect and manage the natural environment that is integrative, sustainable, and consistent through local culture by local communities and governments because local culture or local wisdom is part of the community to survive according to environmental conditions, according to needs, and beliefs that have taken root and are difficult to eliminate (Sufia, Sumarmi, and Amirudin, 2016). Local wisdom is a form of environmental wisdom in community life in a place or region (Holilah, 2015). So, it refers to a particular locality and community. Conceptually, local wisdom is human wisdom that rests on a traditionally institutionalized philosophy of values, ethics, ways, and behaviors (Mariane, 2014). Local wisdom is often conceptualized as local wisdom, local knowledge, or local genius (Mawaddahni, 2017). Local learning is related to the attitudes, views, and abilities of a community in managing its natural and social environment that fosters the ability of the community to build resilience and growing power by utilizing the potential of natural resources and human resources (Sukari, Purwana, & Mudjijono, 2016). According to Sonny Keraf, local wisdom is all forms of knowledge, beliefs, understanding, or insight, and customs or ethics that guide human behavior in life within the ecological community (Keraf, 2010). In addition, the management of natural resources aims to improve the community's welfare as a whole (social well-being) in a sustainable manner, especially in local communities that live in the area of natural resources (Tziaraputri & Ledy Diana, 2017). 2.3. Local wisdom – based agriculture In the context of agriculture, in this case, traditional farmers have local knowledge that they use for farming efforts. According to Langerodi (2013) in Kurniasari et al. (2018), conventional farmers have local knowledge that can be utilized as a principle to develop agricultural empowerment. A study on the influence of local culture on the motivation of farming arfak people in West Papua showed that the spirit of working in the garden, such as knowledge of garden rotation, maintaining forests, and agricultural patterns helped encourage the acceleration of development while maintaining natural sustainability (Mulyadi and Iyai, 2016). Indonesia's agricultural activities are very close to cultural activities. This cultural element then places Indonesian agriculture as a strength and a differentiator with other countries that also conduct agricultural activities (Akbar, 2016). The relationship between wisdom and culture is very close. The knowledge of local culture reflects the cultural behavior of its people, who are backgrounded from the nature and behavior of Indonesian society (Kurima, 2016). As a product of culture, local wisdom is born because of the need for values, norms, and rules that become a model for doing an action (Alpis, Sayamar and Kausar, 2016). Management of agriculture based on local wisdom is a pattern or system of smart farming used as a guide in which it is implied that the function of the land as a source of livelihood must be maintained so that the sustainability of the process can still be obtained (Ginting and Harahap, 2016). 3. Research Methods The sampling determination in this study was based on purposive sampling techniques and using snowball sampling techniques. The decision of samples is the people who have monthly agricultural land. In this study, the determination of informants is based on several key informants who are considered to know the most about the information to be studied, namely about local wisdom applied in agricultural activities. The critical informant is the lurah that represents government agencies and indigenous figures as representatives of indigenous institutions. These key informants then developed into several informants through snowball sampling techniques. This research was conducted in Topo and Gurabunga Villages in Tidore Subdistrict and Kalaodi Village in East Tidore Subdistrict, Tidore Islands City. The selection of this location as a research location is determined based on the consideration that the three villages are a village that is still thick with local wisdom customs, especially in agriculture. The research will be conducted from November 2019 to January 2020. Table 1. Number of research samples \| Neighborhoods \| \| Number \| Percentage (%) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| of KK \| \| \| Topo \| 112 \| \| \| \| Gurabunga \| 98 \| \| \| \| Kalaodi \| 74 \| \| \| \| Sum \| \| \| \| This study uses descriptive data analysis to illustrate the local wisdom of the Tidore Islands community in agricultural activities. SWOT analysis as a draft strategy maintains local wisdom applied by the people of Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga villages in farming activities. 4. Result and Discussion 4.1 The role of local wisdom in support of sustainable farming system in Tidore Island City Based on the results of research and observations in the field, it is explained that the people in the villages of Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga in carrying out farming activities still apply the way of farming inherited by their ancestors. The customary agricultural land management used by local farmers is reflected in the farming process, followed by various traditions and rituals. For example, the practice of excavation in the process of opening or clearing new planting land, planting time determined based on agreement with village elders to avoid unlucky days or bad range, and paca goya rituals performed when farmers reap the harvest. 4.2 Land clearing The work of clearing agricultural land, known as the gelation tradition, is an event of the farming community in Tidore who did not forget to include rituals led by indigenous elders so that the work is smooth and there are no disturbances. Based on the results of field observations and interviews, local people are more interested in carrying out galasitraditions. This is because the tradition of galasi as local wisdom socially further strengthens family relations and, from an economic point of view, saves more costs in managing land. Related to the area of land used for planting activities, the people in the villages of Topo, Gurabunga, and Kalaodi generally utilize land with a size of ± 200-400 m2 and spread in several locations. To take advantage of the limited land area, farmers usually apply cropping patterns as an alternative to maximizing profits and stabilizing income. Local knowledge applied by farmers in Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga villages indirectly also minimize the impact on environmental conditions. This is seen from the way local farmers use sleeping land and conduct soil and water conservation in land use activities by utilizing local knowledge inherited for generations by previous ancestors. Local farmers have local knowledge that is passed down through generations, namely land rotation, water conservation techniques, and soil conservation. 4.3. Planting Planting patterns applied by local farmers are patterns of planting polyculture type of overlap (intercropping) with a combination of various kinds of plants in one farm and a cropping relay pattern that is by inserting one or more types of plants other than staple plants. There are types of palawija plants and annual plants such as nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon. Based on the interviews with farmers in the villages of Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga related to the determination of planting time, it is explained that the decision of the right time in the planting process to avoid unlucky days becomes a critical factor. By the local community known as wange nahas. To find out the nahas wange, farmers usually calculate the names of days in one month following the local calendar of Tidore or ask directly to the indigenous elders. The determination of planting time also relies on climatic conditions by waiting for the rainy season to get enough water supply. From the existing agricultural system model, based on the results of observations in the field, there is an application of agroforestry systems, where there is a combination of the agricultural, plantation, and forestry crops. Crops of palawija and horticulture are grown with an area of only between 200-400 m² grown amid plantation crops such as cloves and nutmeg and other woody plants. The characteristics of such planting patterns correspond to producing designs according to the classification of Napoleon T. Vergara (1981). One of these patterns is Trees Along Border (TAB), a way of planting trees on the edge of land and crops in the middle. Conditions like this show that the cover of ground that is opened is not too large, woody plants can serve as a fence/barrier of crops, and there is no competition of nutrients that can interfere with crop growth. 4.4. Fertilizing and care of plants Based on the results of interviews with local farmers, it can be explained that in the use of fertilizer types, farmers who are in the villages of Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga use organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer in the form of burning leftover ash and one type of plant, namely gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) which is believed to fertilize plants. The farming community in Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga villages in utilizing gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) or known to the local community as sombar leaves, is enough to be done by scattering leaves into the land that has been planted crops. In addition to being an organic fertilizer medium for cultivated crops, gamal leaves can also be used as vegetable pesticides that protect crops from pest attacks and the use of rangrang ants (Oecophylla Smaragdigna) to prey on pests that attack farmers' crops. Local knowledge of local farmers in fertilization patterns is also seen from the application of fertilization using gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) by scattering the leaves to land that has just been planted with cultivated crops. Adi & Aini (2018) explained that fertilization through leaves is considered more effective because plants more easily absorb nutrients. This is because the leaves are able to absorb fertilizer about 90%, while the roots are only able to absorb about 10%. The explanation conveyed by the respondents above is also reinforced by the opinion of Sukmawati & Zein (2016) who said that one possibility to replace inorganic fertilizers is the use of ash derived from plants (PlantDerived Ash or PDAsh), such as from copra ash, coconut coir, rice straw burning waste, firewood burning waste from the kitchen, and chaff. 4.5. Harvesting The belief of the local community before harvesting agricultural products is to determine the right time in harvesting activities, as well as carrying out rituals for the abundance of crops. Harvest time also affects the quality of the plants produced. Generally, the harvest is done in the morning when the sun has just risen because the day is bright enough. However, the ambient temperature is still low enough that it can reduce damage due to product respiration and also increase the efficiency of harvesting. Based on the results of interviews with respondents who work as farmers in the villages of Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga can be explained that related to the way or technique of harvesting, local farmers still rely on manual harvesting techniques. The harvesting process is enough to use a knife to separate the fruit from the stalk, or if the harvest is a type of tubers, it is enough to be removed manually using hands or by using traditional tools of horses. In post-harvest activities of agricultural products, do not forget the local community performs rituals overabundant harvest. The post-harvest ceremony is to give offerings from the harvest to the spirits of ancestors who are placed in sacred places. In topo society, Kalaodi and Gurabunga, the tradition is known as "Paca Goya". Paca Goya ritual is a procession of ritual traditions typical of kalaodi indigenous people on the hills of the Tidore mountains in peace and friendship with the environment. Paca Goya ritual is also a way for indigenous peoples to deliver prayer requests to God traditionally in the hope that it is blessed in the form of a fertile nature, a nature that continues to faithfully provide and meet the needs of living beings. 4.6. Factors that affect the productivity of local wisdom – based agricultural products in the Tidore Island City 4.6.1. Land Based on the results of the spread of questionnaires to respondents, it can be explained that the land worked by farmers in Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga villages with an area of 200 m2 by 9.72%, 300 m2 by 30.50%, 400 m2 by 45.83%, and >500 m2 by 13.88%. Based on the interviews with local farmers, it can be explained that with a limited land area, farmers are trying to increase agricultural production by regulating planting patterns in each land use. The application of a polyculture planting system (intercropping) is a pattern of planting that is widely applied by farmers in Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga villages by planting more than one plant simultaneously in the same land, such as planting peanuts combined with corn and long beans simultaneously on one ground. In addition to the planting pattern, farmers in Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga villages also utilize land by implementing an agroforestry system that combines food crops with annual crops in one land. Land use for a combination of food crops and year crops such as nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon is done by placing yearly crops on the supply of food crops. Land use patterns by applying the convention of polyculture planting types and agroforestry systems by local farmers rely on local knowledge passed down through generations. Local farmers utilize agricultural land use practices to anticipate crop failure in food crops and increase land productivity. 4.6.2. Modal bibit Based on the study results, it can be explained that the capital spent by farmers in the procurement of seedlings depends on the area of arable land. The greater the size of arable land, the greater the money needed and vice versa. Based on the results of interviews with farmers in the villages of Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga it can be explained that when the harvest season arrives, the harvest is then separated in part as seedlings to be planted in the next growing season, then the rest can be sold or for daily consumption. Separating some of the crops that will be used as seeds for the next growing season succeeded in suppressing farmers' spending in buying seeds sold in the market. 4.6.3. Fertilizer capital The average amount of fertilizer value needed by farmers from 72 respondents is Rp. 40,000-79,000 by 2.78%, Rp. 80,000-119,000 by 79.16%, and the use of fertilizer with a value above Rp. 120,000 of 18.05%. The capital used by farmers in Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga villages is quite small because the majority of farmers use organic fertilizer to fertilize cultivated crops. The type of organic fertilizer used by local farmers is the ashes of wood-burning or grass, and it is believed by local farmers to fertilize the soil before the planting process. In addition to burning ash, another type of organic fertilizer used by farmers is green foliage such as gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium). 4.6.4. Labor capital Based on the results of interviews with farmers in Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga villages, it is explained that in one growing season, landowners do not need significant capital for labor costs. This is because local farmers still apply the tradition of galasi in farming. The galation practice makes farmers do not need to think about capital considering in land use until the harvesting process is done in gotong royong. There is a tradition of galasi. Landowners only provide costs for the consumption of working members. The wages provided by landowners in the harvesting process are to give a little harvest obtained to each member of the galasi group formed since the time of the land-use plan. Relying on the tradition of galasi, with the application of the cooperation system, can economically benefit members involved in farming groups and have the same rights and obligations. Actors or members no longer incur costs but with reciprocal services to reduce production costs, increasing farmers' incomes. 4.6.5. Labor Factors The number of workers needed in new land management in farming activities with the most significant digit is 6 to 7 people. This is very much related to the Galatian tradition applied by local farmers. The amount of labor will help each other in farming activities, from land use or new land clearing to the harvesting process. The number of 6 to 7 people is determined to do the turnaround does not take a long time. Local wisdom based on family and mutual spirit helps each other in the farming activities of the local community not only maintains relations and maintains solidarity between farmers but can also reduce production costs in new planting land-use activities to the harvesting process, which can increase farmer's incomes. 4.7. Strategic to maintain local wisdom in support sustainable agricultural systems 4.7.1. Strenght 1. Have strong social ties in the customary institutional system 3. The practice of agroforestry in farming. 2. There is local wisdom in agricultural activities in the form of galasi traditions and paca goya traditions. 4. The use of traditional tools in land management can save costs. 5. Plant keepers by using natural pesticides such as using sombar leaves and rangrang ants to repel pests disturb there are cultivated plants. 4.7.2. Debilitation 1. Rules that are applied customarily in oral or unwritten form. 3. Lack of community participation or the younger generation who continue and maintain local wisdom for generations. 2. The development of modern technology can change the mindset of farmers in the use of modern technology. 4. Lack of attention of local authorities in supporting and developing, and even maintaining local wisdom. 4.7.3. Chance 1. The values of local wisdom are in the form of traditions still maintained by the local community. 2. It was strengthening the ropes between all by mutually gotong royong in village activities. Its attraction to tourists to know the local wisdom and community traditions. 3. It is maintaining and preserving nature by not damaging the heart because of the assumption that there are subtle creatures. 4.7.4. Threat 1. Outside cultural influences and modernization within the agricultural sector are influencing farmers to adopt modern farming methods. 2. The diminishing interest of the younger generation to plunge into agriculture. 3. Poverty can affect farmers with actions that are contrary to existing rules and norms. 5. Conclusion Based on the results, discussion and analysis of data concluded as follows: Farming activities in the people of Topo, Kalaodi, and Gurabunga in its implementation rely on local wisdom in the local area. Includes gelation traditions in the use and cleaning of new planting land. Trust in the unlucky day (range nahas) for the determination of time in starting farming activities. As well as carrying out the paca goya tradition during post-harvest. Factors that affect agricultural productivity include land utilized, capital needed, and the availability of labor intended for farming activities. Some factors that affect agricultural productivity are also carried out following local wisdom trusted by local communities to increase the productivity of farm products. Srategimaintaining a sustainable farming system based on local knowledge can be done by strengthening social ties of community and traditional institutions and maintaining the values of local wisdom that are still held by involving the government in giving birth to written rules. References 1. Adi, M. and Aini, N. (2018). Pengaruh Jenis dan Tingkat Konsentrasi Pupuk Daun Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Terong (Solanum Melongena L.), Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 6(7): 1473–1480. 2. Akbar, M. (2016). Pertanian Indonesia Syarat Unsur Budaya. Republika.co.id. 3. Alpis, D. O.; Sayamar, E. and Kausar (2016). Analisis Kearifan Lokal Petani Padi Ramah Lingkungan Di Desa Sungai Manau Kecamatan Kuantan Mudik Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi'. Jom Faperta, 3. doi: 10.13837/j.issn.1006-8309.2012.01.014. 4. Amanila, Diliwanto, S. and Purnaweni, H. (2018). Formulasi Kebijakan Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Karawang. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kebijakan Publik, 3. 5. Carson, R. (1990). Musim Bunga Yang Bisu. Pertama. Edited by B. Kusworo. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 6. Dewi, N. L. P. R.; Utama, M. S. and Yuliarmi, N. N. (2017). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Produktivitas Usaha Tani dan Keberhasilan Program Simantri di Kabupaten Klungkung. E Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 2: 701–728. 7. Endraswara, S. (2016). Metode Penelitian Ekologi Sastra: Konsep, Langkah dan Penerapan. Yogyakarta: Center for Academic Publishing Service (CAPS). 8. Fadlina, I. M.; Supriyono, B. and Soeaidy, S. (2013). Perencanaan Pembangunan Pertanian Berkelanjutan (Kajian tentang Pengembangan Pertanian Organik di Kota Batu). J-PAL, 4(1): 43–57. 9. Ginting, P. and Harahap, F. (2016). Analisis Pengetahuan Lingkungan Berbasis Kearifan Lokal pada Pola Pemupukan, Pergiliran Tanaman dan Kebersihan Ladang Masyarakat di Kabupaten Karo dan Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 6(1): 221–229. 10. Holilah, M. (2015). Kearifan Ekologis Budaya Lokal Masyarakat Adat Cigugur Sebagai Sumber Belajar IPS. Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Sosial. 24(2). 11. Keraf, S. (2010). Etika Lingkungan Hidup, Kompas Media Nusantara. Jakarta: Kompas. 12. Kurima, Y. (2016). Motivasi Petani Dalam Pengelolaan Usahatani Padi Berbasis Kearifan Pada Daera Aliran Sungai (DAS) di Kecamatan Kuantan Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi'. Jom Faperta, 3(2): 1-13. 14. Makhfatih, A. (2014). Valuasi Ekonomi Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian 'Zona Lahan Abadi Untuk Tanaman Padi' Di Desa Jatiluwih Kabupaten Tabanan. Universitas Gadjah Mada. 13. Kurniasari, D.; Cahyono, E. and Yuliati, Y. (2018). Kearifan Lokal Petani Tradisional Samin di Desa Klopoduwur, Kecamatan Banjarejo, Kabupaten Blora', Habitat, 29(1): 33–37. doi: 10.21776/ub.habitat.2018.029.1.4. 15. Marfai, M. A.; Rahayu, E. and Triyanti, A. (2015).Peran Kearifan Lokal dan Modal Sosial Dalam Pengurangan Risiko Bencana Dan Pembangunan Pesisir. 1st edn. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. 16. Mariane, I. (2014). Kearifan Lokal Pengelolaan Hutan Adat. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. 17. Mawaddahni, S. (2017). Filosofi Hidup sebagai Wujud Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Adat Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi. Local Wisdom, 9(1). 18. Mulyadi, and Iyai, D. A. (2016). Pengaruh Nilai Budaya Lokal terhadap Motivasi Bertani Suku Arfak di Papua Barat. Jurnal Peternakan Sriwijaya, 5(1): 18-29. doi: 10.33230/jps.5.1.2016.3916. 19. Niman, E. M. (2016). Kearifan Lokal Dalam Upaya Pelestarian Lingkungan Alam. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Missio, 11(10): 91-106. 20. Nurlaeny, N. (2013). Peran Bahan Organik Tanah Dalam Sistem Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Bandung: Unpad Press. 21. Pinantyo, M. F. (2016). Teknologi Membuat Manusia Merusak Alam. Tribunnews.com. 22. Ruhimat, I. S. (2015). Status Keberlanjutan Usahatani Agroforestry Pada Lahan Masyarakat : Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Rancah, Kabupaten Ciamis, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. 12: 99–110. 23. Shiva, V. (1998). Bebas Dari Pembangunan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 24. Sufia, R., Sumarmi and Amirudin, A. (2016). Kearifan Lokal Dalam Melestarikan Lingkungan Hidup (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Adat Desa Kamiren Kecamatan Glagah Kabupaten Banyuwangi). Jurnal Pendidikan, 1: 726–731. 26. Sukmawati, F. N. and Zein, Z. (2016). Pemanfaatan Abu Dapur Sebagai Media Tanam Pembibitan Kakao (Theobroma cacao). Gontor Agrotech Science Journal. 25. Sukari, Purwana, B. H. S. and Mudjijono (2016). Kearifan Lokal Dalam Membangun Ketahanan Pangan Petani Di Desa Lencoh, Selo, Boyolali, Jawa Tengah. Yogyakarta: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya. 2(2): 1–16. doi: 10.21111/agrotech.v2i2.728. 27. Susilo, R. K. D. (2014). Sosiologi Lingkungan. 1st edn. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. 28. Tiaraputri, A. and Ledy Diana (2017). Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Melayu dalam Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi. Riau Law Jurnal, 1(1): 73–82. 29. ***Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (no date).
7 January 2014 HOUSEHOLD AND PROPERTY JOHN LOOS: SECTOR STRATEGIST FNB HOME LOANS 011-6490125 firstname.lastname@example.org THEO SWANEPOEL: PROPERTY MARKET ANALYST FNB HOME LOANS 011-6320604 email@example.com The information in this publication is derived from sources which are regarded as accurate and reliable, is of a general nature only, does not constitute advice and may not be applicable to all circumstances. Detailed advice should be obtained in individual cases. No responsibility for any error, omission or loss sustained by any person acting or refraining from acting as a result of this publication is accepted by Firstrand Group Limited and / or the authors of the material. First National Bank – a division of FirstRand Bank Limited. An Authorised Financial Services provider. Reg No. 1929/001225/06 PROPERTY BAROMETER –FNB HOUSE PRICE INDEX AND 2014 OUTLOOK 2013 saw slightly slower average house price growth than 2012, but improving demand-supply balance hints at improved average price growth to come in 2014 2013 HOUSE PRICE INDEX FINDINGS According to the FNB House Price Index, the average house price for the entire 2013 rose by 6.8% compared with the average price for 2012. This was a slight slowing in growth on the revised 2012 average house price growth of 7.1%. In real terms too, when adjusting house prices for consumer price inflation, 2013 showed a slightly lower rise of 0.8%, compared to 1.3% in 2012. Nevertheless, 2013 saw the 2 nd successive year of slight positive real house price growth following 4 prior years of average real price decline. The average price of homes transacted was R891,976 for 2013, compared with R835,480 in 2012. In real terms, the FNB House Price Index remained well-above levels of a decade ago, with the real price average for 2013 42.6% above the real average price for 2003. However, compared with last decade's real average price peak, reached in 2007, the 2013 average real price was still -18.5% lower. In nominal terms, the 2013 average price was 145.2% higher than the 2003 price level, but only 19.3% above the 2007 level. Therefore, as at 2013, real price levels remained far above the levels of a decade ago, but still do reflect a significant cumulative downward "correction" since 2007. FNB'S VALUERS HAVE ALSO POINTED TO SOME FURTHER IMPROVEMENT IN MARKET STRENGTH FOR 2013 AS A WHOLE While the FNB Valuers' Market Strength Index (Explanatory notes on page 5) has not yet quite reached the crucial level of 50, implying that the valuers' aggregated supply rating is stronger than the demand rating, the index nevertheless did point to further improvement in the market demand-supply balance in 2013, rising by 3% on the average market strength level for 2012. Being below a level of 50 probably explains why we have not yet seen strong real house price growth since the 2008/9 recession, despite the improved level since a low point reached in 2011. 2014 OUTLOOK In order to look forward into 2014, it is probably necessary to consider some of the economic trends through 2013 as the year progressed. Doing this leads us to believe that we should not expect to see a large increase in the average rate of house price inflation on that of 2013. The reality is that South Africa has anaemic economic growth at best, with the 2013 average real economic growth rate looking set to come in at near to 2%. Such a rate would mean the 2 nd consecutive year of slowdown in economic growth since a more respectable 3.5% rate was achieved in 2011. Slowing economic growth, in turn, is influential in slowing the pace of employment, wage growth and thus household disposable income growth. So, whereas real household disposable income growth peaked at an impressive 5.2% in 2011, it looks set to be nearer to 2.7% for 2013 when we receive the data for the final quarter. Slowing real disposable income growth has already taken its toll on consumer confidence, with the FNB/BER Consumer Confidence Index showing negative readings for 6 out of the last 7 quarters. We thus enter 2014 still on a broadly slowing economic real disposable income growth path since 2011, a path which has already had a negative impact on overall growth in consumer expenditure. We also enter the new year not forecasting any interest rate cutting, and thus no further stimulus from the SARB either, as consumer inflation continues to move around the higher part of the 3-6% target range. However, while a slow economy and lack of interest rate cuts could be expected to have a moderating influence the pace of growth in residential demand in 2014, there are 2 other key factors which can possibly have the opposite influence. Firstly, the question needs to be asked as to whether banks as a group are beginning to see mortgage lending as a potential source of asset growth after the unsecured credit boom has all but ended. Why not? "Recency bias" in humans suggests that long periods of low and stable interest rates, and better times in recent years regarding bad debts on mortgage books, can often be expected to drive a perception of lower risk amongst lenders and borrowers alike. This could imply relaxations in lending criteria, something which may have been taking place already, and which in turn could be boosting residential demand all other things equal. What we do know at least is that the National Credit Regulator data has pointed to accelerating growth in mortgage lending in recent quarters, as well as cutbacks in other forms of credit granted. So, whereas total household credit granted in the 3 rd quarter of 2013 grew by a moderate 6.8% year-on-year, the mortgage component of that grew by a very strong 20% in value, and has been on a sharply accelerating growth trend in recent quarters. The second key factor is the supply side of residential property. This may also be currently supportive of higher house price growth despite a slowed economic and household disposable income growth rate. Residential building activity has surprised on the downside in 2013. The recorded number of residential units completed for the 1 st 10 months of 2013 rose year-on-year by a mere 3.2%, and the level of building activity remains not far above half of what it reached at the height of the residential building boom back in 2007. The result of the slow recovery in building activity to date is that, not only do we enter 2014 with residential demand still rising, but supply has also been becoming more constrained according to FNB's valuers. So, when one shows the Demand and Supply Ratings on a monthly basis, we see the gap steadily closing between the two, and at 48.73 by December, the Market Strength Index is getting very close to the crucial 50 level. This level is the best Market Strength Index level since October 2008. In line with an improving demand-supply balance, we also approach 2014 with accelerating house price growth when viewed on a monthly basis. So, whereas the average price growth for the entire year of 2013 was slower than that of 2012, that was due to growth earlier in 2013 being slower, whereas in the latter parts it was once again picking up speed, reaching 8.7% year-on-year in December. The net result of all of the above is that, despite a slowed economy in 2013, other factors, most notably some possibly more relaxed lending by banks as a group, and a constrained supply side of the residential property sector, lead us to lift our 2014 average house price growth forecast to 9%, thus up from 2013's growth. In 2015, however, we would expect price growth to once again slow, based on our forecast that interest rates could start to rise in 2015. Therefore, the residential market of 2013 could be described as a "comfortable and well-balanced market", which was still largely free of extreme or crazy" behavior, and certainly not booming. Despite a weak economy that looks likely to persist, supply constraints could cause 2014 house price performance to be slightly better in our view. ADDENDUM - NOTES: Note on The FNB Average House Price Index: Although also working on the average price principle (as opposed to median or repeat sales), the FNB House Price Index differs from a simple average house price index in that it could probably be termed a "fixed weight" average house price index. One of the practical problems we have found with house price indices is that relative short term activity shifts up and down the price ladder can lead to an average or median price index rising or declining where there was not necessarily "genuine" capital growth on homes. For example, if "suburban segment volumes remain unchanged from one month to the next, but former Black Township (the cheapest areas on average) transaction volumes hypothetically double, the overall national average price could conceivably decline due to this relative activity shift. This challenge of activity shifts between segments is faced by all constructors of house price indices. In an attempt to reduce this effect, we decided to fix the weightings of the FNB House Price Index's sub-segments in the overall national index. This, at best, can only be a partial solution, as activity shifts can still take place between smaller segments within the sub-segments. However, it does improve the situation. With our 2013 re-weighting exercise, we have begun to segment not only according to room number, but also to segment according to building size within the normal segments by room number, in order to further reduce the impact of activity shifts on average price estimates. The FNB House Price Index's main segments are now as follows: * The weightings of the sub-segments are determined by their relative transaction volumes over the past 5 years, and will now change very slowly over time by applying a 5-year moving average to each new price data point. The sub-segments are: - Sectional Title: * Less than 2 bedroom – Medium * Less than 2 bedroom – Large * Less than 2 bedroom – Small * 2 Bedroom – Large * 2 bedroom – Small * 2 bedroom – Medium * 3 Bedroom and More - Large * 3 Bedroom and More - Small * 3 Bedroom and More - Medium - Full Title: * 2 Bedrooms and Less - Medium * 2 Bedrooms and Less - Large * 2 Bedrooms and Less - Small * * 3 Bedroom - Medium 3 Bedroom - Large * 3 Bedroom - Small * 4 Bedrooms and More - Large * 4 Bedrooms and More – Small * 4 Bedrooms and More - Medium The size cut-offs for "small", medium" and "large" differ per room number sub-segment. "Large" would refer to the largest one-third of homes within a particular room number segment over the past 5 year period, "Medium" to the middle one-third, and "Small" to the smallest one-third of homes within that segment. * The Index is constructed using transaction price data from homes financed by FNB. * The minimum size cut-off for full title stands is 200 square metres, and the maximum size is 4000 square metres * The maximum price cut-off is R10m, and the lower price cut-off is R20,000 (largely to eliminate major outliers and glaring inputting errors). * The index is very lightly smoothed using a Hodrick-Prescott smoothing function with a Lambda of 5. Note on the FNB Valuers' Market Strength Index: *When an FNB valuer values a property, he/she is required to provide a rating of demand as well as supply for property in the specific area. The demand and supply rating categories are a simple "good (100)", "average (50)", and "weak (0)". From all of these ratings we compile an aggregate demand and an aggregate supply rating, which are expressed on a scale of 0 to 100. After aggregating the individual demand and supply ratings, we subtract the aggregate supply rating from the demand rating, add 100 to the difference, and divide by 2, so that the FNB Valuers' Residential Market Strength Index is also depicted on a scale of 0 to 100 with 50 being the point where supply and demand are equal.
14 January 2014 JOHN LOOS: HOUSEHOLD AND CONSUMER SECTOR STRATEGIST 011-6490125 email@example.com THEO SWANEPOEL: PROPERTY MARKET ANALYST FNB ASSET FINANCE 011-6320604 firstname.lastname@example.org The information in this publication is derived from sources which are regarded as accurate and reliable, is of a general nature only, does not constitute advice and may not be applicable to all circumstances. Detailed advice should be obtained in individual cases. No responsibility for any error, omission or loss sustained by any person acting or refraining from acting as a result of this publication is accepted by Firstrand Group Limited and / or the authors of the material. First National Bank – a division of FirstRand Bank Limited. An Authorised Financial Services provider. Reg No. 1929/001225/06 PROPERTY BAROMETER FNB ESTATE AGENT HOME BUYING SURVEY – 4 th Quarter 2013 survey sees a resumption of residential activity improvement after previous quarter's slight decline, as the residential market seemingly defies very weak economy. ON AVERAGE, ESTATE AGENTS PERCEIVED A STRENGTHENING IN RESIDENTIAL ACTIVITY IN THE 4 TH QUARTER OF 2013 The 4 th Quarter 2013 FNB Estate Agent Survey, completed in the month of November, saw a resumption of strengthening in perceived domestic residential property activity, after the preceding quarter's reading had dipped slightly. The survey is of a sample of estate agents predominantly in SA's major metro regions. The 1 st question asked to agents is with regard to their perceptions of residential market activity in their areas, a subjective question on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the strongest level of activity. The 4 th Quarter Residential Activity Indicator rose, from the previous quarter's 5.91, to 6.27. This increase would appear to be more than just positive seasonal factors as the summer arrived, because our statistically seasonally-adjusted version of the Indicator also rose from 5.98 to 6.41 over the 2 quarters. This rise in the Activity Rating in the 4 th quarter of 2013 suggests that the gradual strengthening trend in the market through 2012 and 2013 is still intact, and that the mild seasonally-adjusted decline in the preceding quarter did not yet signal a trend change. The 4 th quarter Activity Indicator increase makes sure that the Activity Rating level remains in the "stable" bracket (a level from 4 to 6), and indeed that is how we would continue to describe the market too, with our own FNB House Price Index growth rate for 2013 having averaged price growth slightly above consumer inflation, implying very stable house price levels in real terms. The other rating brackets are the "Positive" bracket, which would comprise a rating of 7 to 8, "not very active (1 to 3), and "very active (9 to 10). Examining the percentage change in the Activity Indicator, we saw a year-on-year increase in the Residential Activity Rating in the 4 th quarter of 2013, to the tune of +6.5%, the 6 th quarter of increase out of 8 in the 2 years since the beginning of 2012. This rising trend in the activity rating through 2012 and 2013 has been more "gradual" than the short sharp growth surge of 2009/10 (the 2009/10 surge being driven by huge interest rate cutting at the time) which tapered off relatively quickly in 2011. Along with the gradually rising activity trend, agents also saw a broad improvement in the balance between demand and supply in 2013. RESIDENTIAL SUPPLY ISSUES ARE STILL AN ISSUE FOR A SIGNIFICANT PERCENTAGE OF AGENTS Along with the rise in residential activity levels over the past 2 years, which reflects a rise in residential demand, has come a rise in "stock constraints" experienced by certain estate agents. These stock constraints are also reflective of building activity which has remained relatively weak in recent years. It is tough to gauge the strength of supply of residential stock through asking survey respondents for their opinion. But when asking agents about their market expectations in the near term, we allow them to provide a list of factors that influence their expectations, both in a positive and a negative way. In the 4 th quarter of 2013, we once again saw a significant 16% of agents citing stock constraints as a factor influencing their near term expectations. This was slightly higher than the 15% recorded in the 3 rd quarter, and the bigger picture shows 2013 to have been a more constrained year than 2012, with an annual average of 15% of agents citing stock constraints, up from 9% for 2012. THERE ALSO EXISTS A BROAD TREND TOWARDS A FASTER PACE OF SELLING, DESPITE A SLIGHT 4 TH QUARTER RISE IN AVERAGE TIME ON THE MARKET One indicator of where the market is in terms of seller pricing realism, or otherwise put the balance between demand and supply at prevailing price levels, is the estimated average time that properties remain on the market prior to sale. From a 3 rd quarter estimate of 14 weeks and 5 days in the previous quarter, the estimated average time on the market in the 4 th quarter 2013 survey rose very slightly to 15 weeks and 1 day. However, quarter-to-quarter fluctuations can be a little volatile, so one quarter's rise doesn't prove much. More significant is that the smoothed trend line continues to point to a broadly declining trend in the average time on the market ever since a 19 weeks and 1 day high at the beginning of 2011. Nevertheless, at around 15 weeks, which remains a lengthy time compared to the levels of 2004/5, this estimate still does not point to a "buying frenzy" or booming market. Things still seem by-and-large "rational and calm". THE EXTENT OF DROPPING OF ASKING PRICES RECEDES VERY SLIGHTLY Along with agents still pointing to a significant average time on the market in the 4 th quarter survey, which is often seen as a good indicator of seller pricing realism in the market, they also continue to estimate a high percentage of sellers being required to drop their asking price to make a sale, another important indicator of pricing realism. However, they once again report a slight decline in this percentage, from 88% in the 3 rd quarter to 85%, but this too remains far above the level of around 30% back in early-2004. We also ask agents to estimate the average percentage asking price drop on those properties where a price drop is required to make the sale. This average drop remained at -9% in the 4 th quarter survey, the same as in the 3 rd quarter, but is now noticeably less in magnitude than estimates of -13% at a stage of 2011. So, a broadly declining trend in average time on the market since 2011, despite a slight increase in the most recent survey, mild recent decline in the percentage of sellers dropping their asking price, and a gradually lessening magnitude of average price drop, all points to a slow move towards greater price realism, or otherwise put, a better balance between supply and demand. AGENT PERCEPTIONS OF RESIDENTIAL AFFORDABILITY the FNB Estate Agent Survey asks agents for their general perception of housing affordability, through requesting them to choose one of 3 statement options, i.e. "Income levels have kept up with house prices", "Income levels have got a little behind house price levels" or "Income levels have got far behind house price levels". What we appeared to have en at the end of 2013 was a slight deterioration in the average agent perception of residential affordability. This conclusion needs to be qualified, as the percentage perceiving "income levels to be far behind house prices declined from 21% in the preceding quarter to 12% in the 4 th quarter 2013 survey. However, those perceiving "income levels to be a little behind house price levels" rose significantly from 33% in the previous quarter to 48%, implying that the percentage of agents believing that income levels have kept up with prices" declined from 46% to 40% over the 2 quarters. It is too early to ascertain whether the decline in those perceiving income levels to have kept up with prices in the 4 th quarter survey is the start of a deteriorating affordability trend. However, given no further interest rate cuts in 2013, weak economic and wage bill growth, and our FNB House Price Index showing accelerating growth late last year, it is entirely possible that we may be entering a period of deteriorating affordability, after an improving trend dating back to around 2009. HOW AGENTS SEE THE NEAR TERM OUTLOOK Agent confidence regarding near term prospects remains noticeably above the low points of 2007/8 and 2011, but still not "overly strong". We ask agents for their expectations of residential demand strength in the near term, i.e. the three months subsequent to when the survey takes place, requesting them to choose between 3 options, namely the market will "strengthen", "weaken", or "remain the same". In the 4 th quarter survey, 34% of agents expected activity to increase in the next 3 months, down from 61% in the previous quarter, while 48% expected it to stay the same and only 18% expected a decrease in activity. The "Home Buying Confidence Indicator", the combined result of the various agent expectations, declined from the previous level of +0.58 (on a scale of 1 to -1) to +0.16.However, seasonal factors played the key role here, with 4 th quarter survey respondents always expecting a quiet period to come during the December/January holiday period. The smoothed trendline would thus be a better indicators of confidence levels, and at +0.27 this remains one of the higher readings of the past 3 years. When asking agents for the factors influencing their near term expectations, "seasonal factors" were by far the most common factor as one would expect with the 4 th been completed just prior to the quiet summer holiday period, and 61% of agents did cite such seasonal factors. Seasonal factors aside, "stock issues" were the next most significant factor, with 21% of agents citing them, 16% pointing to stock constraints and 5% claiming "lots of stock". The other influencing factors cited pale into insignificance by comparison. But agents are not all yet perceiving price realism in the market. 6% cite "pricing and affordability issues" as a factor influencing their expectations, with 5% still perceiving unrealistically high asking prices and a lesser 1% perceiving price realism. The agents were split on consumer sentiment/confidence, but a slightly greater 6% cite "positive consumer confidence" as a prevalent factor as opposed to 5% citing "economic stress/pessimism". 6% of agents cited interest rates as a key factor driving their expectations, of which the majority saw low and stable interest rates as a positive factor for activity in the near term. Therefore, the bulk of the agents foresaw a near term decrease in activity levels, mostly due to seasonal factors as summer holidays approached. But examining the non-seasonal factors, stock constraints were the next biggest factor cited, and these can have something of a constraining impact on activity levels in the short term, until such time that building activity has increased in response to such constraints. But while stock constraints are not always popular amongst agents, who make their living on turnover volume, it can be positive for house price performance. So what do agents expect in terms of price performance over the next 12 months? Perhaps, surprisingly, no extreme increase. We have added the price expectations question for the 1 st time in the most recent survey, asking agents what they expect in terms of average house price increase/decrease in their areas over the following 12 months. The most popular survey response was a 5% price increase, which is the view of 21% of respondents, while 15% expect 6-8% increase, 12% expect a 10% rise, and 6% anticipate above 10% growth. However, there is still a significant percentage expecting very little change, no price change, and even a few anticipating price decline, which translates into a "net expected price movement" of +4.7% increase. CONCLUSION In summary, therefore, late in 2013, estate agents surveyed continued to point to a very comfortable and gradually improving residential property market, a broad trend that has been in place since early-2012. As a group they point to a market whose levels of activity are in the "stable" range. They perceive the balance between demand and supply to be gradually improving, stock constraints mounting, and gradually improving price realism. However, they do not yet point to a market that could be classified as "booming or irrational", and they do not appear to anticipate such a market in the near term, expecting house price growth not far from 5%, which would be not far behind our expectations for consumer price inflation.
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR READ AND SPEAK FRENCH / CDROM v2.0 You need to install the Ö Read and Speak Program The installation for WIN95/WIN98/NT/2000/ME/XP systems is described below. The software can also be run on the MAC using a WINDOWS emulator ("The Virtual PC", ...). About the Password Protection The program can be run for 30 days from installation using the choice Without Password. Program installation marks the computer with a System ID. The computer needs a password in order to run the program beyond the 30 th day. When a password is available, the choice With Password can be clicked, the buyer's name and the password can be typed in the appropriate boxes and then the user must click again With Password to let the program capture the data. Use of a password is needed only once unless the System ID changes because of a new computer, reinstallation of WINDOWS or replacement of the Hard Disk. Note: All mouse clicks are left clicks unless noted otherwise. A. Before Installation DELETE EXISTING INSTALLATION OF READ AND SPEAK FRENCH If you have an existing installation, it is suggested that you remove it and reclaim the space on your hard disk. To do so you proceed as follows: 1. Click on Start. 2. Click on Settings. 3. Click on Control Panel. 4. Double-click on Add/Remove Programs icon. 5. Click on French1 to select it. 6. Click on Add/Remove button. 7. Click on Yes in response to "Are you sure you want to completely remove the selected application and all of its components?" 8. Click on X in the upper right hand corner of successive windows in order to get back to Start. © Anotek 1999, 2349 Hill Street, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA Tel: (310)450-5027 Fax: (310)450-0867 Email: email@example.com Internet http://www.anotek.com http://www.learnfrenchlanguage.com 9. Click on Start/Programs/Windows Explorer 10. Click on c:\anotek\french1 to highlight the Anotek\french1 folder on drive C. 11. Click on File and then click on Delete to delete the highlighted folder and all its contents. Note 1: If you have trouble removing Read and Speak French because files are missing, then re-install Read and Speak French and then remove it again. Note 2: If you have trouble deleting the c:\anotek folder, shutdown the computer, then start the computer back again and then delete the folder. B. Installation of Read and Speak French B1. Place the CDROM into the CDROM drive B2. a. If your computer is configured to automatically run CD-ROM programs The program will be installed automatically, simply click on Next, Yes, Next, write your name and company and then click on Next, Next, Next, Finish. b. If your computer is not configured to automatically run CD-ROM programs The program can be installed as follows: 1. Click on Start/Run 2. Click on Browse and then on My Computer. 3. Locate the CD-ROM drive (it may have the American flag, or a little CD-ROM, next to it) and double-click on it. 4. Double-click on the Install folder 5. Click on the file setup.exe so that its name appears next toFilename: 6. Click on Open The program will now be installed automatically, simply click on Next, Yes, Next write your name and company and then click on Next, Next, Next, Finish. , B3 a. If you do not have the Password, then click on Without Password. B3. b. If you have the Password, the click on With Password. Type your name and the password in the appropriate boxes and then click again on With Password. The program will respond by 'This software is registered to ....". You will not need to use this password again. The program occupies about 50MB of your Hard Disk and another 100MB temporary space. All of the space can be reclaimed by uninstalling the program. The 2 fonts (anotpfer.ttf, anotfrg_.ttf ) are installed automatically. You can find them in the DATA folder of the CDROM (folder X:\DATA where X is the letter of your CDROM drive). C. Running the program C1. Use from the CDROM If you run the program from the CD-ROM, then the CD-ROM must be in the CD-ROM drive while you are using the program. a. If CD-ROM is not already in the CD-ROM drive Place the CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive and the program will start automatically. b. If CD-ROM is already in the CD-ROM drive Click on the French flag placed by the program on the desktop C2. Use from the Hard Disk The program occupies 630MB of the Hard Disk and another 100MB temporary space. All of the space can be reclaimed by uninstalling the program. If you run from the Hard Disk, then the CDROM does not need to be in the CDROM drive. To run the program from the Hard Disk, please follow the steps below. C2a. Get out of the program. C2b. Copy the data (sound and image) files to the Hard Disk Copy theCDROMfolderDATAunder the folderC:\ANOTEK\FRENCH1. Have CDROM in the CDROM drive. Then, double click on My Computer and then double click on the CDROM drive and then click on the DATA folder to highlight it. Now, click on Edit/Copy to copy the DATA folder into the WINDOWS clipboard. Then, click on Back and go back until you are again on My Computer. Then, double click on drive C and then double click on the ANOTEK folder to open it up. Then, double click on the subfolder FRENCH1 order to open it up. Now, click on Edit and then on Paste in order to copy the data in the WINDOWS clipboard into the folder c:\anotek\french1\ that is currently open. You will notice that the new folder DATA has appeared. C2c. Data linkage – Tell the program the new location of the data files Start the program and do the following: Go to the Main Menu that has the program sections Introduction, Alphabet, Vocabulary, … At the bottom of the screen, click on the red box next to Data folder: Write C:\ANOTEK\FRENCH1\DATA\ under Manual selection of data folder (use to run from hard disk). Be careful to include the final \. Click on Return. Then, remove the CDROM and continue with the program. D. Computer System Requirements * IBM-Compatible multimedia Pentium (333MHz or faster recommended) * Minimum 32 MB RAM * Microsoft WINDOWS® 98/95 or WINDOWS NT (4.0+) * VGA resolution monitor or higher (256 color display or better) * CD-ROM drive * SOUND-BLASTER® compatible sound * Sound speakers * Minimum 200MB available on hard disk * For installation and use in countries other than USA, WINDOWS98/95 must be set to U.S. Standard Settings [English (United States) Regional Settings and English Interfa ce] E. Biographical Data Guy Vandenbroucke obtained his elementary and high school education in Comines (Belgium). He obtained his B.A. in Romance Philology from Louvain-la-Neuve University (Belgium). The M.A. in Language Didactics was obtained from Mons University (Belgium). He is an experienced language teacher who experimented new ways of teaching by working in high schools and universities in several countries, such as Morocco, China, Hungary, Vietnam and the United States. Fax: (310)450-0867 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Internet http://www.anotek.com George N. Balanis obtained his elementary and high school education at Athens College in Greece. An engineer and computer scientist, he obtained degrees from two California universities. The Ph.D. degree was obtained in Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (thesis on Inverse Scattering Theory) from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. The MBA degree in General Management was obtained from the University of California at Los Angeles. Toula Balanis obtained her elementary and high school education at public schools in Greece at the island of Ikaria and the city of Athens. Her AA degree was obtained from the Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. She has taught for many years at several language schools in the Los Angeles area. F. Tips These matters are also described on our Internet site at http://www.learnfrenchlanguage.com or http://www.anotek.com. F1. Method to Copy Screens You can make a book of all the Read and Speak screens you want to keep. Open a blank document with Microsoft Word while you are running Read and Speak French. Once you are in the screen you want to capture, then press the Print Scrn button on the keyboard. This will capture the screen image and place it in the Windows Clipboard buffer. Now open your Microsoft Word document by clicking the Microsoft Word button at the bottom of your computer screen or, alternatively, press simultaneously the Alt and Tab buttons on your keyboard to see all other running programs and click the Microsoft Word program if need be. Place the cursor where you want to insert the captured Clipboard image. Click the Edit option on the Microsoft Word menu and then Paste or, alternatively, press simultaneously the Ctrl and V keys. This will transfer the image stored in the Clipboard to the cursor location. You can then format the image using the Format option of Microsoft Word. You can use this procedure repeatedly to insert a series of screens into a Microsoft Word document F2. Anotek Fonts The Anotek fonts can be used for correspondence, letters, etc. F3. Installation freezes computer If the Installation completes but the Finish button is frozen and you cannot click on it, then redo the Installation and, the second time, you should be able to click on Finish. F4. Visibility of computer files Computers are usually shipped with a configuration where key files are invisible. The changes noted below will enable visibility of all files. Click using the sequence Start /Programs/Windows Explorer. Click View (found on the top of the Windows Explorer window)/Folder Options/View. You will see a list of boxes with a description next to each box. The boxes may be checked or unchecked. You can change the state of a box by clicking it. The © Anotek 1999, 2349 Hill Street, Santa Monica, CA 90405, USA Tel: (310)450-5027 Fax: (310)450-0867 Email: email@example.com Internet http://www.anotek.com http://www.learnfrenchlanguage.com state of the boxes listed below should be as noted. All other boxes can be left in their existing state. √ Allow all upper case names is checked (this will permit using upper case characters in file names) √ Display the full path in title bar is checked √ Allow all upper case names is checked (this will permit using upper case characters in file names) √ Show all files suboption of Hidden files should have a bullet √ Show file attributes in Delail View is checked (this will permit the display of detail file attributes) F5. Rebuild files If any imgsnd file is damaged, then click on the Rebuild files box of the Main Menu. G. Known Errors G1. Parameter NH does not exist This error arises only when the file c:\config.sys does not exist. In order to bypass it, create the file config.sys in the root folder of the C drive and include the statement FILES = 240 a. Click on Start/Programs/Accessories/Notepad b. Verify that you do not have c:\config.sys Click on Files/Open. Type c:\config.sys in "File name:" and click on "Open". You should not find the file. c. Create c:\config.sys Click on Files/New. Type the statement FILES = 240. Click on File/Saves As. Type c:\config.sys in "File name:" and click on "Save" d. Get out of Notepad Click on File/Exit G2. Version is incorrectly displayed as 1.0 instead of 2.0 Keyboard Layout for Anotek French Font NOTES 1. You can also get a layout from a WINDOWS program called Character Map. You can get the layout from WINDOWS98/95 in the manner described below. a. Click on Start b. Click on Programs c. Click on Accessories d. Click on System Tools/Character Map e. Select Anotek font f. Click on any letter you want to see the Anotek character 2. You can also get a layout from your Word Processing program. You do this by typing all the letters of the keyboard in two columns. The left column uses your favorite English font, say Times Roman. The right column uses the Anotek font. Each entry on the right column is the result of pressing the same key that produced the letter that is on the same row of the left column.
Choosing the 'right' space to work in: Reﬂections prior to a nature therapy session. Ronen Berger Tel Hai College, Israel. Abstract This paper explores ways in which a nature therapist considers the issue of space when choosing "the right setting" for a session with a new client. Drawing upon the therapist's thoughts prior to the encounter, the paper illustrates ways in which nature's inﬂuence is incorporated into the choice, using this reﬂection to highlight new concepts. The article begins with a review of relevant theory, to place the issue within the larger context, continues with a reﬂexive description, and concludes with questions and themes that emerge from the case. Placing things in context: A theoretical overview The issue of space Traditionally, psychotherapeutic discourse makes it appear as if the therapeutic process takes place in a vacuum; there is scarcely a reference to the environment in which the process occurs (Barkan, 2002; Pendzik, 1994). Over the last few decades, with the emergence of environmental psychology and other post-modern disciplines, an increasing number of writers have become aware of different inﬂuences that the environment has upon counsellor–client transactions (Lecomte, Berstin & Dumont, 1981; Pendzik, 1994). There is growing evidence that the aesthetics of the surroundings affect a person's display of emotions (Maslow & Mintz, 1956), as well as an individual's social behaviour (Barker, 1976; Orzek, 1987; Pendzik, 1994). However, much of this evidence relates to indoor settings in urban environments, built and shaped by humans. As such, the classic (indoor) therapeutic environment is usually controlled by the therapist, who has organized and furnished it for the purpose of seeing clients and conducting therapy (Barkan, 2002). This status, in which the therapist owns or controls and constructs the location in which the work takes place, creates some basic assumptions that inﬂuence important elements such as the therapeutic setting, the therapeutic alliance, and the issues of hierarchy, authority, and contract. Nature is quite a different environment. It is a live and dynamic space (entity) that is not under the control or ownership of either the therapist or the client. It is an open and independent space, one that has been there before their arrival and will remain there long after they have departed (Berger, 2003). Many authors have written about the therapeutic aspects of nature and of contact with nature (Burns, 1998; Davis, 1998, 2004; Naor, 1999; Totton, 2003; Ulrich, 1983; Ulrich, Dimberg, & Driver 1991). However, few have tried to reconstruct their knowledge to create a therapeutic framework using the relationship with this natural space as the key reference point for therapy. Nature therapy: An innovative therapeutic approach Nature therapy is an innovative experiential therapeutic approach that takes place in nature. It broadens the classical concept of "setting" as static, permanent, and under the control and ownership of the therapist (Barkan, 2002; Bleger,1967), relating to the dynamic natural environment as a partner in shaping the setting and process (Berger & McLoed, 2006). It develops a framework: theory, concepts, and methods that assist its operation in this live and open environment while using its healing elements (Berger & McLoed, 2006) to support therapeutic processes and open them to additional dimensions. Nature therapy is a post-modern approach, based on the integration of elements from art and drama therapy, Gestalt, the narrative approach, eco-psychology, transpersonal psychology, adventure therapy, Shamanism, and body-mind practices. The approach also includes an educational aspect, using the process with nature as a way to bridge between people and nature and foster love and care for the environment. The conceptualisation, analysis, and development of the approach emerged from the process of my doctoral research. Today, nature therapy is implemented with diverse populations in individual, group, and family settings in the private, educational, and health sectors in Israel. Postgraduate training is provided in a few academic institutions in Israel and is currently being developed in Europe. 41 Nature as a therapeutic space Throughout my experience with therapy in nature, the issue of the working space – the speciﬁc natural location choice – has become increasingly signiﬁcant. Working with different clients in varied environments, at different times of the year and different times of the day, it became clear to me that this factor inﬂuences the entire therapeutic encounter, as it shapes the emotional, physical, and imaginary spaces. As such, working in a shaded forest will create a different atmosphere than working in a hot dessert, and working on a windy morning on the beach will foster different progress than working on the same beach under the moonlight. Exploring and articulating nature therapy, it became clear that people are inﬂuenced by different characteristics, including not only their feelings and sensations but also the memories they evoke, their way of thinking, and the metaphors they encounter. From a constructivist standpoint – one that claims that different people will have different attitudes and relationships with "different" kinds of nature – I learned that I cannot predict what reaction, memory, or images a person will bring up in any given landscape. I remember how surprised I was to discover the strong impact that this issue has upon the narrative that people bring to the session and its development. In that case, which took place when I had just started using nature therapy, I met a new client in a ﬁeld near my home, a place that apparently contained stories from the client's childhood. Only later did I understand the strong links that connected this space with the stories and dynamics that unfolded within it. This early encounter with the impact of the coincidental choice of space on the process made me understand the important meaning of this aspect, and how considered choice of setting is a crucial part of the planning work of the nature therapist. Using reﬂections to highlight theory Cutcliffe (2003), Reason (1998), Herts (1997) and others have highlighted the importance of reﬂexivity and reﬂexive writing, not only as an essential medium for exploring the involvement of therapist-researchers and its inﬂuence upon the process of therapy and research, but also as a way to present theories, frameworks, and philosophies from a more personal and engaged perspective. In this paper, I share my own reﬂective questions about the issue of "choosing a working space" in any form of therapy that takes place in nature and incorporating it in the process. Doing so, I refer to the nature therapy concept of the three-way relationship: client – therapist – nature (Berger & McLeod, 2006) and to White & Epston's narrative approach (Freedman & Combs, 1996; White & Epston, 1990). As I write this article from the standpoint of a nature therapy trainer and supervisor, my main interest is to raise awareness of the complexity of the preliminary choice of setting made by the therapist, and recognition that this choice can inﬂuence much of what takes place in the ensuing process. As such, the article concludes at the phase when the client arrives, leaving the reader only with my subtext: reﬂections, questions, and thoughts. The full case study will be published at a later time. A telephone call from a client I guess that Ruth knew I would agree when she called me asking for therapy. She had heard about nature therapy and had some idea about my personality from the time we had lived in the same community. Therefore, she was probably not surprised when I asked her, at the end of that ﬁrst telephone conversation, where she would like to meet for the ﬁrst session: in the clinic, at her home, or perhaps at the entrance to the nature reserve near her home – where most of the process would probably take place. As she chose the nature reserve, I asked her whether the path to the graveyard would be a good place to meet, being a clear landmark that will prevent us from losing sight of each other in the vast oak forest. After a moment of silence, Ruth replied, "Yes, the graveyard will be a good place to begin. You know, for me it is not just a landmark – my husband is buried there." Between virtual and physical, therapist and client, human and nature: Thoughts about the choice of setting As I had two weeks before the actual encounter, I took time to ponder the meaning and symbolism of the conversation with Ruth and the ways in which the speciﬁc setting might impact the process. As a nature therapist, I was accustomed to addressing the natural environment as a partner in shaping the setting, and therefore also as a partner in shaping the process (Berger & McLeod, 2006). Nevertheless, with all this ﬂexibility, I had never worked in a graveyard before. As I believe that the setting has a major impact upon the process, in general, and in nature therapy, in particular, I was thinking about speciﬁc choices I should make for the beneﬁt of this client. I considered the ways I could create a speciﬁc atmosphere that would shape the process in speciﬁc ways. In addition, I had doubts about my ability to conduct individual nature therapy after working only in groupwork for the last three years. As such, I felt that most of my concerns were related to how the therapeutic space should be constructed and maintained; how it might affect my position as a therapist; the relationship between the client, nature, and myself; the therapeutic alliance; and the process. Comparing my experience in groupwork with the doubts I was experiencing made me realize that I had learned to construct the therapeutic space in a partnership that included group participants and nature. Reﬂecting upon this process, it seemed that this matrix allowed me to feel free to change my position within (or outside) the therapeutic space without jeopardizing its maintenance. On a concrete level, I was generally working simultaneously with the two circles: a natural one that I constructed for or built with the group using natural elements from the surroundings, and a human circle that the group members made themselves in correlation to the natural one, by building a circle of stones or standing in one. The physicality of the two circles helped to differentiate the 'regular space' outside it from the therapeutic space within it. Once the sacred space was established, it allowed a delicate dialogue to develop between the circles: the past, present, and future, the body and mind, the individual and the group, man and nature – what I have previously referred to as 'the cosmic' (Berger, 2007) Coming back to my fears of the approaching session with Ruth, I was not at all certain that this theory would suit the present individual work. Being the only person to hold the space for the client, how could I change my position and in what ways could I include nature in it? I knew that part of what I wanted to remind – and in some cases, teach – my clients was their ability to work with nature without the need of constant feedback, dialogue, or containment from the therapist or the other group members. At the same time, I was very much aware of the important role and presence of the therapist, not only as a witness and container but also as a person with whom to form a meaningful relationship. I was also thinking of the active role that this therapist (and group members) can have, in offering non-verbal (creative, physical) interventions with nature and mediating between the client and nature and between the therapeutic space and the everyday one. Thinking about all of those issues, trying not to overwhelm myself, I wondered what kind of setting to build for the upcoming session, not only in order to provide a safe space for Ruth, but also to ensure that I, as therapist, would feel safe and capable in it. Was it necessary to create an intermediate zone (space and time) between the car park and the graveyard, to get to know my new client and form a basic therapeutic alliance before entering the graveyard and the stories it contained, or should I jump right in? Making choices Although our meeting was scheduled for 8:30am, I arrived at 7:30am. I wanted to have some time to myself, to reconnect to my body and the nature around me, and to move from thinking about the space Ruth and I needed to actually create one. It was a bright day, after a few rainy ones. The ground was still wet, covered with fresh grass and young violet crocus ﬂowers. Cows were grazing on the other side of the gorge, as a vulture circled above them. What images would this scenery trigger? After a short walk, I decided to place the mat I had brought with me on a natural lookout facing the gorge. The lookout was located between the car park and the graveyard – a two-minute walk away. It was surrounded by oaks and terebinths, which provided a natural barrier and camouﬂage from the walking path, while creating a half-closed container for the encounter. The lookout was above a few ancient caves that had been dug out and used for ancient burial. As the caves were well camouﬂaged by the oaks, I wondered whether Ruth would see them and if so, how (if at all) they would affect the stories that would be told during the session. Ruth's agreement to meet in the graveyard made me aware of the multiple dialogues that the scenery contained and the way that their presence might affect the session. In this context, I thought about my possible interventions: the grazing cows and the ﬂying vulture searching for a carcass, the burial caves, and the graveyard surrounded by evergreens and oak tress. What was the symbolism between these elements and Ruth's story? What could this landscape and elements unfold and what might they hide? I questioned whether I was using my knowledge of symbolism in therapy in a biased way, dictating the discourse before it started? I was also uncertain whether I should open the mat and decide about the speciﬁc place to put it, addressing questions I had about the 'right' size it should occupy on the ground. I was aware that this choice would inﬂuence the physical distance between us and would also impact the young crocus sprouts, which would be squashed under our weight. As I knew Ruth was in her ﬁrst year of studying clinical psychology and had considered learning nature therapy, I wondered whether I should open these questions for discussion with her, thereby presenting some of the nature therapy frameworks. This would underpin our work, as well as give her some responsibility for the choice of setting and the construction of the therapeutic space she needed. Reﬂecting upon my own experience as a client and the anxiety I felt before the ﬁrst meeting with a new therapist, I decided not to overwhelm Ruth with questions and to make these choices for both of us. I opened the mat to its full size and sat down. When speculations meet reality At 8:26am, I heard a car stop in the car park. It was Ruth. I walked towards her and she walked towards me. Walking down the path together, I stopped near the chosen location, showed it to Ruth and asked her if we could start here. She looked at me surprised and asked: "Aren't we going to the grave yard?" 43 Discussion and conclusion This article presents questions and thoughts about the issue of nature as a therapeutic setting, in general, and about the choice of a space for nature therapy, in particular. Using my own voice, the paper aims to illustrate relevant concepts from the innovative nature therapy framework, in the hope that they will be heard within this reﬂective story. In doing so, the paper also aims to open a wider dialogue, exploring not only the preliminary choice of space, but also the issue of its arrangement and the work within it. As such, it questions some of the ways that adventure therapy relates to nature (Beringer & Martin, 2003), and its inadequate theoretical emphasis on its spiritual component, including the intangible ways it shapes and inﬂuence nature (Berger & McLoed, 2006; Davis, 1998; 2004; Roszak, 2001; Totton, 2003). As nature therapy is a very new framework, my hope is that, as more participants develop and disseminate their own ways of incorporating nature into therapy, a broader set of case examples and research studies, and more fully articulated theoretical framework, will be built up and presented. References Barkan, A. (2002). Different faces of the setting. Sihot – Dialogue, The Israel Journal of Psychotherapy, 17 (1), 39-46. Bleger, J. (1967). Psycho-analysis of the psychoanalytic frame. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 48, 511-519. Berger, R. (2003). In the footsteps of nature. Horizons, 22, 27-32. Berger, R., & McLoed, J. (2006). Incorporating nature into therapy: A framework for practice. The Journal of Systemic Therapies, 25(2), 80-94. Berger, R. (2007). Nature therapy – developing an innovative therapeutic framework for practice. PhD thesis. University of Abertay, Dundee. Beringer, A., & and Martin, P. (2003). On adventure therapy and the natural worlds: Respecting nature's healing. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 3(1), 29-40. Burns, G.A. (1998). Nature-guided therapy: Brief intervention strategies for health and well-being. London: Taylor and Francis. Cutcliffe, J.R. (2003). Reconsidering reﬂexivity: Introducing the case for intellectual entrepreneurship. Qualitative Health Research,13(1), 136-148. Davis, J. (1998). The transpersonal dimensions of eco-psychology: Nature, non-duality, and spiritual practice. The Humanistic Psychologist, 26(1-3), 60100. Davis, J. (2004). Psychological beneﬁts of nature experiences: An outline of research and theory. Nuropa University and School of Lost Borders (available at: http://www.johnvdavis.com/ep/beneﬁts.htm). Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996). Narrative therapy: The social construction of preferred realities. New York: W.W. Norton. Hertz, R. (Ed.) (1997). Reﬂexivity and voice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lecomte, C., Berstin, B., & Dumont, F. (1981). Counseling interactions as a function of spatialenvironment conditions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 536-529. Maslow, A., & Mintz, L. (1956). Effects of aesthetic surroundings. The Journal of Psychology, 41, 247-254. Naor, D. (1999). A journey in nature in the footsteps of our soul. Master's thesis, Lesley College. Israel Orzek, A. (1987). Innovations in ecological psychology. Conversations with Roger and Louise Barker. Journal of Counseling and Environments, 65, 233-237. Pendzik, S. (1994). The theatre stage and the sacred space. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 21, 25-29. Reason, P. (1998). Human inquiry in action. London: Sage Roszak, T. (2001). The voice of the earth. Grand Rapids: Phanes Press. Totton, N. (2003). The ecological self: Introducing ecopsychology. Counseling and Psychotherapy Journal, 14, 14-17. Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In I. Altman & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Human behavior and the environment: Advances in therapy and research (pp. 85-125). New York: Plenum. Ulrich, R. S., Dimberg, U., & Driver, B. L. (1991). Psycho-physiological indications of leisure beneﬁts. In B.L. Driver, P.J. Brown & G.L. Peterson (Eds.), Beneﬁts of leisure (pp. 73-89). State College, PA: Venture. White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York: W.W. Norton. About the author Ronen Berger is the head of the Nature Therapy Centre, at Tel Hai College, Israel. He is an ecologist, drama and body therapist, dancer and researcher currently ﬁnishing a doctoral dissertation in psychotherapy entitled Nature Therapy. He currently runs the Encounters in Nature program in the Israel Ministry of Education Department for Children with Special Needs, and the Safe Space program that works with children that suffer war trauma. He also runs two postgraduate nature therapy training courses in Israel. Ronen is a father of two children and lives in Kibbutz Kfar Giladi in northern Israel. Email: email@example.com 45
Manual Visual Basic 2010 Espanol Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Step by Step How to Program Aprenda Paso a Paso PC World Object-Oriented Programming with Visual Basic.NET Visual Studio 2010 All-in-One For Dummies FUNSAR Spanish: Fundamentos de Búsqueda y Rescate, Segunda Edición Teaching Language and Literature On and OﬀCanon FUNSAR Spanish: Fundamentos de Búsqueda y Rescate, Segunda Edición The Startup Owner's Manual The Step-By-Step Guide for Building a Great Company Android Studio Curso Basico The Bedford Guide for College Writers with Reader, Research Manual, and Handbook with 2009 MLA and 2010 APA Updates Manual de gramática Windows Forms Programming in Visual Basic .NET Visual Basic 2015 in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Developer's Handbook Using .NET Core and Modern JavaScript Frameworks Mastering Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Visual Basic 2019 Handbook Visual Basic 6 Programming Professional ASP.NET MVC 3 Visual Basic 6 Made Easy Prog. In Visual Basic 6.0 (With Cd) A Concise Guide to VB2019 Programming A Manual for Visual Communication Professional Visual Basic 2012 and .NET 4.5 Programming The Visual Basic .Net Programming Language Merck Veterinary Manual Visual Basic 2010 Visual Basic 2017 Made Easy With C# and Visual Basic .NET C#: A Beginner's Tutorial Network Programming in .NET Advanced Visual Basic 2010 A Complete Tutorial for Beginners Visual Basic 2019 Made Easy Visual language Manual Visual Basic 2010 Espanol Downloaded from blog.gmercyu.edu by guest Step Merck & ROTH VANESSA Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Step by Company FUNCIONES DINÁMICAS • Sugerencias de búsqueda y rescate • Los consejos de seguridad alertan al personal de SAR sobre los riesgos esperados y los potenciales imprevistos · Los recursos listados proporcionan sugerencias para profundizar en el estudio de los temas de cada capítulo • Las fotografías e ilustraciones a todo color apoyan y ayudan a aclarar el texto ONTENIDO INTEGRALFUN CONTENIDO INTEGRAL • Lineamientos para asegurar que el personal de búsqueda y rescate (SAR) esté preparado física y mentalmente para la búsqueda y rescate · Consideracion es legales y éticas importantes para la búsqueda y rescate · Una extensa variedad de equipo de SAR, ropa y tecnología y cuando debe usarse cada uno · Métodos de supervivencia e improvisación en diversos ambientes · Métodos de seguimiento y herramientas de navegación Fundamentos de Búsqueda y Rescate (FUNSAR), Segunda edición 3 constituye un recurso integral para el personal nuevo y experimentad o de búsqueda y rescate (SAR, por sus siglas en inglés). Proporcionand o una visión general de los aspectos y procedimiento s de búsqueda y rescate, FUNSAR enseña las técnicas esenciales empleadas de manera satisfactoria por casi todo el personal de búsqueda y rescate. FUNSAR ofrece un enfoque profundo y práctico para la búsqueda y rescate y es recomendado para todos los respondientes de emergencia. La Segunda edición ha sido actualizada en su totalidad para satisfacer las necesidades actuales del personal de búsqueda y rescate, destacando el equipo y la tecnología más recientes y enfocándose en las técnicas de búsqueda y rescate probadas y eﬁcaces. Cubre todas las áreas de búsqueda y rescate, desde elegir la mejor ropa y calzado considerando el medio ambiente, hasta empacar ligero e improvisar, el seguimiento y la localización de sujetos. Ideal para profesionales remunerados y para voluntarios, este recurso esencial combina las características dinámicas con el contenido más reciente y completo. How to Program John Wiley & Sons This book will show you how to transition from previous versions of Microsoft® Visual Studio, to Visual Studio 2010. The book will showcase new features in Visual Studio 2010 that ease the creation of applications. Real-world applications will be used throughout to demonstrate the features and ease of use. This book is for professional developers who are working with previous versions of Visual Studio and are looking to make the move to Visual Studio 2010 Professional. The book is not a language primer, a language reference, or a single technology book. It's a book that will help professional developers move from previous versions of Visual Studio (starting with 2003 and on up). It will cover the features of Visual Studio 2010 through an application. It will go through a lot of the exciting new language features and new versions of the most popular technologies without putting the emphasis on the technologies themselves. It will instead put the emphasis on how you would get to those new tools and features from Visual Studio 2010. If you are expecting this book to thoroughly cover the new Entity Framework or ASP.NET MVC 5 2, this is not the book for you. If you want to read a book where the focus is on Visual Studio 2010 and on the reasons for moving to Visual Studio 2010, this is the book for you. Aprenda Paso a Paso Liew Voon Kiong Goes from the basics of classes, inheritance and interfaces to advanced concepts such as reﬂection, object persistence, design patterns and refactoring. PC World Brainy Software Inc More than 100,000 entrepreneurs rely on this book for detailed, stepby-step instructions on building successful, scalable, proﬁtable startups. The National Science Foundation pays hundreds of startup teams each year to follow the process outlined in the book, and it's taught at Stanford, Berkeley, Columbia and more than 100 other leading universities worldwide. Why? The Startup Owner's Manual guides you, step-bystep, as you put the Customer Development process to work. This method was created by renowned Silicon Valley startup expert Steve Blank, co-creator with Eric Ries of the "Lean Startup" movement and tested and reﬁned by him for more than a decade. This 608-page how-to guide includes over 100 charts, graphs, and diagrams, plus checklists that you drive your 77 valuable guide you as company toward proﬁtability. It will help you: · Avoid the 9 deadly sins that destroy startups' chances for success · Use the Customer Development method to bring your business idea to life · Incorporate the Business Model Canvas as the organizing principle for startup hypotheses · Identify your customers and determine how to "get, keep and grow" customers proﬁtably • Compute how you'll drive your startup to repeatable, scalable proﬁts. The Startup Owner's Manual was originally published by K&S Ranch Publishing Inc. and is now available from Wiley. The cover, design, and content are the same as the prior release and should not be considered a new or updated product. ObjectOriented Programming with Visual Basic.NET AddisonWesley Longman Covering the latest version of .NET, the purpose of this book is to provide tools to design and implement networkoriented applications. It is also a guide for software designers to choose the best and most eﬃcient way to implement mission critical solutions. Visual Studio 2010 All-inOne For 7 Dummies IGI Global Learn step by step to develop applications for Android mobile devices using Android Studio. 257 pages full color, with theory, exercises and images for easy learning . FUNSAR Spanish: Fundamento s de Búsqueda y Rescate, Segunda Edición AddisonWesley Professional Language and literature teaching are a keystone in day damp, the thirtysomething teacher and single mother is talked into investigating her uncle's death-unoﬃcially, of course. Posing as a poodle breeder in search of the perfect stud, Melanie hounds Connecticut's elite canine competitions, and ﬁnds an ally in fellow breeder Sam Driver. But her aﬀection cools when she's put on the scent of Sam's questionable past...and hot on the trail of a poodle- hating neighbor and one elusive murderer who isn't ready to come to heel. For, as Melanie soon discovers, in a championship dog-eat-dog world, the instinct for survival, and winning, can prove fatal. Dog mysteries continue to ﬂourish. A PEDIGREE TO DIE FOR is fascinatinf. Mystery Lovers Bookshop News 'A sleek and unusual book. Teaching Language and Literature 9 On and OﬀCanon Jones & Bartlett Learning For more than forty years, animal health professionals have turned to the Merck Veterinary Manualfor integrated, concise and reliable veterinary information. Now this manual covering the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of companion, food and zoo animals.is available on an easy-touse, fully searchable componentize d applications This updated version of Professional Visual Basic 2012 and.NET 4.5 retains its expert author team, including one of thebestknown and respected Microsoft Visual Basic MVPs, Bill Sheldon,and Microsoft Regional Director "Software Legend" BillyHollis. The Startup Owner's Manual Sams Publishing A comprehensiv e, easy-tounderstand guide to Visual Studio 2010 Visual Studio is Microsoft's comprehensiv e development environment that encompasses the .NET Framework, various programming languages, and ASP.NET. Programmers love it for developing applications for mobile devices and the Web. Because Visual Studio can be complex, the All-in-One For Dummies format makes it easy for beginners to 11 grasp its diﬀerent parts and get up to speed. Visual Studio is a development environment used with various programming languages to create a variety of applications, including those for the Web and mobile devices The updated Visual Studio 2010 features new emphasis on development for Windows 7, cloud computing, and enhanced Web and Silverlight Visual Studio 13 13 content and structure are based on years of experience both building apps with WinForms as well as teaching other developers about WinForms Alan Cooper, the 'father of Visual Basic', has provided the foreword for the book The Bedford Guide for College Writers with Reader, Research Manual, and Handbook with 2009 MLA and 2010 APA Updates Createspace Independent Publishing Platform Designed as a beginner's tutorial to the latest version of C#, this informative guide discusses the most important features of the language and teaches how to use the .NET Framework. Written with clarity and readability in mind, it introduces important programming concepts and explains the process of building realworld applications, both desktop 15 and webbased. With the most comprehensiv e coverage possible in a book for beginners, it includes such topics as C# language syntax, objectoriented programming, working with numbers and dates, error handling, input output, generics, annotations, database access, security, and application deployment. Manual de gramática Liew Voon Kiong FUNCIONES DINÁMICAS • Sugerencias de búsqueda y rescate • Los consejos de seguridad alertan al personal de SAR sobre los riesgos esperados y los potenciales imprevistos • Los recursos listados proporcionan sugerencias para profundizar en el estudio de los temas de cada capítulo • Las fotografías e ilustraciones a todo color apoyan y ayudan a aclarar el texto ONTENIDO INTEGRALFUN CONTENIDO INTEGRAL • Lineamientos para asegurar que el personal de búsqueda y rescate (SAR) esté preparado física y mentalmente para la búsqueda y rescate • Consideracion es legales y éticas importantes para la búsqueda y rescate • Una extensa variedad de equipo de SAR, ropa y tecnología y cuando debe usarse cada uno • Métodos de supervivencia e improvisación en diversos ambientes · Métodos de seguimiento y herramientas de navegación Fundamentos de Búsqueda y Rescate (FUNSAR), Segunda edición constituye un recurso integral para el personal nuevo y experimentad o de búsqueda y rescate (SAR, por sus siglas en inglés). Proporcionand o una visión general de los aspectos y procedimiento s de búsqueda y rescate, FUNSAR enseña las técnicas esenciales empleadas de manera satisfactoria por casi todo el personal de búsqueda y rescate. FUNSAR ofrece un enfoque profundo y práctico para la búsqueda y rescate y es recomendado para todos los respondientes de emergencia. La Segunda edición ha sido actualizada en su totalidad para satisfacer las necesidades actuales del personal de búsqueda y rescate, destacando el equipo y la tecnología más recientes y enfocándose en las técnicas de búsqueda y rescate probadas y eﬁcaces. Cubre todas las áreas de búsqueda y rescate, desde elegir la mejor ropa y calzado considerando el medio ambiente, hasta empacar ligero e improvisar, el seguimiento y la localización de sujetos. Ideal para profesionales 17 remunerados y para voluntarios, este recurso esencial combina las características dinámicas con el contenido más reciente y completo. Windows Forms Programming in Visual Basic .NET Tata McGraw-Hill Education Visual Basic 2019 Made Easy is written by Dr. Liew, the webmaster of our popular online Visual Basic Tutorial, vbtutor.net. This book is a complete guide to mastering Visual Basic 2019, from beginner to intermediate programmers. This book has been written to complement our free online Visual Basic 2019 tutorial but with much more content. It is also an excellent reference text for high school or collegelevel computer science courses. Reading this book will allow you to understand the basic concepts of VB 2019 programming, create your own VB 2019 applications from scratch, get inspiration from a variety of interesting sample programs, modify the code samples easily to suit your needs and learn how to package and distribute your applications. Visual Basic 2015 in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself CreateSpace Thanks to its ﬂexibility, simplicity, and range, MANUAL DE GRAMÁTICA is the most accessible grammar reference for intermediate and advanced Spanish students. It combines clear, easy-touse charts with detailed grammar presentations in English and oﬀers valuable conceptual distinctions between Spanish and English. Beginning with sentence structure, the text follows a logical progression of topics from parts of speech to verb tenses to the ﬁner points of lexical variation. Facilitating independent study, the online answer key provides students an opportunity to self-correct in practice. The text covers all major grammatical rules of Spanish and oﬀers realworld applications of all grammar points, making it an invaluable reference tool for intermediate and advanced literature and language courses. The Fifth Edition includes enhanced visual clarity and consistency through an updated table format; new and refreshed exercises; and a new chapter on orthography. The authors have also incorporated the revised rules and recommendati ons published in the new Ortograﬁa de la lengua espanola by the Real Academia Espanola and the Asociacion de Academias de la Lengua Espanola. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the 19 product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Developer's Handbook John Wiley & Sons When it was ﬁrst published twenty years ago, The Bedford Guide for College Writers brought a lively and innovative new approach to the teaching of writing. Since that time, authors X. J. and Dorothy M. Kennedy have won praise for their friendly tone and their view, apparent on every page of the text, that writing is the "usually surprising, often rewarding art of thinking while working with language." More recently, experienced teacher and writer Marcia F. Muth joined the author team, adding more practical advice to help all students — even those underprepare d for college work — become successful academic writers. While retaining the highly praised "Kennedy touch," The Bedford Guide continues to evolve to meet classroom needs. The new edition does even more to build essential academic writing skills, with expanded coverage of audience analysis, source-based writing, argumentation and reasoning, and more. Using .NET Core and Modern JavaScript Frameworks Frontiers Media SA In the Fifth Edition, Advanced Visual Basic 2010 helps those who are familiar with the fundamentals of Visual Basic 2010 programming harness its power for more advanced uses. Coverage of sophisticated tools and techniques used in the industry today include various database, ASP.NET, LINQ, WPF and Web Services topics. After studying the book and completing the programming exercises, students should be able to create small- to medium-sized Windows and Web applications that use databases. They will also gain essential concepts in objectoriented programming, event-driven programming, and testdriven development. Each subject is presented in an understandabl e style that makes this book a leader in the ﬁeld. Mastering Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 John Wiley & Sons Graphic Design for Architects is a handbook of techniques, explanations and examples of graphic design most relevant to architects. The book covers a variety of scales of graphic design, everything from portfolio design and competition boards, to 21 signage and building supergraphics – to address every phase of architectural production. This book combines and expands on information typically found in graphic design, information design, and architectural graphics books. As architectural communicatio n increases to include more territory and components of a project, it is important for designers to be knowledgeabl e about the various ways in which to communicate visually. For instance, signage should be designed as part of the process – not something added at the end of a project; and the portfolio is a manifestation of how the designer works, not just an application to sell a design sensibility. In thinking about architecture as a systematic and visual project, the graphic design techniques outlined in this book will help architects process, organize and structure their work through the lens of visual communicatio n. Each chapter is titled and organized by common architectural modes of communicatio n and production. The chapters speak to architects by directly addressing projects and topics relevant to their work, while the information inside each chapter presents graphic design methods to achieve the architects' work. In this way, readers don't have to search through graphic design books to ﬁgure out what's relevant to them – this book provides a complete reference of graphic techniques and methods most useful to architects in getting their work done. Related with Manual Visual Basic 2010 Espanol: * The Sociological Deﬁnition Of Parents : click here 23
* CLASS 1/2-1600 Updated February 2024* OPEN WHEEL – RESTRICTED 1600CC SINGLE AND TWO SEAT BUGGIES LIMITED TO 1600CC VW ENGINE AND VW TYPE 1 SUSPENSION SYSTEM This is a restricted class and all parts shall remain stock unless otherwise noted in the rules. FRONT SUSPENSION Front suspension is based on VW type 1 ball joint or king and link pin style. Any beam of two steel torsion tubes may be used but must retain stock width. Front axle torsion tube centers may be cut, rotated and rewelded to increase ground clearance. Uses of torsion adjusters are optional. Tube center spacing is open. Any manufacturer's torsion bars are allowed. Front trailing arms may be reinforced or replaced as long as stock VW width and length are retained. Suspension limiters are allowed. Spindles, link pins, ball joints, and shock mounting locations are open. Front suspension track width will be measured from wheel mounting face to wheel mounting face. The maximum width is 58.25 inches. Stock type sway bar is ok. Mounted in the stock location. REAR SUSPENSION Rear suspension is based on VW type 1 IRS or swing axle Rear trailing arms may be of any manufacturer. Tubular arms are allowed as long as stock VW IRS swing arm length is retained plus or minus 1 inch. Any type of pivot ok. The stock VW dimension between the center line of the rear axle to the center line of the rear torsion housing is 16.250" plus or minus 1 inch must be retained. Outboard bus reduction gears are allowed. Any axle assemblies are allowed as long as original VW type suspension is retained. This includes the use of "micro stub hubs" Rear torsion tubes may be supported or replaced but must remain steel and retain stock VW width. Torsion adjusters are allowed. A single torsion per wheel of any manufacturer is allowed. Torsion bars must remain inside the torsion housing. Torsion bars must be connected to the trailing arm with steel spring plates of any manufacturer. Rear suspension track width must not exceed a maximum of 58.25 inches as measured from wheel mounting face to wheel mounting face. CV joint mounting face to CV joint mounting face must not exceed 47.375" inches as measured at ride height. The entire outer CV must remain inboard of the trailing arm inner bearing. Shock Absorbers and Bump Stops No limit on the number of shocks and the sizes of shocks, cooling fins allowed. No air or coilover shocks allowed Secondary Suspension No secondary suspension allowed Wheels and Tires Any tire and wheel are allowed that will mount directly on VW drums. No wheel adapters allowed STEERING AND BRAKE COMPONENTS Steering Steering system open. Any tie rod and tie rod end allowed Brakes Any type of brake may be used as long as all other rules are adhered to. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Battery ignition only, no magnetos. Six or twelve volt systems may be used. Any distributor may be used. Any VW type 1 alternator or generator in the stock location may be used, and must be a working charging system. No crank fired ignitions allowed. FUEL SYSTEM Fuel Tanks Safety fuel cells are required ENGINE, TRANSMISSION AND DRIVELINE Engine and Engine Displacement Engine must utilize VW series type 1, 1600cc, U.S. model sedan components and dimensions. The maximum allowable engine displacement is 1600cc as delivered from the factory ENGINE CASE Any VW type 1, 2, 3 or "universal" case is allowed. The following modifications may be made to the stock case: * The case may be line bored * The case may be machined for crank pulley seal * The case may be drilled and tapped for oil and temp sending units * Case savers may be installed * Oil galleries may be enlarged to 10mm * Cylinder seating surface may be machined * Threaded oil gallery plugs allowed * Case may be full flowed. * Oil squirters allowed * Gussets are allowed. OIL PUMP Any oil pump is allowed. No deep sumps, dry sumps, or sump alterations. Windage trays allowed. Any oil bypass piston and spring allowed. No accusump systems allowed. FUEL PUMP Any combination of stock fuel pump or electric pump may be used. Any fuel filter and pressure regulator may be used PISTONS Pistons must be stock 3 ring only. Any piston and cylinder as long as original stock dimensions are maintained. Any type wrist pin keepers. Piston assemblies may be balanced to the weight in grams of the lightest original non balanced piston. Any manufacture piston rings allowed. CONNECTING RODS Any VW aftermarket connecting rod is allowed as long as the maximum length is 5.4". connecting rod weight is 500 gram minimum with one (1) rod untouched. No polishing or profiling of rods FUEL SYSTEM SCR20 Fuel SCR21 Fuel Tanks Safety fuel cells are required SCR22 Fuel Lines, Vents, Caps ENGINE, TRANSMISSION AND DRIVELINE SCR23 Engine and Engine Displacement Engine must utilize VW series type 1, 1600cc, U.S. model sedan components and dimensions. The maximum allowable engine displacement is 1600cc as delivered from the factory ENGINE CASE Any VW type 1, 2, 3 or "universal" case is allowed. The following modifications may be made to the stock case: (A) The case may be line bored (B) The case may be drilled and tapped for oil and temp sending units (C) The case may be machined for crank pulley seal (D) Case savers may be installed (E) Cylinder seating surface may be machined (F) Oil galleries may be enlarged to 10mm (G) Threaded oil gallery plugs allowed (H) Oil squirters allowed (I) Case may be full flowed. (J) Gussets are allowed. OIL PUMP Any oil pump is allowed. No deep sumps, dry sumps, or sump alterations. Windage trays allowed. Any oil bypass piston and spring allowed. No accusump systems allowed. FUEL PUMP Any combination of stock fuel pump or electric pump may be used. Any fuel filter and pressure regulator may be used PISTONS Pistons must be stock 3 ring only. Any piston and cyl as long as original stock dimensions are maintained. Any type wrist pin keepers. Piston assemblies may be balanced to the weight in grams of the lightest original non balanced piston. Any manufacture piston rings allowed. CONNECTING RODS Any VW aftermarket connecting rod is allowed as long as the maximum length is 5.4". connecting rod weight is 500 gram minimum with one (1) rod untouched. No polishing or profiling of rods. CRANKSHAFT Crankshaft must be stock VW. Crankshaft may be balanced. Maximum journal size is limited to .030" undersize. No polishing or lightening. Any gear is allowed. Any engine bearing is allowed as long as stock dimensions are maintained. Pulley may be balanced. Sand seals ok. Any VW flywheel may be lightened and balanced. No aluminum flywheel. Any clutch disk and pressure plate but must retain stock VW diameter. Crank may be offset to a maximum of 69.5mm. HEADS Heads must be U.S sedan stock single port or dual port or their OEM equivalent. Heads may be fly cut for clean-up. No porting or polishing. Stock intake 34mm original equipment center section or its replacement. A 1" by 1.5" long by ½ inch tube may be welded 2 inches below the carb flange. A minimum of material may be removed from the end of the tube for clearance. A 1 5/8 X 2" long slip tube may be welded to the end of the runners for use of better hose connection. End castings must be original equipment VW, with the VW logo and part numbers. Balance slot may be welded closed. Vacuum hole may be plugged. CAMSHAFT, LIFTERS, VALVES, ROCKER ARMS Any camshaft, gear, valve spring retainers, lifters are allowed. Beehive springs allowed, Valve spring seat diameter in head must remain stock. May use any valve but must be stock 45 degrees and stock dimensions and 8mm stem size. Multi-angle valve seats allowed. No titanium valves allowed. Valve guide may be steel, bronze, or cast iron. No grinding or polishing in the port including valve guide. Must use stock VW 1600 rocker arms. The rocker arms may be resurfaced to permit the use of swivel feet. No other grinding or changes may be made to the rocker arms. No roller or needle bearings will be allowed as part of the camshaft or as an interface between the rocker arms and the camshaft. Any push rods and push rod tubes. Any valve adj screws. Valve covers may be of any manufacture. FAN SHROUD After market VW fan shrouds are allowed CARBURETOR Stock VW carb 30 pict 1, 2, 3 or the solex h-30-pic replacement must be used. Maximum venturi size is 24.10mm. Velocity stacks may be used as long as they are not bonded to the carburetor. No internal modifications are allowed. This includes no removing of parts, no grinding, polishing, or filing. Intake manifolds must be stock. No chemical milling of manifold or carburetor. Choke housing may be removed. The stock float bowl vent may be plugged and relocated. Any air and main jet may be used. . A 34mm to 30mm carb adapter must be used. RESTRICTOR PLATES Single Seat restrictor plates are 27.00 mm Two Seat - none Low compression engine option 1600cc maximum displacement and 8 to 1 compression ratio, must use same heads as high compression engine with same valve size and no porting at all. Stock VW end castings with VW part numbers must be used, no polishing allowed. An EMPI or WEBER 40 or 44 idf carb may be used and tube style intake manifold. Minimal internal modifications are allowed. This includes no removing of parts, no grinding, polishing, or filing. No chemical milling of manifold or carburetor. The use of any auxiliary Venturi allowed. No Plenum Manifolds allowed. Must use a maximum 25.00mm Venturi (choke tube) for two seat and a maximum 24.00mm Venturi (choke tube) for single seat. This is a pump gas only engine option with a maximum of 91 octane. Transmission Must be stock VW type 1 or 2 transaxle housing with internal modifications only. No more than four (4) forward speeds are allowed. Any internal modifications allowed. Any gear ratio combinations allowed but only VW type gears (helical cut gears) may be used. Must have a working reverse gear. Any shifter allowed. Fluid Coolers Any oil cooler allowed with the location optional. Full flow systems are allowed. No deep sumps or dry sumps will be allowed or accusumps. Vehicle Weight 1550lb Minimum Weight Weight shall be considered dry weight for long course and wet weight for short course (dry weight is with all fuel tanks drained.)Tools, spare tires and parts must be removed. But otherwise the vehicle must be race ready. Official weight will be considered weight shown on official scales.
Guidebook for Enhancing Performance of Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) in Urban Areas March 2017 National Urban Health Mission Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India PREFACE The National Urban Health Mission was launched to address the primary healthcare needs of the urban population, and in particular, the specific health needs of the urban poor and vulnerable. Addressing these needs requires a deep understanding of their living situations and everyday challenges, and how the external environment impacts their physical and mental wellbeing. The frontline health workforce such as the ANMs and the ASHAs have very crucial role in helping the people living in slums and slum-like habitations, not only for their health needs but also for various social and environmental factors affecting their health. The Mission envisages them to connect the marginalized with the public health system, to enhance the responsiveness of the system towards their health needs, to deliver certain services and to be champion of their rights and entitlements. This training module will help the ANMs in understanding their roles, responsibilities and duties within the Urban Health Mission. It will also provide them with the necessary perspective to develop awareness and empathy towards the plethora of social and economic challenges faced by the population, which shape their health seeking behaviour and health outcomes. I appreciate the efforts undertaken by the Urban Health Division of the Ministry, NHSRC and other experts in bringing out this document, which will be a good resource not only for the ANMs but also other personal working under NUHM. Foreword Providing healthcare to the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in the urban area is the core focus of the National Urban Health Mission, in addition to serving the larger urban population. It is well established that urban health issues are distinct and require new skills and capacities to understand and respond to the differential health needs. The role of the ANM is critical to the success of the Mission. ANMs are the crucial component which connects the ASHAs and the communities with the public health system. In view of the emerging disease burden, the ANM's role has been expanded to enable her to address communicable and noncommunicable diseases, in addition to her traditionally RCH centric functions. Thus, under NUHM, ANM is a health worker whose clinical role is as significant as her presence in the community. With the ANMs playing the role envisaged for them, it is hoped that the Mission will get the necessary fillip and reach out to the vulnerable groups in the urban areas. A well trained and well performing ANM will ensure that her allocated 10,000 population is being reached out with the defined basic primary healthcare including NCD services either through her or the ASHAs under her. This, when operationalized, will be a significant achievement under the Mission, taking it closer to its objective. I hope the states will implement training based on this module, and utilize this document for bringing about all-round development of the ANMs. Foreword Under National Urban Health Mission, it is very important for the ANM to understand the demography of her population so that she does not miss the vulnerable households who require her services. While NUHM is under the larger umbrella of the National Health Mission, the purpose of creating a separate training module for ANMs was felt so as to communicate to the ANMs their role enlightenment in the urban context. While NUHM does not expect ANMs to have different skills from their rural counterpart, they surely need a new perspective and orientation to understand and cater to the needs of the urban poor. In a rapidly changing urban environment leading to diverse health needs of the population, the UPHC team and the ANM in particular needs to be ready to address diverse health seeking behaviour with interventions. In this context, she needs to possess skills to understand and adapt to her specific context and respond effectively. She needs to be sensitive enough to empathize with diverse urban groups such as the elderly, differently abled, transgenders, people living with HIV and AIDS, various other social and occupational groups. She also requires skills to guide the ASHAs under her supervision to help the urban vulnerable in need of their services. This document aims to sensitize the ANMs to the issues of the urban poor, help her understand her roles and responsibilities and provides her and the MO-IC of the UPHC plan her work schedules. This document also helps the MO and the ANMs to analyse the performance of the ANMs and help her reach her full potential while serving the community. I hope these guidelines will help to bring clarity not only for the functioning of the ANM but also helps in the implementation of the programme at the UPHC level. (Dr. K. Rajeswara Rao) List of Contributors Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Sh. K. Rajeswara Rao, Joint Secretary, NUHM, MoHFW Ms. Preeti Pant, Director (UH), MoHFW Dr. Basab Gupta, Deputy Commissioner (UH), MoHFW Dr. Ranjana Garg, Assistant Commissioner (UH), MoHFW Ms. Sudipta Basa, Consultant, NUHM, MoHFW National Health Systems Resource Center Dr. Sanjiv Kumar, Executive Director, NHSRC Dr. Himanshu Bhushan, Advisor, NHSRC Dr. Satish Kumar, Advisor, NHSRC Dr. Rajani Ved, Advisor, NHSRC Dr. Dilip Singh, Advisor, NHSRC Ms. Aastha Sharma, Senior Consultant, NHSRC Dr. Vinay Bothra, Senior Consultant, NHSRC Mr. Prasanth K, Senior Consultant, NHSRC Dr. Richa Kandpal, Consultant, NHSRC Dr. Shweta Singh, Consultant, NHSRC Experts and Partners Dr. Monika Rana, Delhi State Health Mission Ms. Anna Schurmann, Conseil Sante Table of Contents 1 Introduction The National Urban Health Mission is a sub-mission under the National Health Mission, which aims to cater to the unique and diverse needs of the urban poor and vulnerable population. To reach out to the urban marginalized population – a key priority for NUHM – a well-trained and motivated frontline health workforce is essential. In particular, the Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) is the backbone of the urban health care delivery system. They form an important link between the Urban Primary Health Centers and the community, ensuring no one is left without access to basic primary health services. The role of the ANM under NUHM encompasses provision of not only RCH related services but also basic services for communicable and non-communicable diseases including disease surveillance. Depending upon the specific needs of the population, her role will include: Identifying vulnerable populations and health needs • Responding to area specific endemic diseases • Supporting national and state program activities • Supervising and facilitating ASHAs • Supporting formation of Mahila Arogya Samitis (MAS) • Conducting outreach sessions, patient record maintenance and follow up for continued care • Participate in Inter-sectoral collaboration with Urban Local Bodies (ULB) including non-health • departments (such as water and sanitation) and programs such as ICDS. While urban areas offer proximity to high level health facilities, there are many barriers to actually accessing the care that is available. These barriers include: High costs of drugs and diagnostics leading to out of pocket expenditure • Inconvenient OPD timings • Apathetic behaviour of health providers • Distance and overcrowding • Also, primary health care under the public sector remains inadequate and limited in urban areas. The ANM through her services shall aim to overcome these barriers and provide accessible primary health care facilities to those who are unable to physically, financially and 'socially' access them. This guidebook provides clarity on the roles and responsibilities of the ANM against the backdrop of urban vulnerability and health, and in the context of NUHM programme components and processes. It is important that the ANM is oriented on important skills required to enable delivery of her duties in an effective and compassionate manner. This includes administrative, managerial and other soft skills such as leadership, team working, effective communication (both with patients and other health functionaries), enabling community participation, and developing community linkages with other departments and urban local body representatives. To this end, this guidebook is designed to orient the ANM on the following broad areas: Vulnerabilities and marginalization of the urban poor and their diverse health needs 1. Components and processes of the NUHM 2. Roles and responsibilities of the ANM 3. Interpersonal skill development of the ANM 4. Performance Assessment of the ANM 5. Section 1 aims to develop an understanding of urbanization and its effect on health status, and of the everyday vulnerabilities and challenges faced by the urban poor. This section aims to develop a perspective on urbanization and provide information on the hardships faced by the urban poor. After reading this section, the ANM will have a better understanding of the context of urbanization and urban poverty – and this will help her better identify and meet their needs. Section 2 details out program components such as program structure, staffing patterns, formation of MAS, role of urban local bodies and other stakeholders. After reading this section, the ANM will better understand the programmatic structure of the NUHM, and where she fits in it. This will help her understand her workplace and therefore help her perform her job role with confidence. Section 3 provides a detailed description of roles and job responsibilities of the ANM. Besides RCH services, the section covers her role in communicable and non-communicable diseases, disability, mental health and in developing community based linkages with Urban Local Bodies and other urban stakeholders. It also identifies her administrative and supervisory/management responsibilities. After reading this section, the ANM will understand her job responsibilities. Section 4 elaborates on the soft skills required for the ANM to perform her duties. The various topics of interpersonal skill development include leadership, management, decision making, effective communication, negotiation and coordination, without the use of which achieving the desired outcomes may be difficult. After reading this section, the ANM will have an understanding of the soft skills required to effectively perform her role. Section 5 describes the process of performance assessment of the ANM, which is to be done both by the ANM herself and by her supervisor. Technical information on different health programs like NCDs, disease control programs, MCH and other relevant initiatives is already available in various MoHFW approved guidelines. However, if the need for a comprehensive integrated training package is identified by states, this can also be developed subsequently. This guidebook will enable the ANM to be an empowered, aware and sensitive health worker at the UPHC. The content is tailored to provide technical details on knowledge, skills and attitude required for efficient service delivery. They will be able to develop skills in identifying and responding to the needs of the urban poor and vulnerable, provide leadership to the team of ASHAs supervised by them and skillfully execute and implement the National Urban Health Mission. 3 The Urban Context Understanding the extent of vulnerability in the urban population is the foundation of NUHM. For this reason, details about the socio-economic context of the urban poor are provided below. Understanding vulnerability helps us to understand how to target the services to those most in need. 1. Defining Urban Areas Urban areas are characterised by high economic activity, diversity of livelihood opportunities and high population density. While in rural areas, people mainly work in agriculture, in cities people are engaged in many jobs. Cities are centres of business, commerce and economic activity and have more employment opportunities. Generally, a city has more well developed and structured infrastructure, schools, buildings, residential complexes, roads and transport facilities compared to rural areas. An important distinction between an urban and a rural area is the density of population. An urban area is one where the density of population is high, as compared to rural areas. For example, the density of population of Bangalore Urban district is 4378 people per square km, while that of Bangalore Rural district is only 431 persons per square km. For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows: All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. 1. All other places which satisfy the following criteria: i) A minimum population of 5,000; ii) At least 75 2. per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. An urban area is typically surrounded by rural areas. Due to increasing urban population and expansion of city infrastructure, cities have started to expand, leading to even larger cities. 2. Urbanization Urbanization, in simple terms, means the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, as compared to rural areas. The increase in population is accompanied by a physical increase in urban areas and the growth of infrastructure, including commercial and residential structures. India isbecoming more urbanized, with the proportion of urban population increasing from 11.4% in 1901, to 28.53% in 2001 and 31% in 2011, and is expected to increase to 50% over the next few decades. The increase in the last couple of decades has been particularly rapid. Urban growth in Indiais influenced by three factors: Natural population growth • Migration from rural to urban areas, and • Transformation of rural or peri-urban areas into urban areas. • While the biggest addition to the urban population is due to the natural population growth, migration plays a significant role in the increase of urban populations. India has cities of various sizes and populations. New Delhi and Tumkur (in Karnataka) are both cities but vary greatly in terms of population, area, infrastructure, facilities and resources available. India has 75 cities with a population of one million or above as per Urban Development Minstry, GoI.. Known as Million Plus cities, these are the major urban centers in the country. Among the Million Plus Cities, there are three very large urban agglomerations (UA) with more than 10 million persons in the country, known as Mega Cities. These are Greater Mumbai (18.4 million), Delhi (16.3 million) and Kolkata (14.1 million). The largest UA in the country is Greater Mumbai UA followed by Delhi UA. These and other major cities in India like Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad, are also called metropolitan cities. Implications of Urbanization The rapid increase in urbanization has led to more people living in cities, than the resources available to sustain a safe and healthy living environment for all. Urbanization often leads to overcrowding, an increase in slums and poor quality housing, competition for resources, air, water and noise pollution and an increase in traffic. Most Indian cities lack the necessary infrastructure in terms of housing, water and sanitation, employment opportunities, and basic services such as health care and education to accommodate the needs of the urban poor. This has implications for their health, wellbeing and productivity. Urbanization: Good or Bad? Urbanization is a demographic trend that many countries are witnessing today. Urbanization and globalization go hand in hand, and are considered inevitable in today's rapidly developing world. While urbanization has very clear advantages, it also has some undesirable side-effects. Think over the positive and negative impacts of urbanization. What can be done to mitigate the negative impact of urbanization? What can the government and we, as a society do? This increases inequality – with large gaps between the rich and poor. Thus, cities present two stark extremes – one with extreme poverty and deprivation of basic needs and the other with extreme wealth and prosperity. In a typical city, there may be areas where residents are extremely wealthy, and areas like slums where families cannot even afford meals for their family. Further, unlike in rural areas where food and other items may be obtained from nature free of cost, in urban areas everything needs to be purchased. The root cause of the problem is not with urbanization as such, it is with the lack of appropriate planning to accommodate the increasing population in the urban space, and to generate or procure adequate resources for decent living for all. Migration Migrants are drawn to urban areas for employment opportunities and to establish a better life for themselves and their families. Rural to urban migration involves both 'urban pull' and also 'rural push' factors. Factors such as lack of land-holdings, lack of viable economic opportunities, difficulty in sustaining profitable agricultural practices, and inadequate amenities and infrastructure often 'push' rural families or head of households out of rural areas towards urban areas in search of better opportunities. People migrating to cities are often employed on daily wages in the unorganized sector as rickshaw pullers, construction workers, factory workers, head loaders and other similar vocations. Safe, affordable and good quality housing is limited in cities, and migrants often live on the margins in slums or slum-like housing, with poor sanitation, water supply and inadequate space. The next section expands on some of these issues and helps develop an understanding of 'urban vulnerability'. 3. Challenges Faced by the Urban Poor and Vulnerable Although the urban poor share the same spaces and resources as the wealthy populations, they are more vulnerable to the harsh living environment of the city. A range of factors including their economic and social status, location and type of their home and work increases their vulnerability by exposing them to a number of health hazards. Types of Vulnerability The urban poor live a socially and economically insecure life, which may directly or indirectly impact their health. Their vulnerability comes from a range of factors: Residential Vulnerability 1. : This includes persons and households that are vulnerable because of their location, nature and type of residence. This includes those who are homeless, live in slum or slum like habitations, face insecurity of tenure and are unserved or under-served with basic public services like sanitation, clean drinking water and drainage. Occupational Vulnerability 2. : This includes persons who are subject to unsanitary, unhealthy and hazardous work conditions, have irregular or unpredictable incomes or are unemployed. For example, those working in the informal sector, daily wage labourers, factory workers working without adequate safety equipment, sanitation workers without adequate protective equipment and, bonded labour are occupationally vulnerable. Social Vulnerability 3. : This includes those who face problems due to their social circumstances in terms of caste, class, gender, physical abilities and age. For example, widows, the transgender community, the elderly, the disabled and those belonging to scheduled castes and tribes face discrimination in their everyday life because of their disadvantaged social status. Social vulnerability and discrimination hinders access to resources such as health services, education and access to government schemes and programs. The above-mentioned vulnerabilities do not exist in isolation. Most individuals and families living in urban areas face multiple and overlapping vulnerabilities, which exacerbate the impact of other factors – those in unhygienic and unsafe slum housing often work in hazardous conditions and may also be socially excluded. The combined effect of all vulnerabilities on one family or individual has a negative impact on their wellbeing and health. This increases their risk of disease and/or injury, while reducing their opportunity to access affordable health care when needed. Factors Contributing to Urban Vulnerability The vulnerability of the diverse urban poor population derives from four interconnected factors: The harsh urban environment 1. Lack of social networks /supports 2. Monetization of basic needs 3. Limited access to social security schemes 4. 1. The Harsh Urban Environment Pollution, makeshift housing and high population density all contribute to a harsh and unsafe environment, especially for the poor. Living in makeshift, temporary constructions of plastic, brick, tin, and other waste materials (that may be unsafe and hazardous) or on roads, under flyovers and railway platforms, they are exposed to extreme weather conditions of heat and cold. During rains, such housing may experience flooding, exposing residents to drain water and sewage material, making them susceptible to outbreaks of infectious diseases and injuries. They are also easy targets of crime, physical assault, theft, kidnapping, abduction and accidents. Children, adolescent girls and women are particularly at risk of sexual violence. The general living environment is unsafe and hazardous – with unprotected electricity wires, open pits and drains and fragile construction, as a part of their surroundings. Many urban poor live on or near landfills, garbage dumps, factories, open drains, construction sites and are at risk of floods, infections, pollution and effluent exposure. Some of the specific challenges include: Basic services such as safe and adequate drinking water, electricity, garbage disposal, sanitation • facilities are either lacking or of very poor quality. Toilets, where present, are often shared by a large number of people, and may even be unaffordable • (pay-per-use) in cases of large families. Congested living conditions exacerbate the risk of fecal contamination and infectious diseases such • as tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, and various skin disorders. People living in temporary or • kutcha housing live under the constant threat of eviction and demolition of their housing, as part of city 'clean-up' drives. Like their living environment, their work environment too is often hazardous. Laborers and construction workers work at minimum wage and generally without adequate safety equipment. Due to lack of extended family or social support, women workers often have to take their children along to factories or construction sites, exposing them to a hazardous and unprotected environment. 2. Lack of Social Networks Social networks play a critical role in urban residents' living experience and also influence their health behaviors and health outcomes. Strong social networks promote emotional wellbeing, through different kinds of support – emotional, financial or practical. The lack of such networks and support structures, strained social relationships and marginalization place urban dwellers at risk for common mental disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, alcoholism and crime. Certain communities also face marginalization because they belong to a particular group such as sex workers, rag pickers or waste workers, transgenders, homeless, mentally ill etc. These groups are often excluded from accessing and participating in various aspects of urban life including health care, education, employment, and even basic amenities such as housing, sanitation and food. 3. Monetization of Basic Needs The cost of living in urban areas is much more than that of villages. Sharing of resources in rural areas such as farm animals, fuel, each other's harvest and other commodities is common. In contrast, in urban areas, most commodities have to be paid for - including the use of bathrooms and toilets. Blankets and mattresses in winters and fans and coolers in summers are rented out per night for the homeless. This makes access to even basic amenities unaffordable for the urban poor. Regular expenditure on rents for housing, fruits and vegetables, food items, clothing and other basic necessities makes living in the urban area prohibitive for the poor. 4. Limited Access to Social Security Schemes Most of the urban poor, typically migrants, are not considered 'legitimate' citizens of cities. Their kutcha housing is often declared 'illegal' and under threat of demolition. Although the government has many schemes for populations Below the Poverty Line (BPL), accessing services for the urban poor is complicated as they may live in areas that are not officially recognized and proving their identity or providing official documentation is often a challenge. For example, children from many urban poor and migrant populations are not entitled to admission in schools due to lack of proper identification documents with their parents. Similarly proving their entitlements to various subsidies and accessing basic services such as the public distribution system (PDS) remains a challenge. Barriers to Accessing Care in Urban Settings Barriers to accessing health in urban areas are distinct from those in rural areas. With shorter distances and availability of public transport, geographical access is not as big a barrier in urban areas. There are also many qualified doctors and nurses working in cities. However, there are other barriers to accessing care: Limited availability of government primary health care services • : Primary health care facilities in urban areas are limited in number; where they exist they offer a limited range of services. Most urban residents thus access 'larger' or secondary/tertiary hospitals even for minor ailments. Overcrowding in public hospitals • : Secondary and tertiary public hospitals are generally too crowded to provide timely and adequate care to all. Shortages of drugs, supplies and diagnostic facilities are common, and many patients are forced to procure products and diagnostic services from other private providers due to lengthy waiting times. There are reports of patients lining up at OPD queues in the early hours of the morning for counters that open at 8 am. Unprofessional and rude behaviour towards the urban poor • : The poor and vulnerable are often treated with disrespect and hostility by service providers, and at times even refused treatment. Special needs groups such as elderly, disabled and transgender have a very difficult time navigating the system. High cost of drugs and diagnostics • : Accessing both public and private care can involve high costs and out of pocket expenditure, which can be unaffordable for the urban poor. Out of physical reach • : Navigating the city and its hospitals may be physically impossible for the disabled and the elderly, as most are not disabled friendly. Dependence on care givers further limits their access. Inconvenient timings: • As most public health services open in the morning hours, consulting a doctor may mean the loss of a day's wage for the poor. The alternative is to go to private doctors during evening hours, even though they have to pay for their services. Thus the urban poor face physical, social, and economic constraints to accessing public health care. As a result, many seek health care from a range of licensed and unlicensed providers, or seek health care only when their health condition becomes severe - or do not seek health care at all. The out of pocket expenses are substantial and cause severe financial strain. The NUHM attempts to address some of these challenges and provide accessible and affordable quality health care services for the marginalized and disadvantaged urban poor. It has developed a systematic institutional structure for addressing their diverse needs. The next section provides details of the program components of NUHM. 9 National Urban Health Mission The National Urban Health Mission builds on the principles of the National Rural Health Mission; it has been tailored to the urban context and certain specific aspects have been built into the Mission to reach out to the most marginalized. According to the NUHM Framework for Implementation, the NUHM will focus on: The urban poor population living in listed and unlisted slums • All other vulnerable populations such as the homeless, rag-pickers, street children, rickshaw pullers, • construction and brick and lime kiln workers, sex workers and other temporary migrants. Sanitation, clean drinking water, vector control and related issues • Strengthening the public health capacity of urban local bodies • 1. Institutional Framework For the implementation of NRHM, State Program Management Units and District Program Management Units were created in all states and districts. For NUHM also, the same structures shall be utilized, but with additional staff added. Only cities where no prior comprehensive health system was in place, shall have new program management units, called as 'City Program Management Unit', placed under the Urban Local Bodies. The implementation of NUHM is to be done jointly by the Health Department and the Urban Local Bodies such as Municipal Corporation and municipalities. In large cities such as Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai, the implementation shall be done by Municipal Corporations, and in smaller and non-metro cities, the implementation shall be done by the Health Department, but with close collaboration and help of the ULBs. The involvement of ULBs thus is very important for all types of cities and at all levels. This is because the ULBs are responsible for basic services such as water, sanitation, vector control, housing which directly impact health outcomes of the population. The key features of the NUHM include: Facilities • such as the Urban Primary Health Center (UPHC) and Urban Community Health Center (UCHC). Structured outreach activities • in the form of Urban Health and Nutrition Days (UHND) and Special Outreach Camps. Community Groups • of women from slum and slum like housing in the form of Mahila Aarogya Samitis. Working Jointly (known as 'Convergence') • with other departments such as ICDS, Municipalities, Water, Sanitation and others related to health. The National Urban Health Mission includes the following services, health workers and community structures based on the population served: 2. The Urban Primary Health Center Unlike in the National Rural Health Mission, there are no sub centers envisaged under the NUHM planas geographical distances in accessing health services are not as great as in rural areas. The first point of contact under the NUHM is the Urban Primary Health Center. This is where the ANM will be posted. Key characteristics of the UPHC include: Population coverage a. : Depending on the spatial distribution of the slum population, the population covered by a UPHC may vary from 30,000 to 50,000 for cities with sparse slum populations to 75,000 for highly concentrated slums. Timings: b. The hours of operation must enable the urban working population to conveniently access the UPHC. States may opt for any suitable timings, provided the UPHC provides 8 hours of service, which are convenient to the community, with evening OPD (for eg. 8am to 12pm and 4pm to 8pm). Dual shift timing of UPHC should be flexible with the ability to be modified according to the convenience of vulnerable and marginalised communities. Location: c. The UPHC should be located in close proximity to slums e.g. about half a kilometre from a slum or slum-like habitation. If more than one slum exist in the catchment area, the slum with largest population could be considered as reference point for the location of UPHC. Service provision d. : The UPHC's key responsibility is to provide comprehensive preventive, promotive and non-domiciliary curative care. Services provided by U-PHC include: OPD (consultation) i. Basic lab diagnosis (List attached as Annexure 2) ii. Drug /contraceptive dispensing iii. Delivery of Reproductive & Child Health (RCH) services iv. Preventive, promotive and where appropriate, curative aspects of communicable and non- v. communicable diseases. Minor surgical procedures vi. Counselling and Help Desk vii. Organize outreach services (routine UHNDs and special outreach) viii. Patient referrals and follow up ix. To strengthen the delivery of specialized OPD care, UPHCs can utilize the services of specialists on a weekly basis. As per the NUHM framework, the UPHC does not have provision for in-patient care. However, some states may include in-patient care, if it emerges as a need for the community. e. Staff Structure: There is a team of about 15 personnel at the UPHC and the staff structure is as follows: At the UPHC, every ANM will be responsible for a population of approximately 10,000. Since a UPHC covers an average 30,000-50,000 population, it will have 3-5 ANM. f. Mapping and Vulnerability assessment of UPHC catchment area Understanding the extent of vulnerability in the urban population is the foundation of NUHM. In order to plan services such as outreach session, special outreach camps and screenings, it is important to understand: which are the vulnerable groups in your UPHC catchment area? What is their population? Where do they live? What is their occupation? What are their special health needs? Are they at risk of specific diseases because of their location, type of housing, occupation or their social status? Answers to these questions will tell us what services should be provided and how best they can be reached. This is called vulnerability assessment. For this, the UPHC should prepare a map of its catchment area and identify locations of slums and other locations where the urban vulnerable reside. Further, as directed by the state, a house to house survey needs to be done to find out the above information. The survey tool for such a survey shall be provided by your state. The urban ASHAs are also required to conduct a basic vulnerability assessment for their specified households. Areas that are not under any ASHA should also be covered by the ANM. Role of ANM in UPHC Mapping and Vulnerability Assessment UPHC Mapping Find out from your Public Health Manager or Medical Officer about how vulnerability assessment shall 1. be conducted for your UPHC. This decision would be taken by your state and communicated to your UPHC. Further ask your supervisor about your role in the vulnerability assessment in your population. Along with other ANMs and Public Health Manager (if present), create a map of the UPHC catchment 2. area for your UPHC, with the help of your supervisor on a big chart paper. You can also check if GIS maps are available in your state, and how you can refer to them from your supervisor. While making your map, clearly mark all slums, low income housing, your UPHC, anganwadi centers, 3. and all other landmarks such as schools, water bodies, large drains, landfill sites, other health facilities etc. Areas of each ANM should also be marked on the map. The map will help you in identifying if any areas or pockets of poor and vulnerable houses are being left 4. out from coverage of any ASHA or ANM. Vulnerability Assessment Guide the ASHAs under you in conducting the Vulnerability Assessment as per the tool given in the 5. ASHA Training Module, in her households. Make note of the most vulnerable families and individuals identified from her survey, and ensure delivery of the needed services to them. Assist her in recording the survey data and understand the findings to improve her service delivery. There may be some areas in your population which are not under any ASHA. Special attention must be 6. given to such areas by you in identifying and serving the vulnerable in those areas. It may be ensured that the entire population is covered and special provision may be made so as to reach the whole population. From the above assessments and mapping, make sure you have identified the persons needing special services in your area. Make lists of: all 30+ persons for NCD screening, all eligible couples, all pregnant women, under 5 children, elderly, persons with special needs, disabled, at risk of TB, in contact with leprosy patients etc., and ensure service provision to them through home visits, outreach and other services. g. Innovative approaches Depending on the health care needs of specify communities and existing resources, state may wish to consider innovative and alternative approaches for more effective and efficient service delivery. While there are many ways in which states can innovate delivery of urban health services, an example of health kiosk is briefly descried below: Health Kiosks As the NUHM does not have a provision for sub-centers, Health Kiosks (or nursing stations) can provide alternative infra-structural support. This alternative/innovative approach can be considered depending on the availability of adequate funds and existing human resources. These are prefabricated structures that can help ANMs in conducting outreach services. These can be set up where slums under a UPHC are distant, and it is not possible to create another UPHC, or where there is no adequate space within or near a slum to establish a UPHC. These may also be considered in unauthorized slums or in areas inhabited by communities at high risk of adverse health outcomes, e.g. commercial sex workers, street children, rag pickers, nomads etc. These health kiosks will act as the first point of contact between the community and the health system and will be attached to the nearest Urban PHC. The services provided at Health Kiosks could include: Immunization services, Antenatal and postnatal care, Family planning - counselling and contraception services, Screening for anaemia and other non-communicable diseases such as BP, blood sugar, cancers, Sputum and Blood smear collection for detection of TB and Malaria, Health promotion activities. 3. Community Processes Community processes under the NUHM are important for service provision, community mobilization and raising awareness about individual and community rights and entitlements. The Urban ASHA and Mahila Aarogya Samitis form the foundation of community processes under NUHM. A) Urban ASHA The role of an ASHA includes a mix of many tasks: facilitating access to health care services, raising awareness about health care entitlements especially amongst the poor and marginalized, promoting healthy behaviors, mobilizing for collective action for better health outcomes and providing curative care as appropriate to the organization of service delivery in that area and compatible with her training and skills. The role of the urban ASHA has similarities to that of the rural ASHA; she fulfills her role through five activities: Home visits 1. Attending the Urban Health and Nutrition Day (UHND) and supporting outreach activities 2. Visits to the health facility (to accompany pregnant women, sick child or others needing facility 3. based care). Promotion of Mahila Aarogya Samitis 4. Maintaining records 5. The broad role of the ASHA is to: Awareness generation: 1. Create awareness on factors that determine health status and entitlements related to health and other related public services. She provides information to the communitywith a special focus on vulnerable groups - on the determinants of health such as nutrition, basic sanitation and hygienic practices, healthy living and working conditions, information on existing health services and facilities and the need for timely access to health services. Counselling: 2. Counsel women, families and adolescents on birth preparedness, the importance of safe delivery, breast feeding and complementary feeding, immunization, contraception and prevention of common infections including Reproductive Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections (RTIs/ STIs), care of the young child, substance misuse, prevention of domestic violence and sexual violence. Curative care and supplies: 3. ASHA provides community level curative care for ailments such as diarrhoea, fevers, care for the normal and sick new-born, childhood illnesses, nutrition counselling and first aid. In some states, where trained, she also measures blood pressure and blood and urine sugar. She ensures compliance with Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme and will provide appropriate community level care for other communicable diseases like malaria, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya and leprosy. She also acts as a depot holder for essential health products like ORS-Zinc, Iron and Folic Acid tablets, Chloroquine, condoms, oral contraceptives, sanitary napkins and other products as appropriate to local community needs. Each ASHA is provided a Drug Kit. Community mobilization: 4. ASHAs mobilize the community and facilitate people's access to health services available at the AWC, Primary Urban Health Centres urban secondary and tertiary health centres for services including institutional delivery, immunizations, ante natal care (ANC), post-natal care (PNC) and related activities. She will arrange an escort or accompany pregnant women and children requiring treatment or admission to the nearest pre- identified health facility i.e. Urban Primary Health Centre, Community Health Centre, First Referral Unit (CHC/ FRU). This escort role is important if the beneficiary is homeless or belongs to a marginalized community. MAS coordination: 5. She will work with the Mahila Aarogya Samiti to promote convergent action by the committee on the social determinants of health and take action to improve access of vulnerable groups to various public services. With the support of MAS, ASHAs will assist and mobilize the community for action on gender based violence, alcohol and drug misuse, mental health issues and raise awareness about irrational drug use and the sometimes exploitative practices of private health practitioners. She will work on issues of water and sanitation in coordination with Mahila Aarogya Samitis and enable construction and use of household/community toilets and promote sanitation and hygiene in the community. Information: 6. The ASHA will provide information on births and deaths in her area and any unusual health problems/disease outbreaks in the community to the Urban Primary Health Centre. B) Mahila Aarogya Samitis Mahila Aarogya Samiti (MAS) are local women's collectives that are expected to champion and take proactive action on issues related to health, nutrition, water, sanitation and other social determinants for their local community at the slum/ward level. MAS are intended to be a leadership platform for local women to raise awareness, improve health seeking behavior, advocate for optimal utilization of services, increase community ownership and establish a community based monitoring system. Mahila Arogya Samiti (MAS) Local women's collective with an elected Chairperson and a Secretary • Local women's collective with an elected Chairperson and a Secretary • Covers approximately 50-100 households in slum and slum like settlements. Addresses local issues related to Health, Nutrition, Water, Sanitation and social determinants of health at slum level. Covers approximately 50-100 households in slum and slum like settlements. Addresses local issues • related to Health, Nutrition, Water, Sanitation and social determinants of health at slum level. * Facilitated by the ASHA who acts as the Member Secretary • Facilitated by the ASHA who acts as the Member Secretary • Objectives and Goals of MAS To provide an institutional mechanism for the community to be informed about health and 1. other government initiatives and to participate in the planning and implementation of these programmes for better outcomes. To organize or facilitate community level services and improve referral linkages to health services 2. for Maternal, New-born, Child health and Nutrition (MNCHN) issues and other related services for improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), adolescent health, communicable and noncommunicable disease control. To provide a platform for convergent action on social determinants and all public services directly 3. or indirectly related to health. To provide a mechanism for the community to voice health needs, experiences and issues with access 4. to health services, such that institutions of local government and public health service providers can take note and respond appropriately. To generate community awareness and coordinate action on MNCHN, WASH and locally relevant 5. health issues and to promote the acceptance of best practises in health by community members. To focus on preventive and promotive health care and promote positive health behaviour. 6. To manage MAS's untied funds. 7. To provide support and facilitate the work of community health workers like ASHA and other frontline 8. health care providers that form a crucial interface between the community and health institutions. Composition of MAS: Mahila Arogya Samiti should have 10-12 members, depending on the size of the slum, but the group should not be less than 8 and not more than 20 members. In case the MAS is formed in a slum with different social groups, representation should be ensured from all groups and from all pockets of the slum. The Urban ASHA will be the Member secretary of MAS. Characteristics of members of the MAS: Local women willing to contribute to the 'well-being of the community' with a sense of social commitment and leadership skills should volunteer for the MAS. Members could include: Service users like pregnant women, lactating mothers, mothers with young children and patients • with chronic diseases using public services should also be on the MAS. If the slum has self-help groups, Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas (DWCUA) • groups, Neighborhood groups under SJSRY, thrift and credit groups etc., women from these groups should also be encouraged to participate in the MAS. Coverage of MAS: The MAS is to be formed at slum level and is expected to cover approximately 50-100 households. However, this can be modified based on the circumstances in each slum e.g. small slum of less than 50 families can still form a MAS. In case there are Anganwadi Centers in the slum, the coverage of each MAS should be aligned with the coverage area of the Anganwadi Centre and should cover all pockets of the slum. Formation of the MAS ASHA selection: a. The selection of an ASHA for a designated "slum or vulnerable cluster" will be carried out by a women's group which can later potentially serve as the Mahila Arogya Samitis in that area. Constitution of a team at slum level: b. The ASHA, ASHA facilitator/Community organizer with support of NGO field functionary (if any), AWW and ANM will constitute a team for selecting the MAS members. As far as possible the community women's group involved in the selection of ASHA should be part of MAS. Each ASHA will supervise the formation of two-five MAS. Meetings with slum women: c. The team (ASHA and others) should conduct a series of meetings with women from the slum to understand their health issues and to sensitize these women about improving the health of the men, women and children in their slum. It is generally observed that the initial meetings attract a large number of slum women often out of curiosity or perhaps with expectations of some sort of monetary benefit. Identification of active and committed women: d. A period of 1-2 weeks is given for women to reflect, discuss with others and determine their commitment to serve their slum community on the MAS. Generally towards the 3rd or 4th meeting, the attendance falls and only the committed continue attending. Each community responds differently and takes its own time to crystallize. Social acceptance is enhanced by talking to family members. MAS Grant The NUHM provides an annual grant of Rs.5000 to the MAS. This amount can be used for conducting fortnightly/monthly meetings of MAS, sanitation and hygiene drives etc. To build the capacity of MAS, quarterly orientation workshops on issues such as the group organization, governance and management of the group, leadership skills etc. should be organized in the first year, and thereafter once every year. 4. Role of the Urban Local Bodies in NUHM Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are the local governance bodies in urban areas, similar to the Panchayats and Zila Parishads in rural areas. A ULB is classified into the 3 major categories: Mahanagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation) • Nagar Palika (Municipality) • Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council, City Council) • The municipal corporations and municipalities are representative bodies (meaning members are elected), while the notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies (meaning members are appointed). Currently, only large Municipal Corporations in large cities play an active role in providing health and medical services in their cities. In smaller cities, municipalities have little contribution in the health sector. However, ULBs are responsible for services such as providing water, sanitation, waste disposal, education and other services, which have a direct impact on the health of urban populations. Therefore, it is very important for the ULBs to be involved in the public health services of the city. NUHM aims to increase the participation of ULBs in planning and implementation of health services. For larger cities, including metro cities, the NUHM is to be implemented through the Municipal Corporation. For smaller cities, NUHM will be implemented by the Health Department, with active involvement of the ULBs. In either case, there are some critical functions, which require close collaboration between NUHM and ULBs to positively influence the wider determinants of health, as follows: Epidemic control (including control of vector borne diseases) 1. Disease surveillance 2. Treatment and disposal of sewage 3. Solid waste management including carcass disposal 4. Drinking water supply 5. Sanitation and prevention of public health nuisances 6. Dangerous and offensive trade, licensing (in particular slaughter house management, health safety 7. in cinemas, restaurants etc.). Food safety 8. Road safety, including street lighting 9. Birth and death registration 10. Management of cremations and burials 11. Control of stray dogs, and rabies control 12. Air pollution 13. Convergence of slum redevelopment and affordable housing 14. Implementation of welfare schemes for vulnerable populations, especially the homeless 15. ANM and the ULB ANM must be aware of the ULB's specific role in her catchment area. She should be clear on the demarcation of responsibility between the Ministry of Health and ULBs. ANMs must be aware of the ULB departments and members – both elected and non-elected – who are responsible for providing services in the UPHC area. She should develop community linkages with ULB functionaries to help the community address their concerns such as water, sanitation, waste management and disposal, vector control, stray animal nuisance etc. She should be able to guide the ASHA in developing her linkages with the community. It is also her role to identify/take note of issues from the community which are to be addressed by ULB, and are not being implemented properly and report to the PHM/MO. The PHM/MO shall then take it up with the ULB officials and advocate for expedited redressal. 5. Outreach Activities under NUHM Outreach is a critical component of primary health care. It serves to expand the reach and coverage of health services to the urban poor population living in listed and unlisted slums and other vulnerable groups such as the homeless, rag pickers, street children, migrants, men and women suffering from physical violence, discrimination and exploitation. A strong outreach program is critical to connect with the most marginalized and vulnerable populations. Community based outreach sessions in the slums are the first step in the continuum of care linking primary to secondary and tertiary care services. Operational guidelines for conducting outreach camps under NUHM have been prepared. The ANM should refer to these guidelines for smooth conduct of these activities. As per the guidelines, under the NUHM, two types of Outreach Services are envisaged: I. Outreach through Urban Health and Nutrition Days (UHND) The UHND is a platform for people to access services for a package of preventive, promotive and basic curative care. It is held at the Anganwadi Centre (AWC), primary schools or a suitable community space where these services can be provided on a regular basis. Beside the above, community structure constructed under the schemes of the various Departments e.g. UD, HUPA, WCD, Social Welfare i.e. RAY, IHSDP and JnNURM etc could be utilized as fixed points for providing periodic outreach services. ASHA and MAS members are responsible for mobilizing the community to the UHND which is intended as a convergence platform for services to be provided by the ANM and the Anganwadi Worker (AWW). The UHND is also an occasion for health promotion on a number of key health related issues. Organizing a UHND: Organizing a UHND is based on the spread and distribution of the catchment area of each Urban PHC and should be organized closer to the marginalized and vulnerable population settlements In order to minimize barriers to geographic access, the UHND should be organized in areas which • are distant from the Urban PHC or other primary care facilities provided by the government. Its timings should be flexible and take into account the occupation of its inhabitants, especially being sensitive towards daily wage earners. The space for the UHND is to be facilitated by the Urban PHC, City Health Society, Urban Local body. • The MO-IC of the Urban PHC is responsible for ensuring the development of an annual calendar for • the UHND in their catchment area, and reviewing the coverage and quality of UHND services and ensuring the timely submission of monthly and quarterly reports by the ANM. The ASHA with the support of the MAS will prepare a list of people requiring services at the UHND • and make a special effort to include marginalized individuals and families such as new migrants and the homeless and those living in distant areas. She will also inform the community and the MAS members about the date and timing of the UHND • to ensure improved coverage and access. It will be the responsibility of the ANM to provide services to UHND clients, including pregnant • women, newborn and sick children, adolescents and eligible couples and a basic level of curative care for minor illness/injury - with appropriate referral where needed. If more than one AWC exists in the catchment area of the ANM, the feasibility of merging UHND • sessions for two or more AWCs should be explored while ensuring that there is minimum inconvenience to the community. If this option is not feasible, then a rotational plan should be introduced covering one AWC at a time on • a pre-agreed fixed day basis. In such cases two days in a week may be chosen to organizing UHNDs. For screening and management of chronic diseases particularly common cancers, diabetes and • hypertension, the ANM will undertake screening, including blood pressure and blood glucose measurement at the UHND. Those with abnormal findings will be referred to the appropriate facility for confirmation and initiation • of treatment plans. The UHND can also be used for the follow-up management of these patients. Role of ANM in Organizing a UHND Ensure adequate awareness about the UHND: • Along with ASHA, Anganwadi worker, MAS groups, local NGO workers, ULB members, she must ensure that the target population is aware of the location, day and timing of the outreach session. The PHM or MO must provide support for making public announcements, printing of pamphlets etc. for the same. Microplanning of UHND: • With approval/supervision of MO and PHM, the ANM must prepare UHND microplans, ensuring coverage of all vulnerable areas in her 10,000 population. Ensure attendance: • ANM must ensure that all due list patients and the highly vulnerable (as per assessment) attend the UHND, coordinating with the ASHA for the same. Ensure that all services defined • for the UHND are delivered as per protocol. (Refer Operational Guidelines conducting Outreach Sessions in Urban Areas, 2015, MoHFW) Supply and logistics: • ANM must ensure that the location is appropriate and all vaccines, supplies and equipment are taken to the site on the day of the UHND. Systematic reporting: • Ensure that there is systematic recording of all attendees of the UHND, and that prescribed formats for UHND reporting all filled and submitted Referral: • Ensure that all patients requiring a referral or medical attention are referred, and are followed up. Refer all 30+ attendees for NCD screening also. II. Special Outreach Sessions Special Outreach Sessions are designed for hard-to-reach groups and communities. These sessions are in addition to the routine outreach services provided through the UHND. Special outreach sessions could focus on specialized services such as chronic diseases screening, detection of developmental delays, childhood disability, geriatric care, dental services, etc. Though the special outreach sessions are not designed to provide routine RCH services, these sessions/camps should not miss the opportunity to provide these routine services to the needy. Organizing a Special Outreach Session Special Outreach Sessions may involve provision of services by specialists (including Gynecologists, Dermatologists, Ophthalmologists, Psychiatrists, Dentists, ENT surgeons, Orthopedic Surgeons) and other health professionals such as nurses, laboratory technicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, optometrists, clinical psychologists, medical social workers and pharmacists. The steps in organizing a special outreach session are given below: ASHAs and MAS, facilitated by the ANM have a key role in mapping their populations, to identify • vulnerable subgroups and understand their health needs. Based on the needs identified, the UPHC will plan services to be provided through Special Outreach • Camps. The local UPHC should develop a calendar of services to be provided each month, which could offer • different specialist services, rehabilitation and other curative services. Point of care diagnostics will facilitate management and initiation of treatment (e.g. for blood • glucose, urine protein, Hb, Malaria). Test results must be reported back promptly to ensure timely management. The ASHA could serve as the focal point person for both communicating the test report and enabling • follow up action. The use of mobile phones would facilitate this process. There must be a mechanism for the UPHC to follow up after these special sessions. Such follow up • should be facilitated by the ANM/ASHA to ensure patients receive the follow up care required. Planning and implementation of such special outreach sessions should engage with relevant • departments and NGOs to ensure that social support services are made available e.g. access to food, clothing, shelter, prosthetic support etc. Special Outreach Sessions for the homeless population should involve engagement with de-addiction centres if this is identified as an issue with this population. Planning and implementing UHNDs and Special Outreach sessions is summarized in the table • below: \| \| Urban Health & Nutrition Day (UHND) \| \|---\|---\| \| WHERE: Site of providing the Service \| Anganwadi Centre (AWC) or any other community level structure in slum \| \| \| Urban Health & Nutrition Day (UHND) \| Special Outreach Sessions \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| WHO: Population coverage \| Slum and vulnerable population (women and children) in the catchment areas of the UPHC. The already identified patients needing follow-up may be catered to by providing medicines. \| Vulnerable groups; emphasis on the most disadvantaged and hardest to reach (migrant labourers, homeless, etc.). Target population for the specific services ie. All women in a special outreach session being conducted for screening for breast/cervical cancer. \| \| WHAT: Service Coverage \| ANC, Immunisation, Health Education, Child Growth Monitoring, Nutrition Supplementation, Nutrition Counselling, education on Water Sanitation and Hygiene, Use of RDK, Drug Dispensing. \| Health check-up (routine, for locally endemic diseases and population sub group specific problems), screening and follow-up (for chronic and non-communicable diseases), basic laboratory investigations (using portable /disposable kits), and drug dispensing \| \| BY WHOM: \| ANM supported by team of ASHA, AWW, and MAS members \| Doctors/Specialists, Lab Tech, Pharmacist, physiotherapists, social workers etc. Supported by MO-UPHC, with ANM and ASHA, MAS members and community volunteers \| \| WHEN: Frequency \| Monthly \| Periodic (as per the local needs in community). \| NCD Screening Sessions: The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare guidelines on NCD screening recommend a population based screening approach to ensure maximum coverage in a systematic manner. Until such arrangements can be scaled up across states, any occasion for opportunistic screening should not be missed especially for conditions like hypertension, diabetes and common cancers. This could be provided at the facility or through outreach activities. (e.g. screening camps). It is also recommended that fixed days are designated for such screening camps. Role of ANM in organizing Special Outreach Camps Ensure attendance: In coordination with the ASHA, ensure that all listed, at-risk, and vulnerable • patients attend the camp. Ensure awareness about the camp: Make all necessary arrangements for creating awareness • about the location, time, specialty of the camp. Special attention to mobilization of the vulnerable groups should be paid, in coordination with ASHA and AWW. Ensure that the supply of diagnostic kits, equipment, drugs and consumables reaches the site • well before the day's activities begin. Ensure reporting of the special outreach session to the MO in charge of the UPHC • Ensure appropriate health promotion materials are in place • Assist the Medical Officer and Public Health Manager during these special outreach camps • Follow up with patients referred to higher facilities on their treatment and compliance • Job Responsibilities of the ANM under NUHM The roles and responsibilities of an ANM under NUHM can be broadly divided into six categories: Services delivered through outreach sessions and camps 1. Services delivered during home and community visits 2. Responsibilities at the UPHC 3. Supervision and mentoring of Urban ASHAs & handholding of MAS 4. Management and community level promotion and preventive activities of Communicable and Non 5. Communicable Diseases. Administrative responsibilities, including listing of beneficiaries in the catchment area, creation of 6. family folders and maintenance of records and reports. Other activities assigned by MO I/C (UPHC) 7. Each ANM is expected to provide services for a population of 10,000 (or 2000 households). She will have 4-5 urban ASHAs under her supervision, each responsible for a population of 1000-2500 (200-500 households). She will work closely as part of a team, which will include the MO, staff nurse and other functionaries at the UPHC, the Urban ASHAs she supervises and the AWWs in her catchment area. This will also help ensure continuum of care from the community and primary care facilities to higher referral centers, where appropriate. I. Services Delivered through Outreach Sessions and Camps (UHND and Special Outreach Camps) Each ANM is expected to conduct a UHND in her area every month. Special outreach camps will be conducted based on the specific health needs and requirements of the community on a periodic basis. (Operational guidelines on conducting UHNDs and Special Outreach Camps have been prepared which provide further details). ASHAs, UPHC staff and MAS members are expected to assist the ANM in organizing these camps. The activities to be conducted by the ANM during various outreach sessions include the following: A. Urban Health and Nutrition Day Antenatal care and Post natal care (all components such as ANC registration, PNC Checkup etc) 1. Routine Immunization session conduction with cold chain maintainence 2. Provision of essential medicines such as paracetamol, chloroquinone, IFA tablets, iron syrup, ORS 3. with zinc etc. Counselling and awareness raising for family planning and delivery of contraception 4. Symptomatic Treatment of patients with minor illness e.g. cut, boils, first aid etc. 5. Follow-up visit for chronic illnesses, including diabetes and hypertension 6. Blood slides/RD tests for patients with fever and providing treatment where required as per 7. protocol. Growth monitoring and counselling on nutrition and breast feeding 8. Ensure availability of necessary consumables, equipments and health promotion material for 9. outreach sessions. Referral to UPHC/UCHC and do follow up 10. Record maintainence with appropriate registers 11. B. Special Outreach Camps: Supporting Special Outreach Camps as directed by the MO 1. Maintainence of line listing of vulnerable & marginalized population 2. Services delivered through the Special outreach camps shall vary depending upon the specialist 3. providing services at the camp. In terms of organizing the session i.e., raising awareness, publicity, ensuring participation of the 4. target group, coordinating with ASHAs and ULB members, setting up the site to receive patients, the role of the ANM shall be same as that in the UHNDs. Her specific clinical role shall be defined by the MO and the specialist attending the camp 5. C. NCD Screening Sessions: (MoHFW Guidelines for NCD Screening, 2017 to be referred) As directed by the MO, the UPHC shall also hold NCD screening on specific days as an outreach activity. For this the ANM should perform the following activities: Create a database/list of all individuals aged over 30 (30+) in her catchment area. This may be done 1. with the help of ASHAs. ASHAs may also ask screening questions to identify at-risk population among the 30+ individuals in her population (Questionnaire attached as Annexure 3). Ensure all 30+ individuals are aware of the NCD Screening Day, time and location and are encouraged 2. to attend the same, by the ASHAs. Plan to conduct NCD Screening Days once a month, or as decided by the MO/PHM in as an outreach 3. activity. Choose an appropriate site for the Screening. It may be same at the UHND site, if found appropriate. During the Screening session, screen for hypertension (BP), diabetes (Blood sugar) and cancers (oral, 4. breast and cervical). Clinical breast examination must be conducted only with proper training and in adequate privacy. If 5. outreach site does not allow, this should be done at the UPHC. Cervical Cancer screening with acetic acid should also be done at the UPHC, with adequate 6. training. Specific day may be fixed for Breast and Cervical Examination Screening at the UPHC, for which 7. women may be referred from the NCD screening Day. All suspected cases must be referred to the UPHC for further confirmation and treatment 8. II. Services Delivered During Home and Community Visits ANMs conduct home visits for patients as indicated or referred to by the ASHA. Her responsibilities include: Follow-up and ensure compliance with treatment for non-communicable diseases e.g. diabetes and 1. hypertension. Encourage patients with chronic illnesses to attend UPHC and/or special-day clinics 2. Raise awareness and provide relevant health services under national initiatives such as PMSMA, 3. MAA, RBSK, RKSK. Collect blood smears or perform RDTs from suspect malaria cases, especially in areas with no Fever 4. Treatment Depots. Provide treatment to positive cases. Facilitate distribution and utilization of LLIN bed nets; quality spray in households and insecticide treatment of community-owned bed nets. Identifying suspected cases of TB, leprosy etc. and providing follow-up care after confirmation of diagnosis 5. and initial management. Ensure the provision of DOTS and MDT (Multi drug therapy) as appropriate. Disease Surveillance, documentation and reporting under IDSP to the MO. The 'S' (syndromic) form 6. under the Integrated Disease Surveillance Program is to be filled by the ANM. Identify cases of fevers, cough, rashes etc. and refer to the UPHC. Identify and refer all cases of blindness, deafness, mental illness, seizures/epilepsy, developmental 7. delays and disability, including in children to the facilities. Ensuring RCH services like ANC, PNC, immunization, family planning and safe abortions are delivered to 8. all eligible beneficiaries, with particular emphasis on the marginalized and hard-to-reach communities. Pregnant women: Women with high risk pregnancies, those in the ninth month of pregnancy and those 9. who missed their ANC during UHNDs should be prioritized and motivated for institutional delivery. Support ASHAs to ensure home based new born care for all home deliveries. 10. Midwifery services for pregnant women delivering at home 11. Home based care for post-partum mothers as indicated by ASHA or due to failure to attend UHND 12. Review, and refer where appropriate, sick new born/low-birth weight babies and malnourished children 13. Motivate families and ensure that unprotected children receive vaccination during subsequent 14. immunization sessions. Motivate families to improve health-seeking behaviours, adopt family planning methods and attend 15. UHND. A cluster of families could be assembled together for these sessions. Conduct a preliminary inquiry or preferably a verbal autopsy for maternal and infant/child deaths. 16. Document and inform MO whenever there is death in the community. Update RCH registers, HMIS, MCTS and other health registers and records 17. III. Responsibilities of the ANM at the UPHC Assist and support the MO during OPD as required 1. Conduct facility based ANC check-ups and refer high risk cases 2. Provide facility based immunization on the weekly fixed day/s for this activity 3. Facility based family planning counselling and provision of contraceptive services (IUCD, condoms, 4. OCPs, emergency contraception). Support 5. the MO in the planning of outreach activities such as special outreach clinics, UHND and screening camps. Assist in 'Special Day Clinics' e.g. Adolescent Health, Family Planning, Chronic Illnesses, Elderly care etc. 6. Provide midwifery services if the UPHC is a delivery point. In Delivery Points when a pregnant woman 7. is in labour, it is mandatory for the ANM to be with her, until at least 4 hours after the 3rd stage of labour is completed. Screening for NCDs – diabetes and hypertension for those above 30 years of age; support the risk 8. assessment for breast, cervical and oral cancer screening. Blood pressure/blood glucose and treatment compliance for follow-up patients of hypertension 9. and diabetes. Visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid (where trained) 10. Assist the MO or Staff Nurse in minor surgical procedures 11. Examine patients referred by the ASHA from the catchment areas 12. Maintaining of ILR & Deep Freezer in case of non availability of other staff 13. Oth 14. er task assigned by MO I/C of UPHC IV. Supervision and Mentoring of Urban ASHAs The contribution of ANMs in supervising ASHAs will depend on the availability of ASHA facilitators and other ASHA support structure in the state. The state will allocate the task of ASHA mentoring and supervision between the ANMs and ASHA Facilitators. Each ANM will have 4-5 urban ASHAs in her area. The ANM will guide, supervise and mentor the ASHA in the field level. She will supervise the following area of activities of the ASHA in urban areas: Ensure complete population and household coverage 1. Gu 2. ide in regard to specific activities to be conducted during field visits, home visits, UHNDs and MAS meetings. Ensure maintainence of accurate and timely records and review these periodically 3. Replenishment of ASHA kits regularly 4. Tracking of new-borns and making appropriate home visits, especially for high risk pregnancies 5. As indicated by the ASHA, the ANM will make home visits for cases needing special attention 6. Support the ASHA in facilitating MAS meetings and addressing issues raised 7. Encourage and facilitate the ASHA to ensure her knowledge and skills are up to date 8. Orient ASHAs on her role in mobilizing beneficiaries for NCD screening 9. Guide ASHA in conducting household vulnerability assessment, as per the tool provided in ASHA 10. Induction Training Module. Guide ASHA in coordinating MAS meeting, hold interactive discussions and involve them in 11. generating awareness on outreach activities. Ensure ASHA is aware of the wider determinants of health, including the importanceof potable 12. water, sanitation, and the adverse health effects of open drains, open defecation etc. Hold weekly meeting of all ASHAs in her area to discuss and resolve key issues, provide mentoring 13. and support. Address problems faced by the ASHA in her community, specially security issues - and escalate this 14. to the MOor Public Health Manager as appropriate. Support and facilitate timely payments of ASHA incentives, including reviewing the record of payments 15. V. Role in Preventing and Managing Communicable and NonCommunicable Diseases 1. Role in Identifying and Managing Communicable Diseases Contact ASHA, AWW, community volunteers in her area for active case search for vector borne • diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya), TB, Leprosy, other communicable diseases and season specific or locally endemic diseases (measles, diarrhoea). Identify cases of fever during field visits in her area and maintain a record as per programme guidelines • Provide information about diagnosis and treatment of these diseases • Investigation, management, follow-up, compliance with treatment and referral where appropriate • – according to programme guidelines for relevant communicable diseases, including vector borne diseases, TB and Leprosy. Acutely ill patients must be referred to an appropriate referral facility • * Inform the UPHC MO about the occurrence of communicable diseases in the community Actively participate and mobilise the community in elimination of breeding places for mosquitos • Educate the community about the signs and symptoms of prevalent vector borne diseases; methods • of prevention such as the use of bed-nets; treatment and control measures; provide information about spray schedules to the community. Maintain accurate and timely records • 2. Role in Identifying and Managing Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) The ANM should raise awareness and provide information on the lifestyle and risk factors for • common NCDs. She should sensitize and mobilize different stakeholders, Self Help Groups, opinion leaders, ULB • representatives and trade associations and provide advocacy for health promotion activities such as developing parks and discouraging the use of alcohol and tobacco. Provide information about the adverse health effects, prevention, diagnosis and management of • diabetes, hypertension and common cancers – and their complications. Participate in the screening for diabetes, Hypertension, Breast cancer, Oral cancer and Cervical • cancer where trained and introduced by the state. Raise awareness about healthy school and healthy work place practices • Maintain records and registers of NCD data • Raise awareness about mental health issues and mental health service providers – and help integrate • mental health into child health, school health and women's health. Under guidance of Medical Officer, identify and refer cataract and common refractive errors • Encourage school children to use corrective glasses • Raise awareness about good oral hygiene • Roles as defined for ANM under the Programme specific guidelines for communicable & non • communicable diseases to be refered. VI. Administrative Responsibilities ANMs administrative role will not only be accurate and timely maintenance of reports and records but also submission of the reports. Maintainence of various registers may vary between states and include the following: Listing of beneficiaries in the community– working closely with the ASHA, the ANM will ensure 1. complete enumeration of the coverage population. This may take the form of individual health cards placed within a family folder. While initially register based, it is expected that these cards will be converted to an electronic format. Stock and inventory register, where appropriate 2. ANC and PNC register 3. Immunization register 4. Outreach Registers 5. Family Planning – and eligible couples – register 6. Disease surveillance including IDSP notifications 7. NCD screening register 8. Registration of vital events, e.g. births and deaths 9. ASHA supervision and mentoring notebook 10. Registers for the HMIS and MCTS portal: where appropriate and available, the Data Entry Operator 11. will upload this data on to the portal. Topics for Raising Awareness and Discussion with Community for the ANM The following priority topics can be suggested for discussion and dissemination of relevant information during home visits: Danger signs during pregnancy 1. Importance of institutional delivery and public facilities offering these services 2. Importance of ante-natal and post-natal care 3. Nutritional augmentation for pregnant mothers, infants and young children 4. Exclusive breastfeeding 5. Weaning and complementary feeding 6. Care during diarrhoea; use of ORS with zinc; signs of dehydration 7. Care during acute respiratory infections - signs of pneumonia and respiratory distress 8. Prevention of malaria, TB, leprosy and other communicable and locally endemic diseases (e.g. Kala- 9. Azar, encephalitis). Prevention of RTIs, STIs, HIV/AIDS 10. Importance of safe drinking water 11. Family planning and various contraception choices available to women and men 12. Personal hygiene and household sanitation 13. Dangers of sex selection; legal and appropriate age for marriage 14. Adolescent health issues (e.g. adverse effects of early marriage) 15. Disaster management or appropriately responding to urban distasters 16. Disadvantages of open defecation; importance of using toilets 17. Spread of vector borne diseases such as dengue, malaria, chikungunya and use of bed nets, 18. prevention of mosquito breeding (e.g. in stagnant water), use of mosquito repellents. Lifestyle and risk factors for prevention of non-communicable diseases 19. Signs of mental illnesses; importance of community support, elimination of discrimination and 20. stigmatization of mental illness; information on mental health services and their availability. Information on health, social and financial effects of alcoholism, substance misuse and tobacco - 21. smoking and chewing. Occupational health hazards relevant to the local community e.g. rag pickers, rickshaw pullers, 22. factory workers, beedi makers, commercial sex workers, sanitation workers, firecracker makers, construction workers etc. The social, legal and health implications of child labour 23. Promoting childhood education 24. Responding to Urban Hazards: Role of the ANM The living conditions of the urban poor make them highly susceptible to injuries and other hazards. Incidents of electric short circuits, fires, collapse of poorly constructed or old buildings and bridges, injuries in construction sites, falls in pits and manholes are not uncommon in dense urban settlements. Moreover, natural calamities such as earthquakes and floods are affect the urban areas more adversely than the rural areas. Working in the most vulnerable population, it is the responsibility of the ANM to understand and respond to urban hazards. The ANM as the frontline health worker must act as the eyes and ears of the Health Department to prevent and support the mitigation of urban disasters. In the unfortunate event of a disaster, she should be able to provide support. For this, States may plan for disaster management trainings for all health staff, including the ANMs. Some of the actions to be taken by the ANM for such situations are: Educate communities on safety mechanisms to minimize hazards such as fires, electric shocks, • animal bites, falls and injuries. Generate awareness among her population on possible disasters such as earthquakes • and floods and to educate them on how to act during these situations to minimize harm. Earthquake and flood prone areas may be identified in advance and the ANM guided on the topics of awareness generation by the MO. Be vigilant during field visits to identify potential health hazards such as open pits, manholes, • naked wires, rabid dogs, overflowing drains etc. These must be pointed out to the appropriate authority such as the ward member, community leader, Medical Officer, Public Health Manager urgently. Be pro-active in rescue efforts during a natural calamity and provide support as needed • Provide first aid at the site or health facility in case of an accident • In the aftermath of a calamity (such as floods), follow up with the affected victims to identify • any adverse health impact such as spread of infection etc. Ensure proper distribution of medicines and other supplies to the affected population • Work Plans and Schedules One ANM is recommended to cover a population of 10,000 people. According to this norm, there will be 5 ANMs for each UPHC covering a population of 50,000. However, if the UPHC population is less or more than this norm, the number of ANMs shall vary accordingly. For example, if the UPHC caters to 30,000 or 70,000 population, the number of ANMs required shall be 3 and 7 respectively. The working hours and timings of the ANM will depend upon those of the UPHCs. While some will open only during a morning-afternoon shift, others may have both morning and evening shifts. The daily and weekly work-plans would have to be scheduled accordingly. The ANM will spend at least 2 days of the week in the field with her community. For conducting home visits, she will visit all cases flagged by the ASHAs, high risk pregnancies, service resistant households, families facing acute or chronic illness and unable to come to the UPHC. She will also attend outreach sessions and MAS meetings. She will need to collaborate with Anganwadi workers for conducting UHNDs, meet with local NGO workers, community leaders, and other health providers for purposes of collaboration for routine and special outreach camps, information dissemination and awareness generation regarding various issues. Work Load Estimation The ANM may calculate her workload by estimating the number of pregnancies, estimated live births and children due for immunization to plan her activities accordingly. To calculate these numbers: You must know the birth rate and population size of the area under your jurisdiction (the state or • district birth rate may be used). The birth rate of your area can be obtained from the MO at the PHC or you can consult the available • district/state/national figures. It is advisable to use the available local figures for the birth rate for correct estimation. To know the exact population of the area under your jurisdiction, use the latest demographic data/census reports. Some points to be kept in mind: Specific pregnancy load in urban slums and vulnerable areas may be higher than the general • population, assuming higher fertility among vulnerable groups. The ANM, with the help of Public Health Manager and MO should plan for outreach and other health • services keeping the patient load for her area in mind. More specific calculations and projections may be done with state/district specific birth rates and figures. Depending on the geographical spread of the community and the population of the catchment area, the number of outreach sessions (or UHNDs) needed to cover this catchment area will be variable. There may be a situation where there are more than 4 UHNDs in your area, in that case you need • to mark additional day of the week for completing the coverage of all UHNDs in that month. The weekly schedule can be revised accordingly in consultation with MO or PHM of the UPHC. Calculating Expected Number of Live Births and Pregnancies in a Year Expected Number of Live births per year = Birth rate (per 1000 population) * Population of the area 1000 As some pregnancies may not result in a live birth (i.e. abortions and stillbirths may occur), the expected number of live births would be an under-estimation of the total number of pregnancies. Hence, a correction factor of 10% is required, i.e. add 10% to the figure obtained above. Expected Number of pregnancies per year = Expected number of live births +10% of expected number of live births As a thumb rule, in any given month, approximately half the number of pregnancies estimated above should be in ANM's records. This is explained using the National Crude Birth Rate of 21 per 1000 population. Birth Rate = 21 per 1000 population (All India figure) Population under ANM = 10,000 Expected number of live births = (21 x 10,000)/1000 = 210 Correction Factor of 10% = 10% of 210 = 21 Therefore, total number of expected pregnancies in a year = 210 + 21 = 231 In any given month, the ANM should have about 115 pregnancies registered. Around 15-20 % of these pregnancies will be high risk, i.e., around 45 women, to which the ANM needs to pay special attention and make home visits. You can also estimate the number of children under 5 to be immunized in your population. Estimating the Immunization Load Expected Number of pregnancies per year = Expected number of live births * Proportion of population under 5 years of age For example, for the state of Assam the estimated mid-year population for 2016 is 329,64,513. The proportion of population Under 5 years of age is 10.30 % for this population (mid-year population is calculated using RGI midyear population projections and proportion of children is taken as per Census 2011). The Under 5 population for Assam would be = 329,64,513 * 10.30 / 100 = 33,95,345 For a 10,000 population in a city in this state, the number of Under 5 children would be = 33,953 Keep in mind that the number of children calculated above will be an underestimation, as fertility among women in slums is higher than the overall population, resulting in a higher number of children. Suggested ANM Weekly Schedule: Depending on the population of the catchment area and the service delivery requirement, weekly schedules for ANMs, assuming a UPHC with 5 ANMs, have been provided below. These may be modified as per the specific workload and needs of the UPHC. The ANM schedules can be divided into two sessions- the first half and the second half of the day wherever appropriate. These can be adapted depending on the UPHC timings, which may vary from state to state. \| \| ANM 1 \| ANM 2 \| ANM 3 \| ANM 4 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Day 1 \| Plan for UHND \| Field Visit \| Facility Based Services \| Sp. Outreach/ NCD Screening \| \| \| Record Keeping \| \| Field Visit \| Record Keeping \| \| Day 2 \| UHND \| Plan for UHND \| Field Visit \| Facility Based Services \| \| \| \| Record Keeping \| \| Field \| \| Day 3 \| Facility Based Services \| UHND \| Plan for UHND \| Field \| \| \| ASHA Meeting \| \| Record Keeping \| \| \| Day 4 \| Spl. Outreach/NCD Screening \| Facility Based Services \| UHND \| Plan for UHND \| \| \| Record Keeping \| ASHA Meeting \| \| Record Keeping \| \| Day 5 \| Facility Based Services \| Spl Outreach/ NCD Screening \| Facility Based Services \| UHND \| \| \| Field Visit \| Record Keeping \| ASHA Meeting \| \| \| Day 6 \| Field Visit \| Facility Based Services \| Spl Outreach/NCD Screening \| Facility Based Services \| \| \| \| Field Visit \| Record Keeping \| ASHA Meeting \| Note: Field visit also includes visit to schools. As per the above schedule, each ANM has the following activities: Providing Facility Based Services (2 half days): Being present during OPD hours to provide 1. immunization, ANC, conducting opportunistic NCD screening, and other services as directed by the MO. Field Visit (2 full days): Home visits, MAS meetings, liaising with ULB functionaries or local NGO 2. members. Planning a UHND (one half day): Coordinating with AWW and ASHA, ensuring all supplies, publicity 3. materials etc. (If more than one UHND is required to cover the target population, the ANM work plan and schedule be worked out accordingly). Organizing a UHND (one full day) 4. Special Outreach or NCD Screening (one half day): assisting during special outreach or conducting 5. NCD screening in her area. Record Maintenance (2 half days): Updating records, HMIS, creating due lists, 6. ASHA Meeting (one half day) 7. Note: The above work plans and schedules are just an example to demonstrate how the activities need to be distributed among the ANMs. For your UPHC, the plans would have to be worked out depending on population to be covered, number of ANMs available, needs of the community etc. Interpersonal Skill Development Management Skills These will be an important adjunct to deliver services in an efficient, effective and compassionate manner. The section below provides information on some of these components – it includes the areas of leadership, communication, decision-making, negotiation strategies and coordination skills. Leadership Leadership as an ANM involves mobilising people and resources towards achieving positive health outcomes. You will often have to play the role of a leader. Hence it is important to understand the meaning of leadership and the qualities required for being an effective leader. What is leadership? To be a leader, means to be: Responsible • Set an example for others to follow you • Inspiring - provide optimism and confidence in people • Non-judgemental with people and transparent in your actions • Confident, assertive, enthusiastic, passionate and accountable • Skilled in enabling people to cooperate for getting things done • Leadership Style People adopt different leadership styles. The two common styles are Authoritarian and Participatory: Authoritarian leaders • do not welcome cooperation or collaboration from others. They expect people to do what they are told without question or debate. They are usually intolerant of what they do not agree with. It is difficult for team members to contribute their views or empower themselves under this kind of leadership. A participatory leader • creates a positive environment in which all members can reach their highest potential. They encourage the community to effectively reach the set goals and simultaneously strengthen the bonds among various members. This leads to a more productive team. As an ANM, it is most appropriate to adopt a participatory leadership style. For participatory leadership, the ANM needs to: Establish goals and set the direction: • First articulate an achievable goal for your area. Involve your community through local institutions especially the Mahila Aarogya Samiti on how, where and when it would be completed. For example, all children of your area should be immunised in the next six months. Set high standards and high expectations: • Be firm about ensuring high quality health care services from Outreach session/spl outreach session and the U-PHC for your community. E.g. Make sure that the ASHA/AWW reaches the area on the designated UHND, requisite equipment and drugs (weighing scales, BP apparatus, disposable syringes for immunisation, ice box for vaccines) and drugs and provides the package of services for mothers and children. If the health service provider treats a community member with disrespect or does not provide the services or does not pay attention to quality, you should feel able to ask her to change behaviour or practice. Be accountable and responsible: • to the community and the health care provider by being an effective link and sharing information. However, being constantly critical of the situation will have no positive outcome. Address the issue by sharing your grievances with authorities who can take action. For example, if the ASHA is not coming to your area regularly or she is not visiting the houses of socially backward families, have the courage to tell her that you have noted her absence and you will take the necessary steps if this continues. Enlist the help of MAS, Medical Officer or Ward Members. Involve others in decision-making: • Do not make any decisions alone. A decision affecting the community, needs to be taken along with the community members, with their complete ownership. For example, better results are attained if priorities and decisions regarding community health needs are taken as part of collectives such as the MAS. Motivate others: • By involving the ULBs, SHG members and MAS through regular contact, sharing necessary information, giving them responsibility and acknowledging their support and efforts in public. Invite the community to join you in availing of their right to quality healthcare. Involve community members in the process when availing for them their entitlements from the public health system or by giving them some responsibility to improve the health status of the community. Achieve unity: • As a leader you need to promote unity among your community members and between the community members and health care providers. Unity comes when community members feel the ownership for their health and see that they also have a role in achieving the goal. Serve as a role model: • Always set an example that can be followed. For example, you are assigned the role of accompanying a pregnant woman for a referral. If you performed this role and saved the life of woman in your area, you have set an example. Next time, when the need arises, other community members will come forward to accompany a pregnant woman during an emergency. They may also arrange for money and transport, if required. What is Communication? Communication is the exchange or flow of information and ideas between two or more persons. Your communication skills will enable you to counsel women and families on health promotion, adopting healthier practices and mobilizing them to avail services at health institutions. They also help you establish rapport with the stakeholders and other health functionaries. People who do not communicate well, create confusion, frustration and problems. There are three different forms of communication - verbal; non-verbal and written, described below. Each of these is useful for you. Verbal communication: This is the most common way of communicating, but should be done in a way that the person or persons to whom you are communicating the message has understood it. So you must deliver it in a way that the person understands what you are saying. To know if your message was received properly, get feedback from the person whether she or he understood the message. Non-Verbal Communication: We all know that communication is not only about words and languages. Silence also communicates, and there are gestures that people make with their hands, body and eyes. These forms of communication are referred to as non-verbal communication. Here are some non-verbal forms of communication: Eye contact: • with the person to whom you are talking will indicate your sincerity and confidence Body posture: • Facing the person, standing or sitting appropriately close and holding your head erect gives value or weight to your messages. Facial expressions: • Effective communication requires supporting facial expressions therefore express appropriate feelings on your face. Gestures: • Use of hand gestures to describe and emphasise adds value but it should not be overdone in excitement or anxiety. Points to take care of while communicating face to face: When you visit families, greet the individuals and explain the reason of your visit • Maintain eye contact with the person to whom you are talking, act with confidence but speak in a • gentle tone which is loud enough to be heard and always be respectful Stick to the point so that you do not end up using too much time and use simple words in local • language. Do not use technical words or jargon. Your pronunciation should be clear. Be specific, sincere, honest and direct while communicating • Be empathetic and try to share the feelings of individuals • Be open-minded. This will help you understand the other person's point of view. In case of talking to • your beneficiary check if she has any question and answer in simple language. Acknowledge the efforts made by the beneficiaries and never forget to compliment/appreciate them • Written Communication: As an ANM you will need to write applications and letters to the authorities to improve access to health care services. You also need to document the processes and decisions taken during meetings such as monthly MAS meetings, community meetings etc. You will thus have to learn to write simply and effectively. Use as few words as possible to make your point, and always chose the simplest words. What is Decision Making? As an ANM you will be often required to take decisions, that will affect the community at large. Hence, you should learn the skill of participatory decision-making by involving the community at all levels. Some basic steps of decision-making are: Define the problem: Examine the situation carefully and analyze it from all perspectives to find out the actual problem. Gathering Information and share with the community: As a next step collect all the necessary information, seek advice from the appropriate authority and involve the community. Take information on what exists, what does not exist and what needs to be there. At this stage of decision-making you need to arrange a community meeting and discuss the situation to help them become part of the solution. Think of possible solutions: You should work with the MAS and Urban Local Body (municipal bodies through ward councillors) if needed on identifying solutions. At this stage many solutions will be offered. It shows that people accept and understand the problem, and are interested in identifying solutions. Choose one solution by consensus: Part of effective decision-making is the ability to select one alternative from the various options available. This can be done through consensus of the community and approval of the authorities. To gain consensus and approval you need to discuss this in the MAS meetings and the Urban Local Body. Before selecting the right alternative, assess all available options. Put the decision to work: An effective decision is one which can be put into action. Thus, implementation is very important. During this process, keep checking if it is moving towards the expected solution, and if there is something else which needs to be addressed. An effective decision should not leave any unhappy feeling among group members after the meeting has been adjourned. It does not set up conflict of a debilitating nature among persons or groups. Decision-making skills are sharpened through experience and practice. But one needs to be confident and prepared to take responsibility if the decision fails. What are Negotiation & Co-ordination Skills? Negotiating is the process by which two or more people/parties with different needs and goals work to find a mutually acceptable solution to an issue. As an ANM you will have to deal with differences. It is important to realize that it is quite a challenge to negotiate with people in authority but with enough preparation and practice you can deal effectively with any kind of situation which requires negotiation. The Steps of Successful Negotiation Ask for the other person's perspective: • In a negotiating situation use questions to find out what the other person's concerns and needs might be. Some examples of likely questions are: What do you need from me on this? What are your concerns about what I am suggesting/asking? State Your needs • : In the process of negotiation the other person requires to know your needs. It is very important to state not only what you need but also why you need it. Prepare options beforehand • : Before entering into a negotiation, prepare some options that you can suggest if your preferred solution is not acceptable. Anticipate why the other person may resist your suggestion and be prepared to counter the same with an alternative. Do not argue: • Negotiating is about arriving at solutions. Arguing is about trying to prove the other person wrong. We know that during negotiation when each party tries to prove the other one wrong, no progress is made. If you disagree with something state your disagreement in a gentle, but assertive, way. Do not demean the other person or get into a power struggle. Consider timing • : There are good times to negotiate and bad times. Bad times include those situations where there is a high degree of anger on either side, a preoccupation with something else, a high level of stress or tiredness on one side or the other. How to use your negotiation skills effectively In your community you may come across several issues that require to be addressed. For example, UHND does not take place, the Anganwadi is not functioning well; children and women are not receiving their entitlement of supplementary food; the midday meal provided is not adequate or cooked properly; pension for widows is not being received despite completion of formalities etc. To change such situations first try to find out if things can be changed by drawing the attention • of people like ward members, the MAS members, the schoolteacher, AWW through direct dialogue. If the situation still does not improve, try to organise people and facilitate group discussions over • the issue. The MAS meeting is a good forum to address such issues. If this also does not work, try to identify organisations working on the same issue and seek • their support. If you decide to initiate a movement along with the people to change a situation, organising people who are affected with the same issues is important and is essential for activism to be effective. Activism/protest may not always be the best method of changing the situation but it can be quite • useful under the right circumstances. It gives voice to a cause. Co-ordination Skills As an ANM you are a link between health care services and the community and expected to regularly coordinate with various stakeholders and the community. The MAS is the key body which can take the collective action on issues related to health, nutrition, water, sanitation and all other social determinants at community level. Therefore, you can work with MAS members to perform the above mentioned functions effectively. To achieve the goal of healthy community, you need to work in coordination with different departments and stakeholders. Coordinated action between different departments is called as "Convergence". These departments include: Health Department • Education Department • Urban Local Bodies • Women and Child Development • Local NGOs • You should work in coordination with the field level functionaries of these departments: Monitor the situation of water, sanitation, nutrition, housing, education services in your area • Arrange a monthly and quarterly meeting with all relevant stakeholders to discuss community issues • and devise a plan to address those issues. Coordinate with your ANM and supervisor to arrange a meeting with the above mentioned • stakeholders. Advocate with the local authorities for taking necessary actions to address the identified issues. • For e.g. construction or repair of community toilets, water drains, improving sewerage, drainage and disposal system etc. Performance Assessment of ANMs under NUHM Reviewing the performance of ANMs will be helpful to assess their level of service delivery and guide her in improving her performance wherever there is scope for improvement. Specific indicators for this performance appraisal will consist of two components: Self-appraisal 1. Appraisal from supervisor 2. Self appraisal shall be done by the ANM herself for her performance while Appraisal from supervior shall be done by her reporting officer, usually the Medical Officer. If there aredifferences in the indicator scores filled by the ANM (as self-appraisal) and the score given by the assessor (supervisor), these should be discussed between them to understand areas of improvement for the ANM. Three categories of indicators can be used for the assessments : General Conduct and Engagement i. Community Activities ii. Administrative Work iii. Technical Performance iv. 6. Total number of monthly meetings - organized against planned at UPHCs (separately for ASHA &MAS) 7. Maintenance of various registers (according to State protocol) 8. Utilization of UHND funds () Utilization i.e. submission/settlement of Bills for expenditure incurred Total score Score parameters for (I) general and (II) administrative skills: 1: Poor 1. 2: Fair 2. 3: Good 3. 4: Very good 4. 5: Excellent 5. Add the scores given by ANM and assessor and use this cumulative score as final score 'X' Total score (X) = x + y (Maximum score = 40, minimum score = 8) IV. Technical performance indicators (Formula for calculation is provided later in the section) Total score 'Y' (aggregate) \| \| 100-80% (10 points) \| 79-60% (8 points) \| 59-50% (6 points) \| 49-40% (4 points) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 1. Rate of UHNDs organized \| \| \| \| \| \| 2. Rate of high risk pregnancies \| \| \| \| \| \| 3. R ate of high risk pregnancies detected and followed up \| \| \| \| \| \| 4. R ate of full immunization coverage in infants \| \| \| \| \| \| 5. R ate of severely Anaemic (< 7 gm) pregnant women line listed \| \| \| \| \| \| 6. R ate of IFA consumption / distribution among pregnant women \| \| \| \| \| \| 7. Rate of IFA consumption /distribution among women in reproductive age group of 15-49 years \| \| \| \| \| \| 8. R ate of Albendazole consumption among adolescents \| \| \| \| \| \| 9. R ate of protected eligible couples registered \| \| \| \| \| \| 10. Screening for Ca Breast / Cx \| \| \| \| \| \| 11. R ate of high blood pressure patients identified in the registered population \| \| \| \| \| \| 12. Rate of high blood glucose patients identified in the registered population \| \| \| \| \| \| 13. Counseling and followup of diagnosed cases. \| \| \| \| \| Score Y =_______________ (Maximum score = 60, Minimum score = 12) Grand Total score: X+Y =___________% x y This grand total score can be used to link performance to individual incentives and employment management as shown below: \| S.No \| Overall appraisal score (X+Y) \| Performance grade \| Incentive \| Remarks \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| 90-100 \| Grade A \| 10% of their total remuneration \| Renewal of contract \| \| \| 70-89 \| Grade B \| 8% of their total remuneration \| \| \| \| 50-69 \| Grade C \| 5% of their total remuneration \| \| \| \| 40-49 \| Grade D \| No incentive \| Renewal with warning \| \| \| Less than 40 \| Grade E \| Not applicable \| Extension of 6 months followed by review \| Calculation formulae for performance appraisal indicators \| S.No \| Indicator \| Calculation Formula \| Data Source \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| Rate of UHNDs organized \| Number of UHNDs conducted in her catchment area x 100 Number of UHNDs planned in her catchment area \| Register or HMIS reports \| \| 2 \| Rate of high risk pregnancies \| Number of high risk pregnancies identified x 100 Estimated pregnancies \| \| \| 3 \| Rate of high risk pregnancies detected and followed up \| (Number of high risk pregnancies identified during ANC ornumber of high risk pregnancies followed up till 42 days post-delivery (data from own register, facility based register & PNC register & private facilities)/ Estimated high risk pregnancies x 100 () All the high risk women identified should receive time appropriate services. \| \| \| 4 \| Rate of full immunization coverage \| Total number of children below 1 year who have been fully immunized x 100 Estimated children below 1 year \| \| \| 5 \| Rate of Albendazole consumption among adolescents \| No of adolescents consumed Albendazole tablets/ Total number of adolescents x 100 () Adolescents (Boys & Girls- going to school and distribution through outreach service) \| \| \| 6 \| (a) Rate of severe Anemic (< 7 gm) pregnant women line listed (b) Rate of IFA consumption /distribution among pregnant women (c) R ate of IFA consumption /distribution among women in reproductive age group of 15-49 years \| Number of severe anemia (<7gm) pregnant women line listed (a) x 100 Total number of ANC registrations (b) No of pregnant women provided with 100 IFA tablets/ No pregnant women registered x 100 (c) No of women distributed with IFA tablets/Total women population in reproductive age group of 15-49 years x 100 \| \| \| 7 \| Rate of protected eligible couples \| Total number of protected eligible couples / Estimated eligible couples x 100 \| \| \| S.No \| Indicator \| Calculation Formula \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 8 \| Screening for Ca Breast / Cx \| % of women of the identified age group screened for Ca Breast & Cervix / Estimated women population 30 years and above 30 years() () As per census 2011 \| \| 9 \| Rate of high blood pressure patients in the registered population \| Number of patients identifeid with high blood pressure x 100 Registered population() () 30 years and above 30 years As per census 2011 \| \| 10 \| Rate of high blood glucose patients in registered population \| Number of patients identifeid with high blood glucose level x 100 Registered population () (*) 30 years and above 30 years As per census 2011 \| \| 11 \| Counseling and followup of diagnosed cases \| % of diagnosed patients of High BP / Diabetes counselled and are being followed up. \| Danger signs during pregnancy and in newborns The following checklists can be utilized by ANMs to carry out their RCH related activities: CHECKLIST 1: Danger Signs During the Course of a Pregnancy Ante-Natal Period Anaemia: Palpitations, easy fatigability, breathlessness at rest • Excessive nausea and vomiting • High fever • Headache / Blurring of Vision / Dizziness • Convulsion / Fits • Swelling all over the body • Pain / Burning while urinating • Increased frequency of urination • Foul smelling discharge with or without fever • High blood pressure • Leaking for more than 24 hours without labour pain • Bleeding from vagina or abnormal discharge • Loss of Foetal Movements • Intra-Natal Period Bursting of water bag without labour pains • Bleeding from vagina • Convulsions / Fits • Labour pain for more than 12 hours • Retained Placenta • Post-Natal Period Excessive bleeding i.e. soaking more than 2–3 pads in 20–30 minutes after delivery • Convulsions with or without swelling of face and hands, severe headache and blurring of vision • Fever • Severe abdominal pain • Difficulty in breathing and breastfeeding • Foul-smelling lochia • Breast engorgement, cracked nipple • Perineal swelling and infection • Inability to pass urine or burning while urination • Post-partum mood changes • CHECKLIST 2: Danger Signs in a Newborn Weak sucking or refusal to breastfeed • Lethargic or unconscious • Baby unable to cry/difficult breathing • Convulsions • Fever or cold to touch • Yellow palms and soles • Bloody stools • List of Diagnostic Services at the UPHC History Taking/Risk Assessment Form for Non- Communicable Diseases (to be filled by Urban ASHA) \| Question \| Range \| \| Circle any \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 1. What is your age? (in complete years) \| 30-39 years \| \| 0 \| \| \| 40-49 years \| \| 1 \| \| \| ≥ 50 years \| \| 2 \| \| 2. Do you smoke or consume smokeless products such as Gutka or Khaini? \| Never \| \| 0 \| \| \| Used to consume in the past / Sometimes now \| \| 1 \| \| \| Daily \| \| 2 \| \| 3. Do you consume Alcohol daily? \| No \| \| 0 \| \| \| Yes \| \| 1 \| \| 4. Measurement of waist (in cm) \| Female \| Male \| \| \| \| <80 cm \| <90 cm \| 0 \| \| \| 80-90 cm \| 90-100 cm \| 1 \| \| \| >90 cm \| >100 cm \| 2 \| \| 5. Do you undertake any physical activities for minimum of 150 minutes in a week? \| Less than 150 minutes in a week \| \| 0 \| \| \| At least 150 minutes in a week \| \| 1 \| \| 6. Do you have a family history (any one of your parents or siblings) of high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease? \| No \| \| 0 \| \| \| Yes \| \| 2 \| Address A score above 4 indicates that the person may be at risk for these NCDs and needs to be prioritized for attending the weekly NCD day \| B1: Women and Men \| Yes/No \| B2: Women only \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Shortness of breath \| \| Lump in the breast \| \| Coughing more than 2 weeks \| \| Blood stained discharge from nipple \| \| Blood in sputum \| \| Change in shape and size of breast \| \| History of fits \| \| Bleeding between periods \| \| Difficulty in opening mouth \| \| Bleeding after menopause \| \| Ulcers /patch /growth in the mouth that has not healed in two weeks \| \| Bleeding after intercourse \| \| Any change in the tone of your voice \| \| Foul smelling vaginal discharge \| In case the individual answers Yes to any one of the above mentioned symptoms, refer the patient immediately to the nearest facility where a Medical Officer is available.
11b STRATEGIC POLICING AND CRIME BOARD 23 July 2019 Police and Crime Commissioner External Grants to Organisations 2018/19 PURPOSE OF REPORT 1. This report details grants provided by the Police and Crime Commissioner in 2018/19. BACKGROUND 2. This report details grant expenditure for the following schemes:- - Grants and Funding to External Organisations - Victims Fund - Active Citizens Fund - Community Safety Funding - Early Intervention Youth Funding - Youth Offending Service Funding 3. The focus of this report is on grants and funding to external organisations. SUMMARY 4. Table 1 details for 2018/19 the budget, expenditure and the amount to carry forward across each type of grant. It can be seen that the under-spend of £4.38 million will be carried forward into 2019/20 to fund commitments across each of the grant streams. 5. Please note the carry forward for grants to external organisations and Active Citizens will be shown in the PCC's accounts. Table 1 – Grants to External Organisations 2018/19 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Carry \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| Budget \| \| Expenditure \| Forward \| \| \| Scheme \| \| £ \| \| £ \| £ \| \| Grants & Funding to External Organisations \| \| 5,547,644 \| \| 2,592,314 \| \| \| \| Active Citizens \| \| 1,634,437 \| \| 881,639 \| \| \| \| Victims Fund \| \| 3,329,807 \| \| 3,329,807 \| \| \| \| Community Safety Fund including 2017/18 Carry Forward \| \| 3,276,195 \| \| 2,607,433 \| \| \| \| Youth Offending Service Fund \| \| 652,108 \| \| 652,108 \| \| \| \| Early Intervention Youth Fund \| \| 737,000 \| \| 737,000 \| \| \| \| \| Total \| \| 15,177,191 \| \| 10,800,301 \| 4,376,890 \| GRANTS AND FUNDING TO EXTERNAL ORGANISATIONS 6. Appendix 1 of this report details grants and external funding the PCC supported in 2018/19. The budget for 2018/19 includes a carry forward from 2017/18 of £2.22m. Due to the phasing of projects, £2.96 million will be carried forward into 2019/20 to fund expenditure commitments. Appendix 1 also details where a project is receiving a new allocation in 2019/20. ACTIVE CITIZENS FUND 7. The Active Citizens Fund shows an under-spend of £0.753m, which will be carried forward into 2019/20, of this amount, £0.361m has been committed against approved community projects. Table 2 – Active Citizens Fund 2018/19 VICTIMS FUND 8. The Victims Fund received £3.330m, from the Ministry of Justice for 2018/19, as a specific grant, the grant was fully spent on the service areas detailed below in Table 3. Table 3 – Victims Fund \| \| VICTIMS FUND \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| Grant \| \| \| \| \| Amount \| Expenditure \| \| \| Service Area \| £ \| £ \| \| Initial Referral and Needs Assessment Services for Victims of Crime 998,920 998,920 Services for Victims of Sexual Violence 38,426 38,426 Services for Victims of Domestic Violence 997,451 997,451 Services for Victims of Child Sexual Abuse 230,000 230,000 Restorative Justice Services for Victims of Crime 272,514 272,514 Other Services for Victims of Crime (not specified above) 685,683 685,683 Associated Costs of Commissioning 106,813 106,813 \| \| \| \| \| \| VICTIMS FUND TOTAL \| 3,329,807 \| 3,329,807 \| COMMUNITY SAFETY FUNDING 9. The Community Safety Fund expenditure in 2018/19 was £3.276m, of which, £0.2m was used to fund Analysts posts and £0.08m Domestic Homicide reviews. Table 4 highlights that £0.065m was carried forward by Local Authorities from 2017/18. The Community Safety fund has again underspent in 2018/19 and will be carrying forward £0.669m into 2019/20. Table 4 – Community Safety Funding 2018/19 \| COMMUNITY SAFETY FUND \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| \| \| Budget \| 2017/18 \| Total \| \| Carry \| \| \| 2018/19 \| Carry \| 2018/19 \| Expenditure \| Forward \| \| Local Authority \| £ \| Forward \| Budget \| £ \| £ \| THE YOUTH OFFENDING SERVICE 10. The Commissioner's contribution to the Youth Offending Service for 2018/19 was £0.652m. Table 5 highlights that this was fully spent in the period. Table 5 – Youth Offending Service 2018/19 EARLY INTERVENTION YOUTH FUNDING 11. The Early Intervention Youth Fund for 2018/19 was £0.737m. This is funding from the Home Office, to support communities in tackling serious violence, by engaging early intervention and prevention programmes with young people. Table 6 highlights that this was fully spent in the period. Table 6 – Early Intervention Youth Funding 2018/19 \| \| EARLY INTERVENTION YOUTH FUND \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| Budget \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| Expenditure \| \| \| Local Authority \| £ \| £ \| \| Birmingham CC 100,000 100,000 Coventry CC 40,000 40,000 Dudley MBC 26,000 26,000 Sandwell MBC 47,000 47,000 Solihull MBC 26,000 26,000 Walsall MBC 33,000 33,000 Wolverhampton CC 40,000 40,000 Birmingham CC Gangs & Violence Allocation 100,000 100,000 The Teachable Moment Coventry & Wolverhampton 80,000 80,000 Participants Costs 8,000 8,000 Staff Training - Adverse Childhood Experience's (ACES) Recovery 30,000 30,000 Communications 10,000 10,000 Project Co-ordinator x2 22,500 22,500 Travel & Subsistence 3,000 3,000 Room Hire - Network Events 1,500 1,500 Half Term Projects 30,000 30,000 Half Term Sport Activities 100,000 100,000 Online Training Resources ACES Recovery 40,000 40,000 \| \| \| \| \| \| EARLY INTERVENTION YOUTH FUND TOTAL \| 737,000 \| 737,000 \| FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS 12. This report solely deals with financial information. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS 13. Schedule 9 of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 provides Commissioners with the powers to award crime and disorder grants to any organisations and projects they consider will help them achieve their crime prevention and wider priorities. RECOMMENDATIONS 14. The Board is asked to take note of the contents of this report. Mark Kenyon Chief Finance Officer Appendix 1 - Grants and Funding to External Organisations 2018/19 Allocation excluding Forward \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Grant \| \| \| \| Carry \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Amount \| \| Expenditure \| \| Forward \| \| \| Project \| \| Project Detail \| \| Progress on Delivering Outputs and Outcomes \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| European Social Fund Youth Employment Initiative \| \| Birmingham and Solihull project to assist young people into training or employment. Project is aimed at young people not in education, employment or training. The project has a specific strand to support young offenders or those at risk of offending. \| \| During 2018/19 the PCC funded an interim service, in anticipation of extended contract being approved by the DWP. This extension commenced in June 2019. In terms of the interim service which has run from August 2018 to May 2019 the project engaged with 215 young people. 52% of these young people achieved a positive outcome (either entered employment, training or college). \| \| 283,389 \| \| 100,000 \| \| 183,389 \| \| \| Domestic Violence Perpetrator Programme \| \| Force wide trial of interventions to reduce offending by perpetrators of domestic violence. Richmond Fellowship has been commissioned to deliver the perpetrator programme and the DA Consortium will deliver the support service to victims and children - keeping them safe while the offender goes through the programme. \| \| The West Midlands DVPP is an ambitious, innovative, multi-agency, multi- site programme seeking to work with statutory and VCS partners to improve outcomes for perpetrators, (ex) partners, children and young people, and professional staff across seven local authority areas. The programme started formally in September 2017 and is now running with participants from across each local authority area. Running alongside the project is an external evaluation and we have received the interim evaluation report that sets out the issues that have been faced, how they have been addressed and recommendations for the rest of the project. \| \| 1,175,000 \| \| 470,891 \| \| 704,109 \| \| \| Reducing offending through employment - Coventry \| \| Project to assist in finding employment for young ex-offenders in Coventry. \| \| This project provided a highly targeted intervention of support for young people and locations recently identified by WMP and YOS colleagues. The core aim of the programme was to address offending and reoffending behaviours of young people, as well as linking these groups into meaningful, tangible outcomes relating to education, training and/or employment. Programmes delivered focussed on a ‘Personal Development’ approach which built the resilience of young people to have a more positive outlook on their lifestyles and aspirations, whilst supporting them with challenges they face in relation to their social behaviour and responsibilities. Sessions were designed to work with young people identified as being involved in negative lifestyle choices within a high priority geographic location, with the aim of a direct route in to volunteering, training courses and educational placements. The project aimed to achieve the following outcomes; - Engage 100 young people targeted based on local intelligence. - 80 of these young people will be signed up through outreach work, meaning they will be off the radar of local services. - 50 young people to enter a bespoke NEET support programme - 40 supported in to further training opportunities - 10 into employment or work-readiness opportunities - Deliver sessions three evenings per week and one at the weekend, 42 weeks of the year. This included additional and extended holiday time provision. \| \| 75,000 \| \| 75,000 \| \| 0 \| \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Grant \| \| \| \| Carry \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Amount \| \| Expenditure \| \| Forward \| \| \| Project \| \| Project Detail \| \| Progress on Delivering Outputs and Outcomes \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| Offender management programme (New Chance Project) \| \| Whole systems approach to responding to women in custody across Birmingham and Sandwell. West Midlands Police commissioned organisations to deliver the programme \| \| The project is working with women who have complex needs and have seen approx. 300 women. Key issues to note: • 100% of clients at Birmingham have been the victim of domestic abuse/violence • Large number of clients also experienced mental health issues • More successful for those that have a range of issues rather than clients with a singular issue \| \| 159,000 \| \| 150,000 \| \| 9,000 \| \| \| Stop and Search Project \| \| Warwick University - Research proposal (2 year project £56k in total) \| \| There are two overarching themes to this research. The first is an overall assessment of the level of disproportionality in stop and search across different ethnicities. The approach will recognise that (a) there is no single benchmark measurement of the ethnicity breakdown in the population that is the single true benchmark against which disproportionality can be measured and (b) that the discrepancy in disproportionality estimated against different benchmarks gives us information about why the disproportionality has occurred and what changes to operational policing might reduce this disproportionality. \| \| 49,000 \| \| 28,000 \| \| 21,000 \| \| \| Stop and Search education \| \| Force wide roll out of schools-based stop and search education. \| \| Nine Youth Trainers had been recruited and trained as part of the rollout of the programme across the West Midlands. The Youth Trainers are responsible for delivering first class training workshops to 13-18 year olds in secondary schools and colleges throughout the West Midlands. Youth Trainers support the PCC’s wider strategy for Stop and Search and the objectives are to improve young people’s perception and understanding of the police and their use of stop and search; educate young people about their rights if they were to be stopped and searched; reduce the risk of young people having a negative experience of stop and search; feedback the youth experience of stop and search into policy development and good practice. 9 Youth Trainers funded to deliver workshops 87 Workshops delivered 41 Schools, colleges and youth groups delivered to 3,500 Approx. no. of young people who took part in workshops \| \| 126,722 \| \| 32,038 \| \| 94,684 \| \| \| Gangs and Violence Commission \| \| In response to the ongoing violence in Birmingham, the Commission on Gangs and Violence is developing community-led solutions to the problems. The key outputs will include an ongoing series of community engagement events as well as a final report and recommendations. \| \| The funding allocation for the projects linked to the Commission on Gangs and Violence has all been allocated to the following projects: Fundraising/Community Development Manager; Community Development Co-ordinators; Community Facilitator; Partnership Engagement Manager - Broadway School; Communications Strategy using social media and information technology mechanisms. Mentoring; Young Peoples Fund; Family and Trauma Therapy Support Services \| \| 699,127 \| \| 172,870 \| \| 526,257 \| \| 7 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Grant \| \| \| \| Carry \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Amount \| \| Expenditure \| \| Forward \| \| \| Project \| \| Project Detail \| \| Progress on Delivering Outputs and Outcomes \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| Violence Prevention Alliance \| \| Continuation of project working in partnership with police and Public Health. Projects adopts a public health approach of identifying and addressing root causal factors to reduce violence and improve health, wellbeing and safety. Interventions are evidenced based, testing and evaluating new approaches will be undertaken. Particular projects will include mentors in schools, responding earlier to domestic abuse within Primary Care, intervening in acute health settings and support systems to understand adverse childhood experiences. \| \| Projects taking place through the Violence Prevention Alliance include: Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) is based on engaging and developing young people as leaders and shapers of their environments with the aim of promoting respect and positive relationships and preventing future engagement in bullying, violence, gangs and associated harms. We will role this out at pace, especially targeting schools in our hotspot areas. At the moment we are focussing on secondary schools, a further roll-out will expand this project into primary schools. Navigators in A&E – Interventions in the Teachable Moment: The VPA, NHS and OPCC have already supported a pilot initiative in 2 hospitals in Birmingham to fund youth workers intervening with young adults arriving in hospital with injuries sustained from violence. We wish to extend this approach to all the A&E’s across the West Midlands, where hospital admissions for young people subject to violence is increasing. Building sustainable capacity (Trauma informed approaches). Upskilling professionals and practitioners through a programme of ‘Adverse Childhood Experience’ training to ensure that a broad range of frontline staff understand the importance of preventative approaches and the inter- relationship of different public service disciplines including education, health, justice and welfare. We will upskill professionals and practitioners who work with young people through an ACES recovery model, while also targeting communications and general learning (awareness raising) in areas most affected. This will increase the training offer to frontline practitioners who work with vulnerable young people and those who display ACEs which increase their propensity to engage in violence and become exploited. ACES awareness training will be rolled out to provide practitioners with skills to identify the multiple vulnerabilities of young people and build confidence in accessing support Identification and Referral to Improve Safety (IRIS) has significant evidence of effectiveness in identifying victims of domestic abuse earlier in primary care settings, before situations have escalated to reach criminal justice / child protection agencies. A domestic abuse advocate is linked to a group of GP practices to train all staff in identification and accept direct referrals where DA is suspected / disclosed. This work helps identify hidden victims and early intervention. This reduces demand on public services and repeat victimisation. \| \| 400,000 \| \| 400,000 \| \| 0 \| \| \| Violence Prevention Alliance \| \| Core costs, admin, project manager, health scientists, admin \| \| Project Management costs for the Violence Prevention Alliance \| \| 137,000 \| \| 137,000 \| \| 0 \| \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Grant \| \| \| \| Carry \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Amount \| \| Expenditure \| \| Forward \| \| \| Project \| \| Project Detail \| \| Progress on Delivering Outputs and Outcomes \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| Offender Management \| \| Post criminal sanction to assist people into work \| \| The Offender management budget has been allocated to the following areas of work: Restorative Justice - Pioneer Housing non-crime out of court disposals and conferencing Support Package of Interventions for offenders/ex-offenders Support Package of Interventions for young people Community Mediation - Capital Conflict Management, current providers New Leaf CIC \| \| 500,000 \| \| 72,047 \| \| 427,953 \| \| \| Reducing offending through employment - Black Country \| \| Prevention project to encourage young people into employment and training. Project being delivered through Catch 22 organisation in Wolverhampton that works with young people to prevent them becoming involved in gangs and give them an exit strategy if they are in gangs. \| \| 65 young people supported back into back into education, training, and employment or back/kept in school, specifically working with young people in gangs or who are gang affiliated. There is a focus on education and training in Wolverhampton with schools and PRU’s, and delivering more interventions with young people within their educational environment with the aim of improving their behaviour in school and prevention of exclusion. Catch 22 are working with an increased number of young people to either improve their behaviour in school to avoid exclusion or we have supported young people back into mainstream school. \| \| 240,000 \| \| 200,000 \| \| 40,000 \| \| \| Mental Health Commission Recommendations \| \| Mental Health Treatment orders - Requirement to go through courts to obtain the orders. Will be used to fund 140 individuals \| \| The Mental Health Treatment Requirements (MHTRs) are now up and running in courts across Birmingham, and has received NHS funding for a further year of the pilot scheme. The PCC money is being utilised to extend the pilot to the Black Country, based in Walsall Court. A working group has been established with a view to piloting MHTRs at Walsall by the end of 2019. \| \| 100,000 \| \| 0 \| \| 100,000 \| \| \| Mental Health Commission Recommendations \| \| Out of prison mental health support relating to Featherstone Prison \| \| This project has been moved to Hewell Prison and is now being led by the Liaison and Diversion scheme. It is a two year project, jointly funded with NHS England, and the PCC contribution is likely to be early in 2020/21. \| \| 80,000 \| \| 0 \| \| 80,000 \| \| 9 2019/20 Allocation excluding Carry Forward 25,000 10 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Grant \| \| \| \| Carry \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Amount \| \| Expenditure \| \| Forward \| \| Organisation \| \| Project \| \| Project Detail \| \| Progress on Delivering Outputs and Outcomes \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| \| Knife Bins \| \| At least one knife bin in each local authority area. Maintenance of existing bins and 2 workshops in each of the 8 locations which has an allocation of £24,000. £10,000 is to ensure the other areas also have a bin. \| \| There are currently 15 weapon surrender bins in the West Midlands in response to community demand, the West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner has supported the installation of weapon surrender bins across the force area. The bins are located at: ◾New Testament Church of God, George Street West Hockley B18 7HF ◾New Testament Church Of God, 240-244 Lozells Road Birmingham ◾New Testament Church of God, Goosemore Lane, Erdington ◾Aldi, 273 Stratford Road, Sparkbrook ◾Tesco, 278-299 Aston Lane, Birmingham ◾New Testament Church of God, Wednesfield Road Heath Town ◾Tabernacle Baptist Church, Dunstall Road, Whitmore Reans ◾Morrisons Bilston, Black Country Route, Bilston ◾St Chad and St Mark's Church in Lime Street, Wolverhampton ◾Tesco, Town Gate Retail Park, Birmingham Rd, Dudley ◾ASDA, Abbey Park, North London Rd, Coventry ◾Sainsbury's, Freeth St, Oldbury, B69 3DB ◾Tesco, 6 Littleton Street Walsall WS2 8E ◾Ghamkol Sharif Mosque 150 Golden Hillock Road, Small Heath, Birmingham B10 0DX ◾Morrisons, Rubery Lodge, New Rd, Rubery, Birmingham B45 9AH The OPCC is now in the process of upgrading the weapon bins and ensuring that the new model is fit for purpose, and looking to commission a community group to install and maintain the bins. \| \| 30,000 \| \| 4,135 \| \| 25,865 \| \| \| \| West Midlands Combined Authority \| \| Payment for observer status on the Combined Authority. \| \| N/A \| \| 25,000 \| \| 25,000 \| \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Grant \| \| \| \| Carry \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Amount \| \| Expenditure \| \| Forward \| \| \| Project \| \| Project Detail \| \| Progress on Delivering Outputs and Outcomes \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| Mentoring Project \| \| Mentoring for high risk Serious Acquisitive Crime offenders who are managed by Coventry's Integrated Offender Management team. \| \| Mentoring WM offers support to offenders of serious acquisitive crime in Coventry, working closely with the Offender Management Unit. Work includes accessing benefits, treatment and work around reducing offending and increasing self-esteem and working with those with serious drug addictions. The aim is to keep those serious, high volume offenders out of prison through support. Importantly, re-offending and offending remains very low, which for this cohort is significant as they are the highest volume offenders we work with and provide the most complex of ‘backdrops’ to work with i.e. drug and substance misuse lifestyles as well as offending. \| \| 28,000 \| \| 28,000 \| \| 0 \| \| \| Safer Communities Fund \| \| General resource to support small scale projects \| \| Only a small amount was spent in 2018/19. \| \| 20,000 \| \| 5,000 \| \| 15,000 \| \| \| Precious Lives Project \| \| Education project on the impact of violent crime on those involved and diversionary activity away from crime, in particular knife/weapon carrying. \| \| The OPCC reviewed the Precious Lives Project in February 2019 and as a result has put in place new structures to manage the process. There has also been a recruitment drive and 10 new trainers recruited. In addition, there is now an Administrator who will book the workshops and manage the invoice and payment processes. The budget has also been increased this year to £45,000. \| \| 29,079 \| \| 33,325 \| \| 0 \| \| \| Drive Project \| \| Domestic Abuse: A Whole of System Approach (Drive) Project - Police Transformation Fund Bid \| \| Project Drive is a £5.7 million national project being coordinated by the Metropolitan Police. The Drive Project involves working with serial perpetrators, offering one-to-one support to break the cycle of domestic abuse. The project started in November 2018 across 2 sites in Birmingham and Sandwell. Running alongside the work with perpetrators is an IDVA capacity to support the victims of perpetrators going through the service. \| \| 320,000 \| \| 370,588 \| \| 0 \| \| \| Police Governance Review \| \| Police Governance Review \| \| External support requirement for the review of police governance \| \| 100,000 \| \| 0 \| \| 100,000 \| \| \| Substance Misuse Programme \| \| Outcome of Substance Misuse Programme \| \| Funding of projects to support substance misuse activity. The Drugs Policy Summit will come up with a series of recommendations that the funding will be used to respond to. \| \| 100,000 \| \| 10,654 \| \| 89,346 \| \| \| Volunteer Police Cadet \| \| Volunteer Police Cadet \| \| Money to support the Volunteer Police Cadet (VPC) organisation. \| \| 7,500 \| \| 0 \| \| 7,500 \| \| 11 1,495,000 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2018/19 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Grant \| \| \| \| Carry \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Amount \| \| Expenditure \| \| Forward \| \| \| Project \| \| Project Detail \| \| Progress on Delivering Outputs and Outcomes \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| £ \| \| Intervention, Prevention and Violence Projects \| \| Intervention, Prevention and Violence Projects \| \| The projects being funded include: Community Mediation; Faith Based Approaches to Gangs and Violence and the Redthread Youth Worker in A&E Birmingham \| \| 273,000 \| \| 63,000 \| \| 210,000 \| \| \| Youth Commissioners \| \| Youth Commissioners Election \| \| Youth Commissioners have been through an election process, voted in by their peers and there are now 2 on each NPU across the force area. They are the legitimate voice of young people across the area. \| \| 26,500 \| \| 26,500 \| \| 0 \| \| \| Social Value Portal \| \| Social Value Portal \| \| Social Value Portal \| \| 27,000 \| \| 27,000 \| \| 0 \| \| \| Think Ahead \| \| Think Ahead \| \| Think Ahead - Still in progress, in conversations with the NHS \| \| 20,000 \| \| 0 \| \| 20,000 \| \| \| Doctor Alex Chard \| \| Doctor Alex Chard Funding \| \| Doctor Alex Chard Funding – Collaborative research project between the PCC, WMCA and WMP to explore the role of childhood trauma in the offender trajectories across dozens of those known to youth offending services across the West Midlands. The study combines qualitative and quantitative analysis of case studies in all seven local authorities of the WMP police area, carried out as a learning exercise for youth offender practitioners, to identify common themes of hardship impacting on vulnerability to becoming an offender. \| \| 30,000 \| \| 33,350 \| \| 0 \| \| \| Estates \| \| Secure Estate - Feasibility Study \| \| Secure Estate - Feasibility Study \| \| 10,000 \| \| 10,000 \| \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5,270,317 \| \| 2,574,398 \| \| 2,754,103 \| 12
KINETICISM AND PECULIARITIES IN THE MAXILLARY STRUCTURE OF OVIRAPTORIDS (THEROPODA, SAURISCHIA) * Until recently the oviraptorids—small predatory dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia—were known only from the brief description of a single, and in many ways incomplete, skeleton (Osborn, 1924) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayn Dzak deposits (Shabarak Usu in the American publications) of southern Mongolia. Osborn assigned Oviraptor to the ornithomimids, which was subsequently accepted by other researchers (Romer, 1956; Maleyev, 1964; Kuhn, 1966). A study of Mongolian ornithomimids and the revision of Canadian ornithomimids (Osmólska, et al., 1972; Russell, 1972) made it possible to firmly reject the assignment of oviraptorids to the ornithomimids. However, owing to the lack of data, no conclusions regarding the classification of oviraptorids could be drawn. American investigators, who at the time had been the only researchers into this interesting material, practically ignored oviraptorids after Osborn. The grounds for a more thorough study of oviraptorids was established from work done in Mongolia by the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition (JSMPE) and the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition (PMPE) (Barsbold, et al., 1971; KielanJaworowska & Barsbold, 1972; Kramarenko, 1974). Elements of the JSMPE and PMPE discovered more than ten specimens, including a skull, mainly at the Khermin Tsav deposit in the southwest part of the country during the period 1971–1974. A study of some of the material (collected during the period 1971–1973) and familiarization with the holotype 6517 at the American Museum of Natural History (only the skull), brought to Warsaw from New York by Professor Z. Kielan-Jaworowska (Palaeontological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences) led to the segregation of oviraptorids into a unique family of theropods (Barsbold, 1976). At present we can discuss three species of oviraptorids that developed successively during the second half of the Late Cretaceous: 1. Oviraptor philoceratops Osborn, 1924, Bayn Dzak, Djadokhta Formation (Bayandzag suite), presumably Lower Senonian (Kielan-Jaworowska, 1970, 1979; Barsbold, 1972). 2. Oviraptorids from Khermin Tsav, Barungoyot suite (lower stratum, presumably the lowermost Campanian strata. 3. Oviraptorids from Khermin Tsav and Bugin Tsav, Barungoyot suite (upper stratum), presumably the uppermost Campanian strata. It is not our purpose here to present a classification study of oviraptorids (that work is in preparation). The various oviraptorids are distinguished mainly by the structure of their postcranial skeleton. The skulls of oviraptorids were not subject to any significant changes. * Original citation: Barsbold, R. 1977. Kinetizi i osobennosti stroeniy chelyustnogo apparata u oviraptorov (Theropoda, Saurischia). The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, Transactions 4:37-47. Translated by W. Robert Welsh. Transferred to electronic format and edited by Matthew Carrano, Smithsonian Institution, October 2006. The first investigator to study oviraptorids assumed that they fed on the eggs of reptiles, most likely those of the "horned" dinosaurs. According to the then widely held view of American investigators, the clutches of fossilized eggs in the bone-bearing strata of Bayn Dzak (Shabarak Usu) might have belonged to Protoceratops. This is reflected in the nomenclature of the first of the species to be discovered. The entire structure of the oviraptorid skull testifies to the ability of the jaw to have developed powerful crushing forces, which suggests an adaptation to handling food that was much more solid than eggs. It then becomes possible to draw some conclusions about the ecology of this interesting group, which was markedly distinguished from other branches of theropods by its narrow specialization. Because the oviraptorid skull has not been studied in sufficient detail, we will offer a brief characterization of its structure based on new data. The collection that was studied is preserved in the paleontology and stratigraphy laboratory of the Geological Institute of the Mongolian Academy of Science. The author is grateful to L. P. Tatarinov for his valuable advice and commentary. SKULL STRUCTURE The skull (Fig. 1) is tall, narrow in the rostral region, and broad in the postorbital regions. It has a very short facial region. The skull is "open": the orbit and lateral temporal fossae are very large, and the bones surrounding them are very narrow. The two small antorbital foramina are close to each other and the posterior foramen is much larger than the anterior. The large external narial fenestra is higher than the antorbitals. The adductor fossa (subtemporal fenestra) is quite long—two-thirds the length of the skull. The jaws are completely devoid of teeth. The premaxilla forms a tall, massive foundation, presumably for the horny culmen. The two posterior processes on the bone bound the large region of the external narial fenestra, coming together at an immobile joint with the processes on the nasal to form the posterior edge of this fenestra. The ventral concave surface of the premaxilla forms the anterior region of the hard palate; at its posterior edge had developed a gradually deepening depression that was partially covered by the vomer in the ventral direction. The maxilla is very small, especially lengthwise. Its functional edge is slightly convex and from the front connects very closely with the premaxilla. The posterior end of the functional edge is situated between the base of the lacrimal (medially) and the anterior end of the jugal (laterally). Closer to the posterior end the maxilla fuses with the vomer. The remaining joints with the adjacent bones are presumably immobile. The nasal is extremely short and wide; its joint with the frontal is immobile. Three small depressions lie in a row on the medial edge; a fourth depression lies somewhat to the exterior of these. These are presumed to be associated with the development of the syndesmotic joint between the nasal and the culmen that is typical of many Anseriformes in the area of the mobile (flexible) zone of the culmen (Möller, 1969). The lacrimal has a very compact process in the anteroposterior direction; its exterior edge forms a ridge-like projection. Its apical process is obliquely oriented, has a short anterior end that bounds the upper edge of the posterior antorbital foramen. The posterior end is very large and penetrates the angular space between the nasal and frontal. It is presumed that the joint between the lacrimal and the lower posterior process of the premaxilla was mobile. The process base has a notch from the outside in which the joint between the abutting ends of the jugal and maxilla is mobile. With its upper and lower processes, the postorbital lies in groove-like depressions on the frontal and squamosal, respectively. The narrow lower process forms a mobile (sliding) joint with the jugal. The jugal has narrow processes that connected movably with the adjacent bones. The squamosal has a large process that participates in forming the infratemporal arch. The prequadrate process is quite long. The bone itself connects immovably with the parietal near the posterior outside segment of the infratemporal opening. The quadrate has a long, anteriorly arched shaft and a wide medial lobe that joins with the pterygoid. The base of this shaft is wide and ventrally forms a saddle-like, concave surface for the maxillary joint. A depression on the lateral side of the base serves as the attachment point for the quadratojugal. The proximal head of the bone enters the joint socket at the boundary of the parietal, squamosal, and the lateral process of the opisthotic bones. A small groove on the outside edge of the quadrate shaft is covered laterally by an ascending process that is hypothetically identified with a passageway for the maxillary vein. The quadratojugal has a thick body and narrow processes; the ascending process extends along the posterior edge of the prequadrate process to its base. The anterior and posterior processes on the bone are short. The bone itself is attached immovably to the base of the quadrate, entering the aforementioned depression on its lateral side. The vomer (Fig. 2) is a two-part formation, each of which looks like a narrow wafer having two convex tori (lateral and medial). The anterior potion of the vomer covers a depression in the posterior edge of the ventral surface of the premaxilla. It is likely that the vomer did not have a mobile joint with the premaxilla here. The dorsal surface of the vomer fused with the maxilla by means of a short connector. The posterior end of the vomer joins with the pterygoid at a hinged joint. The pterygoid has a narrow vomer process and a broad, thick body, the dorsal surface of which has a lengthwise groove. The lateral edge of the body projects downward at a right angle bounding the concavity on the its ventral surface from the outside. The anterior edge of the pterygoid is split, and its interface is a complex configuration that connects with the ectopterygoid and firmly enters this split. The transition to the posterior flange of the pterygoid, which has a rounded profile and is laterally connected with the quadrate flange, accomplished by means of a short, thick neck. The posterior flange of the pterygoid is firmly attached (fused) medially with the basisphenoid. The vomerine process ends with a glenoid into which the posterior end of the vomer penetrates (Fig. 3). The spherical pterygoid-vomer joint made the vomer mobile. The interpterygoid fenestra was presumably very long and widened posteriorly. The ectopterygoid has a massive base, as though expanding the anterior region of the pterygoid. A dorsal depression on the pterygoid extends to the base of the ectopterygoid and the lateral edge of the latter also project sharply ventrally. The ascending process of the ectopterygoid has a large, wide end that apparently joins movably with the jugal and maxilla. The palatine is very small and connects like a narrow strip on the curve of the dorsal end of the ascending process of the ectopterygoid and by its anterior end lies on the posteroventral region of the maxilla. The narrow opening in this curve is presumably identified with the palatine. There is apparently no accessory palatal opening. The posterior end of the palatine probably extends to the anterior edge of the pterygoid. The space between the vomerine process of the latter and the palatine corresponds to the choana. We will examine components of the neurocranium (Figs. 4, 5) in more detail. The basisphenoid (a large area had been destroyed in the study sample) formed a convex platform at the base of the skull. This platform connected in the area of the sphenooccipital tubercles with the base of the occipital region and on the lateral wall with the opisthotic and prootic (the interfaces were only partial). The basipterygoid processes were not distinguishable (they are usually well-defined in theropods) and a similar joint was formed by the fusion of the medial surface of the posterior flange of the pterygoid with the ventrolateral region if the basisphenoid by means of a short broad strip. The basioccipital (Fig. 6) makes up the posterior vertical wall of the occipital complex with the sphenooccipital tubercles at the lower corners. The occipital condyle is formed mainly by this bone, excluding its dorsolateral edges. Near the sphenooccipial tubercles the occipital is contiguous with the opisthotic anterodorsally. The exoccipital is part of the dorsolateral edge of the occipital condyle. The lateral part of the bone (externally from the condyle) joins with the opisthotic anterodorsally and with the occipital ventrally. The supraoccipital forms the dorsal edge and parts of the lateral edges of the large occipital foramen magnum. This bone is presumed to be very low; it immovably joined with the parietal behind an inflection of the latter from the roof onto the occipital surface. The parietal forms the highest region of the cranial vault and is also part of the upper areas of the lateral wall and the occipital. The parietal immovably joins with the laterosphenoid on the lateral wall of, and with the frontal on the roof of the cerebral cranium. The opisthotic occupies most of the posterior region of the lateral wall of the cerebral cranium. It is contiguous anteriorly with the prootic and ventrally with the basisphenoid. Its lateral process forms a joint with the squamosal anteriorly and with the lateral edge of the supraoccipital near the upper area of the occipital complex. The fenestra rotundum and fenestra ovalis are presumably identified with the openings in the upper region of the opisthotic. The prootic is contiguous with part of the lateral cranial wall between the laterosphenoid (anteriorly) and the opisthotic. The extreme ventral region of the prootic presumably extended to the basisphenoid. The interface between the prootic and opisthotic was presumably a narrow ridge that extended from the area of the fenestra ovalis to the anterodorsal edge of the basisphenoid. The large opening in the ventral area of the bone at its interface with the laterosphenoid is identified with the exit for nerve V (Figs. 4, 5). A wide channel that is large at its origin extends from this opening. The channel was presumably a passageway for the ophthalmic nerve. A very short groove (purpose unknown) extends medially from this channel and drops into the previously described opening for the nerves III-IV. The anterior segment of the channel runs along the ventral surface of the postorbital process on the frontal. The long opening situated above and behind the exit for nerve V is identified with the exit for the facial nerve (VII). The laterosphenoid forms the anterior region of the lateral cranial wall, connecting immovably anteriorly and dorsally with the frontal and dorsally with the parietal. At the inflection of the ventral and lateral surfaces of the laterosphenoid is an opening that presumably was associated with the anterior channel for the passage of the mid-cerebral vein There is an unossified zone (Fig. 5) in the ventral surface of the anterior cranial region. This zone is bounded externally by the laterosphenoid, anteriorly by the orbitosphenoid, and posteriorly by the prootic. Apparently cranial nerves III and IV exited through the lateral edge of this zone, which was bounded by the medial edge of the ventral surface of the laterosphenoid. The orbitosphenoid is contiguous with part of the bottom of the anterior region of the cerebral cranium in front of the unossified zone. The anterior boundary notch in this zone apparently corresponds to the exit for nerve II. In the anterior region of the orbitosphenoid, along the midline of the skull, is an opening into which enters a groove, extending from the exits for nerves III–IV. The possibility that a branch of the orbital or ophthalmic arteries ran through the opening from the exit for the lateral oculomotor nerve cannot be excluded. The ophthalmic artery of lizards passes through the exit for the optic nerve; in turtles this artery is associated with the opening for nerve III and is called orbital (Romer, 1956). The paired presphenoids form the bottom of the olfactory tract, settling in front of the orbitosphenoid. The presphenoid is covered dorsally by the frontals. The mandible of oviraptorids (Fig. 7) is characterized by its great height and openness in the anterior half and by the development of a large, dorsally located adductor process. The dentary forms a massive base for the horny chin and two processes by means of which it joins movably with the posterior half of the mandible. The ascending process has a deep fissure at its end, into the groove of which enters the wedge-like, compact process of the surangular. The ventral process overlaps the anterior end of the angular externally and reaches the anteroventral edge of the surangular. The large mandibular fenestra is located between two processes on the dentary and the anterior edge of the surangular. The surangular has a highly developed dorsal adductor process. Part of the anterior edge of the bone bounds the mandibular fenestra posteriorly and is divided into two unequal segments by a wedge-like process. Behind this fenestra, on the lateral surface of the bone, is a large elongated depression for attachment of the adductors of the mandible. The articular has a broad, convex articulation surface and a flat retroarticular process. The prearticular covers tile medial side of the articular and forms a long narrow process anteriorly that extends along the ventral edge of the mandible to the mandibular fenestra. The angular extends from the base of the retroarticular process along the edge of the mandible. The anterior end of the bone is wedged between the splenial (medially) and the ventral process of the dentary. The splenial has a very narrow posterior end located between the anterior process of the prearticular (dorsally) and the angular (ventrally). The anterior end of the splenial has a slight expansion that reaches the inner surface of the base for the dentary chin. The basic adductors of the mandible (Fig. 8) in theropods form three groups—internal, external, and posterior (Luther, 1914; Lakjer, 1926). They were reconstructed by comparing the most thoroughly studied and in part the mandible of herbivorous dinosaurs that were similar to oviraptorids (Lull, 1933; Russell, 1935; Haas, 1956; Ostrom, 1961, 1964, 1966). The highly developed adductor process on the mandible of oviraptorids performed the same role as the coronoid process in herbivorous dinosaurs and lizards. We may therefore consider the area of this process (the dorsomedial rugosity area) to be the attachment point for one of the fundamental internal mandibular adductors—m. pseudotemporalis, originating on the wall of the infratemporal foramen, presumably near parietal-basisphenoid joint. The thick pterygoid significantly widens near its joint with the ectopterygoid and has prominent dorsal and ventral surfaces here. The pterygoid bears witness to developed muscles of the internal adductor group (m. pterygoideus). M. pterygoideus dorsalis is presumed to have its origin on the dorsal concave surface of the broad area of the pterygoid-ectopterygoid complex and the lateral flange of the pterygoid, whereas m. pterygoideus is on the ventral concave surface of this complex. On the mandible these muscles are attached to part of the ventral edge anterior to the base of the retroarticular process on both sides below the mandibular joint. Among the external adductors the medial and superficial muscles (mm. adductores mandibulae externus medialis et superficialis) presumably attached at the wide lateral surface of the surangular posterior to the mandibular fenestra. It is possible that these muscles (or one of them, the medial) extended anteriorly, covering the fenestra, and attached to its anterior arc-like edge that was formed by the ascending and posterior processes of the dentary. In this case these muscles were more efficient when adducting the mandible because the forces they developed drew food into the mouth. It is presumed that the wide lateral depression on the narrow region of the surangular anterior to the mandibular joint was also a point of attachment for these muscles (or one surface muscle). Both muscles presumably originated on the medial side of the supratemporal arch, as occurs in lizards (Oerlich, 1956) and herbivorous dinosaurs (Ostrom, 1961, 1964). The extended region on the posterior slope of the adductor process and its medial edge may have been an attachment point for the deep muscle in this group (m. adductor mandibulae profundus externus), whereas it originated on the wall of the infratemporal opening posterior to the pseudotemporalis muscle. The muscle in the posterior group (m. adductor mandibulae posterior) attached near the deep, wide adductor fossa on the medial surface of the surangular posterior to the mandibular fenestra (this muscle may have extended anteriorly), attaching to the medial surface of the anterior edge of the fenestra which, just as with the adductors of the external group, could have increased its efficiency when adducting the mandible. The posterior muscle originated at the posterior edge of the lateral temporal fenestra, surrounding the long prequadrate process of the squamosal and the edge of the quadrate adjacent to it. Kinetic Structure and Peculiarities in the Maxillary Apparatus Mechanism The oviraptorid skull is morphologically quite theropod, despite a number of distinctive features. However, in a kinetic sense, it is extremely unique. As we know, in the kinetic skull of several predatory reptiles there are two basic segments—the maxillary and cerebrocranial (the occipital, according to Versluys, 1910, 1912). It is quite possible to distinguish these segments in many theropods. A similar distinction in the skull of oviraptorids is meaningless in the kinetic sense because merging (rigid connection) of the basic elements of both segments into a kinetically uniform whole occurs. The maxillary segment breaks down into what is kinetically a completely independent subsection. The result is that the kinetic structure of the skull is quite different than that of other theropods. We will examine the kinetic structure of the oviraptorid skull (Fig. 9). The skull of these dinosaurs has three subdivisions, two of which are mobile. The first mobile subdivision is the rostral unit comprising the premaxilla, which serves as the base for the horny culmen. The second subdivision comprises specifically the maxillary unit, including the premaxilla and vomer, which have fused to form a unit. The third, immobile, subdivision is a large part of the skull comprising the immovably fused (other than the jugal) posterior elements of the maxillary and the entire cerebrocranial (in a metakinetic sense) segments of other reptiles. The first two sectors of the oviraptorid skull are mobile relative to each other and to the third, immobile, sector. Thus, the rostral sector has a mobile (presumably sliding) joint with the nasal and lacrimal, which belong to the cerebrocranial segment, and with the premaxillary sector as a whole. The latter is movably joined in a similar manner with the lacrimal and jugal and forms an articulation with the pterygoid (the cerebrocranial segment). The jugal occupies a special location in the cerebrocranial segment. It was probably weakly secured at its contact with the lacrimal by the postorbital and quadratojugal. In principle, the jugal could be distinguished as an independent segment; however, it joins with the immobile parts of the unified cerebrocranial segment and could hardly have played any significant role in kinesis. We will examine the nature of the mobility in the rostral and premaxillary sectors. The axis of rotation in the rostral unit is situated near the upper arch of the external narial fenestra and perpendicular to the plane of the mobile anterior upper-premaxillary and anterior medial processes of the nasal. Due to the fact that at other points the premaxilla connected with the adjacent bones by a more or less loose abutment, when rotating about this axis—called the rhynchokinetic (by analogy with rhynchokinesis in birds)—the premaxilla slides along its respective contacts. We must return to one curious feature. As we mentioned, there are four small foramina near the medial edge of the nasal, three of which lie in a row; the fourth lies somewhat to the outside of the first (Figs. 1, 8). These foramina presumably indicate a syndesmotic relationship between the nasal and horny culmen that covers the premaxilla. A similar relationship in the Anseriformes (Möller, 1969) reinforces the flexible zone of the culmen which was prone to movement when the rostrum opened and closed. The presumably syndesmotic relationship between the culmen (rostral sector) and nasal (cerebrocranial sector) in oviraptorids may have performed a similar function. The axis of rotation for the maxillary unit is in an unexpected location—in the joint formed by the posterior end of the vomer and the vomerine process of the pterygoid (Fig. 3). The development of this joint, unknown in other reptiles, is a fundamental confirmation of the kinetic independence of the maxillary sector. The axis of rotation of this sector, distinguished here under the term infrakinetic, is perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of the skull. The maxillary sector, like the rostral sector, has adjoining contacts with the adjacent elements and during rotation slides along the contacts. The oviraptorid mandible, as in other predatory dinosaurs, comprises two fundamental subdivisions—the anterior, formed by the dentary (serving as the base for the horny culmen) and the posterior, which includes all the remaining components of the mandibular ramus (Fig. 9). The mobility of the connection in both subdivisions is noteworthy: the ascending process of the dentary (the anterior subdivision) has an expansion at its end, into which the abutting process of the surangular (the posterior subdivision) is deeply wedged. The contact on the ventral process of the dentary is adjoining, which allows it to slide along the adjacent edge of the surangular (the posterior subdivision). The anterior subdivision of the jaw might have rotated about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the groove connection on the ascending process of the dentary with the surangular. In this case the posterior end of the ventral process of the dentary slid for a limited distance along the ventral edge of the mandible. The rostral and maxillary sectors and the anterior subdivision of the mandible all participated in crushing food. The kinetic subdivisions of the skull and the mandible had to go into motion when the jaws were crushing food because counterpoint forces arose. Two basic positions for food in the mouth can be identified (Fig. 10). 1. Food in the anterior region of the jaw, between the rostral sector and the anterior subdivision of the mandible. The counter-force sets both kinetic subdivisions, the rostral and anterior mandible, into motion. 2. Food more deeply in the mouth, involving the maxillary sector; the rostral sector remains conditionally motionless and the anterior subdivision of the mandible acts as in the situation above. Any interceding position relies on including one of the kinetic units. When food is at the interface between both units, they might have moved in unison. One significant peculiarity in the jaw structure of oviraptorids is profound—the development of powerful crushing forces. This is seen in the short working surfaces of the jaws along with the reduced length of the mandibular lever arm, all of which increase the force applied by the muscles. The development of the adductor process on the mandible elevated—relative to the axis of the lever arm—the point at which force was applied (Ostrom, 1964) and was governed by the same objective—to increase strength and thereby produce greater crushing forces. Also, in the comparatively small skull the adductor fossa is disproportionately large, confirming the development of massive adductor muscles. Noteworthy is the rostrum. It was laterally compressed, which increased the pressure that the jaws could have applied per unit area of food. It was previously mentioned that the paired vomer is equipped with a lengthwise edge knob, which suggests it participated in creating pressure on food from the crushing forces of the jaws. The connecting line on the "buccal" region of their working surfaces is not horizontal as in other theropods, including the edentate ornithomimids, but sloped due to the convexity of the anterior mandibular arch. If the angle of the connecting line of the jaws and the force (F) applied to food is shown graphically (Fig. 11) then the component vector (F1) is directed along the connecting line of the jaw. In this case the food must counteract the applied force. From what has been said, we may conclude that the edentate jaws of oviraptorids were adapted to crushing food that was harder and more solid. What might oviraptorids have eaten? We think they may have eaten mollusks. In crushing mollusk shells, the danger to oviraptorid jaws might have been mechanical damage. The mobility of the kinetic subdivisions of the skull ensures amortization of the subcritical loads on the jaws. Connection of the jaws along the sloped line when chewing especially hard food eases its rapid withdrawal from the action of crushing jaws. We must pause briefly to discuss monimostyly in oviraptorids caused by morphological features in their skull structure. The uniqueness of the oviraptorid skull is also seen in the monimostyly (immobility of the quadrate). We said earlier that their pterygoid is fused with both the base of the basisphenoid and with the quadrate. In the metakinetic skull of predatory reptiles, the pterygoid and quadrate belong to the maxillary sector (Frazzetta, 1962; Russell, 1964, 1967). However, in the oviraptorid skull they belong to the cerebrocranial segment. The fusion of these three elements produces a rigid structure that prevented any mobility in the quadrate. The fixing of this structure as the support for the mandible is useful when heavier loads are applied to the latter. Consequently, the oviraptorid skull was at the same time both monimostylic and kinesis. There are examples where a specific streptostyly is seen in the akinetic skull of some hadrosaurs (Ostrom, 1961). The streptostyly in toothed theropods may be fairly developed, which is associated with a type of kinesis other than is found in theropods. In ornithomimids, the second group of edentate theropods, monimostyly in a metakinetic skull is presumed (Osmólska, et al., 1972). OVIRAPTORID ECOLOGY At present we can say that there were bodies of fresh water in Mongolia and other expansive regions of Central Asia during the Late Cretaceous in which mollusks occupied a primary position. These belonged mainly to the families Trigonioididea (bivalves) and Ampularridae (Gastropoda), representatives of which were distinguished by their thick, strong shells (Martinson, 1961; Barsbold, 1972). Massive accumulations of these are found quite often and in the bone-bearing layers of many ancient reptile graveyards, such as the Nemegt, Bugin Tsav, Khermin Tsav groups, and others so that the oviraptorid food supply must have been ensured. Naturally, it is difficult to confirm that the oviraptorid diet was more diversified. It may have included reptile eggs, entire nests of which were entombed in these same bone-bearing layers. The specialization of the oviraptorid jaw apparatus argues that their food was more solid than eggs. Oviraptorids must have developed a number of specific adaptations from feeding on mollusks that might have given them the ability to swim. The high location of the external narial fenestrae may be one indicator of such a lifestyle. In the postcranial skeleton, an examination of which is beyond the scope of this article, are a number of features that draw our attention to this possibility. Thus, the neural and haemal processes of the caudal vertebrae are very long, which is typical of the tail found on reptiles capable of swimming. Even more significant, it seems that in the tridactyl manus of oviraptorids the second and third digits are very small and thin, but did not lose their full complement of phalanges. Typically the ungual phalanges on these digits are narrow and very small, whereas on the first digit this phalanx is distinctive because of its large size, mass. and curvature. This is an important argument that swim membranes may have developed on the digits of the manus. In feeding on mollusks the oviraptorids were most likely capable of swimming and diving to capture food with their massive rostrum and, probably, membranous manus with sharp claws that did not lose the typically theropod "grasping" features. We may assume that oviraptorids were amphibiotic. The flooding of land masses and the widespread development of hydrographic networks during the Late Cretaceous promoted the development of ecological niches favorable to oviraptorids and freed them from competition with other predatory dinosaurs. The ecological uniqueness of oviraptorids is yet one more piece of evidence for the wide radiation of dinosaurs prior to their extension at the end of the Mesozoic. LITERATURE CITED (Not included.) FIGURE CAPTIONS Fig. 1. Oviraptorid skull, Khermin Tsav, lateral view (reconstruction). ant1 – antorbital foramen; ant2 – accessory antorbital foramen; co – occipital condyle; f – frontal; j – jugal; l – lacrimal; lf – lateral temporal fenestra; mx – maxilla; n – nasal; nr – external narial fenestra; or – orbit; pa – parietal; pmx – premaxilla; po – postorbital; pq – pterygoid flange of the quadrate; q – quadratojugal; so – sphenooccipital tubercle. Fig. 2. Oviraptorid skull, Khermin Tsav, ventral view (reconstruction). bs – basisphenoid; ect – ectopterygoid; if – infratemporal fenestra; in – internal narial fenestra; pt – pterygoid; q – quadrate; v – vomer; vpt – vomerine process of the pterygoid. All other nomenclature is the same as in Fig. 1. Fig. 3. Vomer-pterygoid joint (reconstruction, lateral view). All nomenclature is the same as in Figs. 1, 2. Fig. 4. Braincase of the Khermin Tsav oviraptorid, lateral view (reconstruction). The bones in the orbital and temporal (from the suspensorium) regions were displaced. fo – foramen ovalis; fs – fenestra associated with the sinus system; lt – laterosphenoid; op – opisthotic; orb – orbitosphenoid; pre – presphenoid; pro – prootic; vm – opening for the midcerebral vein; n.z. – unossified zone; V, VlI – exits for the respective cranial nerves. Fig. 5. Braincase of the Khermin Tsav oviraptorid, ventral view (reconstruction). The bones in the orbital and temporal (from the suspensorium) regions were displaced. oa – canal for the orbital artery; olt – passageway for the olfactory nerve. All other nomenclature is the same as in Figs. 1 and 4. Fig. 6. Skull of the Khermin Tsav oviraptorid, posterior view (reconstruction). bo – basioccipital; bpt – basipterygoid process; ex – exoccipital; fm – occipital foramen; fv – foramen for the premaxillary vein; soc – supraoccipital. All other nomenclature is the same as in Figs. 1, 2, and 4. Fig. 7. Mandible of the Khermin Tsav oviraptorid, lateral view (reconstruction). ad – adductor process; emf – external mandibular fossa; d – dentary; rt – retroarticular process; sa – surangular. Fig. 8. Basic adductors that closed the mandible in oviraptorids (reconstruction). 1 – m. pseudotemporalis; 2 – m. pterygoideus (dorsalis, ventralis); 3 – mm. adductores mandibulae externus medialis, superficialis; 4 – m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; 5 – m. adductor mandibulae posterior. The location at which the syndesmotic connection between the horny culmen and nasal developed is shown by an arrow and a heavy dotted line. Fig. 9. Kinetic subdivisions of the oviraptorid skull and mandible (schematic). cr – cerebrocranial segment; mx – maxillary sector; r – rostral sector; 1 – anterior subdivision of the mandible; 2 – posterior subdivision of the mandible. Fig. 10. Two positions for food in the mouth of an oviraptorid (schematic). 1 – in the rostral sector and the anterior subdivision of the mandible; 2 – in the premaxillary sector and posterior subdivision of the mandible; ic – infrakinetic axis; ms – mesokinetic axis; A – axis of rotation for the posterior subdivision of the mandible. Fine lines indicate the location of the kinetic subdivisions during rotation about the respective axes as a function of where the food was positioned in the mouth. Arrows indicate the directions of rotation for these subdivisions. Thick lines show the attachment of the basic adductors in the mandible. Fig. 11. Vectors of the force applied to food. The force arose during compression by the jaw (schematic). F1 enables the food to be extracted from under the influence of the applied force.
Representation: Supplier Chapman Riebeek LLP 300, 4808 Ross Street Red Deer, AB T4N 1X5 Attn: Suzanne Alexander-Smith Arbiter's Final Report April 15, 2019 In the matter of an Arbitration pursuant to Chapter V, of the Canada Free Trade Agreement (2017) as amended, and under the Arbitration Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. A45, as amended, (the "Act") Between Parkland Geotechnical Consulting Ltd., operating as ParklandGEO Consulting Group And Alberta Infrastructure, Procurement Services (Government Entity) Ron Perozzo Government Entity Alberta Justice and Solicitor General 9 th Floor 10011 – 109 Street Edmonton, AB T5J 3S8 Attn: Alisha Hurley Arbiter: (Supplier) Introduction 1. This Arbitration relates to the disqualification by Alberta Infrastructure, Procurement Services (AI) of Parkland Geotechnical Consulting Ltd., operating as ParklandGEO Consulting Group ("Parkland") from the procurement of Geotechnical Consulting services for the Red Deer Justice Centre ("RDJC"), for an alleged or perceived conflict of interest or unfair advantage. Facts 2. On or about November 30, 2018, AI posted a request for proposal (the RFP) for Geotechnical Consulting and Construction Services for the Red DeerJustice Centre Geotechnical Consulting and Construction Services (PP#019903). It was an open and competitive opportunity, governed by the New West Partnership Trade Agreement ("NWPTA")/Trade and Labour Mobility Agreement ("TILMA), the Canadian Free Trade Agreement ("CFTA") and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (("CETA"). 4. On January 22, 2019, AI notified Parkland that its proposal was being disqualified due to an irregularity and AI referenced the Conflict of Interest provisions of AI Terms and Conditions, without specifying the actual irregularity. 3. Parkland submitted a proposal in accordance with the RFP outline on December 18, 2018. 5. On January 22, 2019 Parkland disputed being in contravention of the Conflict of Interest provisions and sought clarification. On January 28, 2019 Parkland received a response from AI that the perceived conflict related to the possibility of its being in a position to review its own work provided earlier in the process prior to the issuance of the RFP. 7. On February 6, 2019, AI, through counsel, advised Parkland of the Bid Protest Mechanism (BPM). 6. Parkland invoked the consultation process under the CFTA on February 1, 2019. 8. Parkland has proceeded under the BPM. The Issue 9. The issue in this arbitration is the applicability of the CFTA. AI has not disputed the submission of Parkland that its bid was disqualified due to a conflict or interest or unfair advantage. AI's argument is that, on its face, the CFTA does not apply to a local dispute between local parties that does not impair free movement of trade, investment or labour within Canada. Parkland argues the opposite. 10. I accept AI's argument that the CFTA does not apply in this instance, however I find that the delayed raising of the jurisdictional issue by AI impacts my award of operational and tariff costs. Below, I briefly set out the arguments and follow with my reasons. Arguments 11. AI notes Article 100 of the CFTA The Parties' objective is to reduce and eliminate, to the extent possible, barriers to the free movement of persons, goods, services, and investments within Canada… 12. AI points to the guiding principles set out in Article 102 a) The need to eliminate existing barriers and avoid new barriers to trade, investments and labour mobility within Canada and to facilitate the free movement of persons, goods, services, and investments within Canada; c) The need to reconcile occupational standards and regulatory measures to provide for free movement of persons and the removal of barriers to trade and investment within Canada b) The need to ensure non-discriminatory treatment of persons, goods, services and investment, regardless of where they originate in Canada; and 13. AI argues that neither of the complaints by Parkland, that AI incorrectly found Parkland in a conflict of interest or that Parkland had an unfair advantage relate to the free movement of labour, goods, or services across Canada and thus, do not trigger any violation of the CFTA. 15. AI argues that Article 502 sets out the general principles of Chapter 5, which applies to government procurement. Each Party to the CFTA is required to treat goods, services and suppliers originating from any other Party the same way it treats those originating locally. Following on this AI argues that there can be no breach of Article 502 where the complainant is an Alberta company, the proposal for work in Alberta and the respondent is the government of Alberta. Even if it has incorrectly assessed the potential conflict of interest or incorrectly determined that Parkland had an unfair advantage neither error violates Article 502 of the CFTA. 14. AI argues that the Arbitrators "jurisdiction does not encompass reviewing the minutiae of procurement disputes without any cross-territorial component". 16. AI submits that, even if the potential conflict of interest and unfair advantage were incorrectly assessed by AI, neither would be an error relating to Article 507 which, prevents a procuring entity from requiring a proponent to have prior experience within the territory of with the procuring entity and requires the procuring authority to consider the experience and business activities of the proponent inside and outside the territory in which the project is to be located. 17. Article 515 of the CFTA requires Parties to treat tenders with fairness and impartiality. AI argues that the general duties in Articles 500 and 502 inform these requirements and that the reference to fairness and impartiality is in relation to non-local suppliers of goods and services and as such, even if AI was unfair or impartial such unfairness or impartiality was intended to or has the effect of reducing the free movement of trade, goods or services across Canada, which is the intent of the CFTA. 18. Ai argues that it has complied with the requirement of Article 518 to create administrative review procedures through the establishment of the BPM. It further argues that the BPM is meant to address complaints that the actions taken by a procuring Party have impeded the movement of trade, goods, or services across Canada. AI argues that such allegations have not been made. 20. In summary, AI's argument is that since the alleged actions, do not apply to cross territorial actions or impeded the cross-territorial flow of persons, goods, services or investment within Canada, relief under the BPM should not be available. Further, rendering a judgment in favour of Parkland in a case such as would encourage other proponents to use the CFTA dispute resolution process to pursue disputes over which it was never intended to govern. 19. AI argues that if Parkland's is correct, and this type of complaint is meant to be handled by an arbitrator pursuant to the CFTA, every single procurement dispute with a provincial, territorial, or federal government in Canada, whatever the topic, will fall within the purview of the CFTA and that it stretches credulity to infer that was the intention of the signatories to the CFTA. 21. Parkland argues that the CFTA applies notwithstanding the local character of the Parties. It notes that article 100 of the CFTA more fully reads that the objectives of the CFTA are to "reduce and eliminate, to the extent possible, barriers to the free movement of persons, goods, and investments within Canada and to establish an open, efficient and stable domestic market. (emphasis added by Parkland). Parkland notes that the signatories, in the CFTA recognize the need for full disclosure of information and dispute resolution procedures and compliance mechanisms that are accessible, timely, credible and effective. (Articles 102(2)(c) and 102(2)(e). 23. Parkland says the CFTA is aimed at eliminating "barriers" not "borders" and that barriers can be procedural or conceptual in nature and not dependent on location. 22. Parkland argues that nothing in the CFTA limits, either explicitly or implicitly, its application to only cross-border complaints. The CFTA, in Parkland's submission, is intended to level the playing field for all suppliers and includes access to an efficient and effective mechanism for participants to resolve disputes. 24. Parkland argues that AI's interpretation would result in "reverse discrimination" against local suppliers, in that external suppliers would have protections and remedies unavailable to local suppliers. 25. Parkland cites PMH Insights v. Parkland and Parkland Geotechnical Consulting v The City of Red Deer, cases decided under the NWPA, in support of its argument that the CFTA applies. Findings 26. Counsel for both parties in this dispute very ably presented their arguments and I am thankful for their efforts. I am persuaded by the arguments presented by AI that the purpose of the CFTA and its dispute resolution process are intended to reduce barriers between Provinces impeding the free movement of goods, services and labour. 27. While there may be cases in which a totally local procurement may fall under the ambit of the CFTA, in this case what is being complained against is a decision of a local authority concerning a local supplier that does not relate to the basic subject matter of the CFTA. 28. I agree that the CFTA procurement rules are not intended to provide an avenue for proponents to challenge any procurement decision made by any Party to the agreement but are intended to ensure free movement of trade, goods and services across Canada by, in part, providing oversight to procurements where there may be restrictions to such free movement. 29. The cases, PMH Insights v. Parkland ("PMH") and Parkland Geotechnical Consulting v The City of Red Deer ("Red Deer") are distinguishable as they were not cases under the CFTA and both have cross-territorial implications. In PMH the issue was sole-sourcing a technology contract that exceeded the minimums set in the NWTPA for public tender. In Red Deer issues were raised concerning prequalification restrictions as well as restrictions on experience. Both cases limited the ability of contractors from other Provinces competing. 30. I accept AI's argument that it cannot be said to be reverse discrimination when parties, both in and out of province, are entitled to relief in circumstances involving cross territorial issues and both are not entitled to relief when the free movement of trade, labour and investment across territories is not involved. Costs 31. On February 6, 2019 AI wrote to counsel for Parkland We acknowledge receipt of your correspondence dated February 1, 2019. We have had the opportunity to review the documents and facts surrounding the above noted matter with our client. We understand that you are writing to invoke your clients right under article 518 of the Canadian Free Trade Agreement ("CFTA"). As you are aware article 518(4) of the CFTA allows the procuring entity to timely consideration of the complaint through administrative or judicial review procedure. The Province of Alberta has an administrative procedure through a bid protest mechanism found in this web link, (web link set out). 33. AI argues that it was under no obligation to provide legal advice to Parkland regarding what approach it should take to a dispute and that AI's failure to indicate that it did not believe a complaint under the CFTA was appropriate did not amount in any way amount to a waiver of AI's right to raise the issue before an arbitrator. 32. AI, in its submission in this proceeding, also refers to the BPM as the Alberta Governments response to the need for an administrative review procedure under Article 518. 34. While AI may not have waived it's right to raise the issue before an arbitrator, it cannot point to the BPM, as it did in the letter to Parkland's counsel, cite the BPM as the administrative dispute mechanism under 518 and then argue that the complaint is so clearly outside the purview of the CFTA and, by extension, the BPM, that they do not apply. 35. Article 2(4) of the BPM begins by stating that the government and the supplier shall make every effort to arrive at a mutually satisfactory resolution of the complaint through consultations and, to that end, shall exchange information sufficient to enable a full examination of the matter. 37. AI did not engage in meaningful consultation and as a result put Parkland to expenses that it may not have incurred had consultation taken place. On the material before me it appears that the jurisdictional question was not raised until AI filed its reply. 36. The BPM is the process to resolve complaints. Not all complaints will succeed but the reason for consultation is to attempt to resolve complaints without the expense of arbitration. A party may choose not to consult but I believe an arbitrator has the ability to take that fact into account in awarding costs. 38. The BPM states that operational and tariff costs shall generally be awarded against the unsuccessful disputant, however it allows the arbiter to apportion costs between the disputants taking into account the circumstances of the dispute. 40. The operational costs are, $1699.04, administrator's fees and expenses, $1625.00 arbiter's fee for a total of $3324.04 39. Taking the decision not to consult and the late raising of the jurisdictional issue into account I award operational and tariff costs against AI. 41. Parkland has said that it will incur tariff costs in excess of $5000.00. I award tariff costs against AI in the amount of $5000.00, provided Parkland can substantiate the expenses to the Administrator. Order 42. AI did not violate the CFTA. 44. Tariff costs up to $5000.00 are awarded against AI, upon substantiation by Parkland. 43. AI was not timely in its delayed disclosure of the jurisdictional challenge. 45. Operational costs of $3324.04 are awarded against AI. 46. Tariff and operational costs to be paid within 45 days following the expiration of the time for appeal. Ron Perozzo Arbiter
Grammar Spectrum Advanced With Answers ESL Intermediate/Advanced Grammar A Course Book and Reference Guide Reference and Practice Can a Scientist Believe in Miracles? Supporting the Education of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Grammar Grades 7-8 Advanced Pediatric Assessment Set, Third Edition Oxford Practice Grammar Proceedings of ICACIE 2020 Constructs, Curriculum, Instruction, Assessment Spectrum Language Arts, Grade 5 Essential Practice for English Usage, Critical Reasoning and Reading Comprehension Tests Spectrum Word Study and Phonics, Grade 3 English grammar and practice fo Academic Purposes Advanced Pediatric Assessment, Third Edition Canadian Grammar Spectrum 2 Grade 5 New Grammar Spectrum for Italian Students Spectrum Language Arts, Grade 7 Reference and Practice Grammar Spectrum One Grammar & Vocabulary Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems Language Arts, Grade 4 A Communicative Course in English, Level 2 Oxford Grammar for EAP Educating for Advanced Foreign Language Capacities Grammar Intermediate & Advanced Macmillan English grammar in context. Advanced [with key, with CD-ROM] The Teacher's Grammar of English with Answers A Language for Learning The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice, 3rd Ed. Syntactic Structures Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing, and Communicating Spectrum Writing, Grade 4 Spectrum Language Arts, Grade 8 Advanced Logo Elementary Spectrum Language Arts, Grade 2 LARSEN GARZA ESL Intermediate/Advanced Grammar Carson-Dellosa Publishing Spectrum(R) Grade Speciﬁc for Grade 1 includes focused practice for reading, language arts, and math mastery. Skills include parts of speech and sentences, grammar and usage, capitalization and punctuation, fact families, adding and subtracting to 100, composing 2-D and 3-D shapes, place value, and measurement. --Each Spectrum(R) Grade Speciﬁc workbook includes a writer's guide and step-by-step instructions, helping children with planning, drafting, revising, proofreading, and sharing writing. 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The vocabulary selection is informed by the English Vocabulary Proﬁle and Cambridge Learner Corpus. (Please note that the face2face Second edition Class Audio CDs are available separately.) Reference and Practice Springer Publishing Company An understanding of language arts concepts is key to strong communication skills—the foundation of success across disciplines. Spectrum Language Arts for grade 3 provides focused practice and creative activities to help your child master capitalization, punctuation, grammar, and parts of speech. This comprehensive workbook doesn't stop with focused practice–it encourages children to explore their creative sides by challenging them with thought-provoking writing projects. Aligned to current state standards, Spectrum Language Arts for grade 3 includes an answer key and a supplemental Writer's Guide to reinforce grammar and language arts concepts. With the help of Spectrum, your child will build the language arts skills necessary for a lifetime of success. Can a Scientist Believe in Miracles? Carson-Dellosa Publishing This book focuses on theory, practice and applications in the broad areas of advanced computing techniques and intelligent engineering. This book includes 74 scholarly articles which were accepted for presentation from 294 submissions in the 5th ICACIE during 25–27 June 2020 at Université des Mascareignes (UdM), Mauritius, in collaboration with Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar, India, and S'O'A Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India. This book brings together academicians, industry persons, research scholars and students to share and disseminate their knowledge and scientiﬁc research work related to advanced computing and intelligent engineering. It helps to provide a platform to the young researchers to ﬁnd the practical challenges encountered in these areas of research and the solutions adopted. The book helps to disseminate the knowledge about some innovative and active research directions in the ﬁeld of advanced computing techniques and intelligent engineering, along with some current issues and applications of related topics. Supporting the Education of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Carson-Dellosa Publishing Plasma physicist Ian Hutchinson has been asked hundreds of questions about faith and science. Is God's existence a scientiﬁc question? Is the Bible consistent with the modern scientiﬁc understanding of the universe? Are there scientiﬁc reasons to believe in God? In this comprehensive volume, Hutchinson answers a full range of inquiries with sound scientiﬁc insights and measured Christian perspective. Grammar Grades 7-8 Research & Education Association An understanding of language arts concepts is key to strong communication skillsÑthe foundation of success across disciplines. Spectrum Language Arts for grade 1 provides focused practice and creative activities to help your child master punctuation, parts of speech, and capitalization. --This comprehensive workbook doesnÕt stop with focused practiceÐit encourages children to explore their creative sides by challenging them with thought-provoking writing projects. Aligned to current state standards, Spectrum Language Arts for grade 1 includes an answer key and a supplemental WriterÕs Guide to reinforce grammar and language arts concepts. With the help of Spectrum, your child will build the language arts skills necessary for a lifetime of success. Advanced Pediatric Assessment Set, Third Edition Carson-Dellosa Publishing Language Disorders from Infancy Through Adolescence, 4th Edition is the go-to text for all the information you need to properly assess childhood language disorders and provide appropriate treatment. This core resource spans the entire developmental period through adolescence, and uses a descriptivedevelopmental approach to present basic concepts and vocabulary, an overview of key issues and controversies, the scope of communicative diﬃculties that make up child language disorders, and information on how language pathologists approach the assessment and intervention processes. This new edition also features signiﬁcant updates in research, trends, instruction best practices, and social skills assessment. Comprehensive text covers the entire developmental period through adolescence. Clinical application focus featuring case studies, clinical vignettes, and suggested projects helps you apply concepts to professional practice. Straightforward, conversational writing style makes this book easy to read and understand. More than 230 tables and boxes summarize important information such as dialogue examples, sample assessment plans, assessment and intervention principles, activities, and sample transcripts. UNIQUE! Practice exercises with sample transcripts allow you to apply diﬀerent methods of analysis. UNIQUE! Helpful study guides at the end of each chapter help you review and apply what you have learned. Versatile text is perfect for a variety of language disorder courses, and serves as a great reference tool for professional practitioners. Highly regarded lead author Rhea Paul lends her expertise in diagnosing and managing pediatric language disorders. Communication development milestones are printed on the inside front cover for quick access. Chapter objectives summarize what you can expect to learn in each chapter. Updated content features the latest research, theories, trends and techniques in the ﬁeld. Information on autism incorporated throughout the text Best practices in preliteracy and literacy instruction The role of the speech-language pathologist on school literacy teams and in response to intervention New reference sources Student/Professional Resources on Evolve include an image bank, video clips, and references linked to PubMed. Oxford Practice Grammar OXFORD University Press Canadian Grammar Spectrum is a series of grammar reference and practice books for ESL students. The books are set up in two-page spreads: a brief grammar explanation followed by exercises. The books are suitable as in-class resources, homework tools, or self-study aids. Proceedings of ICACIE 2020 Carson-Dellosa Publishing Advanced language learning has only recently begun to capture the interest and attention of applied linguists and professionals in language education in the United States. In this breakthrough volume, experts in the ﬁeld lay the groundwork for approaching the increasingly important role of advanced language learning in the larger context of multilingual societies, globalization, and security. This volume presents both general and theoretical insights and language-speciﬁc considerations in college classrooms spanning a range of languages, from the commonly taught languages of English, French, and German to the less commonly taught Farsi, Korean, Norwegian, and Russian. Among theoretical frameworks likely to be conducive to imagining and fostering instructed "advancedness" in a second language, this volume highlights a cognitive-semantic approach. The theoretical and data-based ﬁndings make clear that advanced learners in particular are characterized by the capacity to make situated choices from across the entire language system, from vocabulary and grammar to discourse features, which suggests the need for a textoriented, meaning-driven approach to language teaching, learning, and research. This volume also considers whether and how information structuring in secondlanguage composition reveals ﬁrst-language preferences of grammaticized concepts. Other topics include curricular and instructional approaches to narrativity, vocabulary expansion, the demands on instructed programs for eﬃciency and eﬀectiveness in order to assure advanced levels, and learners' ability to function in professional contexts with their diverse oral and written genre requirements. Finally, the volume probes the role and nature of assessment as a measurement tool for both researching and assessing advanced language learning and as an essential component of improving programs. Constructs, Curriculum, Instruction, Assessment CarsonDellosa Publishing Better than ever! The bestselling intermediatelevel workbook has been expanded into a comprehensive, dynamic digital/print study tool Founded on the principle that strong grammar skills are necessary for foreign language mastery, The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice explains and illustrates important grammar concepts with lively sentence examples, and it provides 400 engaging exercises that are contextualized, with scene-setting instructions in Spanish. This new, premium edition replaces the old CD-ROM with an array of digital content in the Ultimate App (iOS, Android, desktop) that accompanies the book: Pre-test for identifying existing strengths and weaknesses More than 120 multiple choice and drag-and-drop exercises for extended review Posttest for assessing progress Flashcards for all vocabulary lists, with progress-tracking Extensive audio exercises to test listening comprehension Record/Replay function to comparing pronunciation to that of native speakers Spectrum Language Arts, Grade 5 Springer Publishing Company By testing expert Mike Bryon, How to Pass Advanced Verbal Reasoning Tests provides a huge bank of questions to help you prepare for diﬃcult graduate and managerial recruitment and assessment tests. Oﬀering unbeatable score-improving practice for both online and print tests, it provides 110 warm up questions to get you started and 500+ questions overall. Including four timed realistic tests with interpretations of your score, it contains everything you need to prepare for verbal reasoning tests, stand out from the crowd and bag that job. Essential Practice for English Usage, Critical Reasoning and Reading Comprehension Tests Psychology Press An understanding of language arts concepts is key to strong communication skills—the foundation of success across disciplines. Spectrum Language Arts for grade 8 provides focused practice and creative activities to help your child master sentence types, grammar, parts of speech, and vocabulary. This comprehensive workbook doesn't stop with focused practice–it encourages children to explore their creative sides by challenging them with thought-provoking writing projects. Aligned to current state standards, Spectrum Language Arts for grade 8 includes an answer key and a supplemental Writer's Guide to reinforce grammar and language arts concepts. With the help of Spectrum, your child will build the language arts skills necessary for a lifetime of success. Spectrum Word Study and Phonics, Grade 3 CarsonDellosa Publishing An understanding of language arts concepts is key to strong communication skillsÑthe foundation of success across disciplines. Spectrum Language Arts for grade 2 provides focused practice and creative activities to help your child master sentences, parts of speech, capitalization, and punctuation. --This comprehensive workbook doesnÕt stop with focused practiceÐit encourages children to explore their creative sides by challenging them with thought-provoking writing projects. Aligned to current state standards, Spectrum Language Arts for grade 2 includes an answer key and a supplemental WriterÕs Guide to reinforce grammar and language arts concepts. With the help of Spectrum, your child will build the language arts skills necessary for a lifetime of success. English grammar and practice fo Academic Purposes Cambridge University Press "The Teacher's grammar of English enables English language teachers and teachers-in-training to fully understand and eﬀectively teach English grammar. With comprehensive presentation of form, meaning, and usage, along with practical exercises and advice on teaaching diﬃcult structures, it is both a complete grammar course and an essential reference text."--Back cover. Advanced Pediatric Assessment, Third Edition Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems explains the principal diﬀerences and similarities of wireless communications systems and navigation systems. It discusses scenarios which are critical for dedicated navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and which motivate the use of positioning based on terrestrial wireless communication systems. The book introduces approaches for determination of parameters which are dependent on the position of the mobile terminal and also discusses iterative algorithms to estimate and track the position of the mobile terminal. Models for radio propagation and user mobility are important for performance investigations and assessments using computer simulations. Thus, channel and mobility models are explored, especially focussing on critical navigation environments like urban or indoor scenarios. Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems examines advanced algorithms such as hybrid data fusion of satellite navigation and positioning with wireless communications and cooperative positioning among mobile terminals.. The performance of the discussed positioning techniques are explored on the basis of already existing and operable terrestrial wireless communication systems such as GSM, UMTS, or LTE and it is shown how positioning issues are ﬁxed in respective standards. Written by industry experts working at the cutting edge of technological development, the authors are well placed to give an excellent view on this topic, enabling in-depth coverage of current developments. Key features · Unique in its approach to dealing with a heterogeneous system approach, diﬀerent cell structures and signal proposals for future communications systems * Covers hybrid positioning investigating how GNSS and wireless communications positioning complement each other • Applications and exploitation of positioning information are discussed to show the beneﬁts of including this information in several parts of a wireless communications system Canadian Grammar Spectrum 2 CarsonDellosa Publishing A study guide to English grammar that contains explanations, simple examples, and ample exercises to practice and learn with an answer key at the back of the book. 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New Grammar Spectrum for Italian Students John Wiley & Sons Spectrum(R) Writing for grade 4 guides students through each step of the writing process as they write paragraphs, personal narratives, ﬁction stories, how-to instructions, descriptive comparisons, research reports, persuasive letters, and more. Spectrum(R) Writing workbooks guide students as they write for a variety of purposes, including writing to tell a story, writing to provide information, and writing to state an opinion. Lessons support current state standards. Step-bystep instructions help with planning, drafting, revising, proofreading, and sharing writing. A Writer's Handbook reinforces grammar and language skills, and a complete Answer Key is included. Engaging, openended writing projects combined with standardsbased learning make these workbooks an essential resource for Related with Grammar Spectrum Advanced With Answers: * Sea Of Thieves New Adventure Guide : click here school success. Spectrum(R), the bestselling workbook series, is proud to provide quality educational materials that support your students' learning achievement and success. Spectrum Language Arts, Grade 7 Carson-Dellosa Publishing English rules and practice. Reference and Practice Macmillan Elt English rules and practice.
HOUSE BILL NO. 515 H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 G3/5 03/HR07/R541 AN ACT TO PRESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE TO BE USED IN A PRIMARY 1 ELECTION WHEN A VACANCY OCCURS IN CERTAIN JUDICIAL OFFICES; TO 2 PROVIDE THAT THE STATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES SHALL SUPERVISE THE 3 PRIMARY ELECTIONS FOR CERTAIN JUDICIAL OFFICES; TO PROVIDE THAT 4 THE NOMINATION OF CANDIDATES FOR THE OFFICES OF JUDGE OF THE 5 SUPREME COURT AND JUDGE OF THE COURT OF APPEALS WILL BE BY 6 DISTRICT AND WILL BE HELD CONCURRENTLY WITH THE PRIMARY ELECTIONS 7 FOR THE NOMINATION OF REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS; TO PROVIDE THAT 8 NOMINATIONS FOR CIRCUIT COURT JUDGE AND CHANCERY COURT JUDGE WILL 9 BE MADE IN EVERY COUNTY IN THEIR RESPECTIVE DISTRICTS BY PRIMARY 10 ELECTION AND WILL BE HELD CONCURRENTLY WITH THE PRIMARY ELECTION 11 HELD FOR REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS AND EVERY FOUR YEARS 12 THEREAFTER; TO PROVIDE THAT COUNTY JUDGES MAY BE NOMINATED IN THE 13 REGULAR JUDICIAL PRIMARY ELECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTIONS 9-4-5, 14 9-4-15, 9-5-29, 9-5-36, 9-5-50, 9-5-58, 9-7-46, 9-7-51, 23-15-197, 15 23-15-297, 23-15-359, 23-15-367, 23-15-973, 23-15-993, 23-15-995 16 AND 23-15-1015, MISSISSIPPI CODE OF 1972, TO PROVIDE THAT JUDICIAL 17 ELECTIONS WILL BE PARTISAN ELECTIONS; TO REPEAL SECTIONS 18 23-15-974, 23-15-975, 23-15-976, 23-15-977, 23-15-978, 23-15-979, 19 23-15-980, 23-15-981, 23-15-982, 23-15-983, 23-15-984 AND 20 23-15-985, MISSISSIPPI CODE OF 1972, WHICH CONSTITUTE THE 21 NONPARTISAN JUDICIAL ELECTION ACT; AND FOR RELATED PURPOSES. 22 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI: 23 SECTION 1. Primary elections for the nomination of 24 candidates to fill vacancies in the office of judge of the Supreme 25 Court shall be held upon the same dates and concurrently with the 26 primary elections for the nomination of candidates for the office 27 or offices to be filled in the election at which the vacancies in 28 the office of judge of the Supreme Court are to be filled. 29 SECTION 2. At the primary election in the year in which an 30 election shall be held pursuant to Section 23-15-849 to fill 31 vacancies in the office of judge of the Supreme Court, or judge of 32 the Court of Appeals or circuit judge, or chancellor, vacancy 33 nominations shall be made for the offices in the manner as 34 nominations are made for the full term. 35 SECTION 3. Party primary elections for the nomination of 36 candidates for the office of circuit judge, and of chancellor, 37 judge of the Court of Appeals and of judge of the Supreme Court 38 shall be under the supervision and control of the State Executive 39 Committee of the respective political parties, which committees 40 shall discharge in connection with the elections all of the duties 41 imposed upon them in connection with elections for the nomination 42 of candidates for other state officers. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 SECTION 4. Nominations of candidates for the office of judge of the Supreme Court and judge of the Court of Appeals by any political party shall be made by districts, and the primary elections for that purpose shall be held concurrently with the primary elections for the nomination of Representative in Congress, except as may be otherwise provided. The general primary election laws shall apply to and govern the nomination of candidates for the office of judge of the Supreme Court and judge of the Court of Appeals insofar as they may be applicable. 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 SECTION 5. Nominations of candidates for the office of circuit court judge and for the office of chancery court judge shall be made in every county in their respective districts by primary election to be held concurrently with the primary election to be held for the nomination of Representatives in Congress in 1986 and every four (4) years thereafter. Primary elections for the nominations of candidates for the offices of judge of the circuit and chancery courts shall be held under the general primary election laws of the state. SECTION 6. Except where the judge is elected for less than the full four-year term, he may be nominated in the regular judicial primary elections at the same time when nominations for circuit judges and chancellors are made. SECTION 7. Section 9-4-5, Mississippi Code of 1972, is amended as follows: 9-4-5. (1) The term of office of judges of the Court of 68 Appeals shall be eight (8) years. An election shall be held on 69 the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November 1994, to 70 H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 03/HR07/R541 ``` elect the ten (10) judges of the Court of Appeals, two (2) from 71 each congressional district; provided, however, judges of the 72 Court of Appeals who are elected to take office after the first 73 Monday of January 2002, shall be elected from the Court of Appeals 74 Districts described in subsection (5) of this section. The judges 75 of the Court of Appeals shall begin service on the first Monday of 76 January 1995. 77 (2) (a) In order to provide that the offices of not more 78 than a majority of the judges of said court shall become vacant at 79 any one (1) time, the terms of office of six (6) of the judges 80 first to be elected shall expire in less than eight (8) years. 81 For the purpose of all elections of members of the court, each of 82 the ten (10) judges of the Court of Appeals shall be considered a 83 separate office. The two (2) offices in each of the five (5) 84 districts shall be designated Position Number 1 and Position 85 Number 2, and in qualifying for office as a candidate for any 86 office of judge of the Court of Appeals each candidate shall state 87 the position number of the office to which he aspires and the 88 election ballots shall so indicate. 89 (i) In Congressional District Number 1, the judge 90 of the Court of Appeals for Position Number 1 shall be that office 91 for which the term ends January 1, 1999, and the judge of the 92 Court of Appeals for Position Number 2 shall be that office for 93 which the term ends January 1, 2003. 94 (ii) In Congressional District Number 2, the judge 95 of the Court of Appeals for Position Number 1 shall be that office 96 for which the term ends on January 1, 2003, and the judge of the 97 Court of Appeals for Position Number 2 shall be that office for 98 which the term ends January 1, 2001. 99 (iii) In Congressional District Number 3, the 100 judge of the Court of Appeals for Position Number 1 shall be that 101 office for which the term ends on January 1, 2001, and the judge 102 ``` HR07/R541 of the Court of Appeals for Position Number 2 shall be that office 103 for which the term ends January 1, 1999. 104 (iv) In Congressional District Number 4, the judge 105 of the Court of Appeals for Position Number 1 shall be that office 106 for which the term ends on January 1, 1999, and the judge of the 107 Court of Appeals for Position Number 2 shall be that office for 108 which the term ends January 1, 2003. 109 (v) In Congressional District Number 5, the judge 110 of the Court of Appeals for Position Number 1 shall be that office 111 for which the term ends on January 1, 2003, and the judge of the 112 Court of Appeals for Position Number 2 shall be that office for 113 which the term ends January 1, 2001. 114 (b) The laws regulating the general elections shall 115 apply to and govern the elections of judges of the Court of 116 Appeals * * . 117 (c) In the year prior to the expiration of the term of 118 an incumbent, and likewise each eighth year thereafter, an 119 election shall be held in the manner provided in this section in 120 the district from which the incumbent Court of Appeals judge was 121 elected at which there shall be elected a successor to the 122 incumbent, whose term of office shall thereafter begin on the 123 first Monday of January of the year in which the term of the 124 incumbent he succeeds expires. 125 (3) No person shall be eligible for the office of judge of 126 the Court of Appeals who has not attained the age of thirty (30) 127 years at the time of his election and who has not been a 128 practicing attorney and citizen of the state for five (5) years 129 immediately preceding such election. 130 (4) Any vacancy on the Court of Appeals shall be filled by 131 appointment of the Governor for that portion of the unexpired term 132 prior to the election to fill the remainder of said term according 133 to provisions of Section 23-15-849, Mississippi Code of 1972. 134 HR07/R541* 136 (5) (a) The State of Mississippi is hereby divided into five (5) Court of Appeals Districts as follows: FIRST DISTRICT. The First Court of Appeals District shall be 137 composed of the following counties and portions of counties: 138 Alcorn, Benton, Calhoun, Chickasaw, Choctaw, DeSoto, Itawamba, 139 Lafayette, Lee, Marshall, Monroe, Pontotoc, Prentiss, Tate, 140 Tippah, Tishomingo, Union, Webster and Yalobusha; in Grenada 141 142 County the precincts of Providence, Mt. Nebo, Hardy and Pea Ridge; in Montgomery County the precincts of North Winona, Lodi, Stewart, 143 144 Nations and Poplar Creek; in Panola County the precincts of East Sardis, South Curtis, Tocowa, Pope, Courtland, Cole's Point, North 145 Springport, South Springport, Eureka, Williamson, East Batesville 146 4, West Batesville 4, Fern Hill, North Batesville A, East 147 Batesville 5 and West Batesville 5; and in Tallahatchie County the 148 precincts of Teasdale, Enid, Springhill, Charleston Beat 1, 149 Charleston Beat 2, Charleston Beat 3, Paynes, Leverette, Cascilla, 150 Murphreesboro and Rosebloom. 151 SECOND DISTRICT. The Second Court of Appeals District shall 152 be composed of the following counties and portions of counties: 153 Bolivar, Carroll, Claiborne, Coahoma, Holmes, Humphreys, 154 155 Issaquena, Jefferson, Leflore, Quitman, Sharkey, Sunflower, 156 Tunica, Warren, Washington and Yazoo; in Attala County the precincts of Northeast, Hesterville, Possomneck, North Central, 157 158 McAdams, Newport, Sallis and Southwest; that portion of Grenada County not included in the First Court of Appeals District; in 159 Hinds County Precincts 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 41, 160 83, 84 and 85, and the precincts of Bolton, Brownsville, Cayuga, 161 Chapel Hill, Cynthia, Edwards, Learned, Pine Haven, Pocahontas, 162 St. Thomas, Tinnin, Utica 1 and Utica 2; in Leake County the 163 164 precincts of Conway, West Carthage, Wiggins, Thomastown and Ofahoma; in Madison County the precincts of Farmhaven, Canton 165 Precinct 2, Canton Precinct 3, Cameron Street, Canton Precinct 6, 166 Bear Creek, Gluckstadt, Smith School, Magnolia Heights, Flora, 167 H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 03/HR07/R541 Virlilia, Canton Precinct 5, Cameron, Couparle, Camden, Sharon, 168 Canton Precinct 1 and Canton Precinct 4; that portion of 169 Montgomery County not included in the First Court of Appeals 170 District; that portion of Panola County not included in the First 171 Court of Appeals District; and that portion of Tallahatchie County 172 not included in the First Court of Appeals District. 173 THIRD DISTRICT. The Third Court of Appeals District shall be 174 composed of the following counties and portions of counties: 175 176 Clarke, Clay, Jasper, Kemper, Lauderdale, Lowndes, Neshoba, Newton, Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Rankin, Scott, Smith and Winston; that 177 portion of Attala County not included in the Second Court of 178 Appeals District; in Jones County the precincts of Northwest High 179 School, Shady Grove, Sharon, Erata, Glade, Myrick School, 180 Northeast High School, Rustin, Sandersville Civic Center, Tuckers, 181 Antioch and Landrum; that portion of Leake County not included in 182 the Second Court of Appeals District; that portion of Madison 183 184 County not included in the Second Court of Appeals District; and in Wayne County the precincts of Big Rock, Yellow Creek, Hiwannee, 185 Diamond, Chaparral, Matherville, Coit and Eucutta. 186 FOURTH DISTRICT. The Fourth Court of Appeals District shall 187 be composed of the following counties and portions of counties: 188 Adams, Amite, Copiah, Covington, Franklin, Jefferson Davis, 189 Lawrence, Lincoln, Marion, Pike, Simpson, Walthall and Wilkinson; 190 that portion of Hinds County not included in the Second Court of 191 Appeals District; and that portion of Jones county not included in 192 the Third Court of Appeals District. 193 FIFTH DISTRICT. The Fifth Court of Appeals District shall be 194 composed of the following counties and portions of counties: 195 196 Forrest, George, Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Lamar, Pearl 197 River, Perry and Stone; and that portion of Wayne County not included in the Third Court of Appeals District. 198 (b) The boundaries of the Court of Appeals Districts 199 described in paragraph (a) of this subsection shall be the 200 H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 03/HR07/R541 or Perry County. The chancellor to fill Place Three shall be a 234 resident of Forrest County. Election of the three (3) offices of 235 chancellor shall be by election to be held in every county within 236 the Tenth Chancery Court District of Mississippi. 237 SECTION 11. Section 9-5-50, Mississippi Code of 1972, is 238 amended as follows: 239 240 241 9-5-50. (1) There shall be three (3) chancellors for the Sixteenth Chancery Court District. 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 (2) For the purposes of appointment, nomination and election, the three (3) chancellorships shall be separate and distinct and denominated for purposes of appointment, nomination and election only as "Place One," "Place Two" and "Place Three." SECTION 12. Section 9-5-58, Mississippi Code of 1972, is amended as follows: 9-5-58. There shall be two (2) chancellors for the Twentieth Chancery Court District. For purposes of appointment, nomination and election the two (2) chancellorships shall be separate and distinct and denominated for purposes of appointment, nomination and election only as "Place One" and "Place Two." SECTION 13. Section 9-7-46, Mississippi Code of 1972, is 253 amended as follows: 254 255 256 9-7-46. (1) There shall be three (3) circuit judges for the Seventeenth Circuit Court District. (2) For the purpose of appointment, nomination and election, 257 the three (3) judgeships shall be separate and distinct, and one 258 (1) judge shall be elected from Subdistrict 17-1 and two (2) 259 judges shall be elected from Subdistrict 17-2. 260 SECTION 14. Section 9-7-51, Mississippi Code of 1972, is 261 amended as follows: 262 9-7-51. (1) (a) There shall be three (3) circuit judges 263 for the Nineteenth Circuit Court District. For the purposes of 264 appointment, nomination and election, the three (3) judgeships 265 266 shall be separate and distinct and denominated for purposes of H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 03/HR07/R541 268 appointment, nomination and election only as "Place One," "Place Two" and "Place Three." (b) The senior judge of the Nineteenth Circuit Court 269 District may divide the court of any county within the district 270 into civil, criminal and appellate court divisions as a matter of 271 convenience by the entry of an order upon the minutes of the 272 court. 273 SECTION 15. Section 23-15-197, Mississippi Code of 1972, is 274 amended as follows: 275 276 277 278 23-15-197. (1) Times for holding primary and general elections for congressional offices shall be as prescribed in Sections 23-15-1031, 23-15-1033 and 23-15-1041. (2) Times for holding elections for the office of judge of 279 the Supreme Court shall be as prescribed in Sections 23-15-991 and 280 23-15-997. 281 (3) Times for holding elections for the office of circuit 282 court judge and the office of chancery court judge shall be as 283 prescribed in * * * Section 23-15-1015. 284 (4) Times for holding elections for the office of county 285 election commissioners shall be as prescribed in Section 286 23-15-213. 287 SECTION 16. Section 23-15-297, Mississippi Code of 1972, is 288 amended as follows: 289 23-15-297. All candidates upon entering the race for party 290 nominations for office shall first pay to the proper officer as 291 provided for in Section 23-15-299 for each primary election the 292 following amounts: 293 294 295 (a) Candidates for Governor not to exceed Three Hundred Dollars ($300.00). 296 297 298 H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 03/HR07/R541 PAGE 9 (CJR\HS) 299 (b) Candidates for Lieutenant Governor, Supreme Court Judge, the Court of Appeals, Attorney General, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Commissioner of Insurance, Commissioner of Agriculture and Commerce, State Highway 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 Commissioner and State Public Service Commissioner, not to exceed Two Hundred Dollars ($200.00). (c) Candidates for district attorney, circuit judge and chancellor not to exceed One Hundred Dollars ($100.00). (d) Candidates for State Senator, State Representative, sheriff, chancery clerk, circuit clerk, tax assessor, tax collector, county attorney, county superintendent of education, county judge, family court judge and board of supervisors, not to exceed Fifteen Dollars ($15.00). (e) Candidates for county surveyor, county coroner, justice court judge and constable, not to exceed Ten Dollars ($10.00). (f) Candidates for United States Senator, not to exceed Three Hundred Dollars ($300.00). (g) Candidates for United States Representative, not to exceed Two Hundred Dollars ($200.00). SECTION 17. Section 23-15-359, Mississippi Code of 1972, is amended as follows: 23-15-359. (1) The ballot shall contain the names of all party nominees certified by the appropriate executive committee, and independent and special election candidates who have timely 321 filed petitions containing the required signatures. A petition requesting that an independent or special election candidate's 322 name be placed on the ballot for any office shall be filed as 323 provided for in subsection (3) or (4) of this section, as 324 appropriate, and shall be signed by not less than the following 325 number of qualified electors: 326 327 328 (a) For an office elected by the state at large, not less than one thousand (1,000) qualified electors. 329 330 331 (b) For an office elected by the qualified electors of a Supreme Court district, not less than three hundred (300) qualified electors. HR07/R541 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 (c) For an office elected by the qualified electors of a congressional district, not less than two hundred (200) qualified electors. (d) For an office elected by the qualified electors of a circuit or chancery court district, not less than one hundred (100) qualified electors. (e) For an office elected by the qualified electors of a senatorial or representative district, not less than fifty (50) qualified electors. (f) For an office elected by the qualified electors of a county, not less than fifty (50) qualified electors. (g) For an office elected by the qualified electors of a supervisors district or justice court district, not less than fifteen (15) qualified electors. (2) Unless the petition required above shall be filed as provided for in subsection (3) or (4) of this section, as appropriate, the name of the person requested to be a candidate, unless nominated by a political party, shall not be placed upon the ballot. The ballot shall contain the names of each candidate for each office, and such names shall be listed under the name of the political party such candidate represents as provided by law and as certified to the circuit clerk by the State Executive Committee of such political party. In the event such candidate qualifies as an independent as herein provided, he shall be listed on the ballot as an independent candidate. (3) Petitions for offices described in paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d) of subsection (1) of this section, and petitions for offices described in paragraph (e) of subsection (1) of this section for districts composed of more than one (1) county or parts of more than one (1) county, shall be filed with the State Board of Election Commissioners by no later than 5:00 p.m. on the same date by which candidates for nominations in the political HR07/R541 365 party primary elections are required to pay the fee provided for in Section 23-15-297, Mississippi Code of 1972. 366 (4) Petitions for offices described in paragraphs (f) and (g) of subsection (1) of this section, and petitions for offices 367 described in paragraph (e) of subsection (1) of this section for 368 districts composed of one (1) county or less, shall be filed with 369 the proper circuit clerk by no later than 5:00 p.m. on the same 370 date by which candidates for nominations in the political party 371 elections are required to pay the fee provided for in Section 372 23-15-297; provided, however, that no petition may be filed before 373 January 1 of the year in which the election for the office is 374 held. The circuit clerk shall notify the county commissioners of 375 election of all persons who have filed petitions with such clerk. 376 Such notification shall occur within two (2) business days and 377 shall contain all necessary information. 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 (5) The commissioners may also have printed upon the ballot any local issue election matter that is authorized to be held on the same date as the regular or general election pursuant to Section 23-15-375; provided, however, that the ballot form of such local issue must be filed with the commissioners of election by the appropriate governing authority not less than sixty (60) days previous to the date of the election. 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 (6) The provisions of this section shall not apply to municipal elections * * . (7) Nothing in this section shall prohibit special elections to fill vacancies in either house of the Legislature from being held as provided in Section 23-15-851. In all elections conducted under the provisions of Section 23-15-851, the commissioner shall have printed on the ballot the name of any candidate who, not having been nominated by a political party, shall have been requested to be a candidate for any office by a petition filed with said commissioner by 5:00 p.m. not less than ten (10) working HR07/R541* 397 days prior to the election, and signed by not less than fifty (50) qualified electors. ``` H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 (8) The appropriate election commission shall determine 398 whether each candidate is a qualified elector of the state, state 399 district, county or county district they seek to serve, and 400 whether each candidate meets all other qualifications to hold the 401 office he is seeking or presents absolute proof that he will, 402 subject to no contingencies, meet all qualifications on or before 403 the date of the general or special election at which he could be 404 elected to office. The election commission also shall determine 405 whether any candidate has been convicted of any felony in a court 406 of this state, or has been convicted on or after December 8, 1992, 407 of any offense in another state which is a felony under the laws 408 of this state, or has been convicted of any felony in a federal 409 court on or after December 8, 1992. Excepted from the above are 410 convictions of manslaughter and violations of the United States 411 Internal Revenue Code or any violations of the tax laws of this 412 state, unless the offense also involved misuse or abuse of his 413 office or money coming into his hands by virtue of his office. If 414 the appropriate election commission finds that a candidate either 415 (a) is not a qualified elector, (b) does not meet all 416 qualifications to hold the office he seeks and fails to provide 417 absolute proof, subject to no contingencies, that he will meet the 418 qualifications on or before the date of the general or special 419 election at which he could be elected, or (c) has been convicted 420 of a felony as described in this subsection, and not pardoned, 421 then the name of such candidate shall not be placed upon the 422 ballot. 423 (9) If after the deadline to qualify as a candidate for an 424 office or after the time for holding any party primary for an 425 office, there shall be only one (1) person who has duly qualified 426 to be a candidate for the office in the general election, the name 427 of such person shall be placed on the ballot; provided, however, 428 ``` 03/HR07/R541 PAGE 13(CJR\HS) 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 that if there shall be not more than one (1) person duly qualified to be a candidate for each office on the general election ballot, the election for all offices on the ballot shall be dispensed with and the appropriate election commission shall declare each candidate elected without opposition if the candidate meets all the qualifications to hold the office as determined pursuant to a review by the commission in accordance with the provisions of subsection (8) of this section and if the candidate has filed all required campaign finance disclosure reports as required by Section 23-15-807. (10) The petition required by this section may not be filed by using the Internet. SECTION 18. Section 23-15-367, Mississippi Code of 1972, is amended as follows: 23-15-367. (1) Except as otherwise provided by * * * subsection (2) of this section, the arrangement of the names of the candidates, and the order in which the titles of the various offices shall be printed, and the size, print and quality of paper of the official ballot is left to the discretion of the officer charged with printing the official ballot; but the arrangement need not be uniform. (2) The titles for the various offices shall be listed in the following order: (a) Candidates for national office; (b) Candidates for statewide office; (c) Candidates for state district office; (d) Candidates for legislative office; (e) Candidates for countywide office; (f) Candidates for county district office. The order in which the titles for the various offices are listed within each of the categories listed in this subsection is left to the discretion of the officer charged with printing the official ballot. H. B. No. 515 03/HR07/R541 PAGE 14(CJR\HS) HR07/R541 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 (3) It is the duty of the Secretary of State, with the approval of the Governor, to furnish the designated commissioner of each county a sample of the official ballot, not less than fifty-five (55) days prior to the election, the general form of which shall be followed as nearly as practicable. SECTION 19. Section 23-15-973, Mississippi Code of 1972, is amended as follows: 23-15-973. It shall be the duty of the judges of the circuit court to give a reasonable time and opportunity to the candidates for the office of judge of the Supreme Court, judges of the Court of Appeals, circuit judge and chancellor to address the people during court terms. In order to give further and every possible emphasis to the fact that the said judicial offices are not political but are to be held without favor and with absolute impartiality as to all persons, and because of the jurisdiction conferred upon the courts by this chapter, the judges thereof should be as far removed as possible from any political affiliations or obligations within their party. It shall be unlawful for any candidate for any of the offices mentioned in this section to align himself with any candidate or candidates for any other office or with any political faction within his party at any time during any primary * * * election campaign. Likewise it shall be unlawful for any candidate for any other office nominated or to be nominated at any primary election, wherein any candidate for any of the judicial offices in this section mentioned, is or are to be nominated, to align himself with any one or more of the candidates for said offices or to take any part whatever in any nomination for any one or more of said judicial offices, except to cast his individual vote. Any candidate for any office, whether nominated with or without opposition, at any primary wherein a candidate for any one of the judicial offices herein mentioned is to be nominated who shall deliberately, knowingly and willfully violate the provisions of this section shall forfeit his H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 03/HR07/R541 PAGE 15(CJR\HS) H. B. No. 515 HR07/R541 03/HR07/R541 PAGE 16(CJR\HS) 23-15-1015. On Tuesday after the first Monday in November 528 1986, and every four (4) years thereafter and concurrently with 529 the election for representatives in Congress, there shall be held 530 an election in every county for judges of the several circuit and 531 chancery court districts; provided, however, that the terms of 532 judges of the several circuit and chancery court districts shall 533 be six (6) years beginning with the term commencing January 2003. 534 The laws regulating the general elections shall * * * apply to and 535 govern elections of judges of the circuit and chancery courts. 536 SECTION 23. Sections 23-15-974, 23-15-975, 23-15-976, 537 23-15-977, 23-15-978, 23-15-979, 23-15-980, 23-15-981, 23-15-982, 538 23-15-983, 23-15-984 and 23-15-985, Mississippi Code of 1972, 539 which constitute the Nonpartisan Judicial Election Act, are 540 repealed. 541 SECTION 24. The Attorney General of the State of Mississippi 542 shall submit this act, immediately upon approval by the Governor, 543 or upon approval by the Legislature subsequent to a veto, to the 544 Attorney General of the United States or to the United States 545 District Court for the District of Columbia in accordance with the 546 547 provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended and extended. 548 SECTION 25. This act shall take effect and be in force from 549 and after the date it is effectuated under Section 5 of the Voting 550 Rights Act of 1965, as amended and extended. 551
Nepali Women at Risk from Misguided Anti-Trafficking Strategies There are burgeoning hospitality, entertainment, and wellness industries in Nepal. The label 'Adult Entertainment Sector' ('AES'), used in anti-trafficking efforts, has resulted in stigmatisation of the owners and, mainly female, workers of some businesses in these industries. Labour intermediaries, who help businesses get employees and workers find jobs, are a critical and often misrepresented part of these informal industries. Women are stuck with few options for safe employment in Nepal or foreign labour migration. Supporting the easy registration and monitoring of these businesses and social protection will improve Nepal's economy and enhance working conditions. Key messages – The use of the term 'Adult Entertainment Sector' by the Government of Nepal, international donors, researchers, and anti-trafficking NGOs reinforces stereotypes and stigmatisation of hotels, dance bars, restaurants and spas, as well as those working there. – Informal labour intermediaries or 'brokers' help people to get jobs in the 'AES' and are often stereotyped as exploitative and unknown human traffickers, even though many of them are friends and relatives, and are also workers or owners themselves. – Although some enjoy their work as performers, female workers resent sexual harassment, economic exploitation, and pressure to drink alcohol in 'AES' venues. These factors undermine women's right to safe, dignified work. – The challenges faced by women seeking economic stability are exacerbated by policies that limit women's foreign labour migration. ids.ac.uk The term 'AES' is stigmatising to the businesses, customers and, especially, female workers who are often sexually harassed, underpaid, and stereotyped as commercial sex workers. Pauline Oosterhoff, Karen Snyder and Neelam Sharma Much attention has been given to the trafficking and exploitation of women and girls in Nepal and abroad. Criticism is often directed at informal businesses such as restaurants, folk music bars (known as dohoris), dance bars, massage parlours, guesthouses, and hotels – a collection of diverse businesses that, within Nepal, is referred to as the 'Adult Entertainment Sector' ('AES'). Our research objective was to understand the experiences and hopes of urban Nepali 'AES' workers and labour intermediaries, in order to develop more effective policies and interventions to prevent human trafficking and labour and sex exploitation. We interviewed 57 women and one transgender male, including 19 people who had experience of working outside Nepal. In addition, we interviewed 33 adults who identified themselves or were identified by others as labour intermediaries. The term 'AES' is stigmatising 'AES' is an ill-defined term used by international donors, the Nepali government, NGOs, and civil society organisations working in the area of anti-trafficking. The 'AES' is not a single sector but a wide variety of businesses and services with different types of customers, including male migrants, tourists, and local residents. One example of a so-called 'AES' venue is dohori, a folk music bar where traditional Nepali improvisational sung poetry – a rich musical practice – is performed. Dohori performers can be highly professional singers. Dohori and other performing arts are part of an underappreciated creative industry in Nepal. The term 'AES' is stigmatising to the businesses, customers and, especially, female workers who are often sexually harassed, underpaid, and even stereotyped as commercial sex workers. Jurisdiction in Nepal of these venues is under different ministries, none of which has a clear definition of the 'AES'. Certain areas of cities such as Kathmandu have become labelled by anti-trafficking experts as 'AES hotspots'. But our research ids.ac.uk shows these are actually urban areas that contain mixed commercial venues and residential housing. A typical 'hotspot', for example, might include buildings that contain a vegetable market operating during the day, a restaurant in the evening, and a dance bar at night. Continued use of vague terms such as 'AES' and 'AES hotspot' reduces opportunities for effective policymaking to support legitimate enterprises and safe, dignified work, which would reduce human trafficking and labour abuses. The 'AES' should instead be considered as business and economic activities in the hospitality, entertainment, and wellness industries. The important – and nuanced – roles of informal labour intermediaries Labour intermediaries or 'brokers' are individuals that connect a person seeking a job to an employer. In the hospitality, entertainment, and wellness industries, where most businesses operate on an informal basis, most labour intermediaries are informal, and are usually family members, long-term friends, or work acquaintances of the people they help. They have networks and relationships with businesses and their owners, and are often workers and business owners themselves. Labour intermediaries are not well understood by those working in antitrafficking. A binary narrative of 'trafficked victims vs traffickers' may suit emotional and political needs to find a culprit for the exploitation that victims suffer, but operating informally does not make labour intermediaries criminals. At first people used to come to me and just ask for work. I always liked helping people. You usually start working as a labour intermediary because you have many friends. I have probably worked in every dohori in Kathmandu. I now own a restaurant. (Female labour intermediary, 37 years old) Most intermediaries and workers agree that labour intermediaries play a useful role in helping people find jobs. Throughout our interviews with labour intermediaries, we saw a public image of a trusted benefactor or helper who is mostly driven by the desire to help others to have a better life. We recognise that this may be overly positive. But workers we interviewed did not generally consider labour intermediaries to be responsible for the working conditions of the jobs they helped them obtain. However, the informality of this system and the lack of regulation does cause problems. The benefactor image may downplay abuses of power and perpetuate inequalities for workers who must maintain long-term relationships with friends and family. When work problems arise, workers are less willing to lodge complaints through the legal system about intermediaries who are friends or family. Women face gendered constraints and exploitation Some workers we spoke to wished to pursue creative performance opportunities, and the desire to chart their own paths was noted by several participants. Regardless of their reasons for seeking employment, study participants had a lot to say about gendered labour constraints, in particular sexual harassment. In dohori and dance bars, workers are required to sit with customers and encourage them to buy alcohol. I don't feel good about [the] AES. I would love to work on my own rather than working in this sector. I don't like when owners ask us to sit with customers and also to drink with them. They [customers] touch [us] uncomfortably. They even use bad words. (Female waitress, 19 years old) Participants also reported harassment from the police and having to hide their jobs from family. Workers perceive that society in general disrespects them and their work. All workers have a common desire to make a decent living in a safe, dignified ids.ac.uk environment. They wish to see salaries paid on time, no sexual harassment or forced drinking, and a safe environment that includes freedom of movement between workplaces. Gender pay gaps, sexual harassment, and women's restricted mobility Many of the workers that we spoke to described a background of poverty, although that is not unique to 'AES' workers. However, the lack of a safety net and the need for a job that requires no specialised training or experience are certainly risk factors for potential exploitation in the hospitality, entertainment, and wellness industries. Female workers face wage gaps, discrimination, and sexual harassment within Nepal, and legal restrictions on migrating internationally for work. These patriarchal restrictions on labour mobility may have been well-intentioned, aiming to protect women from international trafficking and labour and sexual exploitation, but they appear to be misguided. We found no clear pathways to human trafficking from the work histories of the 58 individual workers that we studied, and no clear strategic points for targeted antitrafficking interventions. The workers' labour trajectories appear to be more like a web – individual threads that connect and separate through the type of venue, type of job, location, and type of labour intermediary in informal sections of the labour market. Restrictions on women's mobility for foreign labour migration, a difficult labour market with lower pay for women, and societal expectations about women's roles make things more difficult. As a result, female workers are obliged to accept either risky working conditions in Nepal or exploitative foreign labour migration. The workers we spoke to were very interested in the government's newly proposed social protection system, and told us that it might result in them making different decisions about taking jobs in the 'AES'. Policy recommendations The Nepali government, donors, researchers, and international NGOs working in anti-trafficking should: – Avoid the confusing and stigmatising term 'Adult Entertainment Sector' in Nepali anti-trafficking efforts. Instead, use neutral wording such as hospitality, entertainment, and wellness industries. – Support policies to easily register small-and medium-sized businesses, and to support investments, decent work, and quality services, to ensure more stability and sustainability in these industries. – Set up mechanisms to safely report sexual harassment, trafficking, and forced alcohol consumption. – Acknowledge that entertainment, whether traditional or modern, is part of a diverse creative industry, which provides work and earnings for millions of low-income households in Asia. Encourage both investment to strengthen small- and medium- Institute of Development Studies, Library Road, Brighton, BN1 9RE, United Kingdom +44 (0)1273 606261 ids.ac.uk IDS is a charitable company limited by guarantee and registered in England. Charity Registration Number 306371. Charitable Company Number 877338. Further reading Kharel, A.; Shrestha, S.; Bhattarai, S.; Oosterhoff, P. and Snyder, K. (2022) Assessment of Outreach and Engagement with Prospective Migrants by the Agencies Recruiting Labourers for Foreign Employment, IDS Working Paper 571, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2022.037 Oosterhoff, P.; Snyder, K. and Sharma, N. (2022) Getting Work: The Role of Labour Intermediaries for Workers in Nepal and the International 'Adult Entertainment Sector', IDS Working Paper 580, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2022.075 Snyder, K.; Oosterhoff, P. and Sharma, N. (2022) Labour Trajectories and Aspirations of Nepali 'Adult Entertainment Sector' Workers, IDS Working Paper 579, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2022.074 Sonobe, T. et al. (eds) (2022) Creative Economy 2030: Imagining and Delivering a Robust, Creative, Inclusive, and Sustainable Recovery, Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute sized local businesses in this diverse industry to cater to different tastes and purses, and the inclusive development of talent. – Support the formalisation of labour intermediaries and their role in the Nepali labour economy, through easy registration, professionalisation, and transparent fixed rates and fees for services. – Promote initiatives that ensure that workers, labour intermediaries and business owners, especially informal small- and medium-sized enterprises, know their rights and duties and can safely act on this knowledge. – End Nepali anti-trafficking policies and regulations that restrict women's mobility for work and that create a demand for rogue migration services that avoid the law and increase vulnerability to exploitation. – Promote the government's new social security insurance plan to provide more financial security for workers and protect small businesses. This IDS Policy Briefing was written by Pauline Oosterhoff, Karen Snyder and Neelam Sharma and edited by Steve Metcalfe. It was made possible by the generous support of the American people and the British people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United Kingdom's UK aid. Disclaimer: the contents of this brief are the responsibility of IDS and Winrock International and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government or the UK Government. The authors would like to thank Purple Foundation and Social Science Baha for their research contributions during this project, which have enabled the creation of this Policy Briefing. © Institute of Development Studies 2022. This is an Open Access briefing distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited and any modifications or adaptations are indicated. ISSN 1479-974X DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2022.073
1 A bill to be entitled 2 An act relating to the Simplified Sales and Use 3 Tax Administration Act; creating said act; 4 providing definitions; providing legislative 5 findings; authorizing the state to enter into 6 multistate discussions to review and/or amend 7 the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement; 8 providing for appointment of delegates; 9 directing the Department of Revenue to enter 10 into the agreement and act jointly with other 11 states to establish certain standards; 12 specifying relationship of the agreement to 13 state law; providing requirements for the 14 agreement; specifying that the agreement is an 15 accord among individual cooperating sovereigns; 16 specifying the effect of the agreement with 17 respect to individual persons; providing 18 liabilities of sellers, certified service 19 providers, and providers of certified automated 20 systems; providing an effective date. 21 22 Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Florida: 23 24 Section 1. Short title.--This act may be cited as the 25 "Simplified Sales and Use Tax Administration Act." 26 Section 2. Definitions.--As used in this act: 27 (1) "Agreement" means the Streamlined Sales and Use 28 Tax Agreement as amended and adopted on January 27, 2001, by 29 the Executive Committee of the National Conference of State 30 Legislatures. 31 1 (2) "Certified automated system" means software 2 certified jointly by the states that are signatories to the 3 agreement to calculate the tax imposed by each jurisdiction on 4 a transaction, determine the amount of tax to remit to the 5 appropriate state, and maintain a record of the transaction. 6 (3) "Certified service provider" means an agent 7 certified jointly by the states that are signatories to the 8 agreement to perform all of the seller's sales tax functions. 9 (4) "Person" means an individual, trust, estate, 10 fiduciary, partnership, limited liability company, limited 11 liability partnership, corporation, or any other legal 12 entity. 13 (5) "Sales tax" means the tax levied under chapter 14 212, Florida Statutes. 15 (6) "Seller" means any person making sales, leases, or 16 rentals of personal property or services. 17 (7) "State" means any state of the United States and 18 the District of Columbia. 19 (8) "Use tax" means the tax levied under chapter 212, 20 Florida Statutes. 21 Section 3. Legislative findings.--The Legislature 22 finds that a simplified sales and use tax system will reduce 23 and, over time, eliminate the burden and cost for all vendors 24 to collect this state's sales and use tax. The Legislature 25 further finds that this state should participate in multistate 26 discussions to review and/or amend the terms of the agreement 27 to simplify and modernize sales and use tax administration in 28 order to substantially reduce the burden of tax compliance for 29 all sellers and for all types of commerce. 30 Section 4. Authority to participate in multistate 31 negotiations.--For the purposes of reviewing and/or amending 1 the agreement embodying the simplification requirements as 2 contained in section 7, the state shall enter into multistate 3 discussions. For purposes of such discussions, the state shall 4 be represented by four delegates, one appointed by the 5 Governor, one appointed by the President of the Senate, one 6 appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and 7 one appointed by the executive director of the Department of 8 Revenue. 9 Section 5. Authority to enter agreement.-10 (1) The Department of Revenue is authorized and 11 directed to enter into the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax 12 Agreement with one or more states to simplify and modernize 13 sales and use tax administration in order to substantially 14 reduce the burden of tax compliance for all sellers and for 15 all types of commerce. In furtherance of the agreement, the 16 department is authorized to act jointly with other states that 17 are members of the agreement to establish standards for 18 certification of a certified service provider and certified 19 automated system and establish performance standards for 20 multistate sellers. 21 (2) The department is further authorized to take other 22 actions reasonably required to implement the provisions set 23 forth in this act. Other actions authorized by this section 24 include, but are not limited to, the adoption of rules and the 25 joint procurement, with other member states, of goods and 26 services in furtherance of the cooperative agreement. 27 (3) The department is authorized to represent this 28 state before the other states that are signatories to the 29 agreement. 30 Section 6. Relationship to state law.--No provision of 31 the agreement authorized by this act in whole or in part 1 2 3 4 5 invalidates or amends any provision of th Adoption of the agreement by this state d modify any law of this state. Implementat of the agreement in this state, whether a after membership of this state in the agr eoide eooe lsnpm a t e wnoen ofdt o t, anem tmyfu heos incrt n , b sode attb t i , y 6the action of this state. 7 Section 7. Agreement requirements.--The Department of 8 Revenue shall not enter into the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax 9 Agreement unless the agreement requires each state to abide by 10 the following requirements: 11 (1) SIMPLIFIED STATE RATE.--The agreement must set 12 restrictions to limit over time the number of state rates. 13 (2) UNIFORM STANDARDS.--The agreement must establish 14 uniform standards for the following: 15 (a) The sourcing of transactions to taxing 16 jurisdictions. 17 (b) The administration of exempt sales. 18 (c) Sales and use tax returns and remittances. 19 (3) CENTRAL REGISTRATION.--The agreement must provide 20 a central, electronic registration system that allows a seller 21 to register to collect and remit sales and use taxes for all 22 signatory states. 23 (4) NO NEXUS ATTRIBUTION.--The agreement must provide 24 that registration with the central registration system and the 25 collection of sales and use taxes in the signatory states will 26 not be used as a factor in determining whether the seller has 27 a nexus with a state for any tax. 28 (5) LOCAL SALES AND USE TAXES.--The agreement must 29 provide for reduction of the burdens of complying with local 30 sales and use taxes through the following: 31 4 f a b sdoe tria e o. n or 1 (a) Restricting variances between the state and local 2 tax bases. 3 (b) Requiring states to administer any sales and use 4 taxes levied by local jurisdictions within the state so that 5 sellers collecting and remitting these taxes will not have to 6 register or file returns with, remit funds to, or be subject 7 to independent audits from local taxing jurisdictions. 8 (c) Restricting the frequency of changes in the local 9 sales and use tax rates and setting effective dates for the 10 application of local jurisdictional boundary changes to local 11 sales and use taxes. 12 (d) Providing notice of changes in local sales and use 13 tax rates and of changes in the boundaries of local taxing 14 jurisdictions. 15 (6) MONETARY ALLOWANCES.--The agreement must outline 16 any monetary allowances that are to be provided by the states 17 to sellers or certified service providers. The agreement must 18 allow for a joint public and private sector study of the 19 compliance cost on sellers and certified service providers to 20 collect sales and use taxes for state and local governments 21 under various levels of complexity to be completed by July 1, 22 2002. 23 (7) STATE COMPLIANCE.--The agreement must require each 24 state to certify compliance with the terms of the agreement 25 prior to joining and to maintain compliance, under the laws of 26 the member state, with all provisions of the agreement while a 27 member. 28 (8) CONSUMER PRIVACY.--The agreement must require each 29 state to adopt a uniform policy for certified service 30 providers that protects the privacy of consumers and maintains 31 the confidentiality of tax information. 1 (9) ADVISORY COUNCILS.--The agreement must provide for 2 the appointment of an advisory council of private sector 3 representatives and an advisory council of nonmember state 4 representatives to consult with in the administration of the 5 agreement. 6 Section 8. Cooperating sovereigns.--The agreement 7 authorized by this act is an accord among individual 8 cooperating sovereigns in furtherance of their governmental 9 functions. The agreement provides a mechanism among the member 10 states to establish and maintain a cooperative, simplified 11 system for the application and administration of sales and use 12 taxes under the duly adopted law of each member state. 13 Section 9. Limited binding and beneficial effect.-14 (1) The agreement authorized by this act binds and 15 inures only to the benefit of this state and the other member 16 states. No person, other than a member state, is an intended 17 beneficiary of the agreement. Any benefit to a person other 18 than a state is established by the law of this state and the 19 other member states and not by the terms of the agreement. 20 (2) Consistent with subsection (1), no person shall 21 have any cause of action or defense under the agreement or by 22 virtue of this state's approval of the agreement. No person 23 may challenge, in any action brought under any provision of 24 law, any action or inaction by any department, agency, or 25 other instrumentality of this state, or any political 26 subdivision of this state on the ground that the action or 27 inaction is inconsistent with the agreement. 28 (3) No law of this state, or the application thereof, 29 may be declared invalid as to any person or circumstance on 30 the ground that the provision or application is inconsistent 31 with the agreement. 1 Section 10. Seller and third-party liability.-2 (1)(a) A certified service provider is the agent of a 3 seller, with whom the certified service provider has 4 contracted, for the collection and remittance of sales and use 5 taxes. As the seller's agent, the certified service provider 6 is liable for sales and use tax due each member state on all 7 sales transactions it processes for the seller except as set 8 out in this section. 9 (b) A seller that contracts with a certified service 10 provider is not liable to the state for sales or use tax due 11 on transactions processed by the certified service provider 12 unless the seller misrepresented the type of items it sells or 13 committed fraud. In the absence of probable cause to believe 14 that the seller has committed fraud or made a material 15 misrepresentation, the seller is not subject to audit on the 16 transactions processed by the certified service provider. A 17 seller is subject to audit for transactions not processed by 18 the certified service provider. The member states acting 19 jointly may perform a system check of the seller and review 20 the seller's procedures to determine if the certified service 21 provider's system is functioning properly and the extent to 22 which the seller's transactions are being processed by the 23 certified service provider. 24 (2) A person that provides a certified automated 25 system is responsible for the proper functioning of that 26 system and is liable to the state for underpayments of tax 27 attributable to errors in the functioning of the certified 28 automated system. A seller that uses a certified automated 29 system remains responsible and is liable to the state for 30 reporting and remitting tax. 31 1 (3) A seller that has a proprietary system for 2 determining the amount of tax due on transactions and has 3 signed an agreement establishing a performance standard for 4 that system is liable for the failure of the system to meet 5 the performance standard. 6 Section 11. This act shall take effect upon becoming a 7 law. 8 9 ***************************************** 10 HOUSE SUMMARY 11 12 Act. Authorizes the state to enter into multistate Creates the Simplified Sales and Use Tax Administration discussions to review and/or amend the Streamlined Sales delegates. Directs the Department of Revenue to enter 13 and Use Tax Agreement and provides for appointment of 14 into the agreement and act jointly with other states to 15 the agreement to state law. Provides requirements for the establish certain standards. Specifies relationship of agreement. Specifies that the agreement is an accord effect of the agreement with respect to individual 16 among individual cooperating sovereigns. Specifies the 17 persons. Provides liabilities of sellers, certified 18 systems. service providers, and providers of certified automated 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Resource Overbooking: Using Aggregation Profiling in large scale Resource Discovery 1 Dr.M.Helda Mercy, 2 C.Anand, 3 T.S. Suganya 1 Faculty, M.C.A, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai 2 PG Scholar, M.C.A, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai 3 Faculty, M.C.A, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai Abstract deployment decisions. However, resource allocation decisions based on current status of nodes have severe limitations in Resource discovery is an important process for finding suitable nodes that satisfy application requirements in large loosely coupled distributed systems. Besides inter node heterogeneity, many of these systems also show a high degree of intra node dynamism, so that selecting nodes based only on their recently observed resource capacities can lead to poor deployment decisions resulting in application failures or migration overheads. However, most existing resource discovery mechanisms rely mainly on recent observations to achieve scalability in large systems. In this paper, we propose the notion of a resource bundle—a representative resource usage distribution for a group of nodes with similar resource usage patterns—that employs two complementary techniques to overcome the limitations of existing techniques: resource usage histograms to provide statistical guarantees for resource capacities and clustering-based resource aggregation to achieve scalability. Using trace-driven simulations and data analysis of a month-long Planet Lab trace, we show that resource bundles are able to provide high accuracy for statistical resource discovery, while achieving high scalability. We also show that resource bundles are ideally suited for identifying group-level characteristics (e.g., hot spots, total group capacity). I. INTRODUCTION RECENT years have seen increasing use of loosely coupled distributed platforms for scientific computation data sharing and dissemination and experimental test beds. Examples of such large-scale platforms include volunteer computation grids such as SETI@home (over 3.6 million participant machines), P2P systems such as Kazaa (over 30 million users) and Kad networks (over 2 million users). While such platforms are highly attractive due to their low deployment cost and inherent scalability, they are also highly heterogeneous and dynamic. The nodes participating in such platforms differ widely in their resource capabilities such as CPU speeds, bandwidth, and memory capacity. As a result, resource discovery is often used in such large-scale systems to find suitable nodes that satisfy application requirements. Many existing resource discovery systems rely on the recently observed resource capacities of individual nodes to make their these systems, because of the presence of intranode dynamism in addition to the internode heterogeneity. Individual nodes can have widely varying resource capabilities due to varying loads, network connectivity, churn, or user behavior. For instance, a resource usage study of PlanetLab has shown that node resource capabilities fluctuate on the order of about 30 minutes. II. EXISTING RECENT years have seen increasing use of loosely coupled distributed platforms for scientific computation, data sharing and dissemination, and experimental test beds. Examples of such large-scale platforms include volunteer computation grids such as SETI@home (over 3.6 million participant machines), P2P systems such as Kazaa (over 30 million users) and Kad networks (over 2 million users). While such platforms are highly attractive due to their low deployment cost and inherent scalability, they are also highly heterogeneous and dynamic. The nodes participating in such platforms differ widely in their resource capabilities such as CPU speeds, bandwidth, and memory capacity. As a result, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- May to June Issue 2011 resource discovery is often used in such large-scale systems to find suitable nodes that satisfy application requirements. Many existing resource discovery systems rely on the recently observed resource capacities of individual nodes to make their deployment decisions. Disadvantage However, resource allocation decisions based on current status of nodes have severe limitations in these systems, because of the presence of intra node dynamism in addition to the inter node heterogeneity. Individual nodes can have widely varying resource capabilities due to varying loads, network connectivity, churn, or user behavior. Dynamism in node-level resource capacities makes it difficult to deploy long-running services and applications that need consistent resource availability to ensure desired performance and avoid disruptions or migration overheads. III. PROPOSED We propose the notion of a resource bundle—a representative resource usage distribution for a group of nodes with similar resource usage patterns. A resource bundle employs two complementary techniques to capture the longterm resource usage behavior of a set of nodes: 1) resource usage histograms to provide statistical guarantees for resource capacities, and 2) clustering-based resource aggregation to achieve compact representation of a set of similarly behaving nodes for scalability. To handle the parameterization of the clustering algorithm, we present an adaptive algorithm to detect the amount of heterogeneity in the system and show its ability to adjust to fluctuations in an online fashion. Besides providing a scalable resource discovery mechanism to achieve stable application deployment, resource bundles can also be used for several other purposes in a large distributed system. Resource bundles can be used to easily find a group of nodes satisfying a common requirement. Resource bundles can also be used to find load hot spots: geographical regions in the distributed system with several nodes experiencing overloads due to reasons such as heavy demand for a popular resource in that region or locality-based application stresses. The identification of such hot spots can be used to inform decisions about application deployment or load balancing. Finally, resource bundles can also be used for auditing and accounting purposes, e.g., to determine the resource assignment of a distributed application running on multiple nodes, or to determine the spare capacity in an administrative domain. Advantage Resource bundles are able to provide high accuracy for resource discovery through the use of resource usage histograms, while achieving high scalability through aggregation. IV. ALGORITHM * Bundling algorithm * Adaptive algorithm (a) Bundling Algorithm Once the input profiles have been used to create the graph, the bundling algorithm uses the graph to put the files into bundles. The algorithm works as follows: 1. Initially, each file is put in a separate bundle. 2. Edges whose weight is less than the minimum edge weight are discarded. 3. The edges are sorted according to the edge comparator. 4. The edges are processed one at a time, in the order determined in step 3. For each edge, if the files connected by the edge are not already in the same bundle, and if the number of files in the resulting bundle would not exceed the maximum bundle size, and if the resulting bundle would not exceed the maximum bundle spread, then the bundles containing the files are combined into a single bundle. 5. After all the edges have been processed, the files within each resulting bundle are sorted according to the bundle sort comparator. Once the contents of the bundles have been determined, they are combined and compressed cumulatively. We evaluated both zlib (at the highest compression level) and Pack as compressed formats for the bundles. (b) Adaptive Algorithm An adaptive algorithm is an algorithm that changes its behavior based on the resources available. For example, stable partition, using no additional memory is O (n lg n) but given O (n) memory, it can be O (n) in time. As implemented by the C++ Standard Library, stable partition is adaptive and so it acquires as much memory as it can get (up to what it would need at most) and applies the algorithm using that available memory. Another example is adaptive sort, whose behavior changes upon the presorted ness of its input. V. MODULE DESCRIPTION Main Module Node Module MAIN MODULE Main module contains a login page for authentication purpose. This module provides facilities for the following: Emptying clusters table Inserting cluster details into clusters table Search functionality to identify the node to identify prospective nodes and clusters they present in. Introspection functionality. When search functionality is performed for a resource request is send to nodes of all clusters for that resource. Clusters, of which, the node(s), having the said resource is added in the search table along with the resource detail. When the search functionality is performed for a resource for a consecutive time, the request is sent to the clusters against the said resource in the search table to confirm the status of the resource in the clusters under scope. In both the cases, the resource details (content) are displayed in the system that is running the main module. The introspection functionality checks the status of a resource in the clusters in the search table and also additional clusters in the clusters table and accordingly updates the search table for the resource under inspection. NODE MODULE The node module represents node(s) of a cluster. The node module receives request from the main module for a resource and updates the status of the resource that is whether the resource is available in the node or not and if available it returns the detail of the resource to the Main module. To minimize the number of systems used two separate node module projects are installed in a system and the system itself made to represent as a cluster that contains those nodes. Each node module installed in the system is made to look into / work with separate folders in order to simulate the functionality of different nodes of a cluster. VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, we addressed the problem of scalable resource discovery in large-scale systems. The presence of node-level dynamism means that selecting nodes based only on recently observed capacities can lead to poor deployments resulting in application failures or migrations. However, existing resource discovery techniques rely only on recent observations to achieve scalability. We proposed the notion of a resource bundle that employs two complementary techniques to overcome the limitations of existing techniques: resource usage histograms to provide statistical guarantees for resource capacities and clustering- based resource aggregation to achieve scalability. We presented an adaptive algorithm that detects fluctuations in heterogeneity in order to parameterize the clustering-based resource bundles algorithm. Using trace-driven simulations and data analysis of a PlanetLab trace, we showed that resource bundles are able to provide high accuracy for statistical resource discovery, while achieving high scalability. We also showed that resource bundles are ideally suited for identifying group-level characteristics such as finding load hot spots and estimating total group capacity. VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported in part by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award CNS-0643505. VIII. REFERENCES [1] D. Anderson, "BOINC: A System for Public-Resource Computing and Storage," Proc. IEEE/ACM Int'l Workshop Grid Computing (GRID), 2004. [2] V. Lo, D. Zappala, D. Zhou, Y. Liu, and S. Zhao, "Cluster Computing on the Fly: P2P Scheduling of Idle Cycles in the Internet," Proc. IEEE Fourth Int'l Conf. Peer-to-Peer Systems, 2004. [3] Grid2: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure,I. Foster and C. Kesselman, eds. M. Kauffman, 2004. [4] Y. Chawathe, S. Ratnasamy, L. Breslau, N. Lanham, and S.Shenker, "Making Gnutella Like P2P Systems Scalable," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Aug. 2003. [5] B. Cohen, "Incentives Build Robustness in Bittorrent," Proc. First Workshop the Economics of P2P Systems, June 2003. [6] S. Guha, N. Daswani, and R. Jain, "An Experimental Study of the Skype Peer-to-Peer Voip System," Proc. Int'l Workshop Peer-toPeer Systems (IPTPS), 2006. [7] B. Chun, D. Culler, T. Roscoe, A. Bavier, L. Peterson, M. Wawrzoniak, and M. Bowman, "PlanetLab: An Overlay Testbed for Broad-Coverage Services," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Comm. Rev., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 3-12, July 2003. [8] A. Iamnitchi and I. Foster, "On Fully Decentralized Resource Discovery in Grid Environments," Proc. IEEE/ACM Int'l Workshop Grid Computing (GRID), 2001. [9] P. Yalagandula and M. Dahlin, "A Scalable Distributed Information Management System," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, 2004. [10] B. Chun, J.M. Hellerstein, R. Huebsch, P. Maniatis, and T. Workshop Real, Large Distributed Systems (WORLDS '04), Dec. Roscoe, "Design Considerations for Information Planes," Proc. 2004. [11] J.M. Schopf, "A Practical Methodology for Defining Histograms for Predictions and Scheduling," NU technical report, 1999. [12] S.Zhong http://www.cse.fau.edu/~zhong/software/index.htm, 2009. [13] A. Gupta, D. Agrawal, and A.E. Abbadi, "Distributed Resource Discovery in Large Scale Computing Systems," Proc. Int'l Symp. Applications and the Internet (SAINT), 2005. [14] R.V. Renesse, K.P. Birman, and W. Vogels, "Astrolabe: A Robust and Scalable Technology for Distributed System Monitoring, Management, and Data Mining," ACM Trans. Computer Systems, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 164-206, 2003. [15] J. Cappos and J.H. Hartman, "San Fermı´n: Aggregating Large Data Sets Using a Binomial Swap Forest," Proc. USENIX Symp. Networked Systems Design and mplementation (NSDI), 2008. [16] J. Mickens and B. Noble, "Exploiting Availability Prediction in Distributed Systems," Proc. USENIX Symp. Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '06), May 2006.
K2 Reinsurance Ltd. Financial Statements and Independent Auditors' Report December 31, 2023 Ernst & Young Ltd. 3 Bermudiana Road Hamilton HM 08 P.O. Box HM 463 Hamilton HM BX BERMUDA Tel: +1 441 295 7000 Fax: +1 441 295 5193 ey.com Report of Independent Auditors The Board of Directors and Shareholder K2 Reinsurance Ltd. Opinion We have audited the financial statements of K2 Reinsurance Ltd. (the Company), which comprise the balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to be independent of the Company and to meet our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the relevant ethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Responsibilities of Management for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. A member firm of Ernst & Young Global Limited Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with GAAS will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgment made by a reasonable user based on the financial statements. In performing an audit in accordance with GAAS, we: * Exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. * Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, and design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. * Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control. Accordingly, no such opinion is expressed. * Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluate the overall presentation of the financial statements. * Conclude whether, in our judgment, there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. We are required to communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control-related matters that we identified during the audit. A member firm of Ernst & Young Global Limited Required Supplementary Information Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States require that the incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance and the cumulative paid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance for the years ending 2023 and prior and the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age disclosed in Note 8 be presented to supplement the financial statements. Such information, although not a part of the financial statements, is required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board who considers it to be an essential part of financial reporting for placing the financial statements in an appropriate operational, economic, or historical context. We have applied certain limited procedures to the required supplementary information in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States, which consisted of inquiries of management about the methods of preparing the information and comparing the information for consistency with management's responses to our inquiries, the financial statements, and other knowledge we obtained during our audit of the financial statements. We do not express an opinion or provide any assurance on the information because the limited procedures do not provide us with sufficient evidence to express an opinion or provide any assurance. Hamilton, Bermuda April 29, 2024 A member firm of Ernst & Young Global Limited K2 REINSURANCE LTD. BALANCE SHEETS as at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) The accompanying notes are an integral part to these financial statements. APPROVED BY THE BOARD: ……..……………………………Director ……..……………………………Date K2 REINSURANCE LTD. STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) The accompanying notes are an integral part to these financial statements. K2 REINSURANCE LTD. STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDER'S EQUITY for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) The accompanying notes are an integral part to these financial statements. K2 REINSURANCE LTD. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) The accompanying notes are an integral part to these financial statements. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS K2 Reinsurance Ltd. (the "Company") was incorporated under the laws of Bermuda on December 4, 2000 and is licensed as a Class 3A insurer under the Insurance Act, 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations (the "Act") to write all classes of property and casualty business. The Company began writing business on January 1, 2001. The Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Brokers Risk Placement Service, Inc. ("BRPS" or "Parent"), based in Chicago. Effective as of November 30, 2020, One80 Intermediaries Inc., an Ohio corporation, purchased all of the issued and outstanding common stock of the Company's sole parent, Brokers' Risk Placement Service, Inc., an Illinois corporation. The Company reinsures Dale Underwriting Partners., a Lloyd's of London Syndicate, who is the primary carrier for BRPS' Trustee Errors & Omissions program, on a 60% quota share (2022 – 57.5% for January 2023 and 60% quota share for February through December) basis of the first $2,000,000 layer per occurrence, after application of local deductibles. For the years ended December 31, 2023, the Company obtained aggregate reinsurance protection in the amount of $1,000,000 excess of $1,150,000 for losses incurred (2022 -$1,000,000 excess of $1,150,000). The Company had also purchased aggregate reinsurance protection in prior years which was not utilized. The Company reinsures S.A. Meacock, a Lloyd's of London Syndicate and Illinois School District Agency on a 33.33% of 100% quota share basis of up to $25,000 of losses incurred for accidental, medical and dental benefits and accidental death and dismemberment benefits of up to $12,000 per enrolled student. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of preparation The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023 On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASC 326). This standard replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") methodology. CECL requires an estimate of credit losses for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and generally applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities, and some off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded commitments to extend credit. Financial assets measured at amortized cost will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by using an allowance for credit losses. In addition, CECL made changes to the accounting for available for sale debt securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available for sale debt securities if management does not intend to sell and does not believe that it is more likely than not, they will be required to sell. The Company adopted ASC 326 and all related subsequent amendments thereto effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. No transition adjustment for the adoption of CECL is included in the financial statements. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under CECL while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable accounting standards ("Incurred Loss"). The Company adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for debt securities for which other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized prior to January 1, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any other than-temporarily impaired investment securities. Therefore, upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company determined that an allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities was not deemed material. The Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable and instead elected to reverse interest income on loans or securities that are placed on nonaccrual status, which is generally when the instrument is 90 days past due, or earlier if the Company believes December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Con't) the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company has concluded that this policy results in the timely reversal of uncollectible interest. Allowance for Credit Losses – Available for Sale Securities For available for sale securities, management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value and the entire loss is recorded in earnings. If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making the assessment, the Company may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, performance on any underlying collateral, downgrades in the ratings of the security by a rating agency, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments and adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess is recorded as an allowance for credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income. Changes in the allowance for credit loss are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance for credit loss when management believes an available for sale security is confirmed to be uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. At December 31, 2023, there was no allowance for credit loss related to the available for sale portfolio. Allowance for Credit Losses – Premiums Receivable The Company recognizes premium receivables arising from the issuance of insurance contracts. These receivables represent the portion of the premiums due from policyholders for coverage periods extending beyond the reporting date. Premium receivables are initially recorded at their estimated collectible amount, which considers historical collection experience and any specific credit risk factors. Subsequent adjustments to the allowance for credit losses are made based on changes in the collectability assessment in accordance with the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) model. As of December 31, 2023, no allowance for credit loss related to Premiums Receivable has been recorded, as management determined that the collectability of premium receivables is probable based on historical collection experience and the Company's assessment of current credit risk factors. Premium receivables are evaluated for impairment regularly, and adjustments are recorded as necessary to reflect changes in credit risk. The allowance for credit losses related to premium receivables is included in the consolidated balance sheet as a deduction from premium receivables. K2 REINSURANCE LTD. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont'd) a) Reinsurance premiums written, reinsurance premiums ceded and acquisitions costs Reinsurance premiums written are recorded on an accrual basis and are included in income on a pro-rated basis over the lives of the policies with the unearned portion being recorded as unearned premiums in the balance sheet. Reinsurance premiums ceded are similarly pro-rated over the terms of the treaties with the unearned portion being recorded as deferred reinsurance premiums ceded in the balance sheet. Acquisition costs are expensed on a pro-rated basis over the lives of the policies to which they relate with the unearned portion being recorded as deferred acquisition costs in the balance sheet. The Company is also liable for the payment of a no claims bonus under the WCSIT policy. This no claims bonus, amounting to $27,700 as at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $54,000) is recorded as revenue reduction as the Company considers this a premium refund. b) Cash and cash equivalents For purposes of the financial statements, the Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. c) Provision for losses and loss expenses The provision for losses and loss expenses is comprised of estimates of the amount of reported losses and loss expenses received from the ceding insurance companies plus a provision for losses incurred but not reported based on the recommendation of an independent actuary using industry data and the past loss experience of the Company. Although management believes the provision is reasonable, no assurance can be given that the ultimate cost of settlement of losses will not vary materially from the amount recorded. Future adjustments to the amounts recorded as of December 31, 2023, resulting from the continual review process, as well as differences between estimate and ultimate settlement, will be reflected in the Company's statement of income and comprehensive income in future periods when such adjustments become known. d) Investments Investments in quoted equity funds and quoted equities are valued at the last quoted price on the last trading day of the year. Realized gains and losses are recognized on a first in, first out basis. Unrealized gains and losses are included in net investment income in the statement of income and comprehensive (loss) income. Investment income is recorded on an accrual basis. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont'd) e) Federal income taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, "Income taxes". Under the asset and liability method of ASC 740, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the periods in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Under ASC 740, the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date and deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not that a benefit will be realized. 3. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash and deposits are comprised of cash and time deposits with an original maturity of ninety days or less. Cash and deposits potentially expose the Company to credit risk. In management's opinion, the risk of loss due to credit risk is not significant as cash and deposits are placed with high credit quality financial institutions. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 4. INVESTMENTS Gross Gross One investment classified as available-for-sale was in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, one Equity investment, and no Exchange traded Funds (2022: none) were in an unrealized loss position and none (2022: none) have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 4. INVESTMENTS (Cont'd) Proceeds from sales of available for sale investments during 2023 and 2022 were $32,273 and $6,000, respectively. Gross realized gains of $32,273 and $6,000 in 2023 and 2022, respectively, and gross realized losses of $Nil in 2023 and 2022, respectively, were realized on those sales. Net investment income for the years ended are derived from the following sources: Fair Value Measurement Under ASC 820, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e. the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company's assumption about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels based on the inputs as follows: Level 1 – Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 assets or liabilities. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these assets and liabilities does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Level 2 – Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 – Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 4. INVESTMENTS (Cont'd) Fair Value Measurement (cont'd) The categorization of the Company's financial assets recorded at fair value based upon the fair value hierarchy as at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows: There were no transfers of securities between Levels during the year. 5. FUNDS WITHHELD The Company records funds withheld by ceding companies in the form of cash held as paid loss deposit funds to settle loss and loss expenses resulting from claim settlements. These funds represent amounts held by ceding companies as security for potential claims and are managed in accordance with contractual agreements with these companies. The funds withheld by ceding companies are recorded on the Company's balance sheet as an asset, reflecting the quota share of cash held by those ceding companies funded by the Company. The amount of funds withheld may fluctuate based on changes in claims activity and contractual agreements with ceding companies. The Company regularly assesses the adequacy of the funds withheld by ceding companies to ensure sufficient resources are available to meet claim obligations. Any adjustments to the funds are recorded in the period in which they are determined. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 6. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND CONCENTRATION OF RISK The Company's financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, investments, investment income due and accrued, Premium and Other receivable, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities. In management's opinion, the Company is not exposed to significant interest or credit risks arising from these financial instruments. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, investment income due and accrued, Premiums and Other receivable, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximates their carrying value due to their short term nature. Investments are recorded at fair value in accordance with prices provided by the independent investment custodians. Investments comprise 8% (2022 - 9%) of the Company's assets. The Company is exposed to market risk in connection with these investments. Investments in equity investment funds do not contain significant concentrations of risk as the Company holds one equity investment fund comprising 8% (2022 - 9%) of assets. The Company's market risk exposure principally relates to its equity portfolio whose value will fluctuate as a result of changes in market prices. 7. REINSURANCE Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. Failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. Consequently, allowances are established for amounts deemed uncollectible. K2 REINSURANCE LTD. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 8. PROVISION FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES Activity in the provision for losses and loss expenses is summarized as follows: As a result of changes in estimates of insured events in prior years, loss and loss adjustment expenses relating to prior years have increased to $774,169 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and to $612,128 for the year ended December 31, 2022. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 8. PROVISION FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (Cont'd) The following table illustrates the information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts. The following factors are relevant to the additional information included in the tables below: - Table Organization: The tables are organized by accident year, by line of business and include policies written on an occurrence basis. - Claim counts: We consider a reported claim to be one claim for each claimant for each loss occurrence. - Data excluded from tables: Information with respect to accident years older than the most recent accident year has been excluded from the development tables, as are lines of business considered by management to be immaterial to the financial statements and additional information taken as a whole. - There are limitations that should be considered on the reported claim count data in the tables below, including: Claim counts are presented only on a reported (not an ultimate) basis. Schedules of incurred and paid losses and loss adjustment expenses by accident year for the current reporting period: Trustee Errors & Omissions program \| Accident Year \| Incurred Claims and Claims Expenses \| Paid claims and claims expenses \| Incurred but not reported liabilities \| Cumulative number of claims reported \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 2014 \| 60,486 \| 60,486 \| 3,000 \| 12 \| \| 2015 \| 44,885 \| 44,885 \| - \| 7 \| \| 2016 \| 274,680 \| 274,680 \| - \| 12 \| \| 2017 \| 165,176 \| 165,176 \| 4,832 \| 8 \| \| 2018 \| 651,465 \| 629,794 \| 7,624 \| 10 \| \| 2019 \| 240,033 \| 184,944 \| 5,427 \| 7 \| \| 2020 \| 696,593 \| 322,541 \| 59,724 \| 13 \| \| 2021 \| 229,579 \| 120,406 \| 123,021 \| 9 \| \| 2022 \| 448,440 \| 61,911 \| 318,666 \| 9 \| \| 2023 \| - \| - \| 223,515 \| 1 \| \| Totals \| 2,811,336 \| 1,863,982 \| 745,809 \| 88 \| \| Cumulative paid losses and loss adjustment expenses from 2023 \| (1,863,982) \| \| \| \| \| Reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses \| 947,354 \| \| \| \| December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 8. PROVISION FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (Cont'd) Student Accident Program \| Accident Year \| Incurred Claims and Claims Expenses \| Paid claims and claims expenses \| Incurred but not reported liabilities \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 2014 \| 134,918 \| 134,918 \| - \| \| 2015 \| 78,779 \| 78,779 \| - \| \| 2016 \| 71,418 \| 71,418 \| - \| \| 2017 \| 55,527 \| 55,527 \| - \| \| 2018 \| 83,060 \| 83,060 \| - \| \| 2019 \| 43,308 \| 43,308 \| - \| \| 2020 \| 17,833 \| 17,833 \| - \| \| 2021 \| 31,048 \| 31,048 \| - \| \| 2022 \| 46,391 \| 44,036 \| 292 \| \| 2023 \| 16,753 \| 2,561 \| 2,389 \| \| Totals \| 579,035 \| 562,488 \| 2,681 \| \| Cumulative paid losses and loss adjustment expenses from 2023 \| (562,488) \| \| \| \| Reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses \| 16,547 \| \| \| The reconciliation of the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses from the tables of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses by accident year to the balance above is shown below: \| Line of business - \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Trustee Errors & \| 947,354 \| \| 745,809 \| \| \| \| Omissions \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Student Accident \| \| 16,547 \| \| 2,681 \| 19,228 \| \| Total \| \| 963,901 \| \| 748,490 \| 1,712,391 \| Further information is available related to policies by accident year, program and coverage in the unaudited supplementary appendix. December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 8. PROVISION FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES (Cont'd) Reserving Methodology: The methods used to select the estimated loss reserves include Paid and Incurred Loss Development, and Bornhuetter-Ferguson (Incurred and Paid). Losses and LAE were combined to increase stability and credibility of the data. For each policy year, the respective quota share terms were applied to calculate the net loss and LAE estimate. Ultimate loss and LAE was selected for each policy period based upon the results of the methods and resultant diagnostics. The approach allows us to limit the impact of material biases underlying any one method. Confidence levels were calculated for the Company's estimated unpaid liability as of December 2023 assuming a lognormal distribution. We fit our point estimate and CV (standard deviation divided by Mean) to the distribution's mean and variance, respectively, to determine the resultant confidence levels. There were no changes to the methodologies used during the year. 9. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS During the year, commissions in the amount of $977,596 (2022 - $950,723) were paid to BRPS. The Due to Parent payable in the amount of $525,050 (2022 - $389,030) is the tax liability paid for by the parent on behalf of the company. 10. TAXATION Bermuda On December 27, 2023, the Government of Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act of 2023 (the "Act") which will apply a 15% corporate income tax to certain Bermuda businesses beginning on January 1, 2025. The Act provides that the tax applies regardless of whether in scope entities had a prior undertaking from the Bermuda Government exempting them from income tax. The Company, as a wholly owned subsidiary of a larger enterprise, meets the definitions of an entity subject to the tax. For the period ending December 31, 2023 the Company recorded a deferred tax liability for the anticipated future tax liabilities and an offsetting deferred tax asset for a foreign tax credit that will be available to the Company because it is also taxed on its income in the US; see discussion below regarding the Company's Section 953(d) election. United States federal income taxes Effective January 1, 2001, the Company made an irrevocable election under Section 953(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, to treat the Company as a domestic insurance company for United States federal income tax purposes. As a result of the "domestic election", the Company is subject to US taxation on its worldwide income as if it were a US corporation. The Company and its Parent file a consolidated federal income tax return. The Company's financial statements recognize the current and deferred income tax consequences that result from the Company's activities under the separate return method as if the Company were a separate taxpayer rather than a member of the Parent's consolidated income tax return group. The Company follows FASB ASC 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, which provides guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the Company's financial statements. The guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return, and provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosures and transition. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no uncertain tax positions that require either recognition or disclosure in the Company's financial statements. In the event the Company concludes that it is subject to interest and/or penalties arising from uncertain tax positions, the Company will present interest and penalties as a component of operating expenses. The Company's income tax filing for the years prior to 2019 are no longer subject to examination by the tax authorities. K2 REINSURANCE LTD. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) K2 REINSURANCE LTD. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 10. TAXATION (Cont'd) Income taxes attributable to continuing operations comprise: At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability as follows: 11. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS expressed in '000s The Company is registered under the Bermuda Insurance Act 1978, amendments thereto and related Regulations which require that the Company maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity. For the year ended December 31, 2023, these requirements have been met. The minimum required December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) 12. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS expressed in '000s (Cont'd) statutory capital and surplus was $1,000 (2022: $1,000) and actual statutory capital and surplus was $2,314 (2022: $2,503) at December 31, 2023. The minimum required level of liquid assets was $2,907 (2022: $2,267) and actual liquid assets were $6,219 (2022: $5,552) at December 31, 2023. As a result of these requirements, retained earnings in the amount of $1,109 (2022: $1,335) at December 31, 2023 were restricted for distribution to the shareholder. 13. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS In preparing the financial statements, management has evaluated subsequent events through April 29, 2024, which is the date these financial statements were available to be issued and there were no events noted. K2 REINSURANCE LTD. UNAUDITED SUPPLEMENTARY SCHEDULES December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) Appendix Supplementary unaudited information to Note 7 of the Financial Statement Trustee Errors & Omissions program Trustee Errors and Omissions program: Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2023 AY 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total \| 2014 \| \| 2015 \| \| 2016 \| \| 2017 \| \| 2018 \| \| 2019 \| \| 2020 \| \| 2021 \| \| 2022 \| \| 2023 \| \| Total of \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Incurred but \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| not reported \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| liabilities \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| plus \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| expected \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| development \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| on Reported \| \| \| 2014 \| \| 2015 \| \| 2016 \| \| 2017 \| \| 2018 \| \| 2019 \| \| 2020 \| \| 2021 \| \| 2022 \| \| 2023 \| Claims \| \| \| 159,087 \| \| 203,251 \| \| 156,408 \| \| 123,067 \| \| 60,314 \| \| 60,410 \| \| 60,486 \| \| 60,486 \| \| 60,486 \| \| 60,486 \| 3,000 \| \| \| - \| \| 80,930 \| \| 140,150 \| \| 126,246 \| \| 44,791 \| \| 44,791 \| \| 44,849 \| \| 44,885 \| \| 44,885 \| \| 44,885 \| - \| \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 151,813 \| \| 205,549 \| \| 304,843 \| \| 304,775 \| \| 241,457 \| \| 277,044 \| \| 277,188 \| \| 274,680 \| - \| \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 70,261 \| \| 214,870 \| \| 196,894 \| \| 146,169 \| \| 176,565 \| \| 165,176 \| \| 165,176 \| 4,832 \| \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 119,519 \| \| 268,498 \| \| 414,468 \| \| 521,979 \| \| 658,803 \| \| 651,465 \| 7,624 \| \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 96,174 \| \| 63,428 \| \| 103,141 \| \| 189,298 \| \| 240,033 \| 5,427 \| \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 59,626 \| \| 237,071 \| \| 610,188 \| \| 696,593 \| 59,724 \| \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 30,750 \| \| 62,848 \| \| 229,579 \| 123,021 \| \| \| - \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 18,840 \| \| 448,440 \| 318,666 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - \| 223,515 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2,811,337 \| 745,809 \| Cumulative Number of Reported Claims 12 7 12 8 10 7 13 9 9 1 88 K2 REINSURANCE LTD. UNAUDITED SUPPLEMENTARY SCHEDULES December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) Appendix (Cont'd) Supplementary unaudited information to Note 7 of the Financial Statement Trustee Errors & Omissions program Trustee Errors and Omissions program: Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2023 2023 \| Total \| 1,863,983 \| \|---\|---\| \| All Outstanding Liabilities before 2013, Net of Reinsurance \| - \| \| Provision for Loss and Loss adjustment expenses, Net of reinsurance \| 947,354 \| \| Years \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Errors and Omissions \| 3% \| 15% \| 33% \| 26% \| 10% \| 4% \| 1% \| 0% \| 0% \| 0% \| K2 REINSURANCE LTD. UNAUDITED SUPPLEMENTARY SCHEDULES December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) Appendix (Cont'd) Supplementary unaudited information to Note 7 of the Financial Statement Student Accident Program Student Accident Program: Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2023 \| AY \| \| 2014 \| \| 2015 \| \| 2016 \| \| 2017 \| \| 2018 \| \| 2019 \| \| 2020 \| \| 2021 \| \| 2022 \| \| 2023 \| \| \| Total of \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Incurred but \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| not reported \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| liabilities plus \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| expected \| Cumulative \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| development \| Number of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| on Reported \| Reported \| \| \| AY \| \| 2014 \| \| 2015 \| \| 2016 \| \| 2017 \| \| 2018 \| \| 2019 \| \| 2020 \| \| 2021 \| \| 2022 \| \| 2023 \| \| Claims \| Claims \| \| \| 2014 \| \| 73,539 \| \| 134,697 \| \| 134,705 \| \| 134,918 \| \| 134,918 \| \| 134,918 \| \| 134,918 \| \| 134,918 \| \| 134,918 \| \| 134,918 \| \| - \| 732 \| \| \| 2015 \| \| - \| \| 15,391 \| \| 80,710 \| \| 78,847 \| \| 78,961 \| \| 78,779 \| \| 78,779 \| \| 78,779 \| \| 78,779 \| \| 78,779 \| \| - \| 466 \| \| \| 2016 \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 27,972 \| \| 72,043 \| \| 71,464 \| \| 71,485 \| \| 71,418 \| \| 71,418 \| \| 71,418 \| \| 71,418 \| \| - \| 361 \| \| \| 2017 \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 28,186 \| \| 57,709 \| \| 55,568 \| \| 55,542 \| \| 55,542 \| \| 55,527 \| \| 55,527 \| \| - \| 345 \| \| \| 2018 \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 43,432 \| \| 83,389 \| \| 83,060 \| \| 83,060 \| \| 83,060 \| \| 83,060 \| \| - \| 387 \| \| \| 2019 \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 32,172 \| \| 41,198 \| \| 42,998 \| \| 43,308 \| \| 43,308 \| \| - \| 283 \| \| \| 2020 \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 6,078 \| \| 18,601 \| \| 17,833 \| \| 17,833 \| \| - \| 133 \| \| \| 2021 \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 13,740 \| \| 32,858 \| \| 31,048 \| \| - \| 252 \| \| \| 2022 \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 11,909 \| \| 46,391 \| \| 292 \| 298 \| \| \| 2023 \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| 16,753 \| \| 2,389 \| 127 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 579,035 \| \| 2,681 \| \| \| \| \| Total \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| K2 REINSURANCE LTD. UNAUDITED SUPPLEMENTARY SCHEDULES December 31, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in U.S. dollars) Appendix (Cont'd) Supplementary unaudited information to Note 7 of the Financial Statement Trustee Errors & Omissions program Student Accident Program: Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Years Ended December 31, 2023 \| AY \| 2014 \| 2015 \| 2016 \| 2017 \| 2018 \| 2019 \| 2020 \| 2021 \| 2022 \| 2023 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 2014 \| 22,318 \| 132,726 \| 134,705 \| 134,918 \| 134,918 \| 134,918 \| 134,918 \| 134,918 \| 134,918 \| 134,918 \| \| 2015 \| - \| - \| 76,348 \| 78,578 \| 78,691 \| 78,779 \| 78,779 \| 78,779 \| 78,779 \| 78,779 \| \| 2016 \| - \| - \| 4,626 \| 70,463 \| 71,464 \| 71,485 \| 71,418 \| 71,418 \| 71,418 \| 71,418 \| \| 2017 \| - \| - \| - \| 3,413 \| 56,383 \| 55,568 \| 55,542 \| 55,542 \| 55,527 \| 55,527 \| \| 2018 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 22,276 \| 82,341 \| 83,060 \| 83,060 \| 83,060 \| 83,060 \| \| 2019 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 9,179 \| 40,730 \| 42,998 \| 43,308 \| 43,308 \| \| 2020 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 3,178 \| 16,662 \| 17,833 \| 17,833 \| \| 2021 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 4,157 \| 29,901 \| 31,048 \| \| 2022 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 3,701 \| 44,036 \| \| 2023 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 2,561 \| Total 562,488 All Outstanding Liabilities before 2014, Net of Reinsurance - Provision for Loss and Loss adjustment expenses, Net of reinsurance 16,547 \| Years \| \| 1 \| \| 2 \| \| 3 \| \| 4 \| \| 5 \| \| 6 \| \| 7 \| \| 8 \| \| 9 \| 10 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Student \| 13% \| \| 84% \| \| 3% \| \| 0% \| \| 0% \| \| 0% \| \| 0% \| \| 0% \| \| 0% \| \| \| \| Accident \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|
Endowment Management Handbook July 2024 Table of Contents Each item in the Table of Contents is clickable, allowing you to easily navigate to the respective section. 1. Introduction 1-1. What is an Endowment? 1-2. Why are Endowed Donations Valuable to SDSU? 2. TCF Endowment Management 2-1. How are Endowment Funds Administered? 2-2. How are New Contributions Handled? 2-3. What is the Endowment Investment Strategy? 2-4. What are the Investment Goals? 2-5. Who Oversees the Investment Management? 2-6. How are Investments Monitored and Rebalanced? 2-7. What are the Guidelines for Spending Endowment Returns? 2-8. What is the Annual Spending Rate? 2-9. How is Endowment Management Structured? 2-10. How Does the Investment Process Work? 2-11. Can You Provide an Example of the Investment Process? 2-12. How Does the 3-Year Moving Average Unit Value Help? 2-13. How Does Distribution Work? 2-14. What is the Distribution Policy for Different Types of Endowments? 2-15. How Does a Quasi-Endowment Differ in Distribution? 2-16. What Happens if an Endowment is 'Underwater'? 3. Endowment spending calculation examples 4. Definition of Terms 1. Introduction 1-1. What is an Endowment? An endowment is established through a donation that includes a legal requirement that the initial contribution remains intact indefinitely. These donations are preserved and invested by The Campanile Foundation (the Foundation), a philanthropic tax-exempt foundation and an official auxiliary of San Diego State University (SDSU). The aim is to create a continual source of spendable income from the returns on the donation for the purpose specified by the donor. 1-2. Why are Endowed Donations Valuable to SDSU? Endowed donations can be designated for specific or general uses and are especially valuable to SDSU because of their enduring nature. Such donations enable long-term planning for various campus programs. 2. TCF Endowment Management 2-1. How are Endowment Funds Administered? At the Foundation, endowment fund management is governed by the principles outlined in its Investment Policy Statement, which adheres to the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act and other applicable laws. The endowment funds are pooled for investment purposes, enhancing financial efficiency and stability. Each individual endowment fund contributes to this combined portfolio by holding units, allowing for proportional benefit from the overall performance. 2-2. How are New Contributions Handled? New contributions to any endowment fund are allocated to the principal of the fund and invested within this pooled structure. The annual spending policy, recommended by the Finance & Investment Committee and reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors, dictates the expendable income that is distributed each quarter to the endowment's designated income fund(s). This distribution supports the specific purposes intended by donors and is managed within the constraints of the policies. The total return of the endowment funds, after accounting for the quarterly distribution, is reinvested to safeguard against inflation and promote fund growth. 2-3. What is the Endowment Investment Strategy? The endowment investment strategy is primarily managed according to the directives set forth in the Investment Policy Statement, aligning with the guidelines from the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act. The endowment funds are strategically invested through a diversified portfolio that includes various asset classes to achieve a balance of risk and return conducive to long-term growth. This portfolio typically comprises equities, fixed income securities, and alternative investments, such as private equity and real estate. 2-4. What are the Investment Goals? The endowment investment strategy is guided by the goals outlined in the Foundation's Investment Policy Statement, which emphasizes the long-term growth of the Foundation's assets. This strategy is designed to achieve investment returns that surpass the benchmarks over both 3-5 year periods and longer horizons. The primary objectives are to achieve long-term growth, outperform benchmarks, and generate real returns. For the fiscal year 2024/25, the long-term expected return is set at 8.4%. 2-5. Who Oversees the Investment Management? The management of these investments is overseen by the Finance and Investment Committee of the Foundation, which operates under the approval of its Board of Directors. The committee is responsible for setting annual spending rates, reviewing investment performance, and making necessary adjustments to the strategic asset allocation to reflect current economic conditions and market opportunities. 2-6. How are Investments Monitored and Rebalanced? Investments are continually monitored and rebalanced to maintain adherence to the target asset allocation, ensuring that the endowment remains well-positioned to capture growth while mitigating risks associated with market volatility. By employing a blend of internal oversight and external investment management expertise, the Foundation strives to achieve financial returns that support its long-term educational and institutional goals. 2-7. What are the Guidelines for Spending Endowment Returns? The policy on the expenditure of the return earned on endowed funds specifies that the Foundation manages permanently restricted assets with the donor's stipulation that the original donation must be maintained indefinitely. However, the Foundation is allowed to spend the income and gains derived from these assets according to its spending policy. 2-8. What is the Annual Spending Rate? The Foundation has established an annual spending rate of 4.0% of the endowment's market value, which is applied to the rolling 3-year average unit value of the endowment. This rate is reviewed annually by the Finance & Investment Committee, which may propose changes based on their assessments. The spending policy is designed to protect the principal of the endowment while providing a stable and sustainable income stream for the university's purposes, thus preserving the real spending power of the assets over time. 2-9. How is Endowment Management Structured? The operational principles of endowment investment and management are similar to those of stock investments. The endowment funds are typically pooled in a unitized investment structure. This pooling allows each individual endowment to own units in the investment pool, with the units being revalued at the end of each quarter. New endowments can only enter the pool at these quarter-end periods, purchasing units based on the quarter-end unit value. 2-10. How Does the Investment Process Work? Here's how the process works: Each new endowment buys into the pool by purchasing a certain number of units, determined by the amount of the investment and the unit. The unit value is calculated using a 3-year moving average unit value to ensure a fair and stable entry point for new investments. As the unit value increases over time, new endowments buy fewer units for the same investment amount, reflecting the appreciation of the investment pool. 2-11. Can You Provide an Example of the Investment Process? For instance, let's consider an endowment pool with a total market value of $400,000,000 as of December 31, 2022, and 400,000 units in the pool. This valuation places the unit value at $1,000 per unit. If the Smith Endowment were to contribute $100,000 after the gift fee of 5%, it would buy units in the pool based on the current unit value. On January 1, 2023, the Smith Endowment would purchase units at $1,000 per unit, resulting in the acquisition of 100 units. 2-12. How Does the 3-Year Moving Average Unit Value Help? This straightforward example illustrates the mechanics of how endowment investments are managed, showing the process by which new contributions are assimilated into the pooled investment structure and highlighting the impact of unit value appreciation on new investments. The use of the 3-year moving average unit value helps in smoothing out short-term fluctuations and provides a more consistent basis for investment. 2-13. How Does Distribution Work? The distribution of returns from the endowment funds is carefully calculated based on the market value of the endowment at the end of the previous quarter. For example, if a new gift of $100,000 is received on January 1, 2023, no distribution would be made on March 31, 2023, because the endowment value on December 31, 2022, did not account for this new gift. 2-14. What is the Distribution Policy for Different Types of Endowments? The distribution amount varies depending on the type of endowment. For a true endowment, where the principal must be preserved, the distribution amount cannot exceed the surplus of the market value over the historical value (principal) at the end of the previous quarter. 2-15. How Does a Quasi-Endowment Differ in Distribution? In contrast, for a quasi-endowment, the entire market value can potentially be distributed, subject to policy limits. According to the Foundation's Investment Policy Statement, the maximum distribution rate is set at 4% of the endowment's market value annually. 2-16. What Happens if an Endowment is 'Underwater'? In situations where the market value of a true endowment is less than its historical value at the end of a quarter - referred to as being 'underwater' - no distribution is made in the following quarter. For instance, if the market value of a true endowment is $90,000 and the historical value is $100,000 as of March 31, 2023, indicating that the fund is underwater, no distribution will occur on June 30, 2023. However, if market conditions improve and the endowment value exceeds the historical value by June 30, 2023, a distribution will be made on September 30, 2023. This policy ensures that the endowment funds are managed to protect their long-term value while supporting the university's ongoing financial needs. 3. Endowment spending calculation examples The actual spending for any individual endowment is computed quarterly using the following information. Units and Unit Value: * Unit: Represents a share or portion of the endowment pool. Each endowment fund owns a certain number of units in the overall endowment pool. * Unit Value: The monetary value of each unit in the endowment pool, which is calculated based on the total value of the endowment pool divided by the total number of units. Calculation Process: 1. Units Held: The number of units held in an individual endowment as of the end of the previous quarter. 2. 3-Year Moving Average Unit Value: The average value of a unit over the past three years. 3. Distribution Percentage: Maximum of 4.0% annually 4. Estimated Annual Distribution: This is calculated as: Units Held × 3-Year Moving Average Unit Value × Distribution Percentage 5. Amount Available for Distribution: This depends on whether the endowment is "true" or "quasi". o For "true" endowments, it is the difference between the last quarter's market value and the historical gift amount. o For "quasi" endowments, it is the entire market value. 6. Final Annual Distribution: The lesser of the estimated annual distribution or the amount available for distribution. 7. Final Quarterly Distribution: The final annual distribution divided by 4. Example 1: Quasi Endowment A * Units Held: 4,361.09 * 3-Year Moving Average Unit Value: $708.87 * Distribution Percentage: 4% Estimated Annual Distribution: 4,361.09 × 708.87 × 0.04 = $123,658 Market Value: $3,053,212,Historical Gift Amount: $2,658,117 Since this is a quasi endowment, the amount available for distribution is the entire market value: Amount Available = $3,053,212 Final Annual Distribution: Lesser of Estimated Distribution or Amount Available = $123,658 Final Quarterly Distribution: Final Annual Distribution ÷ 4 = $30,915 Example 2: True Endowment B – Well Established * Units Held: 334.80 * 3-Year Moving Average Unit Value: $708.87 * Distribution Percentage: 4% Estimated Annual Distribution: 334.80 × 708.87 × 0.04 = $9,493 Market Value: $234,391, Historical Gift Amount: $94,126 Since this is a true endowment, the amount available for distribution is the market value minus the historical gift amount: Amount Available = $234,391 − $94,126 = $140,265 Final Annual Distribution: Lesser of Estimated Distribution or Amount Available = $9,493 Final Quarterly Distribution: Final Annual Distribution ÷ 4 = $2,373 Example 3: True Endowment C – Slightly Above Historical Gift Amount * Units Held: 95.65 * 3-Year Moving Average Unit Value: $708.87 * Distribution Percentage: 4% Estimated Annual Distribution 95.65 × 708.87 × 0.04 = $2,712 Market Value: $66,963,Historical Gift Amount: $66,500 Since this is a true endowment, the amount available for distribution is the market value minus the historical gift amount: Amount Available = $66,963 − $66,500 = $463 Final Annual Distribution: Lesser of Estimated Distribution or Amount Available = $463 Final Quarterly Distribution: Final Annual Distribution ÷ 4 = $116 Example 4: True Endowment D - Underwater * Units Held: 447.02 * 3-Year Moving Average Unit Value: $708.87 * Distribution Percentage: 4% Estimated Annual Distribution: 447.02 × 708.87 × 0.04 = $12,675 Market Value: $312,957,Historical Gift Amount: $323,592 Since this is a true endowment and the market value is less than the historical gift amount (the endowment is underwater). Therefore, the amount available for distribution is $0. Amount Available = $0 Final Annual Distribution: Lesser of Estimated Distribution or Amount Available = $0 Final Quarterly Distribution: Final Annual Distribution ÷ 4 = $0: 4. Definition of Terms True Endowment An endowment fund established by donor-restricted gifts to provide a permanent source of income. The principal amount of the gift is maintained intact, and only the investment income generated by it is used for purposes specified by the donor. Quasi-Endowment An endowment fund that is invested to allow for the expenditure of both principal and income. Unlike true endowments, quasi-endowments are not permanent funds but are considered long-term investments. Market Value The total value of the endowment fund's investments at a specific point in time. This includes all activities such as donations, distributions, transfers and investment performance. Historical Value The total of all gifts less any gift fees plus any transfers of funds into the endowment. This value represents the original amount of donations made to the endowment, and it serves as a baseline for determining whether an endowment is underwater. Underwater Endowment An endowment fund where the current market value is less than the historical value. In this situation, distributions may be suspended until the fund's market value recovers above the historical value. Restricted Fund A fund where the donor has specified particular uses for the gift. The institution must use the fund's income and sometimes the principal for the donor's specified purpose. Unrestricted Fund A fund where the donor has not specified any restrictions on how the gift is to be used. The institution can use the fund's income and principal for any purpose it deems appropriate. Distribution The amount of money distributed from the endowment's earnings to income funds to support the institution's operations or specific donor-designated purposes. This distribution is usually calculated as a percentage of the endowment's market value. Income Fund A fund that receives distributions from the endowment and is used to support the operations or specific programs designated by the donor. The balance of the income fund is used for expenditures such as scholarships or program funding. Specifically, A funds are assigned for scholarships, and C funds are assigned for campus programs. Spending Policy A set of guidelines determining how much of the endowment's earnings can be spent each year. The spending policy is designed to protect the principal of the endowment while providing a stable and sustainable income stream. According to the Investment Policy Statement, the typical spending rate is set at 4.0% of the endowment's market value, applied to a rolling 3-year average unit value. Investment Performance The return on the endowment's investments over a specific period, including income from dividends and interest, as well as unrealized and realized capital gains or losses. Investment performance affects the endowment's market value and the amount available for distribution. Unit Represents a share or portion of the pooled endowment fund. Each endowment fund holds a certain number of units in the overall endowment pool. Unit and Unit Value are used to calculate the distribution amount. Unit Value The monetary value of each unit in the endowment pool. It is calculated by dividing the total market value of the pooled endowment by the total number of units. Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act (UPMIFA) A set of guidelines for managing and investing endowment funds, emphasizing prudent spending and investment practices. At TCF, endowment fund management adheres to UPMIFA principles outlined in its Investment Policy Statement. Endowment funds are pooled for investment, enhancing financial efficiency and stability. The annual spending policy, recommended by the Finance & Investment Committee and approved by the Board of Directors, dictates quarterly distributions to designated income funds. This ensures funds are managed prudently while promoting growth and safeguarding against inflation.
Supervisor James Schmitt opened the regular meeting of the town board of the Town of Pawling at 6:00 PM May 8, 2024 at Pawling Town Hall, 160 Charles Colman Blvd., Pawling, New York. Present were councilwomen Snow and Pitt, councilmen Mygan and McCarthy, Brendan Liberati, town attorney, and approximately 24 interested citizens. COMMENDATION/ED AND MARY MAHAFFEY-THE ANNEX FLORIST Supervisor Schmitt read the following commendation for Ed and Mary Mahaffey into the record. COMMENDATION Ed & Mary Mahaffey The Annex Florist Whereas, Ed and Mary Mahaffey have operated The Annex Florist in Pawling for over 48 years, and Whereas, originally operating out of a greenhouse, Ed's mother, Velma Mahaffey began what is now their legacy here in Pawling, and Whereas, Ed and Mary Mahaffey have proven to be a well-respected, admired, and cherished team in Pawling supplying the needs of all who visit their shop, and Whereas, the dedication to their passion and lifelong works have made an enormous impact in the Town of Pawling and surrounding communities, and Whereas, Ed and Mary Mahaffey have selflessly worked hard in their commitment to the Town of Pawling, and their presence will be greatly missed, therefore, be it Resolved, that the Town of Pawling, by its elected Town Board, hereby recognizes the hard work and dedication displayed by Ed and Mary Mahaffey of The Annex Florist of Pawling and thanks them for their service, presented this 8 th day of May, 2024. The Board thanked congratulated Mr. & Mrs. Mahaffey on their work at The Annex Florist for the past 48 years and their involvement in the community. MINUTES Supervisor Schmitt made a motion to acknowledge the minutes of April 10, 2024, seconded by Councilwoman Snow, and passed unanimously. PUBLIC COMMENT ON AGENDA ITEMS Supervisor Schmitt opened the meeting for public comment, there was none. RESOLUTIONS RESOLUTION 2024-059 Billing for Pawling Water District No. 2 WHEREAS, Pawling Water District No. 2 bills need to be approved by the Pawling Town Board, and WHEREAS, the bills have been prepared and submitted in the amount of $_______ for the period of January 1, 2024 through March 31, 2024 by the Clerk to the Water District, Catherine Giordano, and NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the Town Board of the Town of Pawling hereby accepts the billing as recommended for Pawling Water District No.2. Supervisor Schmitt said resolution 2024-059 would be tabled. RESOLUTION 2024-071 Payment of Bills for the Town of Pawling WHEREAS, the Town of Pawling bookkeeper has reviewed and prepared the vouchers for the Town of Pawling and has offered them for review, and WHEREAS, the vouchers have been approved in accordance with the Town of Pawling policy, and WHEREAS, the vouchers have been numbered 20240461 through 20240586, and NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the town board of the Town of Pawling hereby accepts the vouchers as prepared and on the recommendation of the bookkeeper and hereby authorizes payment of said vouchers for the Town of Pawling on this date in the amount of $378,003.96. MOTION: Supervisor Schmitt SECOND: Councilman McCarthy ROLL CALL VOTE: Councilwoman Pitt – "AYE" Councilman Mygan – "AYE" Councilman McCarthy – "AYE" Councilwoman Snow - "AYE" Supervisor Schmitt – "AYE" RESOLUTION 2024-074 Establishing a Capital Budget for FEMA Funded Work on Quaker Lake Road and River Road WHEREAS, the Town of Pawling wishes to perform improvements on both Quaker Lake Road and River Road, and WHEREAS, these improvements are funded through funds received from FEMA, and WHEREAS, the Bookkeeper has developed a capital budget to complete the improvements for the Town Board to review, and NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the Town Board of the Town of Pawling adopts the following capital budget to complete the improvements on Quaker Lake Road and River Road: \| Quaker Lake Road \| To Establish Budget For Quaker Road Paving \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| HFE 5112.20 \| Grading, Drainage, Etc. \| $168,335.00 \| \| HFE 5031 \| Interfund Transfer \| \| \| River Road \| To Establish Budget for River Road Paving \| \| \| HFE 5112.25 \| Road Paving, Drainage, Etc. \| $94,000.00 \| \| HFE 5031 \| Interfund Transfer \| \| MOTION: Supervisor Schmitt SECOND: Councilwoman Snow ROLL CALL VOTE: Councilwoman Pitt – "AYE" Councilman Mygan – "AYE" Supervisor Schmitt – "AYE" RESOLUTION 2024-076 Appointment of Temporary Carpenter NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that Thomas Brown, Sr. is hereby retroactively appointed as a temporary carpenter to the Department of Buildings and Grounds effective March 8, 2024 at an hourly rate of $48.00. MOTION: Supervisor Schmitt SECOND: Councilman McCarthy ROLL CALL VOTE: Councilwoman Pitt – "AYE" Councilman Mygan – "AYE" Councilman McCarthy – "AYE" Councilwoman Snow - "AYE" Supervisor Schmitt – "AYE" RESOLUTION 2024-077 Adopting Updated Employee Handbook WHEREAS, the Town of Pawling Employee Handbook is in need of updating to conform to state and federal requirements, and WHEREAS, Public Sector HR Consultants, LLC has reviewed the previous handbook and developed a revised and updated Employee Handbook that can be found on the Town of Pawling website, and NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the Town Board of the Town of Pawling hereby accepts and adopts the updated Town of Pawling Employee Handbook dated April 17, 2024 replacing previous employee handbooks. MOTION: Supervisor Schmitt SECOND: Councilman McCarthy Supervisor Schmitt amended the resolution to add that the board would revisit any additional changes and discussions in the August meeting. ROLL CALL VOTE: Councilwoman Pitt – "AYE" Councilman Mygan – "AYE" Councilman McCarthy – "AYE" Councilwoman Snow - "AYE" Supervisor Schmitt – "AYE" RESOLUTION 2024-081 Approval of Use of ARPA Funds for Maintenance of the Great Lawn and Capital Improvements to Building Department WHEREAS, the Town of Pawling received a partial payment of American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) funds from the federal government, and WHEREAS, ARPA funds may be used on IT improvements, infrastructure improvements such as capital improvements to the Town of Pawling, and WHEREAS, the Town Board plans to use the funds to complete a variety of projects throughout the Town of Pawling, and NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the Town Board of the Town of Pawling hereby approves the use of ARPA funds for: 1. Maintenance of the Great Lawn $1,375.00 2. Capital Improvements to Building Department $7,000 MOTION: Supervisor Schmitt SECOND: Councilman McCarthy ROLL CALL VOTE: Councilwoman Pitt – "AYE" Councilman Mygan – "AYE" Councilman McCarthy – "AYE" Councilwoman Snow - "AYE" Supervisor Schmitt – "AYE" RESOLUTION 2024-082 Budget Amendments for Fiscal Year 2024 WHEREAS, a request for budget amendments has been received from the bookkeeper, and WHEREAS, normal course of business activity throughout 2024 has prompted the bookkeeper to determine that various budget items should be amended to allow for the Town of Pawling to continue conducting business as usual, and NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the bookkeeper has requested the following budget amendments: \| A Fund \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| ACCOUNT \| ACCOUNT \| CURRENT \| \| \| REVISED \| \| DESCRIPTION \| NUMBER \| BUDGET \| INCREASE \| DECREASE \| BUDGET \| \| Expenditures \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Building Capital \| A.1620.2 \| 19,000 \| 7,000 \| \| 26,000 \| \| Parks Equipment \| A.7110.2 \| 16,000 \| 400 \| \| 16,400 \| \| \| \| 16,000 \| 400 \| 0 \| 16,400 \| \| A Fund \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ACCOUNT \| ACCOUNT \| CURRENT \| \| \| REVISED \| \| DESCRIPTION \| NUMBER \| BUDGET \| INCREASE \| DECREASE \| BUDGET \| \| Revenue \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Use of ARPA Funds \| A.4089 \| 0 \| 7000 \| \| 7000 \| \| FEMA \| A.4960 \| 0 \| 400 \| \| 400 \| \| \| \| 0 \| 400 \| \| 7400 \| \| DB Fund \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ACCOUNT \| ACCOUNT \| CURRENT \| \| \| REVISED \| \| DESCRIPTION \| NUMBER \| BUDGET \| INCREASE \| DECREASE \| BUDGET \| \| Expenditures \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Interfund Transfer \| DB.9950.900 \| 0 \| 168,335 \| \| 168,335 \| \| Interfund Transfer \| DB.9950.900 \| 168,335 \| 94,000 \| \| 262,335 \| \| \| \| 168,335 \| 262,335 \| \| 430,670 \| \| Revenue \| \| \| \| \| \| \| NYS Portion of FEMA revenue \| DB.3960 \| 0 \| 16,833 \| \| 16,833 \| \| Federal Portion of FEMA revenue \| DB.4960 \| 0 \| 151,501 \| \| 151,501 \| \| NYS Portion of FEMA revenue \| DB.3960 \| 16,834 \| 9,400 \| \| 26,234 \| \| Federal Portion of FEMA revenue \| DB.4960 \| 151,501 \| 84,600 \| \| 236,101 \| \| \| \| 168,335 \| 262,335 \| \| 430,670 \| MOTION: Supervisor Schmitt SECOND: Councilman McCarthy ROLL CALL VOTE: Councilwoman Pitt – "AYE" Councilman Mygan – "AYE" Councilman McCarthy – "AYE" Councilwoman Snow - "AYE" Supervisor Schmitt – "AYE" RESOLUTION 2024-083 Approval of Freightliner Truck Purchase WHEREAS, the Town Board of the Town of Pawling had previously authorized the Superintendent of Highways, Robert Brill to purchase a new International 6x6 Dump Truck with plow, plow wing, and salt spreader, and WHEREAS, the new International Dump Truck has been delayed with no expected date of delivery, and WHEREAS, the Superintendent of Highways, Robert Brill has requested to replace the International Dump Truck with a Freightliner 108 SD with all season body, plow, and wing plow for $303,764.66, and NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the Town Board of the Town of Pawling hereby authorizes the Superintendent of Highways to purchase and accept delivery of said Freightliner for $303,764.66. MOTION: Supervisor Schmitt SECOND: Councilman McCarthy ROLL CALL VOTE: Councilwoman Pitt – "AYE" Councilman Mygan – "AYE" Councilman McCarthy – "AYE" Councilwoman Snow - "AYE" Supervisor Schmitt – "AYE" RESOLUTION 2024-084 Awarding Bid for Handicap Accessible Bathrooms in Town Hall WHEREAS, bids were duly advertised and noticed for renovation of Pawling Town Hall bathrooms to make them ADA compliant, and WHEREAS, the Town of Pawling has received CDBG grant funding for this project, and WHEREAS, the following bids were received: NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, the Town of Pawling hereby awards the bid for handicap accessible bathroom construction to JF Management Group Corp., located at 355 Main Street, Unit 841, Pearl River, NY 10965 in the bid amount of $117,540.00. MOTION: Supervisor Schmitt SECOND: Councilwoman Snow Councilwoman Pitt – "AYE" Councilman Mygan – "AYE" Councilman McCarthy – "AYE" Councilwoman Snow - "AYE" Supervisor Schmitt – "AYE" TOWN BOARD DISCUSSION PITT Councilwoman Pitt announced that the Memorial Day parade will be on May 27 th at 10 AM, and the meet the candidate's night at the middle school will be May 16 th at 7 PM, and the vote will be on May 21 st . MCCARTHY Councilman McCarthy said he spoke with Lori Johnson from Emery & Webb, who said she would get the rate for next year's insurance to him in the next few weeks. It will automatically renew, however if the board has a special meeting, the insurance could be approved at that meeting. Regarding the PWD #2 water meter project, there are five meters that need to be installed and one that needs to be checked. Regarding the town's health insurance, the rates are $40,405.00 this year for NYSHIP. The rates for MVP are, family plan $33,870.00, single $11,888.00, the employee and spouse is $23,772.00 and employee and child is $20, 206.00. Those are the correct current numbers. SNOW Councilwoman Snow said May is mental health month but also military month, and she thanked all that served and have served. MYGAN Councilman Mygan said he would like to discuss a financial disclosure for town board members, but this would require overseeing by an ethics board, which he felt needed to be discussed. He suggested the ethics board be placed on the June agenda for discussion. Councilwoman Snow said the IMA would need to be changed to move forward, which could be done quickly. SCHMITT Supervisor Schmitt said he met with the building inspector today and there are many building permits open, including many expired open building permits, along with many complaints. He suggested offering an amnesty program again so as to try to close these expired permits, and suggested part time help for the building department. The motion to adjourn was made by councilman McCarthy at 7:40 PM, seconded by councilwoman Pitt, motion passed unanimously. _________________________________ Town Clerk
e-Deliverance A Peaceful Death is Everybody's Right January Exit International 2009 The Nitrogen Alternative With a temporary restriction on the availability of disposable Helium in Australia (and New Zealand), Exit examined the viability of other inert gases. The 'Nitrogen Alternative' was developed and launched in Adelaide on 18 December in front of more than 100 workshop participants. This new method is a variation on the Helium hypoxic death. Helium has become a staple among available options for peacefully and reliably ending one's life. Of interest to members will be a number of important benefits offered by the Nitrogen Alternative. Summarising these advantages: Left: SA media focus on the 'undetectability' of the Nitrogen method * Standard LPG cylinders are used which are designed for refilling. They are better manufactured with more reliable control taps; * Should the cylinders lose gas over time, they can be readily refilled - refilling is not possible with helium; * When used with the standard Exit jet flow control fitting, longer periods of useful gas flow can be obtained (>30 mins with flow rates of over 5 litres/min); and * As a gas, Nitrogen is well tolerated by the human body with less possibility of adverse reaction by those inhaling it. In addition to the above benefits, the positive features of the original Helium hypoxic system are preserved. The Nitrogen Alternative is legal, peaceful, quick and requires no drugs. Importantly, this method is also undetectable, even at autopsy. However, the two systems share the same drawbacks; a plastic Exit bag must be used and people with significant respiratory disease cannot (and should not) use this approach; and there is another disadvantage, unique to the Nitrogen Alternative. Special care is required when tanks are filled. To address these safety issues, Exit will launch a number of member-supervised 'filling stations'. Details of locations and access to this service will be posted in the coming months on Exit News & Forum. Filling the Nitrogen cylinder In 2009 Exit workshops will include the Nitrogen system and feature a new video to explain its prep- This Edition aration. A longer version of the video will be included in the February - March update of the Peaceful Pill eHandbook (see: www.peacefulpill. com). Subscribers will be notified by email when updates are available. Volunteering at Exit International With the membership of Exit International ever increasing, the organisation is needing to rely more and more on our many volunteers throughout Australia, New Zealand and, most recently, the UK. Rowe is regularly assisted, not only by her husband Peter (who with Lindy Boyd's husband Frank has started what they have called the 'Exit Gophers Society'), but by long-term Exit members Neal and Jill. Together, this team of four run social activities, workshops, Expo stalls, all in the name of Exit. Lindy Boyd held Christmas drinks for Exit's Melbourne office volunteers at her home in Canterbury on Sunday 14 December 2008 Since our UK debut in October, Exit has been delighted to be represented by David Michael who lives and works in Stroud in the UK. We are grateful to David for representing us in the media - something which looks set to increase over the coming 12 months. In addition to our 25+ Chapter Coordinators, Exit is lucky to enjoy the support of the same number of people again who assist with Chapter activities. It is not unusual to find Chapters being run by small teams, each assigned to different aspects of the Chapter's operation. On the Gold Coast, for example, Elaine Arch- Outside of Chapters, Exit is assisted by yet another critical group of volunteers. In the 12 months since Exit established its Melbourne office, Lindy Boyd has created a network of 20 regular volunteers who do all manner of day-to-day tasks from answering the phone and collecting the mail to the never-ending job of stuffing envelopes for each mailout. Exit is enormously grateful to all our volunteers, you are the backbone of our organisation. We thank you very sincerely for all you do. Motorhome Wanted to Lease office and accommodation facility when Exit Director, Philip Nitschke takes to the road in April. With a very hectic schedule of public meetings and workshops being planned for 2009, Exit is seeking to lease or buy a motorhome - RV - Coaster - or the like - to act as a mobile Exit One of the big boosts for Exit in 2008 was the widespread success of our Community Education program. on life (and death), Exit remains keen to bring endof-life choices information to all corners of Australia and New Zealand (as well as to other countries). Exit has long been cognisant that retired farmers and country folk represent a considerable proportion of Exit's overall membership. Be it because of a particularly pragmatic viewpoint Exit has estimated that more than 4000 people attended meetings nationwide as well as in New Zealand and the UK over the past 18 months. Of particular note has been the popularity of meetings in rural and regional centres. Lindy on 03 9850 8192. Not only will you be enhancing our Director's ability to work and travel but you will be instrumental in helping bring the message of choice to those who seek it. If you have a motorhome you would be willing to lease to Exit, or even one for sale, please call 2. Dunedin Chapter Coordinator Gets Tattooed Dunedin Exit Chapter Coordinator - Paula Westoby - created international news in early December when she undertook to have the words 'Do Not Resuscitate' tattooed across her chest. At this point she then decided to make the message permanent. The paper's report continued: 'Tattoo artist Aaron Manuel, of Visual Intelligence, said he would respect her wishes Always one for a challenge, 79-year-old Paula contacted her local media outlets to advise them of her plans and even allowed local Dunedin TV to film her during the procedure. if she collapsed while getting her tattoo, "I would hate to see what would happen afterwards." Speaking to the Otago Daily Times, Paula said: 'I wanted to make a statement and I think this is the best way to do it . . . and it is bloody practical too." 'Upon hearing the story behind her tattoo, Mr Manuel waived the $200 charge and the sevenmonth waiting list. Surprised by how little the one-hour procedure hurt, Ms Westoby said she was excited about seeing the results.' "I just love it." Two months ago, the paper reported Paula had written the message, with the help of her grandson in indelible ink across her chest. Deliverance in 2009 In 2009, Exit's flagship newsletter publication - Deliverance - will be published monthly online and bimonthly in print. For Exit members who have Internet access, eDeliverance will be distributed solely online commencing in February. For Exit members who rely on the post, a special bimonthly edition of Deliverance will be mailed from Exit's Melbourne office. The print edition of Deliverance will contain the highlights of the monthly eVersions. If you have not yet registered your email address with Exit you may do so on the homepage of Exit International at: www.exitinternational.net * This edition of Deliverance + Member survey has been mailed to all Exit members. Exit congratulates Paula on flying the Exit flag in such a unique way! I'd Rather Die Like a Dog Vale - George Her death was very peaceful, if very sad. In early December, Philip and Fiona were very saddened by the death of Molly's sister, 13 year old George. George passed away peacefully thanks to a Vet-administered dose of Nembutal. In late November, she developed a serious skin condition, caused by immune system problems. If only we could all be as lucky as our animals. Contact Us Donate to Exit Exit International PO Box 37781 Darwin NT 0821 Australia 1300 10 3948 (EXIT) or Melb Office 03 9850 8192 email@example.com Exit relies on donations to fund its meetings/ workshops, private visits and R&D programs Please give generously. 3. 'We Should Legalise Euthanasia' IQ2 Debate @ City Recital Hall On Tuesday 3 February, Exit members are invited to join Exit Director, Dr Philip Nitschke, Greens Senator Bob Brown and Professor Peter Baume AC as they argue for the affirmative in a public debate titled 'We Should Legalise Euthanasia.' As background, the IQ2 debates form part of an international series of public discussions with counterpart programs operating in both the UK (www.intelligencesquared.com) and the USA (www.intelligencesquaredus.org). Opposing the pro-choice team will be former Howard Govern- ment Health Minister Hon Tony Abbott, Jesuit priest Father Frank Brennan AO and palliative care GP, Dr Maria Cigolini. The debate will be chaired by Dr Simon Longstaff, Executive Director of the St James Ethics Centre which is host of the debate series. The debate series is sponsored by the Sydney Morning Herald, the City of Sydney and ABC Radio National. Tickets for the event cost $30 ($20 pensioner) and are available from City Recital Hall Box Office on 02) 8256-2222 or on-line. City Recital Hall is located at 2-12 Angel Place, Sydney. Doors open at 6pm for a 6.45pm start. Forthcoming Exit Chapter Meetings January - March 2009 FORSTER: Tuncurry Bowls Club, 1.00pm, Thursday, 29 Jan. Call Lesley on 02-6554-5942. DORRIGO: CWA Rooms, 3pm, Saturday, 31 Jan. Call Al on 02-6657-2355. NEWCASTLE: Trades Hall, 10.30 am, Monday, 2 Feb. Call Vincent on 02-4945-1916. CENTRAL COAST: Kincumber Community Ctr, 10am, Saturday, 28 Feb. Call Bettina on 02-43694008. GOLD COAST: Community Room, Pacific Fair Shopping Centre, 10am, Tues, 10 March. Call Elaine on 0421-796-713. CAIRNS: Cominos House, Thursday 5 Feb. Call John on 0427-486-402. CANBERRA: Griffen Centre, 12.30pm, Friday, 6 Feb. Call David on 0401-315-631. PERTH: Wembley Community Centre, 40 Alexander St, Wembly, 1pm, Monday 9 Feb. Call Carol on 0429-039-167. TOWNSVILLE: Wednesday 18 Feb. Call Syd or Eric on 07-4729-0275. MELBOURNE: Tuesday 24 Feb. For details call Rob on 0423-305-788. BRISBANE: 10.00am, Saturday 28 Feb. Call Angelika on 0431-275-840. DUNEDIN: 1st floor, Public Library, 2pm, Sunday 15 March. Call Paula on 03-471-9955. Exit Membership Update On 1 January 2009, Exit International changed its membership system to a set membership fee + annual donation. To date, a majority of members have chosen to renew at the levels of previous years, resulting in an overall payment to Exit averaging $100 - $150. However, the fact that a significant minority of members have renewed without making a donation threatens to put Exit's ambitious 2009 program of Workshops and other activities at risk. We strongly urge all members to continue supporting Exit. If you are experiencing financial hardship and would like to donate in smaller amounts at set times throughout the year please call Amanda on 1300 10 3948 (EXIT) to discuss. 4. Exit Goes to Woodford Following his highly successful appearances at Queensland's Woodford Folk Festival in 2007, Philip Nitschke was again invited to participate in the Folk Medicine stream of this internationally renowned festival in 2008. Speaking at the Blue Lotus Tent, Philip gave two sessions to packed houses with many standing outside the main tent, anxious to hear his news and views on the Voluntary Euthanasia debate. Already, Philip's appearances at Woodford look set to continue in 2009 with an invitation extended to him to speak again. To accommodate the marked increase in numbers attending these Exit presentations, Philip's 2009 appearance is being scheduled for one of the main concert venues. Lets hope the weather is a little cooler next time around. Exit is very grateful to convenor Dominique Finney for her kind invitation and to all those who make a visit to this Festival so enjoyable. Philip preparing his talk in the performers' Green Room at Woodford Folk Festival 2009 Exit Member Survey All Exit members are encouraged to participate in the Exit Member Survey enclosed with this newsletter. Exit is unique among VE organisations in that we survey you, our members, to ensure that what we do and how we do it is what you expect of us. Space has meant the survey has been kept to 4 pages (we would really have liked double that) but please use this opportunity to include extra pages with your thoughts and ideas. We hope to collate the results in time for the March - April edition of Deliverance. Exitorial Happy New Year and welcome to an exciting 12 months at Exit International. As many of you will be aware, 2008 was a year jam-packed with activity in which I spent very little time standing still. Not only did Exit run over 40 public meetings and workshops but the trial of Caren Jenning and Shirley Justin in Sydney mid-year meant that I spent very little time in the Exit workshop and laboratory. As this newsletter goes to press all that has changed. This is because the first two months of 2009 have been set aside to enable the GC-MS equipment to become fully functioning. The custom-built Lab is now complete, the plumbing is in the process of being installed and the equipment is being relocated. I would expect to have early results by April - May. Apart from an early focus on our Research and Development, 2009 begins with the Intelligence Squared debate in Sydney where, with fellow VE supporters Senator Bob Brown and Professor Peter Baume we will be debating (and hopefully winning) against the naysayers of Tony Abbott and Father Frank Brennan on the issue of the legalisation of VE. I invite all interested Exit members to come along. These debates are known to book out early so be quick in getting your tickets or you may miss out. For Exit members not able to get to Sydney, the debates are podcast on ABC Radio National. One piece of sad news to come Exit's way over the Christmas break was the death of Exit member, Professor Peter Karmel. Ironically, it was Professor Karmel's office that I (along with fellow student social activists) occupied back in 1969 during that decade's marked period of political unrest. Peter was Vice Chancellor of Flinders University and I a PhD student. He would be the first one to admit that his decision to seek assistance from Exit in the final weeks of his life certainly showed no hard feelings. I send my condolences to his wife and family. Looking forward, Exit is this year planning a bigger broader Community Education program of meetings and workshops, hence our need for a Motorhome; to make life on the road less stressful, more productive and more enjoyable than endless motel rooms. Fiona and I are also looking forward to welcoming a new dog into our lives. Losing two dogs in the one year has taken its toll. Finally as this newsletter goes to press, the Australian Federal Government is busy trialing its mandatory Internet Filtering - the so-called 'Clean Feed'. This is the latest and most offensive move by a government intent on 'censoring death'. Watch the February edition of Deliverance when we bring you the background and a full update of this most invasive and unwanted development. Exit Store I want to join/ rejoin/ donate to Exit International In 2008 - 2009, the average payment to Exit is A$100-150. This includes an annual membership fee is $55 (inc gst). * The Peaceful Pill eHandbook (online video edition) (banned in Australia) - available at www.peacefulpill.com for US$75 (includes 24 months of updates) * The Peaceful Pill Handbook (print edition) (banned in Australia) - available from Exit International US Ltd, PO Box 300396, Waterford MI 48330 USA for US$40 (includes postage worldwide) or from www.peacefulpill.com (Use this form to mail order the PPH from the US. Credit Card payments ONLY) Contact Details Donation Options First Name(s)…………………...…….......… Last Name……………………………...……. Address……………………………..…..…… ……………………….Postcode................... eMail.......................................................... Age............................................................. Telephone……………………….........…...... I am paying $ ………............................................. on (today's date)...................................................... 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The Discoursal Arabic Coordinating Conjunction Wa (And) Kelle Taha University of Jordan P.O. Box 13542, Amman, Jordan E-mail firstname.lastname@example.org Marwan A. Jarrah University of Jordan, Amman Jordan E-mail: email@example.com Rasheed S. Al-Jarrah Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Received: November 13, 2013 Accepted: January 24, 2014 Published: August 22, 2014 doi:10.5296/ijl.v6i4.4547 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v6i4.4547 Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the main discoursal functions of the most commonly used Arabic coordinating conjunction, Wa (the English equivalent of 'and'). In order to do this, the researchers selected ten Jordanian parliamentary speeches to be used as the data of the study. In contrast to what has been heavily stated by Arabic linguists, the study showed that the Wa can have many discoursal functions. Upon analyzing the findings of the study in light of advancements made in The Relevance Theory, this research has provided further empirical evidence on how relevance considerations shape collaborative language use. Keywords: Discourse markers, Coordinating conjunctives, Concession, Ending ISSN 1948-5425 1. Introduction Discourse analysis, which specializes basically in extra-sentential levels, is generally considered a relatively modern branch of linguistics. Upon delving into these extra-sentential levels such as text and context, one finds that new discoursal phenomena have swiftly emerged and occupied a uniquely distinguished position among other existing linguistic phenomena such as discourse markers. For example, being the most commonly used Arabic coordinating conjunction, Wa plays, the argument goes, discoursal and connective roles different from those found in Arabic references. 2. Review of Related Literature 2.1 Discourse Markers Fuller (2003) examines the use of discourse markers you know, like, oh, well, yeah, and I mean in two speech contexts ( interviews and casual conversations) to determine their role in marking and negotiating speakers' roles. One finding of the study is that the discourse markers oh and well show statistically significant references in use rate between contexts. It is also claimed that you know, like, yeah, and I mean were used at similar rates across contexts, indicating that the functions of these presentation markers are more universal. Couched within the framework of the Relevance Theory (henceforth, RT), Gibbs and Bryant (2008) present the results of four experiments that examined people's real-life answers to questions about time. Their hypothesis is that people strive to make their answers optimally relevant for the addressee, which in many cases allows people to give rounded, and not exact, time responses. Moreover, analyses of the non-numeric words, hesitations, and latencies of people's verbal responses to time questions reveal important insights into the dynamics of speaking to achieve optimal relevance. People include discourse markers, hesitation marks, like ''uh'' and ''um'', and pauses when answering time questions to maximize the cognitive effects listeners can infer while minimizing the cognitive effort required to infer these effects. In a study highlighting the roles of discourse markers in the text, Borderia (2008) examines discourse connectives (another name for discourse markers) and other related sets of markers within RT. The researcher collected data from colloquial conversations to provide evidence that conceptual and procedural features can coexist within a single marker. The study concludes that the examination of tokens of language use (such as discourse markers) is not merely an optional activity in the process of linguistic theory making. Olmos and Ahern (2008) revise previous analyses of but and although formulated within a relevance theoretical framework and offer a new perspective on their functions based on cross-linguistic data. These connectives had been described in terms of effort-saving devices that lead the addressee to suspend or eliminate assumptions. They discuss different uses of these adversative and concessive connectives in both English and Spanish and propose that their meaning consists of indicating that a contrast should be established between an explicitly expressed proposition and possible alternative propositional representations. The study concludes that the discourse markers have procedural content that they encode affects the inferential process of identifying the higher-level explicatures of the utterance. ISSN 1948-5425 Al-Kohlani (2010) examines the functions of discourse markers in Arabic newspaper editorials. The main goal of the study is to identify discourse markers which are used in Arabic newspaper editorials and describe their function at two levels of text structure, i.e. the sentence and the paragraph levels. To this effect, the study analyzes 50 texts that form the data in the study, taking a semantic/pragmatic relation-based approach. The analytical model employed in this study consists of three steps. The study concludes that discourse markers are not only connecting words that contribute to the cohesion of text, but they are also crucial tools for achieving communicative acts in the text. Bell (2010) examines a cluster of three English concessive cancellative discourse markers, namely yet, nevertheless, and still, which share similar pragmatic instructions but differ in their varying semantic and syntactic properties. The study depends on both naturalistic (random and non-random) and introspected sources for data collection. He concludes that the more vague the instruction carried by a concessive marker, the greater its ability to operate globally and conversely, the more detailed the instruction, the less its ability to operate globally. Lee-Goldman(2011) proposes three senses of no as a discourse marker, on the basis of their pragmatic, semantic, and turn-sequential features. These senses do the work of (i) topic shift, (ii) misunderstanding management, and (iii) turn-taking conflict resolution. While they share very important semantic and pragmatic characteristics with other discourse markers and nondiscourse markers senses of no, especially negation and indexicality, they are distinguished from each other and other senses by their position within the utterance and larger discourse. He points out the significance of the existence of these senses for examination of complex discourse markers and for the representation of ongoing discourse. 2.2 Concession In an attempt to define concession, Karantzola (1995) states that in traditional grammar, the term 'concession' always refers to a class of subordinate clauses introduced by conjunctions considered a priori as concessive. Moreover, Crevels (2000) suggests four different levels of concessive meanings. These potential meanings are shown in the following examples: a. Although it is raining, we're going for a walk. b. He's not at home although his car is parked in front of the house. c. Even though I am calling a bit late, what are your plans for this evening? d. I speak and write Serbian, Albanian, Turkish and Dutch, but I cannot suppress my true feelings in any other language than Romani. Although, now that I come to think of it, I have done it many times. In an explanation to the above sentences and their relation with the notion of concession, Crevels suggests that (a) is an example of content concession which relates phenomena involving the physical world domain. The raining and walking events are physically realized in the real world. On the other hand, (b) shows epistemic relationship that relates the speaker's premise and a conflicting conclusion. Although the two events [his being not at home] and [his car parking] are real world events, there is a difference between (a) and (b) in the relations of the two sub-events. In (c), the concessive meaning should be assessed at the level of speech acts. On the other hand, in (d) concession can be imagined at the textual level. Kim (2002) indicates that concession involves three objects: 1- the event depicted by the consequent clause; 2- an event that denotes the least likely condition for the consequent to happen; and 3- the set of alternative events or conditions. The meaning of concession arises when a situation or event happens in spite of the fact that the preconditions for the event are in such a configuration that they are least likely precursors to the event. Salman (2003) indicates that in concession, one attributes a judgment to a clause, sentence, paragraph, etc. which is contradictory or unexpected to that of another following clause, sentence, paragraph, etc. So, concession is often meant to set an adversative relationship between two textual entities. However, it is worth mentioning that the division of discourse markers into different types due to the functions they serve in an utterance, sentence, or text is not crystal clear because the same discourse marker can function as a concessive discourse marker in one discourse and as an additive discourse marker in another discourse. Such a notion of different roles and functions served by the same discourse marker is clearly apparent in Arabic. The following verses of the Holy Quran, which is unanimously considered the most perfect Arabic text, explicates this somewhat contentious notion. "Alas for me! shall I bear a child, seeing I am an old woman, and my husband here is an old man? That would indeed be a wonderful thing!"1 Based on the definition of concession stated above, the underlined َو (wa) in this holy verse is a concessive discourse marker because being old prevents a woman from bearing a child. As a result, َو (wa) in this verse is not an additive but concessive discourse marker. On the other hand, the same discourse markers (َو) (wa) is considered as an additive discourse marker in the following holy verse: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only ( 1 ) Allah, the Eternal, Absolute ( 7 ) He begetteth not, nor is He begotten ( 3 ) And there is none like unto Him (" 4 ) As shown in this verse, َو (wa) is a discourse marker of addition; it only adds information to other already mentioned information in the text without denoting any kind of concession or other semantic relation rather than addition. As a result, َو (wa) is in this verse is an additive discourse marker not a concessive one. Therefore, it is not unusual to attribute 20 semantic 1 Translations into English are adapted from the following web page: http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/Qur'an/ functions to (wa) in Arabic (Salman, 2003). Consequently, this richness of functions attributed to only one discourse marker is undoubtedly hard-evidence for the significance of discourse markers in Arabic and is simultaneously a strong indicator to the importance of their investigations in Arabic discourse. 3. Sample of the Study and Data Collection As this study was a corpus-based investigation, actual data for the purpose of the study had been sought. The sample of the study consisted of ten political texts delivered by representatives in the Jordanian Parliament (December 19, 2010 - December 23, 2010). These texts represented, of course, different vantage points as well as political positions towards voting for or against the formation of the Prime Minister, His Excellency Sameer Al-Rifai's second government. The ten speeches were chosen because they, it is believed, contained many concessive links as the speeches were reviewed by three linguists to determine their suitability for the study. 4. Findings The concessive discourse markers found in the study sample are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1. Concessive DMs Found in the Study Sample ّ ّ \| NO. \| DM \| Arabic Transcription \| \| \| \| \| Meaning \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| No \| \| 1. \| نكل \| Laakin \| \| \| \| \| But \| 32 \| \| 2. \| لب \| Ball \| \| \| \| \| But \| 24 \| \| 3. \| و \| Wa \| \| \| \| \| But \| 17 \| \| 4. \| نأّ لاإ \| ?illa ?anna \| \| \| \| \| But rather \| 11 \| \| 5. \| لب لا \| laa ball \| \| \| \| \| But, rather, instead \| 7 \| \| 6. \| نّأ عم \| \| maʕ ?ann \| \| \| \| Although \| 6 \| \| 7. \| مغر \| \| r \| uĠ \| \| ma \| Though \| 4 \| \| 8. \| نم مغرلاب \| \| bilra \| \| \| Ġmi min \| Although \| 3 \| \| 9. \| نأّ ريغ \| \| Ġ \| \| ayra?ann \| \| Yet \| 2 \| \| 10. \| نيح يف \| fiЋiin \| \| \| \| \| Whereas \| 2 \| \| 11. \| نّأ ملعلا عم \| maʕ?alʕilmi ?ann \| \| \| \| \| Despite the fact that \| 2 \| \| 12. \| مغرلا ىلع \| ʕala alruĠmi \| \| \| \| \| Although \| 2 \| \| 13. \| امنيب \| Baynama \| \| \| \| \| Whereas \| 1 \| \| 14. \| نّأ مغر \| ru \| \| \| Ġma ?ann \| \| Although \| 1 \| \| 15. \| لك عم فسلأا \| maʕkullil?asaf \| \| \| \| \| But, unluckily, \| 1 \| ّ ISSN 1948-5425 As Table 1 shows, these fifteen discourse markers are ordered in a descending fashion (32 occurrences for laakin versus 1 occurrence for ruĠma ?ann, baynama , and ma ʕ kullil?asaf). The frequency of occurrences is actually of paramount importance for the study purposes because it highlights the DMs which need in-depth scrutiny. In fact, the most frequent concessive discourse marker is laakin with 32 occurrences, directly followed by ball with 24 occurrences. To the contrary, the least frequent concessive discourse markers are: ruĠma?ann, baynama, and ma ʕ kullil?asaf with only one occurrence for each. It is worth mentioning that wa, ranking third, is a rather frequent concessive discourse marker with 17 occurrences. This relatively frequent use of some discourse markers should entail that their usage is far from being accidental, a state of affairs that requires further probing. 4.1 Ending Wa The point worth noting here is that when discourse markers are investigated based on (con)textual relations, many contextual functions attributed to these discourse markers are recognized. For example, by probing into the (con)textual functions of wa in the study data in order to set up an exhaustive understanding of its use as a concessive discourse marker, it is noticed that wa serves as an ending marker, that is it marks the end of the speech. ...... نحن معنيون بشئ واحد هو أن ال نخذل البالد وسيد البالد في مشروع االصالح والتغيير أن ال نخذل األمل بأن تكون االنتخابات كما أرادها الشعب محطة تحول حقيقي تضع األردن الغالي على سكة التقدم ،واألزدهار والس لم عليكم ورحمة اهلل وبركاته . (6) We are mainly concerned to let down neither the country nor the King regarding the programme of reforms and not to let down the hope the people have on the upcoming elections to be a real turning point which help Jordan on the path of progress and prosperity. And yet, peace and God's mercy and blessings be upon you. It is astonishing to point out that all speeches of the study sample end with the same sentence (السالم عليكم ورحمة اهلل وبركاته)( peace and God's mercy and blessings be upon you) initiated by wa. This wa is hence not accidentally used. It marks the end of the speech, and the ending sentence (السالم عليكم ورحمة اهلل وبركاته) (peace and God's mercy and blessings be upon you) cannot serve the function attributed to it as an ending sentence without this wa at the beginning of it. This combination, in turn, caters for a strong signal to the underlying significance of this discourse marker in ending expressions. According to Arabic traditional grammar, this wa is called "an introductory discourse marker" In reality, we assume that this wa is largely regarded as a marker of a special kind of concession because it connects two different themes: the main theme of the whole topic with the theme of goodbye which is somehow not acknowledged by the audience if the speaker does not pave the road for it by other ending expressions or by changing his/her intonation. 4.2 Concessive Wa Wa (and) works as a connective at either the intersentential or intrasentential levels. Firstly, it works intrasententially as indicated in the following one-sentence segment: We are not after programs that will last for decades or even for the upcoming decade, given that these programs already exist in the national agenda which is to be updated by the government. In the above example, wa connects two linguistic units within the sentence boundaries. These two linguistic units have conflicting themes. So, it is suggested that wa here serves as an intrasententially-connecting concessive discourse marker. On the other hand, it works as an intersententially-connecting concessive discourse marker as shown in the segment below: Out of care for your precious time, and in order to leave the floor to my representative colleagues, I will end up the discussion of the government program, by saying I can never hold the government representative for a past in which it might have had no role, though I claim serious reservation about the performance of its head or some of its members in previous governments. In this example, wa connects two completely contradictory themes delivered by the sentences it connects. To be precise, wa connects the notion of inability to ask for some deeds conducted once by other governments with the idea of presence of some negative observations associated with the prime minister's and some present ministers' past performances. It connects two separate sentences with conflicting propositions. For this, it works intersententially. 5. Discussion When investigating wa, monosemy is regarded the ideal outcome of the analysis. Actually, the idea of monosemy is mainly depicted in that secondary meanings are explained, whenever possible, as contextual variants of an invariant meaning given in all of the cases by its procedural instruction (Fretheim, 2000). The main assumption of monosemy is that one invariant meaning would cover all uses of the form involved. On the whole, the aim of a monosemic description of discourse markers is to avoid the proliferation of senses (Pustejovsky, 1995). Because discourse markers have many functions played in the context, monosemy is all in all considered as the best explanation of these multifunctional connectives. In the monosemic approach, each discourse marker is related to one abstract meaning functioning as the common denominator for the different contextually determined meaning or functions of the marker. Indeed, this link of analysis is oriented towards meaning minimalism rather than meaning maximalism. (Aijmer and Simon-Vandenbergen, 2006) International Journal of Linguistics ISSN 1948-5425 What is here essential to highlight is that each discourse marker has its own meaning which cannot be narrowed or loosened. The meaning is the same in all of the occurrences of that discourse marker, but the functions attributed to that discourse marker may be different and variant due to the context they occur in. Besides, all of these potential functions are fully derived from that invariant meaning of the discourse marker. More concisely, wa has a single meaning of addition despite the fact that it would serve different functions such as concession, continuity, etc. given that all of these functions are derived of its basic meaning as an addition marker. The same understanding is applied to laakin and other discourse markers. Admittedly, this kind of analysis would account for two puzzling findings of the study. Firstly, it provides us with an account of why there are 15 different concessive discourse markers, and why there is not only one concessive discourse marker which can depict the concessive relation between utterances. Actually, we claim that concession has many degrees and facets, that is, one discourse marker can signal a full degree of concession such as laakin, whereas another one can signal a lesser degree of concession such as m a ʕ ?a l ʕ ilmi ?ann (English:although) . Concession has many facets, that is, some concessive discourse markers connect two fully contrary themes such as laakin, whereas, other discourse markers connect one theme with a new but unexpected one such as ball. In fact, the analysis of monosemy analysis states that these different degrees and facets of concession are derived from different meanings. So, a discourse marker having one meaning cannot serve all degrees and facets of concession which needs different discourse markers with different basic meanings to depict all of its degrees and facets given the claim that each discourse marker has its own concessive function different from that of other discourse markers. Secondly, the approach of monosemy has a close affinity with effort-effect relation. We believe that a discourse marker having a single meaning with few functions is more frequent in the context. That is because it needs less effort from both speaker and listener to process and select the most relevant functions of that discourse marker due to the discourse in which it is used. In addition, a discourse marker having a single meaning with more functions is less frequent in the context. That is because it needs more effort from both speaker and listener to process and to select the most relevant functions of the discourse marker due to the discourse in which it is used. The relationship between monosemy and the notion of effort and effect is framed in figure 2 and 3 below. Figure 2 shows this relation taking laakin into consideration, whereas figure 3 shows it taking wa into consideration. Figure 2. The relationship between monosemy and the notion of effort and effect taking laakin into consideration As can be seen in figure 2, laakin has only one single meaning depicted in the English word "but" and only one function which is depicted in the function of concession. So, it needs less effort to process and has more effect in the discourse. The listener, for example, will not exert much effort to establish the concessive relation between the utterances connected by laakin, and thus he/she can decide about the communicative acts intended in the utterances and find the implicature effortlessly and effectively. This basically means that seeking optimal relevance is highly appreciated by using laakin. Figure 3. The relationship between monosemy and the notion of effort and effect taking wa into consideration As can be seen in figure 3, wa has only one single meaning depicted in the English word "and" and at least three main functions which are depicted in the functions of concession, addition, and continuity. So, it needs more effort to process and so has less effect in the discourse. The listener will exert a lot of effort to establish the relation between the utterances connected by wa, and thus he/she cannot easily decide about the communicative acts intended in the utterances and find the implicature with more effort as compared to that of laakin. That means that seeking for optimal relevance is a rather complicated matter when wa is used in the discourse. This finding is of importance because we can account for the fact why wa, for example, is not regarded as a concessive discourse marker in traditional Arabic grammar. That is probably because it has a single meaning of addition but many (reaching 19) functions (Salman, 2003) in the discourse. Therefore, concession is one of these 19 functions. Accordingly, it can be hypothesized that these less-ranked functions of wa have been underestimated or ignored. Concerning wa, it should be stated that it connects a proposition with an illogical or irrational consequence of it. This role is clearly shown in all of its occurrences, including the following: Is it rational to believe that sewers of more than one Jordanian city end in the station of Khirbat Al-Samraa, and that there about 60% of the same region is without a sewer system. Concerning the third most frequent concessive discourse marker, wa, it is evident that it also plays the same role in reducing the processing effort for the speaker and maximizing the contextual effect for the listener needed to derive implicature, and thus, maximizes its optimal relevance. وأتساءل هنا لماذا تأخرت حكومتكم، مثلما تأخرت الحكومات التي سبقتكم بتنفيذ إرادة جاللة الملك عبداهلل الثاني حفظه ،اهلل، حين أمر قبل سنوات بإنشاء منطقة صناعية وكلية زراعية في لواء ذيبان وانتم تعرفون يا دولة الرئيس أكثر من غيركم أهمية مثل هذه المشاريع ودورها ف ي تخفيف عبء البطالة ومحاربة جيوب الفقر والحد من الحاجة المتفاقمة عند المواطنين. (14) "I wonder here why your government, like other preceding governments, delayed executing the implementation of initiatives of His Majesty King Abdullah II, may God protect him, when he ordered to establish an industrial area and a College of Agriculture in the District of Theban although you know, your Excellency, more than other people, the importance of such projects in alleviating the burden of unemployment, combating poverty and fulfilling the growing needs of the population there." The main thrust of argument in this segment is that the government delayed implementing King Abdullah's initiatives for the Theban region (south Amman) although it knew well the importance of such initiatives to alleviate unemployment effects. This concessive relation is framed by wa. What is important to highlight here is that this discourse marker is used by the speaker to show higher degrees of concession, a point which will be investigated in more details below. Shielded within the model of RT, it would be elaborated that wa is a ISSN 1948-5425 2014, Vol. 6, No. 4 procedural expression since it guides the listener when searching for relevance in utterance interpretation by constraining the choice of contextual information and the cognitive effects that can be obtained (Olmos and Ahern, 2008). In this instance, wa consists of instructions about how to manipulate the conceptual representation of the utterance (Fraser, 1999). It makes the listener build a relationship between what was before and what is after, helping him create or derive the implicature the speaker wants to deliver. It introduces the listener with a choice that although the Prime Minister is familiar with the status quo in Theban, he did not undertake the King's initiatives related to this region. This relation leads the listener to the assumption that the speaker is not happy with such a government, and he eventually will vote against giving it the needed confidence vote. Such a marker presents its meaning in this context as a restriction on the inferential processes that will lead to the intended interpretation of the utterances in which it is used. If such a discourse marker is omitted, the speaker is obliged to exert more effort to deliver his intended message and be more open. As a result, the listener also will exert more effort needed to understand what the speaker wants to tell because there are not linguistic clues which he can depend on to construct such a concessive relation. In addition, the listener is faced with many interpretations with the same or different probability that leads to a less maximized contextual effect. To sum up, wa works as a constraint of the inferential processes that take place at the implicit level and warns the listener to suspend an inference that can lead to a contradiction (Iten, 2005). The function attributed to wa in this example is not to add a new proposition to an already existing one. Conversely, the function attributed to it is to construct a contradictory relation between the two propositions and lead the listener to infer that the speaker will not vote for the government because of its negligence of the King's initiatives which are extremely important for people in Theban. References Aijmer, K., & Simon-Vandenbergen, A. (2006). Pragmatic Markers in Contrast. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Al-Kohlani, F. (2010). The Function of Discourse Markers in Arabic Newspaper Opinion Articles. Unpublished PhD dissertation; Georgetown University Bell, D. (2010). Nevertheless, Still, Yet: Concessive Concellative Discourse Markers. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1912-1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.010 Borderai, P. (2008). Do discourse markers exist? On the Treatment of Discourse Markers in Relevance Theory. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 1411-1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.03.013. Crevels, M. (2000). Concessives on different semantic levels: A typological perspective. In Couper-Kiihlem, E. and B. Kortmann (eds.) Cause-Condition-Concession-Contrast, Cognitive and Discourse Perspectives, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 313-340. Fraser, B. (1999). What Are Discourse Markers? Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 931-952. Fretheim, T. (2000). In defence of monosemy. In: Paper presented at the 7th International Pragmatics Conference, Budapest, July 9–14, 2000. Fuller, J. (2003). The Influence of Speaker Roles on Discourse Markers Use. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 23-45. Gibbs, R. W., & Bryant, G. A. (2008). Striving for optimal relevance when answering questions. Cognition, 106(1), 345-369. Iten, C. (2005). Linguistic meaning, truth conditions and relevance, the case of Concessives. London, UK: Palgrave. . Karantzola, E. (1995). Let's talk about concession: The case of the Modern Greek particle as Journal of Pragmatics, 24, 55–75. Kim, Y (2002). Concession and Linguistic Inference. Proceedings of The 16th Pacific Asia Conference. The Korean Society for Language and Information. Lee-Goldman, R. (2011). No as a discourse marker. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 2627-2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.03.011 Olmos, S., & Ahern, A. (2008). Contrast and propositional attitude: A relevance theoretic analysis of contrast connectives in Spanish and English. Lingua, 119(1), 51–66. Pustejovsky, J., & Bouillln, B. (1995). Aspectual Coercion and logical polysemy. Journal of Semantics, 12, 133-162. سلماّن، جاسم( . 7003 .)موسوعة معاني الحروف العربية . عماّن، دار أسامه للنشر والتوزيع .
Thy Will Be Done By Ronald L.Dart The disciples of Jesus came to him one day with a request: "Lord, teach us to pray." Jesus replied with a remarkably concise, model prayer. From endless repetition, everyone knows it by heart—we call it the Lord's Prayer. Somehow, I don't think repetition is exactly what Jesus had in mind. Rather, I think he gave us an outline for prayer and left it to us to fill in the details. But in the process of thinking it through, we can find many interesting things in that prayer. For example, take this sentence: "Thy will be done, on earth, as it is in heaven." Every time I come to that phrase, I seem to come up with new questions. For example, I realized that we weren't praying that God would do his own will. He is quite able to do that without any encouragement from us. Of course, we can also take it that when we pray for a miracle, we acknowledge that it may not be his will to do the deed, and by praying, "Thy will be done," we make it clear that we are willing to accept that. WWWWWho is the doer in hea ho is the doer in hea ho is the doer in heavvvvven of en of en of God' God' God's will? s will? But, thinking further about it, consider the wording: "Thy will be done, on earth, as it is done in heaven." My question, when I thought about it, was who is the doer in heaven of God's will? There are 24 elders there and an innumerable company of angels who carry it out. Who carries out God's will here on earth? Who is supposed to measure up to the heavenly standard of implementation? When I put the question that way, I come to an uncomfortable conclusion. We are the ones to carry out God's will on earth as it is in heaven. Right here, right now. HoHoHoHoHow do y w do y w do you kno ou kno ou know w w w w whahahahahat God' t God' t God's will is? s will is? The problem I hear coming back from people is that they are rather unclear about what God's will April 15, 2010 Volume 15, Number 4 Christian Educational Ministries INSIDE THIS ISSUE actually is—at least in a given situation. But let's take something really simple. Let's say we pray for a poor family, that they will have enough to eat. How would God answer that prayer? Would mom go to the cupboard and find—lo and behold, there is food there that was not there yesterday? Probably not. Chances are, somebody is going to have to take a sack of continued on page 3. . . Changing Lives. . . continued on page 3. . . The gifts given to CEM are making a difference. Read what one Born to Win listener said: "I just wanted to drop a line to let you know how much your online radio archives mean to my husband and I. We stumbled on to your radio broadcast (670 AM Denver, Colorado) and have been hooked ever since. Your educated and informative broadcasts have opened my eyes to a whole new view of the Bible as well a renewed relationship with Christ. We are even going to attend the Feast. . ." Check out our website and see the many things CEM offers. Your gifts are appreciated to make this possible for others. You've Asked:: What Is the Scope of the Work CEM is Doing? * The Born to Win broadcast is heard on five 50,000-watt flagship stations each week, seven international stations, 55 stations that simulcast on the Internet, and 60 stations that are heard Monday through Friday. The broadcast can be heard on the radio at least 275 times every week, plus it is available on the Internet 24/7 at www.borntowin.net. It is estimated that between 100,000 to 150,000 people listen to the Born to Win Program each week. * Born to Win has a very active website, www.borntowin.net with an enormous amount of information you would appreciate. Watch for a much improved website coming soon. * CEM publishes the Living to Win monthly newsletter. * Among other correspondence, Ronald L. Dart writes a monthly letter offering a FREE CD, and four Speaker's Choice CDs for a small charge. These are offered to everyone on CEM's mailing list. * CEM hosts an outstanding Feast of Tabernacles each year with great speakers, insightful biblical and Christian-living seminars, state-of-the-art YEA youth classes for five age groups, youth and social events (many FREE) for inspiration, learning, and fellowship. In 2009, more than 1100 people registered at CEM's Feast site. * YEA, an arm of CEM, publishes full-color Sabbath School lesson books for five different age groups, spanning 17 years of a child's life. In all, there soon will be 952 different lessons. YEA also provides a summer camp for young people 13 through 19 each year. * YEA! Let's R.E.A.C.H. online is for kids three to 20 with daily biblical, fun, and challenging activities that can be downloaded FREE and done at home or for homeschooling. * CEM hosts a Family Weekend Bible Retreat in the spring each year with an outstanding sermon, seminars, YEA classes, and a variety of social events. * CEM also offers an email newsletter and an email first of the month letter. * CEM offers an online Friday Night Bible study that can be listened to any time. One hundred different Bible Studies, covering books of the Bible and other important subjects, are already available online. About 500 people listen to this study each week. * CEM offers a worship service with live streaming each Sabbath at 2 p.m CT. As many as 100 computers have tuned in for a given Sabbath service with several watching on some of these computers. * CEM has a prison ministry for which it transcribes sermons, broadcasts, and offers Bible Study Notes. * CEM publishes the Living Waters Bible study course. * CEM also uses Google AdWords to introduce youth who are not of our tradition to Christ. A follow-up system is in place to contact respondents twice a month. * Ronald L. Dart is personally involved 24/7 in this ministry. Many broadcast listeners write or email him and are surprised that he personally answers the mail and emails he receives from the broadcasts and participates on forums. He has his own website, www.rondart.com. * The CEM Bookstore offers ten books Ron has written, 32 CD albums of complete books of the Bible, timely subjects that he has covered on the air, YEA and Bible Study lessons, MP3s and CDs of broadcasts, and more. Call CEM at 903-839-9300 for a FREE catalog. Thy Will Be Done continued from page 1 . . . groceries by the house and give it to the family. And then we come face to face with an uncomfortable question. How can I pray that God will provide food for that family when I am not motivated to actually do something about it? Now that is not exactly the point I want to make, but it is a provocative question nonetheless. My question is a step back from that one. If we accept that we are the doers, the instruments of God to do his will on earth, how are we supposed to know God's will so we can do it? Actually, it is a little complicated, because life is complicated, but it is not that hard to know the will of God. Let me give you an example: "Do not spread false reports" (Exodus 23:1 NIV). Is it God's will that you spread rumors? Plainly not. Do you see what I mean when I say it is not that hard? If we accept that we are the doers, the instruments of God to do his will on earth, how are we supposed to know God's will so we can do it? Try another, same source: "Do not help a wicked man by being a malicious witness." An interesting side note on this: We are able to discern that a man is wicked, and we are not to advance his cause by slanting our testimony. It is God's will that we not do things such things as this. I realize this is obvious, but why is it obvious? Is it because in reading the Bible, we have come to that conclusion on our own? Read on: "Do not follow the crowd in doing wrong. When you give testimony in a lawsuit, do not pervert justice by siding with the crowd" (v. 2). It is God's will that I be a person of character, that I think for myself and not allow myself to be swept along by the crowd. As a member of a jury of 12 people, don't just go along. Stand up for what is true, "and do not show favoritism to a poor man in his lawsuit" (v. 3). This may seem odd, but you can't pervert justice for what you deem to be a good cause. It is God's will that we help the poor, but not with someone else's money. Here is another example of God's will for man: "If you come across your enemy's ox or donkey wandering off, be sure to take it back to him" (v. 4). It is God's will that we respect the property of others and that we do so regardless of our relationship with the person. "If you see the donkey of someone who hates you fallen down under its load, do not leave it there; be sure you help him with it" (v. 5). It is obvious that we should stop and help our neighbor. It may not be quite so obvious that it is God's will that we do it for an enemy. "Do not deny justice to your poor people in their lawsuits" (v. 6). This is why we appoint public defenders for poor people. You may want to look this up and read it in context. It is an astonishing and plain illustration of God's will that we pray every day should be done. It is all too easy to forget that we are not merely the prayers, but the doers. By now, I think you get my drift. We can learn God's will from the Bible. We learn it from the Law. We learn it from the prophets. We learn it from the teachings of Jesus. It isn't hard, but it doesn't just happen. We have to apply ourselves in two important ways: We have to read it, and we have to think about it. We can learn God's will from the Bible. We learn it from the Law. We learn it from the prophets. We learn it from the teachings of Jesus. Is the pr Is the proboboboboblem tha lem tha lem that yt yt yt yt you don ou don ou don'''''t kno t kno t knowwwww,,,,, or that you don't want to do? So, when you are wondering what God's will is, the first question to ask is: Do I already know it? Is the problem that you don't know, or that you don't want to do? For indeed, we are supposed to be the doers of his will, aren't we? Now, why is it necessary to think about the Law of God? Isn't it enough just to do it? Well, it is a little more subtle than that. The Law is not as much regulatory as revelatory. Let me explain what I mean by that. Here is a simple example: "If you see your brother's ox or sheep straying, do not ignore it but be sure to take it back to him. If the Thy Will Be Done continued from page 3 . . . brother does not live near you or if you do not know who he is, take it home with you and keep it until he comes looking for it. Then give it back to him" (Deuteronomy 22:1-2 NIV). I may not have to worry about that. No one in my county has either an ox or a sheep as far as I know. That said, what if I find my brother's bird dog wandering around? The letter of the Law says nothing about a dog. Well, I am not so stupid that I overlook the principle underlying this Law. Which is why, when a strange dog joined our walk one day and followed us home, I didn't just keep her. She was a recognized breed and valuable. I suspended my other activities and went to work to find the owner—who turned out to be on a cruise, having left the dog with a sitter. I conclude from this Law that I must respect the property rights of others. It is not "finders keepers." Not only must I respect the property rights, I must actively protect them. This is precisely what is involved in doing the will of God. So when you pray, "Thy will be done," go forth determined, to the best of your ability, to do God's will in the world. Learn more from a FREE CD There is much to be said on this theme, and I developed it much more in a recent radio program titled, Thy Will Be Done. For an FREE audio CD of the program and a bonus program that comes with it, just check the box on the enclosed card and send it back to us. There is no charge and no obligation. We realize in these hard times that you may not have much Calendar of Events Memorial Day Family Retreat, May 28-31, 2010 - Join us at the Radisson Hotel, 120 South Wildwood Drive, Branson, Missouri, beginning Friday evening, May 28, for refreshments and a Meet and Greet. Register your children, aged three to 20, for state-of-the-art YEA classes each morning at 10 while you go to a seminar given by such presenters as Ronald Dart, Larry Watkins, and Paula Hughes. Ronald L. Dart will be giving the sermon on the Sabbath. Fun social events are planned to help you get acquainted and bond with friends in the faith. This retreat ends Monday noon with a farewell talk by Ronald L. Dart. For reservations call 1-800-395-7046 and tell them you're with CEM so you can get our discount. Also check out www.borntowin.net for other information. Feast of Pentecost - Watch our website for time and location. Summer Camp 2010 - Camp Wewoka Woods, near Wewoka, Oklahoma from June 20 to 27. It is open to all teens, regardless of their church affiliation, who will be 13 by the time camp ends and have not yet turned 19. Scholarships are available for those who cannot afford the tuition. Call Larry Watkins at 1-888-BIBLE-44 for further information. So when you pray, "Thy will be done," go forth determined, to the best of your ability, to do God's will in the world. to give. But we think it is God's will that we send it to you anyhow, so don't hesitate. Radio Update Philadelphia, PA & Trenton, NJ WCHR 920 AM M-F 11:30 a.m. & 2:00 a.m. Sunday 9:30 a.m. Christian Educational Ministries PO Box 560 Whitehouse, Texas 75791 phone: 1-888-BIBLE-44 fax: 903.839-9311 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org website: www.borntowin.net That the man of God may be proficient and equipped for every good work.
Kochrezepte Jamie Oliver Crispy Chicken and Broccoli Noodles \| Jamie Oliver Jamie Oliver ONE- About the Book Jamie Oliver 5 Ingredients - Quick \u0026 Easy Food: Smoky Chorizo Salmon Jamie Oliver 5 Ingredients - Quick \u0026 Easy Food: Lemony Courgette Linguine 10 Italian Recipes By Jamie Oliver 4 Cozy Recipes for Autumn \| Jamie Oliver Speedy Flatbreads \| Jamie Oliver \| ONE \| Monday 8.30pm Channel 4 UK Cheats Fish and Chips \| Jamie: Keep Cooking Family Favourites Creamy Cauliﬂower Cheese Spaghetti \| Jamie Oliver's £1 Wonders \| Channel 4 Monday 8pm UK Sweet Leek Veggie Carbonara \| Jamie Oliver's Meat-Free Meals Veggie Black Bean Enchiladas \| Jamie Oliver One-Pan Scruﬀy Veg Lasagne \| Jamie Oliver One Pan Pulled Pork \| Jamie Oliver Veggie Orzo Pasta \| Jamie Oliver Jamie Oliver 5 Ingredients Quick \u0026 Easy Food: Meltin' Mustardy Beef Veggie Casserole \| Jamie Oliver \| ONE 20 Second Omelette \| Jamie Oliver Roast Lamb \| Jamie Oliver \| ONE #short 45 SECOND OMELETTE \| Jamie Oliver #short Jamie Oliver \"5 Zutaten mediterran\". Alles über sein brandneues 5 Zutaten-Kochbuch! Jamie Oliver 5 Ingredients - Quick \u0026 Easy Food: Cherry Chocolate Mousse Lemon-tzatziki Chicken \| Jamie Oliver Cooks the Mediterranean Billy's Bolognese \| Billy and the Giant Adventure \| Jamie Oliver #shorts Jamie Oliver 5 Ingredients - Quick \u0026 Easy Food: Harissa Chicken Jamie Oliver ONE - Geniale ONE POT Rezepte Sweet pea orecchiette \| Jamie's 5 Ingredient Meals \| Channel 4, Mondays, 8pm Jamie's Friday Night Feast Die exklusive Biograﬁe Jamie's America Essen ist fertig! Genial italienisch Jamie's kitchen Quick & Easy Food Together - Alle an einem Tisch My Guide to Making You a Better Cook GENIAL kochen, GESUND genießen, GLÜCKLICH sein Essen, das glücklich macht günstig einkaufen, bewußt essen, alles verwerten Jamie's Dinners Jamie Oliver's Christmas Cookbook Cook clever mit Jamie Jamie's Red Nose Recipes Cook Your Way to the Good Life Kochrezepte Jamie Oliver OMB No. 9053971243046 edited by HESTER MARIELA Jamie's Friday Night Feast Penguin UK Jamie's ﬁrst book - the one that started it all. The Naked Chef was born out of the idea to strip down restaurant techniques to their bare essentials and create cool dishes for everyone to cook at home, and get boys back in the kitchen! It's all about having a laugh with fun, delicious food from a young person's perspective. _________ Celebrating the 20th anniversary of The Naked Chef Penguin are rereleasing Jamie's ﬁrst ﬁve cookbooks as beautiful Hardback Anniversary Editions. The Naked Chef The Return of the Naked Chef Happy Days with the Naked Chef Jamie's Kitchen Jamie's Dinners _________ 'Simply brilliant cooking, and Jamie's recipes are a joy' Nigel Slater 'There is only one Jamie Oliver. Great to watch. Great to cook' Delia Smith DIE EXKLUSIVE BIOGRAFIE Michael Joseph With this companion book to his new Food Network show, the irrepressible, muchloved chef returns with a new collection of more than 100 fresh, healthy recipes as well as advice on growing vegetables.Hyperion J AMIE'S AMERICA Flatiron Books Let's do the twist! Jamie Oliver ist wieder da, diesmal mit einem neuen Dreh und natürlich seinen tollen Rezepten. "Oliver's Twist" bringt den einmaligen Style und das Feeling der Metropole London zusammen mit interessanten Zeitgenossen und aufregenden Gerichten auf den Tisch. In Jamies einzigartigem Stil gibt es kulinarische Ratschläge und tolle Tipps zum Grillen, Kochen und Braten. Ein Wrap mit Rührei, Wilde Früchte in Milchschaumcreme, Chili Wodka und andere ausgefallene, aber einfache Rezepte à la Jamie Oliver! Essen ist fertig! Penguin UK The book will contain 12 delicious recipes you can cook for your friends:Any-wayyou-like cookiesTea-party cupcakesMy nan's lemon drizzle cakeSalad from capriSausage carbonaraMy old Man's Superb ChickenCottage pieTasty ﬁsh bakeChicken KormaBanana and blueberry French toastEasy Peasy Ginger beerGranola with berry compote Genial italienisch Michael Joseph Get your complete meals from kitchen to table in no time at all, in the bestselling Jamie's 30-Minute Meals Make your kitchen work for you . . . Jamie Oliver will teach you how to make good food super fast! Jamie proves that, by mastering a few tricks and being organized and focused in the kitchen, it is absolutely possible, and easy, to get a complete meal on the table in the same amount of time you'd normally spend making one dish! The 50 brand-new meal ideas in this book are exciting, varied and seasonal. They include main course recipes with side dishes as well as puddings and drinks, and are all meals you'll be proud to serve your family and friends. Set meals include meltin-the-mouth Spring Lamb with Veg and a deep Chianti Gravy followed by Chocolate Fondue and a Mushroom Risotto with Spinach Salad and moreish Lemon and Raspberry Cheesecake. Last minute lunch plans? No problem. Jamie's 30-Minute Meals not only includes stunning three course meals, but also light lunches like tender Duck Salad followed by creamy Rice Pudding and Stewed Fruit. Jamie oﬀers a tasty dish for every occasion and has written the recipes in a way that will help you make the most of every single minute in the kitchen. This book is as practical as it is beautiful, showing that with a bit of preparation, the right equipment and some organization, hearty, delicious, quick meals are less than half an hour away. With the help of Jamie Oliver and Jamie's 30-Minute Meals, you'll be amazed by what you're able to achieve. 'There is only one Jamie Oliver. Great to watch. Great to cook' Delia Smith Jamie's kitchen Penguin UK Der bekannte britische Fernsehkoch gibt zu 50 schmackhaften Menüs, die sich in 30 Minuten zubereiten lassen, Schritt-fürSchritt-Anleitungen sowie zahlreiche Tipps und Tricks. QUICK & EASY FOOD Michael Joseph Reich illustriertes Kochbuch des britischen Starkochs mit einfachen und raﬃnierten Rezepten für Einsteiger und Fortgeschrittene; mit Schritt-für-SchrittAnleitungen. Together - Alle an einem Tisch Penguin UK The incredible diversity in American cooking was a real revelation to me. So although I went looking for "quintessential American food," my conclusion is that there is no such thing; instead there's a huge wealth of seriously exciting dishes. 3 Many of us outside of America may think we already know all there is to know about it from movies or the occasional holiday, but the truth is that this doesn't even scratch the surface. In many ways, the country is still a bit of a mystery to us. This trip was my chance to explore the ingredients, food culture, and traditions within this incredible country. I felt that I knew cities like New York and Los Angeles pretty well, but this time I ventured beyond the neighborhoods I was familiar with and into areas better known for their immigrant communities. I was rewarded with some of the most incredible food I've ever tasted. The story was the same when I moved beyond the big cities. Whether it was Creole cooking in Louisiana or soul food in Georgia, the Mexican inﬂuences in Arizona or the hearty cowboy cuisine of Big Sky Country, every place I went had its unique treasures. I came back with more recipes than I knew what to do with, and although it was tough, I managed to narrow this book down to 120 of my absolute favorites. These are my takes on some of the best food I came across, as well as a few things I made up along the way. I hope you enjoy them, and maybe even discover new and inspiring sides to America you've never seen before. Enjoy! MY GUIDE TO MAKING YOU A BETTER COOK Flatiron Books This cookbook will celebrate the vibrant food of six very diﬀerent countries. Each chapter will focus on a diﬀerent city or region: Marrakech, Athens, Venice, Andalucia, Stockholm and the Ardeche region of France. The food in each chapter will be a mixture of classic dishes and new recipes inspired by the things Jamie learns on his travels. Beautiful reportage photography of the faces, places and ingredients will accompany each chapter. Jamie says: 'The food I've embraced on each trip is a mixture of what you could call the clichéd star dishes - the tagines of Morocco, the ﬂamboyant paella of Spain and the zingy fresh ﬂavours of a classic Greek salad - and the recipes that I've been inspired to make after walking through the markets and soaking up the vibes of each place. What you'll ﬁnd in this book is fun, optimistic, escapist food you can actually cook and enjoy in your own home.' 4 GENIAL KOCHEN, GESUND GENIEßEN, GLÜCKLICH SEIN HarperCollins Publishers Jamie has personally chosen his favourite subjects for this Food Tube series, DJ BBQ's BBQ recipes fulﬁl Jamie's high food standards of quality, ﬂavour and fun. DJ BBQ's top BBQ set up advice, cooking techniques and collection of exciting barbeque recipes will transform your barbeque from entertaining to catertaining. Goodbye sad burnt sausages, hello Bodacious Burgers and Rad Rum Ribs! DJ BBQ's smokin' hot recipes include: Cherry-wood smoked chicken, Bodacious burgers and Classic Texan brisket, as well as Candied pork tenderloin, Kick-ass ﬁsh tacos and Grilled tomato slabs. Essen, das glücklich macht Hyperion Everyday Super FoodPenguin UK günstig einkaufen, bewußt essen, alles verwerten Penguin UK Jamie Oliver--one of the bestselling cookbook authors of all time--is back with a bang. Focusing on incredible combinations of just ﬁve ingredients, he's created 130 brand-new recipes that you can cook up at home, any day of the week. Kochrezepte Jamie Oliver From salads, pasta, chicken, and ﬁsh to exciting ways with vegetables, rice and noodles, beef, pork, and lamb, plus a bonus chapter of sweet treats, Jamie's got all the bases covered. This is about maximum ﬂavor with minimum fuss, lots of nutritious options, and loads of epic inspiration. This edition has been adapted for US market. Jamie's Dinners Penguin Books, Limited (UK) Jamie Oliver's Christmas Cookbook is packed with all the classics you need for the big day and beyond, as well as loads of delicious recipes for edible gifts, party food, and new ways to love those leftovers. It's everything you need for the best Christmas ever. Inside you'll ﬁnd all the classics as well as tasty alternatives, including: salmon pate, apple and squash soup; roast turkey, goose and venison; nut roast and baked squash; best roasties, baked mash, parsnips, glazed carrots, four ways to do sprouts; gravies and cranberry sauce, meat and vegetarian stuﬃngs; turkey risotto; Christmas triﬂes, pavlova; chocolate logs, Christmas cake, mince pies, gingerbread, baked camembert, smoked salmon bilinis, hot buttered rum 2022-12-17 and many, many more delicious recipes. "I've got all the bases covered with everything you need for the big day and any feasting meals over the festive period, as well as party fare, edible gifts, teatime treats, cocktails, and of course, exciting ways to embrace and celebrate those leftovers. You'll also ﬁnd all the deeply important technical info you need, such as cooking charts, and wherever possible, I've designed the recipes to be cooked at the same oven temperature, so you can be eﬃcient with time and oven space, and it'll be super-easy for you to mix and match the diﬀerent elements and build your own perfect Christmas meal. I haven't held back. This book is the greatest hits, all wrapped up in one Christmas parcel, and I hope you have fun looking through, picking your recipes, and building your own plan." ~ Jamie Oliver Flatiron Books Cook up an epic feast for friends and family with Jamie Oliver's new cookbook. Packed with show-stopping dishes for the weekend and special occasions, this is the ultimate in indulgent food. Learn and master the dishes made in the famous café on Southend pier by Jamie and his star-studded guests. From Party-time Mexican tacos with zingy salsa and sticky BBQ British ribs, to Steak & Stilton pie and the Ultimate veggie lasagne made with smoky aubergine, we're talking about bighitting, crowd-pleasing recipes that everyone will love. Peppered with beautiful photography of the pier and café, bringing that wonderful sense of seaside nostalgia, this is certainly a visual as well as a culinary feast. It's all about sharing and celebrating the joy of good food. Treat yourself and your loved ones to this incredible selection of full-on weekend feasts from Jamie. Jamie Oliver's Christmas Cookbook Penguin Books Freshen up your family favourites and expand your recipe repertoire to make your weekly menu something to shout about Sneak in extra veg with Squash Mac 'N' Cheese and enjoy a no-arguments family dinner with Chicken Fajitas, Smoky Dressed Aubergines & Peppers. When you need a no-fuss meal on the table fast try Chicken Goujons or Pasta Pesto, or get ahead with freezer-friendly Jumbo Fish Fingers or Proper Chicken Nuggets. Use ingredients you know the family already 5 love in new, exciting ways, with Sweet Potato Fish Cakes or Chocolate Porridge. Every recipe is tried and tested, has clear and easy-to-understand nutritional information on the page, including the number of veg and fruit portions in each dish, plus there's a bumper back-section packed with valuable advice on everything from cooking with kids and tackling fussy eaters, to good gut health, the importance of ﬁbre, budgeting and of course, getting more of the good stuﬀ into your family's diet. If you're looking for fresh ideas and an easy way to make healthy eating a part of everyday family life, Jamie's Super Food Family Classics is the book for you. 'Brilliant recipes' Mail on Sunday 'Our failsafe foodie of choice' Sunday Times 'Jamie Oliver is great - I'd put him in charge of the country' Guardian Cook clever mit Jamie Penguin UK My guide to making you a better cook. I can't tell you how long I've dreamed about writing this book. It's the biggest book I've ever done, and I've really tried to make it a timeless, modern-day classic. Whether you're a student, a young couple, an established cook, or a novice, I'll take you through a whole load of simple and accessible recipes that will blow the socks oﬀ your family and any guests you might have round for dinner. There's information on the equipment that I think you should have in your kitchen, advice on how to recognize and cook loads of diﬀerent cuts of meat, as well as on how to get the best value and quality when you're out shopping. With all of us consuming more processed food than ever, it's a sad fact that most people just aren't conﬁdent enough to cook anymore. With this in mind, now is the time for you to get stuck in and reclaim your fantastic cooking heritage! You know what . . . if you're going to eat three times a day for the rest of your life, you might as well learn to cook properly and enjoy it! So roll up your sleeves and let me help you. P.S.: By the way, you should feel good about buying this book because every single penny I make from it will go toward training and inspiring young kids from tough backgrounds all over the world to have a career in food through the Fifteen Foundation. So on behalf of them, thank you. Jamie's Red Nose Recipes MVG Verlag In der Küche von TV-Kult-Koch Jamie Oliver 6 haben im vergangenen Jahr 15 arbeitslose Jugendliche das Kochen gelernt. Jetzt bilden sie die Crew in seinem neu eröﬀneten Restaurant Fifteen, dem aktuellen Hit der Londoner Szene. Die besten Rezepte aus dem Kurs und von der Karte gibt es jetzt in "Jamie's Kitchen".Mit lockeren Texten, persönlichen Fotos und Geschichten werden die Basics in einzelnen Kapiteln präsentiert: Salate und andere kalte Köstlichkeiten, Kochen und Pochieren, Dünsten und Schmoren, Braten und Frittieren, Gerichte aus dem Ofen und vom Grill, Kuchen, Brot und feine Desserts. Raﬃnierte internationale Gerichte - frech serviert und dank Proﬁ-Tipps kinderleicht nachzukochen. "Küchen-Popstar Jamie Oliver liefert wunderbare Rezepte."(Stern) Cook Your Way to the Good Life Everyday Super Food Der bekannte Koch aus England hat seine Liebe zum Garten entdeckt. In seinem neuen Kochbuch präsentiert er über 100 Gerichte mit Lebensmitteln, die zur jeweiligen Jahreszeit passen. Dazu gibt er Informationen und Tipps rund ums Gärtnern. 5 Ingredients Michael Joseph 7 Ways to reinvent your favorite Kochrezepte Jamie Oliver ingredients with more than 120 new, exciting and tasty recipes Naked Chef television personality Jamie Oliver has looked at the top ingredients we buy week in, week out. We're talking about those meal staples we pick up without thinking – chicken breasts, salmon ﬁllets, ground beef, eggs, potatoes, broccoli, mushrooms, to name but a few. We're all busy, but that shouldn't stop us from having a tasty, nutritious meal after a long day at work or looking after the kids. So, rather than trying to change what we buy, Jamie wants to give everyone new inspiration for their favorite supermarket ingredients. Jamie will share 7 achievable, exciting and tasty ways to cook 18 of our favorite ingredients, and each recipe will include no more than 8 ingredients. Across the book, at least 70% of the recipes will be everyday options from both an ease and nutritional point of view, meaning you're covered for every day of the week. With everything from fakeaways and traybakes to family and freezer favorites, you'll ﬁnd bags of inspiration to help you mix things up in the kitchen. Step up, 7 Ways, the most reader-focused cookbook Jamie has ever written. 2022-12-17 JAMIE DOES-- HarperCollins Publishers The Return of The Naked Chef is jampacked with more proper food you'll love to cook. Filled with all the techniques and tips you'll need to become a pro in the kitchen, The Return of the Naked Chef contains a whole range of new, simple, but exciting recipes which anyone can make, delivered with boundless enthusiasm. These recipes will become ﬁrm family favourites in no time, and Jamie also includes kitchen tips & tricks to get you started. Delicious recipes include: · SPAGHETTI with ANCHOVIES, DRIED CHILLI and PANGRATTATO · Fantastic FISH PIE · Baked Jerusalem ARTICHOKES, BREADCRUMBS, THYME and LEMON · Tray baked PORK CHOPS with HERBY POTATOES, PARSNIPS, PEARS and MINTED BREAD SAUCE · CHOCOLATE POTS This book is full of recipes for every meal of the day, with chapters on: Potty about Herbs, Morning Glory, Tapas, Munchies & Snacks, Simple Salads and Dressings, Soups and Broths, Pasta & Risotto, Fish & Shellﬁsh, Meat Poultry & Game, Vegetables, Bread, Desserts, Bevvies, and Stocks, Sauces, Bits, Bobs, This, That & The Other! 'Jamie Oliver goes from strength to strength ... the main attraction is that he does not Related with Kochrezepte Jamie Oliver: © Kochrezepte Jamie Oliver Spirit Science Sacred Geometry © Kochrezepte Jamie Oliver Spirit Airlines Flight Attendant Training © Kochrezepte Jamie Oliver Spongebob Genetics Answer Key 2 7 seem to want to be, or know that he might be, a star: the food is what matters' The Times ____________ Celebrating the 20th anniversary of The Naked Chef Penguin are re-releasing Jamie's ﬁrst ﬁve cookbooks as beautiful Hardback Anniversary Editions - an essential for every kitchen. The Naked Chef The Return of the Naked Chef Happy Days with the Naked Chef Jamie's Kitchen Jamie's Dinners '20 years on . . . Does it stand the test of my kitchen? The answer is a resounding yes. Jamie's genius is in creating maximum ﬂavour from quick, easy-to-follow recipes . . . It hasn't dated at all' Daily Telegraph on The Naked Chef
Section 2. Interpretation. 1. Short title and date of commencement. 2A. Application of Act. PART II INDIGENISATION AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT: GENERAL OBJECTIVES AND MEASURES 3. Objectives and measures in pursuance of indigenisation and economic empowerment. 4. Power of Minister to review and approve indigenisation and empowerment arrangements. 3A. Reserved sectors of the economy. 5. [Repealed]. PART III ATIONAL N INDIGENISATION ANDECONOMICEMPOWERMENT 6. Establishment, composition and location of Unit. 8. Further provisions on the Director, staff, agents and inspectors of Unit. 7. Functions of Unit. 9. Inspectors and their powers. 11. Confidentiality. 10. Unit to have access to information. 11A. Reports of Unit PART IV NATIONAL INDIGENISATION AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FUND 12. Establishment and objects of National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund. 14. Composition of Fund. 13. Unit Trust Account of National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund. 15. Administration of Fund. 16. National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Charter. PART V LEVIES NIT U 17. Imposition of levies. 18. Failure to pay, collect or remit levies. PART VI GENERAL AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 19. Minister may request information. 21. Regulations. 20. Appeals. 22. Transfer of assets, obligations, etc. of National Investment Trust to Fund. 23. Transfer of employees of National Investment Trust to Board and conditions of service of transferred employees. SCHEDULES First Schedule: Reserved/Threshold Sectors. Second Schedule: Rules of Unit Trust Account of Fund. Third Schedule: Provisions Applicable to Administration of Fund. Fourth Schedule: [Repealed]. CHAPTER 14:33 INDIGENISATION AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ACT Act 14/2007, 5/2011 (s. 9), 11/2014 (s. 27), 3/2016 (Part LV), 1/2018 (s. 42). ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I PRELIMINARY AN ACT to provide for support measures for the further indigenisation of the economy; to provide for support measures for the economic empowerment of indigenous Zimbabweans; to provide for the establishment of the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Board and its functions and management; to provide for the establishment of the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund; to provide for the National Indigenisation and Empowerment Charter; and to provide for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing. [Date of commencement : 17th April, 2008.] PART I PRELIMINARY 1 Short title and date of commencement 2 Interpretation This Act may be cited as the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act [Chapter 14:33]. (1) In this Act— (a) the Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation established in terms of the Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation [Chapter 21:08], and any company or other entity incorporated by the Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation or by the Republic of Zimbabwe for the purposes of section 3(2b); or "appropriate designated entity" means any of the following entities (and such other entities as may be designated by the line Minister by notice in the Gazette)— (b) the Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Company, being a wholly Government-owned private limited company involved predominantly or exclusively in the extraction for profit of diamonds, that was incorporated on the 11th May, 2015; or [Definition inserted by Act 1 of 2018] (c) the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund; "approve", in relation to a transaction referred to in section 3(1)(b), (c), (d) or (e), means approve in terms of section 4; "business" means any company, association, syndicate or partnership of persons that has for its object the acquisition of gain by the company, association, syndicate or partnership, or by the individual members thereof, whether the business is registered in terms of the Companies Act [Chapter 24:03] or otherwise; "Board" means the National Indigenisation and Empowerment Board established in terms of section 7(1); "business association" means any voluntary organisation representing the interests of any class of business; "Charter" means the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Charter set out in the Fourth Schedule; "chairperson" means chairperson of the Board appointed in terms of section 7(2); "certificate of compliance" means a final or provisional certificate issued for the purposes of section 3(8); [Definition inserted by Act 11 of 2014] "community share ownership scheme" means a scheme referred to in section 14B of the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment (General) Regulations, 2010, published in Statutory Instrument 21 of 2010, subject to any amendment or replacement of that section or those regulations from time to time; [Definition inserted by Act 1 of 2018] "designated extractive business" means a company, entity or business referred to in section 3 [Definition inserted by Act 1 of 2018] (1); "line Minister" means the Minister to whom a party or parties to a transaction referred to in section 4 shall refer their application for assessment in terms of section 4, being the Minister responsible for the sector or subsector of the economy to which the business subjected to this Act belongs; [Definition inserted by Act 11 of 2014] "chief executive officer" means the chief executive officer of the Board appointed in terms of section 9; (a) a company, means the majority of the voting rights attaching to all classes of shares in the company; "controlling interest", in relation to— (b) any business other than a company, means any interest which enables the holder thereof to exercise, directly or indirectly, any control whatsoever over the activities or assets of the business; "employee share ownership scheme or trust" means an arrangement the dominant purpose or effect of which is to enable employees of a company or group of companies to participate in or receive profits or income arising from the acquisition, holding, management or disposal of the stock, shares or debentures of the company or group of companies concerned: Provided that such stock, shares or debentures are held on behalf of the employees in a trust or in the form of units in an employee unit trust scheme registered or exempted in terms of the Collective Investment Schemes Act [Chapter 24:19] (No. 25 of 1997); "fixed date" means the date fixed in terms of section 1(2) as the date of commencement of this Act; "empowerment" means the creation of an environment which enhances the performance of the economic activities of indigenous Zimbabweans into which they would have been introduced or involved through indigenisation; "Fund" means the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund, established in terms of section 12; "indigenous Zimbabwean" means any person who, before the 18th April, 1980, was disadvantaged by unfair discrimination on the grounds of his or her race, and any descendant of such person, and includes any company, association, syndicate or partnership of which indigenous Zimbabweans form the majority of the members or hold the controlling interest; "indigenisation" means a deliberate involvement of indigenous Zimbabweans in the economic activities of the country, to which hitherto they had no access, so as to ensure the equitable ownership of the nation's resources; "member" means a member of the Board; "Minister" means the Minister to whom the President assigns the administration of this Act; [Definition amended by Act 1 of 2018] "prescribed register" means the register prescribed in regulations made under section 21 and kept by the Board on behalf of the Minister assigned the administration of this Act, wherein particulars of the certificates referred to in section 3(8) and 4(5) are recorded; [Definition inserted by Act 11 of 2014] "reserved sector of the economy" means the sector comprising those kinds of businesses reserved for citizens of Zimbabwe under the First Schedule; [Definition inserted by Act 1 of 2018] "sector of the economy", "subsector of the economy" and "sectoral" refer to a prescribed sector or subsector of the economy;"; [Definition inserted by Act 11 of 2014] "private company" means a company as defined in section 33(1) of the Companies Act [Chapter 24:03]; Chapter 24:03 "public company" means a company which is not a private company or a company licensed under section 26 sector of the economy", "subsector of the economy" and "sectoral" refer to a prescribed sector or subsector of the economy;"; of the Companies Act [ ]; "Unit" means the NationalIndigenisation and Economic Empowerment Unit referred to in section 6A; [Definition inserted by Act 1 of 2018] "vice-chairperson" means the vice chairperson of the Board appointed in terms of section 7(2). (3) The appropriate line Minister shall be responsible for prescribing by notice in a statutory instrument anything that may be prescribed under section 3(4): (2) A reference to "Minister" in this Act shall, wherever appropriate, be construed as a reference to "line Minister". Provided that any such notice which is in force on the date of commencement of the Finance (No. 3) Act, 2014, shall remain in force until the appropriate line Minister prescribes his or her own notice, in which event the notice in force shall, to the extent of any inconsistency with the second-mentioned notice, be deemed to have been repealed. [Subsections (2) and (3) inserted by Act 11 of 2014] 2A Application of Act [Section inserted by Act 1 of 2018] For the avoidance of doubt it is declared that this Act shall not apply to any business in the national economy other than those specified in section 3(1) and those in the reserved sector of the economy, and that accordingly any person is free to invest in, form, operate, and acquire the ownership or control of any business not included in section 3(1) or in the reserved sector of the economy. PART II INDIGENISATION AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT: GENERAL OBJECTIVES AND MEASURES 3 Objectives and measures in pursuance of indigenisation and economic empowerment (1) The State shall, by this Act, or through regulations under this Act or any other la secure that at least fiftyone per centum of the shares or other ownership interest of every designated extractive business, that is to say a company, entity or business involved in the extraction of(a) diamonds; or shall be owned through an appropriate designated entity (with or without the participation of a community share ownership scheme or employee share ownership scheme or trust, or both). (b) platinum; (2) No— (b) acquisition by a person of a controlling interest in a designated extractive business; that requires to be notified to the Competition Commission in terms of Part WA of the Competition Act [Chapter 14:28] shall be approved unless— (a) merger or restructuring of the shareholding of two or more related or associated designated extractive businesses; or (c) a fifty-one per centum of the shares or other ownership interest in the merged or restructured business is held in the case of a designated extractive business, by an appropriate designated entity: (d) the appropriate designated entity is equitably represented in the governing body of the merged or restructured entity. Provided that some part of the fifty-one per centum here referred to may be held by a community share ownership scheme or employee share ownership scheme or trust, or both; and (3) No unbundling of a designated extractive business or demerger of two or more such businesses shall, if the value of any business resulting from the unbundling or demerger is at or above a prescribed threshold, be approved unless— (b) the appropriate designated entity referred to in subparagraph (c) is equitably represented in the governing body of any such resulting business. (a) fifty-one per centum in any such resulting business is held by an appropriate designated entity (with or without the participation of a community share ownership scheme or employee share ownership scheme or trust, or both); and (4) No relinquishment by a person of a controlling interest in a designated extractive business, if the value of the controlling interest is at or above a prescribed threshold, shall be approved unless the controlling interest is relinquished to an appropriate designated entity (with or without the participation of a community share ownership scheme or employee share ownership scheme or trust, or both). (6) In the case of a designated extractive business the Minister may permit the business in writing to do either of the following— (5) No projected or proposed investment in a prescribed sector of the economy available for investment by domestic or foreign investors for which an investment licence is required in terms of the Zimbabwe Investment Authority Act [Chapter 14:30] shall be approved unless, in the case of a designated extractive business, a controlling interest in the investment is reserved for an appropriate designated entity (with or without the participation of a community share ownership scheme or employee share ownership scheme or trust, or both). (a) to comply with this Act within such period as may be prescribed by the Minister so that indigenisation and empowerment quota can be achieved; or (b) to achieve the indigenisation and empowerment quota through the use of the credits and within and for such period as the Minister shall prescribe. [Section substitued by Act 1 of 2018] 3A Reserved sectors of the economy (2) Every business owned by a person who is not a citizen of Zimbabwe that, before the 1st January, 2018, commenced operating in the reserved sector of the economy may continue to operate if— (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (10), only a business owned by a person who is a citizen of Zimbabwe may operate in the reserved sector of the economy. (a) it registers itself with— (ii) the Unit, in accordance with subsection (3); (i) the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority; and (3) For the purpose of benefiting from, and evidencing, the exception granted to a business under subsection (2)— (b) it opens and maintains a bank account in accordance with the Bank Use Promotion Act [Chapter 24:24]. (a) the business in question shall, no later than the 1st July, 2018, notify the Unit by affidavit that— (ii) it has registered for tax purposes with the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority, and has opened, and continues to maintain, a bank account with a named banking institution in accordance with the Bank Use Promotion Act [Chapter 24:24]; (i) it commenced operating in the reserved sector of the economy before the 1st January, 2018; and and (b) the Unit shall open and maintain a register wherein shall be recorded relevant particulars of every business referred to in paragraph (a), and furnish to every such business at its request, free of charge, a certificate that it has been registered for the purpose of subsection (2). (5) Any person who is not a Zimbabwean citizen and who— (4) Any person who is not a Zimbabwean citizen and who, after the 1st January, 2018, wishes to operate a business in the reserved sector of the economy shall seek the permission of the Minister referred to in subsection (10). (a) after the 1st July, 2018, fails to comply with subsections (2) and (3); or (6) In addition, the Minister may direct any licensing authority to revoke, suspend or cancel the operating licence of a business operating in contravention of subsections (2) and (3) or (5). (b) after the 1st January, 2018, begins to operate a business referred to in subsection (1) without the permission of the Minister given under subsection (10); shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding level eight or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to both such fine and such imprisonment. (7) Any official of the Unit and any law enforcement agent and any other person bearing the authority of the Minister, in writing, may access any premises of any business operating in a reserved sector, on production of the written authority by the Minister, and demand any relevant documents for purposes of verifying compliance with this section by such business. (9) Any person who interferes with or obstructs an official referred to in subsections (7) and (8) in the execution of their functions shall be guilty of an offence and liable to fine not exceeding level ten or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or to both such fine and such imprisonment. (8) The official referred to in subsection (7) may take copies of documents or any other material that may be used as proof of compliance or non-compliance with this section. (10) Subject to subsection (11), a person who is not a Zimbabwean citizen may, after the 1St January, 2018, invest in a business in the reserved sector of the economy if that business meets such criteria or threshold as the Minister will prescribe based on the following objectives— (b) the transfer of skills and technology for the benefit of the people of Zimbabwe; (a) significant and sustainable employment creation in Zimbabwe; (c) the creation of sustainable value chains; (11) For the purpose of subsection (10)— (d) other prescribed socially and economically desirable objectives. (a) the proposed investor in question shall lodge a written application with the Unit illustrating how it meets or intends to meet the applicable criteria or threshold prescribed under subsection (10); (c) the Minister shall, after considering the application, grant or refuse it, and if the Minister grants it, shall furnish to the applicant, free of charge, a permit allowing it to undertake the investment: (b) the Unit shall, within seven days of receiving the application or such longer period as the Unit and the proposed investor may agree, forward the application, together with its recommendations thereon, to the Minister; and Provided that the grant of any such permit and the name of the proposed investor in question shall be published by notice in the Gazette. [Section inserted by Act 1 of 2018] 4 Power of Minister to review and approve indigenisation and empowerment arrangements (a) notice thereof is given to the Minister within the prescribed time and in the prescribed manner by either or both of the parties to the transaction (in this section called "the notifying party"); and (1) With effect from the date that the Minister, by notice in a statutory instrument, prescribes what is required to be prescribed for the purposes of section 3(1)(b)(iii), (1)(c)(i), (1)(d) or (e), no transaction referred to in section 3(1)(b), (c), (d) or (e) shall be concluded unless— (b) the Minister— (ii) (i) approves the transaction in writing to the notifying party; or within forty-five days from the date when notification of the transaction is made within the prescribed time and in the prescribed manner as provided in paragraph (a): does not indicate approval or disapproval of the transaction in writing to the notifying party; Provided if the Minister, at any time before the expiry of the forty-five days referred to in this paragraph, indicates in writing to the notifying party that he or she requires more time to consider the transaction, the Minister shall have a further forty-five days to indicate his or her approval or disapproval of the transaction. (2) The Minister may, within forty-five days from the date when notification of the transaction is made within the prescribed time and in the prescribed manner as provided in subsection (1)(a), or within the further period referred to in the proviso to subsection (1)(b), disapprove the transaction in writing to the notifying party, in which event subsection (3) shall apply to such transaction: (3) Where the Minister indicates his or her disapproval of a transaction in terms of subsection (2), he or she shall have a further ninety days to specify in writing to the notifying party what must be done in order for the transaction to comply with the objectives specified in section 3(1)(b), (c), (d) or (e), as the case may be: Provided that the Minister shall not disapprove of a transaction referred to in subsection (1) except on the grounds that the transaction does not comply with the objectives specified section 3(1)(b), (c), (d) or (e), as the case may be. Provided that the Minister shall not require anything to be done under this subsection which will result in the transaction in question being concluded on less favourable terms than those originally notified to him or her under subsection (1)(a). (5) Where, following the approval by the line Minister of a transaction in terms of this section, the notifying party so requests in writing, the line Minister, shall issue a certificate of approval of the transaction no later than fourteen working days after such request is received by the line Minister, and the line Minister shall without delay transmit a copy thereof to the Board for inclusion in the prescribed register. (4) The Minister shall, in the exercise of his or her powers under this section, have access to all public records relating to business shareholdings and controlling interests, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law. (6) A statement issued by the Secretary to the Board as custodian of the prescribed register as to the existence or otherwise and contents of a certificate referred to in subsection(S) shall be conclusive as to the existence or otherwise of the certificate and its contents. [Subsections (5) - (6) inserted by Act 11 of 2014] 5.... PART III NATIONAL INDIGENISATION AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT UNIT [Part III (sections 6-11A) substituted by Act 1 of 2018] 6 Establishment, composition and location of Unit (a) it shall be headed by a Director whose post shall be a post in the Civil Service; and There shall be a Unit in the Ministry responsible for the administration of this Act, known as the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Unit, having the following special features, namely that— (b) it shall consist of such other members of staff as may be necessary for the performance of its functions, who shall be civil servants. (1) The functions of the Unit shall be— 7 Functions of Unit (a) to administer the Fund in terms of section 15; and (2) The Director and all members of staff and agents of the Unit shall perform their functions under this Act in an impartial, clear and, subject to section 11 ("Confidentiality"), open manner. (b) to perform such other functions as may be imposed or conferred upon the Unit under this Act or any other enactment. (3) Before reaching a decision under this Act which affects or is likely to affect the rights or interests of any person, the Director and all members of staff and agents of the Unit shall, to the fullest extent practicable— (b) subject to section 11 ("Confidentiality"), allow the person reasonable access to the information available to the Director or the member of staff or agent concerned in regard to the matter under consideration; and (a) give the person due and clear notice of the nature of the decision that is to be made and of the factors that are likely to be taken into consideration when making it; and (c) give the person as full an opportunity as circumstances allow to make representations in the matter; and and generally observe due process and the rules commonly known as the rules of natural justice. (d) take into account any representations that the person may make in the matter; (4) Subject to section .11 ("Confidentiality"), where the Director or any member of staff or agent of the Unit has made a decision or taken any action that adversely affects the rights or interests of any person, the Director or the staff member or agent concerned shall provide that person, promptly on demand, with full written reasons for the decision or action. (6) Directions under subsection (5) shall be given in writing and kept by the Director at the Unit's principal office, where they may be inspected free of charge by members of the public at all reasonable times during office hours. (5) The Minister may give the Director general directions of policy to be adopted by the Unit in the performance of its functions. 8 Further provisions on the Director, staff, agents and inspectors of Unit (2) Subject to this Act, the Director shall be responsible for directing, managing and controlling the activities of the Unit and its staff and agents. (1) The Director must be a person experienced or qualified in economics, banking, accounting, law or who possesses any other appropriate qualification or experience. (3) The Director may, when necessary, appoint any— (b) employee of the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission established by the Constitution; or (a) police officer; or (c) employee of the Reserve Bank; or e (d) employee of the Zimbabwe Investment Authority; or to be an agent of the Unit for the purpose of exercising any of the () person employed by any other institution or authority that the Director considers appropriate; Provided that any such appointment shall be made with the approval of the Minister and, in the case of Unit's functions in terms of this Act: (a) a police officer, with the approval of the Commissioner-General of Police; — (b) an employee of the Zimbabwe Anti- Corruption Commission, with the approval of the chairperson of the Commission; (d) an employee of the Zimbabwe Investment Authority, with the approval of the chairperson of the Authority; (c) an employee of the Reserve Bank, with the approval of the Governor of the Reserve Bank; (e) an employee of any other institution or authority, with the approval of the governing body of that institution or authority. 9 Inspectors and their powers (4) With the approval of the Minister, the Director may delegate to any member of the Unit's staff any function conferred or imposed upon him or her by this Act. (1) The Director may appoint any member of the Unit's staff and any agent of the Unit to be an inspector for the purposes of this Act. (3) An inspector may, without previous notice and at all reasonable times, enter premises of any business referred to in section 3(1) or a business operating or purporting to operate in the reserved sector of the economy, and, after informing the person in charge or control of the premises of the purpose of his or her visit, may do any or all of the following— (2) The Director shall furnish each inspector with a certificate stating that he or she has been appointed as an inspector, and the inspector shall, on demand, exhibit the certificate to any person affected by the exercise of the inspector's powers. (a) make such examination and inquiry as he or she considers appropriate; (c) require any person who is employed in or at the premises to produce any book, account, notice, record, list or other document; (b) question any person who is employed in or at the premises; (d) require from any person an explanation of any entry made in any book, account, notice, record, list or other document found upon any person or premises referred to in paragraph (c); (f) take possession of any book, account, notice, record, list or other document: (e) examine and make copies of any book, account, notice, record, list or other document; Provided that such book, account, notice, record, list or other document shall be retained only so of any contravention of this Act; long as may be necessary for the purpose of any examination, investigation, trial or inquiry arising out where there are reasonable grounds for believing that such action is necessary — (4) In a search under subsection (3), an inspector may be accompanied and assisted by one or more police officers or other persons, and those persons shall have the same powers as the inspector under that subsection. (g) for the prevention, investigation or detection of an offence in terms of this Act, for the seizure of any property which is the subject-matter of such an offence or evidence relating to such an offence, or for the lawful arrest of a person. (5) Every person whose premises have been entered in terms of subsections (3) and (4), and every employee or agent of that person in or on those premises, shall forthwith provide the inspector and his or her assistants with whatever facilities the inspector may reasonably require for the exercise of the powers conferred on them by those subsections. (7) Any person who— (6) Nothing in this section shall be taken to require a legal practitioner to disclose any privileged communication made to him or her in that capacity. (a) hinders or obstructs an inspector or his or her assistant in the exercise of his or her powers under this section; or (b) without just cause, fails or refuses to comply with a lawful request of an inspector or his or her assistant in terms of this section; (8) A court convicting a person of failing to give information or to produce any document when required to do so under this section may require the person, within such period as the court may specify, to give the information or to produce the document, as the case may be. shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding level six or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year or to both such fine and such imprisonment 10 Unit to have access to information (a) financial institution; or (1) For the proper performance of its functions, the Unit shall have power to obtain from any— (b) person carrying on a designated extractive business or reserved business; or (d) public authority or public officer; or (c) law enforcement agency; or (e) corporate body of a public character; or (f) public company; (2) Where, in the exercise of the power under subsection (1), the Director or an employee, inspector or agent of the Unit requests information from a person referred to in subsection (1), the information shall be provided within such reasonable time and in such manner as may be specified in writing by the Director or by the employee, inspector or agent concerned. any information, whether specific or general, that the Director considers necessary to carry out its functions. (3) This section shall not be construed as— (b) precluding the Unit from obtaining information from any other person or entity, whether in accordance with the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act [Chapter 10:27] or otherwise. (a) limiting the powers of inspectors under section 9 ("Inspectors and their powers"); or (4) Nothing in this section shall be taken to require a legal practitioner to disclose any privileged communication made to him or her in that capacity. (1) Any information reported to the Unit or gathered or discovered by any employee, inspector or agent of the Unit in the course of exercising his or her functions under this Act shall be confidential to the Unit, and no person shall disclose any such information to other person or body except— 11 Confidentiality (a) in the course of exercising his or her functions under this Act; or (c) in accordance with the order of any court; or (b) to a judicial officer for the purposes of any legal proceedings under this Act; or d () for the purposes of any prosecution or criminal proceedings; (2) Any officer, employee, inspector or agent of the Unit who discloses any information referred to in subsection (1) otherwise than in accordance with that subsection, or makes use of it for personal gain, shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding level eight or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years, or to both such fine and such imprisonment. or where the disclosure is authorised or required by or under this Act or any other law. (3) The Director shall ensure that the Unit maintains adequate systems and procedures to maintain the confidentiality of information referred to in subsection (1). (1) As soon as possible after— 11A Reports of Unit (a) the 31st March, the 30th June, the 30th September and the 31st December in each year, the Director shall submit to the Minister a report on the Unit's activities during the three months preceding the date concerned; (2) As soon as practicable after receiving a consolidated report in terms of subsection (1)(b), the Minister shall lay it before the Senate and the National Assembly. (b) the 31st December in each year, the Director shall submit to the Minister a consolidated report on the Unit's activities during that year. PART IV NATIONAL INDIGENISATION AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FUND 12 Establishment and objects of National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund (2) Subject to this Act, the objects of the Fund shall be— (1) There is hereby established a fund, to be known as the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund. (a) to provide financial assistance to indigenous Zimbabweans for any of the following purposes— (i) the financing of share acquisitions; and (ii) the warehousing of shares under employee share ownership schemes or trusts; and and (iii) management buy-ins and buy-outs; (b) to provide finance for business start-ups, rehabilitation and expansion; and (d) to finance capacity-building projects on behalf of indigenous Zimbabweans; and (c) to finance market research in connection with the objectives of the Act; and (e) any other purpose which the Minister considers will promote the economic empowerment of indigenous Zimbabweans. (1) Subject to this section, the National Investment Trust of Zimbabwe (hereafter in this section called "the Trust") established by a Notarial Deed of Trust on the 18th July, 1999, and registered in the Deeds Registry (No. MA635/2000) is, with effect from the transfer date referred to in section 22, revoked and all its assets and liabilities are transferred to a special account of the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund called the "Unit Trust Account". 13 Unit Trust Account of National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1)— (b) the provisions of the Notarial Deed of Trust of the National Investment Trust of Zimbabwe (hereafter in this section called "the Trust Deed"), as incorporated in the Second Schedule with such consequential amendments as are required to bring it into compliance with this section, shall continue to apply to existing and future unit holders or investors in the Unit Trust Account of the Fund. (a) units held by unit holders or investors in the Trust on or before the transfer date shall, on and after the transfer date, be deemed to be units held by those unit holders or investors in the Unit Trust Account of the Fund; (3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(b)— (b) references to the "Trustees" in the Trust Deed are substituted by references to the Board in the Second Schedule: (a) references to the "Trust" in the Trust Deed are substituted in the Second Schedule by references to the Unit Trust Account of the Fund; (c) references to the "managers" in the Trust Deed shall be construed as references to the managers of individual unit portfolios within the Unit Trust Account of the Fund, except insofar as the functions of any manager are assumed and exercised by the chief executive officer on behalf of the Board. Provided that no such amendment shall impose upon any unit holder any obligation to make any further payment in respect of his or her unit or to accept any liability in respect thereof. (3) Subject to paragraph 55 of the Second Schedule, the Minister may, on the recommendation of or after consultation with the Board, amend the Second Schedule by notice in a statutory instrument: 14 Composition of Fund (a) any moneys that may be payable to the Fund from moneys appropriated for the purpose by Act of Parliament; and The Fund shall consist of— (b) any moneys that the Fund may obtain, with the approval of the Minister and the Minister responsible for finance, by way of donations, loans or other financial assistance; and (d) any moneys that may vest in or accrue to the Fund, whether in terms of this Act or otherwise. (c) levies, together with any interest or surcharge payable thereon, paid in terms of Part V; and 15 Administration of Fund (2) With the approval of the Minister, the Director of the Unit shall open one or more banking accounts into which all moneys received on behalf of the Fund shall be paid. (1) Subject to this Act, the Fund shall be administered by the Minister through the Director of the Unit who shall act on behalf of and in accordance with any instructions of the Minister. (3) Further provisions governing the administration of the Fund are set out in the Third Schedule. [Section substituted by Act 1 of 2018] 16 .... [Section repealed by Act 1 of 2018] PART V LEVIES 17 Imposition of levies (1) The Minister may, with the approval of the Minister responsible for finance and subject to subsection (3), by statutory instrument, impose one or more levies on any private or public company and any other business in Zimbabwe specified in the statutory instrument. (2) Subject to this Part, in regard to a levy imposed in terms of subsection (1), the Minister may, by statutory instrument, prescribe– (b) the persons who shall be responsible for the collection and remittal of the levy; and (a) the persons who shall be responsible for the payment of the levy; and (c) the manner in which and the times at which the levy shall be paid, collected and remitted; and (e) the imposition of interest and additionally, or alternatively, a surcharge if the levy is not paid within the time prescribed; and (d) the period for which the levy shall be imposed; and (f) the registration of companies and businesses for the purpose of the levy; and (3) A statutory instrument may not be made in terms of subsection (1) or (2) unless a draft has been laid before and approved by resolution of Parliament. (g) the books and records to be kept and the returns and information to be furnished to the Minister and the Board or any other person for the purpose of the levy. (4) All levy payments shall be remitted to the Fund. (1) Any person who, being under an obligation to do so, without lawful excuse, fails or refuses to pay, collect or remit any levy or any interest or surcharge connected therewith shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding level six or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year or to both such fine and such imprisonment. 18 Failure to pay, collect or remit levies (2) The court convicting a person of an offence in terms of subsection (1) may, on the application of the prosecutor, and in addition to any penalty that it may impose, give summary judgment against the convicted person in favour of the Board, in its capacity as administrator of the Fund, for the amount of any levy, interest or surcharge which the person concerned has been convicted of failing or refusing to pay, collect or remit. PART VI GENERAL AND TRANSITIONAL 19 Minister may request information (1) Every company or business to which the provisions of this Act apply shall, on the written request of the Director of the Unit, furnish to him or her a copy of the company's share register or other document recording the shareholdings or similar interests of the members of that company or owners of that business. [Subsection amended by Act 1 of 2018] (2) Any company and any other business which, without reasonable excuse, refuses, fails, or neglects to comply with the request made in terms of subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding level five. (1) If any person is aggrieved by— 20 Appeals (a) any decision or action of the Unit, he or she may, within thirty days after being notified of the decision or of the action being taken, appeal to the Minister against such decision or action; or [Section substituted by Act 1 of 2018] (b) a decision by the Minister to refuse a permit referred to in section 3A(11)(c), or a decision of the Minister made on appeal to him or her under paragraph (a) of this subsection, or any other decision or action of the Minister in terms of any provision of this Act, he or she may, within thirty days after being notified of the decision or of the action being taken, appeal to the Administrative Court. (2) The noting of an appeal in terms of this section shall not, pending the determination of the appeal, suspend the decision, order or other action appealed against unless the Administrative Court directs otherwise. (1) The Minister, may make regulations providing for any matters which by this Act are required or permitted to be prescribed or which, in his or her opinion, are necessary or convenient to be provided for in order to carry out or give effect to this Act. 21 Regulations (2) Regulations made in terms of subsection (1) may provide for offences and penalties which may be imposed for contraventions of the regulations, which penalties shall not exceed a fine of level twelve or imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years or both such fine and such imprisonment. (1) In this section and section 23 22 Transfer of assets, obligations, etc. of National Investment Trust to Fund "National Investment Trust" means the National Investment Trust of Zimbabwe referred to in section 13(1); "transfer date" means the date fixed in terms of subsection (2); "Unit Trust Account" means the Unit Trust Account of the Fund referred to in section 13(1). (2) The assets and rights of the National Investment Trust together with any liabilities or obligations attaching to them, shall be transferred to the Unit Trust Account in right of the Fund with effect from such date as the Minister specified by notice published in the Gazette. (4) For the avoidance of doubt it is declared that all the rights held by unit holders or investors in the National Investment Trust on or before the transfer date shall continue to be held in the Unit Trust Account without diminution after that date by those unit holders or investors. (3) All bonds, hypothecations, deeds, contracts, instruments, documents and working arrangements which subsisted immediately before the relevant transfer date in relation to any asset, right or liability or obligation transferred in right of the Fund under this section and to which the National Investment Trust was party shall, on and after that date, be as fully effective and enforceable against or in favour of the Fund as if the Fund had been named therein. 23 Transfer of employees of National Investment Trust to Board and conditions of service of transferred employees (2) Until such time as conditions of service are drawn up by the Board, the terms and conditions of service applicable to employees of the National Investment Trust shall continue to apply to every employee transferred to the Board as if every such person were still in the service of the National Investment Trust. (1) With effect from the transfer date every person employed by the National Investment Trust immediately before that date shall, with his or her consent, be transferred to the service of the Board on terms not less favourable than those enjoyed by him or her immediately prior to his or her transfer. Paragraph 1. Definitions. FIRST SCHEDULE (Section 3A(1)) [Schedule substituted by Act 1 of 2018] RESERVED/THRESHOLD SECTORS 1. Transportation: passenger buses, taxes and car hire services. 3. Barber shops, hairdressing and beauty saloons. 2. Retail and wholesale trade. 4. Employment Agencies. 6. Valet services. 5. Estate Agencies. 7. Grain milling. 9. Tobacco grading and packaging. 8. Bakeries. 10. Advertising Agencies. 12. Artisanal mining. 11. Provision of local arts and craft, marketing and distribution. SECOND SCHEDULE (Section 13(2)(b)) RULES OF UNIT TRUST ACCOUNT OF FUND PART 1 EFINITIONS D PART 2 THE UNIT TRUST ACCOUNT 2. Beneficiaries of the Unit Trust Account. 4. Copies of this Schedule and amendments. 3. This Schedule to bind all holders. PART 3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE BOARD IN RELATION TO UNIT TRUST ACCOUNT 5. Legal proceedings. 7. Conduct of business and meetings. PART 4 THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND MANAGERS 6. Liability of Board. 8. Powers of Board. 9. Powers of managers. 11. Liability of managers. PART 5 GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE BOARD AND MANAGERS 12. Liability of Board and managers. 14. Indemnities. 13. Verification of signatures. 15. Dealing by Board and managers. 16. Issue of units. 18. Subdivision of units. 17. Price of units. 19. Realisation of units. 10. Duties of managers. PART 6 UNITS 20. Surrender of units for value. 22. Denomination of certificates. PART 7 PROVISIONS AS TO CERTIFICATES 21. Form of certificates. 23. Preparation, signature and issue of certificates. 25. Units held by Board. 24. Holders entitled to recognition. 26. Exchange or replacement of certificates. 28. Transfer of units. 27. Registration of holders. 29. Death of unit holder. 31. Cancellation of certificates. 30. Retention of payments. 32. Restrictions on issue of certificates. 33. Transaction statements. 34. Deposited property. 35. Transfer of property to Board. 37. Mode of realisation. 36. Realisation of investments. 38. Limit upon investments. 39. Partly paid investments. 40. Distribution. 42. Equalisation payment. 41. Computation of distribution. 43. Distribution statements. 45. Tax certificates. 44. Payment of distributions. 46. Accounts. 47. Calling of meetings. 49. Quorum. 48. Notice of meetings. 50. Procedure at meetings. 52. Power of Meeting. 51. Proxies. 53. Voting rights on deposited property. 54. Advertisements. 55. Amendment. PART 8 DEPOSITED PROPERTY PART 9 INVESTMENT OF DEPOSITED PROPERTY PART 10 DISTRIBUTION PART 11 EETINGS OF M UNITHOLDERS PART 12 VOTING RIGHTS PART 13 ADVERTISING 56. Service of notice. PART 14 AMENDMENT OF SECOND SCHEDULE PART 1 EFINITIONS D 1. Definitions 1.1 "Accounting date" means in each year the 31st day of December, or, in the case of the final accounting period, the date on which the moneys required for the distribution account are transferred to the distribution account; In this Schedule, unless inconsistent with the context, the following words shall have the meanings stated below. 1.2 "Accounting period" means a period commencing from the end of the last or final accounting period (as the case may require) and ending on an accounting date; 1.4 "Authorised Investment" means any investment for the time being authorised by law and which the chief executive officer or the managers, with the approval of the Board, may select for the purpose of investment of the deposited property; 1.3 "The auditors" means a qualified accountant or firm of qualified accountants appointed by the chief executive officer with the approval of the Board; 1.5 "Certificate" means a certificate issued by the Board to a unit holder in terms of this Schedule; 1.7 "Deal note" means the form of receipt which shall be issued by the managers to the purchasers of units on the purchase of such units and to the sellers of units on the sale of such units; 1.6 "Conversion offer" means any offer to exchange units or sub-units of another trust for units of the Unit Trust Account; 1.8 "Dealing day" means the day of each week on which managers deal with applications for units, and on which they will redeem units, being any business day excluding Saturdays; 1.10 "Distribution account" means the distribution account referred to in paragraph 40.2, and "distribution statement" means the distribution statement referred to in paragraph 43.1; 1.9 "Deposited property" means all the assets for the time being held or deemed to be held in trust in terms of this Schedule excluding any amount for the time being standing to the credit of the distribution account, to be constituted as provided in Part 8; 1.11"Equalisation payment" means 1.11.2 as regards a unit surrendered for value and subsequently re-sold, a sum equivalent to the equalisation payment which would relate to a unit sold by the Board on the same date; 1.11.1 as regards a unit issued by the Board, the sum deemed by the managers, after consulting the auditors, to represent amounts included in the issue price of such unit for income of the Unit Trust Account accrued up to the close of business on the grouping date; 1.12 "Grouping date" means, in relation to a unit issued by the Board or to a unit surrendered for value and subsequently resold, the last business day of the previous calendar month; 1.14 "Investment" means any investment of any nature whatever and includes, without derogating from the generality of the foregoing, any share, stock, bond, debenture, debenture stock or other security; 1.13 "Investor" means any person who may buy units in the Unit Trust Account, but shall not include a person who is not a citizen of Zimbabwe or a company, whether foreign or local; 1.15 "Middle market price" shall be ascertained by reference to the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange share prices on the relevant day and shall be: 1.15.2 where there is no sales price stated, the average of the buyer and seller prices rounded up to the nearest cent; 1.15.1 the sales price where a sales price is stated; 1.15.3 where the buyer price only is stated, the buyer price, provided that if the price is 184.108.40.206 not less than 1000 cents but less than 5000 cents per share, then 50 cents shall be added to the price; 220.127.116.11 less than 1000 cents per share then 5 cents shall be added to the price; 18.104.22.168 not less than 5000 cents per share, then 200 cents shall be added to the price; 22.214.171.124 less than 1000 cents per share, then 5 cents shall be added to the price; 1.15.4 where the seller price only is stated, the seller price, provided that if the price is 126.96.36.199 not less than 1000 cents but less 5000 cents per share, then 50 cents shall be subtracted from the price; 188.8.131.52 not less than 5000 cents per share, then 200 cents shall be subtracted from the price; 1.15.5 where on the same day the sales price, the seller price or the buyer price changes, the price last quoted on that day shall apply; 1.17 "Public Service" means persons employed in the Public Service as members of any body corporate established directly by or under an Act of Parliament; 1.16 "Minister" means the Minister responsible for the administration of this Act; 1.18 "Qualified accountant" means an accountant who is a member of the Zimbabwe Society of Accountants: 1.20 1.19 "Registrar" means the Registrar of Collective Investment Schemes; Empowerment Fund referred to in section 13; "The Unit Trust Account" means the Unit Trust Account of the National Indigenisation and Eco nomic 1.21 "Unit" means one undivided share in the Unit Trust Account; 1.23 "Value", except where otherwise expressly stated, means: 1.22 "Unit holder" means the registered holder for the time being of a certificate, whether issued to him or her or not, including persons jointly registered; 1.23.1 with reference to shares listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange at any given time the middle market price; 1.23.3 with reference to all other property and investments, the price as determined by the managers in consultation with experts when necessary and approved by the Board; 1.23.2 in respect of immovable property the market value, which shall be what a willing buyer and a willing seller might pay for the immovable property given a reasonable period in which to negotiate the sale; 1.24 "Year" means calendar year. PART 2 THE UNIT TRUST ACCOUNT 2. Beneficiaries of the Unit Trust Account 2.1 Objectives of Unit Trust Account The beneficiaries of the Unit Trust Account shall be the indigenous Zimbabweans. The Unit Trust Account shall have the following objectives: 2.1.2 to increase, enhance and facilitate the involvement and participation in the national economy of indigenous Zimbabweans. 2.1.1 to provide a medium to enable investors in Zimbabwe to obtain undivided participation in a diversified portfolio of financially sound investments approved by the managers, chief executive officer and Board; 2.2 Achievement of objectives of Unit Trust Account. 2.2.1 create and issue an unlimited number of units in a unit portfolio; In order to achieve these objectives the Board shall be entitled to: 2.2.2 acquire, receive and stand possessed of any property and donations of whatever nature; 2.2.4 establish different unit portfolios in order to provide investors with investment opportunities in more than one group of securities and other forms of investment; 2.2.3 acquire, receive, purchase or hold an interest in any shares, bonds, stocks, equities and/or securities of whatever nature in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule; 2.2.5 raise funds for the benefit of the Unit Trust Account. 3. This Schedule to bind all holders The terms and conditions of this Schedule, as amended in accordance with section 13(3) of the Act from time to time, shall be binding on each unit holder and all persons claiming through him or her. 4. Copies of this Schedule and amendments A copy of this Schedule and of any amendment thereto shall be available for inspection at the offices of the chief executive officer or of any manager at all times during normal business hours and shall be supplied by the chief executive officer or any manager to any person on application at a charge to be specified by the chief executive officer with the approval of the Board. PART 3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE BOARD IN RELATION TO UNIT TRUST ACCOUNT 5. Legal proceedings All legal proceedings in relation to the Unit Trust Account shall be instituted by or against the Board. 6. Liability of Board 6.2 The chief executive officer may accept as sufficient evidence of any fact and in particular of the value of any investment or the cost price or sale price thereof or of any Stock Exchange quotation a certificate by the chief executive officer or any manager or by a stockbroker approved by the Board. 6.1 In relation to the Unit Trust Account, the Board shall not be under any liability on account of anything done or suffered by the Board in good faith in accordance with any request or advice of the chief executive officer or the managers. Whenever any certificate, notice, instruction or other communication is to be given by the chief executive officer or any manager to the Board, the Board may accept as sufficient evidence thereof a document signed or purporting to be signed on behalf of the chief executive officer or any manager by any two persons whose signatures the Board is, for the time being, authorised by the chief executive officer to accept. 6.3 The Board shall not be responsible for any misconduct, mistake, oversight, error of judgment, forgetfulness or want of prudence on the part of the chief executive officer or any manager, legal practitioner, banker, liquidator, agent or other persons acting hereunder as agent or adviser of the Board, the chief executive officer or any manager. 7. Conduct of business and meetings 7.2 Paragraph 6 of the First Schedule shall apply to the procedure to be followed by the Board at meetings held in relation to the Unit Trust Account. 7.1 Meetings of the Board in relation to the Unit Trust Account must be held at least once every two months. 8. Powers of Board 8.2 Except as herein provided, the Board shall have absolute and uncontrolled discretion as to the exercise of the trust, powers, authorities and discretion vested in it, whether in relation to the manner or as to the mode of and time for the exercise thereof and, in the absence of gross negligence and fraud, the Board shall not be in any way responsible for any loss, costs, damages or inconvenience that may result from the exercise or non-exercise thereof. 8.1 The Board shall have all powers necessary to protect the interests of unit holders and shall, save as otherwise provided in this Schedule, have all powers necessary to carry out the functions and purposes of the Unit Trust Account and secure the fulfilment of the objectives of the Unit Trust Account. 8.3 The Board shall be entitled to raise money on behalf of the Unit Trust Account, provided that such power shall only be exercised if the Board is satisfied that the borrowing will not prejudice unit holders. 8.5 The Board shall not be required to make any payment to the unit holders except out of the deposited property held by it for that purpose in terms of this Schedule. 8.4 The Board may contract or enter into any financial, banking or other transaction with the managers or any unit holder or any company or body whose shares or securities form part of the deposited property or may be interested in any such contract or transaction. 8.6 The Board shall not be liable to account to any unit holder or otherwise for any payment made or suffered by the Board in good faith to any duly empowered fiscal authority of Zimbabwe or elsewhere for taxes or other charges in any way arising out of or relating to any transaction under this Schedule, notwithstanding that any such payment is not due or need not have been done. 8.8 Subject as herein provided, the Board shall be entitled for the purpose of indemnity against any actions, costs, claims, damages, expenses or demands to which it may be put as the Board, to have recourse to the deposited property or any part thereof. 8.7 The Board may act and shall not be liable for anything done or omitted or suffered by it upon the advice and statements of or information obtained from legal practitioners (whether consulted by the Board, the chief executive officer or any manager), bankers, accountants, brokers or other persons believed by the Board in good faith to be experts in relation to the matters upon which they are consulted. 8.9 The Board may limit the maximum number of units that the individual unit holders may buy in the Unit Trust Account at any given time and may alter this number from time to time as the need may arise. PART 4 HE T CHIEFEXECUTIVEOFFICER ANDMANAGERS 9. Powers of managers Subject to this Schedule the managers, in their own name and in the name of the Unit Trust Account, shall have power to do all such things and enter into all such arrangements as are necessary to achieve the provisions, intentions and objects of the Unit Trust Account in such manner as in the opinion of their proper officers may be The managers shall be a company or a consortium of companies, appointed by the Board, who are responsible to the unit holders for the management and control of the Unit Trust Account and for the issue and redemption of units of the scheme. most advantageous to the unit holders and, without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, shall have the following powers: 9.2 to expend Unit Trust Account funds on the maintenance, construction, improvement, alteration or demolition of buildings on land owned by the Unit Trust Account in right of the Fund; 9.1 to purchase movable and immovable property and provide services and carry on business of any kind in such manner as the managers could do if they were the beneficial owners thereof; 9.3 subject to the approval of the Board, to invest moneys in such manner as their officers may think fit and vary such investments from time to time; 9.5 to let and hire property; 9.4 to borrow money and if necessary mortgage immovable property or grant any other form of legal hypothecation as security therefor; 9.6 to pay all rates, taxes, imposts and charges lawfully levied or imposed upon the Unit Trust Account assets and any other expenses incurred in connection with the administration of the Unit Trust Account; 9.8 to appoint an agent or agents to represent them for any specific purpose, and to perform such powers and duties on their behalf as they may deem expedient; 9.7 to engage the services of accountants, legal practitioners, architects, quantity surveyors, land surveyors, valuers, agents, brokers or other professional advisers as they may consider necessary to transact all or any other business of whatsoever nature required to be done under this Schedule; 9.9 to institute proceedings in any court of law for the recovery of amounts due to the Unit Trust Account or to compel the fulfilment of obligations in their favour; 9.11 to allow time for payment of debts due to the Unit Trust Account and to compromise claims by the Unit Trust Account in the discretion of their officers; 9.10 to defend any proceedings which may be instituted against the Unit Trust Account; 9.12 to compromise and settle for such consideration and upon such terms and conditions as their officers may deem advisable all matters arising in relation to the Unit Trust Account, and all such compromises and settlements shall be final and binding upon all unit holders; 9.14 with the approval of the Board, to purchase, select, sell, exchange or alter any of the deposited property, provided that nothing in this paragraph shall impose any liability on them to bear the expenses of stamping any certificate or any transfer relating to the deposited property. 9.13 to enter into indemnities, guarantees or suretyships of every description, either gratuitously or for consideration, which in their absolute discretion they may deem fit; 10. Duties of managers 10.1.1 prepare all cheques, warrants, statements and notices which the Board has to issue, send or serve as provided; 10.1. It shall be the duty of the managers to: 10.1.2 stamp the documents referred to in paragraph 10.1.1 and deposit them together with the necessary stamped addressed envelopes with the Board so as to afford the Board ample time to examine and check them and sign such cheques, warrants, statements and notices and dispatch them on the day on which they ought to be dispatched; 10.2 The managers shall keep or cause to be kept proper books of accounts and records in which shall be entered all transactions effected by the managers for the Unit Trust Account and shall permit the Board on demand to examine and take copies of or extracts from any such books of accounts or records. 10.1.3 prepare all certificates required to be issued and to deposit them with the Board for signature. 10.3 The fees and expenses of the auditors shall be paid by the managers out of the deposited property. 11. Liability of managers 11.2 The managers shall not be under any liability except such liability as may be expressly assumed by them under this Schedule nor shall the managers, save as provided in this Schedule, be liable for any act or omission of the Board nor for anything except their own wilful breach of duty hereunder. 11.1 If for any reason it becomes impossible or impracticable to carry out the provisions of this Schedule, the managers shall not be under any liability therefor or thereby, and the managers shall not incur any liability by reason of any error of law or any matter or thing done or suffered or omitted to be done by them in good faith hereunder. PART 5 ENERAL G PROVISIONSRELATING TO THEBOARD ANDMANAGERS 12. Liability of Board and managers 12.1 Neither the Board nor the managers shall incur liability in respect of any action taken or thing suffered by them in reliance upon any notice, resolution, direction, consent, certificate, affidavit, statement, stock, plan or reorganisation or other paper or document believed to be genuine and to have been passed, sealed or signed by the proper parties including themselves or their officers. 12.2 Neither the Board nor the managers shall incur liability for doing, or failing to do, any act or thing which by reason of any provision of any present or future law or regulation, or of any decree, order or judgment of any court, or by reason of any direction, request, announcement or similar action (whether of binding legal effect or not) which may be taken or made by any person or body acting with, or purporting to exercise the authority of, any government, whether legally or otherwise. 13. Verification of signatures The Board or the managers shall be entitled to require that the signature of any unit holder or joint unit holder to any document required to be signed by him or her under or in connection with this Schedule shall be verified by a banker or broker or other responsible person or otherwise authenticated to its or their reasonable satisfaction. 14. Indemnities Any indemnity expressly given to the Board or to the managers in this Schedule is in addition to and without prejudice to any indemnity allowed by law. 15. Dealing by Board and managers 15.2 The managers shall not be entitled to buy, sell, hold or deal in units of the Unit Trust Account, but the Board or any associated company or any employee, shareholder or director of the Board or the managers may become the owners of certificates and hold, dispose of or otherwise deal with them with the same rights as any other unit holder. 15.1 Neither the Board nor the managers nor any company or subsidiary company of either of them shall sell or deal as principals in the sale of investments to the Unit Trust Account for the account of the Unit Trust Account otherwise than through a recognised Stock Exchange or in terms of a conversion offer made generally to all holders of units or another unit trust. Provided that the Board or the managers or any such subsidiary company may buy, hold or deal in any investments upon their respective individual accounts notwithstanding that similar investments may be held under this Schedule as part of the deposited property. PART 6 UNITS 16. Issue of units 16.2 The managers in consultation with the Board may make arrangements for the issue of units to provide the initial portfolio and may determine the price at which such units are to be issued. 16.1 The managers in consultation with the Board shall issue new units on behalf of the Unit Trust Account. 16.3 Subsequent issues of new units shall be made at prices ascertained in accordance with paragraph 17. 16.5 The managers may also from time to time, with the approval of the Board, make arrangements for the issue of bonus units to the holders of units upon such terms as the managers may think fit, provided that the Board is satisfied that such issue shall not result in any prejudice to any existing unit holders. 16.4 The managers may also from time to time, with the approval of the Board, make arrangements for the issue of units by way of exchange to the holders of units or sub-units of one or more other unit trusts for such units or sub-units or the cash or other property represented thereby upon such terms (including provision for paying out of the deposited property the costs, fees and expenses of such exchange and a preliminary charge not exceeding that permissible in the case of units issued for cash) as the managers may think fit, provided that the Board is satisfied that the price at which such units, sub-units, cash or other property are taken into the Unit Trust Account and the other terms shall not be such as are likely to result in any prejudice to the existing unit holders. 16.6 The managers shall furnish to the Board on demand a statement of all issues of units and of the terms on which they are issued and of any investments and immovable property which is held by the Unit Trust Account or which they intend to purchase for the account of the Unit Trust Account, and also a statement of any investments and immovable property which in accordance with the powers given to them in this Schedule they intend to sell for the account of the Unit Trust Account, and any other information which may be necessary so that the Board may be in a position to ascertain at any moment the value of the deposited property. 16.8 No issue of units shall be made so as to increase the number of units issued and outstanding, or deemed to be issued and outstanding, beyond the amount agreed in writing from time to time by the Board and the managers. 16.7 The Board shall be entitled to refuse to authorise the issue of a certificate if at any time the Board is of the opinion that the provisions of this paragraph in regard to the issue of units are being infringed; but nothing in this clause or elsewhere in this Schedule shall impose upon the Board any responsibility for satisfying itself before issuing certificates that the managers have complied with the conditions of this paragraph. 17. Price of units 17.2 Notwithstanding paragraph 17.1, the managers shall be entitled from time to time to publish in newspapers, circulars and other forms of advertising media having a substantial circulation throughout Zimbabwe, an invitation to the public approved by the Board to apply for new units at a "fixed price" not exceeding the price ascertained under paragraph 17.1 which shall be ruling on the dealing day immediately preceding the date of publication of such invitation. Such fixed price shall apply for so long a period as the invitation shall remain open. New units may be issued at the fixed price provided that a new unit shall be deemed to be issued on the day on which the application to subscribe for that unit is received by the managers. 17.1 The price at which any issue of units (save for those providing the initial portfolio) is made shall be ascertained by dividing the value at the date of such issue of the deposited property by the number of units then in issue; by adding thereto such sum as the managers may consider represents the appropriate provision for fiscal and purchase charges; by further adding thereto the charge as provided in paragraph 16 and adjusting the resulting total upwards by not more than 1 cent per unit. 17.3 The managers shall be entitled, notwithstanding paragraphs 17.1 and 17.2, upon receipt of an application for units sent from a place other than Harare, to issue such units at a price greater than that ascertained under paragraph 17.1 or 17.2, provided that such price is not more than five per centum (5%) higher than the price so ascertained ruling at the date of such issue. 17.5 The price of all units shall be paid in the manner required by the managers. 17.4 In the event of arrangements being made by the managers for the issue of units for delivery in any country outside Zimbabwe, the price at which such units may be issued may, at the discretion of the managers, include as an addition to the price of issue a further amount sufficient to cover any additional stamp duty or taxation whether national, municipal or otherwise leviable in that country in respect of such issue or of the delivery or issue of certificates in connection therewith, or the remittance of money to Zimbabwe. 17.6 All cheques, bills of exchange, promissory notes and other negotiable instruments shall be made in favour of the Unit Trust Account and all cash received shall be paid into an account opened in the name of the Unit Trust Account and the signing powers over which have been approved by the Board. 18. Subdivision of units 18.2 The managers shall forthwith send to every unit holder a certificate representing the additional number of units to which the unit holder has become entitled as a result of the subdivision. 18.1 The managers may, with the approval of the Board, determine that each unit be subdivided into two or more units and thereupon each unit shall be subdivided accordingly and the number of units shall be increased accordingly. 19. Realisation of units 19.2 Such notice shall state the number of units to be cancelled and the amount payable to the managers thereof. Before giving notice to exercise such right, it shall be the duty of the managers to ensure that the deposited property includes (or will upon the completion of the sale of investments or immovable property agreed to be sold include) sufficient cash to pay the amount payable to the managers upon such reduction. 19.1 The managers shall have the exclusive right by notice in writing to the Board to effect reduction of the Unit Trust Account by the surrender of certificates to the Board for cancellation or by requiring the Board to cancel units in respect of which no certificate is outstanding. 19.3 In respect of any such cancellation of units the managers shall be entitled to receive out of the deposited property an amount per unit ascertained by dividing the value of the deposited property at the time of such notice by the number of units then deemed to be in issue, deducting therefrom such sum as the managers may consider represents the appropriate allowance for fiscal and sale charges in relation to the realisation of the deposited property, and adjusting the resulting total downwards by not more than 11 cents per unit. 19.5 The Board shall check the calculation of the amount payable to the managers and may require the managers to justify the amount. 19.4 Such amount shall be payable to the managers on or as soon as practicable against surrender to the Board of particulars of the units to be cancelled in respect of which no certificate is outstanding. Upon such payment and surrender the units in question shall be deemed to have been cancelled and withdrawn from issue. 20. Surrender of units for value A unit holder shall be entitled at any time during the life of the Unit Trust Account, by a request in writing to the managers or their duly authorised agent accompanied by his or her certificate with the endorsement thereon duly completed, to surrender for value all or any part of the units comprised in his or her certificate at a surrender value per unit ascertained by dividing the value of the deposited property at the time of such surrender by the number of units then deemed to be in issue; by deducting therefrom such a sum as the managers may consider represents the appropriate allowance for fiscal and sale charges in relation to any realisation of the deposited property; and by adjusting the resulting total downwards by not more than 1 cent per unit, provided that: 20.1 no person shall be entitled to surrender part only of the units comprised in a certificate if such surrender would result in his or her being the holder of less than 10 units or such lesser number as the managers may decide with the approval of the Board; 20.3 the managers may at their option dispense with the production of any certificate which has become lost, stolen or destroyed upon compliance by the unit holder with the like requirements to those arising in the case of an application by him or her for the replacement thereof; 20.2 on surrender of part only of the units comprised in a certificate the managers shall cause to be issued a balance certificate for the balance of such units; 20.4 the surrender value shall not be payable to the unit holder until the expiration of seven (7) days after termination of the customary period for the realisation of investments on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange, and any moratorium which may at any time be applied to payments in respect of stock exchange transactions shall apply equally to the payment by the managers of the surrender value; 20.5 it shall be the duty of the managers to ensure that the moneys required for payment of the surrender value of any units surrendered as aforesaid are made available either out of the proceeds of re-sale of such units or otherwise out of the deposited property. PART 7 PROVISIONS AS TO CERTIFICATES 21. Form of certificates Certificates shall be in such form as may from time to time be agreed between the managers and the Board. A certificate shall bear a distinctive number and shall specify the number of units represented thereby and the name of the unit holder. 22. Denomination of certificates Certificates may be issued in any denomination provided that no certificate shall be issued for a number of units less than ten (10) or such lesser number as the managers may decide with the approval of the Board. 23. Preparation, signature and issue of certificates 23.2 The Board shall sign and deliver to the order of the managers or their nominees, certificates in such denominations as may be required for units, but the Board shall deliver certificates only against payment or transfer to the Board of the cash or other property receivable by the Unit Trust Account in respect of the issue of the units concerned. 23.1 The certificates may be engraved on lithographed or printed as the managers may from time to time, with the approval of the Board, determine, and shall be signed on behalf of the Board by a duly authorised officer of the Board. Every such signature may be autographic or may be affixed lithographically or by other mechanical means. No certificate shall be of any force or effect until so signed. Signed certificates shall be valid and binding notwithstanding that before their issue the Board or any person whose signature appears thereon as a duly authorised officer of the Board ceased to be a member of the Board or, as the case may be, an officer so authorised. 23.3 The Board shall also from time to time sign and deliver any other certificates required to be issued in terms of this Schedule upon due compliance with any applicable conditions. 24. Holders entitled to recognition The holder of a certificate shall be the only person recognised by the Board or by the managers as having any right in such certificate and the Board and the managers shall recognise such unit holder as the absolute owner thereof and shall not be bound by any notice to the contrary save those expressly provided in this Schedule, or as by the order of any court of competent jurisdiction. 25. Units held by Board The Board shall be deemed to be the holder of each unit during such time as there is no other person entitled to be regarded as the registered holder of the unit. 26. Exchange or replacement of certificates 26.2 Where any certificate becomes mutilated or defaced, the Board in its discretion may issue to the unit holder, against surrender to the Board of the mutilated or defaced certificate, a new certificate representing the same aggregate number of units. 26.1 Subject to the provisions of this Schedule and in particular to the limitations of the denominations of certificates set out in paragraph 22 and subject to any regulations from time to time made by the managers in consultation with the Board, every unit holder may exchange any or all of his or her certificates for one or more of such denominations as he or she may require representing the same aggregate number of units. Before any such exchange is carried out the unit holder must surrender to the Board the certificate or certificates to be exchanged and shall pay to the Board all moneys payable hereunder in respect of the issue of the new certificate or certificates. 26.3 Where any certificate is lost, stolen or destroyed, the Board may in its discretion issue to the unit holder a new certificate in lieu thereof. 26.4.1 furnished to the managers and the Board evidence satisfactory to them of the mutilation, defacement, loss, theft or destruction of the original certificate; and 26.4 No such new certificate shall be issued unless the applicant has: 26.4.2 paid all expenses incurred in connection with the investigation of the facts; and 26.4.4 if so required by the managers or the Board furnished to the managers or the Board such indemnity as the managers or the Board may require. Neither the managers nor the Board shall incur any liability for any action which they may take in good faith under the provisions of this subparagraph. 26.4.3 in the case of defacement or mutilation, produced and surrendered to the Board the defaced or mutilated certificate; and 27. Registration of holders 27.1.1 the names and addresses of the unit holders; 27.1 A register of the unit holders shall be kept, subject to the control of the Board, by the managers who shall enter in the register : 27.1.2 the number of units held by every such person and the distinctive number of the certificate or certificates; 27.2 Any unit holder shall immediately notify the Board of any change of name or address on his or her part and once the Board is satisfied thereof, and on compliance with such formalities as it may require, it shall alter the register or cause it to be altered accordingly. 27.1.3 the date on which the name of every such person was entered in respect of the units standing in his or her name. 27.3 The register shall (subject to such reasonable restrictions as the managers may impose) be open during business hours to the inspection of any unit holder without charge. 27.5 No notice of any trust or interest, express, implied or constructive, shall be entered in the register in respect of any unit. 27.4 The register may be closed at such times and for such periods as the managers may, with the approval of the Board, determine, provided that it shall not be closed for more than 30 days in any one year, and if the managers decide to close the register, they shall at their expense give notice by advertisement in a widely circulated newspaper published in Zimbabwe. 27.6 Upon the re-sale of any units which are not cancelled in terms of paragraph 19, the Board shall enter the name of the purchaser in the register as the unit holder thereof and shall issue a certificate therefor in his or her favour. 28. Transfer of units 28.2 Every instrument of transfer must be signed by both the transferor and the transferee and the transferor shall be deemed to remain the holder of the units transferred until the name of the transferee is entered in the register in respect thereof. 28.1 Every unit holder shall be entitled to transfer the units or any of the units held by him or her by an instrument in writing in such form as the Board may from time to time approve. Provided that no transfer shall be registered if the registration thereof would result in the transferor or the transferee being a registered holder of less than ten units or such lesser number as the managers may decide with the approval of the Board. 28.3 Every instrument of transfer must be duly stamped and left with the Board for registration accompanied by the certificate or certificates relating to the units to be transferred and such other evidence as the Board may require to prove the title of the transferor or his or her right to transfer the units. The Board may dispense with the production of any certificate which has become lost, stolen or destroyed upon compliance by the transferor with the like requirement to those arising in the case of an application by him or her for the replacement thereof. 28.5 The Board may charge a fee as agreed with the managers from time to time for the registration of each transfer and the issue of a new certificate in the name of the transferee and a balance certificate, if necessary, in the name of the transferor and, if required by the Board, such fee must be paid before the registration of the transfer. 28.4 All instruments of transfer which are registered shall be retained by the Board. 28.6 The receipt of the unit holder for any moneys payable in respect of the units represented by such certificate shall be a good discharge to the Board and if several persons are registered as joint unit holders or in consequence of the death or insolvency of a unit holder are entitled so to be registered, any one of them may give valid receipts for any such moneys. 29. Death of unit holder 29.2 Any person entitled to a unit in consequence of the death of any unit holder may upon producing such evidence as to his or her title as the Board requires either be registered himself or herself as the unit holder of such unit upon giving to the Board notice in writing of such desire, or transfer such unit to some other person. All the provisions of this Schedule relating to transfer shall be applicable to any such notice or transfer as if the death had not occurred and such notice or transfer were a transfer executed by the unit holder. 29.1 In the event of the death of a unit holder the executor or administrators of a deceased unit holder shall be the only persons recognised by the Board as having title to the units represented thereby until such a time as the estate has been distributed. 29.3 A person becoming entitled to a unit in consequence of death as aforesaid may give a discharge for all moneys payable in respect of the unit but he or she shall not be entitled to receive notices of or to attend or vote at any meeting of unit holders until he or she has been registered as the unit holder of such a unit. 29.4 In respect of the registration of any letters of administration, power of attorney, marriage or death certificate, order of court, notarial deed of change of name or other document relating to or affecting the title to any unit there shall be paid to the Board such fee as may be agreed with the managers from time to time. 30. Retention of payments The Board may retain any moneys payable in respect of any units of which any person is entitled to be registered as the unit holder or which any person is entitled to transfer until such person is registered as the unit holder of such units or has transferred them. 31. Cancellation of certificates In the case of a surrender of units for value in terms of paragraph 20, the Board shall cancel the certificate or certificates in respect of the units surrendered and remove the name of the unit holder from the register, provided that such removal shall only be treated for the purposes of this Schedule as a cancellation of the units and as withdrawing them from issue if the managers fail to effect a resale before the termination of the customary period for the realisation of investments on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange. 32. Restrictions on issue of certificates Notwithstanding the provisions relating to certificates the managers shall only be obliged to issue certificates to those unit holders who request them, and if a unit holder does not request a certificate, any deal note issued by the managers shall be deemed a certificate for the purpose of this Schedule. 33. Transaction statements The managers shall if required by any unit holder furnish to that unit holder a quarterly transaction statement confirming all the details which could be derived from the certificate if issued. PART 8 DEPOSITED PROPERTY The deposited property shall include: 34. Deposited property 34.1 property in the hands of the Board; 34.3 where investments have been agreed to be purchased or sold but such purchase or sale has not been completed, such investments shall be included or excluded in the deposited property and the net purchase or sale consideration shall be excluded or included, as the case may require, as if such purchase or sale had been duly completed; 34.2 the value of any cash or other property to be received in respect of units agreed to be issued by the managers after deducting therefrom or providing thereout in the case of units agreed to be issued pursuant to a conversion offer, any moneys payable out of the deposited property pursuant to the terms of the arrangements under which such conversion offer is made; 34.4 where notice of a reduction of the Unit Trust Account by the cancellation of units has been given by the managers to the Board but such cancellation has not been completed the units to be cancelled shall not be deemed to be in issue and the value of the deposited property shall be reduced by the amount payable to the managers upon such cancellation. PART 9 INVESTMENT OF DEPOSITED PROPERTY 35. Transfer of property to Board 35.1 Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, all cash and other property which ought in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule to form part of the deposited property shall be paid or transferred to the Board and all cash shall, except in so far as such cash may in the opinion of the managers be required for transfer to the distribution account, be applied at the discretion of the managers (but subject always to the provisions of this Schedule) in the acquisition of authorised investments and immovable property. Provided that all or any amount of cash may during such time or times as the managers may think fit be retained in cash or on deposit with any banker or building society approved by the Board and the managers. 35.2 The Board shall be entitled at any time at its entire discretion and without assigning any reason to give notice to the managers that it is not prepared to accept the transfer of any property which in the opinion of the Board infringes the terms of this Schedule and the Board shall be entitled to require the managers to deposit in place of any such property other property acceptable to the Board. 36. Realisation of investments 36.2 Investments and immovable property comprised in the deposited property shall be realised by the managers, if so required by the Board, and the net proceeds of realisation shall be applied in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule, but the managers may postpone realisation of any such investment or immovable property for such period as they may determine to be in the interest of the unit holders, unless the Board requires them to be realised without delay. 36.1 Any investment comprised in the deposited property may at any time be realised at the discretion of the managers either in order to provide cash required for the purpose of any provision of this Schedule or in order to retain the proceedings of sale in cash or on deposit as aforesaid or partly one and partly the other. 37. Mode of realisation Any sale of an investment for the account of the Unit Trust Account shall be made by the managers or their nominee on the instruction of the managers with the approval of the Board, and in the event of the managers receiving a share of any commission payable to the brokers the managers shall be at liberty to retain it without being liable to account therefor. 38. Limit upon investments The value of the Unit Trust Account's holding of investments in any one company or body shall be as determined by the managers and the Board from time to time. 39. Partly paid investments 39.2 The cash or other property so appropriated shall form part of the deposited property but shall not be available for application without the consent of the Board in any way otherwise than as may be required for paying up the investments in respect of which the appropriation was made, so long as and to the extent that such investments remain part of the deposited property or any liability (contingent to otherwise) exists in respect thereof. 39.1 The managers shall not be entitled without the consent of the Board to apply any part of the deposited property in the acquisition of any investments or immovable property which are for the time being partly paid only or otherwise in the opinion of the Board likely to involve the Board in any liability. Provided that the selection of all investments or immovable property, whether partly paid or not, shall in all respects be the responsibility of the managers solely and not of the Board. If the Board consents to the acquisition of any partly paid investment or immovable property it shall in all respects be the responsibility of the managers solely and not of the Board. If the Board consents to the acquisition of any partly paid investment or immovable property, the Board shall be entitled to appropriate and set aside cash or other property approved by managers and acceptable to the Board sufficient to provide for paying up such investment in full or for meeting such liability. 39.3 The Board shall be entitled at any time at their entire discretion and without assigning any reason to give notice to the managers that they are not prepared to accept the transfer of any property which in the opinion of the Board infringes this Schedule and the Board shall be entitled to require the managers to deposit in place of any such property other property acceptable to the Board. PART 10 ISTRIBUTION D 40. Distribution 40.2 As at each accounting date the amount of cash required to effect such distribution shall be transferred to a special account to be entitled "distribution account" and the amount to the credit of the distribution account shall not be treated as part of the deposited property held by the Board upon trust to distribute as provided. 40.1 On the 31st of December in each year, or as soon after such date as the audited statement referred to in paragraph 43.1 is available, the Board shall distribute among the unit holders rateably in accordance with the number of units represented by the certificates held by them respectively on the last preceding accounting date the amount available for distribution to unit holders as certified in accordance with paragraph 43.1 in respect of the accounting period ending on such accounting date, adjusted to the nearest amount not involving the distribution of a fraction of a cent per 10 units. 41. Computation of distribution 41.2 The amount available for distribution in respect of any accounting period shall be assessed by deducting the management participation from the total net amount received by the Board in the accounting period of all interest, dividends and other receipts deemed by the managers, after consulting the auditors, to be in the nature of income and by making such adjustments as the managers, after consulting with the auditors, may think fit. Permitted adjustments shall be: 41.1 The proceeds of sales of rights and all other receipts deemed by the managers, after consulting the auditors, to be in the nature of capital accruing from investments and immovable property shall not be regarded as available for distribution but shall be retained as part of the deposited property. 41.2.1 addition or deduction of a sum by way of adjustment to allow for the effect of sales or pur chases cum dividend; 41.2.3 addition of a sum representing amounts included in the price of the new units for income ac crued prior to the date of issue and deduction of a sum representing participation in income distributed upon the liquidation of units surrendered and cancelled during the accounting pe riod. 41.2.2 addition of a sum representing any interest or dividends accrued but not received by the Board at the end of the accounting period and deduction of a sum representing (to the extent that an adjustment by way of addition has been made in respect of any previous accounting period) any interest or dividends accrued at the end of the previous accounting period; 41.3 The distribution statement relating to each period with the auditor's report annexed shall be filed with the Board and shall be conclusive and binding and copies thereof shall be open for inspection during usual business hours by any unit holder at the offices of the managers. The Board and the managers shall be absolutely protected in relying on, and shall act on, such an audited statement. 42. Equalisation payment 42.2 In respect of units surrendered for value under paragraph 20 and subsequently re-sold the Board shall, on or before the date of distribution under Part 10, in respect of the relevant accounting period, place to the credit of the distribution account the equalisation payments applicable to such unit. 42.1 The first distribution to be made in respect of a unit following issue thereof shall include a capital sum equal to the equalisation payment in respect of such unit. 43. Distribution statements 43.1.1 the gross income per unit for the accounting period to which the statement relates, the amount of income tax, if any, to be deducted therefrom, and the corresponding net amount; 43.1 The Board shall on or before the 31st day of August in each year, or as soon as possible thereafter, cause the managers to make up a distribution statement certified by the auditors covering the distribution in respect of the accounting period ending on the accounting date last preceding the date aforesaid and such statements shall show: 43.1.2 the amount per unit of a capital nature distributable and its source; 43.1.4 the net amount per unit brought forward from the previous accounting period and that carried forward to the following accounting period distinguishing in each case between income and capital; 43.1.3 the amount per unit charged in respect of management participation for the accounting period in question; 43.1.5 the gross and net amount per unit to be distributed to the unit holders distinguishing between income and capital; 43.1.7 the percentage of the total value of the deposited property on the accounting date in question represented by each investment and the percentage representing cash, other than cash to be transferred to the distribution account in respect of the accounting period; 43.1.6 if in the opinion of the Board and the auditors the amount to be distributed to unit holders has been increased or decreased by reason of the sale or purchase of securities cum dividend, the net amount of such increase or decrease shall be stated unless the Board and the auditors agree that it is not material and does not substantially affect the amount to be distributed to unit holders; 43.1.8 the bid price of units (ex dividend) on the accounting date. 44. Payment of distributions 44.2 Every such cheque or warrant shall be made payable to the order of the person to whom it is delivered or sent, and payment of the cheque or warrant shall be a satisfaction of the moneys payable. 44.1 Any moneys payable by the Board to a unit holder under this Schedule shall be paid by cheque or warrant sent through the post to the registered address of such unit holder. 44.3 Where an authority in that behalf has been received by the Board in such form as the auditors consider sufficient, the Board shall pay the amount distributable to the unit holder to his or her bankers or other agent and the receipt of such bankers or other agent shall be a good discharge therefor. 45. Tax certificates 45.2 In the case of any distribution made on liquidation of the Unit Trust Account, each tax certificate shall show what proportion of the distribution represents capital and what proportion represents income. 45.1 In respect of each distribution payment the Board shall issue to the unit holder concerned a tax certificate to be prepared by the auditors or by the managers in a form to be approved by the Board. 46. Accounts 46.2 The account shall be audited by independent auditors of a reputable firm, and shall be accompanied by a certificate of the auditors to the effect that the account has been examined with the books and the records of the Unit Trust Account and of the managers in relation thereto and that the auditors have obtained all the explanations and information they have required. The auditors shall further report whether the account is in their opinion properly drawn up in accordance with such books and records to disclose the profits or losses accruing to the managers from the Unit Trust Account. 46.1 The managers shall forward to unit holders not less frequently than once a year but not more than six months after the end of the accounting period to which it relates an account containing such information as may be required by the Board in consultation with the managers. 46.3 The managers shall forward to the Minister of Finance once every year, audited accounts of the Unit Trust Account within six months of the end of the financial year. PART 11 MEETINGS OF UNIT HOLDERS 47. Calling of meetings 47.1 the Board on its own account; or A meeting of unit holders may be called at any time by: 47.2 on the request of unit holders holding not less than twenty-five per centum (25%) of the units then in issue; or 47.3 the managers. 48. Notice of meetings 48.2 The notice shall specify the place and time of the meeting and the terms of any resolutions to be proposed. 48.1 Not less than twenty-one (21) days notice, inclusive of the day on which the notice is served or is deemed to be served and of the day for which the notice is given, shall be given by the person calling the meeting to the unit holders, the Board and managers as provided in Part 15. 48.3 The accidental omission to give notice to or the non-receipt of a notice by any of the unit holders shall not invalidate the proceedings at any meeting. 49. Quorum 49.2 If within an hour from the time appointed for the meeting a quorum is not present, the meeting shall be adjourned to a day not less than fifteen (15) days thereafter, at a time and place appointed by the chairperson of the meeting and at such adjourned meeting the unit holders present in person or by proxy shall be a quorum. 49.1 The necessary quorum shall be sufficient persons present in person or proxy representing not less than fifteen per centum (15%) of all units then in issue, and no business shall be transacted at any meeting unless the requisite quorum is present at the commencement of business. 49.3 Notice of any adjourned meeting shall be given in the same manner as for the original meeting and the notice shall state that the unit holders present at the adjourned meeting, whatever their number and the number of units held by them, will be a quorum. 49.4 The managers shall not be counted in the quorum of any meeting. 50. Procedure at meetings 50.2 The chairperson may, with the consent of any meeting at which a quorum is present, and shall if so directed by the meeting, adjourn the meeting from time to time and place to place but no business shall be transacted at any adjourned meeting except business which might lawfully have been transacted at the meeting from which the adjournment took place. 50.1 The Board shall nominate in writing a person, who need not be a unit holder, to preside at any meeting, and if no person is nominated or if at any meeting the nominated chairperson is not present within 15 minutes after the appointed time, the unit holders present shall choose one of their number to be the chairperson. 50.3 At any meeting all resolutions put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a show of hands unless a poll is, before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands, demanded by the chairperson, or by one or more unit holders present in person or by proxy and holding or representing one-hundredth of the number of issued units. 50.5 If a poll is demanded, it shall be taken in the manner directed by the chairperson and the result of a poll shall be deemed to be the resolution of the meeting at which the poll was demanded. 50.4 Unless a poll is demanded, a declaration by the chairperson that a resolution has been carried or lost shall be conclusive evidence of the fact without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded in favour of or against such resolution. 50.6 A poll demanded on the election of a chairperson or on a question of adjournment shall be taken forthwith and a poll demanded on any other question shall be taken at the time and place directed by the chairperson. 50.8 On a poll votes may be given either personally or by proxy. 50.7 The demand for a poll shall not prevent the continuation of a meeting for the transaction of any business other than the question on which the poll was demanded. 50.9 On a show of hands every unit holder who, being an individual, is present in person or by proxy, shall have one vote, and on a poll every unit holder who is present in person or by proxy shall have one vote for every unit held by him or her. 50.11 The managers shall not be entitled to vote at any meeting. 50.10 In the case of joint unit holders the vote of the senior who tenders a vote, whether in person or by proxy, shall be accepted to the exclusion of the votes of the other joint holders and, for this purpose, seniority shall be determined by the order in which the names stand in the register of unit holders. 50.12 The managers shall ensure that proper minutes of all resolutions and proceedings at every meeting are properly made and kept. Such minutes and records shall be kept at the office of the managers and shall be open to inspection by unit holders during normal business hours. 51. Proxies 51.2 The instrument of proxy shall be in the form approved by the Board. 51.1 The instrument appointing a proxy shall be in writing and signed by the appointer or his or her agent, duly authorised in writing. 51.3 The instrument of proxy and the power of attorney or other authority under which it is signed, or a notarially authenticated copy of such power of attorney, shall be deposited at such place as the Board, or the managers with the approval of the Board, may specify in the notice convening the meeting or, if no place is appointed, then at the registered office of the managers not less than 48 hours before the time appointed for holding the meeting or adjourned meeting, or, in the case of a poll, before the time appointed for the taking of the poll and in default the instrument of proxy shall be deemed invalid. 51.4 A vote given in accordance with the terms of an instrument of proxy shall be valid notwithstanding the previous death or insanity of the principal or revocation of the proxy or authority under which the proxy was executed or the transfer of units in respect of which the proxy is given, provided that no transfer has been registered by the Board before the commencement of the meeting or adjourned meeting at which the proxy is used. 52. Power of Meeting 52.1.1 sanction any amendment, alteration or addition to the provisions of this Schedule which have been agreed by the Board and the managers as provided in Part 14; 52.1 A meeting of unit holders duly convened and held in accordance with this Part shall be competent by extraordinary resolution to: 52.1.2 require the resignation of the managers; 52.2 For the purpose of this paragraph, an extraordinary resolution means a resolution passed by a majority consisting of not less than seventy-five per centum (75%) of the total number of votes cast for and against the resolution. but shall not have any further powers. PART 12 VOTING RIGHTS 53. Voting rights on deposited property 53.2 The Board shall upon written request by the managers, and at its expense, from time to time execute and deliver or cause to be executed or delivered to the managers or their nominees sufficient powers of attorney or 53.1 Except as otherwise expressly provided, all rights of voting conferred by any of the deposited property shall be exercised in such manner as the managers may in writing direct, and the managers may refrain at their own discretion from the exercise of any voting rights and no unit holder shall have any right to interfere or complain. proxies, in such name or names as the managers may request, authorising such attorneys and proxies to vote, consent or otherwise act in respect of all or any part of the deposited property. 53.4 The phrase "rights of voting" or the word "vote" used in this paragraph shall be deemed to include not only a vote at a meeting but any consent to or approval of any arrangement, scheme or resolution or any alteration in or abandonment of any rights attaching to any part of the deposited property and the right to requisition or join in a requisition to convene any meeting or to give notice of any resolution or to circulate any statement. 53.3 The managers shall be entitled to exercise such rights in what they may consider to be the best interests of the unit holders, but neither the managers nor the Board shall be under any liability or responsibility in respect of the management of the investment in question or in respect of any vote, action or consent given or taken or not given or taken by the managers whether in person or by proxy or power of attorney, nor shall they incur any liability or responsibility by reason of any error of law or mistake of fact or any matter or thing done or omitted to be done by the Board or managers or by the holder of such proxy or power of attorney under this Schedule. PART 13 ADVERTISING 54. Advertisements No advertisement, circular or other document of that nature containing any statement with reference to the issue price of units or the yield therefrom or containing any invitation to buy units shall be issued by or on behalf of the managers until the Board has approved the terms of the document. PART 14 AMENDMENT OF SECOND SCHEDULE 55. Amendment Unless the Board certifies in writing that in its opinion such amendment is required only to enable the provisions of this Schedule to be more conveniently or economically managed or otherwise to benefit the unit holders, and that it does not prejudice the interests of the unit holders or any of them and does not alter the fundamental provisions or objects of the Unit Trust Account or operate to release the Board or the managers from any responsibility to unit holders, no such amendment shall be made without the sanction of an extraordinary resolution of a meeting of the unit holders duly convened and held in accordance with Part 11. PART 15 NOTICES 56. Service of notice 56.1 Any notice required to be served upon a unit holder shall be deemed to have been duly given if sent by post to, or left at his or her address as appearing in the register. Any notice served by post shall be deemed to have been served on the fifth day following that on which the letter is posted, and in proving such service it shall be sufficient to prove that the letter was properly addressed, stamped and posted. The following provisions shall apply to the serving of notices— 56.2 Service of a notice or document on any one of several joint unit holders shall be deemed effective service on the other joint unit holders. 56.3 Any notice or document sent by post to, or left at, the registered address of a unit holder shall notwithstanding that such unit holder is dead or insolvent and whether or not the Board or the managers have notice of his or her death or insolvency be deemed to have been duly served and such service shall be deemed a sufficient service on all persons interested (whether jointly with, or as claiming through or under him or her) in the unit concerned. THIRD SCHEDULE (Section 15(3)) PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FUND 1. Application of Fund Moneys in the Fund shall be applied to the purposes referred to in section 12 and to the cost of administering the Fund. 2. Financial year of Fund The financial year of the Fund shall be the period of twelve months ending on the 31st December each year. 3. Financial management of Fund (1) All monies received on behalf of the Fund shall be paid into a banking account and no money shall be withdrawn therefrom except by means of cheques signed by such persons as are authorised by the Board. (2) Any part of the Fund not immediately required for the purposes of the Fund may be invested in such manner as the Board may determine. 4. Books of account and audit of Fund (a) proper accounts and other records relating thereto are kept in relation to all the financial transactions of the Fund; and (1) The Board shall ensure that— b () in respect of each financial year— (ii) a statement of the transactions referred to in paragraph (a); (i) a balance-sheet; and are prepared without undue delay. (2) The accounts of the Fund shall be audited by the Auditor-General, who shall have all the powers conferred upon him or her by section 9 of Public Finance Management Act [Chapter 22:19] (No. 11 of 2009) as though the assets of the Fund were public moneys or State property and persons employed by the Board were employees of the State. FOURTH SCHEDULE (Section 16) [Schedule repealed by Act 1 of 2018]
Speakers: Oliver Flade Asoka Wöhrmann Claire Peel DWS Group GmbH Co. KGaA Q4 & Full-Year 2021 Preliminary Results Call 27 th January, 2022 \| 10:00 CET Transcript Oliver Flade Asoka Wöhrmann Yes, Operator, thank you very much, and good morning, everybody from Frankfurt. This is Oliver Flade from Investor Relations, and I would like to welcome everybody to our Earnings Call for the fourth quarter of 2021. As always, I still hope that you're keeping healthy and safe, and before we start, I would like to remind you that the upcoming Deutsche Bank Analysts Call will outline the asset management segment's results, which have different perimeter basis to the DWS results than we're presenting now. And also, as always, I'm joined by Asoka Wöhrmann, our CEO, and Claire Peel, our CFO. Asoka will start with some opening remarks and Claire will then take you through the presentation. And for the Q&A afterwards, please could you limit yourself to the two most important questions, so that we can give as many people a chance to participate as possible. I would also like to remind you that the presentation may contain forward-looking statements, which may not develop as we currently expect. And therefore, I ask you to take note of the disclaimer and the precautionary warning on forwardlooking statements at the end of our materials. And with that, I will now pass on to Asoka. Thank you, Oliver. Good morning, and welcome to the Quarter 4 and Full-Year 2021 Results for DWS. I hope you are keeping healthy and safe, two years into this pandemic. Today, Claire and I will review our strategic and financial successes from last year, and we will outline the path forward for DWS in 2022 and beyond. Let us start by looking back on 2021, which marked, not only the start of the phase two of our corporate journey to transform, grow and lead, but resulted in our third consecutive year of positive financial performance with records achieved across all our major financial matrix. Fullyear net inflows totalled €48 billion in 2021, outpacing our previous record high of €30 billion in 2020, and comfortably above our annual net flow growth target of above 4%. This supported record AUM levels of €928 billion in full-year 2021 resulted in a record adjusted profit before tax of €1.1 billion in the same period, as well as an adjusted cost/income ratio of 58% in the full year, our best ever. The success of 2021 is a testament to the efforts we have made as a globally integrated firm, investing into transformation for further efficiency, targeting growth and aiming differentiated leadership. In particular, our growing range of innovative ESG products have performed very well, attracting €19 billion of net inflows in a full year 2021, accounting for approximately 40% of our total annual inflows. And in the fourth quarter alone, we saw €6 billion of net inflows into ESG products after 5 billion in the third quarter and 4 billion in the second quarter. This is obviously a very pleasing result, given the unfounded allegations we faced. Our clients have spoken loud and clear. During the last quarter of the year, we also set ourselves a 2030 net zero interim target as a part of our commitment to the Net Zero Asset Managers Initiative. And for the second year in a row, we voluntarily participated in the annual CDP assessment, improving our score in late 2021 to a B rating, which is awarded to companies that demonstrate coordinated management action on climate issues, as proven by data disclosure. As part of ongoing efforts to transform, grow and lead, we also made significant progress to further organically scale our passive business, while targeting growth into highmargin strategies in 2021. We attracted a record €26 billion of passive net inflows in full-year 2021, up from €17 billion in 2020, with positive contributions from our growing range of ESG ETFs. We also reported stronger net inflows into our high-margin strategies last year, including from alternatives, active multiasset and active SQI, reflecting growing demand for such products, as investors increasingly seek higher-yielding strategies. As we highlight every year, partnerships continue to be fundamental to moving DWS forward. 2021 was no exception with existing partnerships being deepened and new partnerships formed to strengthen our capabilities, target new growth opportunities and increase our global brand visibility. We entered a long-term strategic partnership with BlackFin Capital to further develop and build out our digital investment platform, IKS. We accrued a minority stake in Smart Pension Limited, a retired tech firm based in the UK, to target growth in UK pension market and participate in the shift from defined benefit to defined contribution plans. And we partnered with one of the most notable global, iconic sport brands, the Los Angeles Lakers, becoming their official global investor sponsor, offering us an opportunity to increase brand visibility and recognition in our targeted growth markets across the globe. And finally, as we look back at the year that was, from a Claire Peel shareholder perspective, we want both our stake/shareholders to participate in the record results we were able to achieve, while at the same time, keeping our focus and flexibility to look for opportunities for further growth. With that in mind, the DWS Executive Board is proposing a higher dividend of €2 per share for 2021, up 10% from last year and the third consecutive increase since our IPO, subject to approval at our 2022 annual general meeting. Now, let me pass over to our CFO, Claire Peel to talk about our financial results for the fourth quarter and the full year in detail. Claire, please? Thank you, Asoka, and welcome, everyone. I hope you're all having a happy and healthy start to the new year. I will provide further context to our financial results and activities from the fourth quarter and the full year 2021, starting with our key achievements. Looking back, 2021 was an exceptional year, driven by a combination of strong investment performance, innovative products unwavering client trust and constructive markets. This is evident in our annual net inflows, which reached record highs of €48 billion in 2021, as well as our lowest adjusted cost/income ratio of 58%. As a result, we remain firmly on track to achieve our medium-term targets for both net flows and adjusted cost/income ratio, reflecting our ongoing commitment to grow our business, increase efficiency and create shareholder value. We are, therefore, pleased to propose an increasing absolute dividend to our shareholders for 2021, subject to approval at our 2022 Annual General Meeting. Overall, 2021 proved to be another year of financial success for DWS, supported by a quarter of solid performance in Q4. Let's look at our financial performance snapshot for the quarter. Starting at the top left, AUM increased to a record €928 billion in Q4, up 5% quarter on quarter, driven by market performance and strong inflows. On the top right, adjusted revenues grew to €797 million, up 20% from Q3, reflecting an exceptional performance fee, recognised in the fourth quarter. On the bottom left, adjusted costs totalled €424 million, up 8% quarter on quarter, due to higher seasonal effects in Q4. Despite this, the adjusted cost/income ratio improved to 53.1%, down six percentage points from 59.2% in Q3. Adjusted profit before tax increased to €373 million, up 30% quarter on quarter, sorry, up 38% quarter on quarter, supported by stronger revenue growth in Q4. Moving onto our full-year financial performance, despite the ongoing pandemic, markets remained strong for most of the year, enabling us to continue executing our strategic priorities and deliver our strongest year of financial performance to date. In 2021, DWS reported record new highs in net inflows, AUM, revenues, adjusted profit before tax and net income, as well as a record low for our adjusted cost/income ratio. AUM increased 17% year on year, driven by €47.7 billion of annual net inflows, positive market performance and favourable FX movements. Adjusted revenues grew to €2.7 billion, up 22% from 2020, with growth reported across all revenue categories. This supported an improved cost/income ratio of 58.1% in full year 2021, down from 64.5% in 2020. Excluding the single exceptional performance fee, the adjusted cost/income ratio stands at 60%. Adjusted costs increased due to ongoing investment into growth over the year, and adjusted profit before tax increased by 43% to €1.1 billion for 2021. After tax, net income of €782 million increased by 40% on 2020 results. Let's recap on the market environment. The fourth quarter of 2021 was more volatile, compared to previous quarters, as concerns over coronavirus and its newly detected variants once again dominated markets. However, as we have seen throughout the year, the majority of equity indices have remained strong in Q4. In addition, the US dollar continued to appreciate by 2% against the euro, and overall market conditions supported positive AUM growth, which I'll now outline. Assets under management increased to €928 billion in Q4, up 5% quarter on quarter and up 17% year on year. Since the IPO in 2018, assets have grown at a compound annual growth rate of 12%. The full-year 2021 increase in AUM can be attributed to exceptionally strong market performance and favourable FX movements, and with stronger contributions from net inflows, which peaked to a new high in 2021. Moving on to this flow performance, DWS reported €15 billion of net inflows in Q4, generating net flow growth of 6.8% in the quarter and concluding a successful end to the year, even as investor sentiment started to become more cautious. In Q4, we saw institutional investors react to news of the latest coronavirus variant by derisking their portfolios, a trend we saw prominently at the start of the pandemic. This can be seen clearly in our cash inflows, which totalled €7.2 billion in the fourth quarter, as institutional investors in EMEA sought safe havens amid increased market volatility. We also saw a similar trend play out in the passive market. Quarterly passive inflows totalled €3.9 billion in the fourth quarter, supported by mandate wins in EMEA. Our European-listed ETPs continue to contribute to passive inflows, but at a lower level, compared to previous quarters in 2021. This trend is not unique to DWS, but has been observed in markets globally, as institutional investors adjusted risk appetites in the fourth quarter. The full-year 2021 passive remains a significant flow driver, attracting a record €25.9 billion of net inflows, up from €16.6 billion in 2020. This includes significant contributions from passive ESG products, which account for more than a third of total annual passive net inflows in 2021, and which we expect to remain a critical flow driver in 2022. While investors are looking to derisk their portfolios, rebalancing asset allocations is also a priority, and this is translated into strong client demand for high-margin strategies. Alternatives had a strong end to the year, reporting their fourth consecutive quarter of positive and consistent flow performance in 2021, with 1.7 billion of net inflows in Q4 and €6 billion in the full year. Both quarterly and annual net inflows have been driven by stronger client interest in real assets and infrastructure and with positive contributions from all three regions, EMEA, Asia Pacific and Americas. This demonstrates growing global interest in alternative investments to diversify portfolios and generate higher returns in the long term, a trend we expect to continue in 2022, in response to inflationary pressures. We have also observed greater investor interest in active multi-asset in 2021. In the fourth quarter, we reported €1.3 billion of active multi-asset inflows, driven by a combination of institutional mandate wins and continued inflows into our flagship retail fund, Concept Kaldemorgen. This quarterly flow performance contributed to total multi-asset net inflows of €3.8 billion in full-year 21, marking a reversal from 2020 outflows as investors return to the asset class. Active fixed income also reported a positive turnaround, attracting net inflows of 1 billion in the fourth quarter and €4.6 billion in the full year, compared to redemptions the year before. Quarterly fixed-income inflows were contributed by large institutional mandate wins in EMEA and with further support from flagship retail fixed-income funds. Active equity delivered positive net inflows of €0.1 billion in the fourth quarter, driven by continued demand for active ESG equity products. This is a trend we have seen throughout 2021, resulting in €2.2 billion of active ESG equity inflows in the full year, despite overall outflows in the asset class. Overall, DWS has had an exceptionally strong year of flow performance in 2021. We reported €47.7 billion of net inflows in the full year, our highest annual net inflow to date, including €41.7 billion, excluding cash. This is significantly stronger than €30.3 billion of net inflows in 2020 and €26.1 billion in full-year 19, and resulted in a net flow rate of 6% in full-year 2021, keeping us firmly on track to achieve our medium-term target growth of above 4% on average. In particular, ESG products have proven to be critical to our flow performance, which I will now outline in more detail. Last year, we continued to meet growing client demand for sustainable investment solutions by making ESG a greater feature of our portfolio. As a result, ESG products attracted €18.9 billion of net inflows in full-year 2021, accounting for 40% of total annual inflows and 42%, excluding cash. Our 2021 ESG flow performance was predominantly driven by active and passive funds, with further contributions from alternatives. Last year, we saw particularly strong client interest in ESG ETFs, most notably into Xtrackers ESG, MSCI, USA, world and Japan UCITS ETF, as well as the Xtrackers ESG Euro Corporate Bond UCITS EGF. We will aim to capitalise on this momentum with new ESG ETF launches in 2022, which I'll outline shortly. In addition, we continue to see greater client demand for actively managed ESG funds, especially in the XG asset class. This is reflected by positive flow momentum into the DWS Invest ESG Equity Income Fund and the DWS Invest SDG Global Equities Fund, which saw its AUM almost double to €1.7 billion in 2021. Meanwhile, the newer DWS Invest ESG Blue Economy Fund is also performing well, with client demand reported across regions and with support from our partnerships with the World Wildlife Fund and Healthy Seas. Client interest in ESG also spans other active asset classes, including our multi-asset offering, DWS ESG Dynamic Opportunities Fund. Altogether, the 2021 success of our ESG funds reinforces the need for such strategies in 2022 and beyond to ensure that DWS is well-positioned to meet the ever-changing needs and expectations of our clients. Moving on to product launches, Since our IPO in the second quarter of 2018, new product launches have continued to gather strong momentum, attracting €40.7 billion of cumulative net inflows and an overall management fee margin of 38 basis points. This includes 18.9 billion of net inflows from new fund launches in 2021, up from €12.1 billion in 2020. To ensure we sustain our flow success in the year ahead, we will intensify our focus on product innovation by accelerating new fund launches while making improvements to our current range of products. We will further leverage existing investment strategies that offer clients protection against expected inflationary pressures in 2022, most notably in alternatives. As a result, we will continue to expand our alternatives range with a focus on real assets and private market offerings, which are likely to be in strong demand for investors seeking higheryielding strategies. We will also continue to scale our passive business. As we enter 2022, we aim to double our ETF launches to ensure we remain competitive and sustain our position as one of the leading ETF providers in Europe and capitalise on the strong AUM growth reported in full-year 2021. And we plan accelerated thematic launches across all asset classes in 2022, with a particular focus on climate as part of our recently defined net zero commitment. For example, in Q1 2022, we will launch the Xtracker Net Zero Pathway Equities ETFs and the DWS Invest STG Corporate Bonds Fund. In addition, we recently launched the DWS Invest ESG Women for Women Fund last week, which champions gender and wealth equality. To summarise, product innovation remains very high on our strategic agenda in 2022, as we seek to capture new growth opportunities, continue our positive flow trajectory and achieve top-line revenue growth in the medium term. Moving on to revenues, total adjusted revenues grew to €797 million in Q4, up 20% quarter on quarter and 32% year on year. This was primarily driven by the recognition of a significant multi-asset performance fee in the fourth quarter, together with higher management fees and other recurring revenues, as a result of positive market performance and net inflows. A quarterly uptick in other revenues includes a 20 million contribution from our Chinese investment, Harvest, in addition to strong investment income gains. In full-year 2021, total adjusted revenues grew by 22% year on year to a record €2.7 billion. This reflects growth in all revenue categories, including an 11% increase in annual management fees and other recurring revenues. We also benefitted from stronger-than-expected performance and transaction fees, especially in the fourth quarter, as well as consistently strong contributions from Harvest, which totalled €86 million for the full year. Moving on to management fees and margins, at 27.8 basis points, our overall management fee margin remained resilient in the full year 2021, marking a contrast to 2020, when margin was impacted by investors derisking portfolios in response to the pandemic. In full-year 2021, management fees have grown 11% year on year, supported by constructive markets and higher levels of average AUM. This is most evident in active equity management fees, which increased significantly, enabling us to sustain a management fee margin of 72 basis points. Our strong flow performance also contributed to this annual increase in management fees, most notably in passive and alternatives. In 2021, passive management fees revenues grew by 26% year on year, driven by stronger annual net inflows and despite ongoing margin decline, amid pricing pressure and mix. Alternative management fee revenues were also up year on year, growing by 7% as a result of stronger net inflows. A decline in the alternative management fee margin can be attributed to a specific fee event in 2021, notably, the temporary fee suspension of an infrastructure fund due to be liquidated in the first half of 2022. In addition, positive flow momentum also contributed to higher management fee revenues in both active multi-asset and SQI, helping to balance that management fee revenue reductions in active fixed income and cash. As we progress into 2022, we anticipate industry headwinds that continue to challenge the management fee margin, but we will strengthen our well-diversified portfolio with continued product development. Moving on to costs, as expected, total adjusted costs have increased in the fourth quarter and full year, as we continue to shift our focus from efficiency to growth. In Q4, total adjusted costs were €424 million, up 8% quarter on quarter, reflecting seasonal effects in adjusted compensation and benefits costs and an uptick in adjusted general and admin expenses, including investments into growth and increased year-end activities. In full-year 2021, total adjusted costs grew to €1.6 billion, up 10% year on year. This increase reflects a combination of higher Asoka Wöhrmann compensation costs, including hiring and variable compensation, higher asset servicing costs due to the increase in assets under management, as well as investment into growth initiatives. Despite growing costs, the adjusted cost/income ratio has improved to a record low of 53.1% in the fourth quarter and 58.1% in the full year, driven by stronger revenues in 21. Excluding the exceptional performance fee recognised in Q4, the full-year adjusted cost/income ratio would be 60%. In 2022, we will intensify our focus on transformation and will continue to implement a DWS-owned and managed infrastructure programme, using cloud-based technology. As a result, transformation expenses are expected to increase in 2022, as we shift into the execution phase. As a reminder, the adjusted cost base excludes 9 million of investments into our infrastructure platform transformation in Q4 and €30 million in the full year. Platform transformation will support us in achieving a sustainable adjusted cost/income ratio of around 60% by 2024. To conclude, DWS reported its best year of financial performance in 2021, marking a strong start to phase two of the corporate journey to transform, grow and lead. Net inflows reached a record €48 billion in full-year 2021, significantly higher than the previous year's €30 billion and generating net flow growth of 6%, keeping us firmly on track to achieve our medium-term target. Positive flow momentum supported record revenues in 2021, with passive and alternative net inflows contributing to this result, and this enabled us to improve our adjusted cost/income ratio to a record low of 58% and maintain a resilient management fee margin year on year. DWS has delivered profitable growth without compromising efficiency, and looking ahead, we aim to sustain our growth momentum from 21 into 22 by intensifying product innovation and executing our transformation strategy. In 2022, we anticipate normalised performance fees of 3 to 5% of adjusted revenues and an adjusted cost/income ratio of around 60%. We also remain committed to delivering our annual net flow growth target of more than 4% on average in the medium term. And we remain on track to achieve our target of a sustainable adjusted cost/income ratio of 60% in 2024. Thank you, and I will now hand over to Asoka for strategic outlook. Thank you, Claire. Without doubt, DWS can be proud of its achievements in 2021. Despite the ongoing pandemic, we have remained focused on delivering profitable growth without compromising our efficiency, and this can be seen clearly in the strength of our financial results. Also, importantly, ever, since unfounded ESG allegations surfaced, our clients have spoken, reflected in our ESG net flows in September and the entire fourth quarter. Now, as we look, year ahead, we cannot and will not let our momentum slip. While the global economy is likely to grow above potential in 2022, we also anticipate a number of industry headwinds that will challenge the market no more than inflation. All three inflation levels are expected to moderate to a certain degree in 2022. They are also expected to remain higher than before, despite in 2021, and more persistent due to surfacing energy prices, supply chain disruptions, including by the prioritisation of domestic markets and second-round effects, such as the higher wage dynamic we see in many markets around the world. As a result, we expect central banks to remain and/or maintain their hawkish tone from the end of 2021 into 2022. We also expect to see greater volatility in capital markets than we have seen in recent years, especially as investors react in response to these headwinds. In any case, despite the challenges that, without doubt, lie ahead of us, the wider asset management industry, we are confident that DWS is strongly positioned with its phase 2 strategy of transform, grow and lead, to withstand the challenges in the market and continue to prosper as a leading European asset manager firm with global reach. In 2022, we built on progress made last year to transform our firm into a truly standalone asset manager with our own dedicated infrastructure platform, executing on crucial milestones along the way. We will remain committed to developing and evolving the best possible ESG products and solutions for our clients, while engaging with variety of stakeholders and organisations to help shape better ESG practices and results for our society and economy. We will continue our quest for further organic growth in the markets and businesses that we believe we can lead, especially in high-margin strategies, and in passive asset management. We will continue our diligent and active approach in looking for partnerships and in organic growth opportunities, especially in the number one growth region in the asset management industry, Asia. And finally, we will amplify our brand through campaigns and major partnerships to raise visibility and awareness of the DWS brand globally in our key markets. Our focus is firmly and squarely where it needs to be to keep DWS on its Oliver Flade Operator Hubert Lam Asoka Wöhrmann growth trajectory and achieve our ambitions during the phase two of our corporate journey by working with our trusted clients, expanding our business further and making it even more efficient and self-reliant. We hope you will continue to accompany us on this exciting journey. Thank you for listening. I will now pass on to Oliver for Q&A. Please, Oliver? Thank you, Asoka, and, Operator, we're ready for Q&A now. Ladies and Gentlemen, at this time, we will begin the question and answer session. Anyone who wishes to ask a question may press star followed by one on their touchtone telephone. To withdraw your question, you may press star followed by two. If you're using speaker equipment today, please lift the handset before making your selections. Anyone who has a question may press star followed by one at this time. One moment for the first question, please. The first question is from the line of Hubert Lam from Bank of America. Please, go ahead. Hi, everybody. Good morning. I've got two questions and maybe a short extra one if Oliver allows me to. First one on dividend of the €2. I know it's up 10% year on year, but still implies a payout of just over 50%, so it seems relatively low. So, what are you going to do with excess capital, as it's such a strong year? Is this for M&A or additional buffer or something else? That's the first question. Second question is on the cost/income ratio target of around 60%. What does that imply about the G&A costs year on year? Should we G&A to still go up year on year, just given inflation, investment, etc, and should we also assume comp to be up year on year? Because I assume that, with the higher costs and market levels faced off, that 60% cost/income ratio could be harder to achieve. And I guess, tied to that, what market growth are you expecting in that cost/income ratio? I'll start off with those two. Hubert, thank you for both questions. The first question on dividend, I would divide into two parts. I will talk about the strategy, and Claire will go into the numbers and how we look into the future on a dividend path. Within the second phase, as you know, of our corporate journey, we focus on our ambition to grow and lead, and market consolidation will define the competitive landscape for our industry for sure, and which is why we emphasise the dividend payout ratio in 2020, as we have a clear commitment to profitable growth, which potentially requests capital. Claire Peel Hubert Lam Claire Peel Hubert Lam Asoka Wöhrmann Claire, if you can go into the number part and financial part, would be great. Yes, hi. Thank you for the question. So, on the dividend, we have an increase in the absolute dividend year on year, and as we've outlined, we look to have a competitive and attractive dividend, and increasing dividend, going forward. On the capital side, we ensure that we are well-capitalised and we are in a position, with excess capital, to manage any inorganic opportunities, should they arise. I know we don't disclose our excess capital, but on that, I think, to consider the retained earnings that we have delivered over the time since the IPO is a good guide and estimate on the excess capital position. On the second question on the cost/income ratio, we give guidance for 2022 to be around the 60% cost/income ratio mark, which is in line with the medium-term guidance to be at a sustainable 60%. On the compensation and benefits costs, we would expect to see some increase on that in the overall cost space, so, yes, and we do expect to see some impact to remain competitive on the compensation cost side. And also, as we invest into growth investments and we build out our platform where we're insourcing more activity and more headcount into DWS organisation, and all of that will be reflected on the comp and ben line. But overall, we are committed to remain efficient, as we have done in the past, and hence, we give guidance to a 60% cost/income ratio in 2022. Is there assumption for the market levels? Like, if there's a market correction, do you think you can still achieve the cost/income ratio of 60%? On our planning for 2022, on the market outlook, we do remain constructive, and we do expect to see around, I'd say, mid-single-digit levels of equity market growth across the entire year of 2022, and that's the base assumption that we have for planning. Okay, thanks, and if I'm allowed an extra one, Asoka, sorry to ask you this question, hopefully it's not too sensitive, but recently there've been Articles in the press, talking about some personal allegations against you. I don't know if you want to address this issue or not? Hubert, happy to do. Allow me to address this point once and for all. Since April last year, DWS, and I, myself, have been the subject of various attacks against our company reputation and my reputation, and also my wellbeing. Let me Hubert Lam Operator Arnaud Giblat Claire Peel be very clear on this in two simple points. First, I emphatically reject all these allegations and insinuations. They are obviously borne out to motive and designed to leave a mark. Second, I will not be intimidated. I will not be deterred from doing my job, working with clients, managing DWS, along with my fellow Executive Board Members and senior management and delivering shareholder value. I am extremely proud of what DWS, as a firm, with its almost 4,000 employees, has been able to achieve over the past three years. This is a true success story. They are in a family for me, and my commitment to this family has never been higher. I have, and I do think we have, as a firm, an ambitious journey ahead, and we have a lot to do, and side-line noise will not keep us from doing what we have to do to stay successful. And also, in our second phase, as you know, to transform, grow and lead. And that is my clear view. Thank you, Hubert, for the question. Thank you, Asoka, and thank you, Claire. The next question is from the line of Arnaud Giblat. Please, go ahead. Yes, good morning. It's Arnaud Giblat from BNP Exane. A couple of question then, please. Firstly, could I come back on your cost guidance? You mentioned that you're planning a single-digit equity market raise. What does your cost/income ratio look like if markets do correct, say, 10%? Is there a certain amount of costs you can flex in that scenario? And if I can attach to that question, could you break out the variable costs that are associated to that exceptional performance fee, linked to Kaldemorgen? How much of the performance fee of Kaldemorgen goes to staff, for example? My second question is with regards to Harvest. Could you discuss a bit more the trends there, the KPIs? It's a big contributor to your profit, so an update on flows, on operating margins, would be helpful. Are you considering increasing your stake? Is that an opportunity there? Thank you. Hi, Arnaud. Thank you for the questions. I'll try to cover those. So, on the cost guidance and your question specifically on the market guidance, I would point to the market sensitivities that we see there. So, for a 1% movement in equity markets, we would expect to see 10 to 12 million impact on our annualised management fees. And Arnaud Giblat Oliver Flade Arnaud Giblat Claire Peel Arnaud Giblat so, in order to maintain to our cost/income ratio guidance, we would obviously take that into account in our cost base as well. Some of our cost base is, of course, linked to AUM levels, and we have some variability attached to AUM levels where we have external service provisions, custody activity, index pricing, etc. So, there is some up-down benefit from market volatility that we may see there in the cost space as well. On the question on the exceptional performance fee that we saw in the fourth quarter, we still expect to see, on average, a 3 to 5% of performance fees as a percentage of adjusted revenues going forward when we normalise for that, going forward. And on the question of the link into compensation, there's no specific link in compensation for the exceptional performance fee that we saw in Q4, but is, of course, taken into account in the overall compensation expenses, which are increasing. Our variable expenses for compensation are increasing in 2021. So, we carry forward that higher level of compensation into 2022 and into our 60% guidance. On Harvest, I can report there that Harvest closed with AUM of €195 billion at the end of 2021. They had net inflows of 12 billion in that result, and market performance and FX was also positive to make up the difference in that result. Our share, our 30% share, of the JV in Harvest increased by around 30% year on year to 86 million that we saw of effective equity pickup, or still net income result, attached to Harvest. And we plan it around the same level, going into 2022. Can I just check your answer on the variable parts on the exceptional performance on the cost side? All else equal, if that exceptional fee doesn't recur, how much of a step down is that on costs, going into 2022? Arnaud, can you repeat the question? Sorry, it was difficult to hear. Oh, sorry. Yes, so you answered that there were some exceptional compensation linked to the exceptional performance here. I'm just wondering how much that is. Thank you. Thank you. Sorry, we didn't quite hear the question. There is no specific compensation linked to the exceptional performance fee. It's not like an alternative carried vehicle, for example, so no exceptional one-off compensation to link to the performance fee in Q4. Great, thanks. Operator Jack Gaulard Asoka Wöhrmann The next question comes from the line of Jack Gaulard from Kepler. Please, go ahead. Yes, it's Jack Gaulard here from Kepler Chevreux. Thank you very much for your clarification, Asoka. On the ESG allegation in particular, I have the feeling that the way you express yourself is definitely more, I would say, aggressively positive than it was, because you're mentioning the fact that the allegations are firmly unfounded, which, personally, I never doubted. But do you think that, in particular, on the US side, this is something, on which you will have a conclusion quite soon? That would be the first question, and the second question, obviously, what is a really impressive feature of the result is the 40%, I think, weight of inflows coming from ESG product. Do you have an Article 8 and 9 SFDR classification, just here that we could use to have an idea about where all that is coming? Thank you very much, guys. Thank you for the question, and I do think, as you know, on ESG matters, with regulators and all other things, we are not commenting. As you know, that was our approach also since these allegations came up and rumours. But I think one thing you should always be clear, and that is what the numbers are showing and our results are showing. Our clients have spoken. The commitment beside all this, let me say, unfounded allegation, is… They are drawing a clear picture. The commitment is remarkable from our clients and speaks to the trust we share with our client relationships. And since middle of last year, we really, and that is what we constantly said in the last meetings, we were able to engage with our clients in deep and meaningful conversations around the topic of ESG, became more or less, also, really an educator in the market. But also, I think that is really showing also, and this allegation has shown, that clients are taking ESG in a very important way and also want to communicate with us in existing and future standards, regulation and principle. And we are happy to see both the trust we share with our clients as our firm's effort in the ESG space reflected in our results. And, as I always said, and I think, Claire, we obviously cannot and will not comment on the ESG matter, but we do, however, welcome the ruling by the German Labour Law Court earlier this week. And with that, I think, I give my view to you, and I do think I will hand over then to Claire. Thank you, Asoka, and, yes, I can pick up on the question Jack Gaulard Operator Michael Werner Oliver Flade Claire Peel on the composition of our ESG flows. The majority of those come under Articles 8 and 9, under SFDR regulation. But we do also have non-EU inflows within that population, which, of course, is not covered by SFDR regulation, but a different definition outside of the EU, specifically in the US and Asia. But the majority is certainly categorised under SFDR Article 8 and 9. And more details will follow on that in due course, in terms of the specific classifications. Thank you. The next question is from the line of Michael Werner from UBS. Please, go ahead. Thank you. Mike Werner here from UBS. Two questions, one a bit of a follow-up. On the dividends, I think, historically, your target was a 65 to 75% payout ratio. Again, this one was a little bit above 50%. It seems like you're adopting a bit more of a progressive dividend approach, aiming to grow the dividend on an absolute basis year on year. How should we think about this, going forward? That's the first question. And then the second question, in the press release this morning, you indicated that the non-comp expense increase that we saw in Q4 were driven both by growth investments, as well as increased professional fees. On the increased professional fees, I was just wondering if you had a magnitude there, either quarter by quarter itself, or how it compares versus previous quarters and whether that increase in professional fees is likely to be one-off or more event-driven and likely to decline as we go out over the next couple of quarters? Thank you. Okay, thank you very much, everybody. Sorry for the technical issues, and we're now continuing, hopefully with a better sound, with a question from Mike. Claire, please. Thank you. I'll repeat the answer without the feedback on the line. The first question was around the dividend. Indeed, in the past, we had a guidance of a dividend payout ratio of 65 to 75%, which we no longer follow the specific dividend payout ratio guidance, but we instead commit to an attractive and competitive dividend that we target to increase in absolute terms each year. And that underpins the 10% increase that we've seen in our dividend proposal for 2021. The second question was on general and admin expenses and the growth that we saw in the fourth quarter, which was indeed linked to investments into growth initiatives, as outlined. And there is also a question around professional fees and activities, which pertains to external consultants Operator Jochen Schmidt Claire Peel Jochen Schmidt Claire Peel and external professionals that we have in the organisation, supporting us on various growth initiatives, product launches and activity across the platform. So, we saw an increase in that in Q4. As we go into full-year 2022, we will anchor on a guidance of around 60% cost/income ratio. The next question is from the line of Jochen Schmidt from Metzler. Please, go ahead. Thank you, good morning. Two questions on alternatives, please. Firstly, on the quarter-on-quarter hike in alternatives under management, which you reported for Q4, you have disclosed the net inflows, but how does the remainder split between market value development of the assets and FX movements, just for alternatives? And, second, also in this context, could you briefly comment on the value development of your alternative assets? What have been the main drivers here in Q4? These are my questions. Thank you. Thank you for the question. On the alternatives net inflows that we saw in the fourth quarter, we saw 1.7 billion of net inflows in Q4, and that was, obviously, driving an uptick in our management fees, which we also saw in the fourth quarter and beyond. The €1.7 billion of net inflows was coming specifically from real asset and infrastructure funds. And those inflows, together with the 6 billion of inflows that we saw over the year, were contributing to the 7% increase in management fees overall. Separate to that, and not in the management fee revenue line, we have other income on our other revenue line, which is linked to investments and mark-to-market gains that we have in our alternatives portfolio. And we saw a strong increase in those valuations and that mark-to-market income in the fourth quarter, in the other revenue line. And, sorry, just to follow up, when just looking at the market, or at the values of assets under management in alternatives, there was a remarkable increase in Q4, and that's what I was referring to. Could you maybe briefly comment on the market development of the underlying asset? Thank you. Yes, the underlying value of the assets is also representing strong upward market valuations in the real estate portfolio in particular. So, we see that in the AUM levels in alternatives, and we also see a revenue impact through the investments that we have in those portfolios in our other revenue line. Jochen Schmidt Operator Haley Tam Claire Peel Operator Claire Peel Thank you. The next question is from the line of Haley Tam from Credit Suisse. Please, go ahead. Morning, thank you. Congratulations on a strong set of 21 results. Can I ask just two quick follow-up questions, please? I think, Claire, just now you mentioned the other income and the mark-to-market on the fair value of guarantees. Is there anything in your 60% guidance for next year, which includes some positive impact from that this year? And in terms of the trending compensation costs, I think you said it had stepped up and should stay at that sort of level. Just checking, obviously, that's a Q3 to Q4 statement? I think H1 conversation costs were actually a lot higher, so if you could maybe clarify for me which sort of level I'm starting from, that would be great. Thank you. Thanks for the questions, Haley. On the first question on the fair value of guarantees, the impact in our other revenues in the fourth quarter was very small, not a significant movement that we saw. And indeed, across the full year, has been relatively low in the full year of 2021. As we go into 2022, we do plan for incremental negative revenues for the fair value of guarantees, which is linked to incremental contributions we have into those funds and drives some negative effect. But we don't plan to see significant movements in the fair value of guarantees as we go forward, also taking into the fact that we ensure that we have a balanced risk position and we hedge our positions throughout the year to ensure that we can avoid large volatility. Mrs Tam, have you finished your question? On the compensation costs, sorry, Haley, if I move onto the second question, I think the question was about what we saw in Q4 and what we anticipate in the full year 2022. In the fourth quarter, in compensation costs, we did see some seasonal effects, particularly in the benefits area where we saw some year-end adjustments in our compensation costs. And we also saw adjustments to the variable element of compensation in the fourth quarter. And that led to an uptick that we saw, quarter on quarter, in the compensation costs overall. As we come into 2022, I think the level that we see in the fourth quarter is probably about right, as we have a jump-off, coming into Q1, but again, we are focused on the guidance of a 60% cost/income ratio. But as mentioned earlier, we will see Haley Tam Claire Peel Haley Tam Operator Angeliki Bairaktari Claire Peel upward pressures in compensation as a combination of growth, of hiring, and of general compensation increases that we'll see year on year. Thank you, Claire. That's very clear on the compensation costs point. Just if I can clarify then on the guarantees, the fact that we maybe have higher rate expectations in Europe, going forwards, that should not have a big positive mark-tomarket impact, is what you're telling me? That's correct, yes. Thank you. The next question is from the line of Angeliki Bairaktari from Autonomous Research. Please, go ahead. Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. On the retail flows, we see a very big jump in 2021, relative to 2020 and also 2019, so I was just wondering if you could give us some colour on which retail channels were the ones contributing most of the growth? Is it Deutsche Bank's network in Germany? Is it some other networks outside of Germany? And also, can you split the retail flows between passive and active for us, please? And a second question on ESG AUM. If I understand correctly, you want to wait until the publication of your Annual Report to give us the total ESG AUM for 2021, but if we look at the Morningstar data, those point to a very big increase year on year, primarily driven by fund conversions. So, I was just wondering if you could give us an indication of what is the AUM billion amount that you have converted from generic funds into ESG funds, funds with ESG benchmarks, in 2021? Thank you very much. Thanks for the questions. If I take the first one on the net flows, so indeed, we've seen strong performance in our net flows across both retail and institutional in 2021, with retail being particularly strong. So, we saw 32 billion of net inflows coming from retail channels in 2021 and 16 billion coming from institutional. And really, we see, across all of our jurisdictions and all of our retail channels, we have a number of strategic partners, and all of those are contributing to a strong result that we've seen in 2021. And again, I think we've commented a lot of strategic partnerships, which we nurture to ensure that we're very much aligned on ensuring we have the best product shelf and the best product offerings to offer through those channels. On the question of ESG AUM, yes, indeed, we will be Operator Angeliki Bairaktari Claire Peel Angeliki Bairaktari Operator Tom Mills Claire Peel publishing our Annual Report in early March, and we will give details of our ESG AUM in that publication. We had, in our interim report in the middle of the year in 2021, an ESG AUM of 70 billion, and will report the final number in our report coming up in early March. That will take into account, obviously, the strong net inflows that we've seen in the second half of the year, in addition to what we saw in the first half of the year, market movements, and you've commented on FSDR Article 8 and 9 conversions where the full definition and description of the environment will be outlined in the upcoming report. Mrs Bairaktari, have you finished your question? Yes, thank you very much. If I understand correctly, with regards to the retail flows, you're saying that all the network, there was no extraordinary geography or distribution network this year? Nothing extraordinary that I would point to. I would say that Americas and Europe has contributed to retail. Obviously, retail is stronger in Europe across our portfolio than the Americas, so Europe does weight more heavily in our AUM and our net flows, but nothing exceptional to point to. Thank you very much. Last question is from the line of Tom Mills from Jefferies. Please, go ahead. Oh, good morning. I just wanted to ask a couple of questions on ESG as well. Just firstly, looking at some of the industry data, we see a macro slowdown in ESG open-ended flows year to date, versus the same period last year, and I was just wondering if you're seeing any dampening in demand from your own client base in the last month or so? And then, just back on the issue of reclassification activity, I guess we've seen, probably, about 3,000 funds in Europe reclassify in 2021. Do you think this is all legitimate reclassification activity as part of SFDR 8 and 9, or do you think there's any poor industry behaviour going on around this issue to try and capture the client demand dynamics of ESG at the moment? Thank you. Thank you for the questions. So, firstly, on the ESG macro slowdown dampening question, obviously, I can point to the momentum that we have seen across the quarters last year, and we've seen a continued positive momentum in the levels of inflows from quarter two, three and four. So, certainly, we've seen continued momentum, and also, I point to the fact that that's across all asset classes. It's not Tom Mills Operator Johan Schultz Claire Peel just ETFs or passive. It's also across active equity, multi-asset, SQI and fixed income. So, I think all of those areas have seen positive momentum in the second half of the year. And we've also seen a positive start so far into the new year of 2022. So, at this point in time, no indicators that we have for a slowdown, and we expect ESG to be a strong feature of our product portfolio and also of our net flows as we come into the new year. On the question of reclassification, indeed, I think, across the industry, there is a lot of conversion activity taking place to convert funds to meet the new SFDR regulation under Article 8 and 9. We have, of course, participated as well in reclassifications between both Article 8 and 9, but recognising Article 8 is broader in its definition than Article 9, and hence, we will give more disclosure and depth on that in our Annual Report that's coming up in March. Thanks, Claire. Next question is from the line of Johan Schultz from Morningstar. Please, go ahead. Hi. Good morning, guys. Thanks for the opportunity. Two questions from my side. Firstly, you did indicate that you expect to ratchet up new fund launches this year. How should we think about incremental capital requirements and incremental costs relating to new fund launches? And then, secondly, a bit of a broader question, in the current environment where we're seeing inflation picking up, expectations are for rates to increase, how do you anticipate that that will impact client behaviour and changes in your fund mix? Thank you very much. Thank you for the questions. Yes, taking the first one there on product launches, we have indeed been very focused on that last year and before, but have commented that we want to accelerate the product launch activity that we will commit to, coming into this year across both active thematics, across ETFs and also across our alternatives space. There is, indeed, a cost attached to that. We've taken that into account in our growth initiatives, in our growth budget. And we've had momentum on that effort already throughout the course of 2021, which is represented in a higher cost base. And on the capital side, we do have provisions for seeding or coinvesting into funds. And we do have capacity within our own targets and within our capital to enable us to seed funds where required. Asoka Wöhrmann Oliver Flade I will take the second question. I think it's an interesting question. I think this year, 2022, will be a challenging year. As we said, inflation is there. Financial repression is a big story, and I do think, also, sector rotation, what we have seen already in the first weeks was quite dramatic, from tech to real economy-type sectors. I do think that's a challenge, but I do think for, especially financial repression, will stay in the market the whole year and might be also the next year. And we felt really, with our broad business model, with the three product layers, active, alternatives and passive, we are well-positioned to capture the clients' demands and to serve it. And I do think, with this standpoint, we have seen, also, 2020 in the very heightened of the COVID, we really weathered nicely this very difficult year, and I do think, also, this year will, from the economic perspective, be quite a challenge for the market. I do think we are well-positioned to this environment, and this is what we can see and what, also, with our client conversations, we are experiencing. With that, thank you for the question, and I have to also say, really sorry for the technical inconvenience, but I do think I'm really thankful for your questions. And I will hand over to Oliver. Yes, thank you, Asoka. Recognising that this was the last question, so thank you very much. Again, apologies, and if there was anything left on the table, then please, let me know, or the IR department, and we're more than happy to help, as always. Thank you and stay healthy. Bye-bye.
Maryland DD Council –Legislation to Monitor April 2, 2021 For more information about each bill, click on the bill number \| HB0025 (SB0311) \| Catastrophic Health Emergencies – Health Care Providers – Definition and Immunity (Maryland Health Care Heroes Protection Act) \| Delegate Cullison \| In the House - Hearing 2/03 at 1:30 p.m. (Judiciary) and Hearing canceled (Health and Government Operations) \| Judiciary 2/03/2021 - 1:30 PM Health and Government Operations \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HB0028 (SB0005) \| Public Health – Implicit Bias Training and the Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities \| Delegate Pena-Melnyk \| In the Senate - Favorable Report by Finance \| Health and Government Operations 1/26/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Finance Budget and Taxation \| \| HB0034 (SB0278) \| State Department of Education and Maryland Department of Health - Maryland School-Based Health Center Standards - Telehealth \| Delegate Rosenberg \| In the Senate - First Reading Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| Health and Government Operations 1/27/2021 - 1:30 PM Ways and Means \| Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| \| HB0043 \| Department of Information Technology - Office of Broadband and Joint Committee on Broadband \| Delegate Krimm \| In the House - Unfavorable Report by Economic Matters \| Economic Matters 1/26/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| \| HB0057 \| Voters' Rights Protection Act of 2020 \| Delegate Rosenberg \| In the House - Hearing 1/26 at 1:30 p.m. \| Ways and Means 1/26/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| Bill/Chapter Org Committees & Opp Committees (Cross/Chapter) Title Sponsor Current Status Hearings & Hearings \| HB0058 (SB0117) \| Workgroup on Minority Homeownership, Neighborhood Revitalization, and Household Wealth Equity \| Delegate Lierman \| In the House - Hearing 2/09 at 1:30 p.m. (Environment and Transportation) \| Environment and Transportation 2/09/2021 - 1:30 PM Economic Matters \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HB0072 (SB0448) \| County Boards of Education – Student Transportation – Vehicles and Report \| Delegate Anderton \| In the House - Conference Committee Appointed \| Ways and Means 1/20/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| \| HB0078 (SB0052) \| Public Health - Maryland Commission on Health Equity (The Shirley Nathan-Pulliam Health Equity Act of 2021) \| Delegate Pena-Melnyk \| In the House - Returned Passed \| Health and Government Operations 1/26/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Finance \| \| HB0095 (SB0476) \| Health Occupations – Nurses – Delegation of Tasks \| Delegate Krebs \| In the Senate - First Reading Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| Health and Government Operations 2/04/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| \| HB0096 \| Education - High School Graduation Requirements - Application \| Delegate Solomon \| In the House - Hearing 1/20 at 1:30 p.m. \| Ways and Means 1/20/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| \| HB0108 (SB0286) \| Behavioral Health Crisis Response Services – Modifications \| Delegate Charkoudian \| In the House - Hearing 2/02 at 3:45 p.m. \| Health and Government Operations 2/02/2021 - 3:45 PM \| \| \| HB0119 (SB0313) \| Maryland Department of Health – Public Health Outreach Programs – Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Other Types of Dementia \| Delegate Sample- Hughes \| In the Senate - First Reading Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| Health and Government Operations 1/19/2021 - 2:00 PM \| Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| Org Bill/Chapter Committees & Opp Committees \| HB0123 (SB0003) \| Preserve Telehealth Access Act of 2021 \| Delegate Pena-Melnyk \| In the Senate - Second Reading Passed with Amendments \| Health and Government Operations 1/27/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Finance \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HB0141 (SB0275) \| Maryland Department of Health – Residential Service Agencies – Training Requirements \| Delegate Sample- Hughes \| In the House - Returned Passed \| Health and Government Operations 1/19/2021 - 2:00 PM \| Finance \| \| HB0194 \| Criminal Procedure - Police Officers and Public Defenders - Implicit Bias - Testing, Training, and Evaluation \| Delegate Wells \| In the House - Hearing 2/16 at 1:30 p.m. \| Judiciary 2/16/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| \| HB0237 (SB0126) \| State Department of Education - Early Literacy and Dyslexia Practices - Guidance and Assistance \| Delegate Ebersole \| In the Senate - First Reading Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| Ways and Means 1/20/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| \| HB0244 (SB0161) \| Task Force to Study Access to Mental Health Care in Higher Education \| Delegate Valentino- Smith \| In the House - Hearing 1/20 at 1:30 p.m. \| Appropriations 1/20/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| \| HB0257 (SB0236) \| Maryland Commission on Civil Rights - Employment Discrimination - Reporting \| Delegate Qi \| In the Senate - Second Reading Passed \| Health and Government Operations 2/11/2021 - 4:00 PM \| Judicial Proceedings \| \| HB0266 \| Student Education Equity Grant Program - Established (Student Education Equity in Funding Act) \| Delegate Cox \| In the House - Hearing 2/03 at 1:30 p.m. (Ways and Means) \| Ways and Means 2/03/2021 - 1:30 PM Appropriations \| \| Org Bill/Chapter Committees & Opp Committees \| HB0342 \| Education - Health and Safety of Students - Notification of Problematic Student Behavior \| Delegate Wilson \| In the House - Hearing 1/20 at 1:30 p.m. \| Ways and Means 1/20/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HB0377 \| Commission on Student Behavioral Health and Mental Health Treatment \| Delegate Bagnall \| In the Senate - Hearing 4/06 at 1:00 p.m. \| Ways and Means 2/03/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| HB0393 (SB0012) \| Maryland Office of the Inspector General for Health \| Delegate Barron \| In the House - Returned Passed \| Health and Government Operations 1/19/2021 - 2:00 PM \| \| HB0434 \| Public Health – Telehealth – Health Care Practitioners and the Maryland Medical Assistance Program \| Delegate Young, K. \| In the House - Unfavorable Report by Health and Government Operations; Withdrawn \| Health and Government Operations \| \| HB0463 (SB0172) \| Maryland Health Equity Resource Act \| Delegate Barron \| In the Senate - Second Reading Passed with Amendments \| Health and Government Operations 2/02/2021 - 3:45 PM Ways and Means \| Org Bill/Chapter Committees & Opp Committees \| HB0547 (SB0485) \| Maryland Medical Assistance Program – Dental Prophylaxis Care and Oral Health Exams \| Delegate Lewis, R. \| In the House - Returned Passed \| Health and Government Operations 2/09/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Finance \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HB0551 (SB0393) \| Maryland Medical Assistance Program and Health Insurance – Coverage and Reimbursement of Telehealth Services \| Delegate Bagnall \| In the House - Hearing 2/10 at 1:30 p.m. \| Health and Government Operations 2/10/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| \| HB0588 \| Budget Bill (Fiscal Year 2022) \| Speaker \| In the Senate - Passed Enrolled \| Appropriations \| Budget and Taxation \| \| HB0589 (SB0493) \| Budget Reconciliation and Financing Act of 2021 \| Speaker \| In the Senate - Passed Enrolled \| Appropriations 3/03/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Budget and Taxation \| \| HB0597 (SB0436) \| Child Care Centers - Teacher Qualifications \| Delegate Kelly \| In the Senate - First Reading Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| Ways and Means 2/03/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| \| HB0652 (SB0384) \| Health Facilities - Residential Service Agencies - Guidance and Reporting \| Delegate Qi \| In the House - Hearing 2/18 at 1:30 p.m. \| Health and Government Operations 2/18/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| \| HB0653 \| Joint Committee on Workforce Development \| Delegate Qi \| In the House - Unfavorable Report by Economic Matters; Withdrawn \| Economic Matters 2/17/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| \| HB0685 (SB0107) \| Labor and Employment - Secure Maryland Wage Act \| Delegate Valderrama \| In the Senate - First Reading Senate Rules \| Economic Matters 2/09/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Rules \| Org Bill/Chapter Committees & Opp Committees \| HB0713 (SB0409) \| County Boards of Education - Therapy Dogs - Policy for Handling and Use in Schools \| Delegate Guyton \| In the House - Hearing 2/10 at 1:30 p.m. \| Ways and Means 2/10/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HB0774 \| Public Health – Adverse Childhood Experience Screening – Requirement and Practitioner Training Program \| Delegate Queen \| In the House - Unfavorable Report by Health and Government Operations; Withdrawn \| Health and Government Operations \| \| HB0806 (SB0047) \| Health Facilities – Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Programs – Essential Caregivers \| Delegate Young, K. \| In the House - Hearing 2/18 at 1:30 p.m. \| Health and Government Operations 2/18/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| HB0836 (SB0741) \| COVID-19 Testing, Contact Tracing, and Vaccination Act of 2021 \| Delegate Pena-Melnyk \| In the House - Hearing 2/23 at 1:30 p.m. (Health and Government Operations) \| Health and Government Operations 2/23/2021 - 1:30 PM Appropriations \| \| HB0846 \| Public Health - Abortions - Prenatal Diagnosis of Down Syndrome (Down Syndrome Dignity Act) \| Delegate Cox \| In the House - Hearing 3/19 at 4:00 p.m. \| Health and Government Operations 3/19/2021 - 4:00 PM \| \| HB0909 (SB0165) \| Maryland Healthy Working Families Act - Applicability \| Delegate Carey \| In the House - Hearing 3/02 at 1:30 p.m. \| Economic Matters 3/02/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| HB0914 \| Education - Home and Hospital Teaching Program for Students - Report \| Delegate Bhandari \| In the House - Hearing 2/17 at 1:30 p.m. \| Ways and Means 2/17/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Bill/Chapter (Cross/Chapter) Org Committees & Hearings Opp Committees & Hearings \| HB0939 \| Education - Student Education Grant Program - Established \| Delegate Arikan \| In the House - Hearing 2/17 at 1:30 p.m. (Ways and Means) \| Ways and Means 2/17/2021 - 1:30 PM Appropriations \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HB0944 (SB0711) \| Growing Family Child Care Opportunities Pilot Program – Established \| Delegate Solomon \| In the Senate - First Reading Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| Ways and Means 2/24/2021 - 1:30 PM Appropriations \| \| HB0976 \| Catastrophic Health Emergency – Authority of Governor – Administration of Vaccinations \| Delegate Jones, D. \| In the House - Unfavorable Report by Health and Government Operations; Withdrawn \| Health and Government Operations \| \| HB1053 (SB0882) \| Operating Budget - Education Programs - Mandated Funding \| Delegate Barnes, B. \| In the House - Returned Passed \| Appropriations 3/03/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| HB1062 (SB0733) \| Education - Student Data Privacy - Reports and Student Data Privacy Council Sunset Extension \| Delegate Jones, D. \| In the Senate - First Reading Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs \| Ways and Means 2/24/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| HB1113 \| Primary and Secondary Education - Education Savings Account Program - Established \| Delegate Wivell \| In the House - Hearing 3/12 at 1:00 p.m. \| Appropriations 3/12/2021 - 1:00 PM \| \| HB1263 \| Maryland Department of Health – COVID–19 Vaccination Plan \| Delegate Rosenberg \| In the House - Hearing 2/23 at 1:30 p.m. \| Health and Government Operations 2/23/2021 - 1:30 PM \| Title Sponsor Current Status \| Bill/Chapter (Cross/Chapter) \| Title \| Sponsor \| Current Status \| Org Committees & Hearings \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| HB1271 \| Special Education - Student Evaluation - Identification of Traumatic Brain Injury \| Delegate Turner \| In the House - Hearing 2/17 at 1:30 p.m. \| Ways and Means 2/17/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| HB1278 (SB0825) \| Department of Legislative Services - Study - Capacity and Accountability of State Department of Education \| Delegate Ebersole \| In the House - Hearing 3/03 at 1:30 p.m. \| Ways and Means 3/03/2021 - 1:30 PM \| \| HB1281 (SB0844) \| Adult Protective Services - Vulnerable Adults Registry - Investigations and Records of Abuse and Neglect and Workgroup Study \| Delegate Fisher, W. \| In the House - Hearing 3/04 at 1:30 p.m. \| Judiciary 3/04/2021 - 1:30 PM \|
Homeschool Herald The Newsletter Created By and For Homeschoolers Welcome! Homeschool Excursions hopes you enjoy the September issue of the Homeschool Herald. The place to share your creative creations. We hope you enjoyed the past issues of the Homeschool Herald. The September issue is here, so read on! The homeschoolers have worked hard this month, and they never cease to amaze with their creativity and imagination. Included in this issue are their articles, original artwork, stories, and more. Enjoy! send it to Homeschool Excursions with a brief description. Starting this month, a Georgia homeschooler will be featured in the cover photo of each Herald issue. If you have a photo to submit, please This month you can see John Humphrys learning to repel at Rock Town in northwest Georgia. He began climbing last year and has greatly improved his skills through lots of hard work. He is 11 years old, has been homeschooling for 2 years, and enjoys the ﬂexibility of being able to enjoy the outdoors on special outings such as the visit to Rock Town. John is also an excellent Homeschool Excursions is a 501(c)(3) non-proﬁt organization established to provide a valuable resource to homeschool families in Georgia. The Homeschool Herald will serve to build community and support since it's available to all families. Our homeschoolers possess a wealth of creativity, and we hope this newsletter provides an accessible outlet for their expression. All contributions are welcome including pictures, stories, articles, and more. We invite everyone to share ideas, suggestions, and creations. -Vered Kleinberger Program Coordinator student, is learning to play guitar, and likes hiking and back-packing. Send us your creative creations! We want it all! Everyone is welcome share, and we would be delighted to publish your contributions! Submissions may also be sent via e-mail or snail mail. Please contact us with any questions, comments, ideas, or suggestions. SO YOU THINK YOU KNOW EVERYTHING? The microwave was invented after a researcher walked by a radar tube and a chocolate bar melted in his pocket. There are 293 ways to make change for a dollar. SPACE CAMP This summer I went to the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. It was fun! Let me tell you about my trip. I saw a space shuttle that looked like an airplane, and I got a backpack full of cool tools to use throughout the museum. I folded up the Lunar Rover and drove a space shuttle simulator. You can not imagine how big the Saturn 5 Rocket is! At the height of a 30story building, it was the tallest rocket ever made. Life in a shuttle is very hard. You have to sleep upright and ride an exercise bike just to keep your muscles strong. NASA sent some animals into space before humans because they wanted to see if they could live or not, and they did! Well, thank you for letting me tell you about my trip. SU DOKU \| \| \| 5 \| \| \| \| 9 \| 1 \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 3 \| 1 \| \| 4 \| 5 \| 7 \| \| \| \| \| 8 \| 2 \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| 4 \| \| 6 \| 8 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| 5 \| \| 3 \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| 9 \| 1 \| \| 8 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| \| 4 \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| 1 \| 8 \| \| 7 \| 5 \| \| \| 5 \| 7 \| \| \| \| 2 \| \| \| Written by Samantha Morgan, age 7 The numbers 1-9 must be in every column, row and box THE SHADOW PEOPLE As I write by candlelight, I see the ﬁre burning bright. The shadow people come to play, I wonder if they've come to stay. Around the room they frolic high, Dancing to the Song of July, They climb upon my ﬁsh mobile, With their children at their heel. They jump upon my trophy set, Some children dance in a quartet. Then back around the ﬁrelight, Dancing around with much delight. I blow it out, a plume of smoke Away run the Shadow Folk. In the darkness of my room, I think about their merry tune, And how they danced around so high To the Music of July. Written by Rebecca Miller, July 2006, 9 years old Artist: Sage Gilleland, age 10 WHY DO THEY CALL LARGE TRUCKS "SEMIS"? SEMI-WHATS? FALL IS IN THE AIR! The power unit of commercial trucks, the part that actually pulls the load is called the "tractor." The tractor pulls some form of trailer, either a "full trailer" or a "semitrailer." According to Neill Darmstadter, senior safety engineer for the American Trucking Associations, "A semitrailer is legally deﬁned as a vehicle designed so that a portion of its weight rests on a towing vehicle. This distinguishes it from a full trailer on which the entire load, except for a drawbar, rests on its own wheels." Semi is short for "tractor-semitrailer," but most truckers use the term semi to refer to both the trailer alone and the tractor-semitrailer combination. Since the tractor assumes part of the burden of carrying the weight of the semitrailer, the "semi" must have a mechanism for propping up the trailer when the power vehicle is disengaged. The semitrailer is supported by the rear wheels in the back and by a small pair of wheels, called the landing gear, which can be raised and lowered by the driver. The landing gear is located at the front of the semitrailer, usually just behind the rear wheels of the tractor. \| T \| K \| H \| B \| O \| C \| M \| E \| R \| C \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| C \| O \| L \| O \| R \| F \| U \| L \| O \| L \| \| B \| R \| E \| F \| L \| E \| D \| O \| N \| S \| \| L \| Y \| A \| W \| H \| I \| L \| S \| F \| S \| \| A \| N \| V \| Y \| A \| R \| D \| E \| L \| Q \| \| N \| P \| E \| H \| C \| O \| K \| A \| T \| U \| \| K \| M \| S \| L \| O \| P \| Y \| R \| Y \| A \| \| E \| J \| A \| C \| K \| E \| T \| A \| M \| S \| \| T \| Y \| S \| W \| O \| N \| R \| K \| L \| H \| \| S \| R \| H \| P \| B \| R \| E \| E \| Z \| Y \| There are nine words hidden in the puzzle above. They can be found up, down, across, diagonal, and backwards. Word List: Submitted by Doug Watkins, Jr., of Hayward, CA Feldman, David. Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise? and other Imponderables. Perennial Library, 1988. page 179. Index of images: http://www.douglaswilson.com/ HOMESCHOOL EXCURSIONS UPCOMING EVENTS Our calendar is always changing. Continue checking our website or join our e-mail list for updates. We have many outdoor and craft activities in the works, so check back soon. Don't miss out on the fun!! Artist: Sage Gilleland, age 10 BIRTHDAY CARD FOR A FRIEND Silent whispers in the trees, crickets chirp, cicadas hum, a special occasion has come and gone, ﬂoating on the humid breeze, the forest is singing its quiet song, for you, yes, for you. Winter is gone, spring is too, the forest is singing its joys to you. The special occasion has come so fast, I hope this birthday wish will last. Written by Rebecca Miller, July 2006, 9 years old WEEDS? WHAT WEEDS? Greenbriers seem to grow everywhere! They're found blanketing bushes, in tangles around trees, and elsewhere throughout the southeast (and east coast). You've probably noticed them as their thorns reached out and grabbed you. But I bet you didn't know that they're edible and contain medicinal properties. So remember, don't kill it, use it! Some of the many uses include: * The young shoots are excellent cooked like asparagus. * The young shoots, leaves, and tendrils are good prepared like spinach or added fresh to salads. Use the young shoots and leaves as long as they remain tender and juicy, often well into summer. * The rootstocks of many species yield a gelatin substitute. * American Indians rubbed stem prickles on their skin as a counter irritant to relieve localized pains, muscle cramps, and twitching. * Leaf and stem tea used for rheumatism pains and stomach troubles. * Wilted leaved were poulticed on boils. * It's not conﬁrmed rumors that the roots contain testosterone, but they may contain steroid precursors. * The root is rich in starch and can be dried and ground into a powder. This can be used as a ﬂavoring in soups or for making bread. * The root bark is astringent and slightly tonic. An infusion of the root bark has been used as a wash in treating burns, sores, and pox. * Greenbrier thickets provide dense cover for small mammals and birds. * It is eﬀective in open woodland areas and native plant areas. May be trained as a hedge or incorporated into a hedgerow for property lines. Also eﬀective when grown along the ground as a ground cover, providing good erosion control for slopes and banks. There is an abundance of information available about the uses of Greenbriers. The Peterson Field Guides are always a terriﬁc source, particularly Edible Wild Plants and Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants. Please research all plants before using them, and NEVER pick and eat anything without ﬁrst consulting an herbalist or a qualiﬁed plant guide. Always be aware of whether the area you are gathering from may have been sprayed with chemicals. Index of images and information: Peterson Field Guides http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Smilax +laurifolia http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/ Plant.asp?Code=A154 http://www.irritatedvowel.com/~woodsygirl/images/ greenbrier.jpg http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/botany/spring01/ common_greenbriar.html Think twice before you pull that weed! You may be throwing away a medicine chest's worth of resources. Please consult your physician before making any medical or dietary decisions. Compiled by Plant Enthusiast, Vered Kleinberger BOOK CRITIQUE: JUNIE B. JONES BY BARBARA PARKS My Momma and I began reading Junie B. books when I was 4 years old. We finished all the Junie B. books (the series) when I was 5. We just read the new Junie B. book 'aloha-ha-ha'. This book is GREAT, I tell you! It is a very funny story. When Junie B. goes snorkeling she saw an eel and got super scared and swam away from her parents and got in trouble. I tell you people Junie B. is such a funny girl!!!! She is sweet but kind of a trouble maker. The other day I pretended to be Junie B. Jones in my Karate class. I was a big doofus girl and got in trouble just like Junie B. My favorites are ' Junie B. Jones Smells Something Fishy' and 'Junie B. First Grader: Jingle Bells, Batman Smells!' These books are very funny but I warn you people don't act like her! Written by Erika Skeel, age 6 MMMMM...FOOD!! MUFFIN PIZZAS Instead of calling for delivery, prepare these miniature pizzas in minutes. Ingredients: 2 English muﬃns (whole-wheat, if possible) 1 small onion 4 fresh mushrooms 2 tablespoons canned tomato paste, no salt added 2 tablespoons water 1/2 teaspoon dried oregano Black pepper (optional) 4 thin slices part-skim mozzarella cheese 1. Slice or separate the muﬃns into halves and place them in a toaster or toaster oven. Toast until the muﬃns are golden brown. 2. While the muﬃns are toasting, cut the ends oﬀ of the onion and peel away the outer skin. Chop the onion into little pieces (smaller than a raisin). 3. Wipe the mushrooms with a damp paper towel and slice oﬀ the very end part of each stem. Slice the mushrooms as thin as you can. 4. Make a tomato sauce by mixing the tomato paste, water, and oregano in a small bowl. Add a dash of black pepper for a spicier pizza. 5. Put your oven mitts on and place the toasted muﬃns on the broiler pan. 6. Top each with 1 tablespoon of the tomato sauce. Sprinkle with the onions and mushrooms and place a slice of cheese on top. 7. Put your oven mitts back on and place the pizzas under the broiler (of a stove or toaster oven), about 4 inches away from the heat. Broil until the cheese melts, about 4 or 5 minutes. From: http://www.cspinet.org/smartmouth/ recipes_articles/index.html http://www.victoriapacking.com/pizza.html CROCK POT: SMOKED SAUSAGE STEW 4 to 5 potatoes, peeled and cubed 2 16-oz cans of green beans 1 lb pkg. smoked sausage sliced 1 onion chopped 2 T butter Layer potatoes, green beans, sausage and onion in a slow cooker; dot with butter. Heat on low setting for 4 to 5 hours. makes 4 servings PLEASE SUPPORT OUR ADVERTISERS! THEIR PATRONAGE SUBSIDIZES PROGRAM COSTS TO REDUCE HOMESCHOOL EXCURSIONS' ACTIVITY FEES, AND HELPS TO MAKE THIS NEWSLETTER POSSIBLE UPSCALE RESALE FOR TEENS LOCATED IN JASPER ACROSS FROM THE FORMER MOUNTAINSIDE MEDICAL CENTER AT 1191 B EAST CHURCH STREET ABERCROMBIE HOLLISTER AMERICAN EAGLE CHARLOTTE RUSSE AND MANY MORE! WE HAVE THE BACK TO SCHOOL BRANDS YOU ARE LOOKING FOR AT A FRACTION OF THE COST! COME IN FOR $2.00 TUESDAY! WE BUY, SELL, AND TRADE! CALL US AT (706) 253-9458 Homeschool Excursions' Enrichment Program New session starting soon!! Classes include Chess, Art, Astronomy, Spanish, Dance, PE, and more! Visit http://www.homeschoolexcursions.org/ veridtemp/Enrichment.shtml for complete information, or call (770) 605-2451 Wednesdays at Roberts School in Acworth. Mom's At Home Making A...Difference in the lives of others! Hi There my friend! Have you ever thought of doing something along side your current daily activities to bring in some additional income? Do you have an extra 15 minutes a day? health and your income appeal to you? Does the idea of a Home Business that can 'build' your Are you tired of feeling tired? Would you like to change lives, in a wonderful healthy way? Are you tired of your children being sick? I have built A Successful Business in Shaklee with 2 simple activities. 1. Sharing the 'gift' of the 21 tape program with friends and family. 2. And Spending 15 min a day doing our MCPT program by mail. That's it...my friend. NO inventory, NO parties, NO in-homes, NO selling! If you're interested I have a lovely packet waiting to be put in the mail to you! I look forward to hearing from you! Talk to you soon! Laura Daniels Phone: 678-454-0243 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org website: www.shaklee.net/joyfulblessing Sole to Soul Reflexology and Healing Touch Energy work to Heal Body, Mind, and Spirit Call Janis Kleinberger for an appointment or for more information: (404) 375-8678 Homeschoolers learning about colonial Boston. Learning to climb. The Creative Mind The Creative Mind is the brainchild of Phillis Bostar. As a Homeschooling mother, she understood the need for a creativity based learning program that would help her children learn and enjoy the journey. Over the years, she developed a program using discovery, curiosity, & imagination for children ages 4 to 13 years. Ms. Bostar has enjoyed the popularity and success of her classes through the eyes of her own and many other children. Look for Creative Mind classes offered through Homeschool Excursions. Helping You Parent Well…Naturally! Playsilks * Bambini Beads * HABA Wooden Toys, Floor Games, and Puzzles * Stockmar & Lyra Art Supplies * Kathe Kruse Waldorf Dolls from Germany * Greathall Storytelling CDs and audio tapes by storytelling master Jim Weiss Contact Celeste Lane for a free catalog 770-974-3802 www.SimplyNaturalFamily.com "Your Source For Products That Satisfy Your Conscience!" EDITOR'S NOTE Many families have asked if their homeschoolers can submit contributions even if they can't attend the planning meetings in Pickens County. Of course they can! You are welcome to e-mail or snail mail their creative contributions to Homeschool Excursions. A SPECIAL THANKS TO... * All the homeschoolers who contributed to the production of each issue. This couldn't have been done without you! * The Pickens County Library for allowing us to use your facility for our meetings. * Janis Kleinberger for all her assistance and generosity. * The Jones Family for their continued support. * The Daniels Family for their support and encouragement. * Teri Verhine for her relentless devotion to provide a fantastic Enrichment Program for our homeschoolers. FOR MORE INFORMATION: Please contact Homeschool Excursions to be placed on our mailing list, e-mail loop, or for advertising rates. Receive a COLOR copy of the Homeschool Herald monthly in your mailbox for the low rate of $10.00 a year. Help support the Homeschool Herald; subscription fees assist in covering printing costs. Send payment payable to Homeschool Excursions. We gladly accept tax deductible donations to supplement program costs in an eﬀort to make all of our exciting activities aﬀordable for everyone. Homeschool Excursions, Inc. (770) 605-2451 email@example.com PO Box 1283 Jasper, GA 30143 * Our advertisers for their help in making the newsletter possible. The Homeschool Herald is printed on recycled paper. Help preserve our environment through the use of recycled products and by reducing waste. Homeschool Excursions Membership Form Yes! I want to help Homeschool Excursions grow! I join at the following membership level: ______ Seed: $15-25.00 ______ Sprout: $26-50.00 ______ Shoot: $51-100.00 ______Sapling: $101-150.00 ______ Tree: $151-200.00 ______ Forest: above $200.00 Enclosed is my payment for: __________ Visit the Membership page on the Homeschool Excursions website for member beneﬁts and additional information. Name: _____________________________________ Phone Number:______________________________ E-mail:_____________________________________ Address:____________________________________ City:___________________State:_____Zip:________ Number of homeschoolers in your household:_______ Thank you for your support! We’re looking forward to a fantastic year!! Mail form to: Homeschool Excursions PO Box 1283, Jasper, GA 30143 The September Issue Fall is in the air! Cool weather, rain, and beautiful leaves help make this season fantastic! Let us know what you're up to. Have you diverse interests, a variety of skills and talents, and all have a lot to share. Send us a photo and a short biography of your been on any new hikes? Have you read any good books or cooked an amazing recipe? Do you play an instrument? Send us a recording for the online version of the Herald. This month brings a new feature to the Homeschool Herald. Each issue will highlight a different homeschooler on the cover. Our students are amazing! They have Homeschool Excursions, Inc. PO Box 1283 Jasper, GA 30143 homeschooler for the coming issues. Our third year of activities is off to a great start, and we would like to thank all the families who have supported us as we've grown. We are looking forward to an exciting school year. Many new programs are being organized, as well as some large scale projects. We look forward to seeing you soon! What's Inside? Space Camp! Read all about Samantha's adventures at Space Camp in Alabama. Weeds? What weeds? Greenbrier spreads it's tangles wherever it can! Don't kill it,...use it. Poetry Rebecca shares some of her beautiful poetry with us this month. Enjoy! Songs, Poems, Pictures, Stories, Articles, Games, and More See what the homeschoolers have created this month. Each Herald is very different, so explore this issue, and we hope you enjoy the creativity of these homeschoolers!
Contents lists available atScienceDirect Resources, Conservation & Recycling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resconrec Full length article Waste of fresh fruit and vegetables at retailers in Sweden – Measuring and calculation of mass, economic cost and climate impact Lisa Mattsson ⁎ , Helén Williams, Jonas Berghel Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Food waste In-store waste Fruit & vegetables Economic cost Retail Supermarket Food waste is a signiﬁcant problem for environmental, economic and food security reasons. The retailer, food service and consumers have been recognised as the parts of the food supply chain where the possibility of reducing food waste is greatest in industrialised countries. In this study, primary data on fresh fruit and vegetables (FFV) waste collected through direct measurements in three large retail stores in Sweden were analysed from the perspectives of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact. A method of measuring and calculating the economic cost of FFV waste was developed and includes the cost of wasted produce, the cost of personnel time for waste management and the cost of waste collection and disposal. The results show that seven FFV categories, which have been termed "hotspot categories", contributed to the majority of the waste, both in terms of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact. The "hotspot categories" are apple, banana, grape, lettuce, pear, sweet pepper, and tomato. The cost beneﬁt analysis conducted showed that it is economically wise to invest in more working time for employees in waste management to accomplish a reduction of wasted mass and climate impact without an economic loss for the store. These results are relevant for supporting the implementation of policies and initiatives aimed at food waste reduction at retail level. 1. Introduction It is estimated that almost one third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally (FAO, 2011). This leads to a signiﬁcant environmental impact in terms of ineﬃcient use of natural resources (Garnett, 2011), as well as an economic cost (FAO, 2013; Buzby and Hyman, 2012) and also social and moral implications (Stuart, 2009). Food waste is an issue of importance to global food security, as 795 million people suﬀer from undernourishment (FAO, 2015) and the world population is projected to increase to 9.6 billion by 2050 (UN, 2013). The growth of the population will lead to an intensiﬁed use of natural resources (Godfray et al., 2010) and the increase of global demand for food is projected to increase by 70% by 2050 (FAO, 2009). To make the food supply chain sustainable – both feeding the world's growing population and reducing the environmental impact – the development of strategies to reduce food loss and waste throughout the food supply chain is essential (Beddington, 2011; Garnett, 2014). The extent of food loss and waste and the unnecessary use of resources have received increased attention; it is a topic of considerable interest from both the public and private sectors. Several important actors, such as the United Nations and the European Union (UN, 2015; EC, 2015), the governments of the US and France (USDA, ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: email@example.com(L. Mattsson). Received 13 August 2017; Received in revised form 27 October 2017; Accepted 27 October 2017 0921-3449/ © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license Available online 05 December 2017 2016; Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire, 2015) and international companies (Tesco, 2014) have recently adopted goals for food loss and waste reduction. To incorporate global agreements of halving food waste by 2030 (UN, 2015), more comprehensive and detailed information is needed to better understand which food, and how much of it, is discarded. Besides measuring the waste amount, detecting the causes and identifying the "hotspots of wastage" (Priefer et al., 2016), where large waste reduction eﬀects could be achieved with low eﬀort, is also a necessity in order to set and implement reduction targets. 1.1. Food waste in the food supply chain Throughout the food supply chain, food is wasted by a large number of actors for diﬀerent reasons (FAO, 2011; Parﬁtt et al., 2010). The deﬁnition of food waste refers to food being wasted at retail and consumer level and consists of food appropriate for human consumption being discarded or not consumed by humans. This includes food which has spoiled prior to disposal and food that was still edible when thrown away; it is often related to retailer and consumer behaviours (Thyberg and Tonjes, 2016; FAO, 2013; Parﬁtt et al., 2010). Food waste in Europe and North America occurs predominantly during retail and consumption (FAO, 2011). An estimation of European food waste levels (Stenmarck et al., 2016) reveals that 70% of the EU food waste arises in the household, food service and retail sectors. The retailer, food service and consumers have also been recognised as the parts of food supply chain where the possibility of reducing food waste is greatest in developed countries (FAO, 2011; Stenmarck et al., 2016). The environmental impact of food loss and waste adds up along the supply chain after being transported, stored, packed and processed (Beretta et al., 2013). When food is wasted at the end of the supply chain, it is more costly in terms of resources and economic cost compared to losses earlier in the supply chain. The contribution of retail waste to the total amount of food waste is small and corresponds to a low percentage of waste compared with other steps in the food supply chain (FAO, 2013; Stenmarck et al., 2016). However, an individual retailer produces a large amount of waste at the same physical location and even a minor percentage reduction can give major reductions in terms of lowering the amount of wasted mass and lowering the economic costs. The retail sector is a strong actor in the supply chain (Beckeman and Olsson, 2011) and can put pressure on suppliers and inﬂuence consumers. A previous study (Eriksson et al., 2017) showed that take-back agreements between suppliers and retailers played a signiﬁcant role in the amount of food which was wasted. At wholesalers and retail stores in Sweden, the total amount of food waste in 2012 was estimated to be 70,000 t, of which 91% was considered unnecessary or avoidable food waste (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). At retail level, fresh fruit and vegetables have been identiﬁed as the main contributor to the amount of the wasted material, hereafter referred to as 'wasted mass', (Scholz et al., 2015; Stenmarck et al., 2011; Buzby et al., 2009). A recent study (Brancoli et al., 2017) showed that the most wasted products at retail level were found to be either bread or fruit and vegetables, of the total wasted mass at the retailer, 30% originated from bread and 29% from the fruit and vegetable department. Similar result was presented from a study in Italy were the wasted weight from fruit and vegetables corresponded to 34% of the total wasted mass at the retailer (Cicatiello et al., 2017). The total value of food waste at the retail and consumer levels in the United States, considering retail prices, was $165.6 billion in 2008, where fruit and vegetables corresponded to 26% of the total value (Buzby and Hyman, 2012). In a study from Austria at retail level, the monetary value of fresh fruit and vegetables accounted for 53% of the total value of food waste (Lebersorger and Schneider, 2014). From an environmental perspective, in a study at six retail stores in Sweden, fruit and vegetable departments contributed to 46% of the total waste of the carbon footprint (Scholz et al., 2015). 1.2. Waste categories at retailer level In the retail sector, the FFV waste are the produce subjected to rejection at delivery at store, or those which are removed from the department and discarded. Some studies on FFV waste at retailer level which have been conducted previously have described the procedures used in fruit and vegetable departments (Eriksson, 2012; Åhnberg and Strid, 2010). A ﬂow chart for the fruit and vegetables at retailer level and the diﬀerent waste categories is described in Fig. 1 (modiﬁed from Eriksson et al., 2012). When fresh fruit and vegetables are delivered to the store, the store can, after quality control, accept the produce or, if the produce does not comply with the quality requirement, reject it. The cost of the pre-store waste (Eriksson et al., 2012) is reimbursed by the supplier and does not contribute to a monetary loss from the retailer's point of view. The deﬁnition of in-store waste has been established in previous studies (Eriksson et al., 2012; Hanssen and Schakenda, 2011) and can be summarised as the waste which occurs in the store after the produce from the supplier has been accepted. Invisible in-store waste depends on several factors, for example, mass loss due to evaporation, theft, the produce being discarded without being recorded and an employee's capability when estimating the weight and registering the data (Eriksson et al., 2012). 1.3. Aim and scope The scope of this study is to increase the knowledge of the in-store waste of fresh fruit and vegetables at retailer level. This will provide a better understanding and input in the assessment of which FFV categories retailers can work with in order to reduce waste, make informed decisions and implement targeted waste reduction actions. The aim of this study is to examine which FFV categories provide the highest amount of in-store waste and calculate the respective waste quotas. The economic aspects of waste are also studied, since this is the dimension that stores operate in. This has not previously been investigated in relation to speciﬁc FFV categories and food waste. Therefore, this study examines which FFV categories have the largest economic cost, including the economic loss of the wasted produce, the cost of an employee's time spent on waste management and the cost of waste collection and disposal. Moreover, the FFV categories with the highest climate impact are also studied. Additionally, the study examines if it is cost eﬀective to spend more resources on man-power for waste management in order to reduce the wasted mass and the cost of waste. As a ﬁnal point, the diﬀerences of the results in regards to whether the waste is measured in terms of wasted mass, economic cost or climate impact is discussed. 2. Materials and methods On-site investigations were made at three large retail stores in midSweden. The case study started in 2012 with an exploratory series of semi-structured interviews, (interview method is described by Kvale and Brinkmann, 2014) and participating observations (method is described by Yin, 2009) with employees in the FFV department at one store. Based on the outcome from the exploratory study, a method for measuring the waste and of calculating the economic costs was developed. Two additional stores from diﬀerent cities were selected to be included in the study. The main study, which included all three stores, took place between 2013 and 2014, and the methodology was uniform for all stores. Data of in-store waste (see Fig. 1), sold quantities and purchase price were received from each store from 1 January to 31 December 2013 in the form of extracts from the stores' respective databases. To calculate the personnel cost for waste management, information regarding the stores' daily working routines and waste management procedures were obtained by participating observations at the FFV departments during three days at each store. To validate the 119 L. Mattsson et al. data, an investigation of the similarities and diﬀerences of the working routines between the stores was undertaken, and complementary questions were discussed with the employees. With the intention of not interfering with working routines, the visits were scheduled in cooperation with the employees, and the employees were instructed not to change their daily working routines for the visits. In total, six employees from the fruit and vegetable departments were observed and interviewed. The observations and interviews were documented through ﬁeld notes and photos for future reference and analysis, and the compilation of the ﬁeld notes was completed the same day. Followups, both during the three-day visits and later by phone-call, were conducted to clarify and conﬁrm the data. The results from the calculations were reviewed and veriﬁed by the employees in the fruit and vegetable departments, and also by the storeowners and managers. 2.1. The stores The stores included in this study are franchise owned by diﬀerent individuals and are members of the same retail chain called ICA. The stores are large supermarkets, belonging to the hypermarket segment (Guy, 1998), with a sales area of between 5100 to 7000 square metres. The ICA Group is one of the Nordic region's leading retail companies and is the largest player in the Swedish food retail market with a market share of 48% (Axfood, 2013). The stores are geographically located in the same region, use the same ordering tools and main suppliers, have similar product ranges, as well as similar storing and cooling facilities. The food waste is collected by a waste company and is sent for incineration. 2.2. Wasted mass The employees at each store register the in-store waste, which consists of both packed and unpacked FFV. This procedure has been used for many years by the stores for internal waste follow up and is performed independently of this study. Each line of the in-store waste data consists of information regarding: type of FFV, if it was sold in bulk or packed, the weight, the number of waste registrations and the purchase price per item. In total, data from 40,103 waste registrations were used for the analysis. The same type of FFV was combined into one category, for example, all diﬀerent types of apples became one category, regardless if the FFV was sold in bulk or packed. The same operation was performed with all types of FFV. The stores do not have exactly the same product ranges, and the number of diﬀerent categories was 64, 74 and 76 respectively. When all the data was combined, 81 separate categories were revealed. For each category, information on wasted mass, waste quota and economic cost were calculated, both for each store and it was then accumulated for all three stores in order to give the average data. Sold products are registered by the store when the customers pay for it. The in-store waste quota is deﬁned as the instore waste in relation to the sold mass amount and is calculated by using the equation: Waste quota = In-store waste/(In-store waste + Sold quantity). 2.3. Economic cost The economic cost is deﬁned as the sum of the cost of wasted produce, the cost of personnel for waste management and the cost of waste disposal, including the cost of waste collection. The equation was described as: Economic cost = Cost of wasted produce + Personnel cost for waste management + Cost of waste disposal. For the analysis of economic cost, the purchase price was used and obtained from the stores. The employee's time spent on waste management, including the sorting and removal of bad produce, waste registration and waste disposal were timed in each store over two days. The person who was mainly responsible for the waste management was observed and all activities were timed. The time was divided into the number of waste 120 registrations that were done during the timed occasions. The time per registration was then used to calculate the average personnel cost per registration, which in turn was used to calculate the personnel cost for waste management per category. Data on the personnel cost, including salary, social security and pension, etc. was obtained from each store for the year 2013. Data regarding the cost of waste disposal, based on the weight and volume of waste and transportation was obtained from one of the stores for the year 2013 and was veriﬁed by the waste company. The data for this store was used to calculate the waste disposal costs for the other two stores. 2.4. Climate impact The global warming potential (GWP) of the in-store waste was calculated by using the carbon dioxide equivalents of 1 kg of FFV and these were multiplied with the accumulated amounts of the in-store waste per FFV category. The equation can be described as: GWP = GWP value x in-store waste. The GWP were calculated by using the median values from the extensive list recently reviewed by Clune et al. (2017), were the system boundaries were from the farm to the regional distribution centre. For the FFV categories where the speciﬁc GWP data was lacking in Clune et al. (2017) some assumptions using similar FFV categories were made and a mean value was calculated (Clune et al., 2017). The GWP values (kg CO2-eq/kg produce) of the top forty FFV categories with the highest mass of in-store waste are listed in Appendix A. 2.5. Cost beneﬁt analysis: cost of waste versus cost of personnel time The time personnel at the FFV department spent on duties such as ordering, the sorting and removal of bad produce, waste registration and waste disposal can be of importance for the amount of in-store waste (Lagerberg Fogelberg et al., 2011). In the present study, two theoretical cases with increased working time for the employees at the FFV department were set up, and how much those costs corresponded to in terms of reducing the percentage of the cost of wasted FFV were calculated. In the ﬁrst case of the cost beneﬁt analysis, the economic cost of employees in the FFV department was increased by 100%, and in the second case, the cost of employees was increased by 20%. Calculations were performed for all FFV categories, as well as for the top twenty FFV categories with the largest amount of in-store waste. The equation for calculating the cost beneﬁt were: Percentage decrease of economic cost of FFV waste = Increased personnel cost/FFV cost. The equation for calculating the cost beneﬁt for the top twenty FFV categories with the largest amount of in-store waste were: Percentage decrease of economic cost of waste of the top twenty FFV categories = Increased personnel cost/(FFV cost x the percentage of cost of the top 20 categories). 2.6. Analysis of data The quantitative data was processed and analysed using spreadsheet calculations. Before starting the detailed analysis of the waste data from the selected stores, the data was checked manually and when any errors and inconsistencies were discovered it was followed up in detail. Where possible, data was corrected and in other cases, the data was excluded from further analysis. The weight of the excluded products corresponded to 0.01% of the total in-store waste weight and none of the FFV categories was overrepresented. The results of the participating observations and interviews were summarised and categorised following the details of the waste management routines at the FFV departments. 2.7. Limitations Data on fresh fruit and vegetables is included in this study; therefore, dried, canned or frozen produce are excluded. No diﬀerences Table 1 The top twenty fruit and vegetables categories which generate the largest amount of wasted mass, the highest economic cost and the highest climate impact, as well as the respective waste quotas, of the in-store waste at three large Swedish retail stores during 2013. between edible and non-edible food waste are made, as the waste consists of whole products, which are sold as whole products, for example, the weight of peel and haulm are included in the amount of food waste. Additionally, it is assumed that the waste is edible at or before the time it is disposed of and therefore, the study does not diﬀerentiate between avoidable and unavoidable food waste. 3.3. Climate impact 3. Results The list of the top twenty FFV categories with the highest amount of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact obtained from calculations in this study are presented in Table 1. 3.1. Wasted mass The total amount of in-store waste of FFV for the three stores in 2013 was 68 t, which corresponds to an average waste quota of 1.9 percent. The categories on the top of the list in terms of wasted mass (Table 1) represented 81% of the total waste weight, 77% of the total economic cost and 82% of the total amount of GWP. Looking into the separate FFV categories, banana, apple and tomato are the products which had the largest amount of in-store waste (see Fig. 2a). Banana had the highest amount of waste, which was 6.4 t and corresponded to 9.4% of the total wasted amount (see Fig. 3). 3.2. Economic cost The accumulated economic cost of the in-store waste for the three stores was 1,628,000 SEK, which corresponded to approximately €165,000. The top twenty categories with the largest economic cost (Table 1) of recorded in-store waste represented 79% of the total waste weight, 81% of the total economic cost and 81% of the total amount of GWP. Lettuce, fresh herbs, tomato and sweet pepper were the top products which represented the highest economic cost. Lettuce had the highest economic cost and more than double the cost compared to fresh herbs, which had the second highest economic cost (see Fig. 2b). Fresh herbs and berries were high up on the economic top list compared to the top list of wasted mass. The total amount of GWP for the three stores in 2013 was 32,600 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents. The top twenty categories with the highest amount of GWP are presented in Table 1 correspond to 78% of the total waste weight, 77% of the total economic cost and 85% of the total amount of GWP. Banana and sweet pepper had the highest amount of GWP, and as Fig. 2c shows, there was a signiﬁcant decrease of tomatoes to third place. Aubergine, pineapple and peach were new categories which ended up on the climate impact top list compared to the top lists of wasted mass and economic cost. 3.4. Hotspot categories Out of 81 FFV categories in total, a few categories represented the largest share of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact. When the top ten categories of all three top lists were analysed, it was found that there were seven categories which could be extracted as "hotspot categories", see Fig. 2abc. The "hotspot categories" were banana, apple, tomato, lettuce, sweet pepper, pear and grape. Those "hotspot categories" added up to 31.8 t and 800,000 SEK (€ 81,100), which corresponded to 47% of the total wasted mass and 49% of the economic cost. Fig. 2abc show the amount of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact and the placement of the "hotspot categories". The share of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact for the "hotspot categories" as percentage of the total waste is presented in Fig. 3. 3.5. Waste quota The total amount of in-store waste of FFV for the three stores in 2013 was 68 t, which corresponded to an average waste quota of 1.9%. The FFV categories with high waste quotas (see Table 1) were aubergine (9.7%), fresh herbs (7.8%), mango (6.9%), peach (6.5%), berries (4.7%), pear (4.5%), and sweet pepper (4.0%). The FFV categories with low waste quotas were onion, potato, orange and clementine with a waste quota of 0.9%. When creating a top twenty list with the highest amount of waste quota, sixteen diﬀerent types of exotic fruits were represented, and the top twenty products on the list represented 2.5% of the total wasted mass and 3.4% of the economic cost. 121 L. Mattsson et al. Fig. 2. abc. The top twenty fruit and vegetables categories which generated the largest amount of in-store waste (a), economic cost (b) and climate impact (c) at three large Swedish retail stores during 2013. The highlighted categories belong to the "hotspot categories". 3.6. Cost beneﬁt analysis: cost of waste versus cost of employees' time Based on the economic costs for the three stores, the allocation between the economic costs of the wasted FFV, personnel and waste disposal are presented in Fig. 4. Of the economic costs, the wasted FFV represented 86%, personnel cost for waste management is 9% and waste disposal cost is 6%. In the ﬁrst theoretical case of the cost beneﬁt analysis, the economic cost of employees in the FFV department was doubled as it was estimated that more time could be allocated to waste management in order to reduce the in-store waste. To meet the doubled cost for personnel, a cost reduction of wasted FFV cost needed to be 10% to break even. In the second case, the economic cost of personnel increased by 20% and the reduction of FFV waste needed to be 2% to break even. If the top twenty FFV categories of wasted cost ( Table 1 ) were used in the calculation, which represented 81% of the total wasted cost, a doubled personnel cost required a cost reduction of these top twenty FFV with 12% to break even. When the increased cost for personnel was 20%, the 122 L. Mattsson et al. reduction from the top twenty list was 2.5% to break even. 4. Discussion This study used primary data to increase the awareness and in-depth understanding regarding the in-store waste of FFV at retailer level and identiﬁed seven hotspot categories. These contributions are in line with recommendations from a recent study (Xue et al., 2017) which identiﬁed a gap of primary data on food waste as well as highlighted the need of hotspots to prioritise implementation of reduction strategies. 4.1. Measuring food waste and implementing reduction actions This study showed small diﬀerences regarding which FFV categories ended up on the top twenty lists (presented in Table 1) whether the waste was measured in terms of wasted mass, economic cost or climate impact. Therefore, the retail stores can use the economic top list when prioritising their strategies to reduce the in-store waste of FFV. The top list of economic cost captures most of the relevant FFV categories and the stores already have access to the data regarding economic costs in terms of purchase prices. Furthermore, by using their own data, they do not need to recalculate the wasted FFV into mass or climate impact data. This can make the retail manager conﬁdent that by prioritising the reduction of waste at the FFV department from the top lists of economic cost, they will also be able to make signiﬁcant contributions in the reduction of wasted mass and its impact on climate change. 4.2. Top lists and hotspot categories Out of the 81 FFV categories, only a few number of categories contribute to the majority of the wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact. Fig. 2abc illustrates the clear decline of the amount of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact on the top lists. Based on the results from the three top lists, seven "hotspot categories" were identiﬁed, and Fig. 2abc show that all "hotspot categories" were at the higher end. Although the "hotspot categories" are on all three top lists, the respective share of the total waste for the three top lists diﬀers and are presented in Fig. 3. In order to reduce food waste and better use personnel resources, retailers can use these results to develop practical applicable measures for those "hotspot categories" by optimising demand planning, ordering and other prevention measures. The "hotspot categories" identiﬁed in this study are banana, apple, tomato, lettuce, sweet pepper, pear and grape. The same FFV categories were also present on the top ten lists of FFV categories which generate the largest amount of in-store waste presented by Eriksson et al. (2012). Previous studies of food waste at supermarkets or large retail stores did not take into account the total economic cost, including the purchase cost, the personnel cost and the waste disposal cost, and the results from this study can not be compared. The top three products, which contribute to the largest amount of climate impact in this research, were banana, sweet pepper and tomato. Scholz et al. (2015) identiﬁed the same 123 products as the main contributors of carbon footprint waste. Looking into the separate "hotspot categories", the cause of the waste diﬀers. Some causes of waste depend on best before date labels, the treatment of the FFV by employees and the sensitivity of the product in terms of how easily it is damaged. The category banana had both the highest amount of wasted mass and the highest amount of climate impact (see Fig. 2a and c). The wasted of mass of banana was 6.4 t (see Table 1) and corresponded to 9.4% of the total wasted amount (see Fig. 3). Apple had the second highest amount of wasted mass (see Fig. 2a). When apples were reﬁlled on the shelves at the FFV department, one box of apples was often held upside down and the apples were damaged by this practice. After this study started, this procedure was changed. The apples are now treated with more care, and the more frequent removal of bad produce has been implemented. The employees have noticed a decrease in the wasted amount for apples; however, in this study the changes were not measured. Lettuce had the highest economic cost (see Fig. 2b) and had more than double the cost compared to fresh herbs, which had the second highest economic cost. The economic cost of lettuce was 274,000 SEK, corresponding to almost 17% of the total cost for all FFV categories (see Fig. 3). The high cost depends on the high amount which is wasted and the fact that some of the lettuce products are a labour intensive. When a lettuce product is provided with a best-before date, it needs to be sorted out one or two days before the date expires. Pear was eighth place in top lists on wasted mass and climate impact and ninth place in top list on economic cost (see Fig. 2abc), and had the third highest waste quota of 4.5%. Pears have a thin and sensitive peel, so the product can easily be damaged by employees or customers if treated improperly, or they can also be damaged by the stalks from a nearby product. Grape was sold both in bulk and in packaging. When sold in packaging, the product was protected during transportation, and at the store it was protected from careless handling from both employees and customers. The downside with this kind of packaging is that if one or two grapes are bad, the employees do not always have time to open the packaging to remove the bad part, so the entire packaging and its contents are discarded. Banana, apple and tomato have the largest amount of in-store waste (see Fig. 2a). However, these products also have the highest turnover and therefore a low waste quota (see Table 1). Tomato is on top three on all top lists (see Fig. 2abc) and sweet pepper had the second highest climate impact (see Fig. 2c). The causes of waste for these two products are probably a result of a combination of causes and additional research is needed. 4.3. Cost beneﬁt analysis: cost of waste versus cost of personnel time An important working routine at the FFV department is the frequent removal of bad produce, as it minimises the risk of one bad product contaminating other products, and therefore contributes to a lower waste amount. The cost beneﬁt analysis showed that when the cost of employees was doubled a cost reduction of wasted FFV cost needed to be 10% to break even, which also corresponded to a reduction of 10% of the wasted FFV mass. When the employees' working time for waste management was increased by 20%, it corresponded to a reduction in the cost of waste of the top twenty FFV by 2.5% to break even. Additional time for improved waste management may result in better waste management routines and overview of the stock. A good overview of the stock is also one precondition in making proper orders (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). If it is possible to reduce the FFV cost by 2.5% of the top twenty FFV categories when employee costs are increased by 20%, this study has not been able to show it; however, there are some indications which show that it may be possible. When comparing the three diﬀerent stores and the diﬀerences in the time spent on waste management, one of the stores spent less than half of the time on waste management compared to the other two stores. This store had 1.1% higher waste compared to the store with the lowest amount of waste. This implies that it would be possible to reduce the amount wasted and the climate impact without an economic loss for the store. 4.4. Waste quota Waste quotas are a complementary tool, which can be used when analysing food waste. However, only applying the top list based solely on the waste quota data does not provide a representative list of FFV categories which can be used to identify the most relevant categories for waste reduction strategies. On the top twenty list with the highest waste quota, sixteen diﬀerent types of exotic fruits are represented. This clearly illustrates that just looking at the fruit and vegetables based on their respective waste quotas gives a relatively low outcome, both in terms of decreased wasted mass and lower economic cost. As presented in Table 1, fresh herbs and berries are categories with low wasted mass and a high waste quota. Looking further into the top lists of economic cost and climate impact, fresh herbs and berries end up higher on the list for wasted mass. In conclusion, data on waste quotas highlight some FFV categories which could otherwise be neglected. 4.5. Economic incentives for waste reduction Reducing economic loss is an important motivating factor for change and reducing food waste in the retail sector. Analyses of the economic cost of the in-store waste revealed that 86% of the cost (see Fig. 4) derived from the cost of FFV is based on the purchase price. The personnel cost for the working time on waste management, and the waste disposal cost corresponds to 14% of the economic cost. The results show that it is essential to be aware of and include all parts when discussing the economic costs. Knowledge and awareness about the economic costs of FFV waste can create an incentive for the stores to reduce waste and the economic incentive for the stores may be stronger than by only focusing on incorporating a law concerning reduced retail waste. Waste prevention measures will give additional advantages for the stores, such as goodwill, since awareness about food waste is becoming more well-known and trendy. The economic cost of FFV waste is based on the purchase price, but the actual cost is even higher when the lost proﬁt of the removed produce that will not be sold is taken into consideration. Reducing economic losses will decrease the wasted mass and climate impact at retailer level and contribute to a sustainable food supply chain. The methodology to measure and calculate the economic cost of FFV waste developed in this study could be applicable for other departments in a retail store. 4.6. Reliability and validity In order ensure that the three stores and the results were comparable a thorough investigation on the stores' waste management and other internal working routines was executed. The outcomes from each store were compared and veriﬁed with each other so that the data could be validated. The main working procedures of the stores are the same. All three stores use the same main suppliers, so it was assumed that the quality of the FFV was comparable and the diﬀerences of the in-store waste depended on other factors. The stores do not have exactly the same range of FFV categories, as the stores select some diﬀerent varieties, especially concerning exotic fruits. The number of diﬀerent categories were 64, 74 and 76 respectively. However, from a methodological point of view, it is not anticipated that these diﬀerences between the stores aﬀected the results. The selection of the stores was not representative, but was rather where the authors successfully established contact with the storeowners. However, a previous study (Lebersorger and Schneider, 2014) has shown that retail waste rates of FFV do not Appendix A 124 diﬀer by geographic region or between urban and rural areas. The results from the calculations and interviews were reviewed and the accuracy of the data was veriﬁed by the employees at the FFV department and also by the storeowners and managers in order to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations regarding the material. The results in this study are expected to be of relevance for other Swedish retail stores. 4.7. Further work The total economic cost of waste in relation to speciﬁc FFV categories has not previously been explored, therefore, it would be valuable to investigate more stores and diﬀerent types of stores with the same methodology to examine if the results are consistent. The methodology could also be applied in stores in other countries with similar conditions. Furthermore, the existing investigation could provide a basis for identifying waste prevention measures. Based on the ﬁndings from this study, further research which identiﬁes the causes of waste for the separate FFV categories, and especially for the "hotspot categories", should be conducted. Suggestions regarding improvement procedures and establishing a system to monitor and evaluate the results would be needed in order to examine how reducing FFV waste at retail level can be done eﬃciently. Very little is known about the impact and eﬀectiveness of diﬀerent measures to reduce food waste and additional research is needed for an eﬀective adoption of good practices. 5. Conclusion Primary data on fresh fruit and vegetables waste collected through direct measurements in three large retail stores in Sweden has been analysed in this study. A method of measuring and calculating the economic cost of FFV waste was developed. The economic cost included the cost of the wasted produce, the cost of personnel time for waste management and the cost of waste collection and disposal. When analysing all three top lists of waste, it was noticeable that only a few of the FFV categories contributed to the majority of the waste, both in terms of wasted mass, economic cost and climate impact. Those FFV categories, also called "hotspot categories", were apple, banana, grape, lettuce, pear, sweet pepper and tomato. All "hotspot categories" were on the economic top list, so when planning for waste reduction strategies at retail level, the stores should use their own data on economic losses as a base and be assured that they are targeting the accurate FFV categories. If the perspective of minimising the economic cost is used when planning strategies for reduction measures, a signiﬁcant contribution of reducing the retails' impact on wasted mass and climate change will also be made, and the retailer will contribute to a sustainable food supply chain. The cost beneﬁt analysis showed that it is economically wise to invest in more working time for employees in waste management to accomplish a reduction of the wasted mass and the climate impact without an economic loss for the store. These results are relevant for supporting implementations of policies and initiatives aimed at food waste reduction at retail level. Acknowledgments This study was performed within the multidisciplinary Industrial Graduate School VIPP – Values Created in Fibre-Based Processes and Products at Karlstad University, with ﬁnancial support from BillerudKorsnäs AB and the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen), Sweden. The retail stores provided data and employees in the stores studied were exceptionally helpful and accommodating. Table A1 GWP (kg CO2-eq/kg produce) of the top forty of the in-store wasted fruit and vegetables in mass (Clune et al., 2017). References Eriksson, M., 2012. Retail Food Wastage: A Case Study Approach to Quantities and Causes (Licentiate Thesis 045). Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Axfood, 2013. Annual Report 2013. Axfood, Solna. Beckeman, M., Olsson, A., 2011. The role of Swedish retailers in food innovations. Int. Rev. Retail Distrib. Consum. Res. 21 (1), 51–70. Beddington, S.J., 2011. The future of food and farming. Int. J. Agric. 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TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 4 6 Executive Summary This second quarter statistics report on case activity and performance of the Corporate Area Coroner's Court is another instalment in contributing to building a data driven framework to statistical reporting which is crucial to successful strategic planning and policy making in the Jamaican judiciary. Among the key quantitative targets set out by the Jamaican judiciary are the attainment of a net case backlog rate of under 5% and an aggregate case clearance rate of 130%, both being highly correlated. The Corporate Area Coroner's Court is statistically one of the most productive courts in the Jamaican judiciary, maintaining consistently some of the highest case disposal and case clearance rates and ranking among the court's with the lowest net case backlog rate. This court has already achieved the target set out in the judiciary's strategic plan of attaining a net case backlog rate of less than 5%. It has built up an impressive statistical profile which is borne out in this report which sees it registering an enviable case disposal rate of 99.03% for the second quarter of 2023, up from 84.73% (an increase of 14.3 percentage points) when compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The Corporate Area Coroner's Court also received a case clearance rate of 118.45% during the quarter, an increase of 16.92 percentage points when compared to the corresponding period in 2022. Impressively, during the second quarter of 2023, cases that were resolved took an average of 17 days to be disposed while it took only about 4 days on average after a case is filed for it to be heard. The Corporate Area Coroner's Court is currently among courts in the Jamaican court system which have already attained a sustainable equilibrium point characterized by low backlog rates, consistently high case disposal and clearance rates and modest times to disposition. Introduction The purpose of this report is to detail the vital statistics on case activity in the Corporate Area Coroners Court in the second quarter of 2023. The report includes a range of productivity and time lag measures of the courts as well as related resource allocation and usage and other miscellaneous measurements. Ultimately, these measures seek to tell the story of the case flow in the Coroners Courts, particularly with respect to the disposals, case delay factors and other important elements of case progression management and outcomes. The Coroners Court operates in all parishes across the island, however this report is focused on the Corporate Area Coroners Court. The Coroners Court is the arm of the courts that rules on the cause of death of individuals under various circumstances The Corporate Area Coroner's Court This subsection on the Corporate Area Coroner's Court will detail information on the case activity in this court for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023, as well as the associated measurements of productivity in the disposal of cases, time lag measures outlining the average times between important events on the case flow continuum, as well as other supplementary measurements and information. Table 1.0: Summary of time interval between date death reported and date case opened for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 Descriptive Statistics (in days) a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown The table above provides a descriptive summary of the time taken between the date deaths were reported and the date that the cases for investigation of causes of death were opened in court at the Corporate Area Coroners Court for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023. It is seen that from a sample of 120 observations, the average time taken between the date deaths were reported and the date that the associated cases were opened in Corporate Area Coroner's Court was roughly 848 days or 2.36 years. The modal time taken was 124 days or 4.1 months and the median was 330 days or approximately 11 months. The standard deviation stands at a high of 1261 days or 3.5 years, strongly suggesting that the distribution of the times between reporting of death and the date cases open in the court varies widely around the mean. The relatively high positive skewness further suggests that decisively more of the scores fall below the overall average, a result that is not surprising considering that the modal and median values are significantly below the overall mean. The maximum time shown between date deaths reported and date case opened is approximately 21 years, while the lowest is 11 days. Table 2.0: Case Activity Summary for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| \| Approximate \| Number of disposed cases \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Approximate Number of \| \| \| \| \| Number of \| (from those filed in the \| \| new cases filed \| active cases \| quarter) \| \| 103 \| 1 \| 102 \| The above table provides a summary of the cases filed at the Corporate Area Coroner's Court in the second quarter ended June 30, 2023. It is shown that 103 new cases were filed during the quarter, 27.18% less than the corresponding quarter in 2022. These results yield an impressive, estimated case disposal rate of 99.03%. These disposal rate satisfies the international standard on this measure and suggests that for every 100 new cases filed over the period, 99 were resolved. The case clearance rate will be examined later in this report. Table 3.0: Sampling distribution of Source of cases filed in the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| Source \| Frequency \| Percentage (%) \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Police \| 74 \| 71.84 \| \| Family \| 29 \| 28.16 \| A sample of 103 cases filed at the Corporate Area Coroner's Court shows that 74 cases or 71.84% were filed by the police, while 29 or 28.16% were filed by the family of deceased. Table 4.0: Sampling distribution of deaths reported at various Police and brought before the court during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| Police Station \| Frequency \| Percentage (%) \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Half Way Tree police Station \| 26 \| \| \| Major Investigations Division \| 17 \| \| \| Denham Town Police Station \| 11 \| \| \| Elleston Road Police Station \| 10 \| \| \| Hunts Bay Police Station \| 8 \| \| \| Sub-Total \| 72 \| \| Sample of observations (N)= 109 The data shows a sample of cases reported at the different police stations in the Corporate Area which were subsequently brought to the court. Of that number, the Half- Way-Tree Police Station accounted for the highest proportion with 26 cases or 23.85% while the Major Investigation Division with 17 or 15.60% ranks next, followed by the Denham Town Police Station with 11 or 10.09% and the Elletson Road Police Station with 10 cases or 9.17% of the sample. The top five police stations accounting for matters filed at the Corporate Area Coroner's Court was rounded off by the Hunts Bay Police Station with 8 or 7.34% of the sample. The above chart summarizes gender distribution, using a sample of 112 deceased persons involved in the cases filed during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023. It is shown that 93 or 83.04% of the deceased were male, while the remaining 19 or 16.96% were female. In the corresponding period in 2022, 70% of the deceased were male and 30% female. Table 5.0: Descriptive statistics on the age distribution of the deceased in cases filed in the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 Descriptive statistics (age in years) a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown A sample of 112 ages of the deceased involved in the cases filed revealed that the average age is roughly 53 years while the median is 52 years, and the most common modal value is 47 years. The standard deviation stands at a moderate value of 22 years, indicating some amount of variation of the scores around the mean, while the skewness is low positive value, indicating a large cluster of the scores around the mean. The smallest age in the data set is 19 years, while the oldest was 99 years. Table 6.0a: Sampling distribution of the causes of death reported for cases filed during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| \| Cause of Death \| \| Frequency \| Percentage (%) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Multiple gunshot wounds to head, torso \| \| 17 \| \| \| \| Haemorrhage and shock, Gunshot wound to the left posterior chest \| \| 5 \| \| \| \| Hanging \| \| 4 \| \| \| \| Haemorrhage and shock, multiple blunt trauma \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| Hypovolemic Shock, Injuries to night lung, Right pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta, Multiple gunshot wounds \| \| 2 \| \| \| Sample size (N)= 120 The above table is computed using a sample of 120 observations of the causes of death associated with cases. It is shown that among the most common causes of death reported are death caused by multiple gunshot wounds to head, neck, chest, torso with 17 or 14.17% of the sample and haemorrhage and shock, gunshot wound to the left posterior chest with 5 or 4.17%. Death due to hanging ranked next with 4 or 3.33%, followed by haemorrhage and shock, multiple blunt trauma with 3 or 2.50%. Table 6.0b: Sampling distribution of the causes of death as officially determined by the coroner for matters disposed during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| \| cause of death determined by coroner \| \| Frequency \| \| Percentage(%) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Death due to gunshot wounds \| \| 58 \| \| 43.28 \| \| \| Death due to natural causes \| \| 57 \| \| 42.54 \| \| \| Death due to motor vehicle accident \| \| 5 \| \| 3.73 \| \| \| Death due to hanging \| \| 4 \| \| 2.99 \| \| \| Death due to multiple sharp force injuries \| \| 2 \| \| 1.49 \| \| \| Death due to fallen from home \| \| 1 \| \| 0.75 \| \| \| Death due to gastric ulcer \| \| 1 \| \| 0.75 \| \| \| Death due to misadventure \| \| 1 \| \| 0.75 \| \| \| Death due to poison \| \| 1 \| \| 0.75 \| \| \| Death due to stab wounds \| \| 1 \| \| 0.75 \| \| \| Death due to undetermined cause \| \| 1 \| \| 0.75 \| \| \| Death due to fall and cancer \| \| 1 \| \| 0.75 \| \| \| Verdict: accountable death by drowning \| \| 1 \| \| 0.75 \| \| \| Total \| \| 134 \| \| 100 \| \| The above table is computed using a sample of 134 observations of the causes of death as officially determined by the Coroner. It is shown that among the most common causes of death reported are deaths due to gunshot wounds with 58 or 43.28% of the sample and deaths due to natural causes with 42.54% of the sample. Deaths due to motor vehicle accident with 3.73% and deaths due to hanging with 2.99% rank next. It is important to note that there may often be variances between the causes of death as reported and the causes of death as determined by the Coroner. Table 7.0: Sampling distribution of the summary of outcomes of Form D applications made during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| Outcomes \| Frequency \| \|---\|---\| \| Section 14 \| 58 \| \| Other \| 54 \| \| Total \| 112 \| During the processing of a case at the Coroner's Court, a Form D application is made which the judge reviews an order to determine the direction of the case thereafter. The above table provides a summary of the outcomes of these applications over the period under examination. It is seen that the dominant outcome from Form D applications were decisions in accordance with Section 14, which means that the matter was accepted for an Inquest to be carried out by the Coroner. Section 14 accounts for 58 or 69.16% of the outcomes, while the generic category 'other outcomes' accounted for the remaining 54 or 48.21%. These results are typical to the trends observed in the Coroner's Courts Island wide. The data was computed using a sample of 112 cases. Table 8.0: Sampling distribution of the type of hearings in the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| Type of Hearing \| Frequency \| \|---\|---\| \| Chambers \| 121 \| \| Total \| 121 \| A sample of 121 hearings at the Corporate Area Coroners Court during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023, reveals that all were chamber hearings. Table 9.0: Sampling distribution of the methods of disposition for matters completed during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| Methods of disposition \| Frequency \| \|---\|---\| \| Section 14 \| 67 \| \| Section 10 \| 65 \| \| Inquest \| 2 \| \| Open Court Verdict \| 1 \| \| Total \| 135 \| The methods of disposition for a sample of 135 matters which were disposed during the quarter ended June 30, 2022, revealed that 67 or 49.63% of matters were disposed by way of an Inquest, under the provisions of Section 14 of the Coroner's Court Act. Matters disposed by way of inquest under the provision of Section 10 of the Coroner's Court Act followed this with 65 or 48.15% of the sample and matters disposed by inquest and open court verdict with 1.48% and 0.74% respectively of the sample ranked next. Table 10.0: Descriptive Statistics on the time to disposition for matters completed during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 Descriptive Statistics (in days) The above data shows that the average time taken to dispose of matters during the quarter is approximately 17 days. This was derived from a sample of 134 matters resolved during the period. The data also revealed that the median time taken to dispose of the matters was 3 days and the modal time was also 3 days. The standard deviation of 84.38, however, suggests that there is a wide variation in the individual scores and the high positive skewness indicates that a larger proportion of the scores fell below the overall mean. The minimum time taken was a day, with the maximum time taken being 867 days or 29 months. The average time taken between the date the file was received and the date of first hearing was an impressive 3.70 days. Table 11.0: Summary of the incidence of hearings during inquest for matters disposed during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 Descriptive Statistics (in days) The frequency with which cases are heard potentially slows down the rate of case clearance and the average time taken to dispose of cases and is therefore a vital statistical indicator of both the probability of case disposition and roadblocks to case progression. In the above table, it is seen that the average number of hearings in inquest from a sample of 136 cases disposed over the quarter was roughly 1.2, while the median and modal values were both 1. The lowest number of hearings was 1 and the highest was 17. The standard deviation suggests that there is some variation in the scores, while the high positive skewness suggests that proportionately more of the scores were below the overall average. A lower incidence of hearings is desirable to further reduce the average time to disposition. Table 12.0: Case clearance rate summary for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 \| Approximate number of \| Approximate number of \| \|---\|---\| \| new cases filed \| disposed cases \| \| 103 \| 122 \| Courts that consistently maintain an average case clearance rate of between 90%-110% long enough will at a minimum have its disposals keeping up with the number of new cases filed but may also likely make considerable strides in reducing its case backlog rate to an acceptable level of under 5% of active cases. The Corporate Area Coroner's Court with an impressive case clearance rate of 118.45% for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 currently has a net case backlog rate of under 5%. There were 103 new cases filed during the quarter and 122 cases were disposed (regardless of date of origin), leading to the stated clearance rate. It suggests that for every 10 new cases filed, between eleven and twelve cases were disposed of during the quarter. Conclusion The Coroner's Court is firmly established as one of the most productive courts in the Jamaican court system. This court consistently maintains one of the fastest rates of disposal of new cases as reflected by their consistently high case disposal rate and also sustains a case clearance rate consistently over 100%. Unsurprisingly, the court's net case backlog rate is under the desired maximum rate of 5%, thus it has achieved its key quantitative targets which have been set out in the judiciary's current strategic plan. Among other impressive statistical output highlighted in this report is that the average time taken between the filing of a case and first hearing at the Corporate Area Coroner's Court is 3.70 days while the average time to disposition for cases resolved during the quarter was 17 days. Such impressive statistics are highly correlated with the court's consistently robust case clearance and case disposal rates as well as the low case congestion and backlog rates. Glossary of Terms Sampling Distribution: A sampling distribution of a given population is the distribution of frequencies of a range of outcomes that could possibly occur for a statistic of a population. A population is the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn. Clearance rate: The ratio on incoming to outgoing cases or of new cases filed to cases disposed, regardless of when the disposed cases originated. For example, in a given Term 100 new cases were filed and 110 were disposed (including cases originating before that Term) the clearance rate is 110/100 or 110%. Note: The clearance rate could therefore exceed 100% but the disposal rate has a maximum value of 100%. A persistent case clearance rate of less than 100% will eventually lead to a backlog of cases in the court system. The inferred international benchmark for case clearance rates is an average of 90%-110 annualized. This is a critical foundation to backlog prevention in the court system. I Disposal rate: As distinct from clearance rate, the disposal rate is the proportion of new cases filed which have been disposed in a particular period. For example, if 100 new cases are filed in a particular Term and 80 of those cases were disposed in said Term, then the disposal rate is 80%. Note: A persistent case clearance rate of less than 100% will eventually lead to a backlog of cases in the court system. ii Trial/hearing date certainty: This is the proportion of dates set for trial or hearing which proceed without adjournment. For example, if 100 trial dates are set in a particular Term and 40 are adjourned, then the trial certainty rate would be 60%. The international standard for this measure is between 92% and 100%. Courtroom utilization rate: The proportion of courtrooms in full use on a daily basis or the proportion of hours utilized in a courtroom on a daily basis. The international standard for this rate is 100%. Case congestion rate: The ratio of pending cases to cases disposed in a given period. It is an indication of how fatigued a court is, given the existing state of resources and degree of efficiency. A case congestion rate of 150% for example, is an indication that given the resources currently at a court's disposal and its degree of efficiency, it is carrying 1.5 times its capacity. Case File Integrity Rate: Measures the proportion of time that a case file is fully ready and available in a timely manner for a matter to proceed. Hence, any adjournment, which is due to the lack of readiness of a case file or related proceedings for court at the scheduled time, impairs the case file integrity rate. The international benchmark for the case file integrity is 100% Standard deviation: This is a measure of how widely spread the scores in a data set are around the average value of that data set. The higher the standard deviation, the higher the variation of the raw scores in the data set, from the average score. A low standard deviation is an indication that the scores in a data set are clustered around the average. Outlier: An outlier is a value that is too small or too large, relative to the majority of scores/trend in a data set. Skewness: This is measure of the distribution of scores in a data set. It gives an idea of where the larger proportion of the scores in a data set can be found. Generally, if skewness is positive as revealed by a positive value for this measure, this suggests that a greater proportion of the scores in the data set are at the lower end. If the skewness is negative as revealed by a negative value for this measure, 17 i it generally suggests that a greater proportion of the scores are at the higher end. If the skewness measure is approximately 0, then there is roughly equal distribution of scores on both the higher and lower ends of the average figure. Range: This is a measure of the spread of values in a data set, calculated as the highest minus the lowest value. A larger range score may indicate a higher spread of values in a data set. Case backlog: A case that is in the court system for more than two years without disposition. Source: http://courts.mi.gov/Administration/SCAO/Resources/Documents/bestpractice/BestPracticeCaseAg eClearanceRate s.pdf Source: http://courts.mi.gov/Administration/SCAO/Resources/Documents/bestpractice/BestPracticeCaseAg eClearanceRate s.pdf A weighted average can be more accurate than a simple average in which all numbers in a data set are assigned an identical weight. Continuance and Adjournment: In a general sense, any delay in the progression of a hearing in which 18 a future date/time is set or anticipated for continuation is a form of adjournment. However, in order to make a strict distinction between matters which are adjourned for procedural factors and those which are generally avoidable, court statistics utilizes the terms 'continuance' and 'adjournment'. Here, 'continuance' is used strictly to describe situations in which future dates are set due to procedural reasons and 'adjournments' is used to describe the circumstances in which future dates of appearance are set due to generally avoidable reasons. For example, adjournments for another stage of hearing, say from a plea and case management hearing to a trial hearing or from the last date of trial to a sentencing date are classified as 'continuance' but delays for say, missing or incomplete files, due to outstanding medical reports or attorney absenteeism are classified as 'adjournments'. Adjournments as defined in this document have an adverse effect on hearing date certainty rates but continuances do not. Weighted Average: Weighted average is a calculation that takes into account the varying degrees of significance of the groups or numbers in a data set. In calculating a weighted average for a particular variable, the individual scores or averages for each group are multiplied by the weight or number of observations in each of those groups, and summed. The outcome is then divided by the summation of the number of observations in all groups combined. For example, if we wish to calculate the weighted average clearance rate for the parish courts, the product of the clearance rate and number of cases for each court are computed, added, and then divided by the total number of cases across all the parish courts. This means that a court with a larger caseload has a greater impact on the case clearance rate than a smaller court.
Appendix 2 CREATIVE INDUSTRIES IN GREATER BRIGHTON DRAFT FOR CIRCULATION A research note by the Creative Industries Policy and Evidence Centre Dr Josh Siepel SPRU, University of Sussex and Creative Industries Policy and Evidence Centre 23 July 2019 HIGHLIGHTS: - Creative industries firms in the Greater Brighton area generated £1.55 billion in turnover in 2018. - Turnover of creative industries firms has increased in by 22% since 2014 - There were over 6,100 creative businesses in the Greater Brighton area in 2018 - More than 16,000 people were employed by creative businesses in 2018, a growth of nearly 20%. - Performing arts organisations generated £329m in turnover, second only to software firms, which generated £785m. 1. Introduction and background The Greater Brighton region consists of six local authorities, one of which – Brighton & Hove – is among the UK's most famous creative industries clusters. The high national profile of the cluster is due in part to a series of influential studies examining the Brighton cluster, particularly the £1m Brighton Fuse project 1 in 2013 and its follow-up, Fuse2 and the Brighton Fuse Freelancer Survey in 2015. These studies fed the national image of Brighton as a major UK cluster, one that was validated by the description of the Brighton cluster as an exemplar in Sir Peter Bazalgette's review of the creative industries 2 in 2017. However, despite the recognition of the strength of Brighton & Hove's cluster, have the areas surrounding Brighton also been able to take advantage of the opportunities posed by the growth in creative sectors? This report presents an overview of the state of Greater Brighton's creative industries. The report draws upon official data from tax records to map the number of businesses and employees in the industry. The data provided here comes from the Business Structure Database 3 , which is maintained by the Office of National Statistics and contains records of every firm in the UK that is registered for National Insurance and/or VAT. Importantly, the employment figures only capture those employees who are on the payroll and for whom NI is paid, and therefore do not count freelance activity in 1 http://www.brightonfuse.com/brighton-fuse-reports-and-findings/ 3 Office for National Statistics. (2018). Business Structure Database, 1997-2018: Secure Access. [data collection]. 9th Edition. UK Data Service. SN: 6697, http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6697-9 This work contains statistical data from ONS which is Crown Copyright. The use of ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the statistical data. This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates 2 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/independent-review-of-the-creative-industries employment figures 4 . The report is largely organised around three questions: How many creative businesses are in Greater Brighton? How important are creative industries to the local economy? And how many people are employed in creative industries? 2. How many creative businesses are in Greater Brighton? We can begin by considering the number of creative industries in the six local authorities that comprise the Greater Brighton area in 2019. Table 1 show the number of creative industries businesses in each area, as well as the percentage change between the period 2014-2018. Table 1: Number of Creative Industries Firms in Greater Brighton, by Local Authority \| Local Authority \| Number of firms 2018 \| % Change 2014- 2018 \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Adur \| 247 \| -0.0% \| \| Brighton & Hove \| 3,100 \| 15.4% \| \| Crawley \| 457 \| 21.0% \| \| Lewes \| 676 \| 16.6% \| \| Mid-Sussex \| 1,123 \| 10.0% \| \| Worthing \| 511 \| 17.2% \| This table shows double-digit growth in the number of new businesses in nearly all local authorities in the area. While Brighton has a the largest number of creative businesses, growth rates in outlying areas, particularly Crawley, Lewes and Worthing, all outpace the growth rate in Brighton and Hove. The lowest growth rate in terms of number of firms is Adur, showed no increase in the time period, albeit also from the lowest starting place. Given this as a background figure we can then consider the growth trends of particular sectors in the region, as seen in Table 2. Table 2: Number of Firms in Greater Brighton, by Sector 5 \| Sector \| Number of firms 2018 \| % Change 2014- 2018 \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Advertising \| 598 \| 16.6% \| \| Architecture \| 305 \| 16.7% \| \| Crafts \| 27 \| -3.7% \| \| Design \| 599 \| 10.7% \| \| Performing Arts \| 1,123 \| 3.7% \| 4 Some freelancers who are VAT registered may appear, but others may not, so employee counts should be understood to be a baseline, while the actual figure will be much higher. 5 It is worth noting that while crafts represents an important part of the creative industries, the vast majority of craftspeople operate as sole traders and are therefore not NI/VAT registered. Therefore the measure of the crafts sector presented here is not a meaningful proxy for crafts activity. Likewise, museums are included in standard definitions of creative industries but are not included here as the majority are organised as charities and are not counted in the dataset used here. \| Publishing \| 259 \| \|---\|---\| \| Software \| 3,087 \| \| TV & Radio \| 122 \| \| Total \| 6,114 \| The table above shows the growth rates for the sector, and presents a number of interesting features. Software makes up the majority of creative industries firms in the region, which is broadly consistent with national figures. However, quite unusually, the second largest sector – in terms of number of firms – is the performing arts. This is considerably higher than the national average, highlighting the strength of the region in the breadth and quantity of arts organisations. All but two of the sectors showed double-digit growth over the 2014-2018 period, showing that the growth is not limited to one sector. One subsequent question is whether particular local authorities specialise in some creative sectors but not others. Figure 1 below presents a measure of the composition of the creative industries in each of the local authorities. From this figure we can see similarities and differences between some of the local authorities; for instance, Crawley has a clear specialisation in software firms; Mid-Sussex, Adur and Worthing have virtually identical distributions of sectors, with a majority of software firms and similar distributions of performing arts, publishing, design, architecture and marketing; and Brighton & Hove and Lewes both have proportionately fewer software firms and larger populations of performing arts firms. Proportionately Lewes has a greater share of architecture firms. 3. What is the economic contribution of creative industries to the overall economy? Now we consider the economic impact of creative industries firms. In this case it is helpful to use turnover, which captures overall economic outputs as opposed to employment, which – due to the data being used here – does not include freelancers, who are a substantial part of the creative economy. However turnover does capture the activities that freelancers bring to the firms that hire them. Turnover is one measure that can be used to calculate GVA (gross value added), which is a measure of the overall value added specifically by a region. GVA is a useful figure but is difficult to calculate for smaller geographical regions (official statistics usually calculate at the region level, i.e. South East). We begin again by looking at the levels of total turnover in the local authorities and the rate of change over the past five years Table 3: Total turnover of creative industries firms in Greater Brighton by Local Authority \| Local Authority \| Total turnover 2018 (£million) \| % Change 2014- 2018 \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Adur \| 55 \| 29.5% \| \| Brighton & Hove \| 682 \| 20.4% \| \| Crawley \| 225 \| 59.6% \| \| Lewes \| 142 \| 22.8% \| \| Mid-Sussex \| 344 \| 5.3% \| \| Worthing \| 111 \| 6.1% \| This table shows substantial growth figures for the area. The total turnover of creative industries firms in the Greater Brighton region is £1.56 billion, a 22% increase over the same area in 2014. Four authorities have seen double-digit growth rates in turnover between 20142018. Of those that have lower rates, Worthing had a 27% growth rate between 2014-2018, and a net decrease between 2017 and 2018, which suggests there may be some underlying variation in the figures. Of the overall size of creative sectors in these areas, Brighton & Hove is the largest, with Mid-Sussex second largest. As a way of exploring these further, we can explore the average firm turnover in these local authorities, as seen in Table 4. Of the sectors listed, all showed double-digit growth in the period from 2014-2019. Consistent with Table 2, software and performing arts generated the highest levels of turnover in the region, while crafts represented the smallest (though again the undercounting of freelance/sole trader craftspeople makes this figure less reliable). Architecture, publishing and advertising had the highest growth rates. Table 4: Total creative industries turnover in Greater Brighton, by Sector \| Sector \| Total turnover 2018 (£million) \| % Change 2014- 2018 \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Advertising \| £178 \| 32.5% \| \| Architecture \| 80 \| 39.4% \| \| Crafts \| 7 \| 25.0% \| \| Design \| 99 \| 20.3% \| \| Performing Arts \| 329 \| 12.2% \| \| Publishing \| 62 \| 37.0% \| \| Software \| 785 \| 22.0% \| \| TV & Radio \| 18 \| -6 \| \| Total \| £1,558 \| 22.3% \| Finally we can consider the share of turnover made by the various sectors to the local authorities in the Greater Brighton area. These are presented in Figure 2 below. Here we can see 6 We do not include a change figure here as this sector, as one that is highly project-based, has the most significant fluctuation of all sectors, ranging from values from £17m to £80m over the five year period. This is consistent with the project-based nature of the sector. substantial heterogeneity, in line with the previous discussion, from Crawley – dominated by the software sector – to Mid-Sussex, where performing arts play a larger share of the sector than software. It is important to note that these figures are relative, but they serve to demonstrate the different creative sectors seen in the local authorities. 4. How many people are employed in creative industries in Greater Brighton? We now consider employment in the Greater Brighton area. As mentioned above, the figures below represent only formal employment in terms of National Insurance, and do not count freelancers, who make up a very substantial amount of UK creative employment. Still they do provide some baseline insights about the general distribution and relative levels of employment in the region. Looking again at local authorities, Table 5 shows total salaried employment by local authority. Brighton & Hove and Mid-Sussex have the most employed workers in the creative industries, while Crawley has the highest level of growth. One area – Worthing – has a negative growth rate but this value should be treated with significant caution, as values for Worthing show substantial, unexplained year-on-year variation that does not keep with other trends. This may be due to issues with the underlying data and does demonstrate the limits of these types of data, which are passively collected from HMRC records and are partially cleaned but may require further validation. Table 5: Creative Industries employment 2018, by local authority \| Local Authority \| Total Employment 2018 \| \|---\|---\| \| Adur \| 503 \| \| Brighton & Hove \| 8,346 \| \| Crawley \| 1,817 \| \| Lewes \| 1,913 \| \| Mid-Sussex \| 2,848 \| \| Worthing \| 1,518 \| \| Total \| 16,945 \| When we consider sectors, in Table 6, we see the highest levels of employment in software and performing arts, as in the other measures used. The growth rates of all but two sectors are double digits, with publishing in particular showing employment growth of nearly one-third in the timeframe. Even advertising and architecture, the sectors with lower levels of employment have shown substantial growth in real terms, adding 121 and 69 new salaried employees in aggregate in the time period. Table 6: Total creative industries employment in Greater Brighton, by Sector \| Sector \| Total Employment 2018 \| % Change 2014- 2018 \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Advertising \| 1,903 \| 6.4% \| \| Architecture \| 952 \| 7.2% \| \| Design \| 1,223 \| 17.5% \| \| Performing Arts \| 3,307 \| 18.7% \| \| Publishing \| 704 \| 31.1% \| \| Software \| 8,467 \| 23.8% \| \| TV & Radio \| 307 \| 20.5% \| \| Total \| 16,945 \| 19.7% \| Figure 3, as above, breaks these figures down by sector and local authority to show relative composition of employment in creative sectors. Here the distinction appears to be between Crawley and Worthing, which – as discussed above – have concentrations in the software sector, and the other areas, which appear to have broadly similar distributions, with software, followed by performing arts, employing the most workers. 5. Summary and Conclusion This report has presented new evidence about the level and distribution of creative industries firms in the Greater Brighton region. It shows that in 2018 creative industries firms generated £1.55 billion for the local economy. At the same time these firms showed double-digit growth across multiple metrics, consistently outpacing the growth rates of the Greater Brighton area as a whole. The findings presented here also point to the differences in the local authorities that make up the Greater Brighton area – there is substantial heterogeneity in the composition of creative sectors. This allows us to document that the creative industries cannot only be associated with Brighton & Hove alone, but are a source of economic growth for the entire region. 76
Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Heather Mann 00:00 Welcome to the WeCrochet Podcast brought to you by crochet dot com. Welcome to our crochet jobs series, Episode Three. Katelyn Moll 00:15 Hi, I'm your host, Heather Mann, the Marketing Manager for WeCrochet, and I'm here with Katelyn, our Outreach Coordinator. Hi, Katelyn. Hey, Heather. I am so excited to be here today with you. I'm excited to because I heard that you know, some excellent crochet jokes that he would like to share. I don't know how excellent they are, but they're kind of cheesy. So that just makes it fun. So okay, here's the first one. What did the hat say to the blanket? Heather Mann 00:49 Usually, I'm pretty good at figuring this kind of joke format out but no, don't have an answer. What did the hat say to the blanket? Katelyn Moll 00:57 You stay here. I'll go on a-head. (drum sounds) (laughing) Because a hat goes on your head. Heather Mann 01:03 Fog horn. No, just kidding. That was a really bad joke. That was a dad joke. That was good. Give me a mom joke. Katelyn Moll 01:11 (laughing) Okay, I told you they were cheesy. Oh that's that's a lot of pressure here, Heather. Okay, at first, I wasn't sure about crocheting toys, but it ami-grew-on-me. (drunk sounds) Get it? Amigurumi! Heather Mann 01:26 (laughing) I love how you said that. I just love that. Like I could hear you the look on your face when you said that it was great. Katelyn Moll 01:34 I know. It's hard not to smile. It's great. I can. Heather Mann 01:38 I think I said in a previous podcast recently that I have trouble finding fun sometimes. But thank you, Katelyn, for bringing the fun today. Katelyn Moll 01:47 Oh, you're welcome. Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Heather Mann 01:50 Alright, so today, we're talking all about crochet jobs. So let's start our little conversation and talk about teachers specifically teaching crochet for money. Katelyn, do you have any ideas of where a person could go teach crochet? Katelyn Moll 02:06 There are a lot of options that you can go and teach. Some are harder than others. And some are new with the whole pandemic that we've just experienced the last year. But some of the most common ones that you might have found are at your local yarn store. They typically have knitting and crochet classes there. Or also at like a big box store like your Michaels and Joanne's. They also have instructors that come in and teach usually more basic classes in those settings. But sometimes they get a little bit more advanced as well. Heather Mann 02:37 That's great. Other places are what libraries, maybe a school or you could even just put together your own group, although that's probably a little bit more like work and making money than the other methods. Katelyn Moll 02:51 Yeah. And you can also go to like events, they have teaching events, some of more local summer national events. But they have teachers there that teach again, usually in most cases, it's knit and crochet put together. And that's also a great opportunity. Or you can teach on YouTube, or other online platforms that are out there that you can make up your own classes. Now with the advent of all this online learning that we've experienced in the past year (2020). Heather Mann 03:21 That's true, I used to be a professional craft blogger. And the reason that I did that was because I like doing all kinds of crafts. And when I do one, I do like 100 of them of the same thing over and over again. And you can only give your family like three of them. And then you're stuck with 97 extra craft things. And I didn't really like selling on Etsy or at craft fairs. So I decided that instead of making a lot of different a lot of things and just not knowing what to do with them, I would start to write down the instructions on how to do all the crafts that I was doing. So I became a craft tutorial blogger. And that's how I ended up making my money. So teaching was- teaching something that I've been doing a lot well for a long time, too. And... Katelyn Moll 04:07 Yeah, and that's not something I really thought about. But you can teach through blog posting or blogging as well by writing tutorials for people. Because everybody does learn differently. Some people Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani do better hearing it, some people do better, like watching somebody do it. And some people learn better reading it. So there really are different avenues that you can teach. And we even teach a little bit here on the podcast. Heather Mann 04:30 So that's cool. In fact, we just got an email from a listener. And again, we've said this before, but we really appreciate hearing from you. We'd love to know what's working for you and what's not. So this email is from Sheila. Hi Heather and company. I recently discovered your podcast and I feel like I've finally found my tribe. I consider myself to be a rogue crocheter and quite often designed my own garments simply by holding them up to my body to decide if they're the right size or need a few more rows. As I've learned from your podcast, apparently I'm a process person because I couldn't tell you how many projects I've frogged over the years. crocheting has helped me cope with a lot of life stresses, family drama, long airplane flights, etc. I've tried nearly every type of craft out there and crochet seems to be the most suited to me. Last night, my family mainly knitters, but they can crochet too, and I were talking about WIPs (works in progress). And I mentioned I was close to finishing an amigurumi project. My sister commented that she never knew how to pronounce that word. I told her I do because I heard it on WeCrochet. Thanks for your entertaining and welcoming atmosphere, Sheila, Katelyn Moll 05:41 That's so wonderful to hear such a nice message and people are learning. And again, you can learn in just different ways and just listening to other people who do your craft is a great way because there's little tidbits that you can learn along the way, or even just learning a different way to approach it, or how things are said like amigurumi, or other terms in the industry. Heather Mann 06:05 So today we're continuing our jobs in the crochet series and talking about how you can get paid to teach crochet. First up, I'll talk to Arica Presinal about the Craft Yarn Council's Certified Instructor Program. And then Katelyn will be back to chat with Pia Thadani from the Crochet Guild of America about why you might want to become a member of the guild and what the benefits are. A note in this episode, we throw a lot of acronyms around. So CYC is Craft Yarn Council and CGOA is Crochet Guild of America. Stick around. Do you have strong basic crochet or knitting techniques skills? Do you enjoy teaching others? If you answered yes to these questions, then it's time you consider the Craft Yarn Council's Certified Instructors Program or CIP. Since 1982, working with a dedicated staff of master teachers, more than 15,000 students have completed the course and gone on to teach in retail stores, adult education programs and to share their knowledge with friends, co-workers and families. Today I'm talking to Arica Presinal who is a designer that we crochet has worked with and is also a CYC Certified Instructor. She's here to tell us all about the program. Welcome, Arica! Arica Presinal 07:30 Hello, so happy to be here. Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Heather Mann 07:32 So happy to have you. And you've designed for WeCrochet... Arica Presinal 07:36 I have had the wonderful opportunity to design for WeCrochet. And I really really enjoy it. The yarn is just squishy and fun. Heather Mann 07:45 Your most recent design was even the cover on the cover of our last issue, issue six of the WeCrochet Magazine, the Ferris Smock. Arica Presinal 07:52 Which was so exciting for me. I've been designing for a little bit now and I've always wanted to be on the cover [of a book or magazine]. So this was a surprise and I was just so excited to see it on the cover. In its' cute little glory. Heather Mann 08:07 It is such a fun design. It is a two color divided in the middle one side was yellow and one side is Navy. Or you could do whatever two colors you wanted. And then opposite pockets. Like a little jumper dress. Very cute. Thank you. Okay, so how did you learn to crochet? And how did you get inspired to do design? Arica Presinal 08:27 So learning to crochet, it's still a mystery to me because no one in my family does any of the needle crafts. And I tried to ask an aunt of mine, if she knew. And the only thing that she said that she remembered is that at one point in time when I was probably about five or six years old, my mother took us to the store and we were allowed to pick one thing that we wanted. And I guess I chose a crochet hook not knowing anything about it. I don't know why I did but that's what I chose. And I guess she knew enough that I would need yarn to go with it. And next thing you know, I just remember making outfits for my Barbies. And making little tube dresses and having a little fashion shows with them. Heather Mann 08:27 That's so cool. Arica Presinal 08:36 I don't know how I learned. No one- I know have any memory of anyone sitting down to teach me because no one in my family knew how. Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Heather Mann 09:23 Wow. You just absorbed it. Arica Presinal 09:24 I just picked it up somehow. Heather Mann 09:25 The universe! Okay, well, that's interesting. So you kind of been designing since the first- the beginning of crochet because you were designing for your Barbies. Arica Presinal 09:36 I never thought of it that way. Yes. Heather Mann 09:38 So how long have you been designing now? I mean, professionally. Arica Presinal 09:41 So professionally designing. I started Skeins N Sticks Designs (https://www.skeinsnsticksdesigns.com/) in 2017 is when I licensed to business officially. And probably about a year before that I was kind of dabbling in designing just because I would download patterns and work on patterns. And as I work in that pattern, I think to myself, 'you know what this top will look really cute as a skirt if I did this to it' Heather Mann09:50 Nice. Arica Presinal 09:57 So I would end up doing things. And then I just went to the Craft Yarn Council to kind of familiarize myself with the different sizing methods and a lot of the standards. And that's kind of how I got my focus with the Craft Yarn Council because they had all the things that I needed in the beginning to kind of branch out and do my own thing confidently. So that's how that happened. Heather Mann 10:33 For people who aren't already familiar with it, can you describe what the Craft Yarn Council is? And what it does? Arica Presinal 10:38 I would say that it is a resource hub for yarnies. So they have, they work with a lot of the yarn companies, manufacturers, and they have all the standards that you would need for sizing and crochet hooks, needle sizes, different yarn standards, all the things that you see on the label, although they Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani decipher that for you, basically. So it's just a huge resource toolbox for people who enjoy playing with yarn. Heather Mann 11:11 Okay, so tell us a little bit about the Certified Instructor Program. How does that work? Arica Presinal 11:16 So there's two different types of, I guess, paths that you can do for this, it CIP, Certified Instructors Program. And the one of them is the- It's called the Correspondence, where you can have several months to mail in different projects that the course wants you to do to basically see if you have the skill set to work on the item and also be able to teach it to other people. Heather Mann 11:46 It's like a homework-kind of thing. Arica Presinal 11:46 It's like a different kind of, yeah, there's homework assignments that you send in, and then they're graded. And you receive feedback that way. So that goes on for several months until you complete that version. And you could do levels one and two, separate at separate times, or you can do them together and just have a longer period of time to work on all the assignments. So the second one is called the Onsite version, where and that's the one that I did. And they're generally held in conjunction with a lot of the trade shows, for instance, the CGOA, the big conference they have every year, I did that in Portland a couple years back, and it's just the weekend. So during that conference, she will spend time, over three days in class learning from an amazing instructor. Mine was Barbara Benson, and she with a couple of other people, I think there's maybe 10 of us in the class. So we just went through the class and discussed how to instruct others in the yarn crafts and how to do that effectively. As well as the same thing with the- as with the Correspondence working on specific projects to make sure your techniques are as they should be, standard-wise basically. Heather Mann 12:18 Nice. So what basic skills does a crocheter need before they try to take part in that program? Arica Presinal 13:14 I would say it's very, it's, I guess the confidence has to go with it. So do you have the basic skill set with the confidence to build upon? Not just you know, double crochet, half double crochet? treble? Are you confident in all those things where you can... ? Are you ready to branch out to do more advanced things? Are you confident enough to be able to teach someone else to do the basic stitches. So being able to them is one thing, but having the confidence in your work is I think, key if you want to move on to the Certified Instructors Program, and learning how to effectively teach them to other people. Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Heather Mann 13:55 Okay. And then once you do get certified, what are you qualified to do? Arica Presinal 13:59 So that once you're certified, you can work with several different retailers, if you like, you can work with other trade shows, you can do that as well without being certified in some instances. But when you have the backing of having a certification that gives you kind of a leg up because they know that you went through this program, that you had your- your skill set, challenged, and you met that challenge and also that you were taught specifically how to effectively communicate the yarn crafts to others. So the benefit of the program is that you have that backing, you have the support from the Craft Yarn Council in teaching resources if you want to continue learning about you know how to be an effective teacher and different things that may be new. Or- just all those type of things. So that's the benefit of the program and things that you can do with the backing of the [CYC] council behind you. Heather Mann 14:58 I'm hearing you say come- you need a little confidence to get into the program. And then once you get out of the program, you'll have even more confidence to go go forth and teach. Arica Presinal 15:08 Yes, because you have the you have the backing of the council behind you. Heather Mann15:12 Yeah. Arica Presinal 15:12 Yeah, your name is added onto a database. And if they get they direct injuries for teachers, they can definitely recommend you and things like that. So it's cool to be like a little network of people who are doing the same thing. Heather Mann 15:30 That makes sense. So if you're, if you're qualified to instruct crochet Is that something you can make money by, by being an instructor? Arica Presinal 15:39 You can. So just from even small yarn shops, to the big trade shows, you know, you can move up, so the smaller yarn shops and even like the retail, Michaels, Joann's and things like that, you can set your own price points. And it's really about like $40, $50 bucks per class, depending on what you're teaching and the skill level what you're teaching. And as you move on, you'll be able to set your pricing to moreCrochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani to correspond with your level of expertise in the subject. So and that's also is aided with the Craft Yarn Council, different subjects on to teach and to hone in to learn so that you'll be able to develop an expertise in that in that specific technique, so that you can feel confident enough to charge alittle bit more to teach. Heather Mann 16:32 Nice. Okay, so you gave us some ideas of where you could teach. Yb ou could teach at a local yarn shop or a big box store, you can get involved with trade shows and teach, you can teach at the library, or maybe even a school or you could just give private lessons. So there's lots of ways that you could turn the certification into a situation where you could bring in some income. Okay. Is there anything new... Arica Presinal 16:59 Yes. So I have a five year old daughter and one of the ways that I can volunteer my time with the school is teaching them crocheting and knitting, so thats fun. You can do things like that. It's just for the heart-warming part of it, to teach someone else. Heather Mann 17:14 For your own- just for your own enrichment and getting involved. It's another Yeah, that's true. Being able to being confident that you can teach in a community setting is, is good, too. I know that someone else that we talked to on a previous episode (Jo Hamiliton), is a volunteer for like, a kid's a kids group, or like a queer kids group, and she teaches kids how to crochet. So there's all kinds of different ways that you could use that skill to benefit yourself and others. Arica Presinal 17:46 Yeah, I mean, I find it as- it is definitely an outlet for me to have that creativity. My day job is all right brain. So this is my left brain outlet of just dealing with everything that's going on that can go on and funding into creating something that's beautiful to me, Heather Mann 18:05 I love it. Arica Presinal 18:05 and being able to share it with other people helps with that. The emotional, the mental bit of how things can get. Heather Mann 18:13 Did we miss anything? Is there anything else that we need to know about the program? Or questions that you can think of that people have about it that we didn't cover? Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Arica Presinal 18:21 So the website is the craftyarncouncil.com. And if you go on there, they'll be the little right hand column where you can find the CIP instructors program and you can get more specific information... that if we had missed anything, but that's where they can go to get the actual from the horse's mouth information, if you- Heather Mann 18:43 We will have a link to that in the show notes in our blog post about this. Okay, well, it's been really good to talk to you Arica. If people want to connect with you and your work, where can they do that? Arica Presinal 18:56 I am Skeins. So just like the yarn S-K-E-I-N-s skeins plural, N, the letter "n" sticks, so SkeinsNSticks on all social media platforms: Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and my website is SkeinsNSticksDesigns.com. Heather Mann 19:21 Thanks so much for taking time to come talk to us today. Arica Presinal 19:24 Thank you for having me. I enjoyed it. [music starts] Heather Mann 19:33 Heather here. Hey, Producer Sarah, have you heard about the Summer Sale? Sarah Nairalez 19:37 Oh, I love sales! Where? Heather Mann 19:39 The Summer Sale at knitpicks.com and crochet.com. Save up to 60% off on yarn. And it's fun because each week different yarn weights are on sale. Sarah Nairalez 19:48 Sounds good. Good Time to stock up on yarn. Oh wait, what about tools? Heather Mann 19:52 And you can save up to 40% on tools. Sarah Nairalez 19:55 Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Now would be a good time to stock up on supplies for holiday crafting. Heather Mann 19:58 Oh and each week there are different deals. And freebies with purchase. Sarah Nairalez 20:01 Oh, I love free stuff. Heather Mann 20:03 Check knitpicks.com and crochet.com to find out all about the Summer Sale. Sarah Nairalez 20:08 Looks like I'm going to knitpicks.com and crochet.com to stock up and save! This sale goes through July 18 2021. [music ends] Katelyn Moll 20:21 Hi everyone, we are back and we're continuing our discussion on crochet education jobs. And I'm here with Pia Thadani. I hope I said this right Pia, who is at the time of our recording, she is the Vice President of the CGOA and the Board Liaison for the online Education and Conference Education Committees. And we cannot forget she is the blogger and designer behind StitchesNScraps (https://stitchesnscraps.com/). Thank you Pia so much for joining us today. We're so happy to have you. Pia Thadani 20:53 Thank you for inviting me, this is fun. I haven't done this before. Katelyn Moll 20:58 Yeah. And you know, we just wanted to make sure that we are continuing to help people understand the different jobs in the crochet industry. And that, you know, diversifying what you do is really the key to anyone's existence in the industry. I don't know if you want to talk a little bit about that to start off with and then we'll jump into the CGOA and everything else. But I mean, you're the Vice President of the CGOA and you're running your own business? And do you want to just talk about why you're making those choices to do more than one? Pia Thadani 21:31 Well, it all sort of snowballs, and you don't realize you're doing it is what happens. I started just a blog, honestly, because my husband got tired of me talking about crochet all the time. And he's like, "you should start a blog, so you can talk to somebody other than me." So that is how the blog started. It was just for fun just for me. And then slowly, you start adding things to it, you know, like, I'm like, Okay, I'm gonna monetize it. And because people are actually reading it, and then it was I'm gonna start designing and then it was, you know, you start to meet other people and you learn more. And now I'm, you know, I'm designing for my blog, for magazines, for other stuff. I'm a certified teacher. So you know, I designed for yarn companies, and I'm going to be selling yarn on my site coming up soon. And that's something nobody knows right now. But they will by the time this is released. It's like all these little opportunities come your way. And if you can just say yes and try them out, then you end up with a very sort of diversified way of making money with the industry. And you're not stuck to any one thing. So if one thing doesn't work out, you can shift your focus to something that's, that's more interesting. So, like, during the pandemic, I went to a lot more video and a lot more YouTube videos and tutorial videos and all of that, because that's what was getting people. That's what people wanted during the pandemic time. Whereas before the pandemic, I was teaching at Joann Fabric, because in person classes were still going on, you know. So I think it's just whenever an opportunity hits you, you want to try out what's coming up as far as CGOA that is a volunteer position. So that I don't think of that as a job. But I've gotten almost everything that I've gotten out of the industry I've gotten through CGOA. So it's my way of giving back is being a board member volunteering when I can, and I really, really enjoy it. I was afraid when they first voted me in on the board, that I wasn't going to be you know, competent at it that I wouldn't do a good job, but I really loved it. And it's amazing the confidence that gives you, you know, when when you do works out, yeah, I honestly CGOA is the best thing I've done for my crochet career. Period. Katelyn Moll 23:47 That's awesome. Awesome. So let's talk about the CGOA. And in case you don't know, for the listeners out there, we're talking about the Crochet Guild of America. And maybe you can just explain what it is, it is a membership. So maybe you could just kind of explain to us how it works, what it provides for people and tell us where we can go to find more. And just so everybody knows, if you want to find Pia's website to buy her new yarn and everything else she's got going on or any information about the CGOA we will have it in the show notes. So you don't have to rush but go ahead and tell us where we can find all the cool stuff. Pia Thadani 24:22 Absolutely. Okay, so this the CGOA website to start out is crochet.org. And it is a volunteer organization. It's a non-profit organization. And the main goal of the organization is to expand crochet, and, you know, teach new people to crochet and also to educate crocheters. So it's it's very much an education focused organization, with also things for growth for professionals as well. But it's not just for professionals. A lot of people hear crochet guild and they think, oh, that's not for hobbyists. That's only for professionals. It's both, I like to say if you crochet at all, you should be in the CGOA. If you know what a crochet hook is, you should be in the CGOA. It's a very cheap membership for the base membership, there are higher tiers for professionals and for businesses and corporate memberships. But the base membership is really cheap. Um, I could be wrong on the price. But I want to say it's like $35 for the digital membership and $40 for the, if you want the physical magazine that it comes with. It comes with Crochet Magazine, you get a subscription to that with your membership. And just the Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani discounts that you get on classes and conference and all of that stuff pay for your membership, easily and then some. Katelyn Moll 25:46 Yeah, and you can always try it out. And if it's not the fit for you, you know, that makes it a great entry point like with it's so low, there's so many opportunities within the CGOA, not only for your education, but I think the most about CGOA is like the connections that you can make with other crafters, other designers, other businesses that are out there, like it really does span more than just one group of people that it's serving. Pia Thadani 26:13 Absolutely. When I first started out in the sea, CGOA I remember taking classes on pattern writing, on writing proposals for publishing patterns, I met everybody that I dealt with as far as getting patterns published in magazines at CGOA. So all of those contacts came from going to the CGOA Conferences and doing the professional track of things that they have at the conferences. Which are professional development day, which is a whole day right at the beginning of conference that's focused on professional topics and professional education. And then they have a design competition where you can enter your own designs to win prizes. And the the magazine editors and book editors that are there at the conference are looking at these designs. So if your design is in the top tiers, they will actually come seek you out and say, hey, I want to put that design in my magazine. So that's a great way to get in as well. And then there have the editorial meet and greets at the conference. So the physical conference, when we were able to have that was a really great way to network and find business opportunities. The virtual conference has been not as much on that. But this should be the last year (2021) that we're doing virtual. So starting next year (2022), we should have a lot more of the professional opportunities back at our enter physical conference again. Katelyn Moll 27:35 That's awesome. But the virtual aspect of learning and education is still a great thing that we can learn from in this wonderful time. I mean, it's helping not only the people who are teaching to be able to adapt to the different environment, but also helping you learn in a different way, as well. So can you tell us a little bit about the CGOA classes that are offered? Let's talk about virtually right now, since that's kind of what's being offered since we don't have the in person? Pia Thadani 28:07 Well, and the way this happened was when we were scrambling last year for our first virtual conference. We didn't know what to do for classes, we decided to take all the the teachers that we had planned for conference. And we just went to them and said, "Could you please teach something online, we don't care what we don't care how just teach something online. So we can have classes for a virtual conference." And those classes went over so well. Everybody loved them. And we were like, this is an opportunity going forward to reach out to people who can't necessarily make it to the conference and all Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani that. So we put together this year, a new committee for online education, that is ongoing online education outside of conference. So we have two completely separate education tracks. Conference education, we try to pick people who have been in business a very long time, who have been to the conferences, who have enough classes, they can teach that they can fill a full conference schedule, because it is cheaper for us to fly one person down to teach six classes, then to fly six people down to teach one class. So we're limited that way with conference we have to get somebody who can make it worth it, fill the whole schedule. With the online education what that's given us the opportunity to do is we can have a teacher teach one class. So if there's a teacher that we're really excited about, that we know is really good at this one technique, but we've never maybe had classes with them. We don't know their teaching style that well. We can still select that teacher. I mean, we do vet them we look at their videos, we look at their their work that they've done. But it gives us that extra level of vetting that we can now see how was the teaching experience did how did the reviews come back? Did people like the class and if so, Then maybe that's a new teacher that we can bring to conference with a full schedule. Next time we have conference. So it's helped out for that for kind of a feeder program to get new teachers in for conference, at least that's part of the goal. But the other goal is to reach people who don't make it to conference. So if you don't, and we're getting people all over the world now to so you might see them in England, and you can't fly out to one of our conferences. But you can certainly take the class online, and now you have access to these classes that you wouldn't otherwise have. Katelyn Moll 30:32 Right. That's awesome. So since you're getting, you know, these new, maybe not, I don't want to say unknown, but that haven't been at the CGOA before and they're coming in and they're teaching for you in these virtual classrooms. Maybe you can talk about like how a designer can take what they know and present it to be able to teach with you, or even from the aspect of you said you were teaching at Joann 's when you were able to be in person. So how does a designer kind of think about that as a different avenue of revenue for themselves? Pia Thadani 31:05 Sure. Let me start with the CGOA classes. There is an online proposal form where you can submit and I'm I don't want to make it sound like we're hiring an experienced teachers for it. We're just hiring teachers who may not have experienced with us, there is a spot on the forum where it says, 'Have you taught this class before?' 'Have you taught before?' 'What's your teaching experience?' And the teachers that we're hiring have usually taught the class locally in local yarn stores, or they've taught it online for other programs before? So it's generally not somebody who's never taught this class before? You know what I'm saying? We've got, we want some level of teaching experience. And we want to know, they can teach on Zoom as well. So where do you get that experience if you've never done it before, right. And that was the situation I was in, I decided to take the CYC teacher certification course. What happens when we have the physical conferences is the CGOA partners with the Craft Yarn Council, the CYC, to have their course for teacher certification happen right after the conference. So you stay a couple extra days after the conference. And you can take the certification course. Part of Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani taking this course and passing it and getting your certification, is having in person teaching hours or certified teaching hours, I think they went to a virtual teaching hours were allowed during the pandemic. But so in order to get those teaching hours, that's where I went and taught it, Joann. So and I know the CYC- I don't know any details about it, but I know they have some sort of partnership with Michaels. So you might be able to get your hours teaching there. But that really is an invaluable resource to actually teach a little bit before you try to teach a big conference class or a big virtual class. Because you learn more from doing it, you know, you can take all the classes you want, but you're going to learn the most from doing it. So find, find friends to teach, go do a volunteer teaching session at like a senior facility or something like that. There's all sorts of opportunities. Park districts sometimes have opportunities. Local community colleges sometimes have opportunities for you to teach, paid or unpaid, getting that experience will then let you in the door for some of these bigger opportunities. And like I taught this past year, during the pandemic, there was there's a kid, I shouldn't say kid, he's, well, he is a kid, he's 14 years old. He's a high school student at the high school, I went to, local. And he decided to set up a program of online classes in just all sorts of hobbies for seniors, so that they had something to do during the, so they weren't alone, you know, during the pandemic. And so I taught a class for that. And that was a lot of fun. So it wasn't paid, or anything. But there's lots of opportunities to do that kind of thing to get your feet wet. Katelyn Moll 34:00 That's awesome. And so my next question, though, is, you're a designer, and you did this teaching. I'm not a designer. Does that make a difference? Pia Thadani34:11 Yes. Katelyn Moll 34:11 Like I love crochet, I love to teach other people. So Can people who aren't designers? Do they still fit into that teaching aspect that that's a way to be in the industry? Pia Thadani 34:20 Absolutely, you do not have to be a designer to teach. The only thing you have to be careful of is you can't teach somebody else's design without their permission. You can't take a random pattern you found free and distribute it to your class. Now most designers will say just have each of your class each of your students get the pattern themselves. And then you're welcome to teach it. You know, that's that's what I say just have the students download the pattern themselves and then you're welcome to teach from it from any of my designs, but it's not okay. Especially I've seen teachers Xerox patterns out of books and pass them out. They're students. And that's a serious copyright issue. So you want to be careful of that, if you're not designing your own pattern to teach from, you want to make sure you have the right permission to use the pattern you're using. Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Katelyn Moll 35:11 Right. And just to clarify, so everybody's on the same page, if it's a pattern from a book that you want to teach, you would have everybody in the class purchase the book, if it's a pattern-- Pia Thadani 35:20 That or reach out to the publisher, and they may actually send you a copy for the class, most, most publishers and most designers are more than happy to have you use their pattern in the class because it introduces the students to the pattern, but you just need the permission first. Katelyn Moll 35:38 Right. And, you know, if you're downloading the pattern from Ravelry, or some other thing, because it's a paid pattern, again, talk to the designer, but everybody should be purchasing it. And even if it's a free pattern, every individual student should be going to the website to get that free pattern. Because that's how designers are making their money on that end is from the traffic to their website. Just wanted to make it clear on why it's so important not to just download a pattern, make a copy of it, and just be passing it out to people, even if it is a free pattern. Pia Thadani 36:10 Absolutely. Like almost all my patterns are free on my website, and I make the money from the advertising. But I do understand some people like PDFs that they can print, so I sell the PDFs, not I not selling them for the value of the pattern, I'm selling them for the value of the advertising I would otherwise have gotten. So they're they're pretty cheap. But that way, it's like I either get that money from you downloading the PDF, or I get that money from you visiting the site and working the pattern on the site several times, you know, so yeah, there's there's a lot of different ways to get the money from the patterns that way. Katelyn Moll 36:44 Right. So okay, so let's just kind of recap here about the CGOA that if people know what a crochet hook is, they should go join and become a member of the CGOA. [laughing] Pia Thadani 36:56 Yes, because there's learning opportunities for everybody. We even have Oh, and this is exciting. We just started another master's program. So the CGOA has master certifications. And you can get a master certifications and advanced crochet stitches and techniques, which has been around for years. But just I want to say it was last year or the year before, we just started a fundamentals program. So you can get a master certification in fundamentals. So you are a master of crochet fundamentals. That is a great program for someone who's just started crocheting, to learn the fundamentals and learn them right and well and master them and then move on to advanced crochet stitches and techniques. Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Katelyn Moll 37:39 So that's perfect. So you can start anywhere in your crochet journey and find value in the CGOA in their memberships. You can take a bunch of classes to help you keep moving forward, they have opportunities to potentially teach with them, you know, going through all your credentials and everything. But so there's a lot of opportunities with the CGOA to continue your education to also continue to share your love of crochet. And it's just an awesome organization that you should totally check out and don't discount, teaching others as another job opportunity within the industry that you're able to do whether it's in person or virtually. Pia Thadani 38:17 Absolutely. Katelyn Moll 38:18 So could you tell us one more time? Well, not the last time because it's in the show notes, but how can they find information about you and your business and the CGOA Pia Thadani 38:29 So I am StitchesNScraps and stitches, and then the letter n and then scraps. So my website is StitchesNScraps.com. And I'm on pretty much all the social media except for Twitter, I really, really don't like Twitter. So you can find me on Instagram, Pinterest, and everywhere you look just look for StitchesNScraps. And you'll find me as far as the CGOA a start at crochet.org. And from there, there's all sorts of information I will tell you, if you're not a member, you only see about half the website. There's a lot of members only section on the website. If you are a member, make sure you're logging in to see all of the information that's available about conference and education and all of that stuff. Katelyn Moll 39:16 Wonderful. Thank you so much for joining us today and sharing this information. We are so happy to be able to help people in their journey into the crochet industry and the jobs that they can have and we appreciate you helping to shed light on this aspect of it. So thank you so much for your time, and we'll talk to you again soon. Pia Thadani 39:36 Sounds good. Thank you. [music starts] Heather Mann 39:40 The WeCrochet Podcast is produced and hosted by me Heather Mann. This episode includes Arica Presinal and Pia Thadani. This podcast is produced and edited by Sarah Nairalez Katelyn Moll 39:51 Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Production Assistance by Remi Ostermiller Transcripts by Michelle Fitzgerald Camden Hill and Zoey Stencil make our artwork. Heather Mann 40:00 Katelyn Moll does our Outreach. Regan Nishikawa is our photographer. Cathy Hut is the Marketing Director for Knit Picks and WeCrochet Katelyn Moll 40:07 We recorded this episode in our homes in the Pacific Northwest and the East Coast where we've got our stitch dictionaries open with our yarn and hooks out. A big thank you to our friends over at Connecting Threads and Knit Picks where we're all keeping the craft in crafting. Heather Mann 40:22 And From everyone here at WeCrochet, thank you for joining us. The views and opinions expressed in this podcast are those of the individual participants. They do not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of Crafts Group LLC or Premier Needle Arts. Katelyn Moll 40:37 All the yarn, tools, and patterns mentioned in this episode, along with all the inspiration a crocheter could need can be found on our website at crochet.com. Heather Mann 40:47 If you'd like to be on our podcast, leave us a voicemail. We'll be using your calls in later episodes. To leave a voicemail call 360-334-4847 and record your message. You can also record a Voice Memo on your phone and email us that audio file at email@example.com Katelyn Moll 41:10 Like and follow us on your favorite social media platforms: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, TikTok and Youtube Heather Mann 41:19 Rate and review us wherever you listen to this podcast. It really makes a difference and helps others find us. Katelyn Moll 41:25 Keep crocheting and we will too because WeCrochet. Okay, what do you call an unmarried stitch? A single crochet. Heather Mann 41:44 Crochet Jobs 3 - Teaching Crochet with Arica Presinal & Pia Thadani Good one um, you should do that one. 18
Voice Assistant Reminders and the Latency of Scheduled Medication Use in Older Adults With Pain: Descriptive Feasibility Study Marcia Shade 1* , BS, RN, PhD; Kyle Rector 2* , PhD; Kevin Kupzyk 1* , PhD 1 College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States * all authors contributed equally Corresponding Author: Marcia Shade, BS, RN, PhD College of Nursing University of Nebraska Medical Center 985330 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, 68198 United States Phone: 1 4025596641 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Abstract Background: Pain is difficult to manage in older adults. It has been recommended that pain management in older adults should include both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies. Unfortunately, nonadherence to pain medication is more prevalent than nonadherence to any other chronic disease treatment. Technology-based reminders have some benefit for medication adherence, but adherence behavior outcomes have mostly been verified by self-reports. Objective: We aimed to describe objective medication adherence and the latency of medication use after a voice assistant reminder prompted participants to take pain medications for chronic pain. Methods: A total of 15 older adults created a voice assistant reminder for taking scheduled pain medications. A subsample of 5 participants were randomly selected to participate in a feasibility study, in which a medication event monitoring system for pain medications was used to validate medication adherence as a health outcome. Data on the subsample's self-assessed pain intensity, pain interference, concerns and necessity beliefs about pain medications, self-confidence in managing pain, and medication implementation adherence were analyzed. Results: In the 5 participants who used the medication event monitoring system, the overall latency between voice assistant reminder deployment and the medication event (ie, medication bottle cap opening) was 55 minutes. The absolute latency (before or after the reminder) varied among the participants. The shortest average time taken to open the cap after the reminder was 17 minutes, and the longest was 4.5 hours. Of the 168 voice assistant reminders for scheduled pain medications, 25 (14.6%) resulted in the opening of MEMS caps within 5 minutes of the reminder, and 107 (63.7%) resulted in the opening of MEMS caps within 30 minutes of the reminder. Conclusions: Voice assistant reminders may help cue patients to take scheduled medications, but the timing of medication use may vary. The timing of medication use may influence treatment effectiveness. Tracking the absolute latency time of medication use may be a helpful method for assessing medication adherence. Medication event monitoring may provide additional insight into medication implementation adherence during the implementation of mobile health interventions. (JMIR Form Res 2021;5(9):e26361) doi: 10.2196/26361 KEYWORDS adherence; pain medications; older adults; reminders; mHealth; voice assistants * XSL FO RenderX Introduction Pain is a symptom that is commonly reported by older populations and is a significant problem, as the size of the older adult population is anticipated to reach 98 million by the year 2060 [1,2]. Geriatric pain experts have recommended that older adults should manage pain symptoms via a combination of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions [3-5]. However, adherence is a problem; on average, 50% of medications prescribed for chronic conditions are not taken by patients. Medication adherence is defined as the process by which patients take medications as prescribed [6]. The concept of medication adherence is delineated into the following process components: initiation, implementation, and discontinuation. One can measure the implementation component of medication adherence by observing the extent to which an individual's dosing corresponds to the health care provider–prescribed regimen [6]. Nonadherent behaviors in older adults, such as missing medications, taking medications late, and taking different doses, can increase the risk of adverse events, and such events may vary based on medication class [3,7,8]. Medication adherence is important in older patients with pain symptoms. Acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, gabapentoids, and opioids are commonly prescribed as analgesic treatments. The use of these medications includes risks that may outweigh these medications' benefits; these risks are the result of age-related changes in the drug clearance processes of the body [3,7,8]. Medications for analgesia should be initiated at low doses and used for a short duration, and patients'adherence to such medications should be monitored closely [3-5,7]. Nonadherence to pain medication has been reported to be more prevalent than nonadherence to any other treatment for chronic pathologies [9]. Of those aged 65 years and older, 57% have reported not adhering to medications for pain relief. Nonadherence behaviors have been reported to be a result of a variety of attitudes toward and concerns about pain medications, such as fears of analgesic use and addiction [3,10-12]. Older individuals may also overuse and underuse medications for pain relief, and these behaviors are also considered to be nonadherence behaviors [10,11]. Pain medication adherence needs to be monitored by patients and health care providers to ensure that optimal pain management and the aversion of adverse events occurs among older adults. Health care providers need to promote self-monitoring and medication adherence as important elements of pain self-management [13]. A supportive strategy for older adults is the use of reminders [14]. Several studies have found that mobile health (mHealth) reminders from smartphones, tablets, and text messages encourage adherence behaviors [15,16]. mHealth interventions may result in desirable health outcomes, but more studies need to be conducted [17,18]. The success of reminder use has been variable, and the analysis of reminder use is based on a research methodology that relies on self-reported adherence as the primary factor for the validation of medication use [19-23]. Self-reported adherence can be an overestimated and biased account of medication adherence [24]. mHealth reminders may be an intervention that * XSL FO RenderX promotes adherence behavior, but researchers have not objectively measured the exact timing of medication use. Medication implementation adherence is a health outcome that can be measured over a defined interval of time, such as the number of doses taken on time, in relation to a prescription-defined time interval [6]. The timing of medication dosages can impact the therapeutic effects that treatments have on chronic diseases and symptoms, such as pain. Studies that use reminder-based interventions need to include instruments for capturing implementation adherence. Voice-controlled assistants are new technologies that extend the accessibility of mHealth apps and have the potential to be extensively used in health care [25]. We conducted a usability study to describe older adults' use of voice assistant reminders for pain self-management tasks [26]. The aims of this study were to test the feasibility of an objective measure of medication adherence and to describe older adults' implementation adherence to scheduled pain medication as a health outcome after the use of a voice assistant reminder intervention. Methods This study enrolled a convenience sample of 15 rural and urban community–dwelling adults aged 55 years and older in the Midwest. Adults were eligible if they lacked cognitive impairments, lived independently, had self-reported pain, used scheduled medications for pain relief, and had never used a voice assistant [26]. A subsample of 5 participants were randomly selected (via a random number generator) to use a medication event monitoring system for their scheduled pain medications and a voice reminder over a 4-week duration. We analyzed the descriptive data that were collected from the participants in order to obtain background information on the subsample. These data included demographics, pain intensity, pain interference, concerns and necessity beliefs about pain medications, and participants'confidence in self-managing their pain symptoms. The Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form 8A measures pain intensity and pain interference on a 10-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate higher pain intensity and pain interference. In this study, average scores for pain intensity and pain interference were categorized as mild pain (score: range 1-3), moderate pain (score: range 4-6), and severe pain (score: range 7-10) [27]. The Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire measures each respondent's concerns and necessity beliefs about pain medications. The specific necessity and specific concern scales of the Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire have 5 items with responses that range from strongly disagree to strongly agree and scores that range from 5 to 25; higher scores indicate stronger beliefs [28]. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms Questionnaire measures an individual's confidence in self-managing their pain symptoms. This questionnaire includes 8 questions with responses on a 5-point Likert scale. In this questionnaire, mean T-scores of >50 are indicative of higher-than-average self-efficacy, and mean T-scores of <50 are indicative of lower-than-average self-efficacy [29]. Documented data on scheduled pain medication names, doses, and frequencies were recorded from participants' medication bottles. The medication event monitoring of medication implementation adherence was conducted with the MEMS Smart Cap (AARDEX Group). The MEMS cap includes an electronic chip that digitally records the time when pill bottles are opened and thus indirectly measures the time when a medication is being dispensed [30]. The participants'Google Assistant profiles were reviewed to ensure that daily reminders for the scheduled medication doses were executed on time. Data were analyzed to describe the characteristics of the subsample. Descriptive statistics analyses were performed on the questionnaires; voice assistant execution times; and MEMS cap medication adherence percentages, which were calculated with the Med Amigo software (AARDEX Group). The absolute measure of latency treated taking medications before the reminder in the same way as it treated taking medications after the reminder. SPSS version 25 (IBM Corporation) was used to perform the data analysis. This study and the data collection process took place in participants' homes. Data were collected with a Google Home Mini smart speaker, which was provided to participants for research purposes. Each participant created a Google Assistant profile and a verbal reminder for taking their pain medication according to the prescribed schedule. Participants were trained on how to use the MEMS cap. First, the participants printed the name of their scheduled medication and placed their pills in the medication bottle. Afterward, they placed the MEMS cap onto the bottle. The participants were encouraged to place the MEMS bottles in the same location as where their routine medications were placed. Mints were placed in medication bottles instead of scheduled pain medications to remind participants to use medications in the MEMS cap bottle. Participants used the voice assistant and completed the reminder task for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, participants logged onto their Google Home app profile to confirm the execution time of the voice assistant reminder. MEMS caps were collected after participants transferred their scheduled medications into the original bottles. Results A total of 5 women aged 56 to 80 years self-reported chronic pain in multiple body locations, such as the back, joints, and extremities. The women self-reported having co-occurring chronic health conditions, including arthritis. The scheduled pain medications prescribed were meloxicam, naproxen, acetaminophen, a gabapentoid, and leflunomide (ie, a medication used to decrease rheumatoid arthritis inflammation). The average Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form scores ranged from 3 to 6, and pain interference scores ranged from 1 to 8. The average necessity of pain medication score was 15 (range 2-22), and the average score for concerns about using pain medication was 16 (range 6-22). The average PROMIS Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms Questionnaire T-score was 55.5 (range 48-64). The scheduled medication dose times were 9 PM (Participant A), 9 PM (Participant B), 11 AM (Participant C), 10 PM (Participant D), 10 AM (Participant D), and 5:30 AM (Participant E). Adherence percentages ranged from 82% to * XSL FO RenderX 100%. The mean overall latency between the reminder deployment time and the MEMS cap opening time was 55 minutes (SD 100 minutes). The average absolute latencies varied among the 5 participants; the shortest average time was 17 minutes and the longest average time was 4.5 hours. Multimedia Appendix 1 shows a representation of the frequency of MEMS cap openings that occurred around the scheduled voice reminder time (0 minutes) for taking pain medication. After 168 voice assistant reminders, 25 (14.6%) resulted in the opening of MEMS caps within 5 minutes of the reminder, and 107 (63.7%) resulted in the opening of MEMS caps within 30 minutes of the reminder. Discussion This feasibility study used medication event monitoring to measure medication implementation adherence to pain medications in older adults using voice assistant reminders. The preliminary findings suggest that the absolute latency in the time between voice assistant reminder deployment and scheduled pain medication use may be impacted by pain characteristics and beliefs about pain medications. The following discussion will elaborate on the results from this study's data analysis. The women in this study reported pain in multiple body sites. Self-reported pain intensity was mild to moderate, and pain interference ranged from mild to severe. These findings are consistent with those of published literature [1,2]. The women used scheduled analgesic medications for pain that are commonly prescribed for short-term use and were confident in managing their pain symptoms [3,12]. Unlike participants in prior studies, the participants in this study shared similar beliefs about the necessity of pain medications and concerns about pain medications [9,10,28]. Our participants' had low to high concerns about pain medications but generally believed that pain mediations were necessary for managing pain symptoms. Of the 5 women, only 1 had several major concerns about using their scheduled pain medications. Our analysis of the data captured variable medication-taking behaviors in these 5 participants. Prior published evidence has demonstrated that pain interference and duration do not influence medication adherence [31]. Our preliminary results found that the participants were mostly adherent to pain medicines; their adherence percentages ranged from 82% to 100%. During the analysis of the implementation adherence to scheduled pain medications, we found that the latency time between voice reminder deployment and the opening of the MEMS cap varied among the participants [6]. One possible explanation for this may be found in the descriptive data we collected on each participant in the subsample. The women's individual pain characteristics and beliefs may have influenced the timing of scheduled chronic pain medication use. A total of 4 women reported moderate pain intensity scores and had short latency times (in minutes). Those who reported moderate pain intensity and severe pain interference opened the MEMS cap before receiving the voice reminder. The participant that had the longest latency time (in minutes) in terms of opening the MEMS cap reported mild pain interference and had strong JMIR FORMATIVE RESEARCH concerns about pain medications. These preliminary findings are worth additional exploration. One criticism for using MEMS caps is that adherence results may be biased because users might start exhibiting strict medication-taking behaviors. Our 5 participants demonstrated a variety of patterns while using scheduled pain medications. As previously described, there were instances of the MEMS cap being opened before participants received the voice assistant reminder. Although we did not assess the rationale, earlier medication use could be attributed to moderate pain intensity, pain interference, the anticipation of the reminder, or an individual's routine. Older adults may not experience problems when taking an analgesic dose before the prescribed schedule, but the earlier use of such medications may increase the severity of their side effects in a person with decreased renal clearance. Aging can decrease the clearance of pain medications from the body and increase the risk of adverse drug events, especially in older adults undergoing polypharmacy [8]. If an older adult takes doses earlier, the medication's side effects could temporarily reappear. This can contribute to poor medication adherence. Gabapentoids and opioids have potentially harmful side effects, such as dizziness and sedation, that usually go away after a period of time [3]. In contrast, waiting too long to take pain medication may decrease the effectiveness of the medication. Nonadherent behaviors related to pain medications, such as meloxicam and naproxen, can impact the kidneys and the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. Skipping, abruptly stopping, or incorrectly taking gabapentoid doses can increase the risk of experiencing adverse symptoms [ 32 ]. Leflunomide is a medication that can impact liver enzyme levels and must be taken according to health care providers' recommendations [ 33 ]. Although this study provided a glimpse into a subsample of individuals' pain medication behavior patterns when given a reminder, there are several limitations. The subsample participants were female, and additional studies would need to explore latency times in male and female adults with pain. Further, we were not able to statistically analyze the relationships among the data on a small sample of participants. Future studies would need to observe a larger sample over several months and use a study design that compares variables with a control group. Voice assistants for personal connectivity and entertainment are gaining popularity. This technology is readily available to help older adults with various tasks, such as setting medication reminders. Voice reminders may help cue patients to take medications, but the timing of medication use varies. Medication event monitoring systems or sensors can be used to track objective medication use behaviors, which can be used as health outcomes in mHealth interventions. The absolute time of medication use can be viewed as a part of medication implementation adherence to scheduled medications. Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge Rasila Soumana, a PhD student who helped review the manuscript. Authors' Contributions MS and KR conceived the study, interpreted the data, and prepared the manuscript. KK conducted the data analysis, interpreted the data, and prepared the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest None declared. Multimedia Appendix 1 Frequencies of the MEMS cap being opened before and after the voice assistant reminder. [PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 116 KB-Multimedia Appendix 1] Multimedia Appendix 2 CONSORT-eHEALTH checklist (V 1.6.1). [PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 2708 KB-Multimedia Appendix 2] References 1. Nahin RL. Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012. J Pain 2015 Aug;16(8):769-780 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.002] [Medline: 26028573] 2. Colby SL, Ortman JM. Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 to 2060: Population estimates and projections. United States Census Bureau. 2015 Mar. URL: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/ publications/2015/demo/p25-1143.pdf [accessed 2019-08-15] 3. Malec M, Shega JW. Pain management in the elderly. Med Clin North Am 2015 Mar;99(2):337-350. [doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.007] [Medline: 25700587] * XSL FO RenderX 4. Reid MC, Eccleston C, Pillemer K. 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Fleet JL, Dixon SN, Kuwornu PJ, Dev VK, Montero-Odasso M, Burneo J, et al. Gabapentin dose and the 30-day risk of altered mental status in older adults: A retrospective population-based study. PLoS One 2018 Mar 14;13(3):e0193134. [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193134] [Medline: 29538407] 33. Conway R, Carey JJ. Risk of liver disease in methotrexate treated patients. World J Hepatol 2017 Sep 18;9(26):1092-1100 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i26.1092] [Medline: 28989565] Abbreviations mHealth: mobile health PROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 08.12.20; peer-reviewed by S Kim, A Göritz; comments to author 03.02.21; revised version received 01.06.21; accepted 01.08.21; published 28.09.21 Please cite as: Shade M, Rector K, Kupzyk K Voice Assistant Reminders and the Latency of Scheduled Medication Use in Older Adults With Pain: Descriptive Feasibility Study JMIR Form Res 2021;5(9):e26361 URL: https://formative.jmir.org/2021/9/e26361 doi: 10.2196/26361 PMID: ©Marcia Shade, Kyle Rector, Kevin Kupzyk. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 28.09.2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Formative Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://formative.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included. * XSL FO RenderX
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2024 Regular Session HOUSE BILL NO. 677 BY REPRESENTATIVE BEAULLIEU AN ACT Page 1 of 10 ACT No. 390 1 Be it enacted by the Legislature of Louisiana: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 D. The registrar of voters shall search obituaries for deceased persons whose registrations were not canceled. The registrar of voters shall use information from an obituary notice to cancel a deceased voter's registration if the notice provides sufficient information to properly identify the voter and the registrar has confirmed the voter's death with the office of vital records. * * * §193. Challenge and cancellation of registration; notice; procedures A. When the registrar has reason to believe that a registrant no longer is qualified to be registered, or that a registrant has changed his residence, he shall immediately notify the person by sending the address confirmation card notice to the registrant and place the voter on the inactive list of voters. However, a person shall not be placed on the inactive list of voters if there is address information available to the registrar from the United States Postal Service or its licensee which indicates the voter has moved to another address within the parish. * * * E. A voter on the inactive list of voters who fails to respond to the address confirmation notice shall remain on the inactive list of voters until his address is confirmed in accordance with the procedures set forth in R.S. 18:196 or not later than a period of two regularly scheduled federal general elections, at which time the registrar Department of State shall cancel the voter's registration. * * * §423. Parish boards of election supervisors * * * H. Designees. * * * (2) For each day of service, the designee or alternate designee of the chairman of the parish executive committee, the designee or alternate designee of the chairman of the state central committee, and the member or alternate member of appointed by the governor shall be paid the same compensation as a member or appointee, and the designating member or appointee shall not be compensated for Page 3 of 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 that day. Any compensation paid to the designee or alternate designee of the chairman of the parish executive committee, designee or alternate designee of the chairman of the state central committee, or member or alternate member appointed by the governor shall be counted against the compensation of the designating member or governor's member, which shall not exceed the number of days as provided in Subsection E of this Section. * * * §434. Commissioners and alternate commissioners; selection; commission; disqualification; replacement * * * F. Removal for cause. Any commissioner selected under the provisions of this Section may be removed for cause by the parish board of election supervisors at any time after his selection and before the closing of the polls on election day. Any commissioner removed for cause under the provisions of this Subsection shall not serve as a commissioner in any election for twelve months after his removal. * * * §494. Effect of sustaining an objection to candidacy A. Disqualification. When Except as provided in Subsection B of this Section, when an objection to candidacy is sustained on the ground that the defendant failed to qualify for the primary election in the manner prescribed by law, that the defendant failed to qualify for the primary election within the time prescribed by law, or that the defendant does not meet the qualifications for the office he seeks, any of the grounds provided for in R.S. 18:492, the final judgment shall disqualify the defendant as a candidate in the primary election for the office for which he failed to qualify properly. that office. * * * §512. Election of candidates in a general election * * * C. Effect of a tie vote. If, as a result of a tie vote in a general election, the number of candidates who would be elected to an office exceeds the number of Page 4 of 10 CODING: Words in struck through type are deletions from existing law; words underscored are additions. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 persons to be elected to the office, the candidates who received the same number of votes for that office in the general election are not elected. The election for officers thus not elected shall be returned to the people on the third Saturday after the date on which the results in the election at which the tie vote occurred were promulgated fourth Saturday after the election date at which the tie vote occurred. * * * §572. Transmission of election returns; voting machine keys; machine certificates A.(1) After the results are printed from the voting machines and all election paperwork is complete, the commissioner-in-charge shall immediately: (a) Mail to the secretary of state the envelope marked "Secretary of State's Envelope". (b) Deliver deliver to the clerk of court in a clear plastic zipper bag the following: (a) The envelope marked "Secretary of State's Envelope". (i) (b) The completed and signed key envelope for the voting machines. (ii) (c) The original of the machine certificates. (iii) (d) The original affidavit of payroll and nondisclosure for the commissioners. (iv) (e) One copy of the official election results report from the voting machines. (v) (f) A copy of each completed notation of irregularities form. (vi) (g) All election result cartridges, if applicable. (vii) (h) For a federal election, the return provisional ballot envelope containing all voted provisional ballots and unused provisional ballots and envelopes. (viii) (i) A duplicate record of each challenge. (2)(a) Upon receipt of the items listed in Subparagraph (1)(b) Paragraph (1) of this Subsection, the clerk of court shall affix the time of receipt upon the election 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 documents which contain election results. The clerk of court shall make a copy of the election results available to the press and public. * * * §574. Compilation and promulgation of returns * * * E.(1) On or before the fourteenth day after the primary or general election, if no action has been timely filed contesting the election to the office of a state candidate, the secretary of state shall promulgate the returns for state candidates, proposed constitutional amendments, and recall elections by publishing in the official journal of the state the names of the state candidates for each office in the election, the text of the proposed constitutional amendment, and recall elections and the number of votes received by each such candidate, proposed constitutional amendment, and recall elections as shown by the returns transmitted by the clerks of court from the compiled statements by the parish boards of election supervisors. In a parish containing a municipality with a population of three hundred thousand or more, the promulgation shall be from the returns transmitted by the parish board of election supervisors. On or before the fourteenth day after the primary or general election, if no action has been timely filed contesting the election to office of a candidate other than a state candidate, the secretary of state shall promulgate the returns for the election for candidates other than state candidates by transmitting to the clerk of court for the parish wherein the state capital is located publishing on the secretary of state's website a notice containing the results of the elections for candidates other than state candidates. The clerk of court shall post this notice in a prominent place in his office. * * * §1259. Arrangement of ballot; designation of party candidates * * * B. * * * Page 6 of 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 (2) Directly to the left of the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates shall appear: * * * (b) If nominated by a nominating petition or by the filing of notices of candidacy, the political principal principle which the candidates support, as stated on the nominating petition or on the notices of candidacy, if any, and the words "Nominating Petition" or the abbreviation "Nom. Petition" shall appear if nominated by petition. * * * (4) Immediately below the word "Electors" the names of the presidential electors nominated in support of the nominees for president and vice president of that party or political principal principle shall appear. * * * (6) In preparing the ballots, the secretary of state shall arrange the names of the candidates of recognized political parties alphabetically, according to the names of the parties, followed by the names of the candidates nominated by nominating petitions and by the filing of notices of candidacy, listed alphabetically by designation of political principal principle. * * * §1280.21. Presidential preference primary election * * * C. The state central committee shall notify the Department of State that its bylaws allow for such voting by non-affiliated electors no later than seven sixty days prior to the opening of qualifying for the presidential preference primary. Such notification shall be considered valid and effective for subsequent presidential preference primaries unless the state central committee notifies the Department of State that its bylaws no longer allow for such voting by non-affiliated electors no later than seven sixty days prior to the opening of qualifying for a presidential preference primary. * * * Page 7 of 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 §1406. Petition; answer; notification * * * C. The defendant shall be served with citation directing him to appear in court no later than 10:00 a.m. on the fourth day after suit was filed, subject, however, to the provisions of R.S. 18:1408(D) R.S. 18:1408. The defendant is not required to answer the petition, but if he answers, he shall do so prior to trial. * * * PART VIII. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR DECEASED CANDIDATES WITH DEFICITS §1551. Exception Notwithstanding any contrary provision of this Chapter, the provisions of this Part shall apply to circumstances existing when a candidate dies leaving a deficit or surplus which would have otherwise required reports to be filed if the candidate were not deceased. * * * §1553. Reports; contents; due dates The reports shall be filed at the same time, shall contain the same information, and shall be certified correct in the same manner as reports required by this Chapter for candidates with deficits. §1554. Contribution limitations; excess funds A. Notwithstanding the provisions of R.S. 18:1505.2(H), the contribution limit for contributions to a deceased candidate who has a deficit, or the principal campaign committee of such a deceased candidate, shall be ten thousand dollars per calendar year until there is no deficit. B. Any contributions received in excess of the deficit shall be returned to the contributors on a pro rata basis. C. Excess funds in the campaign account of a deceased candidate who dies leaving a surplus shall be expended as provided in R.S. 18:1505.2(I) within two years of the candidate's death. Page 8 of 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 §1555. Penalties * * * B. If a violation of this Part R.S. 18:1554 occurs, the supervisory committee shall notify the personal representative of the deceased candidate that each contribution received after the violation shall be returned to the contributor and that no further contributions, except contributions from a family member of the deceased candidate, may be solicited or received to resolve the deficit. For purposes of this Subsection, "family member" shall mean the spouse of the deceased, children of the deceased and their spouses, parents of the deceased, parents of the spouse of the deceased, grandparents of the deceased, siblings of the deceased and their spouses, and siblings of the parents of the deceased and their spouses. Section 2. R.S. 26:584(B)(4) is hereby amended and reenacted to read as follows: §584. Form of petition for election * * * B. The petition shall then list all of the following five propositions: "(1) Shall the sale of beverages of alcoholic content containing not more than six percent alcohol by volume be permitted by package only and not for consumption on the premises?" "(2) Shall the sale of beverages of alcoholic content containing not more than six percent alcohol by volume for consumption on the premises be permitted?" "(3) Shall the sale of beverage alcohol containing one-half of one percent alcohol by volume and above for consumption on the premises be permitted?" "(4) Shall the sale of beverages of alcoholic content containing one-half of one percent alcohol by volume and above be permitted by the package only and not for consumption on the premises be permitted?" "(5) Shall the sale of beverages of high and low alcoholic content be permitted only on the premises of restaurant establishments which have been issued an "R" permit as defined by law?" * * * Section 3. R.S. 18:154(G) and 173(B) are hereby repealed in their entirety. SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA APPROVED:
THOMSON REUTERS STREETEVENTS EDITED TRANSCRIPT AFG - Q2 2018 American Financial Group Inc Earnings Call EVENT DATE/TIME: AUGUST 02, 2018 / 3:30PM GMT CORPORATE PARTICIPANTS Carl Henry Lindner American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Diane P. Weidner American Financial Group, Inc. - Assistant VP of Investors Relations Joseph E. Consolino American Financial Group, Inc. - Executive VP, CFO, Principal Accounting Officer & Director Stephen Craig Lindner American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director CONFERENCE CALL PARTICIPANTS Amit Kumar The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Charles Gregory Peters Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Research Division - Equity Analyst Jon Paul Newsome Sandler O'Neill + Partners, L.P., Research Division - MD of Equity Research & Senior Insurance Analyst PRESENTATION Operator Good day, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the American Financial Group 2018 Second Quarter Results Conference Call. (Operator Instructions) As a reminder, this call is being recorded. I would now like to introduce your host for today's conference, Ms. Diane Weidner. Ma'am, you may begin. Diane P. Weidner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Assistant VP of Investors Relations Thank you. Good morning, and welcome to American Financial Group Second Quarter 2018 Earnings Results Conference Call. I am joined this morning by Carl Lindner III and Craig Lindner, Co-CEOs of American Financial Group; and Jeff Consolino, AFG's CFO. Our press release, investor supplement and webcast presentation are posted on AFG's website. These materials will be referenced during portions of today's call. Before I turn the discussion over to Carl, I would like to draw your attention to the notes on Slide 2 of our webcast. Certain statements made during this call may be considered forward-looking statements as defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. Investors should consider the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and/or financial condition to differ materially from these statements. A detailed description of these risks and uncertainties can be found in AFG's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which are also available on our website. We may include references to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure in our remarks or responses to questions. A reconciliation of net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings is included in our earnings release. And finally, if you're reading a transcript of this call, please note that it may not be authorized or reviewed for accuracy. Thus, it may contain factual or transcription errors that could materially alter the intent or meaning of our statements. Now, I am pleased to turn the call over to Carl Lindner III to discuss our results. Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Good morning. We released our 2018 second quarter results yesterday afternoon. If you'd please turn to Slide 3 of the webcast slides for an overview. Craig and I were pleased to report a new second quarter record for AFG's core operating earnings of $2.04 per share, up 27% from last year's second quarter. These results include excellent profitability in our Property and Casualty operations and outstanding results in our Annuity segment. Second quarter annualized core operating return on equity was a strong 15.1%. Net earnings per diluted share were $2.31 and included $0.27 per share in realized gains on securities. Craig and I thank God, our talented management team and our great employees for helping to achieve these results. Based on the results through the first 6 months of the year, we're increasing our 2018 core operating earnings guidance for AFG to be in the range of $8.10 to $8.60 per share, which is a $0.20 increase from our previous estimate of $7.90 to $8.40 per share. As with our initial guidance, we continue to assume an average crop year and a normalized level of catastrophe losses. We expect to have more clarity on these items when we report our third quarter results. Craig and I will each discuss our guidance for each segment of our business in more detail later in the call. Now I'd like to turn our focus to our Property and Casualty operations. So please turn with me to Slides 4 and 5 of the webcast, which include an overview of second quarter results. As you'll see on Slide 4, our Specialty Property and Casualty Insurance operations produced a very strong core operating earnings and healthy growth during the second quarter. Gross and net written premiums both increased 11% in the second quarter of 2018 when compared to the same quarter a year earlier. Property and Casualty operating earnings were 10% higher year-over-year. Higher net investment income was the driver of the improved results, which Jeff will discuss later in the call. Specialty Property and Casualty underwriting profit was in line with the strong results reported in the 2017 second quarter. The Specialty Property and Casualty combined ratio of 93.7% was 0.5 point higher than the year ago second quarter and included 3.9 points in favorable prior year reserve development. Catastrophe losses added 1.4 points. Overall renewal pricing in our Specialty Property and Casualty Group was up 1.4% during the second quarter. That's the highest that we've seen in 13 quarters and is in line with our overall loss ratio trend, which is just below 1.5%. Loss cost trends remain stable, and we're keeping our eye on inflation and interest rates. Excluding our Workers' Comp business, overall renewal pricing was up 3.4% during the quarter, the highest it's been in 16 quarters. I'm pleased that we're seeing also broader price movement and achieving renewal rate increases in the majority of our Specialty Property and Casualty businesses. In our Workers' Compensation businesses, we continue to see pricing pressure associated with strong industry profitability. Despite the rate decreases, we believe we're making appropriate returns in these businesses in the current policy year. Now I'd like to turn to Slide 5 to review a few highlights from each of our Specialty Property and Casualty business groups. Our Property and Transportation Group reported a second quarter underwriting profit of $23 million compared to $21 million in the prior year period. These results include higher year-over-year underwriting profits in our transportation businesses and improved results in our ocean marine operations as well as lower underwriting profitability in our property & inland marine and equine mortality businesses. While the calender year combined ratio improved to just under 94%, the underlying accident year combined ratio ex cats increased 2.5 points year-over-year, primarily as a result of losses in our aviation and equine mortality books. Catastrophe losses were $10 million for this group during the second quarter of '18 compared to $11 million in the comparable prior year period. Gross and net written premiums for the second quarter were both 7% higher than the comparable 2017 period. The growth is primarily attributable to new business opportunities in our property and inland marine business and continued rate increases in our transportation businesses. Overall renewal rates in this group increased 4% on average for the second quarter of 2018. Renewal rate increases within National Interstate's book continue to be strong at 5% overall. We are achieving rate increases of approximately 8% in commercial auto liability, which were tempered a bit by increases of approximately 3% in auto physical damage. Our crop year is shaping up nicely. Commodity futures prices for corn and soybeans are approximately 4% and 11% lower respectively than spring discovery prices. Growing conditions are favorable at this point in the season, with industry reports of 72% of corn crops and 70% of soybean crops in good to excellent condition with current yield projections for both to be slightly above their respective yield trends. Moisture levels in the soil and continued favorable weather through September are important to good results. We continue to be encouraged by progress on the farm bill, which expires on September 30. Both the Senate and House have passed bills and the legislation is moving to conference. At this point, there is no measurable impact to crop insurance. Turning to the Specialty Casualty Group. Specialty Casualty Group reported second quarter underwriting profitability of $29 million, which is unchanged from last year's second quarter. Higher profitability in our target marketed -- markets businesses were offset by lower year-over-year profitability in our excess and surplus lines. Catastrophe losses for this group were $1 million and $2 million in the second quarters of 2018 and '17, respectively. Underwriting profitability in our Workers' Compensation business was very strong, and we continue to experience favorable prior year reserve development in this line of business. We're pleased with the geographic diversity and mix of business that we have within this line. Gross and net written premiums for the second quarter of 2018 increased 13% and 14%, respectively, when compared to the second quarter of 2017. Growth within Neon was the main driver of the higher premiums. Our general liability, executive liability and excess and surplus lines businesses also reported higher year-over-year premiums. This growth was partially offset by lower premiums in our Workers' Compensation businesses as noted earlier. Although renewal pricing within Specialty Casualty was flat in the second quarter, I'm very pleased with the pricing momentum I'm seeing in several of the businesses in this group, including excess liability and D&O. And excluding rate decreases in our Workers' Compensation businesses, renewal rates in this group were up approximately 3%, the highest they've been in 16 quarters. Now our Specialty Financial Group reported an underwriting profit of $22 million in the second quarter compared to an underwriting profit of $23 million in the second quarter of last year. Higher underwriting profitability in our financial institutions business was partially offset by lower underwriting profitability in our surety business. Catastrophe losses for this group were $3 million and $5 million in the second quarters of 2018 and '17, respectively. All of the businesses in this group continued to achieve excellent underwriting margins with an overall combined ratio of 85.6% reported for the 2018 second quarter. Gross and net written premiums for the second quarter of 2018 were up 10% and 7%, respectively, when compared to the same 2017 period, primarily as a result of higher premiums in our financial institutions business. Renewal pricing in this group was up approximately 5% for the quarter. Higher renewal rates in our lender services businesses, primarily in response to catastrophe-exposed property accounts or accounts with prior year cat losses contributed to these results. Please turn to Slide 6 for a summary view of our 2018 outlook in Specialty Property and Casualty Operations. We continue to expect a combined ratio for the Property and Casualty Specialty Group overall between 92% and 94%. We have increased our guidance for growth in net written premiums to be in the range of 4% to 8%, which is up from our previous estimate of between 3% and 7%. Now looking at each segment, we now estimate a combined ratio in the range of 91% to 95% in our Property and Transportation Group. That's a slight improvement from a range of 92% to 96%, estimated previously. We continue to expect net written premiums to be flat to up 4% during 2018 for this group. We continue to expect our Specialty Casualty Group to produce a combined ratio in the range of 92% to 96%. We have increased our estimate for growth in net written premiums to between 6% and 10%, up from our previous estimate of growth of 3% to 7%, primarily as a result of the growth within Neon during the first half of the year. We don't expect the growth rate at Neon in the second half of the year to match the growth rate reported during the first half. We have revised our expectations for the combined ratio for the Specialty Financial Group to be in the range of 86% to 90%, up slightly from the range of 85% to 89% estimated previously. And we have raised our projection for growth in net written premiums to be in the range of 3% to 7%, which is up from our previous estimate of growth between 2% and 6%. We continue to expect overall Property and Casualty renewal pricing this year to be up 1% to 2% overall. And given the strong performance of certain investments, including limited partnerships and similar investments during the first 6 months of the year, net investment income is now expected to grow between 10% and 13% year-over-year, a change from the 4% to 6% growth, previously estimated. I'll now turn the discussion over to Craig to review the results in our Annuity segment and AFG's investment performance. Stephen Craig Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Thank you, Carl. I'll start with a review of our Annuity results for the second quarter beginning on Slide 7. Statutory Annuity premiums were $1.4 billion in the second quarter of 2018 compared to $1.3 billion in the second quarter of 2017, a new quarterly record for the Annuity segment. Significant -- significantly higher premiums in the retail and broker-dealer channels were partially offset by lower premiums in the financial institutions channel. Production in the retail and broker-dealers markets was particularly strong due to the launch of several new products in addition to an improving interest rate environment in the first half of 2018. Our indirect bank channel premiums have softened due to certain competitors offering significantly higher credited rates. Pretax Annuity earnings were $99 million in the second quarter of 2018 compared to $85 million in the second quarter of 2017, an increase of 16%. As you can see on the slide, included in these results is a $27 million unlocking charge. We monitor the major actuarial assumptions underlying our Annuity operations throughout the year and conduct detailed reviews or unlocking of assumptions in the fourth quarter of each year. If changes in the economic environment or actual experience would cause material revisions to future estimates, AFG will unlock assumptions in an interim quarter. Due to continued higher FIA option costs, resulting primarily from higher-than-expected risk-free interest rates, we unlocked assumptions for option costs and interest rates in the second quarter of 2018, resulting in a net charge to earnings of $27 million. The unlocking charge takes into account the negative impact of higher option costs, partially offset by higher reinvestment rates. In addition, we've started adjusting FIA renewal caps to help mitigate the higher option costs. These actual and expected cap decreases were used in calculating the unlocking charge. We will continue our practice of conducting detailed reviews of assumptions, including option costs and interest rates in the fourth quarter of each year, including the fourth quarter of 2018. Turning to fair value accounting, under GAAP rules, a portion of the reserves for fixed indexed annuities is considered to be an embedded derivative and is recorded at fair value based on the estimated present value of certain expected future cash flows. Assumptions used in calculating this fair value include, projected interest rates, option costs, surrenders, withdrawals and mortality. Variances from these assumptions as well as changes in the stock market will generally result in a change in fair value. Some of these adjustments are not economic in nature for the current reporting period, but rather impact the timing of reported results. The impact of fair value accounting for fixed-indexed annuities includes an ongoing expense for annuity interest accreted FIA embedded derivative reserve. The amount of the interest accreted in any period is generally based on the size of the embedded derivative and current interest rates. We expect both the size of the embedded derivative and interest rates to rise, resulting in continued increases in interest on the embedded derivative liability. In the second quarter of 2018, interest rates rose 20 to 25 basis points compared to our estimate of a 5 basis point increase, and the stock market increased nearly 3% compared to our expectation of a 1% increase. The significant favorable impact from these 2 items relative to our expectations more than offset continued higher FIA option costs. By comparison, during the second quarter of 2017, the benefit of a higher stock market was more than offset by lower interest rates, resulting in an unfavorable impact to annuity operating earnings. For an analysis of fair value accounting, see our Quarterly Investor Supplement, which is posted on AFG's website. Annuity earnings before the impact of unlocking and fair value accounting on fixed-indexed annuities were $123 million in the second quarter of 2018, up 22% from the prior year period, establishing a new all-time quarterly high for the Annuity segment. Turning to Slide 8, you'll see that quarterly average annuity investments and reserves grew by 10% and 9%, respectively, year-over-year. As shown in our Quarterly Investor Supplement, these results also include exceptionally high returns on certain investments, including very strong earnings from limited partnerships and similar investments, which is not necessarily expected to be recurring. The benefit of these items was partially offset by the runoff of higher-yielding investments. Now please turn to Slide 9 for a summary of the 2018 outlook for the Annuity segment. Based on stronger-than-expected earnings in the first half of 2018, we now expect full year 2018 earnings before the impact of fair value accounting on fixed indexed annuities to be in a range of $430 million to $450 million, up from our previous guidance of $410 million to $435 million. Similarly, we now expect pretax annuity earnings for the full year, which include the impact of fair value accounting for FIAs and the second quarter unlocking charge to be higher, and in the range of $395 million to $430 million. And this is up from our original guidance of $385 million to $425 million. Included in this guidance are several assumptions, including the expectation that corporate A2 interest rates will rise by 5 to 10 basis points, depending on duration, between now and the end of the year; and that increases in the S&P 500 of 1% each quarter; normalized investment income; and FIA option costs that are in line with recent experience. Fluctuation in any of these items, as compared to our expectations, could lead to significant positive or negative results on the Annuity segment's earnings. Finally, we continue to emphasize earning the appropriate return on our new sales, regardless of the competitive environment. Based on our strong sales year-to-date, we continue to expect that our 2018 full year annuity premiums will be up 10% to 15% over the $4.3 billion reported in 2017. There are a few factors that influence our guidance; the resolution of the Department of Labor Fiduciary Rule has provided lift for the retail market, and the current demand for shorter surrender charge period products fits well with our product strategy. Furthermore, our guidance reflects the introduction of new products in 2018 and opportunities to grow our business in the registered investment advisor and broker dealer markets. Please note that the fluctuations in returns on investments, large changes in interest rates and/or the stock market and higher or lower FIA option costs as compared to our expectations could lead to a significant positive or negative impact on the Annuity segment's results. Additional information on the Annuity segment's earnings, premiums, investments and reserves can be found in AFG's Quarterly Investor Supplement posted on our website. Please turn to Slide 10 for a few highlights regarding our $47 billion investment portfolio. AFG reported second quarter 2018 net realized gains on securities of $25 million aftertax and after deferred acquisition costs. This compares to net realized gains on securities of $5 million in the second quarter of 2017. As of June 30, 2018, unrealized gains on fixed maturities were $191 million aftertax, after DAC. As you will see on Slide 11, our portfolio continues to be high quality with 90% of our fixed maturity portfolio rated investment grade and 98% with an NAIC designation of 1 or 2, its highest 2 categories. We've provided additional detailed information on the various segments of our investment portfolio in the Quarterly Investor Supplement on our website. I'll now turn the discussion over to Jeff, who'll wrap up our comments with an overview of our consolidated second quarter 2018 results and share a few comments about capital and liquidity. Joseph E. Consolino - American Financial Group, Inc. - Executive VP, CFO, Principal Accounting Officer & Director Thank you, Craig. Slide 12 summarizes AFG's core operating earnings on a consolidated basis. The $2.04 core EPS is based on core net operating earnings in the quarter of $185 million. The increase in core earnings in the second quarter was primarily the result of very strong operating earnings in our insurance businesses, bolstered by a lower effective tax rate of 20% in the quarter as compared to 29% in the year-ago quarter. Property and Casualty pretax operating earnings were 10% higher year-over-year. P&C underwriting profit was virtually unchanged from the very strong results in the year-ago second quarter. P&C net investment income grew $19 million or 20% year-over-year. This is primarily the result of unusually high returns on certain investments, including limited partnerships and similar investments. The sale of real estate in the 2017 second quarter partially offset other expenses in that period, making the second quarter 2018 P&C other expenses higher by comparison. Pretax earnings for our Annuity segment increased 16% year-over-year. Parent company interest expense decreased by $7 million year-over-year as a result of our 2017 debt refinancings. Other corporate expenses increased by $11 million starting with Q1 this year. This includes income and expenses related to AFG's previously reported run-off lines of business. Slide 13 provides a reconciliation of core net operating earnings to net earnings. As noted last quarter, AFG adopted ASU 2016-01, effective January 1, 2018, which requires holding gains or losses on equity securities to be recognized through earnings. The impact to our income statement will vary each quarter, depending on the level of volatility in the performance of the securities held in our equity portfolio and the overall market. In the second quarter of 2018, AFG recognized $25 million or $0.27 per share in net aftertax realized gains. As indicated on Slide 14, AFG's adjusted book value per share was $55.24 as of June 30, 2018. Our annualized growth in book value per share plus dividends was a very strong 17.2% this quarter. We returned $165 million to our shareholders with the payment of our regular quarterly dividend and a $1.50 per share special dividend during the quarter. Parent cash was $260 million at the end of the second quarter. We maintain sufficient capital in our insurance businesses to meet our commitments to the ratings agencies. Our excess capital stood at approximately $720 million at June 30, 2018. This already reflects the upcoming negative impact of tax reform on the NAIC capital model and RBC ratio, even though this change doesn't get formally implemented until the end of 2018. Remember, we plan to hold approximately $200 million to $300 million as dry powder to maintain our flexibility for opportunities as they arise. Our management team reviews all opportunities for deployment of capital on a regular basis. Wrapping up, Page 15 shows a single page presentation of our updated 2018 core earnings guidance, which has moved up by $0.20 per share. Our guidance assumes an effective tax rate of approximately 20% on core pretax operating earnings. AFG's expected 2018 core operating results exclude noncore items such as realized gains and losses and other significant items that may not be indicative of ongoing operations. With that, now we'd like to open the line for any questions. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Operator (Operator Instructions) Our first question comes from Amit Kumar with Buckingham Research. Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Just a few questions. And I want to make a quick comment. The audio of the call was cutting in and out a bit. So maybe when the transcript comes out, someone can take a quick look at it because I checked with other people and they're also facing the same issue for all the presenters. The first question is on the guidance, and if I look at the Specialty Casualty segment and then I look at the underlying numbers for the Specialty Casualty segment, if I look at the loss picks and even the guidance for the forward, is it assuming a higher inflation? Or is that conservatism? Why is the number unchanged going forward? Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director We try to take into account what we see in current trends and where -- what our reported results are year-to-date and our reserve position in that segment, as we set our guidance. So we try to do the best we can every quarter. I mean, we're one of the few companies that gives pretty detailed guidance overall and by segment and that. I'd just say, generally, outside of some big event like some big property cat or those kinds of things, we've been pretty accurate. Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst I guess what I was trying to ask is, the Specialty Casualty guidance is unchanged. And that's what I was trying to figure out. Why -- are you noticing something in the trends at the end of H1? Or is it just inflation? Or is there any new sort of thought process? Joseph E. Consolino - American Financial Group, Inc. - Executive VP, CFO, Principal Accounting Officer & Director Amit, I hope that the audio is coming through for you. So I, for one, am struggling a little bit with your question. Through 6 months, our Specialty Casualty combined ratio is 94.0%. Our guidance brackets that plus or minus 2 percentage points and with the caveat that Carl offered about the potential for catastrophe events in the balance of the year being a wildcard, basically that guidance is straight down the middle of our results year-to-date. We haven't changed that guidance for the segment combined ratio over the course of the quarter because we haven't seen anything that would cause us to modify or back-off of it. So are you looking at something... Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Yes, you answered my question. I didn't -- probably I didn't phrase it properly, but you just answered it. The second question was on the discussion of the agriculture book. Can you, sort of, talk about RPP and FCIC this -- and this $12 billion package, and how should we all as outsiders think about where this thing will end up? I know I think the numbers are squared up in Q3, Q4, maybe just help us understand because this is a bit of a one-off thing for us? Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Are you talking about my comments about the crop year? Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Yes, and the tariffs especially. With the tariffs coming in and then you have a $12 billion aid package and then the Midwest farmers will have an RPP policy. So I'm just trying to sort of add all of this and figure out how will the ultimate numbers look? And will they end up looking different with all of these moving parts? Or should I -- am I too worried about it too soon? Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Yes. I think we're still trying to get our arms around exactly what it means. But our bottom line is, is we don't think it really impacts the program itself much. Best we can figure out is that farmers aren't going to -- we don't think farmers are going to benefit doubly and that. Anything -- any payments made to them would be figured in payments that we would make. That's the best that we can figure at this point. We think it's a neutral impact to our crop business. And again, we think our crop year is shaping up very nicely. Commodity prices on corn and soybeans are 4% and 11% lower, I think, as of yesterday. Probably the bigger impact on the tariff have been kind of a little bit more volatility around soybean prices. The point they were down, I think, 15% and they backed off to 11%. So we're keeping our eye on that. That seems to be more of the impact that we've noted. The growing conditions are very favorable at this point. You always look out for early frost or any kind of late, lack of rainfall. That doesn't seem to be too much of the case right now in that. But we're very optimistic right now about our crop year and the way it's shaping up. And I don't -- we don't really see the government having any negative impact on that. Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Got it. The final question and I will requeue. Just going back to the discussion on capital management and the discussion on excess capital and thinking of your guidance and the thought process for the second half of 2018, how should we be thinking about another special dividend here for the remainder of the year? Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Good question. We generally, as we go into the third quarter of the year and that, we kind of get an idea of what we have on our plate with regards to any acquisitions that we think that we have a good chance on. And then, we look at excess capital as it's projected to be and we make up our minds. We've already paid one special dividend. I think in our commentary that we've said that depending on what we have on our plate and what needs we have through year-end, keeping some excess, that we definitely would be considering another special dividend towards the end of the year. Amit Kumar Got it, OK. I will stop here and re-queue. I do have a few more follow ups. Thank you. Operator Our next question comes from Greg Peters with Raymond James. Charles Gregory Peters - Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Research Division - Equity Analyst I'll echo Amit's comments regarding the interruptions on your presentation. I don't know if it's faulty conference call equipment or what, but there were some interruptions. I wanted to just focus on some big-picture issues. First of all, I was wondering if you could comment on how, by segment, there's been any change in the renewal ratios or if your retention ratios continue to be consistent with where they were a year or 2 ago? I'm particularly interested in that in the context of the Workers' Comp business where you talked about pricing challenges. Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Greg, thanks for your question. We generally don't issue detailed renewal retention type of data. We have so many -- we have some 33 different businesses, segments that -- and the businesses are so different. Generally, overall though, (technical difficulty) I mean, we were growing 11% in the quarter, and we're seeing good growth in each of the segments. I'm very pleased, in general, business by business. That has to mean that we're taking advantage opportunistically for new business opportunities as well as having renewal -- our renewals have to be in good shape also. So very pleased with the premium growth that we have, particularly, in this kind of a market. And I do think probably our use of predictive analytics helps us become -- and getting -- excluding comp, we're getting the strongest price increase we've gotten in several years. I think that makes us comfortable with that growth even within this market. So... Charles Gregory Peters - Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Research Division - Equity Analyst That's a good answer, Craig. I was struck by your comment about analytics. Could you spend 30 seconds and give us a peek into what you're doing on that side of the equation? Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director We really have a -- we have a dedicated group here at Great American that's focused on really using predictive analytics throughout our organization, particularly in the businesses where we think it can have the biggest impact. We use it extensively within workers compensation, in businesses -or other businesses and with a goal of really expanding the use of it across our businesses. So -- and that not only includes underwriting pricing, but we're trying to expand the use of that on the claims side also. For instance, our California Workers' Comp business, Republic, they'll initiate -they've been initiating predictive analytics in a claim side, which we think will bear a lot long term. So those would be good examples and maybe a little bit of color around that. Charles Gregory Peters - Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Research Division - Equity Analyst I wanted to take my next question to Craig around the Annuity business. Now, I noted your comments at the beginning about new products really helping boost the retail result. One of the other players in the marketplace has -- there's some speculation on whether it's going to remain independent or merge. I'm wondering if you'd seen any fallouts? I know you don't like to comment on competitors, but I'm just wondering if you'd seen any fallout in the market place that has helped your retail sales on -- as a result. And the second question on the Annuity business, given the strong growth, and I know you -- from an overall corporate standpoint, you talked about being more than adequately capitalized. But I'm curious about the capital demands that you're having in your Annuity business considering the really strong growth results you're posting. Stephen Craig Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Greg, on the first question, it's really hard to know what impact having a major competitor kind of be in play is having. I don't think that, that is -was a major driver of our premium growth, to be honest. I think that's -- I think our premium growth is driven by a couple of things. Certainly, the resolution of the uncertainty that the Department of Labor Fiduciary Rule as proposed was not going to be implemented. That certainly has had a very positive impact on sales, particularly retail sales. The volatility of the stock market, higher interest rates and, frankly, the kind of consumer-centric nature of our model and products. We're selling shorter products, more value to the customer. That's all just played really well in this environment. So we were very pleased with the growth, and yes, expect it to continue. What was your second question, Greg? Charles Gregory Peters - Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Research Division - Equity Analyst Second question -- and thank you for the answer on the first part -- the second question was just around -- and it was the capital question. And I recognize your comments about adequate capital at the company overall. I'm curious about within the Annuity business, considering the growth, what kind of demands you're seeing for capital as a result of the success, if any? Or maybe you could provide us a snapshot on what your RBC ratio is within that business? Just some -- whatever you're willing to provide some additional color. Stephen Craig Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Sure. First of all, the tax reform, change in the tax rate cost us, I believe, it was about 30 points, 30% in the RBC. So that did have an impact on us. Because of the consumer-centric nature of the products -- number one, very low cost of putting business on the books from an operating standpoint and the fact that we are a lower-commissioned company. I think our commissions average 1.5 points or 2 points less than the industry. The capital strain for us when we put new business on the books is lower than most of our competitors. Obviously, when you're growing at a very (technical difficulty) rate, it's going to consume more capital. Given the excess capital position at AFG and given the ability to do business significantly at attractive rates of return, we're happy to put some of the capital to work growing the business. Charles Gregory Peters - Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Research Division - Equity Analyst Great, thank you for your answers. Operator Our next question comes from Paul Newsome with Sandler O'Neill. Jon Paul Newsome - Sandler O'Neill + Partners, L.P., Research Division - MD of Equity Research & Senior Insurance Analyst I was hoping you could home in a little bit more on the Workers' Comp market and give us some sense of kind of where pricing is versus your view of claim cost trend? Just a sense, what the offset is to the other parts of the business, which seem to be doing well from a sort of pricing versus claim cost perspective? Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Sure, Paul. I would be happy to kind of give some color around that. Maybe the way to address that is just by a couple of the larger pieces of the business. In our Summit operations, which is our Southeastern operation and that. Obviously, we're very pleased with Summit's results with -they've had strong underwriting profitability every year since we acquired it. If you take a look at their business today, with the Florida January and June rate increases, I think we still feel we should make an overall small accident year underwriting profit and have a healthy return this year. Florida could end up being closer to breakeven on a -- or a little higher combined ratio sign. Little early to tell. So that would be our kind of things happening on the accident year. On the loss cost side, loss cost trend frequency is down 2%, severity is up 3%. When you -- so an overall loss cost trend of about 1%. Then, when you look at the positive impact of inflation, payroll, that's actually a positive 2%. So really we consider our loss ratio trend for Summit to be down 0.7%, what we call our loss ratio and that. We feel they have -- their overall reserve position is strong, profitability is very solid. So we feel good that even though accident year margins maybe a little bit less, but really strong returns in that, particularly on Workers' Comp. In California, we've had healthy underwriting results and double-digit returns the last 5 years or so. I think we probably project about an 11% price decline this year. We still expect to make a small accident year underwriting profit for 2018 in a double-digit return and that. Just to kind of give you an idea again, at even 101% accident year combined ratio, that's a 15% return on equity. So we -- I think we expect to make a small accident year underwriting profit for this year and continuing -- we look at the business as continuing to have a strong reserve position, a stable claims environment. Our loss ratio trend for California is down 2%. That's for the loss cost trend of 0 with severity being up 1%, frequency being down 1% and then there is the impact of inflation exposure change that's a positive of a couple of points of 2%. So really, our loss ratio trend there is really kind of negative 2%. So very good trends there in California. Our Strategic Comp business is performing very well. It's a high deductible business, we look at it a little bit different. So when -- the other part of our Workers' Comp business in the National Interstate, and that's been very profitable. So I'm very pleased with our profitability on Workers' Comp, kind of where the trends are. Rates are moving down, but this year, again, I think we're in position to make a very nice calendar year underwriting profit and very strong returns and that. I hope that gives you a little more color. Jon Paul Newsome - Sandler O'Neill + Partners, L.P., Research Division - MD of Equity Research & Senior Insurance Analyst That was awesome. And then, my other question was, I'd just like to hear a little bit about your views on the M&A pipeline. Whether things are still pretty expensive out there? Or what -- just your general thoughts on M&A. And what you're seeing out there at the moment from your -- obviously, from your perspective only? Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Yes, I think we always see a pretty good pipeline. This year is no exception. I think we're getting some good opportunities to look at. So hopefully, we will be able to bring something over the finish line. Again, our sweet spots and kind of $50 million to $500 million range and that. Those are the kinds of things that we like to look at. We're not great in big auctions on big -- bigger entities and that type of thing, we don't like to play that game. So we're seeing, I think, our share of opportunity. I'm hopeful we'll be able to accomplish a few things this year. So... Jon Paul Newsome - Sandler O'Neill + Partners, L.P., Research Division - MD of Equity Research & Senior Insurance Analyst Fantastic. Thank you. Operator (Operator Instructions) We have a follow-up question from Amit Kumar with Buckingham Research. Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Few quick follow-ups. The first question is, now that I have the numbers in front of me, going back to the Specialty Casualty segment, I guess, what I was trying to ask is, if I look at the current accident year ex cat loss, Page 9 of the supplement for Q2 shows 65.8%. For Q2 of 2017, the number was 63.6%. What I was trying to figure out is, what caused that delta? Or was there something unusual in Q2 2017? Joseph E. Consolino - American Financial Group, Inc. - Executive VP, CFO, Principal Accounting Officer & Director So you're -- and I apologize that you had flagged for us the quality of the audio. You broke up a little bit in your question to me. But I think what you're asking is looking at the supplement Specialty Casualty segment, on Page 9, when you look at the underlying combined ratio, it has gone up during the quarter versus the year-ago quarter? Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Yes, yes, that's correct. Joseph E. Consolino - American Financial Group, Inc. - Executive VP, CFO, Principal Accounting Officer & Director Okay, perfect. Thank you very much. So it's up about 2.5 points. And what we attribute that to, you break it into a couple of things. It's mainly just a higher accident year in some of our specialty Workers' Comp. So we have an increase across that of about 2 points. That constitutes the majority of the uptick in the Specialty Casualty subsegment. 11 Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Got it. That was the answer I was looking for. I apologize of the way I phrased it, I think it wasn't clear previously. The second question. Can you remind us, and I know it's been a while, for Republic's, for your Workers' Compensation book, what's the hazard classes you operate in? Was it more clerical, sort of in the retail, construction? Can you just quickly remind us, what was the biggest component of that book? Carl Henry Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Manufacturing would be 45%, I think, looking historically, and the rest would be retail, wholesale, not a lot of large account business. Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Got it, that's helpful. And the final question is on the guidance for the Annuity segment. If you sort of look at the ex unlocking earnings for Q2 and then you look at the guidance, unless I missed this comment in the opening remarks, is the second half earnings, it seemed to me lower than the first half earnings ex unlocking? Is that a fair assumption? Or did I misinterpret it? And if so, what would be the reason for the second half earnings lower in the Annuity segment? Stephen Craig Lindner - American Financial Group, Inc. - Co-President, Co-CEO & Director Yes, what we're doing for the guidance for the second half of the year is we are normalizing the investment income related to marked-to-market assets. We had a very strong period in the quarter and the first 6 months. Our returns on our BA assets and some limited partnerships interest that we marked-to-market and flow through investment income were actually 19% for the quarter, and they were around 18% for the first 6 months of the year. So what we're doing, Amit, is assuming for the last 2 quarters, there is an 8% type return on those investments. So I think that's what is driving the numbers that we put into guidance. I mean, hopefully, we'll do better. We just didn't think it was prudent to project that and put it into the guidance. Amit Kumar - The Buckingham Research Group Incorporated - Analyst Got it, you answered my questions. Thank you so much for all the answers and good luck for the future. Operator At this time, I'm showing no further questions. I'd like to turn the call back over for closing remarks. Diane P. Weidner- American Financial Group, Inc. - Assistant VP of Investors Relations Thank you, and thank you all for joining us this morning. We look forward to speaking with you again when you share our third quarter results. Operator Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your participation in today's conference. This does conclude the program. You may now disconnect. Everyone, have a great day. DISCLAIMER Thomson Reuters reserves the right to make changes to documents, content, or other information on this web site without obligation to notify any person of such changes. In the conference calls upon which Event Transcripts are based, companies may make projections or other forward-looking statements regarding a variety of items. 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Personal Brand Workbook Welcome to your personal brand experience This personal brand experience is your opportunity to learn more about yourself, so you can make decisions and plans that maximize your university experience and chart a course for your career. It will also help you position yourself, so you can reach your goals. What's your brand? In short, it's your reputation. Each interaction you have with others has the opportunity to create a memorable experience, teaching them what they can expect from you. When you're consistent in delivering those experiences, you build a strong reputation. Delivering your brand clearly and consistently across a wide audience helps open doors to opportunities. Your brand becomes your personal calling card—a unique promise of value; a distinct and authentic representation of you. In building your personal brand, you will define your individuality, maximize your strengths and manage your choices now to create future opportunities. Step up to stand out PwC has created a personal brand experience to help you find and showcase your strengths so you can stand out from the crowd. By tapping into your unique skills, talents and passions, you can leap off the pages of your resume and top of mind to your recruiters. Use the activities offered here to take charge of your professional success—stand out while being your best self. Good luck and enjoy the journey. Your Personal Brand Your Personal Brand Define your X Factor Unleash your super skill People with strong brands are clear about who they are. They know and maximize their strengths. Here, we give you the opportunity to uncover and define your skills and strengths. You'll be using a three-step process, Document, Distil and Validate. Document To help guide you through this exercise, answer the questions below: 1. What are the strengths that others acknowledge in me? 2. 2. When working on a team, what roles do I seek to fulfil? 3. When faced with an overwhelming obstacle, what are my “go to” skills to overcome it? 4. What was the most successful project I ever tackled and what made me successful? 5. What was the most important team role I ever fulfilled and why? Distil To deeper your introspection, answer the questions below: 1. What strengths and skills came up over and over again? 2. Which are my motivating skills—the skills that excite me? 3. What are my burnout skills—the skills I've mastered but would rather not use every day? 4. 4. Which strengths and skills are going to be most helpful in achieving my career goals? 5. What skills are missing? What skills would I like to build but have not yet had the opportunity to practice? Based on your responses to the previous questions, document your top five strengths—your super skills. For example, you might use words like "creative," "relationship-creator," or "make the complex simple." Then, you can start to validate your self-perception with feedback from others. Validate Up to now, the exercise has been focused on your own perceptions. Now, it's time to validate what you documented about yourself. Do others experience your super skills? Would they agree with your assessment? You have a couple of options for completing this part of the process: Option 1 Post the following to your Facebook wall: As part of PwC's Personal brand experience, I completed an exercise to help me unearth my strengths. I came up with "Strength 1, strength 2, strength 3." What do you think are my greatest strengths? Option 2 Ask your friends, professors, and others in your brand community (unprompted) what they think sets you apart from others, then compare their responses to your self-assessment. You could do this in person or via email or social media, whichever you think may give you the most honest responses to help you complete your profile. If you choose email or social media, you can also consider setting up a free and anonymous survey using a tool such as Survey Monkey. Conquer your weakest point Stress can leave you depleted. It can weaken your immune system, affect your sleep and drain your adrenals while impacting every facet of your life, your relationships and your success. It can also have a negative impact on your personal brand. Stress is the body's response to a threat or demand such as homework, a test, applying for college, going on an interview, dating, being in an argument, unresolved conflict, lack of sleep, lack of money, a dentist appointment or being late. One way to help manage your stress is to be clear about the who, what, when, where, why and how of your stress. Once you have figured out some of your stress triggers, you can implement stress-management techniques designed to best address your specific stressors and symptoms. Document Some stressors are on-going, chronic and may be predictable. Others are unexpected, potentially life-changing, and often out of your control. Even when you're the person who controls the decision that leads to stress, it may be no less stressful. But with warning, you have some choices about how to react. Reflect on the last 12 months of your life to answer the questions below. What key changes have you experienced in the past 12 months? Please, list them here. For each change, place a check mark next to C if it was in your control and place check mark next to O if it was out of your control (e.g., change in living arrangements, started freshman year of college, loss of financial security, loss of a loved one, etc.). 1. C O 2. C O 3. C O 4. C O 5. C O Distil What are your stress triggers that are likely to show up repeatedly in your life? Often these are the things within your control, or at the very least, under your influence. Sometimes these are things that fall short of your expectations for yourself and others and sometimes they are violations of your values. Paying close attention to what causes stress will be the first step down the yellow brick road to finding the cure. 1. Things you do that cause you stress (e.g. late to class, unprepared, overcommitting, people pleasing, money management, conflict management, etc.) 2. Things that other people do that annoy you (e.g. being late, gossiping, not pulling their weight, sloppy work, borrowing money, arguing) Validate Taking a proactive approach to either prevent or mitigate those stressors that cause chronic or repeated stress will likely address 80% of the stressors in your everyday life. Consider these three actions: 1. Talk with friends to share best ideas on stress reduction. 2. Go online to find sites that focus on stress reduction. 3. Check out the stress tips below and select some options you will put to the test now. If they work, you will have lowered your stress. If they don't, try another method. To eliminate unnecessary stress: * Set an alarm to prompt you to leave for class/appointments with time to spare. * Block time on your calendar for the preparation that must be done in advance of a due date or meeting. * Schedule a 10-15 minute buffer between meetings or classes to allow time for a last minute note, a phone call or closure of an activity to avoid loose ends or a series of unfinished promises to do later. * Set clear expectations with people in your life who are perpetually late or inconsiderate. Great boundaries make great relationships. * Commit to things that are in synch with your values. To build your stress coping reserves: * Sleep is the best natural rejuvenator for your body, brain and mood. Go to bed earlier in 15 minute increments. The sleep you get before midnight takes advantage of your body's natural cycles for deepest sleep. Add a warm bath or shower before bed and you will sleep more soundly. * Light and heat impact sleep quality and quantity. Darken and cool your bedroom and turn off your electronics. Blue light from electronics interferes with sleep quality up to two hours after exposure. * Take a walk and move your body at least 30-60 minutes a day—especially when your day is filled with lots of sitting in class or homework in front of the computer. * Get fresh air every day. Practice deep breathing. Get in a relaxed sitting or reclining position. Breathe deeply through your nose, filling your lungs to the point that your diaphragm expands. Slowly let the air escape through your mouth. Repeat 10 times. * Exercise regularly. Joining a class or finding exercise buddies will help provide motivation. * Take down time, even in the midst of a big project or deadline. Your productivity and concentration flag after about three hours of intense focus. Even a 20 minute break will allow you to come back more alert and focused. * Eat well and regularly. Junk food has been proven to create brain fog, leaving you in a weakened condition to think and act clearly. To mitigate stressful interactions that may be on-going: * Try to meet the expectations of others without a wholesale sacrifice of your own needs is a stressor that can repeat itself over a lifetime. Remember when you say "yes" to something, you're saying "no" to something else. * Develop some simple sentences that you can say to buy you some time when under pressure to respond before you are ready. Examples: That's a great question that I am going to need some time to think about. What an interesting point of view. It's always good to have different perspectives. Yes, I'm so glad you asked and hope you will again when I can take you up on it. You're just the person I want to talk to as soon as I get free from this project. Now add your own… Create your list here of additional ideas you have learned from your friends here. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make a commitment to yourself. What three stress tips will you test for the next 21 days? (Studies indicate it takes 21 consecutive days of practicing a behavior to create a new habit.) 1. 2. 3. Your Personal Brand Understand your whY Factor Understanding your Y factor is pivotal to designing a career plan that connects with your values, passions and purpose. When you're living in alignment with your values and integrating your passions into what you do, you are excited, engaged and totally unstoppable. Let's start your opportunity engine now to allow you to align who you are with what you do and how you do it. The following activities will help you to truly differentiate yourself from others because you'll be super charged with your unique promise of value. It's time to focus on your values, passions and clarify your purpose. This will help you develop your own internal road map that points your decision-making in the right direction. Values What's your "north star?" Your values are like your personal compass—they provide direction for your choices and behaviours. In this three-step exercise, you'll work towards identifying, defining, and aligning your values. Step 1: Identify your top five values * Go through the list of values in the table on the next page and eliminate words that don't resonate with you. * Go through the list again and place a check mark next to the values that are important to you. * Go through the short list of values you checked and from that list, pick your top five values. * Once you've identified your top five values, now rank them. Values List your top five values here and rank them: You'll complete the rest as part of Steps 2 and 3. Step 2: Define your top five values The words you selected are important because they mean something specific to you. It's important to be clear about exactly what these words mean to you, as sometimes people have different interpretations of the same word. For example, two people may have selected flexibility. To one, flexibility means the ability to be nimble in work style on a day-to-day basis; to another, flexibility means the interest in adding value to different types of organizations or working on different types of projects. Since the words you chose resonate with you, you likely have a strong association with a way of describing them that is both personal and powerful to you. Write a sentence to each value that defines what the value means to you. Step 3: Align Now, perform a quick self-assessment to measure your alignment with these values. For each value, give yourself a score of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates I am really not living this value and 5 indicates I live this value very consistently. Validate Select the value that you feel is most out of alignment and most critical to your happiness and success. Focus on this value for the next 21 days. (Remember, studies indicate it takes 21 consecutive days of practicing a behaviour to create a new habit.) Each day, reflect on how you might employ that value in what you are doing. Just the act of having that value present in your mind each day will allow your subconscious to do some of the work for you as you seek new ways to be in alignment. Tips * Write that value on a piece of paper and post it where you can see it. * Create a screen saver of your top five values with the one you will focus on changing in a different colour. * Write that value on the top of your to-do list for the next 21 days. Passions What makes you come alive? Unleashing your passions Your passions fuel your actions. When you integrate your passions into what you do, not only are you more engaged, you create a powerhouse of enthusiasm, engagement and inspiration for those around you. In this exercise, you'll have the opportunity to step back and think about your passions, how you can integrate them into what you do and how you can connect them with your career goals. Document Begin by entering your responses to the questions below: 1. What would I do with my summer if money weren't an issue? 2. What are my favourite activities? 3. Why did I choose these particular university studies? 4. What type of people am I drawn to? 5. What volunteer activity do I find compelling? Distil Now, take a look at your responses and ask yourself these questions: 1. Was there a connection across responses? 2. Am I connecting my passions with my studies and career goals? 3. How can I pursue a volunteer activity that's in line with my passions? Validate Make a commitment to create a passion integration plan. Use the space below to document ways you will integrate your passions into your day-to-day activities and connect them with your goals. Action 1 Action 2 Action 3 Purpose What is your destination? Exploring your purpose Your purpose is your big picture, internal vision of what you would like to achieve. When you combine clear values, engage your passions and take on purpose action, you can follow your personal road map to the destinations you choose. Document It is important to visualize your preferred future and really consider what you want to experience and accomplish in your life and the impact it will have on those around you as well as those you may never meet. For those of you who have never been through a guided visualization activity, this may feel a little awkward at first. If so, consider repeating it at a later date when you can experience the greatest benefit. This will work best if you're able to choose a quiet place and time where you will be undisturbed for at least 20 minutes. Do this exercise when you're with a friend who can read the guided visualization script on the next page. That way, you can relax and immerse yourself in the experience. Now, get comfortable. Turn off your inner cynic and let your imagination run free—barefooted. Guided visualization script: Congratulations! You have graduated and have really begun establishing a life for yourself. (Pause 5 seconds.) In the mail today, you received the invitation to your high school reunion. A lot has happened since you last saw some of your classmates. (Pause 5 seconds.) You stop to reflect on the many changes that have occurred over the past 10 years. It probably feels like a whirlwind. (Pause 10 seconds.) You are mentally and emotionally preparing yourself for the conversations you will have with your classmates and friends. You are eager to share your achievements that gave you the greatest sense of accomplishment. You are eager to share what you're doing now and what you hope to do in the next five years. (Pause 5 seconds.) You are thinking about your first full-time job out of school. (Pause here for 5 seconds.) Were you ready? (Pause for 10 seconds.) Remember getting your own place and realizing all the freedom you had and all the bills that were now yours to pay. (Pause 5 seconds.) Perhaps you are in a committed relationship. Married? Family? Or maybe you're considering the possibilities. What are you looking forward to sharing about your life? (Pause 15 seconds) What have you learned from negotiating and navigating life, work and the world? (Pause 15 seconds.) What are you doing now? (Pause 10 seconds) Who is in your life? (Pause 10 seconds) What impact are you having on those around you? (Pause 15 seconds) What is next for you that will create the impact you hope to have on your work, life and world? (Pause 15 seconds) When you have finished reflecting, take several deep breaths, open your eyes and stretch. Once you are fully ready, document what you will be saying about the life you are leading and the impacts you aspire to have. Capture here your journey back to the future: You can either document all your thoughts or capture key elements. Write it in first person with an active voice, as though you were telling the story to another person right now. “I am…” “I have…” “I enjoy…” “I will…” Distil Capture key ideas and elements 1. What has been important to you? 2. Who is on this journey with you? 3. What you are doing that fuels your passion? 4. What are you working toward/have accomplished that gives you a sense of purpose? 5. Where you are headed next? Validate Look at your responses. Do you see your values, passions and purpose showing up in your visualization? Use different colour highlighters to help you put all the fuel possible into your opportunity engine. For example, consider highlighting: Values in blue Passions in green Purpose in yellow Are all the colours represented? Did you learn anything new that you would add to your values, passions and purpose that are needed to meet your highest aspirations? Build your brand and make an impact Giving back is an outward expression of your values and purpose and an opportunity to demonstrate your super skills. Giving back is good for society, it's empowering and inspiring for you and those you will influence and it's an important part of successful branding! In this exercise, you'll identify the philanthropic options that will be most meaningful to you. Document Clarifying your unique strengths, values, passions and purpose gives you great direction and criteria for what to say "yes" to and what to say "no" to when faced with the many opportunities and requests you will encounter over a lifetime. Let the work you have done to this point in your branding journey be your guide to choosing how you will use your time. I want to use this giving back opportunity to: … Showcase a strength … Develop a new skill… Align with my values … Employ my passions … Fulfil my purpose Distil Use the questions below to help you begin to find a cause that's right for you. Skills/Strengths: Which of the super skills you identified would you like to showcase or which skill was missing that you’d like to build? Values: Look at your values. Which cause(s) might connect with those values? Passions: Think about your passions. Think about what type of cause might connect with those passions. What organizations may align with those causes? Goals: What is your goal for an internship or the job you would like to have when you graduate? Purpose: What might move you toward your internal vision for the future? Refer to the two examples below: Example 1 Skills/strengths: Relationship-building, collaboration Values: Respect, excellence, discipline, caring for others, generosity Passions: Animals (pets) Goals: Ideal first job out of school: working with a healthcare organization, working on developing therapies that help people Purpose: To lead a national initiative that influences the provision of alternative healthcare services to underserved and disadvantaged people Potential organizations: local non-profit veterinary clinic, dog rescue organisation, non-profit clinic for the homeless Potential roles: Welcome reception, greeting clients, working as part of a team to make animal issues visible, working across organizations getting them to collaborate Example 2 Skills/strengths: Managing people, teaching, coaching Values: Teamwork, winning, competition, optimism, growth Passions: Sports, entrepreneurship Goals: First internship: working for a consulting firm that has high tech start-ups as clients, or working for a start-up Purpose: To launch a successful business that employs my love of sports and leverages my technical expertise for online delivery and engagement; To deliver team and leadership training services based on sports theory Potential organizations: School extracurricular sports programs, local small business associations, etc. Potential roles: Starting a sports organization at school, teaching and coaching students on different projects, managing a small project for an entrepreneurial organization Validate Now it's time to act for impact. Commit to at least one action below to get you started on your road to giving. * Check websites and phone or tablet applications for opportunities based on interests, causes, needs, skills and locations that are in alignment with your values, purpose, passions, potential roles and goals outlined previously. * Call or visit the organizations that sound like the best fit. * Volunteer for a day, a project, or a week to gift your service and test the fit with the volunteer opportunity. Even if it turns out not to be the best fit for you, both you and those receiving your service will have benefitted and it will get you one step closer to clarifying what you want to do. * Check your state and city website for additional opportunities in your area. Many large employers have volunteer programs that can also link you to opportunities that will be a fit for your interests. Do some homework on an employer you'd like to work for and see if they have volunteer opportunities that you can join. Eliminate your Zzz Factor Be a keeper, not a sleeper Personal branding is about standing out while being yourself—your best self. You need to step up to stand out. Let's investigate the ways to help you be a keeper, not a sleeper. Professional presence How will you tell your story? What impact will your presence make before you even say a word? How will you make sure that you're memorable? How will you remain yourself while putting your best foot forward? How will you prepare to pursue the opportunities that align with your road map? What will you do to create a network that will open those doors to allow you to powerfully introduce yourself and stand out during an interview? Telling your story goes beyond what you say. What you do says a lot about you as well. Remember, first impressions last. Don't let something as small as professional attire or body language block all your roads before you've even said a word. Document Professional presence—self-reflection profile Let's assess where you are right now. Choose your response. There is no right or wrong answer. Distil Highlight areas for improvement and focus on necessary changes. * Select two items that are most in need of improvement and that you believe will have the most impact on your life and opportunities. Write them in column one of the table below. * Next to them, write a description of how each will be different when you have mastered them. * Next to that, write three practice opportunities where you will use these throughout the next month. Validate Seek feedback from your feedback/accountability partners (friends or a trusted mentor) as you make your changes. * Ask two people with whom you interact to be your feedback/accountability partners. Share your two key goal areas and what you intend to do. Ask them to give you feedback throughout the month and/or at the end of the month on what they have observed. * Write your 30 day results in the table above. * How did it feel? Did you achieve it? * If you need to develop further, what help will you seek? From whom? By when? * Repeat this activity on those items you deem important. This process can help you achieve your goals throughout your career. Boost your interview Successful interviewing is built on effective storytelling. You must clearly express your story so that the interviewer can experience the essence of who you are and remember your exceptional promise of value. When you tell your story, you reveal your strengths, values, passions in a way that keeps your interviewer's interest. Storytelling is one of the most powerful ways to engage others and help them remember what you have told them. Document Prepare for your interview It is likely that in every interview you will be asked two kinds of questions: fact-based and behaviour-based (see examples below). It's important to be articulate and to convey to the interviewer that you have been introspective and have adequately prepared for your conversation. Consider how you will give winning answers to interview questions. Use the four following questions to think through and document how you'll illustrate your story. These are the types of questions you will likely be asked. Fact-based interview questions: What do you know about [potential employer] and why have you chosen to interview with us? What is a typical week for you? What do you do outside of school? Behaviour-based interview questions: Can you give me an example of something you have done that motivated or built enthusiasm in others? Describe a time when your results on a project or task were not up to your professor’s or supervisor’s expectations. What happened? What action did you take? Distil Check each answer to see if it represents your strengths, values, passions and purpose. Validate Consider setting up a practice session with friends, family or mentors to give you the opportunity to get used to answering these questions and other similar questions. Ask for feedback on how well your stories give insight into who you are. Tip 1: First impressions matter Your interview starts when you walk in the door. Don't let little things like attire or body language sink your ship before you even open your mouth. Tip 2: Storytelling works Don't regurgitate facts that are on your resume. Use the powerof personal stories to convey the essence of who you are and what's important to you. It's easier to be enthusiastic when you're telling a story versus just restating facts. Tip 3: End with an impact Make sure you're authentic and memorable. Networking nitrogen Strong brands have solid professional networks. Your ability to successfully network is critical to achieving your goals. Regardless of talent, each of us encounters situations where we're faced with challenges that require the help and collaboration of others. By understanding how to present yourself in a positive light, finding common ground and identifying opportunities to follow-up, you'll have the tools to cultivate mutually beneficial relationships with people who are willing to help you accelerate your ability to reach your goals. A powerful introduction is an important tool in your arsenal when meeting people. It's critical to making a positive impression, gaining opportunities, and taking advantage of networking opportunities when they appear. Your introduction, or elevator pitch, together with your body language and demeanour, form the basis for a first impression. Make sure your first impression is memorable and authentic. It will go a long way in building your brand. Document Key points to include in my elevator pitch are: Some conversation starters I might use are: Topics for comfortable small talk for me are: Distil Use your replies from the previous page to formulate an elevator pitch that conveys the essence of who you are. An example is included below. Notice how it includes one’s values, passions and purpose, creating a unique promise of value. 'My love of reading and my passion for working with young people has inspired me to tutor underprivileged students and seek a degree in elementary education so I can continue helping others improve their literacy and open doors to a better life.' What value is engaged? What is driving you (your passions)? Toward what target? (for whom) What do you want to provide and why? (your purpose and impact) Use the space below to draft your elevator pitch. Validate A great elevator pitch is: * Brief * Easy to understand * Compelling * Relevant * Differentiated * Authentic Look at your elevator pitch above and validate if it meets these criteria. Make adjustments as necessary. Networking do's and don'ts Your Personal Brand Ready, set, Show Leap off the page Career marketing tools that will make you sky rocket It's time to take what you've learned about yourself and put it all together in a branded bio. Your branded bio is a valuable tool you can use to communicate your unique promise of value to people who are making decisions about you—in both the real and virtual world. You've probably spent some time on your resume—and that's great. It's an important career marketing tool that will help you land an internship or your first job after school. Your branded bio is just as important. While your resume is a chronological list of credentials and accomplishments, your branded bio is another depiction of who you are. It enhances your online brand when you use it to complete your social media profiles or accompany an article or blog you have written. In crafting your branded bio, convey your unique promise of value in a way that gets others to want to know you. Charismatic cover letters Your cover letter creates a first impression on paper and is a way to connect with the reader and earn you the right to have your resume reviewed. Resumes that resonate Your branded resume creates an accurate picture of your goals, purpose, strengths, skills, experiences and passions as they relate to the role you seek—in factual, rational and emotional terminology. Branded bios Your branded bio is the authentic representation of who you are as a person and how others perceive you when they interact with you. It highlights not only your pertinent strengths, passions, goals and purpose but describes the benefits and experiences others can expect as a result of knowing and working with you. Giving thanks A thoughtful show of gratitude, especially in the form of a handwritten note, acknowledges the opportunity you have been granted by another person who was willing to dedicate time and attention to hearing about your aspirations. It is an opportunity to memorialize specifics of your interaction and cement the impression of your unique promise of value. Together, all four of these branded tools provide the basis of your brand on paper. They begin to create an impression before you even walk in the door. For now, we're going to focus on your branded bio. Your branded bio Here's a before and after example of a fictionalized student's bio: Anna Novak Before Anna Novak is majoring in marketing at Moscow State University. She has also taken several art related courses and is interested in a career in marketing and advertising. She completed an internship at Best Interactive Creative Agency where she worked on social media campaigns for healthcare clients. In secondary school, she was the class president and was active in organising arts programs. After: elements for Anna's branded bio In her branded bio, Anna incorporated what she learned about herself from the personal brand activities. Here were her responses: * Skills/superpowers: Project management, creativity, relationships * Values: Collaboration, adventure, curiosity, teamwork, making a difference * Passions: Drawing, creative writing, snowboarding * Social cause/role: Creative side of marketing, project leadership, contributing to the Campus Advertising society Branded bio Majoring in marketing at Moscow State University, Anna Novak is a marketing enthusiast and an accomplished artist and writer. In addition to taking every marketing course offered, she completed six courses in the arts over the past three years. After her second year at the university, she interned at Best Interactive Creative Agency where she applied her creativity and project management expertise to build social media campaigns for healthcare clients. In secondary school, Anna was the class president. She used her collaboration and relationshipbuilding skills and desire to make a difference to join forces with other local secondary school student councils to organise common local arts programs. A true adventurer and avid athlete, Anna spends her winter breaks perfecting her snowboarding technique. Follow the three steps below to turn your current bio into a branded bio Document Find your most current bio. You can use your LinkedIn summary or other social networking profile as the “before” version of your bio if you don’t have one. If you don’t have any of these, write a paragraph about your accomplishments. Distil Incorporate what you learned about your brand Take a look at what you have learned about yourself in all the preceding activities. Then distil it by identifying the strengths, motivated skills, passions, purpose and values that are most important to you. (Think about things that make you relevant, differentiated and compelling.) Edit your current bio to include those branded elements. Use examples to back up what you say make you exceptional. Remember, you’re telling a story—one that will captivate its readers. Edit your branded bio in the space provided. Validate Take a look at your bio and make sure it is: …. Relevant ….Easy to understand ….Compelling …. Memorable ….Differentiated ….Authentic Once you have refined your bio, test it out with friends, peers, professors, mentors, etc. to get their opinions and make any further edits. Now, with your final version, you can: * Post it to social networking sites to increase your online brand—this will help increase volume and relevance of your online content * Use it when applying for internships, volunteer roles and jobs * Post it in a place where you can read it regularly as a reminder of who you are and what makes you exceptional Remember to update your bio each time you complete something new. For example, you can incorporate your contributions to the social cause you identified as part of your whY factor. Your brand in bits and pieces Building your social media toolkit Chances are you are already using social media in a variety of ways. The lightning speed with which the internet has changed the way we communicate has created vast advantages as well as some considerable drawbacks when it comes to maintaining a positive and consistent personal brand. Social media tools like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and YouTube can help you express your brand to a much larger audience. You want people to see the real you in the virtual world. But, are they always seeing your best self? It depends. The virtual world, just like the physical world, can judge you by the company you keep. Even worse, the virtual world never forgets. It is important to remember that what you put on the internet is captured there for posterity. Not only can your current network access this material, so can your future contacts, employers and network influencers. At lightning speed you can positively or negatively impact your brand. Let's make sure you're using those superpowers for good. In this activity, we'll help you analyse your online reputation and make a plan to align it with your real-world brand. Click the link below to use the Online ID Calculator. This tool will help you see how your brand currently shows up. Jump to the Online ID Calculator » Document What does Google say about you? Use the Online ID Calculator to understand how your brand shows up on the web. After searching for yourself on the internet and answering a series of questions, you'll receive your results along with advice for enhancing your virtual visibility. After you have used the Online ID Calculator, document your plans for enhancing your virtual brand. Distil First, assign a priority to the work you want to do to improve in each of the measures of online ID: 1 = very important; 2 = somewhat important; 3 = less important. In the table below, give each of the five measures a priority: Select one or two of the highest priority items on your list and document the related action plan to improve in this area. Make sure to refer to the supplemental videos on each of these virtual visibility areas. Validate The actions I will take to improve my virtual visibility and online presence are: … Update my LinkedIn summary … Update my Facebook page … Update my branded bio on my blog, vlog or website … Create/update my YouTube channel profile … Create/update my Google profile … Create a short version of my branded bio to include in job applications, etc. … Create a personal portal (e.g., about me, flavors.me, etc.) and include my branded bio … Update my 160-character Twitter profile … Create a version of my branded bio for the about me section of a cover letter … Use it to create a branded video bio and post it to YouTube and other video sharing sites Personal branding is not a one-time event Just like you, your personal brand is ever evolving. The process you have used to document, distil and validate your personal brand is one that you can repeat as many times as you would like over a lifetime. It is a proven process to help you make great choices at every juncture in your life. The questions you have answered in this process are of paramount importance, whether you are attending college or making key career or life decisions. These are the questions that will enable you to fulfil a life filled with engagement and enthusiasm derived from living in alignment with values, passions, strengths and skills that fulfil your purpose. As you gain experience and grow, your skills and interests will evolve and grow with you. In time, you may want to revisit this process/workbook and perform the exercises again to identify your strengths and areas for development, and to help drive your personal brand plan. It might even be fun for you to revisit it when your 10-year college reunion rolls around. We hope it has helped you to identify who you are and what makes you stand out and gives you clarity about where you would like to take your career and life. And we hope your branded bio and other brand-building materials you developed as part of this experience help position you for career success. We wish you all the best in your studies and your career.
Evaluation of health care and social public service development schemes Final Report Framework contract for the performance of assessments of development programmes co-financed by the Funds under the EU's Cohesion Policy, in 9 parts Part III: Assessment of impact on labour market and social outcomes Prepared for the Prime Minister's Office Nagy Katalin Klára Kopint-Tárki Zrt. Gábos András Palócz Éva Kopint-Tárki Zrt. Tárki Zrt. Vállalkozási és felhasználási keretszerződés: MÉF/48296-1/2018/ITM, JTF/1326/2020-ITM szerződés módosítás Készült: MÉF/5/2/2022 MÉF/16-3/2021. szerződés alapján Prepared by: Gábos András Nagy Katalin Résztvevők: Dózsa Csaba Cseh Borbála Farkas Zsombor KOPINT-TÁRKI Konjunktúrakutatási Intézet Zrt. 1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út. 45. 1518 Budapest, Pf. 71. Telefon: 309-2695 Fax: 309-2647 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org www.kopint-tarki.hu Executive Summary The report summarises the results of the evaluation of the health and social public services developments implemented in the period 2014-2020 under the TSDOP 1 (Territorial and Settlement Development Operational Programme), the CCHOP 2 (Competitive Central Hungary Operational Programme) and the HRDOP 3 (Human Resources Development Operational Programme) schemes and makes recommendations for the development directions for the period 2021-2027. The two areas will be assessed in parallel, taking into account their development needs, in order to assess the extent to which the different relevant calls have responded to these needs and how effectively. Where possible and appropriate, we have sought to develop a common set of criteria for analysis. However, when examining specific thematic issues, the assessment of the two areas was completely separate. The evaluation analysed 23 health and 16 social calls, covering a total of 930+561, i.e. 1491 projects at a cut-off date of 07.10.2021. Since then, the number of projects has increased (+70) due to the inclusion of projects on the reserve list. For both health and social public services, the evaluation was carried out along different thematic areas. In the area of health services development, the calls for proposals were grouped according to 1) infrastructure development of primary health care, 2) development of primary health care and public health services, 3) structural change in health care, 4) human resources development, 5) other development schemes (including medical technology, IT- development as well as projects aiming at methodological support in the field of health care). In the field of public social services, we have grouped the calls to be examined according to 1) infrastructure development of basic social services, 2) human resources development in the social sector, 3) development of child protection services and related infrastructure and 4) other schemes related to the development of public social services. As regards the financial progress of the projects, a significant part of the budget available for the two strands (83.4% for the development of health services up to October 2021 and 96.9% for the development of social services) has been committed, with absorption rates varying considerably between the schemes examined, depending on the completion date of each and on the extent to which external circumstances (e.g. pandemic, organisational restructuring, inflation, procurement difficulties) have hampered implementation. In both areas, the contracted aid covered around 68-74% of the funding needs, i.e. in both areas the need for development was greater than the resources available. The distribution of resources between the different professional areas was as follows: in the health services area, 23.4% of the budget was allocated to the schemes classified under other development schemes in the health sector, concentrated on two priority projects related to electronic health sector development (development of skills laboratories, development of medical infrastructure) and on projects aiming at methodological support in the field of health care system. The projects under review 1 In Hungarian TOP. 2 In Hungarian VEKOP. 3 In Hungarian EFOP. related to the structural change of the health sector accounted for 30.7% of the budget, while 22.2% of the planned budget was allocated to the development of primary health care infrastructure. The calls for proposals for the development of public health covered 17.1% of the funds and the schemes for human resources development 6.6%. The largest share of funds allocated for the development of public social services was devoted to the expansion of infrastructure for basic social services (41% of the budget). The development of human resources for social services is also a major area, accounting for 20% of the resources allocated to the calls examined. Other schemes related to the development of social public services (e.g. "Renewal of methodological and information systems in the social sector") account for 27% of the budget. The development of child protection services and related infrastructure received 12% of the budget. The timing of the use of resources shows that the implementation of the schemes under review started in 2016, with the most intensive use of resources in 2017-2018. The status of projects shows that around 65% of projects in both areas have reached physical closure by October 2021, so there are still many projects in progress and many that have not yet really started. Initially, implementation was not hampered by a lack of resources, with around 60% of the contracted funding in the health sector and 85% in the social public services sector being paid in advance. However, the increase in the cost of building materials meant that applicants needed additional funding for infrastructure improvements and an extension of the project period. Up to the cutoff date of the evaluation (7 October 2021), mainly the advances paid had been used, with only a small number of other invoiced payments. In the case of health services, invoices were submitted for around 12.3% of the contracted grants, and for social services for 12.6%. 79% of the advances called on were accounted for by applicants in the health sector and 62% in the social sector. The technical progress of the projects can be monitored by means of indicators. We were also able to assess the progress of the indicators up to the deadline of 7 October 2021. In some cases, it was difficult to assess the performance of the indicators because the EUPR data (data from the Database of Projects financed by European Union Funds) and the information received directly from Managing Authorities and applicants were not always consistent with each other. In general, the achievement of indicator targets is in most cases proportionate to the use of resources. In several cases, no targets are set, and thus the results achieved cannot be interpreted. Looking at the distribution of resources between the OPs concerned, it can be seen that HRDOP resources played the largest role in the development of both health and social public services. In terms of the development objective of the schemes, the TSDOP is responsible for the development of primary health care infrastructure and public social services. The HRDOP covers public health development, human resources development, development linked to the structural change of the health sector and so-called other health development (IT, methodological development). While in case of social sector public services, the development of child protection services and related infrastructure, social human resources development projects and other social developments (methodological, IT) planned in the convergence regions are implemented within HRDOP. The CCHOP will implement public health, child protection and human resources development projects related to the Central Hungary region. 4 The health developments could draw on a number of sectoral policy documents. Overall, it can be concluded that in the case of EU-funded health development schemes in the 2014-2020 programming period, the emphasis was not on the (infrastructural) development of specialised health care, but rather on targeted programmes that will show significant progress in specific segments of the care system, such as the development and expansion of child emergency and acute psychiatric care, or preventive care. The structural change of the health care system aims to strengthen primary care, develop care close to the place of residence, define the precise responsibilities of primary and specialised (including outpatient) care, create the appropriate operating conditions, transform the health care system with a preventive approach and optimise patient journey management. The change of structure is indirectly supported by the founding constructs containing methodological and impact studies (e.g. EFOP-1.8.0-VEKOP-17 Professional Methodological Development of the Health Care System and EFOP-1.8.10 Complex Health Protection and Attitude Development in the Field of Nutrition and Drug Consumption), the results of which (e.g. development of a database on dietary supplements and nutritional products, development of a database on medical aids, development of an e-cigarette database) may be of importance for the managers and participating professionals in the respective fields. However, the effectiveness of EFOP1.8.0-VEKOP-17 has been hampered by the fact that the integration of the programmes has not always been achieved in a timely manner. In some areas (EFOP-2.2.18-17 Complex infrastructure improvements to improve patient safety in the health care system), there was a large additional demand which could not be met, but it is noted that there is still a significant need for infrastructure improvements in the area of patient safety (e.g., improvement of hygiene systems, introduction of patient identification systems, laboratory improvements, etc.) In other areas (e.g., development of paediatric emergency and accident care (EFOP-2.2.1-VEKOP-16)), infrastructure development is lagging behind, partly due to delays in public procurement and partly due to changes in the conditions of implementation (the increase in the cost of building materials means that projects require additional resources). The beneficiary of several projects (e.g., EFOP-2.2.1-VEKOP-16, EFOP2.2.6-VEKOP-16, structured development of the psychiatric care system) is the National Healthcare Service Center (OKFŐ), whose reorganisation in the course of the project also slowed down implementation. However, both the Development of Emergency and Accident Care for Children and the Structured Development of the Psychiatric Care System schemes are well targeted and focused. The practice communities of physicians with a preventive and public health focus in general practice is a direction for further development in the area of structural change, based on positive professional experience. This kind of medical practice form, which provides additional services and is based on the Swiss model, could not continue to operate after the programme ended due to lack of funding. The Government Decree 53/2021 (9.2.21) provides the legal basis for the operation of practice communities for general practitioners, general paediatricians and dentists, but does not provide the funding for the additional services. Thus, in the future, it would be important to develop the financing background and the necessary infrastructure of the community medical practice form of operation providing additional services (construction of premises enabling the provision of additional services, procurement of equipment, common IT platform), to strengthen methodological support (professional training, strengthening of community of practice management skills) and to deepen the network of cooperation with the Health Promotion Offices and the Mental Health Promotion Offices, which have been extended with a mental health promotion function. Dissemination and promotion of complex public health screening (EFOP-1.8.1-VEKOP-15 priority project) is an important task for the structural change of the health sector. The project was already delayed before the outbreak of COVID-19, and its implementation was further hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic, some prevention modules were implemented later than planned: the oral cavity pilot screening programme with the involvement of mobile units (buses) for general screening started at the end of June 2021, mainly in disadvantaged areas), the HPV vaccination of 7th grade boys aged 12 and above was slightly delayed. A set of criteria, based on a professional consensus and in line with the WHO screening rules defined in 1968 (Wilson & Jungner) and renewed in 2014, has been established to determine which services constitute screening and which of these are recommended to be carried out, either at the level of the whole population or in the target population at risk by age. The project has achieved a coverage of 189,923 people by October 2021, which is about 26% of the planned coverage. The effectiveness of screening and the screening of the target population would be improved by a more active participation of Health Promotion Offices and of community medical practices to increase the coverage of the population. Further support for both types of organisations could help to promote population screening by mobilising the population through health status assessments in a synergistic way. Each of the 23 health care constructs we examined reflects to some kind of shortage or inadequacy in health care. A prominent ambition is to increase health understanding, health awareness and promote healthy lifestyles as general objectives. It is also important to improve equal access to services (thus reducing the number of vacant practices) and to alleviate the shortage of health professionals. The implementation of human resource development programmes has been a major contributor to staff retention, with scholarships, training programmes and support for high performers being an important motivating force. At the same time, it must be seen that the European population, including our own, is ageing, an ageing trend which is placing an increasing burden on the health care system. Adequate numbers of professionals need to be available to care for the growing number of patients, but ensuring an adequate supply is a major challenge around the world, including in our country. Staffing levels in the health sector need to be adapted to human resource needs, so strengthening human resources is a priority and should be supported even if the ESF+ Regulation only allows for temporary support of up to 18 months in more developed regions from 2021. The reduction of the number of vacant practices has been addressed by several development schemes (Infrastructural development of primary health care TOP-4.1.1-15 and TOP-4.1.1-16 and TOP6.6.1-15 and TOP-6.6.1-16) and the Comprehensive development of primary care and public health systems - Development of primary care (VEKOP-7.2.3-17 and EFOP-1.8.2-17). In several cases, the projects have progressed only up to the development of an action plan rather than the actual filling of the practice. Overall, the number of permanently unfilled practices continued to increase between 2017 and 2020, especially in disadvantaged areas. Thus, making general practice more attractive and clarifying competence levels (i.e., redistributing medical and specialist tasks according to the level of training) remains a priority. The extension of the competence of nurses with extended responsibilities to the tasks currently performed by doctors and the exploitation of telemedicine services to reduce the burden on human resources are further opportunities for primary health care. In terms of the territorial coverage of grants, the non-priority schemes included in the analysis were analysed. The benefit of the grants varied from one scheme to another, depending on whether the call explicitly stated this objective or on the willingness of applicants to apply. However, it is important to underline that, in terms of public health services, the infrastructural state of some institutions in Central Hungary or Budapest needs further improvement, so despite the overall development of the Central Hungary region and Budapest, there is still a great need for improvement, partly due to territorial constraints on access to EU development funds. In order to reduce the spatial disparities in primary health care and services to the population, it is proposed as a basic principle that, where justified, development should be targeted disproportionately, in accordance with the principle of positive discrimination, to those districts which, according to the Hungarian legal classification, are among those which are to be especially developed and. However, in the case of tenders focusing on specialised health care institutions, this can be an obstacle, as specialised health care structures are not always represented at district level. In addition to the scheduled preparation of tenders, it is important to prepare, inform and mobilise potential applicants, to increase their receptiveness and willingness to apply, especially in less developed regions and districts. The contribution of the constructs to the improvement of health literacy and health awareness in Hungary was an important aspect of the analysis, since the health status of the Hungarian population shows a strong improving trend, but in international comparison it is still below the expected level based on the economic development of the country, and in some areas (circulatory diseases, malignant cancer mortality, diabetes, smoking, overweight) further improvements are still needed in the 2021-2027 programming period to significantly improve health indicators. In this respect, the relevant schemes we have evaluated are Comprehensive development of primary care and public health systems - development of local capacity for public health (EFI) (VEKOP-7.2.2-17 and EFOP-1.8.19-17), Comprehensive development of primary care and public health systems - development of local capacity for public health in the field of mental health (EFI-LEK) (EFOP-1. 8.20-17), Comprehensive development of the primary care and public health system - development of primary care (Community of Practice tenders) (VEKOP-7.2.3-17 and EFOP-1.8.2-17) and Complex health protection and approach development in the field of nutrition and drug consumption (Priority Methodology Project implemented by the OGYÉI, EFOP-1.8.10-VEKOP-17). The schemes identify and set as specific objectives the development of a health culture, which is essential for the promotion of healthy lifestyles, the support of related communication content and events, effective health communication, capacity building of organisations involved in local health communication. 73,515 people were reached in health promotion and disease prevention programmes (around 63% of the planned target); 66 districts where upgraded screening programmes were introduced in deprived areas and 64 districts achieved an increase in the number of people attending screening programmes. Public health measures have an impact in the medium and even more so in the long term. Taking into account the developments of the last two programming periods, EUROSTAT data show that although life expectancy at birth in Hungary has increased by more than four years between 2000 and 2019 (from 71.9 to 76.6 years), it is still below the EU-27 average. The number of healthy life years at birth has also increased: between 2010 and 2019, it rose by 4.4 years to 60.9 years for men and by 4.2 years to 63.1 years for women (the EU average for the total population is 64.6 years). In the context of health education, the creation of a Skill lab network (under the call EFOP4.2.2-17), to create the infrastructural conditions for quality higher education, instrument and laboratory upgrades supporting practical training in accordance with the best available technological criteria are being implemented in three university skill centres and 16 countylevel teaching hospitals, i.e., 19 institutions, in a total of 24 sites. The project is still ongoing, and implementation is being hampered by delays in procurement and a lack of resources due to the construction price increases in the meantime. The procurement of equipment, the related curriculum development and the established network of skill laboratories, together with the professional input of the university skill centres, have created a unique system. However, it is important to point out that there is a strong need to strengthen the human resources side. The training and further training of trainers, instructors, technical staff and further support for the work of the trainers in the simulation centres and skill labs is needed. The implementation of development schemes has been affected in different ways by the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the schemes included in the evaluation, the COVID-19 pandemic mainly affected those that were still under implementation in 2020. In particular, those that were human-service oriented, i.e., involving face-to-face presence and personal contact, were also affected, and in many cases the completion of programmes had to be extended. While investment-focused projects, mainly involving infrastructure development, were less affected. In the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, the EFOP-1.8.0-VEKOP-17 project entitled "Professional Methodological Development of the Health Care System" is worth highlighting. Here the technical content of the call was significantly modified to reflect the epidemic and the budget was increased. Thus, the National Health Telephone and Online Information Centre is being set up, the teleradiology network and telemetry are being developed, a large number of protective equipment and devices are being installed, a pilot programme for the treatment of viral infections is being implemented, etc. Implementation of these elements is planned by 30 June 2022. Taking into account the environmental changes, challenges and lessons learned in the 20142020 period, the following key development directions for the healthcare system are outlined for the coming 2021-2027 development period: 1. Targeted infrastructure development: further development of the network of skill laboratories, further renewal of the network of rural wards and care institutions in the psychiatric care system, development of forms of care that replace or shorten hospital care and their infrastructural and modern (diagnostic and therapeutic) medical technology background. Development of specialised out-patient care facilities, improvement of internal functionality. As part of primary health care: creation of functional extension rooms in primary care surgeries. Provision of diagnostic and testing equipment, mobile screening stations to extend health promotion and public health screening nationwide and improve their effectiveness. 2. Organisational development and patient pathway management: support for organisational solutions that reduce fragmentation between levels and types of care, while improving the organisation of the national health care system, ensuring continuity of care between primary, outpatient, active and chronic inpatient specialised care. Development of mobile teams, further development of the Primary Care Community of Practice programme, further expansion of current GP community of practice activities to include dentists, pharmacists, social workers and these areas of competence. Bundled payment techniques to support the effective management of acute pathologies up to rehabilitation, on the one hand, and chronic disease management (CDM) programmes in priority population diseases, with priority given to beneficiary districts and disadvantaged counties, on the other. 3. Human resources development: in the framework of HR development, launching additional training and scholarship programmes to retain and attract staff, to increase motivation of those working in the sector, targeting shortage occupations. Human resources development programmes should be developed and implemented with EU support to create new administrative and organisational jobs in primary and specialised care, especially in disadvantaged areas. The additional human resources thus mobilised will take the administrative burden off doctors and nurses, improve the organisation of care and coordination between levels of care. This is an objective to be supported even if, according to Article 4(3)(b) of the ESF+ Regulation, only temporary support for a maximum period of 18 months is allowed for "persons who are not directly socio-economically vulnerable". In the coming years, human resources development can be targeted, following the principle of positive discrimination, so that it is mainly targeted at primary and specialised care workers providing care for the population of rural disadvantaged areas and districts. Although this is an indirect support for the disadvantaged population, it will ultimately improve the provision of care for this social group. 4. Improving the health awareness of the population in the framework of preventive action: strengthening health awareness among the population, developing curricula (education - introduction of health studies), providing healthy lifestyle advice and launching a wide range of programmes to increase primary and secondary prevention, and encouraging participation in screenings. 5. Improving patient safety and the resilience of the care system: developing and launching targeted tenders. These include, for example, upgrading patient safety equipment, internal envelopes and walkways in hospitals and, secondarily, in outpatient clinics; improving conditions for safe patient care and treatment (support for the purchase of modern hygiene and care equipment to reduce the risk of nosocomial infections, equipment for the prevention and treatment of decubitus ulcers; improving the resilience and response capacity of health care institutions through training, the development of internal rules and protocols). 6. The development and national roll-out of telemedicine programmes should be pursued as part of the drive to modernise the care system. In order to increase the efficiency of infrastructure and software development, it is recommended to develop digital skills and knowledge not only for the population but also directly for health professionals. Development of telemedicine services and applications for better access to healthcare, in line with the National eHealth Infrastructure. 7. Improving the sustainability of projects beyond the mandatory maintenance period Ensuring sustainability beyond the mandatory maintenance period is also very important for projects funded by EU grants. In the case of public health services, this implies that the improvements are integrated into the health care system and that the associated operating and wage costs are covered for several years after the project has been completed. This can be in the form of direct public subsidies (e.g., in the form of targeted, transitional support to the maintainer) or in the form of tendering opportunities for a transitional period until, for example, development funds become available in the new EU programming period, allowing projects to continue. * * * There is no comprehensive sector strategy in the field of social public services, only policy and strategy documents for specific target groups (e.g., for disabled people, elderly people). The evaluation examined the basic documents of the EU development periods and the National Development 2030 National Development and Spatial Development Concept (2013). The legal background for the services targeted by the development is provided by the two basic laws of the sector, Act III of 1993 on Social Administration and Social Services and Act XXXI of 1997 on the Protection of Children and the Administration of Guardianship. The general conclusion of our evaluation is that EU funds used in the field of social public services are indispensable for the social sector, while the improvements could not be achieved at all or only to a much lesser extent with domestic budget resources. The structural transformation identified in the social sector is the process of deinstitutionalization, the two directions of which concern large residential social institutions (Sztv.) and children's homes (Gyvt.). The former is not covered by our evaluation, as it is the subject of a separate evaluation, while the latter is supported by the call for proposals EFOP2.1.1-16 Replacement of children's homes, modernisation of children's homes, creation of missing children's home capacity, and its mirror call for proposals VEKOP-6.3.1-16 directly, and by the call for proposals EFOP-2.2.14-17 Infrastructural and professional development of foster care networks indirectly. The calls EFOP-2.1.1-16 and VEKOP-6.3.1-16, which support the structural adjustment that has already begun, are designed as a continuation of the TIOP schemes of the 2007-2013 period, as the last step in the process of replacing the children's homes facilities. Although we have identified difficulties and dilemmas that hinder implementation, the schemes can be considered successful overall. The EFOP-2.2.14-17 call supports the infrastructural and professional development of foster care networks, thus indirectly contributing to the replacement of institutional places by expanding and strengthening foster care places. Overall, it can be concluded that the evaluated schemes contribute to the deinstitutionalization of children's homes, the continuation and completion of the process and the development of the foster care network, the reinforcement of foster care places and to some extent also to increasing their capacity. However, the replacement process was not fully completed by the end of the development cycle and the expansion of the foster care network would require further development. The schemes and calls typically address long-standing, systemic problems and gaps in the social public services sector. The calls for proposals TOP 4.2.1 and 6.6.2 respond primarily to service and capacity gaps and inequalities in access to services by supporting the infrastructural development of basic social services. The calls EFOP-3.8.2-16 and VEKOP-7.5.1-16, as flagship projects, respond to the high staff drop-out rates in the social sector, low social recognition, unmet training needs, lack of professional development opportunities and challenges in the continuous provision of services. The three calls for proposals under the evaluation area "Development of child protection services and related infrastructure" (calls for proposals EFOP-1.2.7-16, EFOP-2.1.1-16, EFOP-2.2.14-17), one call for proposals VEKOP (VEKOP-6.3.1-16) and one flagship project (EFOP-2.2.4-VEKOP-16) reflect the different needs and gaps in the child protection system, in the provision of specialised care. The two EFOP calls in the area "Development of other public social services" aim at the development of institutions and services of church and civil (EROP-1.9.8-17) and charitable (EROP-2.2.1516) organisations. Call EFOP-2.2.3-17 addresses the infrastructure and capacity gaps in specialised social care and family transition homes, as well as the "emptied" professional content of rehabilitation care. Call for proposals EFOP-3.2.9-16 responds to a lack of services and a long-standing professional need by introducing and extending social assistance in nursery schools and schools. The EFOP-1.9.4-VEKOP-16 flagship project responds to the need to continue the improvements already made to the official registers and to modernise the professional support systems by renewing the methodological and information systems of the social sector. Overall, all the calls included in the evaluation reflect on an area of weakness. However, it appears that EU developments alone cannot address complex, systemic problems and gaps. The overall poor state of the infrastructure and lack of resources of the services and institutions being developed is reflected in the high number of applications received and the high level of resources required. The success in reducing the shortfalls varies from one scheme to another, as does the extent to which resources have been concentrated and deployed in the different areas of shortfall. Spatial disparities in social public services are manifest in several dimensions (capacity, access, accessibility, quality) and are linked to spatial-urban disparities and the spatial concentration of complex social problems. Of the calls evaluated, the TOP schemes supporting the development of infrastructure for basic social services were the main ones to reduce territorial disparities. TOP 6.6.2 targeted cities with county status with the allocations set out according to the area-specific annexes. TOP 4.2.1 was targeted at county level, with indicative resources allocated to specific districts and rural areas within the county, as specified in the area-specific annexes (in the 2015 call). The area-specific annexes mostly included as an evaluation criterion whether the development was to be implemented in a beneficiary district or municipality, a small settlement or a settlement with a lack of services (without the service developed). Infrastructural improvements have led to an increase in the quality of services, improved conditions and conditions of service provision. These are important but not sufficient responses to territorial disparities. They cannot alleviate the complex social, economic and infrastructural problems of deprived and disadvantaged areas and (small) settlements, and overall they do little or nothing to alleviate the capacity shortages of basic services. In addition to the fact that projects were supported in six 'less developed' regions of the country, the HRDOP calls, due to the nature of the policy objectives, services and institutions to be developed, largely lack a strong territorial equalising effect. A significant proportion of the projects and resources under the calls evaluated - looking at the project municipalities included in the EUPR database - were allocated to well-served cities with county rights. There have been many difficulties in assessing the impact of the developments schemes on the quality of services, as there is no structured data available on the professional content of services, and the monitoring systems of the operational programmes do not focus on this. Improvements in quality could therefore only be assessed indirectly, through key informant interviews, case studies and questionnaire surveys. The calls and schemes included in the evaluation all have some impact on the quality of services, but the analysis focused on the relevant calls in the three priority evaluation areas (development of infrastructure for basic social services, development of social human resources, development of specialised child protection services and related infrastructure) identified in the evaluation launch report (TOP4.2.1-15, TOP-4.2.1-16; TOP-6.6.2-15, TOP-6.6.2-16, EFOP-3.8.2-16, VEKOP-7.5.1-16, EFOP-1.2.7-16, VEKOP-6.3.1-16, EFOP-2.1.1-16, EFOP-2.2.14-17, EFOP-2.2.4-VEKOP 16) and the call for proposals concerning rehabilitation institutions (EFOP-2.2.3-17) and the priority scheme for the renewal of methodological and information systems in the social sector (EFOP-1.9.4-VEKOP-16). The schemes are mostly achieving their objectives and typically have a positive impact on the quality and/or availability and capacity of services. EFOP-1.9.4-VEKOP-16 supported the renewal of methodological and information systems in the social sector. The main result is that the professional materials for direct and indirect target groups and the appropriate IT support will make the work and service delivery more efficient. Significant improvements in IT systems have been made during the cycle. However, the shortcomings of the monitoring systems, which are not suited to assessing the quality of services, either in general or in relation to the impact of specific improvements, remain a problem. In spring 2020, the first sector was not yet prepared for the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Until the first unified management procedures for the epidemic were drawn up by the sectoral management, the service providers and maintainers were left to their own discretion to make decisions and take measures best suited to the situation, and the unexpected costs associated with this meant that they had to bear significant additional costs. Beneficiaries of the evaluated TSDOP calls were not affected by the pandemic and the related lockdown measures, while the implementers of the HRDOP calls were affected to varying degrees and from different perspectives. Some of the EFOP projects requested extensions beyond three months and a significant number of the face-to-face project components were kept online. In a number of cases, project activities were rescheduled, the implementation period was extended and in several cases costs were reallocated. For the EFOP-2.2.4.-VEKOP-16 priority action, the planned renovation activities could not be carried out, partly due to the epidemic situation and partly due to unsuccessful procurement procedures, and the project had to be reworked. Overall, it can be concluded that the calls and schemes have met the policy objectives and orientations. However, it is also clear that there is still much to be done in a number of areas, especially in the field of basic social services, child welfare and child protection, both in terms of infrastructure and professional conditions. Compared to the number of services and institutions, only a small number of actors have received EU development funding. Meanwhile, as domestic budget resources are barely sufficient to finance operating costs, those that have not benefited from EU projects have most likely not been able to improve and develop their services. Further improvements in both quality and accessibility are needed, especially in areas and municipalities with a shortage of services. Based on the experience of the evaluation, the following areas are of particular importance for further development and expansion: 1. There is a continued need to improve the infrastructure of basic social services. Many development needs could not be met, and the total amount of funding is still too low compared to the number of operators and maintainers of public social services and the needs and requirements. 2. The further development of child protection institutions and the full and careful completion of the deinstitutionalization process are essential. The investment and refurbishment elements of the priority project for the infrastructural development of the regional child protection services, concerning real estate, have not been completed. The need for further infrastructural and professional development of the specialised services seems clear. 3. There is a great need to further expand the support activities in kindergartens and schools. Although significant improvements have been made in this area, further expansion of the system, access to more public schools than at present, and the expansion of social assistance in kindergartens and schools would seem justified. 4. Overall, the further development of social public services in settlements with a shortage of services and in areas and settlements where socio-economic problems are concentrated and the proportion of socially deprived people is high is of particular importance. Based on the results of the evaluation, our further findings and recommendations are: 1. Existing monitoring systems should be improved, and outcome indicators (e.g. measures of service delivery/uptake processes and transitions, changes in well-being directly measured among service users, staff skills, or the effectiveness of preventive services) should be developed to monitor and assess changes in the quality and accessibility of services. 2. There is a need to further develop sectoral monitoring systems, using different methodological approaches (e.g. linking sectoral and development databases), so that they are also capable of monitoring changes in the quality of services, both in general and in development programmes. 3. For the 2021-2027 period, a general scheme with a longer implementation period is envisaged, allowing a wider range of professional activities to be selected. This will allow a wide range of activities to be carried out in the same project. 14
SunKrist Sociology and Research Journal Review Article Volume: 2, Issue: 1 What is Equality of Opportunity * Robert M Blackburn Department of Sociology, Emeritus Professor at Clare College, Cambridge University, UK 1. Introduction Equality of opportunity is a popular idea, not just advocated by sociologists, economists and other social scientists but widely supported by the general public at large. It is recognised that considerable inequalities exist, but the ideal is that everyone should have the same chances to advance to a better situation. The opportunity is generally understood as social status or class improvement, usually in terms of occupation or income, and often all of them together. There are other inequalities such as power, inherited wealth and health, but there is no general expectation that these can be equal for all. The ideal is that occupational and status opportunities should be equal for everyone. For instance, Mark Carney, the Governor of the Bank of England, said upward mobility, to be gained by the workers' efforts or by their natural ability. Yet if some can move up there must be opportunities for others to move down, though this is rarely considered. In many years of research, I have only once come across a man who was truly happy to have moved down socially and occupationally. Having started at a "good" school he was found a senior occupation position, but unhappy in the job he moved to a less demanding job. After several such downward moves, he ended up happily as a park-keeper. Such happy downward mobility is rarely acknowledged, even if it happens. The assumption is always that desirable mobility is upward, and the financial and status rewards depend on upward mobility. Opportunity is always opportunity to gain a better job, or a better position in society. capitalism is fundamentally about delivering a basic social contract comprised of relative equality of outcomes; equality of opportunity; and fairness across generations [1]. This sums up the general conception of equality of opportunity as a desirable principal, as expressed by a member of the powerful elite. It is widely supported by the public at large. Politicians love it because it sounds and looks good, yet nothing ever happens to actually apply the principal. This lack of action is to be expected as we shall see. The principal is always seen as an opportunity for 2. Discussion To understand why the principle never gets anywhere it is necessary to recognise that it is a logical contradiction. Opportunity requires an unequal structure; the successful individual needs to advance to a better position in the social structure. Even if all in the society start as equals, those who take the opportunity to move up (or down) inevitably create an Corresponding author: Robert M Blackburn, Department of Sociology, Emeritus Professor at Clare College, Cambridge University, UK, E-mail: email@example.com Received Date: February 16, 2021; Accepted Date: February 17, 2021; Published Date February 28, 2021. 1 Scientific Knowledge unequal structure. Once the inequalities exist the opportunities cannot be equal. This is not to say that two people cannot have equal opportunities in some respect, but for everyone it is impossible. If the social structure is supposed to remain equal, then opportunity would have no meaning. The principle would simply be equality for everyone in the society, with no mobility up or down. It is well known that the social structures of societies are very far from equal. Numerous studies over many years and in a variety of ways have clearly established the extreme range of social inequality. Probably the first studies of 'class' inequality in the UK were in the early Nineteenth century; previously inequalities were associated with the concept of rank. It seems that this development was similar in other industrially developed countries. Then the system of hierarchical classes was introduced in the 1911 UK Census by Stevenson. More recently the work of Goldthorpe and colleagues on social class has been extensive [2 - 4] while there have been numerous other important studies [5 -7]. At present, however, there seems to be less enthusiasm for the study of class. These examples are largely based on the United Kingdom. However, the inequalities exist and are important throughout the world. Economic development may have changed the nature of the occupational structures and the entailed inequalities, but the inequalities have long been influential. Probably the earliest form of 'class' inequality was in ancient Rome, where the 'proletariat' class was defined for tax purposes. Earlier civilisations certainly had established inequalities, with powerful ruling elites at one extreme and slaves at the other, but any attempt to apply analysis in class terms seems to be a more recent practice. For examples of occupational inequality in countries of the contemporary world, including Germany, Italy, Russia, Britain, Scotland, South and South East Asia, Post-Socialist countries and the United States see the chapters in Lambert et al (Eds) [8]. historians and anthropologists, relatively little is known about the social lives and occupational structures of the earliest humans. Communities were small and consequently the scope for social divisions was limited. It is unlikely that the idea of equality of opportunity existed then or for many years after, as human societies developed. In the contemporary world the inequalities are usually expressed in the form of different levels of occupations, in terms of social stratification, class, status, wealth or income [9 – 11]. However, the occupational inequalities continue, in a modified form, after retirement [12, 13]. Processes in society continue to reproduce the structures of occupational inequality. For instance, the educational systems differentiate the population in preparation for filling occupational roles at different levels, with more privileged families exploiting the opportunities to secure the most favourable outcomes for their children [14]. Then universities, and particularly the elite universities such as Oxford and Cambridge and Harvard, prepare young men and women for senior occupational positions [15, 16]. It does not follow that the most successful are entirely happy with their attainments [17] but, with rare exceptions, they do not choose to give up their advantages. All this is very far from the popular ideas of equality of opportunity. However, there is another sense in which opportunities may be thought of as equal. In the extremely unequal societies of the contemporary world, it may be argued that everyone has an opportunity to advance to a better position - in particular to a better occupation or higher status. Of course, this does not hold for the many retired people and others without occupations. They are generally ignored in any discussion of opportunities. However, most research and discussion is focussed on the world of work, and on the people, who perform the work. It is true that workers can progress from occupations at any level. The extent of the advance may be highly variable. A low-paid worker may welcome, and need, a modest increase in pay of ten dollars (or ten pounds) a week, while a senior executive may be upgraded with a reward of several thousand, and company directors may award themselves even more. Furthermore, the opportunities for workers to advance depends very much on the type of work for which they are employed. There are many jobs in which there are no normal expectations of promotion, while in some jobs there is a fairly high rate of advancement. Not surprisingly, in the former type of work the employees accept their lack of advancement, while in the latter the (unpromoted) workers are critical of their chances. Even if we ignore the retired and unemployed, the situation is far from equality and opportunities are widely variable. Whereas the law may, in principle, apply equally to all citizens of a country, the equality may often be quite irrelevant. As France [18] remarked: The Law, in its majestic impartiality forbids the rich, as well as the poor, to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread. On the other hand: Society allows the poor, as well as the rich, to live in expensive houses, to own racehorses, and to relax on their own luxury yachts [19]. These differences depend on the fundamental inequalities in the societies, and reflect the diverse opportunities. The irrelevance of the need to beg or the opportunity to own racehorses, for different sections of the population, depends on the extent of the inequalities between them. The size of the inequalities in a society has a significant bearing on the degrees of opportunity. In the period immediately after the second World War, that is the 1940s and 1950s, the wealth inequalities were at an unusually low level (though still quite substantial) in many industrialised countries. That was, therefore, a period of relatively high opportunity for much of the population. Since then, the financial inequalities have grown enormously, and with them the inequalities in life- styles. The countries have become richer but this has simply increased the extent of inequalities in favour of the wealthier citizens. The basic problem with the concept of equality of opportunity is that equality is never, or hardly ever, attainable. Equality is simply the zero point in the infinite range of inequality [19]. In different societies people occupy different positions on the scale of inequality with respect to any variable, including opportunity, whether the opportunity is regarded as the usual advancement in work or any other opportunity. To make sense of the concept we need to focus on the inequality. The inequalities can, and do, vary over a wide range. So, the aim should not be equality but reducing the level of inequality. Unfortunately, in the contemporary world the extent of inequality has been rising for 40 years, and is likely to continue to do so. As Wilkinson and Pickett [20] demonstrate, on the basis of many years research in a range of countries, everyone does better in societies where the inequalities are less. Yet the inequalities continue to grow. Not only does this make the notion of equality of opportunity more evidently impossible, but takes us further into a world of unnecessarily huge inequalities. 3. References 1. Brewer M. What do we know and what should we do about Inequality. London. Sage Publications. 2019. 2. Goldethorpe JH, Llewellyn C, Payne C. Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1987. 3. Goldethorpe JH, Lockwood D, Bechhofer F, Platt J. The Affluent Worker in The Class Structure. (Cambridge Studies in Sociology 3) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989. 4. Erikson R, Goldthorpe JH. The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1992. 5. Savage M. Social Class in the 21st Century. London: Pelican Books. 2015. 6. Crompton R. Class and Stratification: An Introduction to Current Debates. Cambridge and Oxford: Polity Press and Blackwell Publishers. 1993. 7. Stewart A, Prandy K, Blackburn RM. Social Stratification and Occupations. (Cambridge Studies in Sociology), London and Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1980. 8. Lambert P, Connelly R, Blackburn RM, Gale V. Social Stratification: Trends and Processes. London: Ashgate. 2012. 9. Therborn G. The Return of Class, Global Dialogue. 2011; 2(1): 3-5 . 10. Levine RF. Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates. Lanham and Oxford, Rowman and Littlefield. 2006. 11. Platt L. Understanding Inequalities: Stratification and Difference. Cambridge, Polity Press. 2011. 12. Arber S, Ginn J. Gender and Later Life: A Sociological Analysis of Resources and Constraints. London: Sage Publications. 1991. Century: New Approaches, New Tools, and Policy Opportunities, London: Routledge. 2019; 238-252. 14. Triventi M, Skopek J, Kulic N, Buchholz S, Blossfield H-P. (2020) Advantage 'Finds Its Way': How Privileged Families Exploit Opportunities in Different Systems of Secondary Education. Sociology. 2020; 54(2): 237-257. 15. Halsey AH. Decline of Donnish Dominion: The British Academic Profession in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993. 16. Piketty T. Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Translated by Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge. Mass. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2014. 17. Kantola A. Gloomy at the top: How the Wealthiest feel about the Rest. Sociology. 2020; 54(5) 904 - 919. 18. France A. Le Lys Rouge. Paris: CalmannLevy. 1923. 13. Blackburn RM, Jarman J, Rago G. Understanding gender inequality in employment and retirement. Chapter 8 in Jennifer Jarman and Paul Lambert (Eds) Exploring Social Inequality in the 21st 19. Blackburn RM. What is Social Inequality. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 2008; 28: 7 - 8. 20. Wilkinson R, Pickett K. The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone. London: Penguin Books. 2010. Citation: Robert M Blackburn. What is Equality of Opportunity. SunKrist Social Res J. 2021; 2: 1007. Copy Right: © 2021 Robert M Blackburn. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Closure Cost Estimate Clean Harbors Aragonite Incineration Facility Aragonite, Utah Prepared By: Americon, Inc. Salt Lake City, UT Boulder, CO Table of Contents I. Executive Summary II. Closure Cost Summaries III. Closure Costs by Area IV. Quotes/Cost Backup V. Decontamination Costs by Area and Task VI. Decontamination Standards/Analytical Parameters SECTION I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. Executive Summary At the request of Safety-Kleen, Inc, now Clean Harbors Aragonite, LLC, Americon, Inc. has prepared the following closure cost estimate for the Aragonite incineration facility. This estimate is based on the eventual closure of the entire facility by a third party. This revised closure cost estimate totals $13,692,607. In Section II of this document, tables are provided which summarize the total closure cost estimates broken out by closure activity and area. In Section III, detailed closure cost estimates are provided for each major process area. These estimates indicate costs by area closure activity. Additionally, a table is provided for each of these major process areas, which tabulates the closure activity total for that process area. Costs associated with the removal and disposal of waste in storage were calculated by using 2001 gate rates for waste disposal at the Clean Harbors Deer Park, TX facility. Costs for removal and disposal of 1.3G explosive wastes were based on 2021 rates at the Clean Harbors Colfax, LA facility adjusted for inflation back to the 2012 baseline. Costs associated with sampling and analyses were calculated by utilizing the sampling and analytical methods for decontamination verification approximating the methodology used in the Northeast Casualty Real Property Clive facility closure efforts. All costs have been adjusted for inflation to make current as of 2012. This closure cost estimate is based upon the assumption that all areas are full to their permitted capacities, off-site transportation and disposal costs are calculated using commercially available rates, independent third-party closure, analytical costs are quoted by Utah certified commercial laboratories, and closure certification is made by a Utah registered Professional Engineer. All cost estimates, except removal and disposal of explosive wastes, use available 2001 pricing adjusted for inflation using the U.S. Department of Commerce Implicit Price Deflators for the Gross Domestic Product to make the prices current as of 2012. The adjustment to 2012 prices was calculated by multiplying the 2001 cost estimates by the 2011 Implicit Price Deflator for the Gross Domestic Product divided by the 2001 Implicit Price Deflator for the Gross Domestic Product as released by the U.S. Department of Commerce, January 27, 2012, i.e., 113.327/90.727. Adjustments to the removal and disposal costs for the explosive wastes were made by multiplying the 2021 cost estimate by the 2012 Implicit Price Deflator for the Gross Domestic Product divided by the Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator for 2020, i.e., 100/113.625. Sampling and closure standards for verification of decontamination are assumed to be consistent with those applicable to the Northeast Casualty Real Property Clive incineration facility closure. SECTION II CLOSURE COST SUMMARIES AREA SUMMARY TABLE (includes costs from all areas) Clean Harbors Aragonite Incineration Facility Closure Cost Estimate by Area \| Area \| Activity \| Cost \| Area Subtotal \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Container Storage \| Decontamination \| $216,786 \| \| \| \| Sampling and Analysis \| $61,220 \| \| \| \| Transportation \| $1,207,584 \| \| \| \| Treatment and Disposal \| $5,166,517 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| $6,652,107 \| \| \| \| Engineering \| $332,605 \| \| \| \| Certification \| $18,173 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| $7,002,885 \| \| \| \| Contingency \| $700,289 \| \| \| \| Area Total \| $7,703,174 \| $7,703,174 \| \| Tank Farm \| Waste Removal \| $13,097 \| \| \| \| Decon (including flush, purge) \| $273,444 \| \| \| \| Sampling and Analysis \| $27,110 \| \| \| \| Transportation \| $244,185 \| \| \| \| Treatment and Disposal \| $904,497 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| $1,462,333 \| \| \| \| Engineering \| $73,117 \| \| \| \| Certification \| $18,173 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| $1,553,623 \| \| \| \| Contingency \| $155,362 \| \| \| \| Area Total \| $1,708,985 \| $1,708,985 \| \| Bulk Solids \| Waste Removal \| $6,498 \| \| \| \| Decontamination \| $118,121 \| \| \| \| Sampling and Analysis \| $22,026 \| \| \| \| Transportation \| $107,415 \| \| \| \| Treatment and Disposal \| $1,406,724 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| $1,660,784 \| \| \| Area \| Activity \| Cost \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Certification \| $10,484 \| \| \| Subtotal \| $1,754,307 \| \| \| Contingency \| $175,431 \| \| \| Area Total \| $1,929,738 \| \| Sludge Tanks \| Waste Removal \| $9,326 \| \| \| Decon (including flush) \| $60,455 \| \| \| Sampling and Analysis \| $5,622 \| \| \| Transportation \| $14,606 \| \| \| Treatment and Disposal \| $220,405 \| \| \| Subtotal \| $310,414 \| \| \| Engineering \| $15,521 \| \| \| Certification \| $4,543 \| \| \| Subtotal \| $330,478 \| \| \| Contingency \| $33,048 \| \| \| Area total \| $363,526 \| \| Kiln \| Removal of Waste Residue \| $980,696 \| \| \| Decon (including disassembly) \| $387,747 \| \| \| Sampling and Analysis \| $129,828 \| \| \| Transportation \| $31,977 \| \| \| Treatment and Disposal \| $172,949 \| \| \| Subtotal \| $1,703,197 \| \| \| Engineering \| $85,160 \| \| \| Certification \| $18,174 \| \| \| Subtotal \| $1,806,531 \| \| \| Contingency \| $180,653 \| \| \| Area Total \| $1,987,184 \| \| \| Total Cost Estimates \| \| SECTION III CLOSURE COSTS BY AREA Container Storage Area - General Summary Sheet SUMMARY TABLE \| Activity Number \| Activity \| Activity Cost \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| Demolition and Removal of Containment System \| $0 \| \| 2 \| Removal of Soil \| $0 \| \| 3 \| Backfill \| $0 \| \| 4 \| Decontamination \| $216,786 \| \| 5 \| Sampling and Analysis \| $61,220 \| \| 6 \| Monitoring Well Installation \| $0 \| \| 7 \| Transportation \| $1,207,584 \| \| 8 \| Treatment and Disposal \| $5,166,517 \| \| 9 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| $6,652,107 \| \| 10 \| Engineering Expenses \| $332,605 \| \| 11 \| Certification of Closure \| $18,173 \| \| 12 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| $7,002,885 \| \| 13 \| Contingency Allowance \| $700,289 \| \| 14 \| Landfill Closure \| $0 \| Container Storage Activity Number 4. Decontamination Note 1: Decontamination costs are detailed in Section V of this document. After waste is removed from storage and process areas, units will be decontaminated using appropriate equipment, such as ultra-high pressure water blaster, or other suitable means. Note 2: Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 1.0 gallon per square foot of unit surface area which came in contact with waste. This rate is based on generation rates from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. A. Decontamination: Costs detailed in Section V. Decontamination Cost by Area and Task $216,786 This cost is calculated by multiplying the overall total decontamination cost in Section V by the ratio of mandays for this task to the total mandays required overall. 234/1265 x $1,171,941 = $216,786 5. Sampling and Analysis Note 1: To be consistent with the analytical requirements for the Clive Incineration Facility, PCB wipes will be used to verify PCB decontamination. No RCRA analysis will be performed on wipe samples. Rinsewater sample will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI of this document) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in the quotation reference section. Sample quantities by location are indicated below. Note 2: Rinsewater samples will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in Section IV of this document. Sample locations are indicated below. Note 3: The Container Management areas are comprised of several storage units. These unit containment areas will be sampled individually. Quantities of samples by unit location are indicated below. A. Wipe Samples (for PCB Confirmation) 340 wipe sample locations x $125/wipe = $42,500 B. Rinse Samples (for RCRA confirmation) 40 sample locations x $468/sample =$18,720 C. Total Sampling Cost $42,500 wipe samples + $18,720 rinse samples = $61,220 7. Transportation of Waste in Storage Note 1: Containerized Waste Mileage rates based on $3.75 per loaded mile, the prevailing non-discounted transportation rate for hazardous waste cargo. Included mileage of 1,750 from Aragonite, UT to Deer Park, TX. Actual transportation quotes may result in a lower mileage rate. Note 2: Waste from Magazines Mileage rates based on $5.50 per loaded mile, the prevailing non-discounted transportation rate for explosive waste cargo. Included mileage of 1,596 from Aragonite, UT to Colfax, LA. Actual transportation quotes may result in a lower mileage rate. A. Transportation of Waste in Drums 14,397 drums of waste/80 drums per truck = 180 truckloads of drums 180 drum loads x 1,750 miles from Aragonite, UT to Deer Park, TX x $3.75/mile = $1,181,250 B. Transportation of Waste from Magazines on Pallets 90,000 pounds of waste/30,000 pounds per shipment = 3 truckloads 3 loads x 1,596 miles from Aragonite, UT to Colfax, LA x $5.50/mile = $26,334 C. Total Transportation Cost $1,181,250 containers +$26,334 = $1,207,584 8. Treatment and Disposal Note 1: Waste volumes and containment surfaces are based on permitted capacities and areas. The Container Storage Areas(s) have a combined maximum permitted capacity of 14,397 drums (55-gal). This capacity includes an equivalent of 213 55-gallon containers for the compressed gas cylinder capacity but does not include any capacity from the bulk solids/sludge pad, truck unloading or drive through/drive through corrosive direct burn stations as the capacity for these units is considered as bulk solids and bulk liquids and is included in the cost estimate for closure of the bulk solids tanks and the tank farm. The explosive waste magazines have a combined storage capacity of 90,000 pounds and a combined total containment surface area of 1,200 sq. ft. The total cumulative containment surface area of all of the container storage areas is 118,532 sq.ft. Note 2: Disposal rate for material in storage calculated at $0.55/lb (or $1,099/ton) based on a weighted average of gate rates of similar drummed waste at the CH-Deer Park, TX incineration facility. Note 3: Disposal rate for waste explosives in storage in the magazines calculated at $6.60/lb based upon rates for similar wastes at the CH-Colfax, LA thermal treatment facility. Note 4: Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 1.0 gallon per square foot of unit surface area which came in contact with waste. This rate is based on generation rates from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, Appendix 1 -- Section III including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. Note 5: Frac tanks will be used to temporarily store the liquids generated during decontamination efforts. These tanks are commonly available, and typically contain 20,000 gallons per tank. These tanks are available at a non-discounted rate of $874 per month. Tanks will be placed in suitable containment during use. Note 6: Bulk liquid transportation and disposal rate of $1.89/gallon based on bulk transport to Deer Park, TX by rail in a 20,000-gallon tank car. For details of transportation, and disposal rates, see Section IV of this document. A. Disposal of Waste in Drums 14,397 drums x 55 gal/drum/7.48 gal/ft 3 /27 ft 3 /yd = 3,921 cu.yd waste 3,921 cu.yd waste for disposal x 1.00775 tons/cu.yd = 3,952 tons of waste in drums for disposal 3,952 tons x $1,099/ton disposal cost =$4,343,248 B. Disposal of Explosive Waste in Magazines 30,000 lbs x 3 Magazines = 90,000 lbs 90,000 lbs x $6.60/lb disposal cost =$594,000 C. Transportation and Disposal of Decontamination Fluid 118,532 sq. ft containment x 1.0 gal/sq. ft decon fluid = 118,532 gallons 118,532 gal x $1.89/gal disposal cost = $224,025 D. Tank Rental three 20,000-gallon frac tanks required for two months 3 tanks x $874/month x 2 months = $5,244 E. Total Treatment and Disposal Cost $4,343,248 + $594,000 + $224,025 + $5,244 = $5,166,517 9. Sub-Total of Area Closure Costs $216,786 + $61,220 + $1,207,584 + $5,166,517 = $6,652,107 10. Engineering Expense Appendix 1 -- Section III A. Engineering Expense equal to 5% of Subtotal = $332,605 11. Certification of Closure A. Engineering Certification - Professional Engineer 100 hours x $156/hr = $15,600 B. Engineering Certification - Direct costs = $2,573 C. Total Engineering Certification 12. Sub-Total of Area Closure Costs 13. Contingency Allowance A. Contingency Allowance equal to 10% of Subtotal = $700,289 Total Area Closure Cost = $7,703,174 Tank Farm - General Summary Sheet SUMMARY TABLE \| Activity Number \| Activity \| Activity Cost \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| Removal of Waste \| $13,097 \| \| 2 \| Tank System Purging \| Incl w/decon \| \| 3 \| Flushing Tank and Piping \| Incl w/decon \| \| 4 \| Excavation, Disassembly, and Loading \| $0 \| \| 5 \| Demolition and Removal of Containment System \| $0 \| \| 6 \| Removal of Soil \| $0 \| \| 7 \| Backfill \| $0 \| \| 8 \| Decontamination \| $273,444 \| \| 9 \| Sampling and Analysis \| $27,110 \| \| 10 \| Monitoring Well Installation \| $0 \| \| 11 \| Transportation \| $244,185 \| \| 12 \| Treatment and Disposal \| $904,497 \| \| 13 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| $1,462,333 \| \| 14 \| Engineering Expenses \| $73,117 \| \| 15 \| Certification of Closure \| $18,173 \| \| 16 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| $1,553,623 \| \| 17 \| Contingency Allowance \| $155,362 \| \| 18 \| Landfill Closure \| $0 \| Tank Farm Activity Number 1. Inventory Removal Note 1: Volumes of waste in inventory based on permitted tank farm capacity of 461,504 gallons. Additionally, the capacity from the drive through/drive through corrosive and truck unloading direct burn stations adds five 7500-gallon tankers or 37,500 additional gallons of waste for a total of 499,004 gallons. The tank farm has 18,900 sq.ft. of surface area. This area does not include the drive through/drive through corrosive and truck unloading direct burn station surface areas as they are included in the container storage area closure. A. Remove Tank Farm Inventory Remove 499,004 gallons from storage - 30 mandays 30 mandays x $31/hr x 8 hrs/day = $7,440 Equipment - lump sum = $5,657 Labor plus equipment total = $13,097 2. Tank System Purging Included in Decontamination Costs 3. Flush Tank and Piping Included in Decontamination Costs 8. Decontamination Note 1: Decontamination costs are detailed in Section V of this document. After waste is removed from storage and process areas, units will be decontaminated using appropriate equipment, such as ultra-high pressure water blaster, or other suitable means. Note 2: Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 1.0 gallon per square foot of unit surface area which came in contact with waste. This rate is based on generation rates from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. Note 3: Tanks and piping will be emptied, flushed, then rinsed prior to dismantling. Tanks and piping will then be cut up for disposal as RCRA waste. Volume of waste based on tank volumes, and pipe system lineal footage. A. Decontamination Costs detailed in Section V. Decontamination Cost by Area and Task $273,444 This cost is calculated by multiplying the overall total decontamination cost in Section V by the ratio of mandays for this task to the total mandays required overall. 9. Sampling Note 1: To be consistent with the analytical requirements for the Clive Incineration Facility, PCB wipes will be used to verify PCB decontamination. No RCRA analysis will be performed on wipe samples. Rinsewater sample will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI of this document) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in the quotation reference section. Sample quantities by location are indicated below. Note 2. Rinsewater samples will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in Section IV of this document. Sample locations are indicated below. Note 3. The Tank Farm is comprised of four identical containment areas, and two pump houses. These unit containment areas will be sampled individually. Quantities of samples by unit location are indicated below. A. Wipe Samples (for PCB Confirmation) 142 wipe sample locations x $125/wipe = $17,750 B. Rinse Samples (for RCRA confirmation) 4 samples each for four containment areas 2 samples each for two pump houses Total rinsewater samples 20 sample locations x $468/sample = $9,360 C. Total Sampling Cost $17,750 wipe samples + $9,360 rinse samples = $27,110 11. Transportation Note 1: Mileage rates based on $3.75 per loaded mile, the prevailing non-discounted transportation rate for hazardous waste cargo. Included mileage of 1750 from Aragonite, UT to Deer Park, TX. Actual transportation quotes may result in a lower mileage rate. A. Transportation of Waste in Drums It is expected that approximately 34 drums of waste from the tank farm will be removed. 34 drums of waste/80 drums per truck = 1 truckload of drums 1 drum load x 1750 miles from Aragonite, UT to Deer Park, TX x $3.75/mile = $6,562 B. Transportation of Bulk Liquid in Storage, and Flush (by Rail tanker) 461,504-gallon tank farm capacity + 30% flush to remove PCBs + 37,500 gallons from direct burn stations = 637,455 gallons total 637,455 gal/20,000 gal per railcar = 32 railcars 32 railcars x $7,303 per load from Aragonite, UT to Deer Park, TX = $233,696 C. Transportation of Bulk Waste (tank scrap in roll-off boxes) 16 tanks x 10,000 lb per tank = 160,000 lb steel scrap from tank dismantling 160,000/15,000 per box = 10.5 loads assume same weight, volume in pipe, pumps, and strainers = 10.5 loads total number of roll-off box loads = 21 boxes 21 roll-off boxes x $187 per load to transport 25 miles to Grassy Mountain = $3,927 D. Total Transportation Costs $6,562 + $233,696 + $3,927 = $244,185 12. Treatment and Disposal = 16 samples =4samples 20 Note 1: Volumes of waste in inventory based on permitted tank farm capacity, plus piping capacity, totaling 461,504 gallons. Additionally, 37,500 gallons of direct burn tanker station capacity will be included as waste to be managed under tank farm closure. The tank farm has 18,900 sq.ft. of surface area. Note 2: Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 1.0 gallon per square foot of unit surface area which came in contact with waste, plus 10,000 gallons rinsate generated from rinse of tank interiors prior to dismantling. This rate is based on generation rates from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. Note 3: Volume of waste for disposal includes permitted capacity of tank system (including pipe) plus 30% by volume to account for flush of system to remove TSCA designation plus 37,500 gallons of the direct burn stations capacity. Three (3) flushes of 10% by volume are assumed, although some flush may be re-used if tested to contain less than 50 ppm PCB. Note 4: Disposal prices calculated at $0.14/lb ($280/ton) for organic waste, and $0.184/lb ($368/ton) for aqueous waste, based on gate rate at CH-Deer Park, TX incineration facility. Note 5: Frac tanks will be used to temporarily store the liquids generated during decontamination efforts. These tanks are commonly available, and typically contain 20,000 gallons per tank. These tanks are available at a non-discounted rate of $874 per month. Tanks will be placed in suitable containment during use. Note 6: Bulk liquid transportation and disposal rate of $1.89/gallon based on bulk transport to Deer Park, TX by rail in a 20,000-gallon tank car. For details of transportation and disposal rates, see Section IV of this document. A. Treatment and Disposal of Aqueous Waste in Bulk 114,755 gallons capacity + 30 % flush by volume + 18,750 gal from direct burn = 167,932-gal total 167,932 gal/7.48 gal/ft 3 /27 cu ft/cu. yd = 831.5 cu. yd. 831.5 cu. yd waste for disposal (including flush) x 0.843 tons/cu. yd = 701 tons for disposal 701 tons x $368/ton disposal cost = $257,968 B. Treatment and Disposal of High BTU Waste in Bulk 346,749 gallons capacity + 30% flush by volume + 18,750 gal from direct burn = 469,524 gal 469,524 gal/7.48 gal/ft 3 /27 cu ft./cu. yd = 2,324.8 cu. yd. 2,324.8 cu. yd waste for disposal (including flush) x 0.843 tons/cu.yd = 1,959.8 tons for disposal 1,959.8 tons x $280/ton disposal cost = $548,744 C. Treatment and Disposal of Tank and Pipe Scrap Metal 16 tanks at 10,000 per tank plus same weight in pipe, pumps = 320,000 lbs 320,000 lbs/2,000 lb per ton = 160 tons for disposal (landfill) 160 tons x $237/ton disposal cost = $37,920 D. Transportation and Disposal of Decontamination Fluid 18,900 sq.ft tank farm containment x 1.0 gal./ft 2 rinsate = 18,900 gal rinsate generated from tank rinse out prior to dismantling = 10,000 gal total decontamination fluid volume 28,900-gal x $1.89/gal transportation and disposal = $ 28,900 gal 54,621 E. Tank Rental three 20,000-gallon frac tanks required for two months 3 tanks x $874/month x 2 months = $5,244 F. Total Cost of Treatment and Disposal (including decontamination fluid T&D) $257,968 + $548,744 + $37,920 + $54,621 + $5,244 =$904,497 13. Subtotal of Closure Costs $13,097 + $273,444 + $27,110 + $244,185 + $904,497 = $1,462,333 14. Engineering Expense A. Engineering Expense equal to 5% of Subtotal = $73,117 15. Certification of Closure A. Engineering Certification - Professional Engineer 100 hours x $156/hr = $15,600 B. Engineering Certification - Direct Costs = $2,573 C. Total Engineering Certification $15,600 + $2,573 =$18,173 16. Subtotal of Closure Costs $1,462,333 +$73,117 + $18,173 = $1,553,623 17. Contingency Allowance A. Contingency allowance equal to 10% of Subtotal = $155,362 Total Area Closure Cost = $1,708,985 Bulk Solids - General Summary Sheet SUMMARY TABLE \| Activity Number \| Activity \| Activity Cost \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| Removal of Waste \| $6,498 \| \| 2 \| Tank System Purging \| $0 \| \| 3 \| Flushing Tank and Piping \| $0 \| \| 4 \| Excavation, Disassembly, and Loading \| $0 \| \| 5 \| Demolition and Removal of Containment System \| $0 \| \| 6 \| Removal of Soil \| $0 \| \| 7 \| Backfill \| $0 \| \| 8 \| Decontamination \| $118,121 \| \| 9 \| Sampling and Analysis \| $22,026 \| \| 10 \| Monitoring Well Installation \| $0 \| \| 11 \| Transportation \| $107,415 \| \| 12 \| Treatment and Disposal \| $1,406,724 \| \| 13 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| $1,660,784 \| \| 14 \| Engineering Expenses \| $83,039 \| \| 15 \| Certification of Closure \| $10,484 \| \| 16 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| $1,754,307 \| \| 17 \| Contingency Allowance \| $175,431 \| \| 18 \| Landfill Closure \| $0 \| \| \| TOTALS \| $1,929,738 \| Bulk Solids Activity Number 1. Inventory Removal Note 1: Volumes of waste in inventory based on permitted bulk tank capacity of 229,000 gallons. Also included as bulk solids capacity is the capacity in bulk containers of the bulk solids/sludge pad. This adds an additional 23,760 gallons of waste to be managed for a combined total of 252,760 gallons. The tanks have 7,057 sq.ft. of surface area. This area does not include the bulk solids/sludge pad surface areas as they are included in the container storage area closure. A. Remove equivalent of 229,000 gallons of waste from bulk solids tanks and 23,760 gallons from the bulk solids/sludge pad - 20 mandays B. 20 mandays x $31/hr x 8 hrs/day = $4,960 Equipment - lump sum = $1,538 Labor plus equipment total = $6,498 8. Decontamination Note 1: Decontamination costs are detailed in Section V of this document. After waste is removed from storage and process areas, units will be decontaminated using appropriate equipment, such as ultra-high pressure water blaster, or other suitable means. Note 2: Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 30,000 gallons. This rate is primarily based on generation rates of decon fluid from the Clive facility, and from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. A. Decontamination Costs detailed in Section V. Decontamination Cost by Area and Task $118,121 This cost is calculated by multiplying the overall total decontamination cost in Section V by the ratio of mandays for this task to the total mandays required overall. 9. Sampling and Analysis Note 1: To be consistent with the analytical requirements for the Clive Incineration Facility, PCB wipes will be used to verify PCB decontamination. No RCRA analysis will be performed on wipe samples. Rinse water sample will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI of this document) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in the quotation reference section. Sample quantities by location are indicated below. Note 2: Rinse water samples will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in Section IV of this document. Sample locations are indicated below. Note 3: The Bulk Solids Building is comprised of three tanks, and one containment area. These tanks and containment area will be wipe sampled individually. Additionally, core samples will be taken from the concrete walls of the building. Rinsate samples will be taken from tanks, and containment. Quantities of samples by unit location are indicated below. A. Wipe Samples (for PCB Confirmation) = 45 samples 15 samples per tank 5 samples from containment/vault =5 samples total wipe samples = 50 50 wipe sample locations x $125/wipe = $6,250 B. Rinse Samples (for RCRA confirmation) 1 rinse sample per tank = 4 samples 3 rinse samples from containment =3 samples total rinse samples = 7 7 sample locations x $468/sample = $3,276 C. Concrete Core Samples (for PCB Confirmation) 20 samples per wall = 80 core samples 20 samples from various floor surfaces =20 core samples total core samples = 100 100 core sample locations x $125/sample = $12,500 D. Total Sampling Cost $6,250 wipe samples + $3,276 rinse samples + $12,500 core samples = $22,026 11. Transportation Note 1: Bulk solids wastes will be bulked into 20 cu yd roll-off boxes, and transported by rail to Deer Park, TX for disposal. A transportation cost of $1,705 per box is used as per transportation work-up in Section IV of this document. A. Transportation of Bulk Waste in Storage 252,760 gallons permitted capacity 252,760 gallons/7.48 gal per cu.ft. = 33,792 cu. ft. waste 33,792 cu. ft. waste/27 cu.ft. per cu.yd. = 1,252 cu.yd. 1,252 cu.yd/20 cu. yd. per roll-off box = 63 roll-off boxes 63 roll-off boxes x $1,705 per load to transport by rail to Deer Park, TX = $107,415 12. Treatment and Disposal Note 1: Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 30,000 gallons. This rate is based on generation rates of decon fluid from the Clive facility, and from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. Note 2: Disposal of bulk solids removed from inventory is calculated at $0.408/lb ($816/ton) based on gate rates at the CH - Deer Park incineration facility. Note 3: Walls and ceiling will be rinsed to remove visible dust, and contaminants. Tank liners (metal) will be decontaminated using ultra high-pressure water blasting, or other suitable methods. All visible waste residues will be removed. Note 4: Frac tanks will be used to temporarily store the liquids generated during decontamination efforts. These tanks are commonly available, and typically contain 20,000 gallons per tank. These tanks are available at a non-discounted rate of $874 per month. Tanks will be placed in suitable containment during use. Note 5: Bulk liquid transportation and disposal rate of $1.89/gallon based on bulk transport to Deer Park, TX by rail in a 20,000-gallon tank car. For details of transportation rates, see Section IV of this document. A. Treatment and Disposal of Waste in Storage 252,760 gallons/7.48 gal/cu ft/27 cu.ft/cu.yd. = 1,252 cu.yd. 1,252 cu.yd x 1.318 ton per cu.yd. = 1,651 tons for disposal 1,651 tons x $816/ton disposal cost =$1,347,216 B. Transportation and Disposal of Decontamination Fluid Estimated volume of decontamination fluid generated - 30,000 gallons 30,000-gal x $1.89/gal disposal cost (incl. Transportation) =$56,700 C. Tank Rental two 20,000-gallon frac tanks required for one months 2 tanks x $874/month x 1 month =$1,748 D. Cost to Pump Fluid to Frac Tanks Labor - 30 hrs x $31/hr = $930 Equipment - lump sum $130 Total Cost to Pump Fluid $930 + $130 =$1,060 E. Total Cost of Treatment and Disposal (including decontamination fluid T&D) $1,347,216 + $56,700 + $1,748 + $1,060 =$1,406,724 13. Subtotal of Closure Costs $6,498 + $118,121 + $22,026 + $107,415 + $1,406,724 = $1,660,784 14. Engineering Expense A. Engineering Expense equal to 5% of Subtotal = $83,039 15. Certification of Closure A. Engineering Certification - Professional Engineer 60 hours x $156/hr = $9,360 B. Engineering Certification - Direct Costs = $1,124 C. Total Engineering Certification $9,360 + $1,124 =$10,484 16. Subtotal of Closure Costs $1,660,784 +$83,039 + $10,484 = $1,754,307 17. Contingency Allowance A. Contingency allowance equal to 10% of Subtotal = $175,431 Total Area Closure Cost = $1,929,738 Sludge Tanks - General Summary Sheet SUMMARY TABLE \| Activity Number \| Activity \| \|---\|---\| \| 1 \| Removal of Waste \| \| 2 \| Tank System Purging \| \| 3 \| Flushing Tank and Piping \| \| 4 \| Excavation, Disassembly, and Loading \| \| 5 \| Demolition and Removal of Containment System \| \| 6 \| Removal of Soil \| \| 7 \| Backfill \| \| 8 \| Decontamination \| \| 9 \| Sampling and Analysis \| \| 10 \| Monitoring Well Installation \| \| 11 \| Transportation \| \| 12 \| Treatment and Disposal \| \| 13 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| \| 14 \| Engineering Expenses \| \| 15 \| Certification of Closure \| \| 16 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| \| 17 \| Contingency Allowance \| \| 18 \| Landfill Closure \| \| \| TOTALS \| Sludge Tanks Activity Number 1. Inventory Removal Note 1: Volumes of waste in inventory based on permitted sludge tank system capacity of 38,570 gallons. The tanks have 2,903 sq.ft. of surface area. A. Remove 38,570 gallons of waste from bulk sludge tanks - 30 mandays 30 mandays x $31/hr x 8 hrs/day = $7,440 Equipment - lump sum = $1,886 Labor plus equipment total =$9,326 8. Decontamination Note 1: Decontamination costs are detailed in Section V of this document. After waste is removed from storage and process areas, units will be decontaminated using appropriate equipment, such as ultra-high pressure water blaster, or other suitable means. Note 2: Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 16,000 gallons. This rate is primarily based on generation rates of decon fluid from the Clive facility, and from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. A. Decontamination. Costs detailed in Section V. Decontamination Cost by Area and Task $60,455 This cost is calculated by multiplying the overall total decontamination cost in Section V by the ratio of mandays for this task to the total mandays required overall. 9. Sampling Note 1: To be consistent with the analytical requirements for the Clive Incineration Facility, PCB wipes will be used to verify PCB decontamination. No RCRA analysis will be performed on wipe samples. Rinsewater samples will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI of this document) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in the quotation reference section. Sample quantities by location are indicated below. Note 2: Rinsewater samples will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in Section IV of this document. Sample locations are indicated below. Note 3: The Sludge Tank Area is comprised of two tanks and one containment vault. The tanks and vault will be wipe sampled individually, with ancillary equipment sampled, as necessary. Rinsate samples will be taken from the tanks, and vault. Quantities of samples by unit location are indicated below. A. Wipe Samples (for PCB Confirmation) 5 wipe samples on tanks = 5 samples 20 wipes on containment vault = 20 samples 5 samples on ancillary equipment =5 samples Total wipe samples 30 30 wipe sample locations x $125/wipe = $3,750 B. Rinse Samples (for RCRA confirmation) 2 rinse samples from tank system 2 samples from vault area total samples 4 sample locations x $468/sample = = 2 samples = 2 s amples 4 $1,872 C. Total Sampling Cost $3,750 wipe samples + $1,872 rinse samples = $5,622 11. Transportation Note 1: Sludge will be bulked into 20,000-gallon rail cars, and transported by rail to Deer Park, TX for disposal. A transportation cost of $7,303 per tanker is used as per the transportation work-up in Section IV of this document. A. Transportation of Bulk Waste in Storage 38,570 gallons permitted capacity 38,570 gallons/20,000 gallons per rail tanker load = 2 rail tanker loads 2 rail tanker loads x $7,303 per load to Deer Park Texas =$14,606 Appendix 1 -- Section III Clean Harbors Aragonite, LLC 12. Treatment and Disposal Note 1: Volumes of waste in inventory based on permitted sludge tank system capacity and truck unloading direct burn station capacity of 38,570 gallons. The tanks and piping have a surface area of 2903 sq ft with the containment vault having 1,173 sq ft of surface area. Note 2: Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 16,000 gallons. It is estimated that 1,500 gallons of rinsate will be generated from cleaning vault surfaces, and 14,500 gallons will be generated from cleaning the tank interior due to high solids build-up. This rate is based primarily on generation rates of decon fluid from the Clive facility, and from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. Note 3: Disposal of bulk sludge removed from inventory is calculated at $0.49/lb ($980/ton) based on gate rates at the CH Deer Park incineration facility. Note 4: Frac tanks will be used to temporarily store the liquids generated during decontamination efforts. These tanks are commonly available, and typically contain 20,000 gallons per tank. These tanks are available at a non-discounted rate of $874 per month. Tanks will be placed in suitable containment during use. Note 5: Bulk liquid transportation and disposal rate of $1.89/gallon based on bulk transport to Deer Park, TX by rail in a 20,000-gallon tank car. For details of transportation, and disposal rates, see Section IV of this document. A. Treatment and Disposal of Waste in Storage 38,570 gallons permitted capacity/7.48 cu.ft./gal/27 cu.ft./cu.yd. = 191 cu.yd. 191 cu.yd x 1.0135 ton per cu.yd. = 193.6 tons for disposal 193.6 tons x $980/ton disposal cost = $189,728 B. Transportation and Disposal of Decontamination Fluid Estimated volume of decontamination fluid generated - 16,000 gallons 16,000-gal x $1.89/gal disposal cost (incl. Transportation) = $30,240 C. Tank Rental one 20,000-gallon frac tanks required for one-half month D. Total Cost of Treatment and Disposal (including decontamination fluid T&D) $189,728 + $30,240 + $437 =$220,405 13. Subtotal of Closure Costs 14. Engineering Expenses A. Engineering Expense equal to 5% of Subtotal = $15,521 15. Certification of Closure B. Engineering Certification - Direct Costs =$799 16. Subtotal of Closure Costs 17. Contingency Allowance A. Contingency allowance equal to 10% of Subtotal = $33,048 Total Area Closure Cost $363,526 Kiln - General Summary Sheet SUMMARY TABLE \| Activity Number \| Activity \| \|---\|---\| \| 1 \| Removal of Waste Residue \| \| 2 \| Decontamination of the Unit \| \| 3 \| Disassembly of Ancillary Piping \| \| 4 \| Demolition and Removal \| \| 5 \| Removal of Soil \| \| 6 \| Backfill \| \| 7 \| Decontamination \| \| 8 \| Sampling and Analysis \| \| 9 \| Monitoring Well Installation \| \| 10 \| Transportation \| \| 11 \| Treatment and Disposal \| \| 12 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| \| 13 \| Engineering Expenses \| \| 14 \| Certification of Closure \| \| 15 \| SUBTOTAL OF CLOSURE COSTS \| \| 16 \| Contingency Allowance \| \| 17 \| Landfill Closure \| \| \| TOTALS \| Kiln System Activity Number 1. Inventory Removal A. Remove and dispose of liquid from scrubber Scrubber liquid volume made up of: 4 tanks at 14,000 each = 56,000 gal 1 WESP tank =1,000 gal Total scrubber liquid volume 57,000 gal Labor - 30 mandays x $31/hr x 8 hrs/day = $7,440 Equipment - lump sum = $1,608 Disposal of Liquid - 57,000-gal x $1.89/gal (T&D) = $107,730 B. Remove 4,720 cu.yd. of non-liquid waste residues Non-liquid waste residue volume made up of : 18 boxes brick at 30 yd 3 each (from turn-around records) = 540 yd 3 112 boxes slag at 30 yd 3 each (normal operations inventory) = 3,360 yd 3 31 boxes of ash at 20 yd 3 each (normal operations inventory) = 620 yd 3 1 box at 20 yd 9 boxes at 20 yd 3 each from baghouse, spray drier cleanout = 180 yd 3 3 3 from shred tower cleanout =20 yd Total volume of non-liquid waste residues (170 boxes) 4,720 yd 3 Labor - 302 mandays x $31/hr x 8 hrs/day =$74,896 Equipment - lump sum $33,940 C. Dispose of 4,720 cu.yd of non-liquid waste (volume estimated above) 4,720 cu.yd x 0.675 tons per cu.yd = 3,186 tons. 3,186 tons x $237/ton disposal cost =$755,082 D. Total Inventory Removal and Treatment Cost $7,440 + $1,608 + $107,730 + $74,896 + $33,940 + $755,082 = $980,696 7. Decontamination Note 1: Decontamination costs are detailed in Section V of this document. After waste is removed from process areas, units will be decontaminated using appropriate equipment, such as ultra-high pressure water blaster, or other suitable means. Appendix 1 -- Section III A. Decontamination Costs detailed in Section V. Decontamination Cost by Area and Task $387,747 This cost is calculated by multiplying the overall total decontamination cost in Section V by the ratio of mandays for this task to the total mandays required overall. For this task however, the labor and equipment charges for the scrubber liquid and non-liquid residue removal are already included in Activities 1.A. and 1.B. above and should deducted from the calculation using the numbers in Section V in order to avoid duplicating the cost, i.e., 545 mandays/1262 mandays x $1,170,838 = $505,631; $505,631 - $7,440 - $1,608 - $74,896 - $33,940 = 387,747. 8. Sampling and Analysis Note 1: To be consistent with the analytical requirements for the Clive Incineration Facility, PCB wipes will be used to verify PCB decontamination. No RCRA analysis will be performed on wipe samples. Rinsewater sample will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI of this document) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in the quotation reference section. Sample quantities by location are indicated below. Note 2: Rinsewater samples will be taken to verify RCRA decontamination, and Clive Closure Table I-1.3 (see Section VI) parameters will be assumed. The cost for analysis has been based on quotations from STL, copies of which are enclosed in Section IV of this document. Sample locations are indicated below. Note 3: Due to the large surface area of the units comprising the Kiln Area, several units, and corresponding containment areas will be wipe sampled. Sample quantities by area location are indicated below. A. Wipe Samples (for PCB Confirmation) 25 each for kiln and afterburner feed skids, slag discharge, "A" damper = 100 350 wipe sample locations x $125/wipe = $43,750 B. Rinse Samples (for RCRA confirmation) 21 sample locations x $468/sample = $9,828 C. Non-aqueous Samples (concrete cores, brick samples) 200 brick samples from kiln, "a" damper 150 brick samples from SCC 20 samples from deslagger 20 samples from each of 5 pant leg sections 80 samples from spray drier 20 samples from accumulation areas 20 from parking area 10 random samples from kiln area 10 random samples from the shred tower area Total non-aqueous samples 610 samples x $125/sample =$76,250 D. Total Sampling Cost $43,750 wipe samples + $9,828 rinse samples + $76,250 non-aqueous samples = $129,828 10. Transportation A. Transportation of Bulk Liquids (scrubber water) included in Task 1 - Inventory Removal B. Transportation of Bulk Waste Residue (ash, brick, shred tower residue) 171 debris boxes (from inventory) x $187/ box to Grassy Mtn, UT = $31,977 C. Total Cost of Transportation of Waste $31,977 Attachment 7 -- Closure Plan Appendix 1 -- Section III Clean Harbors Aragonite, LLC = 200 = 150 = 20 = 100 = 80 = 20 = 20 = 10 =10 610 11. Treatment and Disposal Note 1: Brick removal labor is included in the costs for inventory removal. These costs are detailed in Section V of this document. Note 2: An area of 87,148 sq ft requires decontamination. Rinsate generation is expected to be approximately 1.0 gallon per square foot of unit surface area which came in contact with waste. This rate is based on generation rates from similar decontamination efforts at other CH/SK facilities, including Clive. See table in Section IV of this document for rinsate generation summary table. Note 3: Frac tanks will be used to temporarily store the liquids generated during decontamination efforts. These tanks are commonly available, and typically contain 20,000 gallons per tank. These tanks are available at a non-discounted rate of $874 per month. Tanks will be placed in suitable containment during use. Note 4: Bulk liquid transportation and disposal rate of $1.89/gallon based on bulk transport to Deer Park, TX by rail in a 20,000-gallon tank car. For details of transportation, and disposal rates, see Section IV of this document. A. Treatment and Disposal of Waste in Storage included in Task 1 - Inventory Removal B. Transportation and Disposal of Decontamination Fluid Estimated volume of decontamination fluid generated – 87,148 gallons 87,148-gal x $1.89/gal disposal cost (incl. Transportation) = $172,949 C. Tank Rental four 20,000-gallon frac tanks required for two months 4 tanks x $874/month x 2 months = $6,992 D. Cost to Pump Liquid to Frac Tank labor- 4 mandays x $31/hr x 8 hrs/day = $992 equipment - lump sum $255 E. Total Cost of Treatment and Disposal (including decontamination fluid T&D) $164,710 + $6,992 + $992 + $255 = $172,949 12. Subtotal of Closure Costs 13. Engineering Expenses A. Engineering Expense equal to 5% of Subtotal = $85,160 14. Certification of Closure A. Engineering Certification - Professional Engineer 96 hours x $156/hr = $14,976 B. Engineering Certification - Direct Costs =$3,198 15. Subtotal of Closure Costs 16. Contingency Allowance A. Contingency allowance equal to 10% of Subtotal = $180,653 Total Area Closure Cost = $1,987,184 SECTION IV QUOTES/COST BACKUP 2001 Transportation and Disposal Rates 1. Bulk Liquid Waste by Rail Tanker Car to Deer Park, Texas 2. Roll-Off Boxes by Rail Car to Deer Park, Texas Total Transportation Cost by Rail for Solids in Roll-offs $1,365/box 3. Roll-Off Boxes by Truck to Grassy Mountain Truck Cost of $600/day, 4 loads per day Average Incineration Prices utilized in Estimates: Over the road transportation cost: $3.00/loaded mile Road mileage to Deer Park, Texas: 1,750 miles $150/box SECTION V DECONTAMINATION COSTS BY AREA AND TASK Section V Decontamination Costs by Area and Task Note: The costs detailed in this section represent Engineering Estimates for the tasks described. The tasks, and associated durations, equipment, and project management requirements were determined after a facility walk through with compliance personnel, an examination of relevant closure and permit documents, and follow-up discussions. Some assumptions were made with respect to decontamination of surfaces and equipment with which Americon has specific experience. Recent experience includes closure of the Clive Incineration Facility, which has very similar process units, storage areas, and infrastructure. This facility is also within the Utah Department of Environmental Quality's jurisdiction, so consistent closure standards were assumed (see Section VI). Pricing is representative of that generally available in the industry, and would currently be available from Americon, Inc. for a project of similar scope, complexity, and duration. Clean Harbors Aragonite Plant Decontamination Task Duration Summary \| Area \| Task Description \| Mandays/Task \| Mandays/Task \| Total Mandays \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 1. Container Storage \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Drum Storage Buildings (2) and Buildings 68 and 69-North/South \| \| \| \| \| \| Dismantle drum storage racks \| 11 \| \| \| \| \| Wash ceilings (concrete) \| 31 \| \| \| \| \| Wash Walls (concrete) \| 41 \| \| \| \| \| Wash front loading bays (both buildings) \| 10 \| \| \| \| \| Wash interior storage cells/secondary containment \| 29 \| \| \| \| \| Sample \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 131 \| \| \| \| Container Processing Area \| \| \| \| \| \| Remove area equipment \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| Wash ceiling \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| Wash walls \| 12 \| \| \| \| \| Wash floor \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| Dismantle, wash decant area \| 12 \| \| \| \| \| Sample \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 48 \| \| \| \| Dock/Breezeway \| \| \| \| \| \| Remove elevator/rollers \| 10 \| \| \| \| \| Lower level hoist decontamination \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| Sump cleanout \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Dock wash \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| Breezeway Wash \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| Electrical isolation of conveyors \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| Ceiling wash \| 6 \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Miscellaneous demolition \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 46 \| \| \| \| Shred Tower Storage Area \| \| \| \| \| \| Dismantle drum storage racks \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Containment bin cleanout \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Wash concrete under storage rack locations \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| Sample \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6 \| \| \| \| ATF Explosive Magazine Storage \| \| \| \| \| \| Wash Ceilings \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| Wash Walls \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| Sample \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| Container Storage Subtotal \| \| \| 234 \| \| 2. Tank Farm \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sample Station \| \| \| \| \| \| Wash structure \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| Unload Building \| \| \| \| \| \| Triple rinse pumps, piping \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| Isolate, pull pumps \| 4 \| \| \| Area Task Description Mandays/Task Mandays/Task Total \| Clean containment \| 4 \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 19 \| \| Waste Tanks \| \| \| \| Triple rinse tanks, piping \| 6 \| \| \| Isolate piping \| 3 \| \| \| Pull piping \| 2 \| \| \| Purge tanks \| 8 \| \| \| Muck out interior \| 40 \| \| \| Remove exterior structural \| 20 \| \| \| Remove tanks \| 8 \| \| \| Cut-up tanks for disposal \| 45 \| \| \| Clean containment \| 9 \| \| \| \| \| 141 \| \| Pump Houses (2) \| \| \| \| Triple rinse pumps, piping \| 4 \| \| \| Isolate, pull pumps \| 10 \| \| \| Isolate, pull piping \| 12 \| \| \| Clean containment \| 10 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 38 \| \| Blend Tanks \| \| \| \| Triple rinse tanks, piping \| 3 \| \| \| Isolate, purge \| 5 \| \| \| Isolate, remove pumps \| 2 \| \| \| Remove piping \| 3 \| \| \| Muck out interior \| 8 \| \| \| Remove mixers (sectioned) \| 4 \| \| Area Task Description Mandays/Task Mandays/Task Total \| \| Top valves and piping \| 2 \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Remove exterior structural steel \| 6 \| \| \| \| Pull tanks \| 4 \| \| \| \| Cut-up tanks \| 10 \| \| \| \| Remove unload rack piping \| 2 \| \| \| \| Containment \| 3 \| \| \| \| Purge, pull O/H lines to incin feed rack \| 7 \| \| \| \| \| \| 59 \| \| \| Carbon Adsorber \| \| \| \| \| Remove packing for disposal \| 6 \| \| \| \| Remove tanks, piping, for disposal \| 8 \| \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| 16 \| \| \| Direct Burn Area \| \| \| \| \| Purge piping, pull \| 4 \| \| \| \| Clean containment \| 4 \| \| \| \| Pull unloading pipes \| 2 \| \| \| \| Pull pumps \| 2 \| \| \| \| Wash bay \| 4 \| \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| 18 \| \| \| Tank Farm, Piping Subtotal \| \| \| \| 3. Bulk Solids \| \| \| \| \| \| Bulk Solids Building \| \| \| \| \| Rinse down ceiling, upper walls \| 10 \| \| \| \| Clean walls \| 28 \| \| \| \| Clean tanks \| 35 \| \| Area Task Description Mandays/Task Mandays/Task Total \| \| Sample \| 8 \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| 81 \| \| \| \| Shredder Area \| \| \| \| \| \| Clean hopper, shelf \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| disassemble, clean shredder \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 18 \| \| \| \| Drag Conveyor \| \| \| \| \| \| Disassemble conveyor \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| Clean conveyor interior \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| Clean hopper, knife gates \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 20 \| \| \| \| Clean hpu mains \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Pull small lines \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Drain hpus, isolate \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Isolate electrical \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 8 \| \| \| \| Bulk Solids Subtotal \| \| \| 127 \| \| 4. Sludge Tanks \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sludge Tank – Small \| \| \| \| \| \| Triple rinse \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Muck out interior \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| Remove valves and piping \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Pull tank \| 4 \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Cut-up tank \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 26 \| \| \| \| Sludge Tank - Large \| \| \| \| \| \| Triple rinse \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| Muck out interior \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| Wash interior \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| Remove valves and piping \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| Wash tank exteriors \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| Pull tank \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| Cut-up tank \| 10 \| \| \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 39 \| \| \| \| Sludge Tanks Subtotal \| \| \| 65 \| \| 5. Incineration Train \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Deslagger \| \| \| \| \| \| Pull out \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| Isolate, disconnect \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| Open housing, pull headgear \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| Pull head pulley \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| Pull belt, dispose \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| Cut-up shell for disposal \| 20 \| \| \| \| \| Gross area decontamination \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| Surrounding sump area decontamination \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| sample \| 2 \| \| \| Area Task Description Mandays/Task Mandays/Task Total \| \| \| 47 \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Kiln Exterior \| \| \| \| Clean exterior kiln drive \| 2 \| \| \| Clean ring gear \| 2 \| \| \| Clean from discharge to deslagger \| 2 \| \| \| Remove piping \| 16 \| \| \| Pull kiln face feed points \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| 28 \| \| Kiln Interior \| \| \| \| Remove brick, containerize \| 35 \| \| \| Clean interior \| 8 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 45 \| \| SCC \| \| \| \| Clean area exterior \| 2 \| \| \| Remove feed piping \| 6 \| \| \| Remove burners \| 15 \| \| \| Remove SCC exterior sheathing \| 20 \| \| \| Push in SCC brick \| 35 \| \| \| Muck out brick into rolloffs \| 20 \| \| \| Clean structure \| 8 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 108 \| \| Kiln Feed Piping \| \| \| \| Isolate, purge \| 2 \| \| \| Pull, cut piping \| 10 \| \| \| \| \| 12 \| Area Task Description Mandays/Task Mandays/Task Total \| Ducting from SCC to Saturator \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Cut refractory to release joints \| 8 \| \| \| Crane out ducts, including thermal vent \| 4 \| \| \| Remove duct refractory \| 20 \| \| \| Wash duct to scrap \| 4 \| \| \| Sample \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| 40 \| \| Saturator \| \| \| \| Pull packing, containerize \| 2 \| \| \| Pump solids, muck out bottom \| 4 \| \| \| Scaffold interior \| 4 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 12 \| \| Scrubber \| \| \| \| Pull packing, muck out bottom \| 8 \| \| \| Scaffold interior \| 4 \| \| \| Clean interior \| 10 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 24 \| \| Spray Dryer \| \| \| \| Remove residue \| 6 \| \| \| Isolate, remove piping \| 6 \| \| \| Remove, clean ducting \| 10 \| \| \| Clean discharge area \| 4 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 28 \| Area Task Description Mandays/Task Mandays/Task Total \| Clean inlet, outlet duct \| 6 \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Remove bags, cages \| 8 \| \| \| Clean/remove screw conveyors \| 12 \| \| \| Clean interior \| 10 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 38 \| \| Baghouse Residue Loadout Bldg \| \| \| \| Clean conveyors \| 8 \| \| \| Clean loadout hoppers \| 4 \| \| \| Clean building structure \| 6 \| \| \| Clean containment \| 6 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 26 \| \| ESP \| \| \| \| Isolate \| 1 \| \| \| Clean inlet, discharge ducting \| 4 \| \| \| Clean interior \| 6 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 13 \| \| ID Fans, Stack Inlet Ducting \| \| \| \| Clean ID #1 fan inlet \| 2 \| \| \| Clean transition to ID fan # 2 \| 2 \| \| \| Clean fan #2, outlet to sack \| 2 \| \| \| Clean bottom section of stack \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 8 \| \| Stack \| \| \| \| Check condition of interior \| 1 \| \| \| De-erect \| 2 \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Clean interior \| 2 \| \| \| Sample \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| 6 \| \| pH Adjustment Tanks \| \| \| \| Isolate, drain \| 2 \| \| \| Clean, rinse \| 4 \| \| \| Remove piping, pumps \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 8 \| \| Shred Tower Area \| \| \| \| Remove elevator towers \| 10 \| \| \| Hoist decontamination \| 8 \| \| \| Wash structure \| 3 \| \| \| Sump cleanout \| 2 \| \| \| Electrical isolation of conveyors \| 2 \| \| \| Sample \| 2 \| \| \| Clean concrete pad \| 8 \| \| \| Miscellaneous demolition \| 3 \| \| \| Purge piping and pull \| 4 \| \| \| Wash airlock structure \| 8 \| \| \| Disassemble, clean shredder, upper \| 8 \| \| \| Disassemble, clean shredder, lower \| 8 \| \| \| Disassemble conveyor \| 6 \| \| \| Clean isolation gates \| 6 \| \| \| Sample \| 4 \| \| \| Clean hpu mains \| 2 \| \| \| Pull small lines \| 2 \| \| \| Area \| Task Description \| Mandays/Task \| Mandays/Task \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Drain hpus, isolate \| 2 \| \| \| \| Isolate electrical \| 2 \| \| \| \| Dismantle, wash feed auger \| 12 \| \| \| \| \| \| 102 \| \| \| Incineration System Subtotal \| \| \| \| \| Area Totals \| 1265 \| 1265 \| Unit Unit Qty Item Description Item Qty Rate Extension \| \| \| General Equipment \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Week \| 21 \| Pressure Washers w/Trailers \| 4 \| $475 \| \| Week \| 21 \| Sand Blasting \| 2 \| $525 \| \| Week \| 21 \| High Reach Fork Lift \| 1 \| $1,149 \| \| Week \| 21 \| Fork Lifts (5,000 lbs) \| 2 \| $275 \| \| Week \| 21 \| Shooting Boom Lift \| 1 \| $1,343 \| \| Month \| 3 \| Vactor Truck (up to 176 hrs/mo) \| 1 \| $9,993 \| \| Week \| 12 \| Vacuum Boxes \| 2 \| $468 \| \| Hour \| 220 \| 50-Ton Crane w/operator \| 1 \| $75 \| \| Hour \| 220 \| 100-Ton Crane w/operator \| 1 \| $112 \| \| Week \| 20 \| Welding/Cutting and Supplies \| 2 \| $219 \| \| Week \| 20 \| Trailers for Transporting Equipment on-site \| 1 \| $75 \| \| Week \| 21 \| Storage Trailers for Equipment on-site \| 2 \| $69 \| \| Month \| 4 \| Hydroblaster, 30,000 psi \| 1 \| $12,491 \| \| LS \| 1 \| Mob, Demob, Permits and Misc Expenses \| 1 \| $2,498 \| \| Week \| 21 \| Air Compressors \| 2 \| $381 \| \| Week \| 21 \| Trucks \| 2 \| $344 \| \| Week \| 12 \| Koppus Blowers \| 2 \| $75 \| \| Week \| 21 \| Scaffolding \| 1 \| $187 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| \| \| \| \| \| Supplies \| \| \| \| Manday \| 1 \| PPE \| 1,540 \| $25 \| \| Drums \| 25 \| Drums of Detergents \| 1 \| $625 \| \| Week \| 20 \| Small Tools \| 1 \| $250 \| \| Week \| 21 \| Sampling Supplies \| 1 \| $156 \| \| Bag \| 1 \| Bag Grit for Sand Blasting \| 710 \| $10 \| \| Roll \| 1 \| Absorbent Mats \| 45 \| $137 \| \| Roll \| 1 \| Plastic \| 220 \| $75 \| \| Case \| 1 \| Duct Tape \| 25 \| $156 \| \| Each \| 1 \| Drums \| 275 \| $37 \| \| Roll \| 1 \| Drum Liner \| 55 \| $87 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| \| \| \| \| \| Total \| \| \| Decontamination Project Administration \| Unit \| Unit Quantity \| Item Description \| Item Quantity \| Rate \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| Project Management Personnel \| \| \| \| Hourly \| 700 \| Project Manager \| 1 \| $81 \| \| Hourly \| 900 \| Field Supervisor \| 1 \| $40 \| \| Hourly \| 900 \| Quality Assurance Officer \| 1 \| $37 \| \| Hourly \| 500 \| Clerical \| 1 \| $19 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| \| \| \| \| \| Administrative Equipment/Supplies \| \| \| \| Month \| 6 \| Project Office \| 1 \| $999 \| \| Month \| 6 \| Fax, Copier \| 1 \| $312 \| \| Month \| 6 \| Phone \| 1 \| $250 \| \| Week \| 18 \| Postage \| 1 \| $37 \| \| Month \| 6 \| Utilities \| 2 \| $125 \| \| Month \| 6 \| Supplies \| 1 \| $312 \| \| Month \| 6 \| Cleaning and Disposal \| 1 \| $312 \| \| Day \| 80 \| PPE for Administrative Personnel \| 2 \| $25 \| \| Week \| 18 \| Administrative Truck \| 1 \| $281 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| \| \| \| \| \| Incidental Costs \| \| \| \| Each \| 1 \| Travel \| 20 \| $625 \| \| Day \| 80 \| Subsistence \| 4 \| $94 \| \| \| \| Subtotal \| \| \| \| \| \| Total \| \| \| Decontamination Cost Summary \| Unit \| Unit Quantity \| Item Description \| Item Quantity \| Rate \| Extension \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| Direct Costs \| \| \| \| \| Mandays \| 1 \| Labor \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Direct Labor Cost \| 1265 \| $350 \| $442,750 \| \| \| \| Equipment \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Direct Equipment \| \| \| $309,980 \| \| \| \| Supplies \| \| \| $111,026 \| \| \| \| Project Overhead \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Project Management Personnel \| \| \| $135,500 \| \| \| \| Admin Equipment/Supplies \| \| \| $24,334 \| \| \| \| Incidental Costs \| \| \| $42,580 \| \| LS \| 1 \| Mobilization \| 1 \| $37,473 \| $37,473 \| \| LS \| 1 \| Demobilization \| 1 \| $12,491 \| $12,491 \| \| Subtotal \| \| \| \| \| \| \| LS \| 5% \| Contingency \| 1 \| $1,116,134 \| $55,807 \| \| \| \| Total \| \| \| \| SECTION VI DECONTAMINATION STANDARDS/ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS Table I-1.3 Decontamination Rinse Water Analysis * The values given are the maximum allowable increase in a parameter, over the level that exists in the final rinse water prior to use. This "prior existing level" shall be established as the average of at least three (3) analyses of the rinsewater, plus three (3) standard deviations. These analyses will be made at the time of closure, when a water source is known. The decontamination rinse water will also be analyzed for extractable explosives (SW-846 Method 8330B) for the ATF magazines final rinse. If extractable explosives are detected based upon the lower detection limits established by the analytical method, a decision will be made to repeat decontamination procedures until no explosives are detected or dispose of the entire magazine(s) as hazardous waste. Table I-1.3 (Continued) Decontamination Rinse Water Analysis NOTE: 1. Many different waste codes will be handled through-out the Clive facility. Over its operating lifetime, it is likely that each unit will eventually handle practically all waste codes actually received either directly or through the "mixture" and "derived from" rules. From a regulatory viewpoint, then, the potential variety of contamination at all units will be identical. Therefore, only one list of parameters will be considered. This list will be used for all waste management units throughout the facility. The parameters listed in Table I-1.3 are intended to represent the contaminants likely to be present in the highest levels, and to give an indication of potentially toxic constituents. It must be noted that many of the constituents of concern - the organics, especially the chlorinated organics - are volatile and will likely vaporize for the most part during the cleaning process itself. The loss of these relatively small amounts of materials is considered as unavoidable and non-threatening to the environment or the general public. Any remaining heavy, residual organics will be included by the analyses for Oil and Grease, TOC, and/or TOX. All of these parameters will detect general contamination to relatively small values. It must also be remembered that the decontamination procedures listed in the application apply only to surfaces which are relatively impermeable (designated as "hard surfaces"). They will be used only for metallic items, such as tanks, and concrete. Any porous material, such as soils are intended for landfilling or other EPA/State approved treatment technologies. For most of the items to be decontaminated, a visual inspection will be as useful as actual analysis of the wash; however, to provide a quantitative, objective measure of contamination (or the absence thereof), and a historical record, these analyses will be conducted as described previously for "hard surfaces." Wide ranging analyses for specific organic chemicals, such as that achieved by GC/MS work, will not provide significantly more useful information. In addition, these analyses take considerable periods of time, during which site conditions would have changed markedly (due to continuing exposure to the elements). The parameters chosen will adequately sample for all constituents of real concern, or for indicators of those constituents.
JOSH B. GREEN, M.D. KE KIAʻĀINA GOVERNOR STATE OF HAWAII STATE PROCUREMENT OFFICE Honolulu, Hawaii 96810-0119 P.O. Box 119 Tel: (808) 587-4700 http://spo.hawaii.gov email: email@example.com June 14, 2024 TO: Executive Departments/Agencies Excludes Department of Education (and its Charter Schools), Hawaii Health Systems Corporation, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, and the University of Hawaii FROM: Bonnie Kahakui, Administrator SUBJECT: Change No. 4 DOE Price List Contract No. E21-25 (Oahu) DELIVERY AND REMOVAL SERVICES OF OPEN TOP ROLL-OFF BINS FOR VARIOUS SCHOOLS AND FACILITIES ON THE ISLAND OF OAHU Contract Term: July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025 IFB D21-074 The following changes have been made to the price list contract. 1. The price list contract is extended to June 30, 2025. 2. The Vendor Compliance (Tax Clearance) language for DOE is revised. Note: SPO Change No. 1 updated the contact information for executive branch. SPO Change No. 2 extended the contract to June 30, 2023. SPO Change No. 3 extended the contract to June 30, 2024. Therefore, this is SPO Change No. 4. Attached is the Department of Education (DOE) Price List Contract No. E21-25 Oahu, Change No. 3 covering Delivery and Removal Services of Open Top Roll-Off Bins on Oahu effective July 1, 2024. The awarded contractor is listed below: West Oahu Aggregate Co., Inc. PARTICIPATING JURISDICTIONS may purchase from this DOE price list contract under the terms of the cooperative agreement between the State Procurement Office (SPO) and the Department of Education (DOE). Executive Departments/Agencies are not required but may purchase from this price list contract, and requests for exception from the contract are not required. Executive Departments/Agencies are allowed to purchase from other contractors; however, HRS chapter 103D and the procurement rules apply to purchases by using the applicable method of procurement and its procedures, such as small purchases or competitive sealed bidding. The decision to use this BONNIE KAHAKUI ADMINISTRATOR contract or to solicit pricing from other sources is at the discretion of the Executive Department/Agencies. VENDOR CODES. Do not use the DOE Vendor Codes provided on the Price List Contract. Executive Departments/Agencies are responsible to obtain correct vendor codes for annotation on purchase orders. Vendor Codes are obtainable from the "Alphabetical Vendor Edit Table Report" available at your department's fiscal office. Departments/Agencies are cautioned that the remittance address on an invoice may be different from the address of the vendor code annotated on the purchase order. Therefore, when processing an invoice for payment, be sure that the correct vendor code is used. COMPLIANCE PURSUANT TO HRS §103D-310(c). Prior to awarding this contract, the DOE verified compliance of the Contractor(s) named in the DOE Price List Contract No. E21-25. No further compliance verification is required prior to issuing a contract or purchase order when utilizing this contract. PURCHASING CARD (pCard). The State of Hawaii Purchasing Card (pCard) is required to be used by the Executive department/agencies, excluding the DOE, HHSC, OHA, and UH for orders totaling less than $2,500. For purchases of $2,500 or more, agencies may use the pCard, subject to its credit limit, or issue a purchase order. Note: Vendors may impose a transaction fee, not to exceed 4%, for pCard transactions. PURCHASE ORDERS may be issued for purchases of $2,500 or more and for vendors who either do not accept the pCard, or set minimum order requirements before accepting the pCard. COMPLIANCE PURSUANT TO HRS §103-53. All state and county contracting officers or agents shall withhold final payment of a contract until the receipt of tax clearances from the director of taxation and the Internal Revenue Service. This section does not apply to contracts of less than $25,000. DOE PRICE LIST CONTRACT NO. E21-25 shall be typed on purchase orders issued against this price list contract. For pCard purchases, the DOE Price List Contract No. E21-25 shall be notated on the appropriate transaction document. VENDOR AND PRODUCT EVALUATION. Form SPO-012, to address concerns about this vendor list contract, is available to agencies at the SPO website: http://spo.hawaii.gov. Click on Forms on the home page. Submit all evaluation forms to firstname.lastname@example.org. Include the DOE Price List Contract Number in the Description field of Form SPO-012. PRICE OR VENDOR LIST CONTRACT AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET at the SPO website: http://spo.hawaii.gov. Click on Price & Vendor List Contracts on the home page. If you have any questions, please contact Carey Ann Sasaki at (808) 586-0575 or email email@example.com. HAWAII STATE HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTS BRANCH Change No. 3 Hawaii State Department of Education Price List No. E21-25 (Oahu) Extension No. 3: July 1, 2024 – June 30, 2025 DELIVERY AND REMOVAL SERVICES OF OPEN TOP ROLL-OFF BINS FOR VARIOUS SCHOOLS AND FACILITIES ON THE ISLAND OF OAHU (Replaces Prior Price List No. E20-01) (IFB D21-074) Effective June 10, 2024, the following change is hereby made: * Revise the Vendor Compliance (Tax Clearance) clause (clause shown in blue bold). Effective July 1, 2024, the following change is hereby made: * This Price List covered the prior from July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2024. This Price List will be extended under the same terms and conditions for the period July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025. REFER TO ATTACHMENT A FOR SPECIFICATIONS AND PRICING. Orders shall be placed with the following company: firstname.lastname@example.org BID PRICES The Per Bin Bid Price shall include all costs for labor, equipment, materials, transportation, overhead, profit, mileage, supervision, all applicable taxes, all applicable recycling fund and solid waste management surcharges, any reimbursement costs, and any other incidental and operational expenses incurred in the performance of all obligations hereunder. The Per Bin Bid Price shall be the all-inclusive cost to the STATE; no other charges will be honored. STATE'S COMMITMENT All STATE, Department of Education Schools and Facilities are mandated to purchase from price lists issued by the STATE, Department of Education, Procurement and Contracts Branch (PCB). The Executive Branch under the jurisdiction of the State Procurement Office may, but is not required to, utilize this price list. EXCEPTION FROM PRICE LIST For Department of Education schools and facilities, if the price list item is not suited to a school/facilities purpose, exception to purchase outside of this price list may be granted by the STATE, Department of Education, Procurement and Contracts Branch. For Department of Education schools and facilities, to obtain approval, schools/facilities must justify the exception on the DOE Form 5, "Request Exception From Purchasing From Price List" and fax to the Procurement and Contract Branch. The approval must be obtained prior to purchase. The original Form 5 must be attached to payment documents. ORDERING PROCEDURES When using this Price List, Schools and Facilities are requested to include "HIDOE Price List No. PL E21-25" on all orders and invoices. Schools and Facilities may hold the bins for approximately ten (10) calendar days. During the award period, orders will be submitted/emailed to the CONTRACTOR(s) by the individual schools/facilities as bins are required. Each school/facility will issue their own purchase order as bins are needed. The CONTRACTOR(s) shall honor all orders received during the award period, and shall deliver items according to the price list terms and within the required delivery time. FAILURE TO DELIVER CONTRACTOR shall be obliged to deliver products in accordance with terms and conditions specified herein. If a CONTRACTOR is unable to deliver products under this contract, it shall be the CONTRACTOR's responsibility to obtain an acceptable substitute at the contracted price. In the event a CONTRACTOR consistently needs to substitute or refuses to substitute products, the STATE reserves the right to terminate the contract and or to initiate the debarment process pursuant to chapter 3-126, Legal and Contractual Remedies, Hawaii Administrative Rules. If an item cannot be delivered within the required time frame for any reason, it shall be the CONTRACTOR's responsibility to notify the state agency of the delayed delivery status. Notification shall be made within twenty-four (24) hours of receipt of order. At the time, the state agency shall have the option to cancel the order and obtain similar products from another source. INVOICING CONTRACTOR shall forward an original and one (1) copy of the invoice directly to the school or facility designated on the purchase order. The invoice shall reference the Price List number and shall include the dates of service, number and size of bins serviced, and total price. Invoices shall be submitted after the bin is picked up to allow for the bin to be weighed and checked for any unallowable items. PAYMENT Prior to Issuing a Purchase Order: Department schools and offices are not required to obtain the compliance documents as issued through the online system, Hawaii Compliance Express, prior to issuing a purchase order against this Price List/Vendor List (pursuant to HRS §103D-310(c). Final Payment: Department school and offices shall withhold final payment of a contract (purchase) until the receipt of tax clearances from the director of taxation and the Internal ATTACHMENT A SPECIFICATIONS 1. SCOPE CONTRACTOR shall provide delivery and removal service of various sizes of open top roll-off bins for the State of Hawaii, Department of Education at various schools and facilities on Oahu (Honolulu, Central, Leeward, and Windward districts) as well as various facilities included under the jurisdiction of the State Procurement Office. Exhibit B lists potential State of Hawaii, Department of Education School/Facility locations; locations listed are not guaranteed locations and the list is not all inclusive. Services to be provided shall include all labor, supervision, vehicles, equipment, bins, materials, parts, tools, transportation, mileage, and any other services necessary to collect and dispose of construction and debris and/or greenwaste in accordance within this agreement. Services are for collection and disposal services of school and facilities-generated unwanted material, construction waste material, and greenwaste. Co-mingling of regular trash and recyclables will not be allowed. The following will not be allowed in the Construction and Debris bin: - Mattresses - Carpeting - Appliances, i.e. refrigerators, AC units, washing machines, dryers, freezers, water heaters, etc. - Car parts, i.e. car batteries, engines, car and truck tires, car parts, etc. - Paper and Cardboard (recyclable shall be disposed into the recycle bin) - Soil without proper documents - Hazardous waste, i.e. containers with paint, gas, chemicals, etc. - E-waste, i.e. computers, copy machine, fax machine, printers, etc. In the event the above non-conforming materials are found in a bin, the CONTRACTOR may decline service and shall immediately notify the School/Facility using one of the following methods that documents proof of the non-conforming items: * via a full color printed hard copy page (approximately 8" x 11" with date and time taken from a camera with about six (6) megapixels resolution). * via email with photos (full color digital image with date and time taken and resolution of about 72 pixels/inch); or 2. BIN DELIVERY / PICKUP Bin Delivery. The School/Facility will notify the CONTRACTOR by email or telephone to schedule the delivery on the requested delivery date, or an agreed upon delivery date, to the designated address and location. If delivery has been scheduled via email, CONTRACTOR shall "reply-all" (to include all recipients) to the email to confirm the delivery has been scheduled. If delivery has been scheduled via telephone, CONTRACTOR shall confirm the delivery date in an email to the School/Facility. Bin Pickup. The School/Facility will notify the CONTRACTOR by email or telephone to schedule the pickup on the requested pickup date, or an agreed upon pickup date, from the designated address and location. If pickup has been scheduled via email, CONTRACTOR shall "reply-all" (to include all recipients) to the email to confirm the pickup has been scheduled. If pickup has been scheduled via telephone, CONTRACTOR shall confirm the pickup date in an email to the School/Facility. Emergency Calls. The CONTRACTOR shall make unscheduled delivery and removal of bins upon request by the School/Facility. These emergency calls shall be completed within twenty-four (24) hours after notification. The bin cost for emergency bins will be used as the basis for the emergency call charge. 3. DUMP FEE Dump Fee Per Bin shall be based on the following: o Greenwaste: 4 tons o Construction and Debris: 5 tons Should a bin exceed the tonnage specified above, bin may be subject to overweight charges, not to exceed the overweight charges determined by the dumping facility. For overweight bins, if any, CONTRACTOR shall provide the transaction receipt from the dumping facility that includes the weight of the bin and the overweight charges. Dumping Facility Transaction receipt for overweight bin(s) shall be provided to the School/Facility within five (5) business days of bin pick up. The School/Facility will be responsible for paying the overweight charges. 4. EQUIPMENT Vehicles and equipment used by CONTRACTOR to collect and remove the construction and debris and greenwaste shall, at all times, be clean and well maintained, both mechanically and in appearance. 5. REPORTS CONTRACTOR shall furnish an inventory of the open top roll-off bins that are currently in use at schools/facilities, including DAGS buildings, within three (3) business days upon STATE request. The report shall include each bin's identification number (i.e., BN-0001) and location. 6. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS The CONTRACTOR shall perform the work in a safe and cautious manner, since work is usually performed during school/office hours with the work site being accessible to students, school staff, and/or state personnel. The CONTRACTOR shall comply with all applicable safety regulations issued by: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and other governmental agencies. The CONTRACTOR shall exercise caution during the execution of work to prevent damage to any of the buildings, structures, or landscaping. CONTRACTOR shall restore all damages caused by the CONTRACTOR's negligence at the CONTRACTOR's own expense when requested by the STATE. The STATE reserves the right to repair any damage caused by the CONTRACTOR's negligence in the event that the CONTRACTOR fails to repair any damage within a timely manner. Any repairs made by the STATE due to the CONTRACTOR's negligence will be charged to the CONTRACTOR. 7. SECURITY REQUIREMENTS The CONTRACTOR must be aware of the heightened security conditions at all STATE facilities under this contract. The CONTRACTOR must be aware of and must report to the applicable POC and the School/Facility any suspicious activity or obvious breach of security in relation to or during the course of their work at any of the STATE facilities. The report must contain as much detailed information as possible. The CONTRACTOR must keep their work areas closed and secure, before, during, and after performing work; any doors/gates left open and unsecured may be liable for security breaches. The STATE reserves the right to request that background security checks be provided when requested for each employee assigned to service this contract. Any employee found to have a history of sexual abuse, drug abuse, or felony conviction shall not be allowed on school premises or to perform the work under this contract. The CONTRACTOR's vehicles and personnel shall be properly identified with the CONTRACTOR's name, through company signage/logos, uniforms, name tags or identification cards as appropriate to comply with this requirement. PRICING *Refer to HIDOE Price List No. E21-25, Attachment A: Specifications, No. 3, Dump Fees for more information.
ENJOY PEACE OF MIND WHEN YOU ADD A PROTECTION PLAN. HOW IT WORKS: * Add a Plan at the time of purchase. * Return to the store of purchase with your eyewear and confirmation email. * Call 877-727-4762 to file a claim. You'll receive an email confirmation with your Service Request Number. * For smart glasses claims, you must remove any data from your product by restoring the product to factory settings. We are not responsible for any loss, disclosure, or damage to any data on your Product. Limitations and Exclusions apply. See Terms and Conditions for full plan details. Contract of Additional Warranty This is a legal contract (referred to hereinafter as the "Plan"). By purchasing it, you understand that it is such a contract and acknowledge that you have had the opportunity to read the terms and conditions set forth herein. Except in British Columbia, this Plan is not a contract of insurance. By purchasing this Plan you are consenting to Asurion Consumer Solutions of Canada Corp, EssilorLuxottica Canada, Inc. and Continental Casualty Company's collection, use and disclosure of personal information as described below, including its ability to share your personal information with Sunglass Hut the seller of this Plan. Instructions: You must keep the Plan and the sales receipt or order confirmation email for this product; it is an integral part of this Plan and you may be required to reference it to obtain service under this Plan. This Plan, including the terms, conditions, limitations, exceptions and exclusions set out herein, together with the sales receipt or order confirmation email, which contains the price you paid for this plan, commencement date and product identification information, constitute the entire agreement. Obligor: The companies obligated under this Plan are as follows: Warranty Provinces: In all provinces except British Columbia, Manitoba, Quebec, Saskatchewan the obligor is Asurion Consumer Solutions of Canada Corp, whose address is 600-1741 Lower Water Street, P.O. Box 997, Halifax, N.S., B3J 2X2, Canada , telephone 1-866-856-3882. In Quebec, the obligor is Essilorluxottica Canada Inc., whose address is 2000 Argentia Road, Plaza 2, Suite 101, Mississauga, Ontario, L5N 1V8. Insurance Province: In British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan the obligor is Continental Casualty Company, whose address is 66 Wellington Street West, Suite 3700, Toronto, Ontario M5K 1J5, Canada, telephone 800-831-4262. For the purposes of the Insurance Companies Act (Canada) this policy was issued in the course of the insurer's insurance business in Canada. Authorized Representative This policy contains a clause which may limit the amount payable For purchasers in the Insurance Province, please register your product by calling toll-free 877-727-4762. Definitions: Throughout this Plan the words (1) "we," "us," or "our" refer to the company obligated under this Plan, as referenced above; (2) "administrator" refers to Asurion Consumer Solutions of Canada Corporation ("Asurion"). The administrator can be contacted at: 600-1741 Lower Water Street, P.O. Box 997, Halifax, N.S., B3J 2X2, Canada; (3) "retailer" refers to Sunglass Hut; (4) "breakdown" refers to the failure of the product caused by: (a) defects in workmanship and/or materials, (b) normal wear and tear and (c) unintentional and accidental damage from handling (ADH); (5) "product" refers to the consumer item which you purchased concurrently with and is covered by this Plan; (6) "you" and "your" refers to the individual who purchased the product and this Plan; (7) "co-pay" refers to the amount of money you are required to pay the retailer and as set forth in the Co-Pay section of this Plan; and (8) "replacement product" refers to A PRODUCT OF EQUAL OR SIMILAR FEATURES THAT PERFORMS TO THE FACTORY SPECIFICATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL PRODUCT. What is Covered: This Plan covers parts and labor costs to repair or replace your product in the event your product experiences a breakdown which is not covered under any other warranty or service contract. We will repair or replace the product, at our discretion, when required due to a breakdown. For smart glasses we will replace the covered product when required due to a breakdown. For smart glasses we will replace your product when required due to a breakdown which is not covered under any other warranty or service contract. Plan coverage also includes but not limited to the following breakdowns due to defects in materials and/or workmanship or normal wear and tear: frame warping or bending, breakdowns caused by defective loose components and missing parts, such as lenses. Non-original manufacturer's parts may be used for repair of the product if the manufacturer's parts are unavailable. There may be a co-pay, see the Co-Pay section below for more information. If the covered product cannot be repaired, if the cost of the repair exceeds the original purchase price, or if parts are no PERFECT SHADES. PERFECTLY PROTECTED. WHAT IS COVERED FOR 13 MONTHS: * Cracked frames * Cracked or scratched lenses * Normal wear and tear * Defects in materials and workmanship PRICING: Plan Replacement longer available due to the age of the product or due to discontinuance by the manufacturer, we will replace your product with a replacement product. Term of Coverage: The term and coverage of your Plan commences on the date of purchase of the covered product and continues for the period indicated on the sales receipt or order confirmation email. The Plan is inclusive of the manufacturer's warranty; it does not replace the manufacturer's warranty but provides certain additional benefits during the term of the manufacturer's warranty. After the manufacturer's warranty expires, the Plan continues to provide some of the manufacturer's benefits as well as certain additional benefits listed within the Plan's terms and conditions. Plan coverage remains in effect throughout the end of your term, unless cancelled or fulfilled pursuant to the provisions below. To Obtain Service: If your product experiences a breakdown, call customer service at 877-727-4762 between the hours of 5am -11pm CST Monday to Sunday for instructions on obtaining service for your product. You are responsible for delivery or the cost of delivery of your covered product to the authorized service center for repair or replacement, per our instructions. Please have your Plan handy and be prepared to tell us which product needs service and the nature of the problem. All repairs and replacements must be authorized in advance. Unauthorized repairs or replacements may not be covered. Service under this Plan may void your manufacturer's warranty. At our sole discretion, we may require that you return the covered product to us as a condition to receiving a replacement product. All claims must be reported within thirty (30) days after expiration of this Plan. Foreign language assistance is available for your convenience. NOTE: For smart glasses: You must remove any data from your product by restoring the product to factory settings as directed by the manufacturer prior to obtaining service or replacement under this Plan. Repairs to Your Product may result in the deletion of data. You are responsible for backing up all data prior to commencement of any repairs or replacement under this Plan. We are not responsible for any loss, disclosure, or damage to any data on your Product. If a replacement Product is provided under this Plan, it will not contain data from the original Product. There is no deductible for this Plan; however, there may be Deductible: a co-pay. Please refer to the Co-Pay section for more details. Co-Pay: If your product requires the following services, the retailer will collect the following from you based on the service you receive: \| Co-Pay: \| Service: \| \|---\|---\| \| $50 \| Sunglasses Replacement \| Limit of Liability: For any single claim, the limit of liability under this Plan is the least of the cost of: (1) the total of authorized repairs performed, up to the purchase price, excluding sales tax, of the product; (2) replacement with a replacement product; (3) reimbursement for authorized repairs or replacement of the product; or (4) the purchase price that you paid for the product, excluding] sales tax. The total limit of liability under this Plan is: (a) reimbursement of the purchase price you paid for the product, excluding sales tax; (b) the total of all authorized repairs up to the purchase price paid for the product, excluding sales tax; or (c) replacement of the product with a replacement product. If we have met any of the above conditions (a), (b), or (c), we have satisfied all of our obligations under this Plan and the Plan will terminate WHAT IS NOT COVERED: (1) INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR SECONDARY DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO: ANY DELAY IN RENDERING SERVICE UNDER THIS PLAN, LOSS OF USE DURING THE PERIOD THAT THE PRODUCT IS AT A REPAIR CENTER OR OTHERWISE AWAITING PARTS, LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, DOWN-TIME AND CHARGES FOR TIME AND EFFORT, DAMAGE, DISCLOSURE OR LOSS OF ANY DATA, SOFTWARE OR OPERATING SYSTEM OR ANY LOSS OTHER THAN A BREAKDOWN OF THE COVERED PRODUCT; (2) ANY AND ALL PRE-EXISTING CONDITIONS THAT OCCUR PRIOR TO THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS PLAN; (3) DAMAGE FROM ABUSE, INTRODUCTION OF FOREIGN OBJECTS INTO THE PRODUCT, UNAUTHORISED PRODUCT MODIFICATIONS OR ALTERATIONS; (4) FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE MANUFACTURER'S CLEAN AND CARE INSTRUCTIONS; (5) THIRD-PARTY ACTIONS (FIRE, COLLISION, VANDALISM, THEFT, ETC.); (6) LOSS OR DAMAGE DUE TO THE ELEMENTS OR ACTS OF GOD; (7) LOSS OR DAMAGE DUE TO WAR, INVASION OR ACT OF FOREIGN ENEMY, HOSTILITIES, CIVIL WAR, REBELLION, RIOT, STRIKE, LABOR DISTURBANCE, LOCKOUT OR CIVIL COMMOTION; (8) DAMAGE COVERED BY ANY OTHER WARRANTY OR SERVICE CONTRACT; (9) PRODUCTS NOT ORIGINALLY COVERED BY A MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY OR RETAILER'S STORE RETURN POLICY; (10) PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE; (11) DAMAGE WHICH IS NOT REPORTED WITHIN THIRTY (30) DAYS AFTER EXPIRATION OF THIS PLAN; (12) ANY LOSS OTHER THAN A COVERED BREAKDOWN OF THE PRODUCT; (13) DECORATIVE EMBELLISHMENTS AND/OR ACCESSORIES ATTACHED TO THE PRODUCT; (14) DAMAGE CAUSED BY ANIMALS AND INSECTS; (15) UNAUTHORISED REPAIRS; (16) SERVICE THAT OCCURS OUTSIDE CANADA; (17) DAMAGE INCURRED DURING TRANSPORTATION; (18) PRODUCTS SOLD "AS-IS" INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO FLOOR MODELS (UNLESS COVERED BY A FULL MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY ON YOUR DATE OF PURCHASE) AND DEMONSTRATION MODELS; (19) DAMAGE FROM TAMPERING WITH ELEMENTS DESIGNED TO SECURE LENSES AND OR ARMS, OR UNAUTHORISED PRODUCT MODIFICATIONS OR ALTERATIONS; (20) PRODUCTS THAT ARE LOST OR STOLEN; (21) EYE EXAMS OR OTHER MEDICAL EXPENSES ASSOCIATED WITH OBTAINING REPLACEMENT EYEWEAR; (22) CLEANINGS, ADJUSTMENTS, AND FITTINGS; (23) REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OF EYEWEAR DUE TO OUTGROWTH OF EYEWEAR, A CHANGE IN OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION OR ANY OTHER MEDICAL REASON; (24) LIABILITY OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY, OR INJURY OR DEATH TO ANY PERSON OR PET ARISING OUT OF THE OPERATION, MAINTENANCE OR USE OF THE PRODUCT. Transfer: This Plan is non-transferable. Renewal: This Plan is not renewable. Cancellation: The following provision with respect to cancellation is subject to: a. In the case of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the provisions of Statutory Condition 5 set out in Appendix A hereto.This Plan can be cancelled by you at any time for any reason by surrendering it to the retailer from which you purchased this Plan during the period of their store return policy, or at any time by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org or by writing the administrator at: P.O. Box 1818, Sterling, VA 20167, USA. If the Plan is cancelled by either party: (a) within thirty (30) days of the receipt of this Plan, you shall receive a full refund of the price paid for the Plan, provided no service has been performed, or (b) after thirty (30) days of the receipt of this Plan, you will receive a pro rata refund, less the cost of any service received. This Plan shall be cancelled by us or Asurion for fraud or material misrepresentation. Unauthorized repair or replacement of covered equipment shall result in the cancellation of this Plan by us. In the event of cancellation by us, written notice of cancellation shall be mailed to you not less than sixty (60) days before cancellation is effective. Personal Information: Personal information, which includes factual or subjective information (recorded or not) about an identifiable individual collected in connection with the Plan (referred to hereinafter as "Personal Information"), may be collected, used and disclosed by Sunglass Hut, Asurion, EssilorLuxottica and CNA Canada for the purposes of administering the Plan ( including investigating, assessing and processing claims, creating and maintaining records, insurance or reinsurance of Plan liabilities, and providing customer service) and for such other purposes as are described in the privacy policies of Sunglass Hut, Asurion, EssilorLuxottica and CNA Canada. Sunglass Hut, Asurion, EssilorLuxottica and CNA Canada may exchange Personal Information as necessary for the purposes described above. Personal Information may also be used and disclosed for other purposes with your consent or as permitted or required by law. For more information (including with respect to the use by service providers located outside of Canada in connection with the Plan), or to request access to and correction of your personal information, please contact Asurion at 1-866-856-3882 or at P.O. Box 1818, Sterling VA 20167, USA. Requests for access must be in writing. You may also obtain a copy of Asurion's privacy policy by visiting https://www.asurion.com/privacy-policy/ Oryou may obtain a copy of Continental Casualty Company's privacy policy by visiting https://www.cnacanada.ca. Data Residency: Your information may be processed and stored in the United States and may be subject to access by U.S. authorities under applicable laws. To obtain a large-type copy of the terms and conditions of this Contract, please call 877-727-4762 . APPENDIX "A" STATUTORY CONDITIONS (FOR MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN CUSTOMERS ONLY) The following statutory conditions are deemed to be part of this policy. If any of the statutory conditions conflict with other terms and conditions of this Policy, these statutory conditions shall prevail and the terms and conditions of the Policy are hereby amended to conform to the statutory conditions below but only when the terms of the applicable provincial statutory conditions are more favourable to the named insured. If any of the terms and conditions in the Policy are found to be invalid, unenforceable, or not amendable to conform to the applicable provincial statutory conditions, such invalid, unenforceable or non-conforming conditions will be null and void but the remaining conditions shall remain in full force and effect. Misrepresentation 1. If a person applying for insurance falsely describes the property to the prejudice of the insurer, or misrepresents or fraudulently omits to communicate any circumstance that is material to be made known to the insurer in order to enable it to judge the risk to be undertaken, the contract is void as to any property in relation to which the misrepresentation or omission is material. Property of others 2. The insurer is not liable for loss of or damage to property owned by a person other than the insured unless: (a) otherwise specifically stated in the contract; or (b) the interest of the insured in that property is stated in the contract. Change of interest 3. The insurer is liable for loss or damage occurring after an authorized assignment under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (Canada) or a change of title by succession, by operation of law or by death. Material change in risk 4. (1) The insured must promptly give notice in writing to the insurer or its agent of a change that is: (a) material to the risk; and (b) within the control and knowledge of the insured. (2) If an insurer or its agent is not promptly notified of a change under subsection (1) of this condition, the contract is void as to the part affected by the change. (3) If an insurer or its agent is notified of a change under subsection (1) of this condition, the insurer may: (a) terminate the contract in accordance with Statutory Condition 5; or (b) notify the insured in writing that, if the insured desires the contract to continue in force, the insured must, within 15 days after receipt of the notice, pay to the insurer an additional premium specified in the notice. (4) If the insured fails to pay an additional premium when required to do so under clause (3)(b) of this condition, the contract is terminated at that time and Statutory Condition 5(2)(a) applies in respect of the unearned portion of the premium. Termination of Insurance 5. (1) The contract may be terminated: (a) by the insurer giving to the insured 15 days' notice of termination by registered mail or 5 days' written notice of termination personally delivered; or (b) by the insured at any time on request. (2) If the contract is terminated by the insurer: (a) the insurer must refund the excess of premium actually paid by the insured over the prorated premium for the expired time, but in no event may the prorated premium for the expired time be less than any minimum retained premium specified in the contract; and (b) the refund must accompany the notice unless the premium is subject to adjustment or determination as to amount, in which case the refund must be made as soon as is practicable. (3) If the contract is terminated by the insured, the insurer must refund as soon as is practicable the excess of premium actually paid by the insured over the short rate premium for the expired time specified in the contract, but in no event may the short rate premium for the expired time be less than any minimum retained premium specified in the contract. (4) The 15 day period referred to in clause (1)(a) of this condition starts to run on the Day following the day on which the registered letter or notification of it is delivered to the insured's postal address. Requirements after loss 6. (1) On the happening of any loss of or damage to insured property, the insured must, if the loss or damage is covered by the contract, in addition to observing the requirements of Statutory Condition 9: (a) immediately give notice in writing to the insurer; (b) deliver as soon as is practicable to the insurer a proof of loss in respect of the loss or damage to the insured property verified by statutory declaration: (i) giving a complete inventory of that property and showing in detail quantities and costs of that property and particulars of the amount of loss claimed; (ii) stating when and how the loss occurred, and if caused by fire or explosion due to ignition, how the fire or explosion originated, so far as the insured knows or believes; (iii) stating that the loss did not occur through any wilful act or neglect or the procurement, means or connivance of the insured; (iv) stating the amount of other insurances and the names of other insurers; (v) stating the interest of the insured and of all others in that property with particulars of all liens, encumbrances and other charges on that property; (vi) stating any changes in title, use, occupation, location, possession or exposure of the property since the contract was issued; and (vii) stating the place where the insured property was at the time of loss; (c) if required by the insurer, give a complete inventory of undamaged property showing in detail quantities and cost of that property; and (d) if required by the insurer and if practicable: (i) produce books of account and inventory lists; (ii) provide invoices and other vouchers verified by statutory declaration; and (iii) provide a copy of the written portion of any other relevant contract. (2) The evidence given, produced or provided under clauses (1) (c) and (d) of this condition must not be considered proofs of loss within the meaning of Statutory Conditions 12 and 13. Fraud 7. Any fraud or wilfully false statement in a statutory declaration in relation to the particulars required under Statutory Condition 6 invalidates the claim of the person who made the declaration. Who may give notice and proof 8. Notice of loss under Statutory Condition 6(1)(a) may be given and the proof of loss under Statutory Condition 6(1)(b) may be made: (a) by the agent of the insured if: (i) the insured is absent or unable to give the notice or make the proof; and (ii) the absence or inability is satisfactorily accounted for; or (b) by a person to whom any part of the insurance money is payable, if the insured refuses to do so, or in the circumstances described in clause (a) of this condition. Salvage 9. (1) In the event of loss of or damage to insured property, the insured must take all reasonable steps to prevent further loss of or damage to that property and to prevent loss of or damage to other property insured under the contract, including, if necessary, removing the property to prevent loss or damage or further loss or damage to the property. (2) The insurer must contribute on a prorated basis towards any reasonable and proper expenses in connection with steps taken by the insured under subsection (1) of this condition. Entry, control, abandonment 10. After loss of or damage to insured property, the insurer has: (a) an immediate right of access and entry by accredited representatives sufficient to enable them to survey and examine the property, and to make an estimate of the loss or damage; and (b) after the insured has secured the property, a further right of access and entry by accredited representatives sufficient to enable them to appraise or estimate the loss or damage but: (i) without the insured's consent, the insurer is not entitled to the control or possession of the insured property; and (ii) without the insurer's consent, there can be no abandonment to it of the insured property. In case of disagreement 11. (1) In the event of disagreement as to the value of the insured property, the value of the property saved, the nature and extent of the repairs or replacements required or, if made, their adequacy, or the amount of the loss or damage, those questions must be determined using the applicable dispute resolution process set out in The Insurance Act whether or not the insured's right to recover under the contract is disputed, and independently of all other questions. (2) There is no right to a dispute resolution process under this condition until: (a) a specific demand is made for it in writing; and (b) the proof of loss has been delivered to the insurer. When loss payable 12. Unless the contract provides for a shorter period, the loss is payable within 60 days after the proof of loss is completed in accordance with Statutory Condition 6 and delivered to the insurer. Repair or replacement 13. (1) Unless a dispute resolution process has been initiated, the insurer, instead of making payment, may repair, rebuild or replace the insured property lost or damaged, on giving written notice of its intention to do so within 30 days after receiving the proof of loss. (2) If the insurer gives notice under subsection (1) of this condition, the insurer must begin to repair, rebuild or replace the property within 45 days after receiving the proof of loss and must proceed with all due diligence to complete the work within a reasonable time. Notice 14. (1) Written notice to the insurer may be delivered at, or sent by registered mail to, the chief office or head office of the insurer in the province. (2) Written notice to the insured may be personally delivered at, or sent by registered mail addressed to, the insured's last known address as provided to the insurer by the insured. APPENDIX "B" OTHER CONDITIONS (FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA, MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN CUSTOMERS ONLY) 1. Every action or proceeding against an insurer for the recovery of insurance money payable under the contract is absolutely barred unless commenced within the time set out in the Insurance Act. Administered by: Asurion Consumer Solutions of Canada Corp. 600-1741 Lower Water Street, P.O. Box 997, Halifax, N.S., B3J 2X2, Canada ©2024 Asurion, LLC. All rights reserved. 622 (6/24) SUNH-1613887-24 COV56387
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Impact Assessment Report Project: Fight Against Covid A CSR Initiative of Sonalika International CauseBecause Impartiality and Independence Statement At CauseBecause, we are committed to upholding the highest standards of impartiality and independence in our evaluation and assessment processes. We firmly declare that our operations are devoid of any biases or conflicts of interest. Our evaluations of social projects, initiatives, programs, and schemes—regardless of whether they are implemented or managed by corporate groups, non-governmental organizations, government bodies, or any other entities—are conducted with absolute neutrality and objectivity. As an independent stakeholder, our primary objective is to ensure that all social projects that we assess of have an opportunity to add value to, achieve their intended impact and align with their overarching goals. We strive to support initiatives that contribute positively towards nation-building, as well as the well-being of the planet and its people. CauseBecause operates solely with the intention of fostering meaningful progress and supporting efforts that lead to sustainable and transformative outcomes. Our commitment to impartiality and independence is integral to our mission, and we take all necessary measures to safeguard these principles in every aspect of our work. Our commitment to OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) DAC Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) has defined six evaluation criteria – relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability – and two principles for their use. These criteria provide a normative framework used to determine the merit or worth of intervention (policy, strategy, programme, project, or activity). They serve as the basis upon which evaluative judgements are made. CONTENTS PAGE NO. \| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY \| 4 \| \|---\|---\| \| IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY \| \| \| KEY FINDINGS \| 7 \| \| PROJECT OVERVIEW \| \| \| PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION \| 8 \| \| NEED ASSESSMENT OUTCOMES \| \| \| IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY \| 9 \| \| PROJECT OUTCOMES \| \| \| PROJECT STATISTICS \| 15 \| \| RECOMMENDATIONS \| \| \| CONCLUSION \| 18 \| Executive Summary The "Fight Against Covid" project, initiated by Sonalika Social Development Society (SSDS), was a comprehensive response to the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on critical needs in Delhi and Punjab. As the pandemic surged, SSDS acted swiftly to address severe shortages in medical oxygen and essential healthcare equipment. Key interventions included the installation of a 50-bed capacity oxygen plant at St. Stephen's Hospital in Delhi, provision of ventilators, and distribution of oxygen cylinders, PPE kits, face masks, and pulse oximeters. Additionally, financial aid was provided to COVID-19 patients, and food kits were distributed to vulnerable populations, ensuring support extended beyond healthcare to address immediate needs. The project's impact was substantial, significantly improving the capacity of healthcare facilities to manage the pandemic. At St. Stephen's Hospital, the oxygen plant and ventilators enhanced the hospital's ability to treat critically ill patients, while the distribution of medical supplies and protective gear bolstered the overall response. In Punjab, the provision of oxygen cylinders and financial aid supported healthcare infrastructure and alleviated the financial burden on patients, contributing to a more effective statewide response to the crisis. The comprehensive support not only addressed immediate healthcare needs but also helped stabilize and strengthen the region's overall pandemic response. The success of the "Fight Against Covid" project has provided valuable insights into effective crisis management and preparedness. Key recommendations for future preparedness include developing robust contingency plans, strengthening supply chains for essential medical resources, and investing in healthcare infrastructure. These measures, informed by the experiences and outcomes of the current project, aim to enhance the company's resilience and responsiveness to any future emergencies, ensuring a proactive approach to safeguarding public health and well-being. 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of Sonalika Social Development Society (SSDS) Sonalika Social Development Society (SSDS) was established in 2015 as a CSR arm of M/s International Tractors Ltd. (ITL). The foundation of SSDS marks a significant step towards advancing ITL's commitment to corporate social responsibility, focusing on impactful community initiatives. The organization operates under several legal and regulatory frameworks to ensure transparency and accountability, including registrations with the Registrar of Societies, Income Tax Department, and Department of Companies Affairs. 1.2 Mission and Vision SSDS aims to foster social development through welfare programs focusing on health, education, and community empowerment. Its vision is to cultivate a sustainable and equitable society through impactful CSR initiatives and active community engagement. 1.2 CSR Compliance SSDS ensures its alignment with the CSR Law's requirements. This organization operates within the legal framework established for CSR activities, thereby enhancing its credibility and commitment to social responsibility. The compliance with CSR regulations underscores the organization's dedication to maintaining high standards of transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct in its social initiatives. About this report The impact assessment report conducted by CauseBecause for the CSR project 'Fight Against Covid' on behalf of Sonalika Social Development Society (SSDS) offers a comprehensive evaluation of the initiative's effectiveness and reach. Utilizing a robust methodology, the assessment began with a detailed desk review of all relevant project documentation, including concept notes, progress reports, and stakeholder information. This was followed by extensive field research, involving direct and indirect stakeholder discussions, including interviews with beneficiaries and project partners. The qualitative data collected was meticulously analyzed by a team of management trainees, communication executives, and market research interns under the guidance of seasoned research professionals. With a focus on accuracy and credibility, the team ensured a thorough and insightful evaluation of the project's impact and alignment with SSDS's mission and CSR compliance standards. 2. Impact Assessment Methodology Team CauseBecause studied the project concept and its objectives thoroughly and also had brief discussions with Team CSR at Sonalika before devising the assessment methodology. 2.1: Desk review of available documents As a first step, a thorough desk review of all the available material related to the project was done. This included literature provided by Team CSR as well as partner NGOs. The documents included: I. Project concept notes and implementation framework II. Project monitoring reports and project progress reports III. Names and coordinates of stakeholders, especially the project beneficiaries IV. Thorough details of courses and other activities under the project V. Monitoring and mid-term assessment reports by the company or third-party entities 2.2: Field research The research team applied the following techniques for assessing the outcomes of the project: * Thorough discussions with direct and indirect stakeholders of the project, including Sonalika team and the partner NGOs * Interviews (in-person, virtual meetings and telephonic talks) with project stakeholders, including beneficiaries 2.3: Qualitative data analysis In order to collect essential information from the sampled participants, a professional team of management trainees, communication executives and market research interns worked under senior research professionals. * Quality control during collection CauseBecause project lead and supervisors engaged in the interviews. * Data verification post-collection Project lead verified interviewees' responses through random sampling. They also did a post-interview satisfaction survey. * Data analysis Experienced research professionals and the IT team at CauseBecause worked together for data analysis. The latest version of IBM® SPSS® platform, an effective statistical software, was used for extraction of accurate insights. 3. Project Overview 3.1 About the Project The "Fight Against Covid" project spearheaded by Sonalika Social Development Society (SSDS) emerged as a critical initiative aimed at addressing the acute challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Delhi and Punjab. The project's genesis traces back to the onset of the pandemic in early 2020 when COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, began spreading globally. With India facing an escalating crisis, including severe shortages of medical oxygen, SSDS swiftly identified the need for a robust intervention. By late March 2020, the Indian government had enforced a nationwide lockdown, underscoring the urgency of the situation. In response, SSDS mobilized resources to support healthcare infrastructure under immense strain. The organization focused its efforts on enhancing oxygen supply systems and providing essential medical equipment in critical areas, notably St. Stephen's Hospital in Delhi and various hospitals across Punjab. The project's scope included establishing an oxygen plant at St. Stephen's Hospital to support its 50-bed capacity for COVID-19 patients and providing additional critical supplies such as ventilators and pulse oximeters. In Punjab, SSDS addressed urgent requests from local administrations by distributing over 100,000 oxygen cylinders, PPE kits, and face masks. The initiative also encompassed setting up COVID wards, supporting the financial needs of patients, and providing essential food kits to those affected by the pandemic. By the project's end in FY 2021-22, SSDS had significantly contributed to augmenting oxygen availability, improving healthcare services, and safeguarding public health in the impacted regions. The long-term impact of the project is expected to include better preparedness for future health crises, enhanced medical support infrastructure, and a strengthened community resilience against such pandemics. KEY FINDINGS 3.2 Project goals he goals of the "Fight Against Covid" project by Sonalika Social Development Society (SSDS) are: a) Enhance Medical Oxygen Availability: Establish and operationalize an oxygen plant at St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi, to support a 50-bed capacity, and provide a reliable supply of medical oxygen to address acute shortages. b) Improve Healthcare Infrastructure: Support the expansion of COVID-19 treatment facilities at St. Stephen's Hospital by increasing its bed capacity, including ICU and non-ICU beds with oxygen supply. c) Distribute Critical Medical Supplies: Provide essential medical equipment, including oxygen cylinders, ventilators, pulse oximeters, PPE kits, and face masks to hospitals and healthcare facilities in Delhi and Punjab. d) Support Patient Care: Offer financial aid and medical support to patients suffering from COVID-19, ensuring they receive necessary treatment and care. e) Aid in Food Security: Distribute food kits to vulnerable populations affected by the pandemic, addressing immediate nutritional needs. f) Strengthen Public Health Response: Collaborate with local administrations and healthcare providers to ensure effective distribution of medical supplies and support during the crisis. g) Promote Long-term Health and Wellness: Plan and initiate the establishment of Yoga and Meditation Centers in various cities of Delhi and Punjab to foster preventive health care and community well-being. h) Support Health Education and Awareness: Enhance public awareness about COVID-19 and preventive measures through community outreach and health education initiatives. 3.3 Project facility and locations The "Fight Against Covid" project was implemented in key locations across Delhi and Punjab, focusing on: Delhi: St. Stephen's Hospital: A major site for intervention, where an oxygen plant was established to support a 50-bed capacity and additional critical medical supplies were provided. The hospital, a leading tertiary care institution, played a central role in treating COVID-19 patients in the capital. Punjab: Hoshiarpur: A significant location where oxygen cylinders were distributed, and support was provided to local hospitals and the civil administration in managing the COVID-19 crisis. Various Other Locations: Medical supplies, including oxygen cylinders, PPE kits, face masks, and ventilators, were distributed to several hospitals and health centers throughout Punjab to bolster the state's healthcare response. These locations were chosen based on the critical needs of the healthcare infrastructure and the intensity of the COVID-19 impact in these regions. 3.4 Facility description The facility spans 4,200 square feet and has been meticulously renovated to serve as a state-of-the-art yoga and wellness centre. The renovation process included creating specialized spaces for yoga studios, meditation rooms, and healing areas, all designed to foster a serene and conducive environment for wellness activities. 4. Project Implementation Project Implementation Plan for "Fight Against Covid" Phase 1: Initial Assessment and Planning a) Needs Assessment: o Evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare facilities in Delhi and Punjab. o Identify specific needs for medical oxygen, ventilators, PPE kits, face masks, and other critical supplies. b) Stakeholder Engagement: o Coordinate with St. Stephen's Hospital, local hospitals in Punjab, and state health authorities. o Discuss project scope, requirements, and logistics with key stakeholders. c) Project Planning: o Develop a detailed project plan outlining objectives, timelines, and resource allocation. o Define key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure project success. Phase 2: Resource Mobilization 4. Procurement: o Source medical supplies including oxygen cylinders, ventilators, PPE kits, face masks, and pulse oximeters. o Arrange for the import and transportation of these supplies to the targeted locations. 5. Establish Oxygen Plant: o Plan and set up the oxygen plant at St. Stephen's Hospital, including installation and testing. Phase 3: Deployment and Distribution 6. Deployment at St. Stephen's Hospital: o Install and commission the oxygen plant to support a 50-bed capacity. o Distribute and set up ventilators and other essential medical equipment. 7. Distribution in Punjab: o Coordinate with local officials to distribute 100,000 oxygen cylinders across various districts. o Provide PPE kits, face masks, and pulse oximeters to hospitals and healthcare centers. Phase 4: Support and Monitoring 8. Financial Aid and Patient Support: o Provide financial assistance to COVID-19 patients and support their treatment needs. o Distribute food kits to affected individuals and families. 9. Monitoring and Evaluation: o Regularly assess the effectiveness of the oxygen plant and medical supplies distribution. o Collect feedback from healthcare facilities and beneficiaries to evaluate impact. 5. Need Assessment Outcomes The need assessment for the "Fight Against Covid" project highlighted several critical requirements that drove the project's focus and implementation. The key needs identified were: 1. Medical Oxygen Supply: o Oxygen Shortage: The surge in COVID-19 cases created an unprecedented demand for medical oxygen. Hospitals faced severe shortages, impacting their ability to provide adequate care to patients with respiratory distress. The establishment of an oxygen plant at St. Stephen's Hospital in Delhi aimed to address this critical shortage and support the hospital's capacity. 2. Ventilators: o Critical Care Equipment: The increasing number of severe COVID-19 cases required additional ventilators for patients in critical condition. The project sought to provide ventilators to enhance the hospital's capacity to treat patients with severe respiratory complications. 3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): o Healthcare Worker Protection: There was an urgent need for PPE kits to protect healthcare workers who were on the front lines of the pandemic. Distribution of PPE kits ensured that medical staff could safely perform their duties while minimizing the risk of infection. 4. Face Masks and Pulse Oximeters: o Preventive Measures: Face masks and pulse oximeters were essential for both patients and healthcare workers. Masks helped reduce the spread of the virus, while pulse oximeters were crucial for monitoring oxygen levels in patients. 5. Financial Aid for Patients: o Economic Impact: Many COVID-19 patients faced financial difficulties due to the high cost of medical treatment. Financial assistance was needed to help patients manage their medical expenses and recovery. 6. Food and Basic Necessities: o Support for Vulnerable Populations: The pandemic exacerbated food insecurity for many individuals and families. Providing food kits addressed immediate nutritional needs and supported those affected by the economic fallout of the pandemic. 7. Healthcare Infrastructure Support: o Capacity Building: The project aimed to enhance healthcare infrastructure by expanding treatment facilities and improving the capacity of hospitals to handle the increased patient load. These needs were identified based on the escalating crisis, the strain on healthcare systems, and the direct impact of COVID-19 on patients, healthcare workers, and communities. Table 1: Interventions under the project \| OXYGEN PLANT INSTALLATION \| Installation of a 50-bed capacity oxygen plant at St. Stephen’s Hospital \| \|---\|---\| \| VENTILATOR PROVISION \| \| \| DISTRIBUTION OF OXYGEN CYLINDERS \| Import and distribution of 100,000 oxygen cylinders \| \| PROVISION OF PPE KITS \| \| \| DISTRIBUTION OF FACE MASKS \| Provision of face masks for patients and healthcare workers \| \| DISTRIBUTION OF PULSE OXIMETERS \| \| \| FINANCIAL AID FOR PATIENTS \| Financial assistance to COVID-19 patients for medical treatment \| \| FOOD KITS DISTRIBUTION \| \| \| REFRIGERATOR PROVISION \| Supply of refrigerators for storing COVID-19 medicines and life-saving drugs \| 6. Project Outcomes Major Outcomes and Impact of the "Fight Against Covid" Project 1. Oxygen Plant Installation * Outcome: Enhanced the capacity of St. Stephen's Hospital to provide continuous and reliable oxygen supply for COVID-19 patients. * Impact: Reduced the strain on external oxygen supply sources, improved patient outcomes by ensuring a steady flow of oxygen, and increased the hospital's ability to handle a higher volume of critical cases. 2. Ventilator Provision * Outcome: Increased the availability of life-saving ventilators for patients with severe respiratory distress. * Impact: Improved survival rates for critically ill COVID-19 patients, reduced the burden on existing ventilator resources, and enhanced the overall quality of care provided in the hospital. 3. Distribution of Oxygen Cylinders * Outcome: Delivered 100,000 oxygen cylinders to various locations in Punjab, addressing widespread shortages. * Impact: Alleviated critical shortages of medical oxygen in multiple districts, supported the treatment of COVID-19 patients across the state, and strengthened the overall healthcare response to the pandemic. 4. Provision of PPE Kits * Outcome: Supplied essential protective gear to healthcare workers and facilities. * Impact: Enhanced the safety and well-being of medical personnel, minimized the risk of infection among healthcare workers, and ensured continued care delivery amid the pandemic. 5. Distribution of Face Masks * Outcome: Provided face masks to patients and healthcare workers. * Impact: Contributed to the reduction of virus transmission, protected individuals from infection, and supported public health measures aimed at controlling the spread of COVID-19. 6. Distribution of Pulse Oximeters * Outcome: Supplied pulse oximeters for monitoring patient oxygen levels. * Impact: Facilitated early detection of oxygen desaturation in patients, improved management of respiratory conditions, and supported effective monitoring and treatment strategies. 7. Financial Aid for Patients * Outcome: Offered financial assistance to approximately 30 COVID-19 patients. * Impact: Eased the financial burden of medical expenses on patients and their families, enabled access to necessary treatments, and supported recovery efforts during a challenging time. 8. Food Kits Distribution * Outcome: Distributed food kits to vulnerable individuals and families affected by the pandemic. * Impact: Addressed immediate food insecurity, provided essential nutrition to those in need, and supported community welfare during economic disruptions caused by COVID-19. 9. Refrigerator Provision * Outcome: Supplied refrigerators for the storage of COVID-19 medicines and life-saving drugs. * Impact: Ensured the proper storage and efficacy of critical medicines, supported the safe administration of treatments, and improved the overall logistical capacity of civil hospitals in Punjab. 10. Yoga/Meditation Centers Establishment * Outcome: Initiated the creation of Yoga and Meditation Centers in Delhi and Punjab. * Impact: Promoted preventive health care and mental well-being, offered community support for stress management during the pandemic, and contributed to long-term health and wellness in the regions served. 6.1 Impact of Support to St. Stephen's Hospital The "Fight Against Covid" project provided targeted support to St. Stephen's Hospital in Delhi to enhance its capacity to manage COVID-19 patients effectively. The interventions aimed at addressing critical needs and bolstering the hospital's infrastructure during the pandemic. * Oxygen Plant Installation o Action: Installed a 50-bed capacity oxygen plant. o Outcome: Ensured a reliable and continuous supply of medical oxygen, significantly reducing the hospital's dependency on external sources and supporting a higher volume of patients. * Ventilator Provision: o Action: Supplied additional ventilators. o Outcome: Enhanced the hospital's ability to provide life-saving respiratory support to critically ill COVID-19 patients, improving treatment outcomes and patient survival rates. * Distribution of Oxygen Cylinders: o Action: Provided a substantial number of oxygen cylinders to the hospital. o Outcome: Supplemented the hospital's oxygen supply, ensuring that patients had access to necessary respiratory support and alleviating the pressure on existing resources. * PPE Kits and Face Masks: o Action: Supplied PPE kits and face masks. o Outcome: Protected healthcare workers from infection, enabling them to safely care for patients while minimizing the risk of virus transmission within the hospital. * Pulse Oximeters: o Action: Distributed pulse oximeters for patient monitoring. o Outcome: Allowed for precise monitoring of oxygen levels in patients, aiding in the early detection of complications and ensuring timely medical interventions. * Financial Aid: o Action: Provided financial assistance for medical expenses. o Outcome: Supported the treatment of COVID-19 patients by covering part of their medical costs, alleviating financial stress on patients and their families. The interventions collectively strengthened St. Stephen's Hospital's capacity to manage the COVID-19 crisis, improved patient care, and supported the well-being of healthcare workers. The enhancements made during the project period contributed to better health outcomes and operational efficiency in the hospital. 7. Project Statistics Throughout the "Fight Against Covid" project, Sonalika Social Development Society (SSDS) ensured rigorous data management and project oversight through consistent monitoring and assessment by internal teams. Dedicated internal teams conducted regular evaluations of project activities to maintain data accuracy and reliability. This involved systematic tracking of interventions such as oxygen plant installation, distribution of medical supplies, and financial aid allocation. The project team utilized detailed progress reports and real-time data collection methods to monitor the effectiveness of each initiative. This meticulous approach ensured that the project's goals were met efficiently and transparently, ultimately contributing to the effective management of resources and impactful support during the COVID-19 crisis. Table 2: Project statistics \| \| CATEGORY \| \| METRIC \| \| DATA \| LOCATION(S) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| OXYGEN PLANT \| Bed capacity \| Bed capacity \| 50 beds \| 50 beds \| St. Stephen’s Hospital, \| \| \| CAPACITY \| \| \| \| \| Delhi \| \| VENTILATORS PROVIDED \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| OXYGEN CYLINDERS DISTRIBUTED \| \| Quantity \| \| 10,000 cylinders \| \| Various locations in \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Punjab, including \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Hoshiarpur \| \| PPE KITS DISTRIBUTED \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| FINANCIAL AID PROVIDED \| \| \| Number of \| Approximately 30 patients \| \| \| \| \| \| \| patients \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| supported \| \| \| \| \| FOOD KITS DISTRIBUTED \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| REFRIGERATORS \| Quantity \| \| 01 \| \| \| \| \| PROVIDED \| \| \| \| \| \| Face Masks and Pulse Oximeters were distributed as per the need either directly to the government departments, hospitals and the company's partner NGOs 8. Recommendations The recommendations for future preparedness were developed through a comprehensive review of the "Fight Against Covid" project and its implementation. By analyzing the successes and challenges encountered during the project, including the rapid deployment of medical resources and the establishment of critical support systems, we identified key areas for enhancement. Feedback from internal teams and stakeholders, along with an evaluation of the project's impact and outcomes, highlighted the importance of having robust contingency plans, strengthening supply chains, and investing in healthcare infrastructure. Additionally, lessons learned from the project underscored the value of training, preventive health programs, and continuous improvement. These insights collectively informed the recommendations, aimed at building a resilient framework to address any future emergencies effectively. a) Develop Contingency Plans o Action: Create comprehensive emergency response plans for potential future health crises. These plans should include strategies for rapid deployment of medical supplies, establishment of temporary healthcare facilities, and coordination with local and national health authorities. o Rationale: While pandemics are rare, being prepared with a well-defined contingency plan can ensure a swift and organized response to any future emergencies. b) Strengthen Supply Chain Networks o Action: Build and maintain robust supply chains for essential medical equipment, such as oxygen cylinders, PPE kits, and ventilators. o Rationale: Ensuring reliable access to critical resources can mitigate shortages during crises and enhance the ability to respond effectively. c) Invest in Healthcare Infrastructure o Action: Consider investments in healthcare infrastructure, including the development of facilities for emergency medical care and the installation of essential equipment in hospitals. o o Rationale: Improved infrastructure can provide immediate support during emergencies and strengthen overall healthcare capacity. d) Promote Health and Wellness Programs o Action: Develop and support preventive health and wellness programs, such as yoga and meditation centres, to foster community resilience and well-being. o Rationale: Preventive measures can improve public health and reduce the impact of future health crises. e) Review and Learn from Current Projects o Action: Conduct a thorough review of the "Fight Against Covid" project to identify lessons learned and areas for improvement. o Rationale: Applying insights gained from current experiences will enhance preparedness and response capabilities for future emergencies. By incorporating these recommendations, the company can build on its experiences and better prepare for any future calamities, ensuring a more resilient and responsive approach to crisis management. 9. Conclusion The Divine Soul Yoga Centre – Solis Wellness Centre has emerged as a vital initiative addressing the multifaceted health and wellness needs of the community, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Centre's thoughtful design and phased implementation—from online meditation courses and yoga sessions to the establishment of a dedicated physical space—reflect its commitment to fostering holistic well-being and resilience among its participants. The impact of the Centre is evident through its diverse offerings and the significant benefits reported by its users. The integration of guided meditation, yoga therapy, divine healing, and laughter therapy has provided comprehensive support, enhancing physical fitness, mental clarity, and emotional stability. The Centre has successfully created a supportive environment that not only addresses immediate wellness needs but also contributes to long-term community health. Glimpses of the project Sample of awareness collateral *** For detailed discussion and presentation, contact: Ranjan Rayna Director & chief strategist firstname.lastname@example.org Saucepan Media Pvt. Ltd M10, FF, Greater Kailash 2 New Delhi – 110048 www.causebecause.com
Cost Estimation in Construction BIM vs Total BIM Master's thesis in Design and Construction Project Management DANIEL PÅSSE Gothenburg, Sweden 2022 www.chalmers.se MASTER'S THESIS ACEX60 Cost Estimation in Construction BIM vs Total BIM Master's Thesis in the Master's Programme Design and Construction Project Management DANIEL PÅSSE Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Construction Management CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2022 Cost Estimation in Construction BIM vs Total BIM Master's Thesis in the Master's Programme Design and Construction Project Management DANIEL PÅSSE © DANIEL PÅSSE, 2022 Examensarbete ACEX60 Institutionen för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknik Chalmers tekniska högskola, 2022 Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Construction Management Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Göteborg, Sweden, 2022 Cost Estimation in Construction BIM vs Total BIM Master's thesis in the Master's Programme Design and Construction Project Management DANIEL PÅSSE Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Construction Management Chalmers University of Technology ABSTRACT It is known that cost overruns are an issue in the construction industry, and in an industry with such small margins of profit there is always a desire to cut costs. To facilitate and improve the efficiency and quality of cost-estimation processes, the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been promoted in the construction industry. Recently, the concept of 'Total BIM' has emerged in Scandinavia, where the BIM becomes the legally binding construction document. This approach excludes traditional 2D-drawings and puts more requirements on the actual BIM, which should then promote more use within cost-estimation. This thesis highlights, explores issues, challenges, and potential within the cost-estimation process. 10 interviews were conducted with participants from recent projects involving the use of BIM and traditional construction documents in parallel. Secondly, an in-depth investigation of a Total BIM project was performed with respect to model quality, quantity take-offs, and cost estimations. Findings show that even in projects where BIM is present, traditional 2D-based methods were still used for cost-estimation. Common reasons include lack of trust for the BIM, the BIMs unclear legal status and quality, and that the existence of traditional 2D-drawings makes it possible to still use "tried and tested" methods. By using Total BIM, the time taken to perform cost estimations may be reduced up to 90% over traditional methods, but issues regarding training, data and information management and education must be addressed. Greater investment is also necessary in early project stages. Key words: Total BIM, Cost estimation, BIM, Digital Construction Kostnadskalkyler i byggbranschen BIM vs Total BIM Examensarbete inom mastersprogrammet organisering och ledning i bygg- och fastighetssektorn DANIEL PÅSSE Institutionen för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknik Avdelningen för Construction Management Chalmers tekniska högskola SAMMANFATTNING Det är känt att kostnadsöverskridanden är en stor fråga i byggbranschen och i en bransch med så små vinstmarginaler finns alltid en önskan att skära ner på kostnaderna. För att underlätta och förbättra effektiviteten och kvaliteten i kalkylprocessen har implementeringen av Building Information Modelling (BIM) främjats i byggbranschen. Nyligen har begreppet 'Total BIM' dykt upp i Skandinavien, där BIM blir det juridiskt bindande byggdokumentet. Detta tillvägagångssätt utesluter traditionella 2D-ritningar och ställer fler krav på själva BIM, vilket då borde främja mer användning inom kostnadsuppskattning. Detta arbete belyser, utforskar problem, utmaningar och potential inom kalkylprocessen. 10 intervjuer genomfördes med deltagare från nyligen genomförda projekt som involverade användning av BIM och traditionella bygghandlingar parallellt. Det genomfördes även en fördjupad undersökning av ett Total BIM-projekt med avseende på modellkvalitet, mängdning och kostnadskalkyler. Resultaten visar att även i projekt där BIM finns användes fortfarande traditionella 2Dbaserade metoder för kostnadsuppskattning. Vanliga orsaker är brist på förtroende för BIM, BIM:s oklara juridiska status och kvalitet samt att förekomsten av traditionella 2D-ritningar gör det möjligt att fortfarande använda "beprövade" metoder. Genom att använda Total BIM kan tiden det tar att utföra kostnadskalkyler minskas med upp till 90 % jämfört med traditionella metoder, men frågor om data- och informationshantering och utbildning måste lösas. Större investeringar är också nödvändiga i tidiga stadier i projekt. Nyckelord: Total BIM, Cost estimation, BIM, Digital construction Contents Table of Figures Preface This study was carried out during the fall semester 2021 and spring semester 2022 as the thesis work of the master's program "Design and construction project management" at Chalmers university of technology. The findings in the study highlight issues surrounding cost estimation and BIM in the Swedish construction industry today. The conclusions found in this research can help companies highlight obstacles to improve their implementation of Total BIM. Furthermore, the research process and findings has also provided me with an experience and knowledge in the cost estimation process, BIM and Total BIM, and has helped motivate the me to further improve the construction industry in his professional career. The thesis is a result of a year of hard work and could not have been possible without the support from the helpful people along the way. I would like to make a special thanks my supervisor at Chalmers university of technology, Mattias Roupé, and my fiancé, Sara Hammarskjöld, for always supporting me throughout the year. I would also like to thank all the participant in the interview study. Without their professional insight and extensive knowledge, the study would not be possible. Finally, I would like to thank my student opponent, Jingjing Zheng, for her valuable feedback on this thesis report. Gothenburg May 2022 Daniel Påsse 1 Background It is well known that cost overruns are an issue in the construction industry, and in an industry with such small margins of profit there is always a desire to cut costs (Flyvbjerg, 2002). However, the cost estimation process is very complex and has a lot of factors to consider, and in order to make the desired cost cuts this process must improve if the quality of the project is to remain the same. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is on the rise and there is an increase of digital solutions for construction projects due to its reported benefits (Barlish and Sullivan 2012; Smith 2016; Tingvall 2020). The sector is already better at using BIM and other digital tools, especially during the design phase. Although there is a lot of work left to be done regarding BIM, many actors are ready to take the next step and start using BIM in a broader sense. However, currently it is common that BIM and 2D paper drawings are used together in projects and in that case, two parallel design processes occur where designers focus on delivering 2D drawings as the legally binding construction document (Disney et al. 2021; Sundqvist et al. 2020; Johansson et al. 2019). When this happens, BIM usually ceases to be updated and becomes merely a reference model for visualisation purposes on the construction site. In Scandinavia some firms have begun to explore a broader use of BIM and the concept of 'Total BIM' has emerged (Cousins 2017). In this context, Total BIM connected to cost could be an interesting approach to explore. An approach where the BIM becomes the legally binding construction document, and where traditional 2D-drawings are excluded (Disney et al. 2021). This approach puts a higher requirement on the actual BIM, which should then promote more use of the BIM in other areas, such as cost-estimation. The Total BIM concept has gained attention after the recent success of the Celsius project, that was delivered under time and under budget and scored highly in worker surveys in Uppsala, Sweden. Instead of creating 2D drawings from a 3D model, the model should be used in the production phase as well as the design phase. The model could also act as a digital representation of the project, also called Digital Twin. The cost estimation process is very complex and has a lot of factors to consider. All actors in the industry have their own approach and data for estimating costs and this adds to the difficulty of the process (PMBOK, 2017). Cost-estimation plays a big part in the project's lifetime, and an inadequate cost-estimation can have disastrous consequences (Ottosson, 2009). Even though there are a lot of reasons behind a cost overrun, the human factor and the lack of information are among the most common reasons for underestimation (Klakegg and Lichtenberg, 2015). 1.1 Aim This thesis investigates the current issues in the cost estimation process as well as the issues with using BIM in construction projects and aims to find what's lacking in regards to these areas. This thesis aims to find how BIM could be used to improve cost estimation through an interview study and case analysis. The results from these studies aim to demonstrate issues that need attention in order to implement BIM in the cost-estimation process and further implement Total BIM in the construction process. 1.2 Problem formulation As found in previous research, cost overruns are a problem in the construction sector (Flyvbjerg, 2002). Furthermore, the research shows that Total BIM can be beneficial for the time and economy in construction projects (Disney et al. 2021). This led to an interesting question on how Total BIM could help improve cost estimation to get better estimations and therefore counter cost overruns. However, the research approach to this thesis aims to first understand current issues in the cost estimation process as well as the BIM process in order to highlight areas that need attention. Furthermore, the results from the investigation are validated in a case study and analysed to find if and how Total BIM could improve the cost estimation process. The goal for the study is to find issues in the cost estimation process and the BIM process in the construction industry today. Furthermore, the goal is to validate the findings in a case analysis and finally analyse the results to find if and how Total BIM can improve cost estimation in construction projects and help counter cost overruns. Due to the limited information available surrounding BIM in the cost-estimation process, the approach to the subject had to be divided into two parts: BIM and costestimation. This limited information strengthens the problem formulation and clearly show the knowledge gap in this area. The research approach had to be adapted to this which led to the division of two areas. This was helpful during the interview study due to the interviewees work areas and work descriptions. The interviewees working with BIM does not work with cost estimation, and the interviewees working with cost-estimation does not work with BIM. 1.3 Research questions Research questions that were aimed to answered for the thesis were: * What are the current issues with BIM and what is needed for a Total BIM approach to construction projects? * What are the current issues in cost estimation and how are they connected to cost overruns? * Can Total BIM in cost estimation help reduce costs and counter cost overruns, and if so, how? 1.4 Delimitations This study is limited to the Swedish construction industry. Furthermore, this paper focuses on cost estimation and BIM and their potential relation. The thesis also investigates the concept of Total BIM connected to cost estimation. However, while there are many reasons behind cost overruns (Klakegg and Lichtenberg, 2015) and many benefits to BIM (Barlish and Sullivan 2012; Smith 2016; Tingvall 2020), due to time constraints this study mainly focus on cost estimation BIM connected to this. However, findings from this study may be applied to other areas, but this is not included in this thesis. 2 Related Work An extended literature search was made to find what has been done in the field and what the research is saying about the subject. Furthermore, the literature search also contributed to the literature study questions and aim. 2.1 Cost estimation Cost estimating is a key part in a project's lifetime according to Ottosson (2009). He further states that the developer makes decisions about the project based on their knowledge about the estimated cost. This cost is based on a calculated estimate of the earnings and return of investment. That is why, in order to start a project, there is a need for a cost estimation. The initial cost estimation is done during the pilot study and has a high level of uncertainty. Ottosson states that the levels of uncertainty can range from under 25% to over 50% on big projects and under 10% to over 15% on smaller projects. Ottosson further explains that when the cost estimation is later compared with final cost of projects, they did not meet the economic criteria. Several reasons that could affect the costs in a project were found. These reasons were: unclear demands on score and quality, forgotten posts during calculation, needs/ wishes have surfaced without being added to the budget, project have been delayed, the market forces have been put out of play, a lot of change and added works due to poor planning/design/procurement, the level of uncertainty have been misjudged, index evolvement, and currency changes. Furthermore, the process of estimating the cost is presented in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK, 2017) and it is presented as a part of the cost management. Cost estimation is "the process of developing an approximation of the cost". In order to estimate costs according to the PMBOK you need a set of inputs. These inputs are the project management plan which contains the cost management plan, the quality management plan, and the scope baseline. These plans together create the framework of the plan. Other inputs needed are the relevant project documents, such as project schedule, lessons learned register, resource requirement and a risk register. There are also some environmental factors that affect the cost management, and they are counted as inputs. The environmental factors are factors such as the market conditions, exchange rates and inflation. Lastly, the organisations also typically have their own processes and policies such as cost estimation policies and templates. Additionally, the PMBOK then states that using these inputs a cost estimate can be calculated using a set of tools and techniques. A few of them are mentioned in the PMBOK. Among the tools and techniques are expert judgement, using expertise with experience from similar projects, or experts within cost estimating methods, or experts with knowledge about the industry and discipline. The PMBOK also mentions a few different ways of estimating costs, such as: Analogous estimating which uses data from previous projects to estimate costs, parametric estimating that uses statistics to estimate costs (examples are square metres), bottom-up estimating is a way of estimating by estimating all activities in great detail and then adding them all for a total sum, and lastly three-point estimating were three different scenarios is calculated (most likely, optimistic and pessimistic) and are then used to calculate a more accurate cost estimate. Klakegg and Lichtenberg (2015) states that cost overruns are a big problem for the sector and that the reasons behind the cost overruns are often political and strategic. One cause they found was that by underestimating the costs and overestimating the gains from the project the likelihood for funding and approval is increased. The cost estimation and risk assessments are often inadequate as well according to the paper. Furthermore, the human factor plays a big part in cost overruns according to Klakegg and Lichtenberg. They found that many experts are biased in their evaluations. Although there are scientific methods for cost estimation the experts tend to make subjective evaluations. 2.2 BIM Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be defined as: "set of interacting policies, processes and technologies generating a methodology to manage the essential building design and project data in a digital format throughout the building's life cycle" (Succar 2009). There are many benefits with BIM, time and cost savings can be made as well as material waste reduced and the collaboration between disciplines is increased (Tingvall, 2020). According to Tingvall, savings on bigger projects can with the use of BIM reach savings of 8-12% of the total project cost. In addition, Tingvall states that the BIM model also acts as a tool in visualisation, quantity takeoffs, production control and simulation. Furthermore, BIM is starting to gain traction in the construction industry today (Smith, 2016) and companies are starting to grasp the potential of BIM. However, the full potential of BIM has yet not been reached. The models typically lack all the data necessary to fully reap the benefits a model has the potential to provide. Smith continues to explain that many issues that lead to the lacking data is that many actors in projects in the sectors are reluctant to share their full version of the model with each other. There are many reasons for this but the main one is that the designer cannot control what will be done with the model and that is a potential liability. The key to successfully work with BIM, according to Smith, is data management. Smith explains this by arguing that the designer must know what data needs to be added, in what form and how the model can be changed. It is important to have a quantity surveyor that can explain to the designer what they want. Ideally the surveyor has access to the model. However, Smith emphasises the importance of comprehensive and accurate data in order to fully reach the potentials of BIM. A comprehensive model requires much time and a knowledgeable BIM team. In many projects the model fails to deliver due to poor data. The reasons for the poor and inadequate data are many, but the main one being costs. Many clients do not see the value in paying for a comprehensive model or lack the knowledge to know if the model is comprehensive enough. Smith explains that they found BIM modellers that had to make quick and inadequate models just to satisfy the clients and then the rest of the project team had to work with poor models. A study made in the USA by Barlish and Sullivan (2012) tried to measure the benefits of BIM in order to argue for a bigger investment in BIM in projects. They found that the long-term savings with a flexible design outweigh the initial costs and risk of rework. Barlish and Sullivan also state that the full potential of BIM has not yet been reached due to a lacking business case for owners. Furthermore, adding dimensions to BIM increases the use from a sticky visible aid to the ability to generate take-offs and courts in the model (Kehily and Underwood, 2017). Kehily and Underwood explain that adding time and cost to a 3D model gives a 4D time model and a 5D cost model. These dimensions are what make a BIM more than a visualisation tool, and a tool for data management. Redmond et al. (2012) did research on cloud-based BIM where everyone in the project had real time information from the model. Instead of the traditional exportimport relation that is the industry standard today, the idea of a cloud-based tool is to give everyone the same data. This would eradicate the issue of every discipline in a project having their own model and creating multiple copies of the data. The research found that there is a need for a solution where BIM is able to share and synchronise information across different applications and platforms. However, Redmond et al. found that the openness this would require is an issue due to companies not being so keen in sharing information between themselves and access to all data is the key for cloud-BIM. In Sweden a classification system called BSAB 96 is used (Svensk Byggtjänst, 2016). This system is based on ISO 12006-2 and is used as a way of standardising building parts. However, this system is outdated and Svensk Byggtjänst is now working on a new system called CoClass. This new system is better adapted to the digital process of BIM and can therefore contain more information than the previous system. CoClass is supposed to be used throughout the whole building process, from the initial start and investigation to the production phase and to the management of the finished building. The aim is to use the system as a tool to present load bearing functions, relations, location, cost, logistics and affiliation in the organisations. Svensk Byggtjänst explains that the system is very important for the maintenance of the finished building. To have access to the information of all parts during remodelling and reworks is one of the key factors behind the development of the system. Furthermore, Svensk Byggtjänst states that the system, CoClass, enables better communication between different actors and phases in building projects. By using the same name for parts, rooms, and locations the risks of miscommunications decrease as well as the integration between different softwares and disciplines increase. They also state that costs from both the production and management phase can be linked to objects and thus making it easier to test the cost efficiency of different technical solutions. In a report by BIM Alliance (2016) they found that there is a need for proper standards for processes and definitions of terms in order to avoid misconception and increase clarity in contracts. In the report the authors also found that the various actors' needs and gains from BIM has to be made clearer so that BIM can be optimised for the various phases and actors. Furthermore, the report from BIM alliance also adds to the importance of data management. What information is important at what time and for whom. The various standard agreements that exist in Sweden (AB 04, ABT 06 and ABK 09) should also be updated according to BIM alliance (2016). The handling of the model in the different phases in projects as well as the hand over process should be better regulated. The report emphasises the importance of clear and comprehensive contracts that state how the model will be handled and who has the responsibility to deliver the 6 model and what it should contain. However, standards such as level of detail (LOD) exist outside of Sweden (Tingvall, 2020). LOD states how much data the model contains, and the author states that LOD can be used as a standard measurement on how BIM should be used in projects and what the model should contain and when. LOD is today used internationally but is lacking in Sweden. 2.3 Cost estimation with BIM In a report made by Carl-Erik Brohn (2018) it is shown that the amount of time needed for a cost estimation differs greatly depending on the technology used. The numbers he states are approximately 160 hours of traditional work with manual calculations, approximately 100 hours of work when using Bluebeam (digital drawings), and 15 hours when using an IFC model. Furthermore, the author also states that the model should be the primary source of information. 3 Research Method To investigate and research the cost estimation process and Total BIM, a literature review followed by interviews with different stakeholders in the Swedish construction industry was performed. The findings from literature and interviews were tested and validated in a case study of a Total BIM project in Gothenburg, Sweden. 3.1 Research approach and design The research approach of the thesis adopted a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews with key persons from the construction sector that are active in either BIM or cost-estimation. This approach creates an opportunity to understand and explore the issues of the topic through the knowledge and experiences of the interviewees (Bryman and Bell, 2012). This thesis uses a deductive approach to the theoretical framework. As explained by Dubois and Gadde (2002), the theoretical framework should be used as a guideline to the empirical data collection. The empirical data was also tested and validated in a case study to provide a better in-depth insight of the empirical findings (Dubois and Gadde, 2002). The findings from the interview study and the case analysis were evaluated using an abductive approach, using the literature found as a guideline. This research approach, according to Dubois and Gadde (2002), facilitates an iterative and flexible process where the empirical data analysis and collection is conducted alongside the theoretical framework's development. 3.2 Related works The initial part of the study was to investigate the current state, find issues and the research gap connected to the cost estimation process and the Total BIM process. The two research areas are firstly separated to enable a deeper understanding of each. Then they are combined and developed to see how they can improve the cost estimation process using Total BIM. Due to the limited information, and clear knowledge gap, of BIM in cost-estimation, the literature research for related works was divided to create a framework for the empirical data collection. 3.3 Interview study The interviews were semi-structured, meaning that there were some questions prepared but there was room for discussion (Bryman, 2012). Having room for discussion creates a better way for the interviewees to share their thoughts and observations without limitations. In total ten interviews were conducted with twelve different participants. Among these interviewees there were two clients, two contractors, five consultants, one software developer, and two estimators. The interviews were conducted as semistructured and the interview questions were divided into two parts, namely cost estimation and BIM, following the related works and the knowledge of the interviewees. As stated above this was helpful study due to the interviewees work areas and work descriptions. The interviewees working with BIM does not work with cost estimation, and the interviewees working with cost-estimation does not work with BIM, making the connection of the areas difficult and very relevant. Among the interviewees there were some key actors in BIM in the Swedish construction industry. One of the interviewees was in charge of the digital implementation of the successful Total BIM project Celsius. Another interviewee is responsible for the digital implementation and strategy for the project Total BIM project Kaj 16, e.g., case study in this thesis. 3.4 Data analysis The findings from the empirical data collection from the interview study was later analysed systematically using a thematic analysis to detect themes and patterns (Alhojailan, 2012). This analysis is a method that allows the researcher to understand the potential of issues more widely and determine the relationships between concepts using the collected data. Something that Bryman and Bell (2012) emphasise when analysing data is to ensure the quality of the study. This was made by validating the findings in a case study to test the trustworthiness of the data found in the interviews. 3.5 Case study The findings from the interview study were later tested and validated in an ongoing Total BIM case project in Gothenburg, Sweden. The case was a project called Kaj 16, which is meant to be a Total BIM project, see Figure 2. The project is in its design phase and is still being revised prior to the building permit process. The model is to be used to calculate and estimate the quantities and cost of the project. This study is limited to the concrete elements of the basement instead of the entire project due to time constraints and the authors prior knowledge of concrete in the construction process. However, the findings should not be affected by the scope of the research and the highlighted issues should remain relevant throughout the project. The study tested using two different methods for performing a cost estimation. The first method used BIM viewer and collaboration software, StreamBIM's own export and data structure to calculate quantities (figure 4 & 5). The second method exported the model as an IFC-file, which was then imported into Solibri. The reason for using two different approaches to the case study is to further the understanding of the findings from the empirical data. 3.6 Schedule Since the thesis is 60hp and was carried out during two semesters, it was divided into two parts (fall and spring). During the fall the goal was to explore and investigate and have a comprehensive report about the process and technology containing a detailed explanation of the process and tool and how it is used today, how the tools should and could be used, and what the users from all disciplines (design, production, client) want from the technology. The second half of the thesis has focused more on validating the results in a case study and then analysing these results to reach a conclusion. The most interesting findings was summarized and discussed in an ARCOM conference paper, see appended paper in appendix. 3.7 Validation Translations and transcriptions of the interviews and literature were made by the author. The interview study findings are the opinions of twelve actors in the construction industry and cannot speak for the whole sector. However, the positions and experience of the interviewees add to the validation of the findings. Furthermore, the case study strengthens the validation of findings further through testing of an ongoing Total BIM project. Therefore, the findings in this study have a strong validation for the Swedish construction industry. However, the findings are analysed by a single author and should therefore be considered as interpreted. 3.8 Ethical aspects The ethical aspect of this thesis is related to how the interview study was executed and how the data was validated in the case analysis. When studying processes or issues connected to humans, the ethical aspects must always be considered. This study aimed to be as objective as possible to the results and interviewees, the results from the interview study are anonymous mainly for this reason. Furthermore, considering the ethical aspects in a case study, issues found could be related to human error and it is therefore important to note that separating human error and issues found in the process is a must. Considering ethical aspects in this study shows that human factors can affect the results as well as the results can affect the human factor. 4 Results: Interview study Here, the results of the interview study are presented. The interviews were held online and recorded and were later transcribed by the author. The interviewees were representatives from the Swedish construction industry and the interviews were held in Swedish. 4.1 Cost estimation All interviewees agree that cost overruns are a problem, but that the reasons are many and complex. However, most agree that this is a serious issue that affects everyone in the industry and that the idea that projects often exceed cost estimates most people have of the construction industry is accurate. The interviewees do not, however, agree that the cost overruns are intentional. Some think that there could be political and tactical benefits to underestimating cost, but not more than half of the interviewees believe that there is any intention behind cost overruns. Furthermore, there does not seem to be any standard cost estimation process and even within the same company it differs greatly between projects. Some companies have their own key figures for cost estimation and some companies do not have any 'in house calculators' at all, and instead hire external experts to estimate costs. Although, most state that the cost estimation only acts as a tool in the decision process and that the decision is made by a manager that could alter the number however they like. This was also mentioned in regards to the question about cost overruns as one of the reasons that projects exceed the estimated costs. The interviewees stated that the most common reason for the alterations made were to increase the competitiveness of the company. To win a project, the company can lower their procurement bid or in some cases increase it if profit from the project outweighs the desire to win it according to the interviewees. The only discipline that did not state this in the interview study was the consultants because they are not part of any procurement phase and are paid by the hour in most cases. However, the interviewees still emphasise the importance of an accurate cost estimation. Especially if managers are to alter the costs prior to a bidding. The consequences of inaccurate cost estimation would be twofold if they were to alter an incorrect cost estimation. Most interviewees state that the initial cost estimation usually follows the project and is updated at hand but the follow up is lacking. However, there are not many people in projects who actively work with the budget to keep it up to date during the production phase. Furthermore, there is some disagreement to costs connected to cost estimation work. The clients have a successive approach and only approve some money at the time. But the consultants and contractors want to have more money in order to make a better design and estimation work. This, according to the findings, adds to the problems of cost estimation. 4.2 BIM When discussing BIM, the interviewees all agree that BIM is standard in all their new building projects. However, the level of BIM usage and the quality differs greatly. It is also apparent that in order to succeed with the implementation of BIM in any project or organisation you need a key person who is driven and invested in the subject. Another important aspect in the implementation are the contracts. They play a big part in the level of quality and usage of BIM. The contracts are closely linked to the project delivery method. Some interviewees state that the Design-Build method never works with BIM, while some states that this is the only method that works. Generally, the clients do not want Design-Build contracts if they want to control the level of BIM and for the builders it is the other way around. A reason for the lack of BIM according to some of the interviewees is that it is difficult to use the model as a legal document in the contracts. However, the interviewees do not see any legal issues with BIM as a methodology and state that the legal issues are only myths made by "nay-sayers". One interviewee working for a big client explained that they hired a team of legal workers to investigate the potential legal issues with BIM and that they found none. This connects to a bigger issue regarding BIM implementation and that is scepticism without reason. Most interviewees have noticed this in their work. Many actors are sceptical of the technology, but when it becomes apparent that they lack knowledge of the subject their view usually changes. Furthermore, findings show that data management is not about importing all data but choosing the right one. It is clear in the interview study that the issues with data management in BIM is not the lack of data, but the overflow of unnecessary data and no way or bad way of sorting the data. The interviewees state that bad unstructured data is almost as bad as no data. The transfer of data between parties also often leads to loss of data and misunderstanding. All interviewees agree that having the model in the cloud is beneficial, but some are worried with the security and risks that comes with a cloud-based model. However, all interviewees see the benefits and want a more accessible model. On the subject of classification there are big disagreements. Some say it's the solution to implementing BIM and some say it's not necessary on a national level, you can use different systems on different projects. However, when asked about issues with BIM, many interviewees mentioned are communication, technological maturity, and knowledge, where knowledge was the most limiting. Many clients believe that BIM is only a 3D viewer and that makes it difficult to work with, which also leads to trust issues. There are cases, they state, when the clients order a BIM model without knowing what it is. Several interviewees stated that there is a lack of trust in the model and that they had to check the BIM data many times, often there is inconsistent information. However, there is no hesitation among the interviewees that BIM is the future of the construction industry. Most agree that BIM should be used earlier in the building process and that the construction method should have a more collaborative approach than the "baton" approach that we have today, meaning that many disciplines act as "information islands". 5 Results: Case study The results from the interview study were tested, evaluated, and validated in an ongoing Total BIM project in Gothenburg, Sweden, Kaj 16. The model was used to calculate and estimate the amounts and cost of the project. Using the findings from the literature and interview study as a framework when estimating the costs for the project. Due to limited time and the authors prior knowledge of concrete construction, the project was filtered to the concrete elements of the basement for the project. The project is called Kaj 16 and is part of an initiative from the client Vasakronan. The client is Sweden's biggest client in construction development and are known for their innovation projects. After a very successful project carried out by said client in Uppsala, they wanted to implement this Total BIM concept on more projects. The project in Uppsala was called Celsius and Byggstyrning was the hired general contractor and was delivered under budget and ahead of time. According to Byggstyrning and Vasakronan the key to their success was foremost due to the use of the model as a legal document as well as the "only source of truth". During the experiment in the case study, two different methods for cost estimation were tested. The first used StreamBIM to export data and the second imported an IFC file into Solibri. Both methods lead to an excel sheet with quantities which meant that the numbers also had to manually be updated with prices and some additional information such as the amount of rebar in some structures. The BIM was very comprehensive with much information about the building components and their quantities. However, StreamBIM's functionality is lacking in some aspects. For example, it is still quicker to export the IFC file to Solibri for a better quantity takeoff due to the abilities to structure data. Although the tool is focused on production the ability to quickly calculate cost and quantities is missing. The experiment in the case study showed the importance of data management. It was important to have the desired data in the model with a good structure and sorting out undesired data. In this experiment in the case study, a quantity take-off for concrete was performed but the model lacked detail as no reinforcement was included, so it had to be manually calculated. Information also had to be sorted into different property-sets to ease the data management for the user, see Figure 4 & 5. Findings from the case analysis suggests that maintaining a good data structure throughout the project is essential. Otherwise, information chains and information sustainability may be jeopardised when transferring data between users, leading to a loss of quality. Therefore, well-structured data is essential to achieve an accurate cost estimation process. One of the most challenging aspects and a learning experience from the case study was the process to discover and learn the different software functionalities to perform an accurate cost estimation. Software like Solibri is tailored towards expert users and not user-friendly enough, which highlights drawbacks and limitations towards end users' lack of knowledge using software. It is likely that an expert in the software may be able to perform a more accurate estimation than a novice user, but on construction sites the user target group is a "novice user". However, with the current situation when using BIM for cost estimation in projects it would be beneficial to have support 16 or an expert user present. Furthermore, the case study showed the differences between different software and how the software can affect the quality of the cost estimation. However, the case study shows a clear benefit of a BIM approach to cost estimation compared to a traditional 2D-drawing approach. Having data structured in the BIM massively decreases quantity take-off time and increases the take-off accuracy. Finally, the case study test showed that exporting data may lead to version control issues. Working in a cloud-based model ensures that information is accurate and up to date. This, in turn, leads to all actors working with that same information, and one source of truth. 6 Analysis In an industry with small profit margins, it might be expected that there is an emphasis on accurate cost estimation and budgets, but this is often not the case. Although the findings show that cost overruns are a significant problem in projects, the willingness to improve them seems to be lacking. Some interviewees thought that the issue is not with the methods and processes of cost estimation but with the tender and procurement process. Furthermore, cost estimation in many cases is just a guide for the managers and decision makers to use for the bidding process. The client that was interviewed thought that a thorough cost estimation was not worth the work because it is usually not detailed enough. This could be an issue in the cost estimation process because the party that is funding the project does not work in the same profit margin. A need for a more standard BIM process is apparent, especially in regards to BIM implementation in the cost estimation process. If the industry were to try to implement a more model based approach in the cost estimation process today, there would be issues with adapting it to all the different methods that currently exist. The results show that there are many different methods and approaches to cost estimation and while this level of flexibility may be beneficial for the current methods, it would only increase the complexity of a more automated method using BIM. Whilst flexible methods may benefit some actors, they represent significant challenges moving towards a more standardised, automated BIM approach. As the result from the case study experiment showed, software like Solibri is tailored towards expert users and not user-friendly enough for non-daily users as on construction sites. In the Celsius project they recognized this as a problem during the bidding process and therefore gave the bidding sub-contractors an excel-sheet with all the quantities of their responsible building components. This quantity take-off excel-sheet was updated weekly throughout construction as change orders were updated through the design team (Disney et al. 2021). The biggest trade off for efficiency is flexibility. Identifying issues with BIM today are necessary to understand how to improve and implement BIM in the future of cost estimation. There are opportunities to save both time and money as occurred in the Total BIM project, Celsius. While BIM implementation has developed significantly over the last decade, its benefits are not fully realised (Disney et al. 2021). BIM is still mostly used in the design stage of projects, where parallel processes occur to produce 2D drawings from BIM. The model ceases to be updated and trust is lost in the model. To be able to use BIM for accurate cost estimation it is important that BIM represents what is actually going to be built, with accurate quantities. Then users can begin to trust the model and perform accurate work. Today there is a significant lack of knowledge regarding BIM in the construction process. From the interviews we heard that BIM is still thought of as merely a tool for representing a 3D model and the case study highlighted the need for expert software users. An interviewee stated that information from the model may as well be in 1D (a list in excel), because the current focus is on data and not the 3D viewer. The interviewee means that the real benefit of BIM is not the viewer but the data management. This creates issues later in the project because some actors do not have the knowledge to know what the information is used for. Furthermore, knowledge regarding the available BIM tools needs to improve and users must fully understand how to use them. To implement the Total BIM concept construction companies need to invest in educating workers. User-friendliness of software, ease of access and information structures may also help adoption. It is also apparent from the interviews that for change to occur and a wider use of BIM, an organisation's leaders must be fully committed. The difference between the tools could also lead to many potential issues. However, the issues are linked to the user experience and compared to estimating costs without a model the issues are minor. Comparing manual quantity take-offs and the model the time difference is massive. The key difference between a model and paper drawings is that you have access to all the information instantly in the model. But a requirement to this is the level of detail and quality of the model. A bad model is useless and can in the worst-case lead to more work. A bad model can also very easily lead to trust issues, an issue that was discussed in the interview study as a big problem in implementing BIM. Trust issues can also relate to the user friendliness in the software. If there is a risk of missing information due to software handling, the trust in the BIM decreases. A lack of trust in the model and BIM has been found to be an obstacle in the move towards Total BIM. As stated by the interviewees, in the worst case it may lead to extra work. Traditionally 2D drawings are the legally binding construction documents, which means that to have an accurate BIM extra work is required, or BIM is used merely as a reference model and not used to its full potential. When there are few or no requirements set on the BIM it is difficult to trust and information must be double-checked. This makes it difficult to work with and there is no incentive to do so. In a Total BIM project, BIM has a higher legal status than 2D drawings and completely replaces them. At this point BIM becomes a single source of information and an accurate representation of the object to be built, as it is legally required. The case study findings also support this, since attempting to use BIM for cost estimation when the model cannot be trusted is pointless. However, as Brohn (2018) described, there is a huge potential to save time by using BIM in cost estimation compared with traditional methods. If BIM is used in this context higher demands and requirements must be placed on developing an accurate representation. Incorrect or missing data could have serious consequences, so trust needs to be established in the model. The importance of BIM as the primary source of information and the legally binding document is therefore essential. This still may be a novel concept but has been proven by the Celsius case and the interviewee findings where no legal barriers could be found. Despite scepticism, legal issues connected to Total BIM have been shown to be minimal and not hinder the process of implementing Total BIM or using BIM in cost estimation. However, it should be noted that this may not be possible in other countries due to local regulations, but the Total BIM approach in Celsius does highlight the need for it to be considered. In Sweden regulations have been established around traditional 2D documents and they are lacking regarding BIM. While there are not currently any issues there still needs to be a certain level of BIM maturity before using it as legally binding. Users need training to adapt to new work methods. It can be discussed whether BIM, 2D drawings or technical documents should be ranked highest in projects, but another benefit shown in the Celsius project was using StreamBIM as a central communication platform. In StreamBIMs case, issue management, question-handling and more occurred through the platform. To support this, all object information, technical documents, and construction information were linked to BIM, and easily accessible. Establishing the model as the single source of all construction information and a single construction process. This single process if executed well may streamline the unnecessary work that goes into producing and maintaining 2D drawings. As found in other parts of this study, an accurate BIM has potential to be used for accurate cost estimation, providing users have the necessary support. As stated above, BIM is focused on data management and to structure data there needs to be a classification system, which users can easily understand. When analysing the results, it shows that although some users may not see the need for a standard classification system, it may help implement a more structured process and method when working with BIM. It could also help actors to quickly understand and comprehend project data if it is structured consistently between projects. Data management is a key part of working with Total BIM successfully and implementing BIM in cost-estimation. The importance of data management found in the interview study is also found in the case analysis. The case study showed that for cost estimation to work with BIM, data must be well structured. Findings suggest that it is highly important to be able to structure and filter data in BIM to easily find the desired information. While data may be accessible even without a good structure, it should be structured in a way where users can easily filter to information that is relevant to them. In a Total BIM project this is essential since BIM is the single source of information and construction workers must be able to easily access the information they need. Connecting cost-estimation and BIM in this thesis shows that the process today is not as efficient as it could be, but it remains challenging due to the level of complexity in construction projects. It also shows that both the cost estimation process and BIM lack standards which may be necessary to achieve accuracy and consistency. However, if BIM was used to a greater extent in the cost estimation process, there needs to be a more structured approach than found in most projects today. By going 'all-in' on BIM and using a structured Total BIM approach, where BIM is legally binding, other benefits may also be achieved. Designers work more collaboratively as they work on the model at the same time, focusing on high-quality design where all object information is present, and consider how construction occurs on-site. Producing 2D drawings is no longer necessary and site workers can construct directly from the model by using mobile devices to extract the construction information they need themselves. Finally, using BIM in cost-estimation could not only improve the project's quality and efficiency, but it could also create a more sustainable project. As shown in the findings from the interview study, BIM can be used in many areas if implemented correctly. Total BIM could help make construction projects more sustainable, both economically by implementing BIM in the cost-estimation process, and environmentally due to Total BIM ability to structure data, reduce cost and time, and making the project more available to everyone in the project by removing the "batoneffect". Connecting the findings to the UN sustainable development goals (UN, 2022), implementing Total BIM could work towards achieving three of these goals: goal 9, 11 and 12. Goal 9, industry, innovation, and infrastructure, aims to foster innovation and the findings in this thesis contribute towards this goal by increasing digital construction and innovation in the construction industry. Goal 11, sustainable cities and communities, aims to make cities sustainable which the findings in this thesis contributes by showing how Total BIM in cost estimation can reduce costs and therefore free resources for better and more sustainable solutions. Finally, the third goal, goal 12, responsible consumption and production, aim to make production sustainable. This study adds towards this goal through reducing waste and CO2 in the construction process by showing the benefits of Total BIM and thorough planning. 7 Conclusion As highlighted in this thesis, BIM is very time efficient to use when it comes to quantity take-off and cost estimation. However, as BIM in most cases is not used as a legally binding construction document, design teams focus more on delivering correct 2D drawings instead of BIM. This causes quality and trust issues when it comes to using BIM on construction sites and for cost estimation. The interviewees mentioned the lack of trust in BIM and that they had to double check data with drawings and descriptions if it was used. Using BIM in the cost estimation process requires that all disciplines trust it. If trust issues arise towards BIM, it will quickly become redundant. This could have greater consequences further down the project's lifetime. However, in Scandinavia the Total BIM approach has started to gain interest as it focuses to implement BIM in its "totality", as a single source of information and communication platform and the legally binding construction document. If we are to implement Total BIM the way it is meant, then the construction process needs to change. The decisions that usually are postponed as much as possible have to be taken earlier. This is because the biggest reason the cost estimation has an uncertainty is the lack of information in the early process. By taking more decisions earlier the cost estimation can be made more accurate. Making these decisions would also help all other disciplines and improve the project overall. The backside to this approach is that it is more rigid, and it requires a large amount of work in the early stages as well as a clearly defined project by the clients. The biggest trade-off to efficiency is flexibility. Connecting the results from the cost estimation and the BIM results shows that the cost estimation process today is not as efficient as it could be, but that it is difficult due to the level of complexity. It also shows that both the cost estimation process and the BIM process lack standards which may be necessary to achieve the flexibility necessary. However, if the model were to be used to a greater extent in the cost estimation process it needs to be more structured. Data management is key in a successful Total BIM project. In conclusion, Total BIM has a lot of future potential in a more cost-efficient way of working. However, to successfully implement Total BIM in the cost estimation process, there are some areas that need attending. If BIM is going to be used to a greater extent in the cost estimation process, it needs to be more structured. The information, data and management structures are key to being successful. Another finding is that the lack of knowledge surrounding BIM as a big reason for the lack of implementation. For instance, findings also show a lack of understanding and maturity in the industry regarding Total BIM, as the belief and statements of legal obstacles and scepticism without real-knowledge or reason occurs. In this case the industry must be educated and acquire more understanding and knowledge. Total BIM can be a driving-force for using BIM on the construction site and increase the efficiency and quality in the cost estimation process. Furthermore, comparing Total BIM to the traditional cost estimation approach it is apparent that the process is not only more efficient but more accurate as well. However, to reach its full potential, the industry has some issues to tackle e.g., putting more knowledge, money, and time into the design process to get a higher-quality BIM design. 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Succar, B (2009) Building information modelling framework: A research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders. Automation in construction, 18(3), 357-375. [OD4] Sundquist, V, Leto, A D, Gustafsson, M, Johansson, M and Roupé, M (2020) BIM in construction production: Gains and hinders for firms, projects and industry. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual ARCOM Conference (ARCOM 2020) (Vol. 505, p. 514). Svensk Byggtjänst (2016) CoClass – Nya generationen BSAB. Klassifikation och tillämpning. Svensk Byggtjänst. Tingvall, S (2020) "Integrering av BIM och LCA vid projektering av byggnader" [Integration of BIM and LCA with design of buildings], MSc thesis, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå Tekniska Universitet. United Nations (2022)" Sustainable Development Goals". https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ 9 Appendix A - Appended paper COST ESTIMATION IN CONSTRUCTION: BIM VS TOTAL BIM Implementing Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been promoted to address cost overrun issues in the construction industry by improving the efficiency and quality of cost-estimation processes. Recently, the 'Total BIM' concept has emerged in Scandinavia, where the BIM is the legally binding construction document, 2Ddrawings are excluded, and stricter BIM requirements are implemented. This paper highlights, explores issues, challenges, and opportunities within the cost-estimation process. Ten interviews were conducted with participants from traditional projects, involving the parallel use of BIM and traditional construction documents. An indepth investigation of a Total BIM project was also performed. Findings show that even in projects where BIM is present, traditional 2D-based methods were still used for cost-estimation due to a BIM's unclear legal status and lack of trust in BIM. Total BIM may reduce cost estimation time by up to 90%, but issues regarding training, data and information management and education must be addressed. Keywords: BIM, Cost estimation, Digital construction, Total BIM. INTRODUCTION It is well known that cost overruns are an issue in the construction industry, and in an industry with such small profit margins there is always a desire to cut costs (Flyvbjerg 2002). To improve efficiency and quality in cost-estimation processes, implementing Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been promoted. In recent years, BIM adoption in the design phase has rapidly increased due to several reported benefits (Barlish and Sullivan 2012; Smith 2016; Tingvall 2020). However, it is still common that BIM and 2D paper drawings are used together in projects where two parallel design processes occur, and designers focus on delivering 2D drawings as the legally binding construction document (Disney et al. 2021; Sundqvist et al. 2020; Johansson et al. 2019). When this happens, BIM usually ceases to be updated and becomes merely a reference model for visualisation purposes on the construction site. In Scandinavia some firms have begun exploring a broader use of BIM and the concept of 'Total BIM' has emerged (Cousins 2017). In a Total BIM project, BIM is the legally and contractually binding construction document for both designers and site workers. On the construction site, sub-contractors extract all information directly from BIM on mobile devices (Disney et al. 2021). This includes creating production-oriented views on-site where filtering, dimensioning, sections are all performed by the construction workers themselves to carry out their work. BIM is the single source of information and a central platform for communication, utilizing modern hardware and BIM viewer software. Where question-handling, checklists, change orders and other construction processes are integrated in the software and connected to BIM. This approach completely excludes traditional 2D paper drawings and puts more requirements on the actual BIM, which may promote more use during cost-estimation and construction (Disney et al. 2021). The Total BIM concept has gained attention after the recent success of the Celsius project, that was delivered under time and under budget and scored highly in worker surveys in Uppsala, Sweden. The cost estimation process in construction is complex and has many factors to consider. There is no standard approach or data for estimating costs, which adds to the difficulty of the cost-estimation process (PMBOK 2017). Cost-estimation is significant in a project's lifetime, and inadequate cost-estimation can have disastrous consequences (Ottosson 2009). Human factors and lack of information are among the most common reasons behind under estimation (Klakegg and Lichtenberg 2015). Recent projects carried out in Sweden with an aim of implementing the Total BIM concept show the benefits and how it can improve the cost estimation process during bidding and construction (Disney et al. 2021). However, many actors are still hesitant to use this approach and are unsure of the benefits. This paper aims to add to the understanding of current issues in the cost estimation process and using BIM in this context. These two areas, cost estimation and BIM use in cost estimation, are first analysed individually to understand how Total BIM can be used in the cost estimation process for a construction project. RELATED WORK In a report made by Brohn (2018) it is shown that the amount of time needed for a cost estimation differs greatly depending on the technology used. He writes that it takes approximately 160 hours of work with traditional manual calculations, 100 hours of work when using Bluebeam (digital drawings), and 15 hours when using a BIM model. Furthermore, the author also states that the model should be the primary source of information. Investigating the use of BIM for cost estimation is important, to unlock the reported potential benefits. Cost estimation Klakegg and Lichtenberg (2015) state that cost overruns are a significant problem for the construction sector, cost estimation is complex and considers many factors. According to Ottosson (2009), cost estimation is a key part in a project's lifetime. Despite its importance, initial cost estimation due to its complexity can often range from 25% under budget to 50% over budget on large projects, from the initial estimate to final actual cost. The process of cost estimating can vary due to the amount of approaches available (PMBOK 2017; Sayed et al. 2020). However, they all have their own benefits and drawbacks, meaning that cost estimation is not only complex due to the number of factors, but also due to the number of methods available (PMBOK 2017). In research it has been argued that using BIM enables many benefits, such as time, cost savings and increased collaboration between disciplines (Tingvall 2020). On large projects savings of 8-12% of the total cost can be realized with the use on BIM (Tingvall 2020). Furthermore, BIM is starting to gain traction in the construction industry today and companies are starting to grasp the potential of BIM (Smith 2016). Data management and standards According to Smith (2016) the key to successfully working with BIM is data management. Many clients do not see the value in paying for a high-quality BIM and lack the knowledge to know if the BIM is detailed enough, leading to poor and inadequate data. A study made in the USA by Barlish and Sullivan (2012) tried to measure the benefits of BIM to argue for greater investment in projects. They found that long-term savings with a flexible design outweigh the initial extra costs and risk of rework, further adding that implementing BIM in the construction process leads to cost savings. In a report by BIM Alliance (2016) they found that there needs to be standards for processes and definitions of terms to avoid misconceptions and increase clarity in contracts. In the report the authors also found that the requirements and gains from BIM must be made clearer so that BIM can be optimized for the various project phases and actors. However, the process of implementing BIM standards remains challenging because today most contracts and regulators do not require detailed BIM use (Vukovic et al. 2015). Therefore, whilst BIM use has become more common in projects its full potential has not been realised. METHOD To investigate the cost estimation process and Total BIM, a literature review followed by interviews with different stakeholders in the Swedish construction industry was performed. The initial part of the study investigated the current state, found issues and the research gap connected to cost estimation and Total BIM processes. The two research areas are firstly separated to gain a deeper understanding of each. Then they are combined and developed to see how Total BIM can improve the cost estimation process. Interview study Ten interviews were conducted, eight of these were one-on-one, the other two occurred with interviewees in pairs. In total twelve professionals were interviewed, and all interviews were performed online on Microsoft Teams. The interviewees held different positions, including two clients, two contractors, five consultants, one software developer, and two estimators. The interviews were semi-structured, and the questions were divided into two parts, cost estimation and BIM. One of the interviewees was responsible for digital implementation in the successful Total BIM project, Celsius. Another interviewee was responsible for the digital implementation and strategy for the project Total BIM project Kaj 16, which is used for the case study in this paper. Case analysis The interview study findings were later tested and validated in an ongoing Total BIM case project in Gothenburg, Sweden. The case was an ongoing project called Kaj 16, which aims at being a Total BIM project (Figure 1). The project is currently in the design phase and is still being revised prior to the building permit process. BIM is to be used to calculate and estimate quantities and costs in the project. This study is limited to the concrete elements of the basement instead of the entire project due to time constraints. However, the findings should not be affected by the scope of the research and the highlighted issues should remain relevant throughout project. The study tested using two different methods for performing a cost estimation. The first method used BIM viewer and collaboration software, StreamBIM's own export and data structure to calculate quantities. The second method exported the model as an IFC-file, which was then imported into Solibri (Figure 2). Data analysis To analyse the findings from the study, a thematic analysis was adopted. This approach allowed for a data analysis where data can be searched and sorted according to themes and patterns (Alhojailan, 2012). This method of analysis enabled a flexible examination of the findings and generates insight through categorising the empirical data into themes. As stated above, the empirical data found in the interview study was validated in a case analysis to improve the trustworthiness of the study and gain a deeper understanding of the findings. The data analysis was therefore twofold, an initial analysis after the interview study and later when the findings had been validated in the case study, i.e., Kaj 16. RESULTS: INTERVIEW STUDY All interviewees said that cost overruns are a problem in construction projects but there are many complex reasons for them. Most also said that it is a serious issue that affects everyone in the industry. Furthermore, there did not seem to be any standard cost estimation process, even within the same company and it could differ greatly between projects. Interviewees stated that cost estimation only acts as a tool in the decision-making process and managers may alter the numbers depending on their goals. The most common reason given for making the alterations was to increase the competitiveness of the company, which is why projects often exceeded estimated costs. As stated by one interviewee, "we have many employees, and they must have work. […] So, for a project that we really want, we can submit a low bid and even accept it at a loss. And for some project that we don't really want, we can bid anyway but really high. It is difficult to identify cost overruns because it depends on how we approach the project." However, the interviewees still emphasised the importance of accurate cost When discussing BIM, the interviewees all agreed that it is standard in their new building projects. However, the level of usage and quality differs greatly, sometimes rendering BIM useless. It was also apparent that to succeed with implementing BIM in an organization or project there needs to be key leaders who are driven and invested in the approach. According to some of the interviewees a reason for BIM being limited in projects is that it is difficult to use the model as a legal document in contracts. However, other interviewees contradict this statement by showing examples of successful projects that have used the model as the legally binding document. These interviewees do not see any legal issues with BIM and state that the legal issues are only myths made by 'naysayers'. One interviewee working for a large client explained that they hired a legal team to investigate potential legal issues with BIM and that they could not find any. They said, "we've discussed with a number of legal practitioners about working digitally and they stated there are no issues. They also said our current standard agreements work fine with BIM. One legal practitioner even said that it is better because it increases the traceability of the documentation." This connects to a wider issue regarding BIM adoption which is scepticism without reason. Most interviewees noticed this in their work. Many actors were sceptical about the technology, but when it becomes apparent that they lack knowledge, their view usually changes. estimation. The consequences of inaccurate cost estimation would be twofold if managers were to alter an incorrect cost estimation. The interview results also showed that lack of information in early stages of a project is a common reason for cost overruns, along with a too short design phase. It is clear from the interview study that the issue with data management in BIM is not the lack of data, but the overflow of unnecessary unstructured data. Data that is unsorted becomes unclear what it should be used for. The interviewees state that poor unstructured data is almost as bad as no data. Adding that transferring data between parties often leads to loss of data and misunderstandings. When asked about the issues with BIM, many interviewees mentioned communication, technological maturity, and knowledge, where knowledge was the most limiting. Many clients believe that BIM is only a 3D-viewer and that makes it difficult to work with, which also leads to trust issues. Several interviewees stated that there is a lack of trust in the model and that they had to check BIM data many times, as there is often inconsistent information. One estimator stated that, "currently the issue is that you still have to double-check BIM data with the drawings, which leads to more work. […] As an example, I calculated a garage with a slab roof which was part of a building further on. In the drawings, they added information about the slab not being included, but not in BIM, leading to many millions [Swedish crowns] too much." There is no hesitation amongst the interviewees that BIM is the future of the construction industry. Most thought that BIM should be used earlier in the building process and that the construction process should have a more collaborative approach than we have today. RESULTS: CASE STUDY As mentioned, some statements and findings were validated in an ongoing Total BIM case project Kaj 16. During the experiment in the case study, two different methods for cost estimation were tested. The first used StreamBIM to export data and the second imported an IFC file into Solibri. Both methods led to an Excel sheet with quantities which meant that they had to be manually updated. BIM was extensive with detailed object information. However, StreamBIM's functionality is lacking in some respects. It is still quicker to export the IFC file to Solibri for a better quantity take-off due to the abilities to structure data. The experiment in the case study showed the importance of data management. It was important to have the desired data in the model with a good structure and sorting out undesired data. In this case study experiment, a quantity take-off for concrete was performed but the BIM lacked detail as no reinforcement was included, so it had to be manually calculated. Information also had to be sorted into different property-sets to ease the data management for the user (Figure 2). Maintaining a good data structure throughout the project is essential. Otherwise, information chains and information sustainability may be jeopardized when transferring data between users, leading to a loss of quality. Therefore, wellstructured data is essential to achieve an accurate cost estimation process. One of the most challenging aspects and a learning experience from the case study was the process of discovering and learning the different software functionalities to perform an accurate cost estimation. Software like Solibri is tailored towards expert users and not sufficiently user-friendly, which highlights drawbacks and limitations towards end users lack of knowledge using software. It is likely that an expert in the software may be able to perform a more accurate estimation than a novice user, but on construction sites the target group is a "novice user". Currently projects may benefit from having additional support or expert users present on-site, to help with training and problem solving. Furthermore, the case study showed the differences between software and how the software can affect the quality of the cost estimation. However, the case study showed a clear benefit of using the BIM approach to cost estimation compared with a traditional 2D-drawing approach. Having data structured in BIM massively decreases quantity take-off time and increases take-off accuracy. Finally, the case study test showed that exporting data may lead to version control issues. Working in a cloud-based model ensures that information is accurate and up to date. This, in turn, leads to all actors working with that same information, and one source of truth. ANALYSIS In an industry with small profit margins, it might be expected that there is an emphasis on accurate cost estimation and budgets, but this is often not the case. Although the findings show that cost overruns are a significant problem in projects, the willingness to improve them seems to be lacking. Some interviewees thought that the issue is not with methods and processes of cost estimation but with tendering and procurement. Furthermore, cost estimation in many cases is just a guide for managers and decision makers to use for the bidding process. The client that was interviewed thought that a thorough cost estimation was not worth the effort because it is usually not detailed enough anyway. This could be an issue in the cost estimation process because the clients that are funding projects do not work with the same profit margins as contractors. It is apparent that there needs to be more standardised BIM processes, especially regarding implementation in the cost estimation process. If the construction industry tried to implement a BIM based approach to cost estimation today, there would be issues adapting it to all the different methods that currently exist. Whilst flexible methods may benefit some actors, they represent significant challenges moving towards a more standardised, automated BIM approach. As the findings from the case study experiment showed, software like Solibri is tailored towards expert users and not user-friendly enough for non-daily users such as those on construction sites. In the Celsius project they recognized this as a problem during the bidding process and therefore provided sub-contractors bidding on the project an Excel-sheet with all the relevant quantity data. This quantity take-off Excel-sheet was updated weekly throughout construction as change orders were updated by the design team (Disney et al. 2021). Identifying issues with BIM today are necessary to understand how to improve and implement BIM in the future of cost estimation. There are opportunities to save both time and money as occurred in the Total BIM project, Celsius. While BIM implementation has developed significantly over the last decade, its benefits are not fully realised (Disney et al. 2021). BIM is still mostly used in the design stage of projects, where parallel processes occur to produce 2D drawings from BIM. The model ceases to be updated and trust is lost in the model. To be able to use BIM for accurate cost estimation it is important that BIM represents what is actually going to be built, with accurate quantities. Then users can begin to trust the model and perform accurate work. Today there is a significant lack of knowledge regarding BIM in the construction process. From the interviews we heard that BIM is still thought of as merely a tool for representing a model in 3D and the case study highlighted the need for expert software users. An interviewee stated that information from the model may as well be in 1D (a list in Excel), because the current focus is on data and not the 3D viewer. The interviewee meant that the real benefit of BIM is not the viewer but data management. This creates issues later in the project because some actors do not have the knowledge to know what the information is used for. Furthermore, knowledge regarding the available BIM tools needs to improve and users must fully understand how to use them. To implement the Total BIM concept companies need to invest in educating workers. User-friendliness of software, ease of access and information structures may also help adoption. It is also apparent from the interviews that for change to occur and a wider use of BIM, company leaders must be fully committed. Differences between the tools could also lead to potential issues. However, the issues are linked to the user's experience and compared to estimating costs without BIM the issues are minor. By using BIM significant time savings can be realised. A key difference between using BIM and 2D paper drawings is that users have access to all the information instantly. To achieve this, it is required that BIM is developed to an appropriate level of detail and quality. Low-quality BIM is useless for cost estimation and can in the worst-case lead to more work. It can also very easily lead to trust issues, which were discussed during the interview study as an important issue limiting further implementation of BIM. Trust issues can also relate to the userfriendliness of software. If there is a risk of missing information due to user software skills, trust in BIM decreases. Traditionally 2D drawings are the legally binding construction documents, which means that to develop production-oriented BIM, extra work is required. Otherwise, BIM is used merely as a reference model and not used to its full potential. When there are few or no requirements set on BIM it is difficult to trust and information must be double-checked. This makes it difficult to work with and there is no incentive to do so. In a Total BIM project, BIM has a higher legal status than 2D drawings and completely replaces them. At this point BIM becomes the single source of information and an accurate representation of the object to be built, as it is legally required to do so. The case study findings also support this, since attempting to use BIM for cost estimation when BIM cannot be trusted is pointless. However, as Brohn (2018) described, there is a huge potential to save time by using BIM in cost estimation compared with traditional methods. If BIM is used in this context higher demands and requirements must be placed on developing an accurate representation. Incorrect or missing data could have serious consequences, so trust needs to be established. The importance of BIM as the primary source of information and the legally binding document is therefore essential. This still may be a novel concept but has been proven by the Celsius case and the interviewee findings where no legal barriers could be found. Despite scepticism, legal issues connected to Total BIM have been shown to be minimal (in Sweden) and not hinder the process of implementing Total BIM or using BIM in cost estimation. However, it should be noted that this may not be possible in other countries due to local regulations, but the Total BIM approach in Celsius does highlight the need for it to be considered. In Sweden regulations have been established around traditional 2D documents and they are lacking regarding BIM. While there are not currently any issues there still needs to be a certain level of BIM maturity before using it as legally binding. Users need training to adapt to new work methods. It can be discussed whether BIM, 2D drawings or technical documents should be ranked highest in projects, but another benefit shown in the Celsius project was using StreamBIM as a central communication platform. In StreamBIM all case, issue management, questionhandling and more occurred through the platform. To support this, all object information, technical documents and construction information were linked to BIM, and easily accessible. Establishing the model as the single source of all construction information and a single construction process. This single process if executed well may streamline the unnecessary work that goes into producing and maintaining 2D drawings. As found in other parts of this study, an accurate BIM has potential to be used for accurate cost estimation, providing users have the necessary support. As stated above, data management is essential in BIM and to structure data there needs to be a classification system, which users can easily understand. When analysing the results, it shows that although some users may not see the need for a standard classification system, it may help to implement more structured processes and methods when working with BIM. It could also help actors to quicker understand and comprehend project data if it is structured consistently between projects. Data management is a key part of working with Total BIM successfully and implementing BIM in cost-estimation. The importance of data management found in the interview study is also found in the case analysis. The case study showed that for cost estimation to work with BIM, data must be well structured. Findings suggest that it is highly important to be able to structure and filter data in BIM to easily find the desired information. While data may be accessible even without a good structure, it should be structured in a way where users can easily filter to information that is relevant to them. In a Total BIM project this is essential since BIM is the single source of information and construction workers must be able to easily access the information they need. This paper shows that connecting cost-estimation and BIM in today's process is not as efficient as it could be, it remains challenging due to the level of complexity in construction projects. It also shows that both the cost estimation process and BIM lack standards which may be necessary to achieve accuracy and consistency. However, if BIM was used to a greater extent in the cost estimation process, there needs to be a more structured approach than found in most projects today. By going 'all-in' on BIM and using a structured Total BIM approach, where BIM is legally binding, other benefits may also be achieved. Designers work more collaboratively as they work on the model at the same time, focusing on high-quality design where all object information is present, and consider how construction occurs on-site. Producing 2D drawings is no longer necessary and site workers can construct directly from BIM by using mobile devices to extract the construction information they need themselves. 36 CONCLUSION As highlighted in this paper, BIM is very time efficient when it comes to quantity take-off and cost estimation. However, as BIM in most cases is not used as a legally binding construction document, design teams focus more on delivering accurate 2D drawings instead of BIM. This causes quality and trust issues when it comes to using BIM on construction site and for cost estimation. The interviewees mentioned the lack of trust in BIM and that they had to double check data with drawings and descriptions if it was used. Using BIM in the cost estimation process requires that all disciplines trust it. If trust issues arise towards BIM, it will quickly become redundant. This could have greater consequences further down the project's lifetime. However, in Scandinavia the Total BIM approach has started to gain interest as it focuses on implementing BIM in its 'totality', as a single source of information, a communication platform, and the legally binding construction document. In conclusion, Total BIM has future potential in achieving a more cost-efficient way of working. However, to successfully implement Total BIM in the cost estimation process, there are some areas that need attending. If BIM is going to be used to a greater extent in the cost estimation process, it needs to be more structured. The information, data and management structures are key to being successful. Another finding is the lack of knowledge surrounding BIM is a big reason for the lack of implementation. For instance, findings also show a lack of understanding and maturity in the industry regarding Total BIM, as the belief and statements of legal obstacles and scepticism without real-knowledge or reason occurs. In this case the industry must be educated and acquire more understanding and knowledge. Total BIM can be a diving-force for using BIM on the construction site and increase the efficiency and quality in the cost estimation process. Furthermore, comparing Total BIM to the traditional cost estimation approach it is apparent that the process is not only more efficient but more accurate as well. However, to reach its full potential, the industry has some issues to tackle, there must be a willingness to invest more knowledge, resources, and time into the design process to obtain a higher-quality BIM. The findings in this study, contribute, add knowledge and understanding to current issues and how these can be approached by implementing Total BIM in the cost estimation process. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is part of the Digital Twin Cities Centre supported by Sweden's Innovation Agency Vinnova under Grant No. 2019-00041 and funded by SBUF (Development Fund of the Swedish Construction Industry). REFERENCES Alhojailan, M (2012) Thematic analysis: a critical review of its process and evaluation. West East journal of Social Sciences, December 2012. Barlish, K and Sullivan, K (2012) How to measure the benefits of BIM—A case study approach. Automation in construction, 24, 149-159. BIM Alliance (2016) BIM - påverkan på affär och avtal [BIM - impact on business and agreements]. 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Proceedings of CONVR 2015, 1-11. 10 Appendix B - Interview questions Questions / Guide Formalia frågor * Är det okej att jag spelar in intervjun? * Önskar du eller ditt företag vara anonym i rapporten? o Om nej: Vad heter du och var jobbar du? * Kan du berätta lite snabbt om företaget? * Vad är din roll idag? * Vad har du för bakgrund och erfarenhet? * Är det något mer du önskar berätta om dig själv? Om arbetet För att ge en inblick i arbetet tänkte jag presentera en kort bakgrund. Master Thesis: Arbetet är ett examensarbete på masterprogrammet Design and Construction Project Management (DCPM) på Chalmers. Jag går dvs femte och sista året på civilingenjörsutbildningen samhällsbyggnadsteknik med inriktning på projektledning inom bygg och projektering. Arbetet omfattar 60 hp vilket innebär ett år av 100% (HT21 + VT22). Med tanke på storleken av arbetet är det tvådelat där första delen som jag arbetar med nu fokuserar på att kartlägga industrin idag och vad det finns för önskemål/potential/hinder kring BIM i kalkylprocessen. Och andra del som påbörjas efter årsskiftet kommer undersöka hur vi kan ta oss dit vi vill och vilka "DOs and DON'Ts" det finns. Bakgrund: BIM börjar blir väldigt populärt i nya byggprojekt och inte minst i projektering, men det finns fortfarande mycket kvar att göra. Många aktörer är idag redo att gå vidare till nästa steg och då kommer vi till vad BIM kan användas till i bredare bemärkelse. Original-idén till detta arbetet var att undersöka hur BIM kan användas i produktion för att kontrollera kostnader under byggfasen för att undersöka problemet med projekt som går över budget. Men nu när jag börjat undersöka saken närmare så börjar problemen med kostnadskontroll och budget redan i de tidigaste skeden. Så nu undersöker jag samband mellan BIM och kalkyl och om det finns potential där. Även om fokus ligger på kalkyl så är dock projektets hela livscykel intressant för jag har märk att allt oftast hänger ihop. Och det är intressant att se hur BIM kan användas över hela projektets livslängd. Arbetet undersöker Total BIM, ett koncept som går ut på att använda BIM i hela projektet och där man hanterar all data. Man brukar prata om olika dimensioner i BIM där 3D är modellen, 4D är även tid och 5D så är kostnader medräknat. Total BIM handlar om att inte bara göra ritningar för produktion utan använda modellen i såväl produktion som projektering, samt även i förvaltningen (en så kallad Digital Tvilling). Mål: Målet med studien är att förstå och utvärdera processen kring Total BIM och undersöka BIM i de olika faserna i byggprojekt. Detta ska förhoppningsvis leda till en typ av guide kring hur man kan effektivt jobba med BIM som verktyg och process i byggprojekt. Kalkylprocessen * Ser du kost-överskridande projekt som ett problem i branschen? * Kan det finnas taktiska och politiska fördelar med att undervärdera projekt vid start? * Hur funkar kalkylprocessen i er organisation? o Gärna hela processen från start till slut. Varför? o Vilka metoder används för att ta fram kalkyler? * Var får ni den data som används vid kalkyler? * Brukar projekten följa kalkylen? Varför/Varför inte? * Hur upplever du kostnader vid projektering fram till beslutfattandet? dvs kostnader mellan idé-fas till go/no-go beslut? BIM * Hur jobbar ni med BIM idag? o Är BIM standard i era projekt? o Skiljer det sig från projekt? I så fall, varför? * Hur stor betydelse för BIM har kontraktet? o Spelar upphandlingen stor roll? o Spelar entreprenadformen stor roll? o Spelar anbudet stor roll? o Något annat som spelar större roll eller som du tänker på? * Hur hanteras data/information i projekt? o Vem ser till att det finns tillräckligt och korrekt data? o Får projektören rätt data vid rätt tillfälle? o Är datahantering/informationshantering ett problem? Varför/Varför inte? o Upplever du att många projekt har en bristfällig BIM model? Varför/Varför inte? * Cloud BIM är ett koncept där modellen är molnbaserad, dvs den ligger uppladdad på internet så den alltid går att nå. Vad är dina tankar om det konceptet? o Går det ha en modell som alla kommer åt hela tiden? o Kan det vara farligt ur juridiska synpunkter med secretes osv? * Klassificeringssystem är system som med hjälp av standarder ger alla byggdelar och utrymmen i modellen en speciell kod. Tror du det hjälper att förtydliga? o Använder ni sådana system? o Tror du det hade hjälp med bättre klassificeringssystem i modellen? o Vad tror du om att koppla till prislistor och få priser direkt i modellen? o BSAB och CoClass är Svensk byggtjänst system. känner du till det? Något ni använder? Åsikter om systemet? * Vad tror du det finns för problem med BIM? o Finns det några problem med BIM? isf vilka? o Kan det bli för mycket BIM? o Vad finns det för hinder med att implementera och använda BIM enligt dig? * Hur skriver vi avtal för BIM? (AB 04, ABT 06 och ABK 09) * Saknar vi standarder för BIM tycker du? isf vilka? o Behöver vi standarder terminologi och processer kring BIM? o LOD (Level of Detail) är en amerikansk standard som används internationellt som går ut på att specificera hur mycket BIM som ska användas i projekt? vill vi ha något sånt i Sverige? Eller är det mer allt eller inget? o Hur ska eventuella standarder fungera? * Finns det juridiska hinder i Sverige att använda BIM? Bromsar de utvecklingen? isf hur? o Litteraturen lyfter äganderätt till modellen som ett problem? Tror du det? Vill ingen vara ansvarig för en modell? o BIM i bygglovsprocessen och liknande. Tror du det är ett hinder för utvecklingen att många juridiska handlingar ändå måste finnas i pappersform? * Vad tror du BIM i tidigt skede? Dvs redan i förstudien. Går det? varför/varför inte? * Tror du BIM är framtiden? Varför/Varför inte? o Hur ska vi dit? * Ser du andra fördelar med BIM? Litteraturen nämner LEED, LCA och logistik som exempel som kan effektiviseras mha BIM? o Finns det vinster med att automatisera byggprocessen? är det ens möjligt och/eller värt det? Övrigt * Något du vill tillägga? * Kan jag återkomma om jag får fler frågor? Stort tack för din tid.
BREINTON PARISH COUNCIL Office 9, The Old Vicarage, 1 Rowberry Street, Bromyard, HR7 4DU. email@example.com Breinton Parish Council Response to Local Plan Consultation Local Plan Strategic Policies Policy CC1: A carbon neutral Herefordshire To achieve a carbon neutral Herefordshire, appropriate mitigation for the environmental and climatic impacts of development should be embedded within all development proposals from the outset. Developments should be located and designed in such a way that they are resilient to the impacts of climate change over their lifetime. Measures taken will vary depending on the location, such as whether in relation to an urban setting in Hereford or the market towns or in the county's rural areas. Development proposals will seek to contribute by: Mitigating climate change 1. Demonstrating operational carbon neutrality on-site, through a fabric-first approach to its design, low carbon technologies, on-site renewable energy generation and carbon offsetting. Measures should be taken to minimise carbon emissions across the full lifecycle of the development before carbon offsetting is considered; 2. Maximising opportunities to secure significant reductions in carbon emissions for residential developments, by achieving energy efficiency standards in line with statutory and regulatory requirements. Major non-residential developments should demonstrate how they achieve Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) 'Excellent', or an equivalent or better methodology; 3. Maximising opportunities to generate energy from renewable sources on-site, such as from wind and solar. Neighbourhood Development Plans are strongly encouraged to support the provision of new community-owned energy schemes; 4. Maximising opportunities to source and/or generate energy from renewable sources off-site. Where evidence demonstrates that this is feasible, strategic sites should be connected to a District Heat Network. Where feasibility is not demonstrated, new homes should be built with the necessary infrastructure in place to enable such connections to be easily integrated in the future. In particular, opportunities should be sought to connect commercial development, producing sufficient levels of waste heat, with residential development where they are located within close proximity. District Heat Networks should be planned from the outset. Large-scale renewable energy schemes and diversification of renewable energy schemes with other uses will be supported where landscape and environmental impacts are considered acceptable; 5. Designing to provide an improved choice of transport modes. This can be facilitated by making it as safe and easy as possible to walk, wheel and cycle to essential facilities and services, and by locating within walking distance of public transport nodes. Active travel should be facilitated through design, such as the creation and enhancement of walking and cycling links in accordance with the principles of well-connected neighbourhoods. These should be integrated with new and existing green and blue corridors, wherever possible. Extensive measures to encourage active travel and micromobility within Hereford will be supported alongside any new road or other transport infrastructure, to reduce traffic in the centre of the city. Similar measures will also be supported in the market towns; These last 3 sentences are not compatible with tackling Climate Change. With transport in Herefordshire the largest emitter of Greenhouse gases, it is surprising there is not more mention of providing public transport, particularly rail in CC1 and not referencing the wording in the NPPF that developments should be located in order to minimise the need to travel, particularly by private car. AS this is a strategic policy for Herefordshire improving transport choice and taking measures to ENABLE active travel and micromobility should not be limited to the city. Proposed revised wording for para 5. 5. Significant development should be focused on locations which are or can be made sustainable, through limiting the need to travel and offering a genuine choice of transport modes (from Para 109 NPPF Dec 2023). Designing to provide an improved choice of transport modes. This can be facilitated by making it as safe and easy as possible to walk, wheel and cycle to essential facilities and services, and by locating within walking distance of public transport nodes. Active travel should be facilitated through design, such as the creation and enhancement of walking and comprehensive, safe cycling networks, in accordance with the principles of well-connected neighbourhoods. These should be integrated with new and existing green and blue corridors, wherever possible and linked with good public transport infrastructure. Extensive measures to encourage ENABLE active travel and micromobility within Hereford will be supported. Policy AG1 Accommodating housing growth fails to mention that where significant development of agricultural land is demonstrated to be necessary, areas of poorer quality land should be preferred to those of a higher quality. The availability of agricultural land used for food production should be considered, alongside the other policies in this Framework, when deciding what sites are most appropriate for development. (NPPF Dec 2023). Policy PE1: Accommodating economic growth This policy currently ignores the potential for employment at Moreton Business Park at Moreton-onLugg, which is well located to both the A49 and has a rail freight terminal. The complete estate covers 227 acres with 120 acres that have 315,000 square foot of outline planning permission available for new developments. (About us \| Moreton Business Park ). At present there are nearly 700,000 square foot occupied by tenants and a train depot that moves around 250,000 tonne of aggregates a year, keeping lorries off the road. This site repurposes land previously used by army ordinance, is one of the best located for sustainable employment and less than 3 miles from the new housing developments north of the city of Hereford and well connected by public buses. It is not clear why one of the largest employment sites in the County is omitted from the Local Plan study of employment sites 2022, and there is no mention in any of the Local Plan policies. The land here is grade 3 & 4 which should be developed ahead of the best and most versatile land such as that at 3 Elms, which is Grade 1 & 2. Likewise, there is no mention of the industrial employment sites and potential close to Pontrilas, again well located to the railway line and where Herefordshire Council have said opening a railway station at this location, along with another freight terminal, is a priority. This is predominantly Grade 3 agricultural land, well located for good transport links and where employment would expand opportunities for the South West of the County. With 2/3rds of the population living outside of Hereford, for sustainable communities there should be employment sites allocated across the county that are well linked by public transport (bus services and rail) as well as good walking and cycling routes, to create good opportunities for all across the county, regardless of whether or not they can afford to own and run a car. The total requirement for new homes across rural areas is for 5,320 nearly as many as Hereford, and yet employment to support these is referred to as small scale employment. Recommend that Policy PE1 is amended to reduce the level of employment land in Hereford and some of the market towns to allow for the Moreton-on-Lugg Business Park and Pontrilas sites and reduce the need for employment land on higher grade agricultural land preferring delivery of employment land on lower grade agricultural land. See proposed amendment in italics below. This would also ensure that this policy is consistent with the wording in Policy PE5. Proposed amendment as follows: - Policy PE1: Accommodating economic growth Alongside housing growth and smaller scale employment sites, 182 hectares (ha) of new strategic employment land will need to be identified within the plan period. Employment land will be identified and distributed to lower grade agricultural land, and favouring regeneration of brownfield sites, where they are well located to the good transport links (particularly rail and bus) and within 6km of residential developments, which can be connected by good, safe active travel links, reducing the need for travel by private car. LOCAL PLAN PLACE SHAPING POLICIES In respect of Hereford it is unclear why the area of Burcott on the Noth East side of Hereford well located to the Roman Road and the Worcester Road outside of Flood Zone 3 and on some of the lowest grade agricultural land (Grade 4) compared to other sites in Policy HERE1 is not included for either housing or employment sites. The 3 Elms site is located on grade 2 agricultural land, classified as best and most versatile and recognised in the NPPF that it should only be developed after lower grade agricultural land/brownfield sites have previously been developed. In addition, this site poses a risk to the potable water supplies to 2 of the city's largest employers, and the potential loss of over 3,000 jobs. There seems scant evidence of the need for the level of new housing within Hereford, and any development should be located close to existing employment sites such as Rotherwas. The land in and around Three Elms and south of the Kings Acre Road lies over an underground river and ground water source, with water levels and springs right up to the Green Lane bridleway on the ridge bordering Breinton Parish Council. Even in the dry weather of 2023 the springs along the ridge line did not dry up due to these underground water resources. The lack of knowledge of this large underground water reservoir needs to be properly understood to prevent new developments generating increased flood risk both within the area and downstream in the City of Hereford, and also to prevent pollution of potable water supplies, used by local industry. This lack of knowledge of the hydrology in this area has resulted in the Environment Agencies flood alleviation scheme around the Fayre Oaks mobile home park going into an aquifer and increasing the flood risk to other existing properties South of Kings Acre Road. Proposed amendment to Policy HERE1:- Policy HERE1: Strategic development for Hereford Hereford will accommodate a minimum of 4,500 new homes during the plan period. The following locations have been identified for strategic residential development: * HERE2 Hereford city centre - approximately 800 new homes. * HERE5 Land at Holmer North - approximately 900 new homes; * HERE6 Land at Three Elms - approximately 950 new homes; * HERE7 Land at Lower Bullingham - approximately 1,000 new homes; Development to the west of Hereford city centre will be considered once a full hydrological survey has been undertaken of the area, to avoid increased risk of flooding to existing and new developments, including Hereford City and to avoid polluting the potable water supplies to existing employment sites. The remaining new homes will be delivered through non-strategic sites allocated in either a Neighbourhood Development Plan or further Development Plan Document, existing commitments and windfall developments To complement the housing growth, around 40 to 60 hectares of new employment land is expected to be delivered within this plan period, to support future employment needs. Approximately 22 hectares has been identified in Policy HERE3; Hereford Enterprise Zone Extension and land east of the Hereford Cattle Market. Further employment land will be expected to come forward through mixed use schemes on the strategic allocations; HERE5, HERE6 and HERE7. The area in which this future growth may take place is defined by the Hereford settlement boundary, as shown on the key diagram. Development in areas outside this boundary will be subject to the Rural Policies RURA1 to RURA5. In addition to the requirements of other Local Plan policies, new development proposals in Hereford will be supported where they: 1. Strengthen and safeguard the vitality and viability of Hereford city centre. Hereford city centre will continue to be supported to serve its sub-regional status as a shopping destination. The retail boundary, as identified within this policy, outlines the boundary of the town centre. Future retail proposals outside the town centre boundary will be subject to a retail impact assessment (Policy PE3) to identify any potential adverse effects on the town centre's retailers and traders; 2. Secure and/or assist in delivering, where necessary, a new or expanded GP surgery, to alleviate both current pressure and support an increase in local population; 3. Where necessary, safeguard land for new schools and either deliver schools or make additional contributions towards education facilities; 4. Demonstrate that proposals reflect and are sympathetic to the special character and distinctiveness of Hereford's historic city centre, Conservation Areas, Area of Archaeological Importance and wider urban area. Development proposals must also demonstrate that they align with the Hereford Design Code; 5. Ensure that development does not exacerbate air quality conditions within the designated Air Quality Management Area, centred on the A465 and north of the city centre; and that new housing developments are not located alongside trunk or major road schemes without sufficient green boundaries to insulate existing and future residents from noise and air pollution. 6. Minimise impacts upon the local transport network in and around Hereford through careful location and design. Furthermore, they should offer access to a choice of transport modes, in accordance with Policy CC1; and 7. Safeguard, enhance and extend access to green and blue networks and spaces along the Great Western Way, the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal route, River Wye, Yazor Brook and Public Rights of Way to Belmont Country Park and the surrounding countryside. Make provision in appropriate locations for urban greening and tree planting within and surrounding Hereford city. Allocating the employment site at 3 Elms on Grade 1 and Grade 2 land is not in conformity with NPPF guidance for developing brownfield and lower grade agricultural land ahead of the best and most versatile agricultural land. Such high-grade land is vital in ensuring food security and its ability to absorb carbon emissions and reduce flood risk, more efficiently than poorer grades of soils. In addition, this site poses a risk to polluting potable water supplies to 2 of the largest employers in Hereford whose water supplies are downstream of this site and so development in this area would not be in conformity of the Policy HERE3 ambition to support existing jobs in Hereford. With the urban development at Holmer approx 3 miles from Moreton-on-Lugg one of the largest employment sites in the County, on the main Cardiff to Manchester railway line, with a freight rail head and located on the A49 on Grade 4 agricultural land this should be considered as an employment site ahead of 3 Elms. Amended wording proposed to:- Policy HERE3: Supporting jobs in Hereford Hereford's role as the main economic centre for the county will be strengthened by supporting proposals that contribute to an increase and diversification of the city's employment land supply, allowing new and existing businesses to grow and thrive. Employment provision will be delivered on lower grade land through: * Supporting a 7 hectare extension of the existing Hereford Enterprise Zone (HEZ) at Rotherwas; * Supporting a new 15 hectare employment site adjacent to the Three Elms urban expansion at Hereford Cattle Market; * The planned urban extensions at Holmer and Lower Bullingham providing an element of employment provision; * Encouraging economic development in association with local educational institutions, and the cyber security sector; * Encouragement of small scale environmental and knowledge based employment opportunities; and * Redevelopment of brownfield opportunities. Existing strategic employment sites will be safeguarded, these include: * Hereford Enterprise Zone * Westfields Trading Estate * Three Elms Trading Estate * Holmer Road Policy HERE4: Supporting movement in and around Hereford The element in policy HERE4 for building strategic road infrastructure is not compatible with the strategic Policy CC1: A carbon neutral Herefordshire, especially when transport is responsible for the largest emissions of any sector. This policy also ignores the potential to reduce the high levels of peak time congestion arising from the school/college run particularly in the Northeast quadrant of the city, which suffers the highest levels of term time congestion. Policy HERE4 also does not build on the ambition to make Hereford a central hub for the County providing a wide range of services, employment, retail and education if it is not accessible by sustainable means for people living in towns and villages outside of the City. It is proposed that the wording of the policy is amended as follows: - Policy HERE4: Supporting movement into and around Hereford Over the plan period, a package of measures will be introduced to provide more options for moving into, through and around the city. These will include: * A multi-modal transport interchange centred on the railway station linked to investment in new stations at Pontrilas and Moreton-on-Lugg; (conformity with policy RURA 4 Rural Strategic Transport). * Multi-storey parking provision on the site of the current country bus station; * Improvements to public realm and green infrastructure corridors that act as safe, segregated pedestrian and cycle routes, particularly ensuring that all schools and colleges have up to date travel plans that are supported with safe routes for students of all ages to move independently to and from education by a means other than by private car ; and * Infrastructure capacity to be delivered, including a western corridor for establishing strategic road infrastructure, to support the planned growth of the city. New development in Hereford must ensure accessibility to the city centre, public transport services and other key destinations, through a choice of travel options, including provision of a comprehensive network of safe, active travel links. This will encourage walking and cycling for shorter journeys, helping to ease traffic congestion within the city and promote healthier living. Policy HERE6: Sustainable urban expansion at Three Elms The development of this site on the highest grades of agricultural land is contrary to NPPF about developing brownfield and lower grade soils, which are important in the ambition to achieve net zero by 2030. In addition, development of this site, over an underground river network, poses a significant risk to over 3,000 jobs at 2 of the city's largest employers, Avara and Heineken that rely on the potable water sources that are held in the aquifers under this site close to the ground surface. This would therefore not be compatible with Policy HERE3 Supporting jobs in Hereford, as there could be a net loss of jobs within the city. As the site is located less than 10 mins by bike on a flat road into Hereford City, development in this area would not require strategic road infrastructure just safe, alternatives to give people the choice of travelling by safe means other than by car. For over 20 years Breinton PC has been requesting safe, cycling provision alongside Kings Acre Road, to enable families to safely cycle into and around Hereford. In addition, Breinton Parish Council would suggest that any future development or planning applications south of Kings Acre Road should include a full hydrological survey due to underground aquifers across this whole area that pose a risk to both businesses and residential properties, existing and future. If Herefordshire Council are determined to include development West of Hereford City Centre in this location, Breinton Parish Council recommends amending the policy wording as follows: - Policy HERE6: Sustainable urban expansion at Three Elms Land identified at Three Elms between the Roman Road (A4103) and the Canon Pyon Road (A4110) will deliver a master planned mixed use urban extension which will be required to be in alignment with the strategic policies, and: Housing requirement: 1. Accommodate around 950 new homes, at an average density of up to 35 dwellings per hectare, comprising a mix of market and affordable house sizes and types in accordance with Policy BC1 and reflect the needs identified in the latest version of the Herefordshire Housing Market Area Needs Assessment, likely to come forward in phases over the plan period as highway capacity allows; 2. Include 35% affordable housing; 3. A minimum of 5% of the dwellings being made available as dedicated services plots for self or custom build housing in accordance with Policy BC3; Access: 4. Include a park and choose transport interchange supported with frequent, low cost public transport services; 5. Contribute towards new and improved strategic road infrastructure, 6. Make use of opportunities for walking, cycling and wheeling afforded by existing onsite rights of way. In particular to protect the route of the old railway line route through the site that runs from the city out to Moorhampton, as a safe, off-road walking, cycling route for both recreational and commuting by means other than car for communities that live along this route. 7. Retain a green corridor around the Yazor Brook which runs through the site for the purposes of nature conservation, recreation and walking, cycling and wheeling connections to the city centre; Employment: 8. Include around 8 hectares of employment land in the west of the scheme, to be accessed from the A438 via the adjacent Hereford Cattle Market employment site; Community: 9. Provide a local centre with small scale shops and amenities; 10. Safeguard land for the expansion of Whitecross Hereford High School; Contribute proportionally towards the co- delivery of a new primary school to serve both this urban expansion and that set out in HERE5 and to contribute to other education provision as required; 12. Where a need is identified, provide contributions to new (or extensions to) community or recreational facilities; 13. Contribute towards new or expansions to existing local medical facilities; 14. Carry out a Health Impact Assessment, to ensure that the health and wellbeing of future residents is maximised; Design and open space: 15. Provide new high quality green and blue infrastructure within the development benefitting both residents and wildlife, making use of the Yazor Brook corridor and ensuring connectivity to beyond the site's boundaries; 16. Proposals for biodiversity net gain (BNG) must be provided as part of the development. The layout and siting of the scheme should avoid any negative impact on biodiversity. Residential development must deliver 20% BNG, as measured by the statutory biodiversity metric, and which should preferably be located within or adjacent to the development site. Commercial development must deliver at least 10% BNG. If demonstrably not practical to deliver the required level of BNG onsite, details of a suitable and appropriate off-site solution for the remaining net gain should be provided, or, as a last resort, statutory biodiversity credits should be purchased. For significant onsite gains, and all off-site gains, BNG must be maintained for at least 30 years after completion; 17. Provide a landscape buffer, between Huntington village and the site; 18. Limiting structure height to two storeys where development sits closest to listed buildings; Heritage assets: 19. Evaluate the archaeological importance of the area in order to ensure appropriate protection of heritage assets and inform the detailed development proposals; 20. Be designed to avoid any adverse effects upon the setting of Huntington Conservation Area and its Grade II listed church; and 21. Avoid development in areas that are within flood zone 3 and mitigate risk where necessary. 22. Ensure that any housing development is not impacted by poor air quality arising from any new major transport infrastructure located alongside or through the urban development. 23. To protect the historic setting of the route into Hereford and reduce air pollution along Kings Acre by protecting the historic avenue of Lime trees. Policy RURA4: Rural strategic transport A new railway station or parkway including bus and active travel infrastructure along the Hereford and Abergavenny rail line will be supported to enable a shift to a more sustainable transport network. New developments in the market towns and rural settlements without rail access will be supported by regular, low cost, public bus services, particularly at peak times, to enable residents to access services, education and employment without the need to have access to a private car. In order to avoid any potential harmful effects to River Wye Special Area Conservation; other Special Areas of Conservation and Sites of Special Scientific Interest, developments must maintain an adequate buffer between operations and the River Wye Special Area of Conservation; other Special Areas of Conservation and Sites of Special Scientific Interest. In addition, site specific Habitats Regulation Assessments and targeted ecological surveys will be required for proposals to safeguard from physical damage and loss of habitat.
A Simplified Guide to the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests VGGTs I VGGTs A Simplified Guide to the NLC TECHNICAL TEAM Acknowledgements Deepest appreciation goes to the technical working team led by LANDnet Uganda for the development and publication of the simplified materials for the popularization of VGGTs in Uganda; Jonathan Ochom, Dr. Doreen Kobusingye, Frances Birungi Odong, Stella Rose Akutui, Jordana Wamboga, Freda Laura Orochi, Bethel Kisaarwot and John Mwebe without their efforts, this would have not become a reality. Special mention goes to the technical institutions that reviewed and validated the publication and gave it a final touch; Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban Development represented by Mr. Dennis Obbo, Jesse Maurice Kijjambu and Mr. Emmanuel Mabala, Members of the National Land Coalition (Transparency International, COPACSO, ESSAF, LEMU, FRA, UCOBAC, LANDnet Uganda), Civil Society Organisations (Action Aid Uganda, Uganda Parliamentarians Land Management Forum). Lastly, we are grateful to the development partners: National Land Coalition (International Land Coalition) for the financial support that saw this publication developed for the benefit of all land actors at all levels. Table of Contents About the National Land Coalition The National Land Coalition (NLC) Uganda brings together over 37 local and international organizations, private sector and research institutions working on land and natural resource governance in the country. The platform is currently hosted by Land and Equity Movement Uganda (LEMU) and coordinated by a Steering Committee chaired by Uganda Community Based Association for Women and Children's Welfare (UCOBAC). Other members of the Steering Committee include: LANDnet Uganda, Transparency International Uganda, Saferworld, Uganda Land Alliance, Food Rights Alliance (FRA), Eastern and Southern Africa Small Scale Farmers Forum Uganda (ESAFF Uganda), African Centre for Media Excellence (ACME), Ecological Christian Organisation (ECO), Witness Radio Uganda and Oxfam in Uganda. The Coalition was birthed out of the need to coordinate and jointly champion pro-people land reforms in the country. Its goal is to promote people-centered land governance through policy and practice change in adherence to Uganda's Vision 2040. The Coalition seeks to strengthen a multi stakeholder platform for engagements in championing laws and policy formulation and implementation that promote people centered land governance. NLC Thematic Areas Women and Youth Investments Land and Natural Resource Management Land Rights Defenders Inequality While the VGGTs cover several issues, this publication only focuses on the Guidelines related to the five thematic areas that the NLC is working on in Uganda. For this specific publication, we focus primarily on land. Brief on VGGTs The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests (VGGTs) were endorsed by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) in 2012 to improve governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests. The Guidelines seek to facilitate food security and progressive realization of the right to adequate food, in the context of national food security. It is important to note that these Guidelines are not legally binding and act as a reference point for States. The VGGTs further place emphasis on ensuring that governance of land benefits all people, especially the vulnerable and marginalized groups like women, youth, ethnic minorities, among others. All efforts aimed at the implementation of these Guidelines should be consistent with States' existing obligations under international law. While the Guidelines primarily refer to States, they can be used by other actors including Non-Governmental Organizations, small scale farmer groups, private sector, academia, among others. The VGGTs are global and need to be customized to suit national contexts and should be applied in line with national laws and policies. The VGGTs are buttressed by the following general principles 1. Recognize and respect all legitimate tenure rights holders and their rights. 2. Safeguard legitimate tenure rights against threats and infringements. 3. Promote and facilitate the enjoyment of legitimate tenure rights. 4. Provide access to justice to deal with infringements on legitimate tenure rights. 5. Prevent tenure disputes, violent conflicts and corruption. 6. Non-state actors to respect human and legitimate tenure rights. The following Implementation Principles guide the VGGTs 1. Human dignity 2. Non-discrimination 3. Equity and justice 4. Gender equality 5. Holistic and sustainable approach 6. Consultation and participation 7. Rule of law 8. Transparency 9. Accountability 10. Continuous improvement Overall, the VGGTs comprise seven parts with 26 Guidelines on several issues related to land, fisheries and forests. Introduction Women are estimated to constitute 50.68% of Uganda population while the youth below 30 years are estimated at 78% of the population. This makes Uganda the youngest country in the world with the majority population female. Women's land rights are fundamental human rights and are foundational to gender equality and women's dignity. Women's land rights are also instrumental to improving food security, effective climate action, poverty eradication, better welfare at household level and sustainable economic growth and development. Women play an important role in the agricultural sector and largely depend on land for their livelihoods. In Uganda, women are primary users of land, they play a vital role in the country's rural agricultural sector making up about 56% of all agricultural labour force and producing more than 80%-90% of the nation's food. However, despite the benefits of Women Land Rights, women own less than 10% of all land in Uganda. Land laws in Uganda largely protect women's land rights, however there is a discrepancy between law and practice. Women are still discriminated against concerning land access, ownership, and control due to restrictive social norms and practices. Provisions under VGGTs GUIDELINE 4 Rights and responsibilities related to tenure 4.4 Policies and laws that ensure tenure rights should be non-discriminatory and gender sensitive. 4.6 States should remove and prohibit all forms of discrimination related to tenure rights to ensure equal tenure rights for women and men, including the right to inherit and bequeath these rights. 4.7 States should provide non-discriminatory and gender-sensitive land administration to protect tenure rights for all 4.9 States should provide access to timely, affordable and effective means of resolving disputes over tenure rights, including alternative means of resolving such disputes from impartial and competent judicial and administrative bodies 4.10 States should ensure consultation and participation of users of land in tenure governance processes GUIDELINE 5 Policy, legal and organizational frameworks related to tenure 5.3 State should provide frameworks that are non-discriminatory and promote social equity and gender equality. 5.4 States should ensure that legal and policy frameworks recognise and provide adequate protection for women and girls' tenure rights and are implemented and enforced. 5.5 States should develop relevant policies, laws and procedures through participatory processes, ensuring that both men and women are included from the outset. GUIDELINE 6 Delivery of services 6.1 States should ensure that implementing agencies and judicial authorities have sufficient capacity to implement policies and laws in a timely, effective and gender-sensitive manner. 6.3 State should provide prompt, accessible and non-discriminatory land administrative and judicial services. 6.6 State should provide additional measures eg legal aid, outreaches, para legals/surveyors to support vulnerable or marginalized groups GUIDELINE 7 Safeguards 7.1 The state should recognise legitimate tenure rights and establish safeguards to avoid infringing or extinguishing tenure rights of others especially women and the vulnerable who hold subsidiary tenure rights, such as gathering rights . 7.4 States should ensure that women and men enjoy the same rights in the newly recognized tenure rights, and that those rights are reflected in records. Legal recognition and allocation of tenure rights of individuals, families and communities should be done systematically, in order to provide the poor and vulnerable with full opportunities to acquire legal recognition of their tenure rights. Legal support should be provided, particularly to the poor and vulnerable. Locally appropriate approaches should be used to increase transparency when records of tenure rights are initially created, including in the mapping of tenure rights. GUIDELINE 8 Public land, fisheries and forests 8.9 States should allocate tenure rights and delegate tenure governance in transparent, participatory ways, using simple procedures that are clear, accessible and understandable to all in their respective local languages. . 8.11 Monitor the outcome of land allocation programmes, including the gender-differentiated social, environmental and economic impacts and introduce corrective measures as required. GUIDELINE 9 Indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems 9.2 In their self governance, promote and provide equitable, secure and sustainable rights including equitable access for women. Ensure effective participation of all members, men, women and youth, in decisions regarding collective tenure systems governance. 9.3 Accommodate changes in collective/customary tenure systems that place women in conflict with custom due to constitutional or legal reforms to strengthen the rights of indigenous women and those on customary land tenure. 9.10 Provide technical and legal assistance to affected communities to participate in the development of tenure policies, laws and projects in non-discriminatory and gender-sensitive ways. GUIDELINE 12 Investments 12.11 All the people involved in contracts for investment on land should provide detailed information to all stakeholders. All the negotiations and agreements should be documented and understood by all people including women. GUIDELINE 13 Land consolidation and other readjustment approaches 13.5 In case there is land consolidation, States should ensure that the approaches used are gender-sensitive and meet the requirements and needs of all members of the society. GUIDELINE 14 Restitution 14.4 When there is recovery for loss of land rights, States should ensure that they develop, and disseminate laws, policies and procedures that are gender-sensitive to guide the process. GUIDELINE 17 Records of tenure rights 17.3 States should design systems for documenting land rights (e.g. registries) that are inclusive and easily accessible to all people including women and other marginalized groups. GUIDELINE 20 Regulated spatial planning 20.2 States should make public all gender sensitive laws concerning spatial planning and should incorporate local methods used by local people. 20.3 All forms of spatial planning should be done in a way that looks at the gender issues related to land use in the local communities GUIDELINE 21 Resolution of disputes over tenure rights 21.1 States should establish accessible, affordable and functional ways of ensuring that all people including women can resolve their land disputes. GUIDELINE 23 Climate change 23.2 States should consult and ensure participation of all women and men in strategies put by the State for addressing issues caused by climate change like displacement. 23.3 States should facilitate the participation of all people including women, farmers, and small-scale food producers, who hold legitimate tenure rights, in the negotiations and implementation of mitigation and adaptation programmes. GUIDELINE 25 Conflicts in respect to tenure of land, fisheries and forests 1.3 States should review all laws and policies to ensure they are nondiscriminatory and enable all parties to take necessary steps to resolve their land conflicts. If practical, States can use customary law which is gender sensitive and quick. 25.5 In post-conflict situations, States should ensure all land problems should be addressed in ways to ensure gender equality. Where restitution and reparations are to be done, the approaches used should be gender sensitive and non-discriminatory. GUIDELINE 26 Promotion, implementation, monitoring and evaluation 26.2 Put in place inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, cost effective, and sustainable multi-stakeholder platforms at all levels to support the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the VGGTs. Land and Investments Introduction Uganda hopes to move from a poor to a modern and industrialised country by the year 2040. To achieve this, the Government of Uganda is encouraging investors, especially those from foreign countries to come and invest in the country. Most of these investments are in the areas of agriculture, housing, extractives (mining, oil and gas), infrastructure (roads, dams) among others. All these investments require a lot of land for them to be done. Generally, investments are good because they can create jobs and business opportunities for the local people. They can also generate revenue for the government through taxes which leads to economic development and improvement in the delivery of social services like roads, health, education, etc. However, investments can also be problematic in some cases. For example, how is the land acquired? There are many examples in which people have been evicted from their land or inadequately compensated in order to allow investors to use the land. This has also led to landlessness for the project affected persons especially the women and other vulnerable groups. The activities of some investors also destroy the environment which leaves the people in a worse situation. Relevant provisions under VGGTs on Investment GUIDELINE 12 Investments This focuses on issues of investments and it provides 15 measures that should be taken to protect land rights of people where investments are to be established. 1.1 States should support investments that protect the environment and also benefit the communities. This should be based on laws and policies that are recognised and apply across the world. 1.2 States should support investments by small scale farmers and promote those investments that are mindful of small-scale farmers. This is because small-scale farmers make a big contribution to food security. 1.3 All transactions (e.g. sales, leases, hire, etc) on land meant for investment must be done in an open and transparent manner in accordance with government policy. 1.4 Investments should ensure that people are not illegally evicted from their land. The investments should contribute to the realisation of food security, create jobs, reduce poverty, and respect labour, land and environmental laws of the country. 1.5 States should provide guidance on the nature and degree of land transactions which are permitted for large-scale transactions in consultation with local people. 1.6 States should put in place ways of protecting the human rights on land, environment, and food security from being abused by investors. This can be done by regulating transactions on land and implementation of business models that encourage partnerships between investors and land rights holders. 1.7 States should uphold international and national laws where indigenous communities are involved. They should be consulted based on established principles of participation and consultations before any investments on their land are negotiated. 1.8 States should develop and publicize laws and policies that promote responsible investments, human rights, food security and sustainable use of the environment 1.9 States should ensure that all transactions on land should comply with the principles of consultation and participation. States and other relevant parties should inform individuals, families and communities as well as skilling and assisting them in consultations and participation. 1.10 States should ensure that parties to large-scale land investment agreements provide for the conduct of independent assessments on the effects of those investments on land rights, food security and the environment. 1.11 All parties like investors, Government etc should provide relevant information to all stakeholders involved in the negotiations and the agreed positions should be well documented. This process should be inclusive and gender sensitive. 1.12 Investors should respect all Uganda's laws and respect the tenure rights of others. Investments should not contribute to food insecurity and environmental degradation. 1.13 All professionals providing services to government, investors and communities e.g. lawyers, surveyors, valuers, etc. should take all necessary cautions when delivering their services even when they may not be requested to. 1.14 States and all those affected by the investment should participate in monitoring the implementation and effects of agreements over large land acquisitions. In case there are, the State should ensure that they are addressed, especially those related to affected land rights. 1.15 State's foreign investments should be conducted in a way that protects land rights and food security under International law. GUIDELINE 18 Valuation 18.1 States should ensure that valuation of land for investment should be fair, transparent and timely. Natural Resource Management Introduction There is a fundamental relationship between climate change and land governance, particularly in regard to tenure security and land use patterns/practices. Environment and natural resources are under threat from both natural and artificial drivers of change including; poverty, rapid population growth, unplanned urbanization, expansion of informal settlements, industrialization, climate change impacts, and variability among others. Fragile ecosystems including hilly and mountainous areas, forests, riverbanks, lakeshores and rangelands are facing encroachment and degradation. The long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns caused by climate change poses one of the most significant challenges for Uganda to realize its full development potential. The prolonged drought periods have caused floods, destroyed settlements, crops, created food insecurity which has impacted men and women farmers differently. Studies have shown that the cost of climate change adaptation is high, compared to the cost of inaction which is 24-46 times greater. Evidence has shown that people plunder and deplete resources if their tenure is not secure. When people's tenure is secure, they will sustainably use resources and engage in practices that protect and restore the environment, like tree planting. Provisions under the VGGTs GUIDELINE 23 Climate Change 23.1 States should ensure that actions about legitimate tenure rights to land, fisheries and forests in regard to individuals and communities likely to be affected by climate change for example the farmers, small-scale food producers, vulnerable and marginalized people are respected and protected by laws and policies. . 23.2 States should conduct consultations whenever actions and strategies relating to displacements arise due to climate change most especially in the preparatory and implementation phase to avoid jeopardizing the livelihoods of others. 23.3 States should facilitate the participation of all individuals and communities in the negotiation and implementation of mitigation and adaptation programmes in line with the principles of consultation and participation as stipulated in the guidelines. GUIDELINE 24 Natural Disasters 24.1 States should ensure that measures are put in place whenever natural disasters occur including safety nets and governing frameworks for tenure like spatial planning during the preparation and prevention phase to avoid or reduce the potential impacts of natural disasters. 24.2 States should address the legal and policy frameworks both at national and international levels and ensure that all parties adhere to the laws. 24.3 States and other parties should address disaster prevention and preparedness programmes in line with processes consistent with the principles already in place. Systems for legitimate tenure rights should be resilient to natural disasters, including off-site storage of records, to allow right holders to prove their rights and relocate their parcels and other spatial units. States should strive to identify areas for the temporary resettlement of people who are likely to be displaced by natural disasters, and rules should be established to provide for tenure security in such areas. 24.4 States and other parties should address tenure and push for collaboration from other parties when addressing tenure during the emergency response phase. Provisions of alternative land, fisheries, forests and livelihoods for displaced persons should not jeopardize the rights and livelihoods of others. Recognition of Legitimate tenure rights of displaced persons should also be respected and protected. Information on tenure rights and unauthorized use should be disseminated to all affected persons. 24.5 States and other parties should address tenure issues during the reconstruction phase. Persons and communities which have been temporarily displaced should be supported to return to their places of origin with dignity. Alternative Dispute structures to resolve disputes over tenure rights should be provided. Where people are unable to return to their place of origin, they should be permanently resettled elsewhere after negotiations with host communities to ensure that the displaced people are provided with secure access to alternative land, fisheries, forests and livelihoods without jeopardizing the rights and livelihoods of others. Introduction The Government of Uganda has committed to ensuring food and nutrition security in the country as a pathway to improving public health, labor productivity, and economic growth. Uganda subscribes to several Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) agendas at the regional and international levels with time-bound targets. These include: the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Program (CAADP); Agricultural Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP); Malabo Declaration and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of September 2015. Additionally, Uganda's agriculture and health sector strategic frameworks provide interventions to support farmers and agro-entrepreneurs, particularly youth and women with productivity - enhancing agricultural inputs, extension services, skills and leadership training and financing but this has not been prioritized. As a result, Uganda has continued to face a challenge of acute food insecurity, with over 64% of households not able to afford at least three meals per day. Another aspect of land use within the NLC Strategy is the issue of housing and urbanization. Population increase and growing urbanization have increased demand for housing facilities in Uganda. Mushrooming trading centers across the country and the recent creation of regional cities have contributed to rural-urban migration. This has led to increased slum dwelling and informal settlements, which are unregulated, making it challenging to enforce physical planning and housing regulations and protect and promote the rights of low-income persons to adequate housing, a secure and dignified life. Furthermore, adequate housing cannot be achieved without land tenure security. Relevant Provisions under VGGTs GUIDELINE 8 Public Land, Fisheries and Forests 8.1 States should consider the implications of use and control of lands, fisheries and forests in light of broader social, economic and environmental objectives. These actions should be consistent with regional and international obligations. 8.5 States should determine which of the land, fisheries and forests they own or control will be retained and used by the public sector, and which of these will be allocated for use by others and under what conditions. 8.6 States should develop and publicize policies covering the use and control of land, fisheries and forests that are retained by the public sector and strive to develop policies that promote equitable distribution of benefits from land, fisheries and forests. 8.9 States should allocate tenure rights and delegate tenure governance in transparent, participatory ways, using simple procedures that are clear, accessible and understandable to all, especially to indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems 8.10 States should ensure that competent bodies responsible for land, fisheries and forests have human, physical, financial and other forms of capacity. 8.11 Monitor the outcome of land allocation programmes, including the gender-differentiated social, environmental and economic impacts and introduce corrective measures as required. GUIDELINE 9 Indigenous People and other communities with Customary Rights 9.1 State and non-state actors should acknowledge that land, fisheries and forests have social, cultural, spiritual, economic, environmental and political value to indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems 9.8 States should protect indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems against the unauthorized use of their land, fisheries and forests by others. GUIDELINE 10 Informal Tenure 10.2 States should ensure their actions in regards to informal tenure is consistent with national and international law and other voluntary commitments including the right to adequate housing. 10.3 States should pay special attention to farmers and small-scale food producers while providing legal recognition to informal tenure. This should be done through participatory, gender-sensitive processes, with particular regard to tenants. 10.4 States should take all appropriate measures to limit the informal tenure that results from overly complex legal and administrative requirements for land use change and development on land. Development requirements and processes should be clear, simple and affordable to reduce the burden of compliance. GUIDELINE 11 Markets 11.8 States should ensure that when facilitating market operations of tenure transactions, they protect the tenure rights of small-scale producers given their contribution to food security. GUIDELINE 12 Investments 12.1 State and non-state actors should acknowledge that responsible public and private investments are essential to improve food security. Responsible governance of land, fisheries and forests promotes responsible investment in these resources, increasing sustainable agricultural production and generating higher incomes. 12.2 States should support investments by smallholders and their organizations as well as public and private smallholder-sensitive investments. This is because of their significant contribution to food security, nutrition, poverty eradication and environmental resilience. 12.4 States should provide safeguards to protect legitimate tenure rights, human rights, livelihoods, food security and the environment from risks that could arise from large-scale transactions in tenure rights. GUIDELINE 13 Land Consolidation and other readjustment Approaches 13.1 States may consider land consolidation, exchanges or other voluntary approaches for the readjustment of parcels or holdings to assist owners and users to improve the layout and use of their parcels or holdings, including for the promotion of food security and rural development in a sustainable manner. 13.2 States may consider the establishment of land banks as a part of land consolidation programmes to acquire and temporarily hold land parcels until they are allocated to beneficiaries. 13.3 States may consider encouraging and facilitating land consolidation and land banks in environmental protection and infrastructure projects to facilitate the acquisition of private land for such public projects, and to provide affected owners, farmers and small-scale food producers with land in compensation that will allow them to continue, and even increase, production. 13.4 To reduce the impact of production costs of land fragmentation to small holder family farms, States may consider land consolidation and land banks to improve the structure of those farms and forests. However,States should refrain from using land consolidation where fragmentation provides benefits, such as risk reduction or crop diversification. GUIDELINE 15 Redistributive Reforms 15.7 States may, if so desired, during redistributive reforms conduct assessments on the potential positive and negative impacts that those reforms could have on tenure rights, food security and the progressive realization of the right to adequate food, livelihoods and the environment. 15.8 States should ensure that redistributive land reform programmes provide the full measure of support required by beneficiaries, such as access to credit, crop insurance, inputs, markets, technical assistance in rural extension, farm development and housing. Land Inequality Introduction NLC Uganda is concerned about inequality and its manifestation in the land sector. Studies show that extreme inequality is rising in most parts of the world including Uganda. The struggles for land rights in the country reflect and are linked to the broader set of inequalities that exist in Uganda. The different land tenure systems in Uganda, namely: freehold, leasehold, mailo and customary tenures contribute to inequality in different ways. For example, the unequal land rights under mailo tenure and the recurring conflicts between tenants and landlords are rooted in the historical governance of this tenure. Similarly, under customary tenure, land inequality can be attributed to the patriarchal rules of access and ownership and largely undocumented rights perpetrate gender inequality. On another note, preferential treatment documented rights in the business sphere creates unequal economic opportunities for those on customary land. Land inequality is also attributed to land corruption which facilitates the financially and politically powerful to use money and power to fuel land corruption to satisfy their interest on land. The land sector has several avenues for corruption, these include; corruption within land institutions that govern land, corruption at the level of seeking justice to redress land conflicts. Women, children and youth due to their vulnerable state are significantly affected because of poor land governance, and VGGT propose several measures with a bearing on land inequality as highlighted below. Relevant provisions under the VGGTs (needs to be revisited) GUIDELINE 4 Rights and responsibilities related to tenure 4.4 The state should define through widely publicized rules the categories of rights that are considered legitimate. 4.5 The state should protect tenure rights holders against the arbitrary loss of their tenure rights for example forced evictions 4.6 The state should remove and prohibit all forms of discrimination related to tenure rights, including those resulting from change of marital status, lack of legal capacity, and lack of access to economic resources 4.7 The state should consider providing non-discriminatory and gendersensitive assistance where people are unable through their own actions to acquire tenure rights to sustain themselves, to gain access to the services of implementing agencies and judicial authorities, or to participate in processes that could affect their tenure rights. 4.8 The state should respect and protect the civil and political rights of defenders of human rights, including the human rights of peasants, indigenous peoples etc. GUIDELINE 5 Policy, legal and organizational frameworks related to tenure 5.4 Provide adequate protection for women and ensure that laws that recognize women's tenure rights are implemented and enforced. GUIDELINE 6 Delivery of Services 6.9 Endeavour to prevent corruption with regard to tenure rights. GUIDELINE 7 Safeguards 7.3 Where states intend to recognize or allocate tenure rights, they should first identify all existing tenure rights and right holders, whether recorded or not. 7.4 Ensure that women and men enjoy the same rights in the newly recognized tenure rights, and that those rights are reflected in records. 7.5 Ensure that people whose tenure rights are recognized or who are allocated new tenure rights have full knowledge of their rights and also their duties. GUIDELINE 9 Indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems 9.4 Provide appropriate recognition and protection of the legitimate tenure rights of indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems, consistent with existing obligations under national and international law. 9.5 Where indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems have legitimate tenure rights to the ancestral lands on which they live, States should recognize and protect these rights. Indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems should not be forcibly evicted from such ancestral lands. 9.9 States and other parties should hold good faith and consultation with indigenous peoples before initiating any project or before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures affecting the resources for which the communities hold rights. 9.12 States and other parties should endeavour to prevent corruption in relation to tenure systems of indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems, by consultation and participation, and by empowering communities. GUIDELINE 17 Records of tenure rights 17.1 States should provide systems (such as registration, cadaster and licensing systems) to record individual and collective tenure rights in order to improve security of tenure rights, including those held by the State and public sector, private sector, and indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems 17.3 States should strive to ensure that everyone is able to record their tenure rights and obtain information without discrimination on any basis. Such measures can include; using locally based professionals like (lawyers and surveyors), use of mobile service centres and ensuring access by women and other vulnerable groups. 17.4 Implementing agencies should adopt simplified procedures and locally suitable technology to reduce the costs and time required for delivering services. 17.5 Ensure that information on tenure rights is easily available to all, subject to privacy restrictions. Such restrictions should not unnecessarily prevent public scrutiny to identify corrupt and illegal transactions. 17.5 States and non-state actors should endeavour to prevent corruption in the recording of tenure rights by widely publicizing processes, requirements, fees and any exemptions, and deadlines for responses to service requests. Land Rights Defenders Introduction Land rights defenders are individuals and groups who, in their personal or professional capacity and a peaceful manner, strive to protect and promote land rights of the marginalized and vulnerable population, especially women and youth whose security of tenure is constantly under threat of eviction by land grabbers, influential or the powerful members in the society. Due to the nature of the work that the land rights defenders do in the different communities through the different interventions, they conduct community dialogues, they empower communities with knowledge on their land rights, they conduct Alternative Dispute Resolution on land related cases, they expose land irregularities and undertake public interest litigation. The work done by these human rights defenders is constitutional and they need protection and support to execute their mandate. They are always targeted by unscrupulous people which leads to their arrest, detention and other human rights violations. As a result most of them fear for their lives and end up not fulfilling their mandates of defending the land rights of the vulnerable and poor communities. Relevant Provisions under VGGTs GUIDELINE 4 Rights and Responsibilities related to tenure 4.8 States should respect and protect the civil and political rights of defenders of human rights, and should observe their human rights obligations when dealing with individuals and associations acting in defence of land, fisheries and forests. Notes Notes Notes Notes 36 A Simplified Guide to theVGGTs
'Working together to improve our village' Chairman: Nita Pearson 20 Springfield, Thringstone, Leicestershire, LE67 8LT. Telephone: 01530 223434 mail to: email@example.com Visit our website at: www.friends-of-thringstone.org.uk Twitter address: @Thringstone2 MINUTES OF MEETING HELD ON 5 JULY 2018 AT CHARLES BOOTH CENTRE Present: Nita Pearson, John Brindley, Ray Woodward, Bernard Lee, Mike Statham, Gillian Bates, Maureen Simm, Pat Hubbard, Ron Hill, Dave and Julie Everitt, Anita Jones Apologies: Geoff and Jane Wilson, Shirley Gordon, Bill Enser, Anne Statham, Pat Darby, Janet Stevenson, Ann Petty, Nigel and Mary Roberts Discussions/Decisions. Council's Green Shoot Grant – We put in for the bulbs discussed at the last meeting and are waiting to hear whether we are successful. Music Festival at centre 4 August – We will be having a stall at this event to try to get new members and sell publications. Does anybody wish to help with this please? We will have to put the gazebo up, then it all starts at 1pm. Set up is before 11am, and take down at 5pm. At the moment it is Ann running this, as Nita is marshalling the event. Maureen said she could potentially help. The centre is doing a wine or what stall and need wine for this. Dave and Julie Everitt brought 5 bottles of wine along. If anybody else would like to donate some wine for this stall, please contact the centre direct. Maureen said she would donate some wine. Bellway road names – Amongst the names used for roads was the name Rennocks. Two of the children of Frederick William Lawrence Rennocks came to the opening last year. He was born on 23 July 1887 and died in June 1963, and was the only one of the 4 men honoured who survived the war. He won a military medal. We have been told that John Rennocks, one of these children, died in May. His relatives are forever grateful that he got the chance to come to the opening to honour his father's name. Monthly litter pick total – 161 bags against 164 for the same month last year. The council has removed the litter bin on Main Street by the Fortnam Close estate due to it being misused and people putting household and DIY waste both in it and around it. At this moment in time they will not be replacing the bin. They said if you (Nita) ' would like to leave your litter picked bags in a place where they can be collected NWLDC will arrange that on a Tuesday and Friday they are collected for you.' Nita has replied that isn't the point, and why can't we have a larger bin. People are now leaving items such as settee cushions by the bin outside the hairdressers and also in the bin at the top of the church jetty, and mattress springs by the bin outside Thringstone Members' Club. Dave Everitt has also challenged the council's decision and is meeting with them tomorrow to discuss resiting the bin elsewhere. Memorial Project – We continue to work on this, and had a meeting with the consultants for the project with a view to tying their exhibition in with our event on 10 November. We hope we have been successful in this respect. Hello Heritage event – 15 September from 12noon until 5pm at the centre. We have asked David White to do a slide show after the event from 5.30pm until 8pm, and hope this will be successful. We need people to agree to do some baking for this event………… A huge thank you goes to Ron Goacher for letting Nita borrow his Coalville Times archive folders this last month. Ron has copies of anything which mentions Thringstone from the inception of the paper through to 1979. Nita has scanned a lot of stuff, taken many many notes and increased the size of our archives as a result. Marking the end of WW1 – 10 November. So far involved in this with FoT are Royal British Legion, WI, Whitwick Historical Group, the art group, Tigers WW1 website, and Leicestershire VCHT. The scouts have also expressed an interest. As mentioned previously, there will be a concert and dance at the end of the evening provided by Foresters Band. This is a totally free event. Maureen said she would like to be kept informed of this, but hoped that the RBL secretary would contact us to make arrangements. Mike said that there is still a banner in the centre for the 1914-18 event we did 4 years ago. This might be useful to be used again. Grass Verge Booth Road – the grass verge on Booth Road has been missed a second time by the county council grass cutters because it isn't on their map as requiring cutting. This was reported as a complaint to county hall. An email reply was received stating that they were still uncertain as to whose responsibility it was to cut the grass and would reply when they had investigated further. Centre news – Holly Kerley left as business development manager on 28 June. Some interviews have already taken place to find a replacement with others happening shortly. In the meantime, May Chadwick has had her hours extended to provide cover in the office. Mike said that the calibre of applicant was good, but they were not yet sure when the new person would start. It was mentioned that it might be an idea to have another open evening at the end of the year at which the new person could be introduced. John Brindley asked about the cancelling of the recent comedy night. It was explained this was unfortunate, but would be rescheduled for 21 September, and all the necessary information on the cancellation had been passed round to media and social media about the cancellation. He said it had not reached Lbro Echo. Chairs Report Letters received: Emails received: Various from people with whom we regularly share information. Emails sent: Various to groups and individuals as usual. Promotion: We have 528 twitter followers, which is 6 more than last month, and 615 facebook followers, which is 8 more than last month. We are continuing to post details of local events, public notices and also historical photos on both sites, and Nita is also posting stuff on the Coalville History facebook site. Nita has also posted details of our forthcoming history events to the What's Around website and sent details to Community Voice and Ashby Life and posted on NWLDC's What's On, as well as facebook and twitter . A press release sent with 2 photographs to the Coalville Times relating to the litter pick with Consortio Security was printed on 15 June. Photographs of this event have also gone to our webmaster and been posted on our Litter Action UK pages. Other: Nita attended the Community Roadshow event at Coalvlle Library to help promote the group. Ann, Janet and Nita manned a stall for the group in the Miners Gala tent at Picnic in the Parks. Three people said they have historical information to share with us and we are now waiting for this to come through. Photos were taken and have been sent to our webmaster. We have two new members – John and Trish Brindley. Welcome to them. Finance Report \| Gen Fund held 1st of month (bank + petty cash + float) \| £2,899.15 \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Income \| \| Expenditure \| \| Memberships \| £10.50 \| Broadband \| \| Raffle \| 11.00 \| Death certificate \| \| publications \| £36.50 \| \| \| Donations \| £3 \| \| \| total income to general fund \| \| \| \| \| \| Total general fund at month end \| Publications Report The following publications were sold at the Miners Gala/Picnic in the Parks – 1 x Thringstone and its people, 1 each of memories 2, 3 and 4, 1 x World Ward 2, 1 each of Born and Bred 1 and 2, 2 Scottish in Thringstone and 1 Durham Miners. This totalled £30.50. A man called David Amos, who is a research assistant in Coal and Dialect at Nottingham Trent the front covers and put them on his twitter page with the following comment 'P University, was very interested in our Scottish and Durham books, bought both, and then scanned icked up these two interesting booklets at the Coalville Picnic in the Park/Miners Gala event at the weekend Memories of North-East and Scottish miners who migrated south in the 1960's to work in the pits around Coalville, Leics. T hese are a cracking two booklets. More projects should be done like this to show how and why people move for economic reasons.' Nita subsequent to the event sold a pubs book to a lady with family connections to pubs in the village. Web Report – minutes for June are yet to go on site, together with photos of the centre's launch and our stand, plus photos taken of the litter pick with Consortio Security and the Miners' Gala. Police Report We sent details of the following to the police: - A family on Melrose Road had their children's trampoline stolen on 18 June. They posted photos of the CCTV footage taken of the people responsible on facebook. - Nita and a colleague from Neighbourhood Watch should have had a meeting/crime prevention launch at Thringstone Co-op last week with police representatives, but it was cancelled at 10.30am on the day of the 12pm meeting by Karl Hall, the loss prevention advisor for Central England Co-op, because apparently someone from the police was unable to attend. - We understand that in early June, just prior to closing, someone went into the Co-op and stole meat. This person was both aggressive and rude. We are unsure whether this was reported to the police. - There was a house fire on Coverdale in Whitwick in the early hours of 25 June to which 3 fire engines attended. The fire was located on ground floor, and seems to have started with a problem with the freezer and spread to the electrical cupboard in the utility area. The family were painting and had taken down the fire alarms. 4 breathing apparatus, 1 hose reel jet and 1 carbon dioxide extinguisher were used and 5 reptiles were rescued from property. Fire was extinguished and ventilation took place. Further hotspots found in roof space and a 3rd appliance was requested for further breathing apparatus. Hotspots found in loft space using thermal imaging camera. We received the following reply: 'Nothing too major to report, Low level thefts, criminal damage and vehicle crime. For the area we have a patrol plan follow including in Thringstone We've got a crime figures system hopefully coming live soon which can be accessed through Police.UK and search for the area and will pass you restricted info and numbers of all crimes in the area. I wasn't aware of the crime prevention meeting personally but please let me know of any other meetings and see if I can attend due to my shift pattern and any other commitments With regards to the stolen trampoline, nothing from what I can see on our system has been reported to us. We only deal if it gets reported to us. If those people involved want to report it via 101 they can report it. Also not had anything reported to us from the Co-op. However they should have retail packs to record it and then send it to us.' Discussion took place on the amount of drug packets found in the village, issues with policing and also bike riding and rabbit shooting in the woodland. The police are aware of all these issues. Community Report and What's On Hermitage Leisure Centre ran a cup cake sale on 15 June for Alzheimer's research and raised £353.82. Sue Colledge said she would make this up to £360. Well done to them, and thank you to everybody who went along to support this. 6 July – Black Horse, Whitwick – Area 51 in concert from 9pm. These are also playing at the music festival. 6 July – Conny Club, Whitwick – Jamaican themed night. Meal and entertainment with Skawaddy for £14.95. 7pm start. 10 July – Film Club at the centre – Film is The Darkest Hour. Starts at 7.30pm with doors open at 7pm. There is a charge for the raffle to cover costs. 13 July - Thringstone Soul Club at Thringstone Members club with Peter Sumner DJ. £3. 8pm start 13 July – Black Horse – Will's Young At Heart karaoke from 9pm. 14 July – Alfi day – charity day to raise money for children's brain tumour charity. Coalville Town Football Club. 1pm – 9pm. Live music, craft stalls, lots for the children. Hot food and licensed bar. 15 July – Festival of Archeology walk to Grace Dieu Priory with Ann. Meet at 6pm at Bull's Head car park. Adults £3 children free. 20 July – Black Horse – Motown Motion – Motown night from 9pm. 21 and 22 July –Grace Dieu Manor–Antiques and vintage weekend. Adults £3, children free, dogs welcome. Saturday 9am-4pm, Sunday 9am – 3pm. Further details from Guildhall Fairs on 01766 831800. 22 July - Festival of Archeology walk to Grace Dieu Priory with Ann. Meet at 6pm at Bull's Head car park. Adults £3 children free. 27 July – Beat 45s at Black Horse from 9pm. 28 July – Thringstone Members Club – Summer Soul – Special guest DJs Taff and Lee plus Jayne Lesley singing Motown classics. Ticket only event at £4 per ticket. 8pm-late. Tickets from 813531 29July- 5Aug – Heather Scarecrow Festival 4 August – Thringstone Music Festival at Charles Booth Centre. Starts at 1pm, gates open at 12 noon. Lots of music, inside and out, stalls, things for the children, food, drink and, hopefully this year, nice weather. This is a charity fund raiser for the centre. 10 Aug - Thringstone Soul Club at Thringstone Members club with Mick Sly DJ. £3. 8pm start 10 Aug – Black Horse Whitwick – karaoke night with Lainey from 9pm. 17 Aug – Freddie Mercury tribute with Joey Linden at Conny Club, Whitwick 17 Aug - Family Fun Day on Woodside Estate. All welcome. Starts at 12 noon. 18 and 19 August – Woodstock in Whitwick 24 August – Slime Making workshop at the centre – 1.30pm-2.30pm £8 per person which includes glitter and sequins, 3.30pm-5pm – an advanced session to include fluffy slime at £12.95 per person and 6pm-7pm for beginners at £8 per person. Tickets available at etsy.com 18-27 August – Art exhibition at the centre 1 Sept – Thringstone's Got Talent show at the centre. 7pm start. £5 per ticket. 7 Sept - Thringstone Soul Club at Thringstone Members club with Rob Harris DJ. £3. 8pm start 8-9 Sept –Hare and Hounds beer festival, opens 11am with live music and entertainment. 14 Sept – Conny Club- Adele tribute with Lareena Mitchell. Tickets £5, members £3. Starts at 9pm. 15 Sept – Hello Heritage at the centre. 12 noon until 5pm. 29 Sept – Evening of Mediumship at Century Theatre with Gareth Lewis and Craig Morris. Ticket prices yet to be advised. 29 Sept – Conny Club, Whitwick- Elvis Tribute with Dean Craig. Starts 9pm. 11 Oct – Gin tasting event at Charles Booth Centre. More details nearer the time. 12 Oct – Film night at centre showing film of the life of Roseia de Verdun (Grace Dieu priory) and some other short films. 7.30pm start. More details nearer the time. 19 Oct – Abba Tribute at Whitwick Conny Club. Starts at 9pm. More details nearer the time. 9 Nov – Quiz night at the centre 11 Nov – Exhibition to commemorate the end of WW1 plus dance at the centre 11Nov – Antique and Collectors' fair at Hermitage Leisure Centre 9am-3pm. £2. 16 Nov – Cher and Pink tribute at Whitwick Conny Club with Stacy Green. Starts at 9pm 24 Nov – Andy Kayne as Barry White atWhitwick Conny Club History report - Feb 1977 – Stanley Frank Mellor, landlord of the Rose and Crown was taken to court by the RSPCA for cruelty to a horse kept in a field in Church Lane, Swannington. The horse was in a state of exhaustion caused by what the vet thought was worms, which was confirmed after the horse had been destroyed. The horse was also suffering from severe diarrohea. Mr and Mrs Mellor and their ex-stable lad, Henry Crammen, had been informed, and both were said to be responsible people, with other horses in their care which were all in excellent condition. The horse had been bought in foal and mare and usually wormed after being served by a stallion. They were separating the foal from its mother when the mare's condition deteriorated. He was cleared of all charges. We believe Stan was born in 1929 in Burton on Trent and married Nancy E Herrick in Repton in 1972, although this is by no means certain. In Sept 1977 a 'new lounge' was opened at the Rose and Crown. Landlord Stanley Mellor and his wife Nancy had their photograph taken for the Coalville Times along with Mr Brian Eccleshall, Megan Mellor, Robert Alesbrook and Joyce Harris. - We knew that Aubrey Chapman kept the Rose and Crown in 1953, but now find, from the Coalville Times of 22 January 1954 that following celebrations on Christmas Eve 1953, Aubrey Chapman, licensee of the Rose and Crown took two Osgathorpe men, Dennis Geoffrey Freeman and Ronald Bradford to court for larceny of twelve wine and spirit glasses. They said they had taken the glasses, six each, and that they must have been drunk, as they didn't know they had them until they got home. They had been drinking whisky on the night of the offence, and were not used to it. Bradford was fined £3 and Freeman £2. - In 1978, both the Rose and Crown and George and Dragon held an auction of harvest products with money going for their respective pensioners' funds. A photograph in the Coalville Times of September 1978 showed both landlords, but said that the George and Dragon's licensees were George and Gillian Street. This was incorrect. Graham Eric Street married Gillian S Bracey in Bakewell, Derbyshire in 1967. Graham died in Derby in 1998. We believed the couple separated and that Gillian moved to Woodhouse Eaves. We were not, however, aware that the Street family were at the George and Dragon in 1978. We thought they came a year later. - The Retired People's Fellowship meets at the centre, and we have now discovered they have been in existence since 1951 and using the centre since then. We believe that they the oldest remaining group at the centre still in existence. - Following on from the above, in November 1955, a journalist went along to the Retired People's Fellowship to talk to people about their memories. Several members remembered taking bread to John Biddle's bakery for him to bake it in his ovens at a charge of half a penny a loaf. The shop at that time was lit solely by candles. Few homes had their own mangles to take the water out of washing, and a large mangle was used by the villagers on Saturday (washing day) and they were charged 2 pence for its use. There was also talk of a Mr Twigger being the landlord at the George and Dragon, although we can find no records to substantiate this. As we stated in our Thringstone and its People book, school children were often required to work in addition to schooling, and often missed class so they could earn money for their parents. One lady who was interviewed was Eliza Smedley, wife of John Smedley of Main Street. Born Eliza White on 24 June 1878 at St Mary's Terrace, just inside the Whitwick boundary, the youngest of 6 children, Eliza married John Smedley in 1892, and had 5 children herself. Unfortunately, 3 of these, including a daughter, Sarah, and a son John Thomas, had died by 1911. John Thomas died aged 1 in 1898 and Sarah in 1904 aged 4. Both these children were buried at St Andrew's. This left the family with Ruth born in 1894 and Hannah born in 1902, both of whom married. Eliza told the journalist how, as a child, she had to get up early in the morning to walk to Worthington to collect watercress to sell, and remembered running with other children down to Gracedieu brook on the chance of getting halfpennies thrown to them by people attending Belton horse fair. She remembered the frequent journeys she had to make to Shepshed for the collection and return of gloves, which was a welcome addition to the family income. She also remembered when she, and a group of other children, ran all the way from Thringstone to Whitwick station to get a glimpse of Irish lads who were being taken to the reformatory at Mt St Bernard. They were in the charge of Mr Maloney and Michael McCarthy. There was an official welcome for these lads who were preceded by a local band with Eliza and her companions bringing up the rear. Upon returning home, Eliza was spanked for having gone. Newspaper records confirm this having taken place on 19 July 1884, with the train arriving at 7.15. Large crowds are recorded as having gathered on the railway bridge and Whitwick Market Place to see the boys arrive. Mr McCarthy having given the 200 boys a welcome tea at his Railway Hotel in Whitwick, they then marched, with brass band under the command of Captain Hudson and staff of officers, to the reformatory. Eliza claimed to remember the general discussions locally when the Charnwood Forest Railway line was constructed between 1881 and 1882 and had thought that the children had come, with McCarthy and Maloney, direct from Ireland. Newspapers however suggest that they had in fact been housed temporarily in a hospital in Newferry, Birkenhead, but due to an outbreak of smallpox, had needed to be removed from there. Prior to that, they had been on the reformatory ship, Clarence, which had been set alight by its inmates in July 1884. In August 1885, the 200 boys were treated to a day's outing and were marched from the reformatory with their leader Captain Hudson and their brass band, down Leicester Road, through the Market Place in Whitwick to the Railway Hotel and then to a field on Hall Lane where they played games and had refreshments at 4pm provided by Michael and Mrs McCarthy. The boys remained at Mt St Bernard until November 1885 when they were returned to the Clarence's replacement vessel, the Royal William. Eliza and John Smedley lived for some time at 55 Main Street. He died in 1951 and she in the Market Bosworth area in 1963. - According to records, the original trustees of the Loughborough Road Methodist chapel in 1863 were Thomas West, John Ward and Thomas Whitmore, all of Whitwick, William Hall, Andrew Hall, Thomas King, Jacob Webster, Samuel Poxon, Hosea Haywood, Edward Capewell, Thomas Hale and William Winfield, all of Thringstone, and Hezekiah Soar of Swannington. By 1865, William Hall was the Chapel Steward, and Francis Bell the superintendant. Of the Whitwick men, Thomas West was a shoemaker from Leicester Road, there were several men named John Ward in Whitwick at the time, and 2 men called Thomas Whitmore . Hezekiah Soar was a coal miner, born in 1823 in Strelley, Nottinghamshire, who in the 1861 census is shown at the Swannington grocer's shop with wife Ann nee Greensmith whom he married in Basford in 1843, and 6 children. He moved back to Nottinghamshire to Annesley around 1868, had another child and died on 9 January 1895. His obituary said 'for upwards of 27 years, the faithful and trustworthy under viewer of the Annesley Colliery Co.' Most of the men who it is said were from Thringstone actually lived outside the village. We have yet to find any information about Thomas Hale. William Hall was born about 1828 in Thringstone. He was married to Eliza nee Haines, and in 1861 was living with his wife and 7 children on Main Street. He was a coalminer. By 1871, he had had 11 children, one of whom died the following year. By 1881 he was a grocer on Talbot Street. The family seem to have moved to Quorn sometime after that but we can find no matching death records in that area. Andrew Hall was born in Swannington around 1833. In 1861, he is shown with wife Ann and daughter Jane living next to Swannington Vicarage. By 1871, he had moved to Allen Street, Hucknall and there was no mention of his daughter. After that he disappears from records Thomas King was born around 1821 in Osgathorpe. He married Elizabeth Harrison on 22 Sept 1846 in Osgathorpe, and had 8 children. In 1861 he was a carrier, living in Osgathorpe with his family and seems to have continued to live there after all his children had left home. He seems to have had several appearances in court over a variety of issues including stealing a watch and chain. After his wife died in the 1880s, he became a grazier, remarried Hannah Harrison, and died on 11 January 1893 in Osgathorpe. Jacob Webster was born around 1829 in Heather. He married Sarah Andrews in 1850, but after 1861 when the family was living at Whitwick Moor, the family disappear. Samuel Poxon was born about 1820 in Osgathorpe. Married to Hannah Whitcroft in 1847 in Barrow Upon Soar, he was a coal miner, and had 7 children. He died in 1870. Hosea Haywood was a miner born around 1831 in Hugglescote. In 1863 he was fined 5 shillings for being drunk in Whitwick. He lived for a while in Whitwick Moor before moving to Talbot Lane and then back to Hugglescote. He married Fanny Griffin in 1850, had 8 children and died in 1907. There is an Edward Capell on Talbot Lane in 1861 with wife Ann nee Billings and three children. He was a colliery labourer from Northamptonshire, born in 1822, and went on to have 5 children in total. We can find no details of an Edward Capewell and think the information we have refers to Capell rather than Capewell. Edward Capell died in this area in 1866. William Winfield was from Isley Walton. Born around1830 he married Martha Billings in 1859, 2 years after having a son called Joseph Winfield Billings. He lived in 1861 on Talbot Lane. The family seem to have had 7 children, and by 1881, were living on Thornborough Road. In 1900 he was fined for not sending his child to school. He died in 1908. - The Coalville Times of 3 August 1945 contains brief details of the funeral of Elizabeth Ann Ouzman, former landlady of the Railway Inn, 54 Loughborough Road, Mountsorrel, who was buried at St Andrew's. Research has shown that this was Elizabeth Ann nee Ward, who was born on 10 October 1889 in Thringstone. The Ward family originally lived on Whitwick Moor and moved to Fern Cottage, next to the centre. Her brother, Gilbert, ran the Queen's Head between 1929 and 1931. Elizabeth married Albert Edward Ouzman in Nottingham in 1930. He was one of 12 children of a farmer and JP of Cressy Hall, Gosberton, Lincolnshire. He was born on 3 June 1889 and died in 1951 in Leicester. After marriage, the family moved to Sutton in Ashfield, where they kept the Pot Maker's Arms on Mansfield Road. They were there in 1939. It is unclear when they left there, but subsequently, between them, they ran the Railway Inn in Mountsorrel and were there in 1945. There was an inquest report in the 23 July 1945 Nottm Evening Post which said Elizabeth had been admitted to hospital on 26 May with burns over a third of her body. The inquest was told by her husband that the fire in the copper in the washhouse had been roaring a bit, and he had put a shovel full of floor sweepings on it to slow it down a bit. When she then came out in flames, he threw 2 buckets of water over her as he could not tear off her overall or pinafore. Her husband said that they were a happy couple, and there was no truth in the rumours that she was about to obtain a separation from him. A neighbour said they had seen blue smoke coming from the washhouse and previously heard a thump which shook the doors to neighbouring properties. The neighbour said that the fireplace door to the washhouse was open but there was no smell of gunpowder. It was wondered whether the banging was coming from a neighbouring quarry. Elizabeth died at the General Hospital, Loughborough on 20 July 1945. The coroner said it was an unusual case, but entered a verdict of death from septic absorption consequent on burns, accelerated by hypostatic pneumonia. She shares her grave at St Andrew's, which is not far from Charles Booth's grave, with her son, William John Ouzman, who was born in this area on 11 January 1932 and died, aged 8 in 1940 in Nottinghamshire. Elizabeth left her money to her spinster sister, Sarah, who was the youngest of the Ward family. - In our minutes of Dec 2017, we spoke about trying to trace the start of Thringstone Scouts in its own right. We knew there was a scout troop in 1911 but had no names of a leader, the first leader we knew about being A Armstrong in 1916. In the Leicester Daily Post for 28 June 1910, we have read that Coalville Scouts, later joined by Thringstone Scouts, marched to Gracedieu Manor at the request of Charles Booth who joined in the scouting operations that followed, after the band, under the direction of H Wright had played several marches. They had previously all stopped off at 'Thringstone Institute' as the centre was called, and Thringstone Scouts was lead by scout leader L Gough. This is new information. The Melton Mercury of 1 Sept 1910 tells that in August 1910, Scout Master L Gough from Thringstone attended the inaugural meeting of the Boy Scouts Association for N W Leicestershire which was held at the Mayor's Parlour in Loughborough Town Hall. The report talked of various camps around the district and said 'Good work is being done in Thringstone'. A further parade and meeting at Gracedieu Manor took place in September 1910, again reported by the Melton Mercury. This should have been held at Coleorton Hall, but the illness of Mrs Abell-Smith prevented this, and Charles Booth offered his home and grounds. About 250 scouts from all over Leicestershire attended, and this included 21 scouts from Thringstone under the guidance of Scout Master L Gough. We believe this to be Lovell Gough born in 1863, son of Richard Gough and Elizabeth Roe. His mother died when he was a child, and for a while he lived with his sister Edith and brother Sidney with their grandmother, Hannah Roe, next to the Three Tuns. He then went to live with the Wilson family who lived at Three Tuns and died unmarried in 1923. Major Childers from the Leicestershire Scouts Association presided at the September 1910 event, and offered thanks to Charles Booth for allowing the parade to take place at Gracedieu, and said how sorry they were that all the Ashby Scouts were unable to attend, with them being the oldest troop in Leicestershire. Scout master Gough from Thringstone was presented with a warrant, complimented for his work with the boys, and his time and teaching in helping to form the characters of the boys. - Coalville Times - Sept 1904 – Cricket match at Gracedieu when the male servants and female servants of the manor, assisted by a few friends, took part in a game of cricket on the lawns in front of the manor. The ladies won by 67 runs to 59. - Coalville Times - May 1906 – inquest into the death of Bessie Moore of Top Shop off sales on the corner of Whitwick Moor who had been found dead in her bedroom. She had previously been the tollhouse keeper further down the lane. Thomas Moore, husband, said at the inquest that his wife was 65 years of age, and that she had gone into an adjoining bedroom on the Thursday morning, and shortly afterwards he heard a fall. He found her on the floor, tried to get her back to bed, but she asked him to get a pillow and let her lie on the floor. She also asked for a drink of water and remarked that she believed she was going to die. He put a pillow under her head, fetched her water and went for Mrs Winters, and asked a man called Faulkner to call at Dr Burkitt's house and ask for the doctor to come at once. His wife died soon afterwards. She had never complained of her heart but had sometimes had attacks of giddiness. She had not long before put her wrist out. Dr Burkett said that she had been a patient of his for 20 years and was a fairly healthy woman, except that she suffered from faintness occasionally. He'd seen her a short time before her death for blisters on her leg but nothing serious. Having examined her body after death, he concluded that death was due to syncope. Verdict natural causes. Coalville Times 23 Feb 1911 – death of Thomas Moore, husband of the above. The article said that Mr Moore had had the house on the corner of Whitwick Moor built for himself about 40 years earlier, and had lived there ever since, it having been licensed for about 38 years. He had been ill for 3 months. On 24 April 1911, the property was up for sale at an auction at the Queen's Head. The house with outdoor beer license comprised front shop with cellar underneath, sitting room, living room, kitchen, pantry, 4 bedrooms with closet, piggery, wood trap shed, and garden containing an area of about 400 sq yds and bounded by property belonging to Thomas Carter. There was a well of hard water and soft water cistern and pump. Both Mr and Mrs Moore are buried close to the rear of the church. - Thringstone brownies – As reported in previous minutes, we were told that the first meeting of the Thringstone brownies was on 14 September 1964 and the guides on 15 September 1964, with the rainbows starting on 13 January 1992. We now find a mention of these in the Coalville Times of 23 January 1931 when there was a play organised by Mrs A Whitmill (Secretary). This was Fairyplay – Sleeping Beauty with all proceeds going to the Girl Guides Fund. The next mention is in July 1932 when the whole of the Thringstone scout, guide, brownies and cub pack went on a sports day with guide mistress for the guides being Mona Lawrence of 26 John Street, born 17 March 1910. The Brownie Captains were Misses Bailey and Farmer and the Scout Master Harry V Robinson. On 29 July 1932 it was reported that all the above were spending a week under canvas courtesy of Captain Porter at his Quaker Farm, Loughborough. Mr Robinson was listed as scoutmaster, S F Peace as assistant scout master (he resigned in Dec 1932 for business reasons), and Miss Mona Lawrence was guide captain. Other girl guides at the time were Jessie White, Sarah Smith, Hannah Holland, Evelyn Winter, C Bunting, Cissie White, Irene Davenport, Joan and Mary Whitmill, K Bunting, Iris Bancroft, M Sykes, L Bill, E Bancroft, G Brooks, E Crosen and P Bird. In Feb 1933 the guides, brownies, scouts and cubs put on Cinderella the panto at the centre. The committee involved were Mona Lawrence, guide captain, Miss Bailey as brownies captain, Miss Farmer as Assistant Brownie Captain, Henry Robinson for the scouts and Mrs Whitmill as Secretary. One of the members of the audience was Mrs Turner, Guide and Brownie Commissioner. In 1934 there was a sale of work at the centre, and there were songs and dances by the brownies under the direction of Miss Keen. September 1938, the annual flower show at Thringstone House took place, and the club's scouts and girl guides formed a guard of honour for Mrs Booth. We have also discovered that in December 1948, in aid of funds for Thringstone Girl Guides, a bring and buy sale was organized by Mrs Bancroft and her helpers at Thringstone House. We do not know when the brownies/guides were disbanded in Thringstone. We have subsequently tried to get more information from the Guides Association. This is their reply 'The 1927 directory holds lists of villages/towns where there are Guide Companies and Brownie Packs. Thringstone is listed as having a Guide Company in 1927 and a Brownie Pack in 1931. There are no leaders' names. They would have been in Market Bosworth Division and Coalville District. The Division Commissioner was The Hon Mrs Greenhall who actually lived in Gaddesby. Finding out when the units were disbanded would take quite a bit more time to work out from later directories and under the new GDPR rules we have to keep these locked away. In the Division Report section, appreciation was expressed to the Coalville Times for their interest in the movement and regular information highlighted in the newspaper. This obviously links with your research.' Mona Lawrence married Kurt Leckebusch in 1938. She died on 17 July 1987 and had lived at that time at 60 Halstead Road, Mountsorrel. Her two brothers were George J Lawrence and James Lawrence, with GJ Lawrence dying in 1947 and James in 1969. She is buried at St Andrew's in Thringstone along with her only child, Roma Margaret, who was born on 17 January 1942 in Loughborough and died on 1 September 1949 in Leicester. It was felt that maybe Mona would have had a difficult time in WW2 if her husband were German. Council report Dave said that there is a lot of talk at the moment about the scrapping of district councils and turning these into a unitary authority with the county. It is thought this would save money. He felt that it would mean less and less people representing more and more people. He also said that the last council meeting was cancelled, but cabinet meetings continue. Gardening and environment Bernard continues to weed, prune and maintain our existing planting AOB Bernard wanted to know why the speeding sign had gone and why it had been placed on the humps near Melrose Rd anyway. Dave said these move about the area, were put there by county, and he had hoped it would have been nearer the school or further down Loughborough Road. There was general discussion about community speed watch, and where they are operating at the moment in the area and what powers they have. People can receive notification from the police about speeding, but a ticket cannot be issued by the community speedwatch people, as they are not police. Next meeting is 2 August at 6.45pm at Charles Booth Centre.
BREINTON PARISH COUNCIL 22 Hardwick Close, Bromyard , HR7 4TY firstname.lastname@example.org 07501 293457 Adam Lewis Planning Services PO Box 230 Hereford HR1 2ZB By email only: email@example.com Dear Mr Lewis P222769/F Land to the south-west of Breinton Lee, Swainshill, Herefordshire HR40SW – Proposed 45 dwellings (including affordable houses), garages, access, landscape and associated works. Breinton Parish Council considered this application at a meeting on the 19 th October 2022 following a public meeting on 12 th October attended by nineteen residents. If approved this application would be the single largest housing development in the Parish for many decades, at a scale and form that has not been seen since Yew Tree Gardens or Four Acres were developed many years ago. It is considerably denser than other recent developments in the parish. At a single stroke this proposal would take Breinton well beyond the minimum number of homes that the 2015 Herefordshire Local Plan/Core Strategy indicated as a local target nine years ahead of schedule in 2031. This application provides many more affordable houses than the local housing needs survey indicated were necessary for the Parish. [2012 = 2 x one bed, 3 x two bed, 3 x three bed and 1 x four bed]. This means that once local connections are exhausted the new homes will be made available to residents of Hereford City and ultimately residents of Herefordshire. Such a development requires careful planning and, above all the right location. The site off Breinton Lee is not the right place despite the applicant's Planning Statement attempts to demonstrate its suitability. The Parish Council has three main areas of objections, many of which are shared by local residents. Highways and Transportation Fundamentally the Parish Council categorically disagrees that this development is in a sustainable location in transport terms if the word sustainable were to be used in any meaningful way. Changes in the percentages by which various modes might be used in the future tabled in the Residential Travel Plan hide the fact that overall numbers of trips will significantly increase, particularly by car because there is no other safe option. In our view, the RTP will not direct the travel behaviour of future 23 October 2022 residents in any significant way unless active, rather than passive measures, like a new cycleway are introduced. On this basis the application is not in accordance with the NPPF which states that applications for development should: 'give priority first to pedestrian and cycle movements, both within the scheme and with neighbouring areas' (Para 110a). The NPPF says new development should be well located to employment sites, to minimise travel by car and yet no employment sites are referenced in the travel plans. Whilst schools such as Stretton Sugwas and Whitecross are mentioned in the travel plan there is currently insufficient capacity in these schools to take local children, with children having to be taken either by special bus or taxi to schools in Weobley (8 miles away) or across the other side of the City. Paragraph 4.4.1 of Manual for Streets (MfS) states that walkable neighbourhood are typically characterised as having a range of facilities within 10 minutes walking distance (around 800m). However, it states that this is not an upper limit, and that walking offers the greatest potential to replace short car trips, particularly those under 2km. The majority of the facilities required to support residents living in this development lie well beyond 2km. On this basis the development does not accord with the Manual and is not a sustainable development in terms of transport. The current proposal puts movement by motorised vehicles as a priority above other, more vulnerable road users. The development does not comply with the Dept for Transport LTN 1/20 as Cycle Infrastructure Design is not referenced in the Travel Plan, despite the applicant claiming this is suitable as sustainable development for walking and cycling. LTN 1/20 Para 14.3.12 "Cycling facilities should be regarded as an essential component of the site access and any off-site highway improvements that may be necessary. Developments that do not adequately make provision for cycling in their transport proposals should not be approved". This national design guidance is more recent than the Herefordshire Council Highway Design 2006 and yet is not referenced. Para 2.11 of the Residential Travel Plan says that "The site has good existing walking, cycling and public transport links, the provision and use of which will be further enhanced by the development of this RTP." The Parish Council strongly disputes this statement. While the far distant Hereford / Abergavenny national cycle route 46 is mentioned there is no reference to the conditions that cyclists face immediately on the A438 Kings Acre Road or the lack of cycle infrastructure. The Parish Council has campaigned for a protected cycleway along this 40mph road linked into other parts of Hereford's fragmented cycle (non) network for over 20 years. There is categorically no cycling network across Hereford that will get you to the railway station some 5km away. The applicants ignore this lack of facilities immediately by their site nor is the development intending to provide any funding for such a scheme according to the draft S106 agreement. The high volume of cars and service vehicles expected to enter the site daily across the pavement will increase severance of the footpath along Kings Acre Road. Should there be any development the junction onto Kings Acre Road should be reprioritised to reinforce the new Highways Code and Dept for Transport rules, giving priority across the site entrance to Breinton Lee to pedestrians, cyclists, and those using mobility vehicles and the same prioritisation should be given to non-motorised vehicles at the entrance to the proposed development site. In this connection the Parish Council would like an explanation of what the Highways Authority has in mind for the traffic calming and traffic management measures mentioned in 6.1 of the applicants Planning Statement? Councillors note that there is no mention of cycleway funding while we would remind the Highways Authority that cycleway contributions and local junction improvements are part of Breinton's list of outstanding issues that require S106 funding. Despite all the technical work in the Transport Assessment that accompanies this application; does anyone really believe that adding 45 new homes with 130+ parking places plus garages, to the 10 new homes with planning permission on the adjacent site to the existing 18 homes using Breinton Lee will not have an effect locally? This is a car-based housing development like so many recently around Hereford and the Parish Council categorically disagrees with the statement in the Planning Statement that there will only be a 'minor increase in trip rates' The Planning Authority will be aware that there is already an outstanding permission for 10 other houses on a plot just east of the proposed site. These have not yet been started despite the site being originally in the same ownership as the new proposal, perhaps because the drainage issues on this site have yet to be satisfactorily resolved? Any traffic generated will also use the same unsatisfactory junction with the A438 as a combined effect with those from the proposed development The Residential Travel Plan [RTP] (that ticks a box but is otherwise unimpressive and unenforceable) attached to the application is required by the NPPF because the proposed development is considered to produce significant amounts of movement. This contradicts all the technical work in the applicants Transport Assessment which unsurprisingly finds few if any issues. As far as public transport is concerned there are no early morning or evening bus services available to local residents and non on Sundays. This makes it virtually impossible to reach or return from anything other than the most local jobs or educational opportunities during a normal working day unless you use a car. Statements that 'there is good access to local retail and employment land uses located close by' are simply misleading. The issue is of course access to services and not travel for its own sake. In this context the table of local opportunities only strengthens the Council's concerns. Not many of these can really be deemed 'day to day services' whatever the Planning Statement maintains. There are only two places to eat within 1km of the proposed development and of these the garden centre operates restricted hours. There are no food stores within 1km or 10 minutes walking time of the proposed development and only one (small) food store within 2km. The existing on-road parking necessary to use this makes it a local traffic hazard. At between 19 and 20 minutes on foot this is right at the outer margins of feasible walking trip according to the RTP. The amenities listed on page 8 of the RTP are not accurate and not possible when considering much of the topography. For examples, 2 different times are given by RB to cycle to the Westfaling St Pharmacy (8 minutes) and to Quay House surgery (12 mins) ck despite being in the same building. The cycle time is based on an average speed of 15km/hour time and so appears to ignore the steep incline up Wordsworth Road. It also makes no allowance that it is a very brave person who would cycle around the Whitecross roundabout to access such facilities. These services would not be readily accessible by young families or older people except by car and so the development cannot be considered sustainable on transport grounds As far as road safety locally is concerned, personal Injury collision (PIC) statistics do not reflect the experiences and observations of existing residents over many years. Statistics do not cover the many near misses or unreported accidents. Local people certainly do not agree with the applicants' Transport Assessments (TA) statement that 'there are no highway safety patterns or concerns that need further consideration'. The proposed exit to the site is directly opposite the Blue Diamond Garden Centre, where traffic frequently has to queue in the centre of the road before turning right across eastbound traffic. The width of the A438 at this point prevents westbound traffic proceeding until the queue has gone. This is not mentioned in the TA In addition, the Parish Council's view on the possibility of hard paving a stretch of BT2 – Church Walk – is that this would give an unwelcome, unwanted, un-necessary and inappropriate urban intrusion into a rural setting. If approved, it will also create an additional new maintenance liability. There is no record of flooding on the path locally and it has never been, and we would much prefer money to be spent elsewhere We very much hope that the idea will be dropped by the PROW team who we note do not object to the application. If there really is seen to be a need for a firmer surface – and we do not believe that there is given the likely low usage - then the example of the Herefordshire Wildlife Trust's work along the Green Lane to their nature reserve at Wyevale Wood is a better example of what can be done and is appropriate in the countryside. In conclusion, the Parish Council agrees with the applicant's statement that any new residents 'will be required to travel by other modes (i.e., cars) in order to access wider facilities'. However, the issue is that these wider facilities provide most, if not all, of the necessities for modern life. You would not live in this place if you did not have a car, or cars, at your disposal and every intention to use them frequently. Water Issues The Flood Risk Assessment that accompanies the application says 'Despite the medium to high risk of surface water flooding projected (presumably by the Environment Agency?) along the eastern side of the site aligned with the site's topography, the overall risk from this and all other sources is considered to be low. The proposed mitigation measures and drainage strategy will further minimise the projected risks.' The critical and too easily overlooked words in this statement are 'projected', 'considered' and 'mitigation'. In the Parish Council's view there is sufficient uncertainty for this development to be refused until much more research is done. Local residents along Kings Acre Road are already experiencing flooding adjacent to this site as are residents of the original Breinton Lee development. It may cause road safety issues on Kings Acre Road. It is not a once in a while historic incident that can be dismissed but a risk to be considered each and every year. Raised finished floor levels as proposed for the new development are of no use to current residents in existing houses. Incidents locally are increasing in frequency as storms become more severe possibly because of climate change. There is photographic evidence going back a good number of years of this flooding (caused by run off from fields and not inadequate highway drainage as the applicants contend although this does not help). It was a major objection to the original application to develop the adjacent site on Breinton Lee (for 15 but now 10 houses ref 123592) – sadly dismissed by the Appeal Inspector. Despite this long standing and unresolved problem, the current applicants can only propose mitigation measures, not ones that eliminate any possibility or which guarantee to improve the current situation. We note that the application form questions relating to floods are all answered negatively – incorrectly in our view - and that their infiltration testing results on site were inconclusive. They were of course conducted during the driest summer on record but counter intuitively water did not drain away as anticipated despite such dry soil conditions. Having failed to make their case the applicants fell back instead on the much earlier test results for the adjacent site (123592). This is totally inappropriate. We have been told by independent, qualified, engineers that the results for the two sets of infiltration tests are not comparable in any way. The boreholes are of different depths, the depths of water used in each hole are different nor is the clay / gravel geology encountered at different depths below ground level the same either. We note that private soakaways will only be provided where space allows not across the site. It is also clear to us that soakaways into clay will act very differently to those into gravels with the latter draining more freely provided that they are not already saturated with ground water. We doubt that the 1.8m depth proposed for soakaways will hit gravel in every case even where they are provided. The applicants are confident that their mitigation measures will not make matters worse elsewhere. We are not convinced. Building 45 homes will reduce the area of porous surface and ultimately there is only one way any surplus water can exit this site, which is along the eastern ditch, north under No 343 through a silt pit and then under Kings Acre Road in a culvert on into the garden of No 304. As was found during earlier investigations the Highways Authority does not always maintain this culvert. Either way surplus water will either back up onto the development site and neighbouring gardens or flood the gardens of properties north of Kings Acre Road. The Parish Council has long campaigned for a complete, independent hydrological survey for the entire Yazor Brook catchment south of the Roman Road and east of Credenhill. This strategic study needs to be concluded, understood and the necessary actions taken prior to any more major housing developments (such as this one) are approved to the north-west of Hereford city. We simply do not believe that the proposed development can be guaranteed safety from flood risk or that flood risk elsewhere in the Yazor Brook catchment will not increase as a result of the development. Other fields and properties south of the Kings Acre Road but closer into Hereford to the east already flood in a similar fashion to those around Breinton Lee. There is a local flood alleviation scheme in existence just inside the Hereford city boundary– funded by the Environment Agency – which has not eliminated the problem and there are strong grounds for suspecting that each and every development south of Kings Acre Road is making the problem worse. Water is moving predominantly north and east through the Yazor catchment over and underground and the implications of disturbing this is not understood. Until it is we would suggest that repeated piecemeal developments such as this will simply leave the 'last development through the gate' to bear the entire consequences of the mismanagement of water locally in the past. Finally, we have been told on a number of occasions that residents at a number of locations on Kings Acre Road 'downstream' from the proposed site already experience sewerage capacity issues on a recurring basis. This concerns us and we await with interest Welsh Water's comments on the ability of their infrastructure to take effluent from a further 45 houses without more investment. Fresh water supplies along Kings Acre Road suffer from decreasing water pressure, and the addition of these homes, will exacerbate this further without a significant upgrade of water supplies across the Kings Acre Road area and beyond. Natural environment We note that the answers given to the biological and geological diversity questions on the application form are negative in all cases. We do not believe that this is correct. There are or were badgers – a protected species – on the adjacent site to the east which was one other fundamental reason why that application (123592) caused so much concern locally. Indeed, special provision was made on that site to provide some measure of protection as condition of planning approval. That site was in the same ownership as the site currently being considered and we are somewhat surprised that this information has not been given more prominence in the applicants Preliminary Environmental Appraisal. Notwithstanding the lack of evidence for badgers in the applicant's Preliminary Ecological Appraisal should the current site proceed the only remaining exit from the area specifically set aside for them on 123592 into open space is extremely limited. This protected species is known to forage far and wide but will only be able to exit south towards Wyevale Wood, a Herefordshire Wildlife Trust site if they are to avoid new housing. Our estimate is that this remaining open boundary <10% of the original field circumference. Any future development beyond what is currently being proposed would block this off completely. In our view it is wrong to treat the ecology of development sites in isolation from each other and that this is no way in which to treat protected species. Local residents can testify to badgers being active in the locality over a long period and recently. The current proposal completely dismisses any possibility of this. We note the objection to this development by the Council's own ecology officer which supports our concerns much more eloquently and gives practical planning reasons why this application should be refused. At the Parish Council meeting on 19 th October the agents for the developers stated that street lighting will be required across the development in order for it to be classed as a safe environment and adopted by the Council. However, the application makes no mention of street lighting or the impact such light pollution into the open countryside will have on the nocturnal wildlife, which includes bats, owls and badgers which are all regularly seen by local residents. It also extends street lighting from an urban setting into open countryside, taking lighting up the incline and above the current ground levels, increasing the spread of the light pollution. This is another factor confirming that development of this site is not in accordance with the NPPF para 174 (See below). The applicant's Arboricultural Survey initially recognises that the silver lime tree by the turning circle on Breinton Lee (which is the proposed access to the housing development) is of good quality. It goes on to say that the designation as an ancient/veteran tree provides some measure of protection and its existence is thus relevant to the site. Further into the survey the quality is downgraded to fair, and the RAVEN methodology is used to re-categorise the tree as, simply, notable. If this is designation is accepted by the Planning Authority, it would conveniently remove any formal protection for the tree making this proposed development easier. Furthermore, the Parish Council has seen independent, qualified advice that disputes the conclusions about the tree's status and questions the appropriateness of the RAVEN methodology. Some of this may be reflected in other representations received by Herefordshire Council. It is not the Parish Council's role to arbitrate between professionals; however, the lime tree is most certainly a significant feature of the local street scene and could not be replaced with anything similar should it be harmed by this development. The Council's concern is for the local bio-diversity and, treescape and green infrastructure, We do fear that compaction, contamination and possible severance of the tree's root system is a strong possibility if road works are necessary at the site entrance and that there could be impact damage by high sided vehicles entering and leaving the site – as well as the adjacent site should this be built out at the same time or in sequence. We disagree with the conclusion that there is unlikely to be any effect on the lime, we think this is a real possibility. We do however agree that the tree is a category A specimen, is of high quality, value and its retention and ongoing good health is highly desirable. We are concerned that some parts of the tree might be pruned / removed. If this is really considered necessary, it should be conditioned so that only suitably qualified operatives do it and the minimum is done to guarantee the trees health (and not simply for site access). Furthermore, the Planning Authority should regard the tree as ancient/veteran and ensure it has the statutory protections this status provides. Agricultural Land quality. The site is classified as Grade 2 agricultural land which the NPPF defines as Best Most Versatile land. Para 174 of the NPPF "Planning policies and decisions should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment by: a) protecting and enhancing valued landscapes, sites of biodiversity or geological value and soils (in a manner commensurate with their statutory status or identified quality in the development plan); b) recognising the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside, and the wider benefits from natural capital and ecosystem services – including the economic and other benefits of the best and most versatile agricultural land, and of trees and woodland;" The Government has recently reiterated the high-grade soil protection in the NPPF, which says that lower grade land, particularly Brownfield sites, such as those on Grandstand Road/Widemarsh Common, should be developed ahead of higher grade land, especially with increasing concerns over food security. Once lost high grade soils are gone forever. Conditions should this application be approved In the event that the current application is approved, the Parish Council considers that the following conditions are appropriate in addition to any with the Planning Authority considers necessary The proposed new estate is adjacent to the southern settlement boundary of Kings Acre Road but not within the current settlement. The boundary itself was required by Herefordshire Council if they were to accept the Breinton Neighbourhood Development Plan conformed to their 2015 Core Strategy. The boundary was the subject of much local debate at the time. We fear that this development will simply be used as a starting point for further development of the site labelled as Cre 09 in the 2015 HEELA. Some of which is neither within nor adjacent to the settlement boundary and would certainly not conform to planning policy if future development were proposed there. As such the Parish Council requires an absolute and categorical assurance that the southern boundary of the proposed new estate – the established building line - will form the new and final southern boundary of housing off Kings Acre Road in the area. We note that the proposed new estate has been designed so that it does not extend further than the existing southern boundary of Breinton Lee, although the play area / public open space and landscaping does. There is considerable local concern about hard boundaries being created between new buildings and the open countryside that characterises most of Breinton parish. The southern boundary of the nearby Breinton Leyse development off Breinton Lane shows what can go wrong. At this point, there is now a highly visible and dominant urban edge formed by the recent housing despite the retention of the original hedgerow. The Parish Council therefore requests that, should this application be approved, further consideration is given to increasing its southern landscaping and that this is made deeper and potentially higher. This will considerably soften and improve the view of the development north from Wyevale Wood and as you approach from the south down Church Walk. The area of porous surfaces on the site should be maximised. The street names should not be anything to do with Breinton Lee/Leyse or similar. Speed limit should be lowered to 30mph on the A438 westward beyond Breinton Lee and enforced. The Parish Councils' list of projects requiring S106 funds includes lay byes/hard standing for speed cameras in accord with the Road Safety Partnership specification. A 30mph speed limit should improve the safety of all road users. This is particularly important in the vicinity of the Breinton Lee junction with KAR where in a 2-year period there were 3 PSI accidents. Under LTN1/20 junction priority at Breinton Lee should be given to pedestrians and cyclists, and with potentially an extra 130 vehicles crossing the footpath at a poorly visible junction it will be important to reduce the risk of the more vulnerable road users by reducing the speed of vehicles leaving and entering the development. That S106 funds should be used so that the Breinton Lee junction onto KAR can be reprioritised in accordance with the NPPF and LTN 1/20 and avoid further severance of the footpath and cycleway required along KAR. This cycleway has been a key element of tackling increased car use in the area, and will be needed to reduce travel by car, and promote safety of cyclists, particularly children seeking to cycle to primary school at Stretton Sugwas or secondary school at Whitecross. That payments should be made for a full topographical /hydro-geological survey to confirm that any future development within the area will not contribute to the increased flooding occurring both from climate change and increased surface water runoff. To enhance the biodiversity and habitat, to attempt to reduce flooding and enable green corridors, instead of erecting wooden fence boarding between all the properties, a variety of hedging plants be used to define boundaries. The hedging is not to be replaced by boarding subsequently and the hedging is to be maintained over the first 5 -10 years of planting, so that any dead or dying plants are to be replaced at the developer's expense. The silver lime tree adjacent to the proposed site entrance should be subject of a Tree Preservation Order immediately as it is now at risk. Any work to it should be conducted by suitably qualified arboriculture experts and approved in advance by appropriately qualified Herefordshire Council staff That the management of the open spaces should be adopted by the council and funding put in place to deliver this. The same developer has already created a development and the management of the green spaces which has not yet been transferred to the new homeowners. We do not believe that the land management by residents will be suitable for such a large development. Your sincerely Emily Godsall Clerk, Breinton Parish Council
TEAM PROGRAM Community Engagement FY 16/17 Q2 CE:3[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Improve access to information for Wikimedia programs and communities to connect people and resources efficiently (page 1) \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Develop \| All CE teams; Working group \| \| capacity-building tools and resources for core Wikimedia programs (Annual Plan - CE - Program 3:2) \| members: Comms (Heather Walls, Gregory Varnum), Engineering (Collaborations team - Matt Flaschen) Project lead: María Cruz \| \| \| SuSa \| \| \| Project lead: James Alexander \| TEAM PROGRAM Community Engagement FY 16/17 Q2 CE:3[LINK] GOAL: Improve access to information for Wikimedia programs and communities to connect people and resources efficiently (page 2) \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Finalize scope and \| Learning & Evaluation \| \| resourcing for application of lessons learned for redesign of the evaluation portal (CE - Program 3:2) \| Project lead: María Cruz. \| \| Release minimum viable product for the Programs and Events Dashboard \| L&E, Programs, Comm. Tech, Team Practices Group \| TEAM Community Engagement FY 16/17 Q2 CE:10[LINK] GOAL: Develop surveys & complete survey collection for CE Insights to improve understanding of community needs. \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Support Foundation efforts \| Learning & Evaluation, \| \| to understand community needs by preparing for CE Insights survey (CE - Program 10:2) \| CE-Insights Working Groups from across 16 WMF teams, Audience groups Project lead: Edward Galvez \| TEAM Community Engagement FY 16/17 Q2 CE:3&8[LINK] GOAL: Improve the representation of Wikimedia communities beyond English Wikipedia in the 2016 Community Wishlist Survey to reflect a diverse, global movement \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Connect volunteer developer work with community technical needs (CE - Program 8:1) \| Technical Collaboration, Community Tech Project lead: Johan Jönsson. \| \| Support prioritization and development of selected program \| Learning & Evaluation, Program tools leads from Resources, Programs, Community Tech, Team Practices Group \| \| tools (CE - Program 3:3) \| Project lead: Amanda Bittaker. \| TEAM Community Engagement FY 16/17 Q2 CE[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Support community engagement for the development of a Wikimedia Movement Strategy to ensure that Wikimedia communities thrive and that movement needs are understood. \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Support executive staff and strategy team in online community outreach (CE - 10:1) \| Support & Safety Project lead: Karen Brown \| \| Initiate support to engagement efforts for movement strategy process (CE - 10:2) \| Learning & Evaluation Project lead: Jaime Anstee \| TEAM PROGRAM Support & Safety FY 16/17 Q2 CE:10[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Optimize support and safety work for staff, community and the public by responding efficiently and effectively in workflows \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Respond within defined \| SuSa \| \| windows for major workflows. \| \| \| Survey 4 key supported groups for satisfaction in SuSa support and assess improvement opportunities. \| SuSa Project lead: Joe Sutherland \| TEAM PROGRAM Support & Safety FY 16/17 Q2 CE:2[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Prepare to introduce and begin drafting of training modules for functionaries and event organizers to help support the health of communities \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Work with communities and industry experts to begin to draft content of training modules. \| SuSa, Community Resources Project lead: Patrick Earley \| \| Continue module design research process \| SuSa, Design Research \| \| \| Project lead: Karen Brown \| TEAM Support & Safety FY 16/17 Q2 CE:10[LINK] GOAL: Facilitate communication between the Wikimedia Foundation and community for better collaboration in movement-wide initiatives \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Assist Legal in conducting \| SuSa, Legal \| \| Terms of Use consultation (Creative Commons 4.0) with community. \| Project lead: Joe Sutherland \| TEAM Programs: TWL + GLAM FY 16/17 Q2 CE:3[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Improve access to reliable research and reference tools so editors can build quality content for informed readers \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Build relationships with top \| Jake Orlowitz leads Sam Walton \| \| publishers who give free access to editors. \| (contractor) \| \| Create infrastructure to improve research access with Library Card Platform \| Jake Orlowitz leads developer Andromeda Yelton (contractor) \| \| Surface open access content on Wikipedia using OABot \| Jake Orlowitz leads developer Antonin Delpeuch (volunteer) \| TEAM PROGRAM Programs: TWL + GLAM FY 16/17 Q2 CE:5[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Improve community capacity for GLAM-Wiki partnerships through increased GLAM-Wiki knowledge, support, and tools \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Evaluate and improve documentation of GLAM- \| Alex Stinson leads in collaboration with community \| \| Wiki Community projects \| leaders \| \| Strengthen resources and tech support for GLAM-Wiki leaders \| Alex Stinson leads, dependencies on Wikidata, Legal, Community Tech, and community leaders \| \| Strengthen training materials for GLAM-Wiki \| Alex Stinson leads, collaboration with community leaders \| \| leaders \| \| TEAM Programs: TWL + GLAM FY 16/17 Q2 CE:3&5[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Leverage Library and GLAM networks to bring in new contributors, build and expand new partnerships and programs \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Prepare for #1lib1ref \| Alex and Jake with community \| \| Campaign \| leaders, 20+ community orgs, Mel Kramer supporting outreach \| \| Strengthen relationships with Library & GLAM Networks \| Alex and Jake with external library, university, and nonprofit partners \| \| Build global TWL branches \| Jake leads Global Coordinator \| \| for localized community outreach and programs \| (contractor) \| TEAM Programs: Wikipedia Education Program PROGRAM CE:1[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Support the Education program to grow by enabling program leaders to introduce Wikipedia in the classroom \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Respond to incoming \| Education Team \| \| requests from community members, affiliates and other movement partners \| \| \| In person consultation and support \| Education Team \| \| Orient new staff \| Project lead: Tighe Flanagan \| TEAM Programs: Wikipedia Education Program PROGRAM CE:1[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Grow capacity of the Education Collaborative to support more global community initiatives \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Support #EduWiki social \| Education team with the Collab \| \| media campaign \| membership, L&E, Communications Project lead: María Cruz \| \| Mentoring framework and pipeline with the collab \| Education team with the Collab Project lead: Vahid Masrour \| \| Refining membership \| Education team with the Collab \| \| criteria with Collab \| Project lead: Vahid Masrour \| TEAM PROGRAM Community Resources FY 16/17 Q2 CR WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Finalize strategy for planning Wikimania to move forward next editions \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Resolve key questions and \| Project lead: Ellie Young \| \| clarify plans for future Wikimanias \| CR will lead, with contingencies on the ED, CFO, Chief of CE \| TEAM Community Resources FY 16/17 Q2 CE:4[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Run funding rounds (APG & Project grants) to allocate resources to support community-led ideas, programs, technologies and gatherings \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Run rounds of major grant programs (APG and Project) \| Project leads: Winifred, Alex, Marti CR, support from Legal, L&E, Education, Finance \| \| Improve WMF’s support system for grantees \| Project Leads: Winifred, Alex, Marti, Kacie \| \| \| Program Officers \| TEAM PROGRAM Community Resources FY 16/17 Q2 CE:9[LINK] GOAL: Evaluate Community Capacity Development Pilot to determine whether to continue the program in its current form \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Improve community \| Project lead: Asaf Bartov \| \| capacities through pilot programs" (CE dept., program 9, objective 2) \| Legal will be asked to review surveys questionnaires, per policy. \| TEAM Technical Collaboration FY 16/17 Q2 CE:8[LINK] GOAL: Prepare a program for Wikimedia Developer Summit 2017 to effectively address current high level movement needs. \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Prepare for the early Q3 \| Technical Collaboration, \| \| Wikimedia Developer Summit to focus content and participants for best effectiveness and to address high-level needs. (Partial CE - Program 8:1) \| Technology & Product management, Community Tech Project lead: Quim Gil. \| PROGRAM Technical Collaboration FY 16/17 Q2 CE:7[LINK] GOAL: Help to define next steps concerning Flow development, based on the Flow Satisfaction Survey, to support a product best reflecting community needs \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Continue Community liaison support for Foundation product goals (CE - Program 7:1) \| Technical Collaboration, Collaboration Project lead: Benoît Evellin. \| Technical Collaboration FY 16/17 Q2 CE:7[LINK] GOAL: Identify features promoting contributions from mobile readers that would be welcomed by experienced editors to diversify reach \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Continue Community liaison \| Technical Collaboration, Mobile \| \| support for Foundation product goals (CE - Program 7:1) \| Apps. Project lead: Moushira Elamrawy. \| Technical Collaboration FY 16/17 Q2 CE:7[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: First review of the Technical Collaboration Guideline by Foundation Product teams and most active technical volunteers to facilitate better community communication and collaboration \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Create a systematic approach to community engagement for product development teams (CE - Program 7:2) \| Technical Collaboration, Product. Project lead: Keegan Peterzell. \| TEAM Learning & Evaluation FY 16/17 Q2 CE:1 [LINK] GOAL: Develop community leadership and mentorship to support peer-to-peer networks and shared learning for effective program and community development. \| Objective / Workflow \| Who is doing it? \| \|---\|---\| \| Share and apply results of leadership development dialogue by initiating peer mentoring academy practices for Learning Days registration and providing learning support at events (CE - Program 1) \| Learning & Evaluation Project lead: Jaime Anstee. \| TEAM Learning & Evaluation FY 16/17 Q2 CE:6[LINK] WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION ANNUAL PLAN GOAL: Support Affiliations Committee and core supports to affiliate partnerships
Minutes of the Meeting of Milton Parish Council held on Monday 15 July 2024 at 7pm in the Bowls Pavilion Present: HM Smith (HMS) (Chair), JE Coston (JEC), P Ellwood (PE), D Wildman (DW), Rob Farrington (RF), D Owen (DO) In Attendance: S Corder (Clerk) Members of public: 3 (One for Item 1 and two for Item 7) 1. Presentation from Greater Cambridge Partnership – Waterbeach to Cambridge Busway P Van de Bulk (Project Manager) gave a presentation about the Environmental Impact Assessment consultation for the Waterbeach to Cambridge Busway – The Parish Council raised concerns over the drainage from the Butt Lane to Landbeach section which would pass close to the PC Cemetery. Plans for drainage ponds need to be implemented in the proposal due to concerns about flooding in the nearby areas – Time scales: December 2024: Plans to be presented to Cambridgeshire County Council – Summer 2025: Aim to submit Transport & Works Act – 2025: Public inquiry on the proposed Transport & Works Act order and application (Parish representative and individuals will be able to speak there) – 2026 Aim to start subject to approval 2. Apologies for Absence: L Champion (personal, J Rippeth (District Councillor) 3. To APPROVE the minutes of the meeting held on Monday 3 June 2024 DW Proposed to accept the minutes of the meeting held on Monday 3 June 2024 as a true record – PE Seconded AGREED (RF and DO abstain) 4. Declarations of interest and dispensations: To receive declarations of interest from councillors on items on the agenda; None To receive written requests for dispensations for disclosable pecuniary interests (if any); None To grant any requests for dispensation as appropriate: None 5. Public Participation – members of the public are invited to speak Public Participation of a maximum of fifteen minutes duration for members of the public to address councillors 2 members of the public were in attendance to discuss Item 7 – Christmas Tree (Item 7 discussed next) 6. Clerk's/Chairman's Report and see Works Schedule A10 Milton/Landbeach Junction – Question to T Parry: MPC would like to know when you/they anticipate doing the work, and why it's not progressing straight away. We believe U&C have done the design work already and the PC would like to see the plan. Response received: The trigger is that works should be completed by 300 dwellings. This is at a guess is about two years from now (proposed S106 Urban & Civic plan sent). Clerk to ask T Parry to attend an MPC meeting to answer further questions and to ask that the project date be bought forward as we have been told the funding can be available soon. Local Project 2024/25 20mph Funding – Clerk has applied for 20mph through the village – awaiting outcome Zero Carbon Communities Grant – Deputy Clerk applied for the grant with the 2 quotes received: Cambridge Solor £15,454.58 and Resolve Home Energy £15,780.00 Milton Brook Clearance (Ditch below Tomkins Mead) – Email received from B Hefferman in response to chase up email on works to be carried out. (7/6/24) "Works were recently carried out upstream and downstream of the culvert beneath the highway at Old School Lane, Milton that will facilitate jetting of the section beneath the highway and that is being arranged by Cambridgeshire Highways. As soon as I have a date for this next stage of the work, from my colleagues in Highways, I will provide you with it." We understand that some jetting at Old School Lane did take place. The Rowans Safety Improvements – Yellow lines now completed Local Council Award Scheme – PE and DW to put together a Village Action Plan. The Rowans Play Park Revamp – Due to damage to the climbing net, works delayed to 19 July 2024. Thanks to PE and DW for their work there. Camcycle – Awaiting amended suggestions from Camcycle for a plan we could agree to offer GCP – Date to be arranged to meet with Camcycle (Invited to Planning 29 July 2024 at 7pm – Clerk to confirm) Works schedule – Works to clear fallen branches near the A10 /Allotments has been carried out but no felling has taken place. Any further action to be monitored. 1 7. Christmas Tree To CONSIDER putting up a Christmas tree in the village – Location to be agreed The Vicar, Alex Jeewan, asked if the PC would consider purchasing a Christmas Tree for the village in a location where carols could be sung around it. Rob Chapman has offered to supply a Christmas Tree (cost to be confirmed) Milton Yarnies are knitting decorations for it. – The PC AGREED in principle and for the tree to be located on Pond Green (Clerk to ask County Highways for permission) 8. Planning The minutes from the Planning Committee held on Monday 1 July 2024 To ACCEPT the Terms of Refence for the Planning Committee – DO Proposed to accept the Terms of refence – DW Seconded ALL AGREED Decisions: 25/00530/FUL – 137 Cambridge Road, Milton – Two storey front and side extension, increase in ridge height to existing two storey outrigger, erection of bike store and installation of solar panels GRANTED PERMISSION 20/01797/HFUL – 66 Fen Road, Milton – Installation of an air source heat pump to the side elevation APPLICATION PERMITTED New: 24/02281/HFUL – 5 Lander Close, Milton – First floor side extension and change from brick to cladding at first floor level (amendment - change of description) HAS NO RECOMMENDATION 9. Maintenance The minutes from the Maintenance meeting held on Monday 17 June 2024 were received 10. Edmund Green (from 8 July MPC meeting) To CONSIDER applying for the South Cambs District Council Green Spaces – Shared Prosperity Fund application for a site that the Parish Council feels could be improved (grant of up to £15,000) RF Proposed to apply for to the fund – DW Seconded ALL AGREED PE will finalise the application next week. To CONSIDER that the Parish Council match fund up to £15,000 RF Proposed – DW Seconded ALL AGREED (Budget from General Reserve) 11. Community Care The minutes from the Community Care meeting held on Wednesday 3 July 2024 were received To ACCEPT reviewed Community Care Policies Terms of Reference, Milton Community Care Scheme, Aims of the Scheme, Disclosure and barring service, Community Care Warden risk assessment, Safeguarding adults policy, How to make a complaint, compliment or donation RF Proposed to accept the above policies – DW Seconded ALL AGREED 12. To CONSIDER an Events and Community Working Group PE suggested to the PC that a group be put together that could either work with other groups or run potential events in the village – PE, JEC, DW and RF put themselves forward (Clerk/Deputy Clerk to attend) Clerk to ask the Vicar, Alex, if he would like to be involved 13. Bills for Payment and Money Received To CONFIRM and AGREE bills for payment DW Proposed to pay vouchers 61–102 including voucher 35 (deferred from June payments) and vouchers tabled 103-116 – HMS Seconded ALL AGREED The quarterly finance net position report was received 14. NALC Standing Orders (Revised 2022) To ACCEPT the amended version of the Standing Orders – HMS Proposed to accept the amended Standing Orders – DW Seconded ALL AGREED 15. Play Park Signage To CONSIDER quote and layout from Create Signs - £145 + VAT per sign for Froment Way, Humphries Way and The Rowans play parks – The Parish Council thanked Sally Champion for designing the signs – DW Proposed to accept the quote of £145 + VAT for each sign – HMS Seconded ALL AGREED 16. HGV's Overnight Parking (From June's PC meeting- AB) – To CONSIDER what to do in the future about overnight parking for HGV's PE suggested that signs be placed on the entrances to the village with a ban for HVG's overnight parking within the village – Defer to September meeting: AB to provide further information 17. Request for Donation Towards CFR Equipment (From June's PC meeting) To CONSIDER request from Milton's volunteer Community First Responder (G O'Shea) for a donation towards a First Responder Kit for Milton (currently shares with Histon/Impington) – cost £3,500 (raised £1,800 so far) – Proposed amount of £1,700: JEC informed the PC that due to further donations an amount of up to £800 would be needed to meet the target – JEC Proposed to donate up to £800 – RF Seconded ALL AGREED (Clerk to confirm amount needed and arrange payment) To AGREE to increase the grant budget to £2,200 – DW: Budget will only need to be increased from £500 to £1,300 to cover the donation (from General Reserve) – DW Proposed the increase – RF Seconded ALL AGREED 18. To Receive County Councillor's Report Adults and Health Committee (27 June): Members were updated on the debt position in relation to Adult Social Care services as the end of March 2024 and the actions being taken to improve it. A discussion of the desirability of increasing direct payments for social care. Direct payments allow individuals to choose their own care, tailored to their own needs and offer an alternative to the county council providing the care from the contracted services it uses. The Cambridgeshire Direct Payment Support Service (DPSS) is an all-age service which supports people who receive direct payments to purchase their own care and support. Its aim is to help improve the independence, health, and wellbeing of people with eligible care needs. It also makes having a direct payment easier and a more attractive option to service users. Children and Young People's Committee (25 June): The county council has agreed to set up two new homes for children in care using its own properties. These are now being made ready. Commissioning of a new school-aged health improvement and prevention service which includes emphasis on healthy eating, oral health, information on vaping and a range of other concerns. The new arrangement aims to integrate more fully and effectively current health-improvement services. Tiger Bus Scheme: People under 25 can apply for a Discount Card which entitles them to travel anywhere within Cambridgeshire for £1. Local Nature Recovery Strategy: The CPCA is the accountable body for this work which is going well and we are in the first cohort who will be completing. The Environment and Sustainable Communities has asked the CPCA Board for delegated powers to agree the draft to go out for consultation. Fen Reservoir at Chatteris: The much-reported water crisis in our region means two new reservoirs are required in the next 15 years. Quality of Life Survey: Cambridgeshire County Council has launched the second annual countywide Quality of Life survey, speaking to a random sample of 5,500 residents to understand their views on the quality of their lives. The survey – run by an independent market research company Thinks Insight – aims to speak to 1,100 people aged 18+ living in each of the five Cambridgeshire district areas. In addition, they will be talking to people from specific groups who are less often heard from including people who may have been homeless or are from migrant or Gypsy/Roma/Traveller communities. The online version of the survey can be found on the website so any resident who wants to can take part can. Why ditches must be kept clear: If you live near or adjacent to a watercourse, please bear in mind the importance of keeping it clear and free of debris. If your property abuts a watercourse then you have a legal 'riparian owner' responsibility for keeping the ditch clear. We have discussed this locally in Milton. If a branch or rubbish from your land blocks the ditch or causes a flood you may be liable for consequential damage. Good Life Fund, CPSL Mind: This is a small community fund, part-funded by CCC which offers grants of up to £1500 to people in the community to help set up groups that connect people, such as book clubs, craft classes, or activities that encourage people to learn new skills. You can apply to the Good Life Fund if your activity is promoting wellbeing, there are at least four people involved and everyone involved is prepared to volunteer their time, energy and strengths - to learn more about the Good Life Fund get in touch by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org or by calling 0300 303 4363. Fire Authority News: After a nationwide recruitment search and robust selection process, Matthew Warren is being recommended as the new Chief Fire Officer/Chief Executive Officer for Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service. Children's Services: Children's Services at Cambridgeshire have recently been inspected by Ofsted who say that CCC has created strong foundations to drive improvement in Children's Services, but the service overall requires improvement; acknowledging that "This improvement was initiated by a new chief executive and assisted by the appropriate decision to decouple shared leadership and service arrangements from Peterborough" and that "there has been significant political and corporate investment and commitment to the improvement of outcomes for children in Cambridgeshire." There is still a considerable amount of work to be done. Coffee Pod Recycling comes to Cambridgeshire Household Recycling Centres: CCC has introduced coffee pod recycling at all nine of its Household Recycling Centres. The new coffee pod bins offer residents an environmentally friendly way to separately dispose of both aluminium and plastic coffee pods. You can recycle a huge variety of items at CCC Household Recycling Centres from aerosols, batteries, and cooking oil to mobile phones, soil and vapes. Our nearest centres are at Milton and Witchford. Police want to hear from you: Cambridgeshire Police is undertaking community engagement events with the next on Wednesday 28 August at 7pm. You can register now to receive the meeting link and more details of both the engagement event on the Police website. Have you considered being a Special Constable? Cambs Police have just launched a recruitment drive for Special Constables - Specials have all the powers of a police officer and work alongside their regular colleagues. It requires a minimum commitment of four hours a week and is a great opportunity to give something back to your community, while receiving professional training, skills and experience that can be used in everyday life and career progression.Over the past 12 months, Specials have recorded more than 23,000 hours on the job, launched an impressive 400 investigations and stopped 1300 vehicles. If you, or someone you know, would like to find out more about becoming a Special Constable, and maybe even apply, please visit the Police website pages. 19. To Receive District Councillors report No report received 20. Correspondence South Cambs May 2024 Parish e-bulletin Greater Cambridge Planning Waterbeach to Cambridge changes to event dates Greater Cambridge Greenways updates June 2024 The Connections Bus Project survey results May 2024 TME Incident Report June 2024 Greater Cambridge Partnership – Milton Road update June 2024 21. Dates of next meetings Monday 29 July 2024 – 7pm Planning – 7:45pm Finance & Administration Monday 19 August 2024 – Planning (if needed) Monday 2 September – Parish Council Monday 16 September – 7pm Planning – 7:45 Maintenance (RF Left 9:15pm) The Council discussed the Waterbeach to Cambridge Greenway and suggested comments to be emailed to HMS to put together a response before next Monday Meeting closed at 9:25pm Signed: ………………………….…………… Dated: …………..………..
Journal of Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis Short Communication It Is Time to Consider Non-Pharmacologic Alternatives to Opioid Analgesics for Treating Chronic Pain Paul F White* Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, the White Mountain Institute, The Sea Ranch, CA, USA What is this Article About? In a recent article by Goesling et al. these investigators reported that prescription opioid analgesic use often continued after surgery. It is alleged that more than 20 million people in the USA are addicted to prescription opioid medication. The Center for Disease Control (2016) emphasized the importance of finding alternatives to opioid medication for treating chronic pain. In a pilot study involving a highintensity cold laser device (Phoenix thera-lase [Dallas, TX]), we were able to successfully treat three patients who had become addicted to prescription opioid-analgesic medication after a major operation. This Editorial describes why it is important to consider using so-called 'alternative' therapies like high-intensity cold lasers rather than simply relying on opioid (narcotic) analgesics to treat patients with chronic pain. In the new clinical practice guidelines for the management of back pain published in the Annuals of Internal Medicine (Qaseem et al. 2017), the authors endorsed the use of noninvasive treatments like cold laser therapy for treatment of acute, subacute and chronic low back pain. Introduction Recently, the Center for Disease Control conducted a review of the benefits and harms, as well as the costs, of using opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain [1]. In light of the growing opioid epidemic in his country, these authors emphasized the importance of increasing the use of non-opioid analgesic techniques for chronic pain management. Of interest, Goesling et al. [2] recently reported that for many patients taking opioid analgesics before joint replacement surgery, as well as some opioid-naïve patients undergoing arthroplasty procedures, opioid use persisted after surgery despite the absence of joint pain due to opioid dependency. Although opioid-related side effects are well-known, including nausea, vomiting, constipation, ileus, bladder dysfunction, pruritis, sedation, visual hallucinations, and ventilatory depression, there are growing concerns regarding long-term physical dependence and addiction liability with continued opioid use after surgical procedures. approximately 2 million people met diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder involving prescription opioids, the highest number of individuals considered to have an opioid addiction since the late 19th century [3]. Currently, 4 out of 5 individuals initiating heroin use report starting with a prescription opioid. According to Stat News, overdose deaths due to opioids rose 11% in 2015, to 52,404 (https:// www.statnews.com/2016/12/09/opoid-overdose-deaths-us). By comparison, the number of people who died in car crashes was 37,757, and gun deaths (including both homicides and suicides), totaled 36,252. Sadly, the public is now paying a huge price for ignoring the warnings regarding opioid use and abuse and we are now facing the worst addiction crisis America has ever observed (Calabresi M. The price of relief: Why America can't kick its painkiller problem. TIME magazine, 2016). In a more recent article in TIME magazine, the author offered a new paradigm for treating opioid addiction: namely to give more drugs (Park A. A new paradigm for opioid addiction: more drugs TIME magazine, October 2016). The 'new' drug treatment which was being recommended for treating opioid dependency is suboxone (a combination of buprenorphine [a weak partial opioid agonist] and naloxone [an opioid antagonist]). Perhaps it is time to seriously consider the use of 'alternative' non-pharmacologic therapies rather than simply giving more drugs! It has also been reported that prolonged use of opioids is also associated with an increased risk of more serious complications, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death [3]. Interestingly, no study of prolonged opioid use has ever demonstrated a long-term (≥1 year) benefits for the users. An epidemiological study by Erikssen et al. [4] involving chronic pain patients treated with opioids for 5 yrs provided compelling evidence that opioids were not a panacea for chronic pain. In fact, the patients' quality of life failed to improve despite escalating doses of opioids over the 5 yr study period. These authors concluded that "it is remarkable that opioid treatment of longterm/chronic non-cancer pain does not seem to fulfill any of the key outcome treatment goals, namely, pain relief, improved quality of life and improved functional capacity." Interestingly, some countries do not permit opioid analgesics to be used in the management of chronic, noncancer related pain, and do not prescribe opioid containing analgesic medication when patients are discharged home after surgery. In 2014, in excess of 10 million people in the United States were reportedly using prescription opioids for non-medical reasons, and As someone who has long-advocated for the use of non-opioid analgesics as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen for treating pain to reduce the side effects associated with opioid analgesics [5], the consequences of the widespread reliance on opioid-containing medication for managing acute and chronic pain are not surprising [6]. Non-pharmacologic techniques have been previously described in the literature for the treatment of acute and chronic pain (e.g. acupuncture, electrostimulation) [7]. However, these 'alternative' therapies have failed to achieve widespread acceptance in the medical community because of issues related to both weak marketing efforts and low reimbursement by the third party payors to the healthcare providers administering these treatment modalities. Cold laser therapy is another widely studied non-pharmacologic modality for treating a variety of acute and chronic pain syndromes [8]. Although both low level and more powerful high intensity cold laser therapies have been reported to produce beneficial effects in clinical trials (and systematic reviews), this therapy has similarly failed to achieve widespread clinical acceptance. We recently evaluated a high intensity cold laser (Phoenix thera-lase *Corresponding author: Paul F White, Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, the White Mountain Institute, The Sea Ranch, CA, USA, Tel: +2147703775; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org ReceivedApril 24, 2017; Accepted April 30, 2017; Published May 03, 2017 Citation: White PF (2017) It Is Time to Consider Non-Pharmacologic Alternatives to Opioid Analgesics for Treating Chronic Pain. J Mol Biomark Diagn 8: 358. doi: 10.4172/2155-9929.1000358 Copyright: © 2017 White PF. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Open Access Citation: White PF (2017) It Is Time to Consider Non-Pharmacologic Alternatives to Opioid Analgesics for Treating Chronic Pain. J Mol Biomark Diagn 8: 358. doi: 10.4172/2155-9929.1000358 Page 2 of 2 System, LLC [Dallas, Texas USA]) for treating patients who received opioid-containing oral analgesics after discharge from the hospital following a major orthopedic surgical procedure [9]. In a pilot study involving three otherwise healthy patients who were continuing to use prescription oral opioid-containing medications for treating residual pain >12 mo after their operation, we utilized high-intensity laser therapy (HILT). After receiving a series of 9-12 cold laser treatments with the 42 Watt Phoenix thera-lase (with a wavelength of 1275 nM) to the painful post-surgical area over a 3-4 week period of time, these patients were able to eliminate their use of opioid analgesic medications without experiencing acute withdrawal side effects, while also resuming their normal activities of daily living. On follow-up at 1-2 months after their last laser treatment, all three patients remained 'opioid-free'. These anecdotal findings are subject to potential patient bias and the wellknown 'placebo-effect' of a novel pain treatment modality. Therefore, it will be important to conduct larger-scale prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled studies to verify these preliminary findings. Perhaps it is time to consider the use of 'alternative' nonpharmacologic therapies like cold laser therapy rather than potentially compounding the management of chronic pain by giving even more drugs. In the new clinical practice guidelines for the management of back pain published in the Annuals of Internal Medicine [10], the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians endorsed the use of noninvasive treatments like cold laser therapy for treatment of acute, subacute and chronic low back pain. If a simple, safe and effective non-invasive non-pharmacologic therapy can reduce dependence on oral opioid-containing medications in the postdischarge period after surgery, it could also prove to be a highly effective approach to treating patients with chronic pain not responding to nonopioid analgesic medications. More importantly, novel approaches like cold laser therapy may represent a cost-effective alternative to chronic use of opioid analgesics in the future. Finding a reliable non-opioid analgesic alternative for managing subacute and chronic pain would be extremely valuable in dealing with the current global opioid epidemic. References 1. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (2016) CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain-United States. JAMA 315: 1624-1645. 2. Goesling J, Moser SE, Zaidi B, Hassett AL, Hilliard P, et al. (2016) Trends and predictors of opioid use after total knee and total hip arthroplasty. Pain 157: 1259-1265. 3. Olsen Y (2016) The CDC guideline on opioid prescribing-rising to the challenge. JAMA 315: 1577-1579. 4. Eriksen J, Sjøgren P, Bruera E, Ekholm O, Rasmussen NK (2006) Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: An epidemiological study. Pain 125: 172-179. 5. White PF, Kehlet H (2007) Improving pain management: Are we jumping from the frying pan into the fire? Anesth Analg 105: 10-12. 6. White PF (2017) What are the advantages of non-opioid analgesic techniques in the management of acute and chronic pain? Expert Opinion in Pharmacother 18: 329-333. 7. White PF, Li S, Chiu JW (2001) Electroanalgesia: Its role in acute and chronic pain management. Anesth Analg 92: 505-513. 8. Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, Bjordal JM (2009) Efficacy of lowlevel laser therapy in the management of neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet 374: 1897-1908. 9. White PF, Elvir-Lazo L, Hernandez H (2017) A novel treatment for chronic opioid use after surgery. J Clin Anesth 40: 51-53. 10. Qaseen A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (2017) Clinical guidelines committee of the American college of physicians. Non-invasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: A clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 166: 514-530.
Department of Emergency Medicine Singapore General Hospital Outram Road Singapore 169608 MEH Ong, MBBS, FRCS Ed (A&E) Registrar Department of Emergency Medicine National University Hospital Lower Kent Ridge Road Singapore 119074 SBS Ooi, MBBS, FRCS Ed (A&E), FAMS Consultant P G Manning, MBBS (Lond), FACEP Senior Consultant and Chief, Clinical Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine Correspondence to: Dr Ong Eng Hock, Marcus Tel: (65) 6321 3590 Fax: (65) 6321 4873 Email: gaeoeh@ sgh.com.sg A Review of 2,517 Childhood Injuries seen in a Singapore Emergency Department in 1999 – Mechanisms and Injury Prevention Suggestions MEH Ong, S B S Ooi, P G Manning ABSTRACT Background: Childhood Injuries cause significant mortality and morbidity in Singapore. With injury surveillance, patterns of repeated injury can be identified and injury prevention strategies devised. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all children aged 12 and below seen for trauma in an Emergency Department over one year. Data captured in the real-time computer system was studied with regards to patient profile, mechanism of injury and patient disposition. Clinical summaries were extracted with followup telephone interviews done. Results: Two thousand five hundred and seventeen children aged 12 and below were seen for accidental trauma in 1999, accounting for 37.1% of the total attendance for that age. Mean age was 7.7 years with males making up 62.7%. Home injuries (56.4%) were the most common, followed by road-related (14.4%), sports (8.2%) and playground injuries (7.4%). 48.5% sustained head and face injuries. Pre-school children (age <5) were more likely to sustain home injuries (p<0.0001), a higher proportion of head injuries (p<0.0001), foreign bodies, burns and poisoning compared to school-going children (age 6-12), who were more likely to sustain injuries in road accidents, sports, at playgrounds or schools, with more limb, trunk and multi-trauma. We highlight drownings, falls from height, rollover falls from beds, slamming door injuries, the low use of child car restraints, bicycle injuries and playground falls as areas of concern. Conclusion: Several injury prevention strategies have been suggested and it is hoped these may contribute to addressing preventable childhood injuries in Singapore. We also advocate the establishment of a national childhood injury surveillance database. Keywords: Childhood injuries, injury prevention, injury surveillance, accidental trauma Singapore Med J 2003 Vol 44(1):012-019 INTRODUCTION Childhood injuries cause significant mortality and morbidity in Singapore each year. In the 1990's, accidental injuries accounted for 10-17% of all yearly deaths in Singapore children aged one to 14 years old and was the third to fourth commonest cause of death in this age group for each year during that decade (1) . Mortality is but the tip of the proverbial iceberg. Major trauma is a leading cause of admissions to Paediatric Intensive Care Units (2) and the second leading cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in children (3) . In Singapore, major infectious diseases of childhood have been successfully tackled and excellent perinatal care is readily available. Thus injury prevention offers the greatest opportunity to reduce childhood mortality and morbidity today. Indeed, worldwide, injury prevention has been a major concern in recent years (4,5) . An Accident and Emergency based child accident surveillance system has been found to be practical and useful in monitoring and devising injury prevention strategies (6,7) . Furthermore, with the advent of real-time computerised consultation and data capture at many Accident and Emergency departments in Singapore since the late 90's, a powerful tool is in place for injury surveillance (8) . The aim of this study is to identify injury trends and patterns of recurrent injuries that may be amenable for prevention. The target study population are children below 12 years age, attending the Emergency Department for trauma related injuries over a period of one year. METHODS The National University Hospital (NUH) is one of two public sector institutions providing tertiary level paediatric care in Singapore. A one-year retrospective study was conducted for all children Fig. 1 Childhood trauma cases seen per month. Monthly Attendance below and including the age of 12 presenting to the Emergency Department with trauma. This includes accidental as well as proven or suspected non-accidental injuries. The period of study was 1 Jan 1999 to 31 Dec 1999. Table I. Singapore Patient Acuity Category (PAC) Scale. Data captured in the real-time computer system was analysed with regards to patient age, sex, race, triage priority, mechanism of injury, diagnosis based on ICD-9 coding and patient disposition. Clinical summaries were extracted for every patient and follow-up telephone interviews were conducted where vital data was missing. For example, mechanism of injury is captured in the database as "fall, assault, road traffic accident etc". This is not specific enough for our analysis. Thus each clinical summary had to be extracted and the text studied to derive the circumstances of the injury (e.g. fall from bed, stairs, high chair etc). In many cases telephone interviews were necessary to derive "must have" data, for example: use of child restraints/ seat-belts in vehicle collisions. Despite our best efforts, a small percentage (3.6%) of the injury mechanisms remain unclear, especially where there were no eyewitnesses to the event. These have been classified as "unknown". Patients were classified according to five age groups: aged <1 month, 1 to 3 months, 3 months to <2 years, 2 to <5 years of age, and 6 to 12 years of age. This was to allow easier analysis of data. Neonates are represented by those aged <1 month. Babies aged one to three months are unable to turn over. Mobile infants and toddlers are represented in the group aged three months to two years. Age 2 to 5 years represent the pre-schoolers and 6 to 12 years are the school-going children. Subanalysis was performed to compare mechanisms of injury in pre-schoolers (<5 years) against school-going children (6 to 12 years). Children aged above 12 were not included in this study as teenage injuries represent a separate sub-group, with distinct injury patterns. Also it should be noted that NUH has a walk-in paediatrics evening clinic from 7 to 11 pm daily. Thus a proportion of non-trauma emergencies would not be seen at the Accident and Emergency (A&E) and trauma emergencies may be over-represented in the A&E caseload. Severity was assessed using the four-point Singapore Patient Acuity Category Scale (PACS) (Table I). This scale is currently in use in all public sector hospital Emergency Departments in Singapore . Data tables were generated by the EMDS (Emergency Medicine Department System) (Eutech Cybernetics) and "crystal report". Statistical Package for Social Sciences v 10.0 was used for simple calculation of frequencies, percentages and means. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-Square test or Mann Whitney U test for non-parametric data. Fisher's exact test was used for small samples. Table II. Injury types by mechanism. RESULTS Two thousand five hundred and seventeen children aged 12 and below attended the National University Hospital Emergency Department for trauma in 1999. This accounted for 37.1% of the total attendance in patients aged 12 and below during this period. The monthly breakdown shows no definite correlation with school or holiday seasons but attendance is noted to be higher in the second half of the year and peaks in December (Fig. 1). There were 1,507 patients from the six to 12 years group (43.1%), followed by 2 to <5 years (34.4%) and 3 months to <2 years (22.7%). There were no patients seen for trauma under three months of age. The mean age of patients in our study was 6.8 years, with a median of 7.0 years and a standard deviation of 3.2 years. Males made up 62.7% of all cases. The racial distribution of our study cohort resembled the general population with 62.8% Chinese, 19.0% Malays, 11.3% Indians and 7.0% other races. The majority of patients were assessed to be PAC Scale 3 (86.9%) followed by PAC Scale 2 (11.4%), PAC Scale 1 (1.1%) (resuscitation) and PAC Scale 4 (0.5%) (non-emergency ). Home injuries (56.4%) were the most common. This was followed by road-related injuries including road traffic injuries (7.4%) and non-traffic road injuries (7.0%). Non-traffic injuries included falls from bicycles, not involving collisions and pedestrian mishaps. Sports and recreational injuries contributed 8.2% and playground injuries 7.4%. Injuries occurring in schools contributed 6.6% with the remainder (5.4%) occurring in various public areas. The occurrence of non-accidental injury in this study was 1.6%. Table III. Injury types by age. Table IV. Injury by mechanism and type. RTA-Road Traffic Accidents, Non-traffic-Non-traffic road accidents(including bicycles), Others-Including outside the home and public places. Pre-school children (age <5) were more likely to sustain home injuries compared to school-going children (p<0.0001). In contrast, school-going children were more likely to sustain injuries in road accidents, sports, at playgrounds or schools (see Table II). Head and face injuries (48.5% ) were the most common. This was followed by limb injuries, foreign bodies, trunk injuries, burns, poisoning and drowning/ near-drowning (Table III). Skull fractures occurred in 2.5% of all head injuries. Preschool children sustained a higher proportion of head injuries (p<0.0001), foreign bodies, burns and poisoning. However school-going children sustained more limb, trunk and multi-trauma. Analysis by type and mechanism (Table IV) revealed that head injuries were commonest in home, road-related and school accidents while limb injuries were commonest in sports and playground injuries. For limb injuries, upper limb injuries were commoner than lower limb except for roadtraffic accidents. Proportionately more multipletrauma occurred with road-traffic accidents than other accidents. Analysis of patient disposition revealed that the admission rate for all ages was 21.5% (Table V). School-going children were more likely to be admitted (p=0.04) or referred to a specialist clinic (p<0.0001) while pre-schoolers were more likely to be discharged (p<0.0001). There were three deaths in this study. Of these, two occurred from drowning and one from a fall from height. Of the two drowning deaths, one occurred in a toddler falling into a half-filled pail of water. The other was in a child who was swimming unsupervised in a private pool. There were another seven near-drownings in our study including two other incidents involving pails at home. Most of the pool near-drownings occurred in private pools. Table V. Analysis by disposition and age. SOC-specialist outpatient clinic, GP-general practitioner, OPS-outpatient service (polyclinic), AOR-at own risk discharge Falling from an open window resulted in the other mortality. In our study there were 17 cases of children falling from windows or balconies. Of these, five were from a height of two stories or more, resulting in serious multiple injuries and the one death. These usually occurred in children aged five and above climbing onto windows and ledges. Regarding home injuries, sub-analysis showed that falls were the most common cause, making up 66% of these injuries. This was followed by mechanical injuries (14.3%) including knocks, lacerations, pulled elbows and being hit by falling objects. Slamming door injuries (6.1%), foreign bodies (4.4%), burns/scalds (2.0%), accidental poisonings (0.8%) and drowning/near-drowning (0.4%) were other important causes. The remainder (6.0%) consisted of a mixed group including choking, animal/insect bites etc. Regarding falls at home, causes included slipping (26.0%), falls from bed (18.3%), chairs (7.7%), stairs (5.1%), in the toilet (4.1%) and walker devices (0.5%). In 9.7% of the cases, the mechanism was unclear, usually because no witnesses were present and the child was presumed to have fallen. These have been classified under "unknown". There were 50 cases of roll-over falls from beds in infants (age Fig. 2 Distribution in Road Traffic Injuries. Road Traffic Injuries <2 years). We also found double-decker beds to be associated with 31.7% of falls from beds in children above five years. There were also two patients with head injuries due to sarong cradles. Injuries from slamming doors contributed to 6.1% of home injuries. These occurred in all ages but proportionately more in the under age two group. They usually resulted in finger and hand injuries, with many partial amputations and open fractures. Foreign bodies caused 4.4% of home injuries, including foreign bodies in the eyes, ears, throat, stomach and nose. Burns contributed 2% of home injuries, scalds (83.9%) being the commonest, followed by flame burns (9.6%) and hot irons (6.5%). Most of these occurred in children reaching out and spilling cups or kettles containing hot water. Car collisions (42.5%) caused the highest number of road-traffic injuries in this study, followed closely by pedestrian injuries (Fig. 2). Injuries tended to be on the head and face (55.9%), followed by limbs (27.4%) and trunk (16.7%). Those in passenger vehicles were more often seated at the rear (66%). Most disturbingly, only 6.1% were properly seated in a child restraint. 9.3% of patients had been in adult seat-belts not entirely suitable for young children and 84.5% were not restrained in any way at all. There were 171 bicycle related injuries in this study, of which 6.7% involved collision with motor vehicles and 29.4% resulted in fractures. There were also 13 cases of bicycle spoke injuries, where lacerations occur when a foot is caught in the bicycle spokes. There were 186 cases of playground injuries in this study. The more common ones were falls from the monkey bars, swings, slides and see-saw. There were 59 cases of falls from monkey bars, mostly with injuries to the upper limb and head. There were 193 cases of sports/recreational injuries in this study, the more common being associated with ball games, gymnastics, roller blading/skating and athletics. DISCUSSION Despite increased efforts at public education in recent years, many childhood injuries occur that are completely preventable. Trauma accounted for 37.1% of presentations to the Emergency Department in children 12 and under during the study period. This is much higher than in previous studies (12%) but the case bias has been mentioned previously (8) . The male predominance noted has been similarly reported in other countries (9,10) . Most of the patients seen had mild to moderate injuries (86.9% PACS 3). There were 28 PACS 1 (resuscitation) patients and three deaths. Although this may represent a small figure, it is impossible to quantify the social, economic and emotional loss involved, nor the long term consequences to survivors. 0.5% of cases were also judged to be nonemergency by the presenting doctors. These were usually children either with very minor injuries or injuries >24 hours after presentation, not requiring further investigation or treatment. All of these cases could probably have been adequately treated by primary health-care providers. Continuing public education is required regarding which injuries are emergencies and which can be adequately treated by a general practitioner. Pre-school children (age <5) were more likely to sustain home injuries (p<0.0001), compared to school-going children (age 6-12), probably because they spend more time at home. They also have a higher proportion of head injuries (p<0.0001), due to their relatively larger head to body ratio. They are more prone to foreign bodies, burns and poisoning due to lower awareness. School-going children (age 6-12), were more likely to sustain injuries in road accidents, sports, at playgrounds or schools, as this is where they spend more time, with more limb, trunk and multi-trauma. Home injuries were the commonest (56.4%) in our study. This is comparable to previous studies. For example, in New South Wales, Australia, 55.5% of cases were home injuries (9) . However, we found the overall incidence of road related, sports and playground injuries to be higher than previously reported for Singapore (8) . This could be because of the older age profile of our study population. Non-accidental injuries were diagnosed or suspected in 1.6% of cases. This is a cause for concern but is beyond the scope of this study. Regarding home drownings, many Singaporean families have a habit of keeping pails of water at home. Unfortunately inquisitive toddlers may accidentally slip head first into these pails and drown. It only requires a few centimeters of water for a child to drown (11) . More public education is required regarding not leaving pails of water in the home or at least to cover them and ensure that children do not have unsupervised access to them. It is also interesting to note that the one pool drowning and most near-drownings occurred in private pools, where life-guards are unlikely to be available. In the United Kingdom and Australia, reported drowning rates were 1.5/100,000 per year (12,13) . Legislation regarding fencing of all private swimming pools to prevent unsupervised access has been found to be helpful and should be considered here (14) . Singapore is a land of many high-rise buildings. Accidental falls from windows and ledges can and should be prevented. We strongly recommend legislation requiring all high-rise buildings to have suitable grilles for all windows and balconies. Similar legislation has already been successfully implemented in several cities in the United States of America. The best known example is the "Children Can't Fly" programme in New York City that has seen a 96% decrease in accidental falls from windows since 1979 (15) . An encouraging local initiative is the recent campaign by Tanjong Pagar Constituency to install window grilles free of charge for 113 low income families living in one or two-room flats. Home is generally thought to be a safe environment for children; however there are many potential hazards that exist. In this study the most common type of home injury was falls of various types contributing 66% of all home injuries. These type of falls commonly result in head injuries (16,17) . There were 50 cases of roll-over falls from beds in infants. We found that Singapore families have a habit of nursing infants in adult beds rather than cots. The problem usually occurs when the infant reaches five to seven months of age, when they roll-over and fall off the bed. This usually results in head injuries. This problem has been noted in other Asian communities (18) and more public education is needed to stop this dangerous practice and encourage the use of cots. We also note that double-decker beds seem to be associated more falls from the bed. More study is needed into this area. We also note two patients with head injuries due to sarong cradles. These devices are known to be associated with severe head injuries yet continue to be in popular use (19) . Falls from high chairs tend to occur when the infant is not restrained and attempts to stand up in the chair (20) . Thus children should always have the seat-belt fastened while in the high-chair. Falls from stairs can be prevented by installing safety gates to prevent unsupervised use of them by children. Likewise non-slip mats or tiles should be used in the bathroom to prevent unnecessary falls. Injuries from slamming doors are another area of concern, especially in the under-two-year-olds. They are in the exploratory stage but are unable to appreciate the potential dangers. We recommend all doors at home to have latches or self-closing hinges to prevent slamming. Another suggestion would be "Australian" door knobs, which are placed higher, at adult shoulder level, out of the reach of young children. The more common foreign bodies involved the eyes, ears, throat, stomach and nose. In one study eye trauma related to foreign bodies was found to contribute 14% of paediatric eye admissions (21) and indeed, small objects that could become foreign bodies should be kept out of reach of small children (22) . Care should also be taken to choose age appropriate toys, avoiding those with small parts that can become foreign bodies (23) . Home scaldings usually occur in children reaching out and spilling cups or kettles containing hot water (24,25) . Public education combined with home visits has been found to be useful in reducing the incidence of paediatric scalds (26) . Care should be taken not to leave hot water on readily accessible table-tops and appropriate child guards used for cooker-hoods and ovens. Car collisions (42.5%) caused the highest number of road-traffic injuries in this study. This is in contrast to previous studies which showed pedestrian injuries to be the more common and more severe (27,28) . Statistics on seat-belt and child restraint use has been difficult to obtain. This study seems to indicate that use of appropriate child restraint devices is very low. This is despite current legislation requiring use of child restraints in children less than eight years. However, enforcement of this law seems to be lax and furthermore, there are many loop-holes and exceptions in the law. We feel that a revision is timely together with stricter enforcement. Also civilian volunteer reporting schemes may be helpful, where a violation of seat-belt laws are notified to a hotline, which will then send educational material to the offenders. Regarding bicycle injuries, more education is required regarding riding of bicycles along roads and use of safety equipment. It is our opinion that mandatory use of helmets , especially at bicycle rental facilities will be helpful (29) . Bicycle spoke injuries occur when the pillion or rider gets his foot entangled in the spokes resulting in foot lacerations (30) . Wearing of proper shoes for cycling can easily prevent such injuries; however we notice that wearing slippers/ sandals while cycling is fairly common here. As for playground injuries, we highlight 59 cases of falls from monkey bars. These usually occurred in young children barely tall enough to climb onto the bars, which are usually at least 1.5 metres high. While attempting to swing from these bars, they fall to the ground. This results in injuries to the outstretched hand and head injuries. Injuries could be prevented by designing the bars to be placed lower and using foam material for the flooring of playgrounds, rather than the concrete and sand that are commonly seen. Sports and recreational injuries seem to be less common in Asian studies compared with the West (31) . However we note an association with increasing popularity of "trend" sports like skateboarding, roller-blading and now skate-scooters. We expect that these injuries would be even more common among the teenagers, which were not covered by this study. Public education efforts regarding child safety could involve the media (print, radio and television), hospital and community based resources. We note the effective role of the Child Safety Centre in KK Women's and Children's Hospital targeting expectant mothers. We also note that in our study, injuries were frequent in the school-going age. Safety talks and exhibitions can be targeted for school children and their parents. Limitations of this study included incomplete or incorrect data entry, problems with coding and data capture. As data entry is real-time, several inconsistencies were noted in them, thus much time was spent checking entries and even verifying data by phone interview. This can be attributed to the demands of emergency patient care and unfamiliarity with the software. Also the system only allows one main diagnosis and a limited number of secondary diagnoses. Thus a patient with multiple injuries may not be adequately reflected. Problems also exist with ICD-9 coding, which may not reflect unusual diagnosis. Furthermore at the emergency level, information from subsequent investigations may not be available and diagnosis codes may represent a clinical judgement on the part of the physician involved. As the data entry templates were not originally designed with injury surveillance in mind, there was much difficulty extracting relevant information, especially with regard to injury mechanisms; also the system does not cater for classification of injuries by E code. Finally, analysis of the data by the age groupings chosen was not entirely satisfactory, as different children have different development rates. Nevertheless, keeping in mind the complexity of the data involved, the groupings chosen seemed the most reasonable to allow meaningful analysis of the data. Despite these limitations, we feel that injury surveillance is important and a worthwhile venture. We feel perhaps, the time is right to establish a nationwide injury surveillance database (32,33) . This will require much co-ordination, effort and resources; indeed this study has shown that a full-time co-ordinator and researcher is required for it to work. As most Emergency Departments in Singapore are now computerised, existing Emergency Department systems can be tailored to collect childhood injury data in a universal injury template. This can then be collated in a National Registry for regular analysis. Perhaps with co-ordination even data from primary health care providers can be included. All this will greatly aid our efforts at promoting safety and injury prevention. CONCLUSION Childhood injuries contribute significant morbidity and mortality every year in Singapore. Studies have shown that perhaps up to 47% of accidental injuries are easily preventable (4) . We highlight drownings, falls from height, roll-over falls from beds, slamming door injuries, foreign bodies, the low use of child car restraints, bicycle injuries and playground falls from monkey bars as areas of concern. We also advocate the establishment of a national childhood injury surveillance database . Several other injury prevention strategies have been suggested and it is hoped these may contribute to addressing preventable childhood injuries in Singapore. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Dr Angelina Ang, Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital; Vice-chairman, Child Safety Centre (a joint community service programme of KK Women's and Children's Hospital and the National Safety Council), for her input and support. Special thanks to Ms Wong Ee Hwee, Biostatisfician, CTERU, for her advice. REFERENCES 1. Causes of death by age and sex. Singapore 1990-1994. World Health Statistics Annual 1991-1995. 2. Gauthier M, Lacroix J, Rousseau E. [Reason for admission and cause of death in a multidisciplinary pediatric intensive care unit]. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33:89-93. 3. Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R. Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests — epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 1995; 30:141-50. 4. Wheatley J, Cass DT. Traumatic deaths in children: the importance of prevention. Med J Aust 1989; 150:72-8. 5. Roberts I, Kramer MS, Suissa S. Does home visiting prevent childhood injury? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1996; 312:29-33. 6. Elias Pollina J, Garcia Vera C, Bunuel Alvarez C, et al. [Accidents in childhood: apropos of 14,301 cases treated in the course of one year]. An Esp Pediatr 1991; 35:385-8. 7. Beattie TF. An accident and emergency based child accident surveillance system: is it possible? J Accid Emerg Med 1996; 13:116-8. 8. A Ang KN, TP Sim. Children s Emergency based Childhood Accidental Injuries Surveillance — one-year perspective. Singapore Paediatric Journal 1999; 41:27-34. 9. Lam LT, Ross FI, Cass DT. Children at play: the death and injury pattern in New South Wales, Australia, July 1990-June 1994. J Paediatr Child Health 1999; 35:572-7. 10. Kibel SM, Bass DH, Cywes S. Five years experience of injured children. S Afr Med J 1990; 78:387-91. 11. Kibel SM, Nagel FO, Myers J, Cywes S. Childhood near-drowning — a 12-year retrospective review. S Afr Med J 1990; 78:418-21. 12. Cass DT, Ross F, Lam LT. Childhood drowning in New South Wales 1990-1995: a population-based study. Med J Aust 1996; 165:610-2. 13. Kemp A, Sibert JR. Drowning and near drowning in children in the United Kingdom: lessons for prevention. BMJ 1992; 304:1143-6. 14. Cass DT, Ross FI, Grattan-Smith TM. Child drownings: a changing pattern [see comments]. Med J Aust 1991; 154:163-5. 15. Barlow B, Niemirska M, Gandhi RP, Leblanc W. Ten years of experience with falls from a height in children. J Pediatr Surg 1983; Aug:509-11. 16. MacKellar A. Head injuries in children and implications for their prevention. J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24:577-9. 17. Johnstone AJ, Zuberi SH, Scobie WG. Skull fractures in children: a population study. J Accid Emerg Med 1996; 13:386-9. 18. Goh KY, Poon WS. Children s head injuries in the Vietnamese refugee population in Hong Kong. Injury 1995; 26:533-6. 19. Ng I SE, Lee L, Ho L. Closed head injuries in children following the use of a sarong cradle. Singapore Med J 1997; Dec:517-9. 20. Mayr JM, Seebacher U, Schimpl G, Fiala F. Highchair accidents. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88:319-22. 21. Takvam JA, Midelfart A. Survey of eye injuries in Norwegian children. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1993; 71:500-5. 22. Sadan N, Raz A, Wolach B. Impact of community educational programmes on foreign body aspiration in Israel [see comments]. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154:859-62. 23. Hachimi-Idrissi S, Corne L, Vandenplas Y. Management of ingested foreign bodies in childhood: our experience and review of the literature. Eur J Emerg Med 1998; 5:319-23. 24. Eadie PA, Williams R, Dickson WA. Thirty-five years of paediatric scalds: are lessons being learned? Br J Plast Surg 1995; 48:103-5. 25. Mercier C, Blond MH. Epidemiological survey of childhood burn injuries in France. Burns 1996; 22:29-34. 26. Chapman JC, Sarhadi NS, Watson AC. Declining incidence of paediatric burns in Scotland: a review of 1114 children with burns treated as inpatients and outpatients in a regional centre. Burns 1994; 20:106-10. 27. Koot RW, van der Werken C, op de Coul AA, van Puyenbroek MJ. [Multiple trauma in children younger than 16 years; a retrospective study over the 1984-1991 period]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1994; 138:2294-300. 28. Semple PL, Bass DH, Peter JC. Severe head injury in children — a preventable but forgotten epidemic. S Afr Med J 1998; 88:440-4. 29. Grimard G, Nolan T, Carlin JB. Head injuries in helmeted child bicyclists [see comments]. Inj Prev 1995; 1:21-5. 30. Griffiths DM, MacKellar A. Bicycle-spoke and doubling injuries. Med J Aust 1988; 149:618-9. 31. Maffulli N, Bundoc RC, Chan KM, Cheng JC. Paediatric sports injuries in Hong Kong: a seven year survey. Br J Sports Med 1996; 30:218-21. 32. Stone DH, Doraiswamy NV. The Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) in the UK: a pilot study. Inj Prev 1996; 2:47-51. 33. Morrison A, Stone DH, Doraiswamy N, Ramsay L. Injury surveillance in an accident and emergency department: a year in the life of CHIRPP. Arch Dis Child 1999; 80:533-6.
WORK SESSION: APPOINTMENTS: 6:30 pm New Hampton School TOWN OF NEW HAMPTON BOARD OF SELECTMEN MEETING MINUTES TOWN OFFICE, NEW HAMPTON, NH 03256 Thursday, September 12, 2024 MEMBERS PRESENT: Present were Mr. Drake, Mr. Harvey and Eric Shaw by phone. OTHERS PRESENT: Town Administrator Mr. Davenport and Scott Provencal. CALL TO ORDER Mr. Drake called the meeting of the Board to order at 6:00 p.m. and led the group in the Pledge of Allegiance. MINUTES: Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Harvey to approve public minutes 8/29/24, as corrected. Vote was unanimous. Mr. Drake made motions, seconded by Mr. Harvey to approve public minutes of 8/22/24 and Non-Public minutes of 8/22/24 as written. Votes were unanimous. Mr. Drake made motions, seconded by Mr. Harvey to approve public minutes 9/5/24, as corrected, and non-public minutes of 9/5/24 as written. Votes passed with Mr. Shaw abstaining as he was not present for 9/5. The Board reviewed/signed manifests, invoices, requisitions, purchase orders and leave request forms. The Board asked Mr. Davenport to follow-up on the transport charges for some equipment as they did not know what they were for. The Board reminded Mr. Davenport that 3 quotes are needed, even for something being paid for by a grant, with the justification for the choice. NHS Peter Lamb arrived at 6:21pm. NHS Joe Williams, Kathleen Howe, Peter Lamb were present. Mr. Williams said it was his understanding that the access to the fish hatchery by large trucks may be difficult (via Hatchery Rd) when it comes time to reconstruct the facility, and wondered what information the Selectmen had. Mr. Drake said this was still in the engineering phase, but Fish & Game realizes that access is a problem. Mr. Williams asked to get updates to ensure the safety of NHS students during the project. Mr. Davenport to contact Fish & Game for an update on status. Mr. Williams said NHS are planning to change the entrance point to Dr. Childs Road slightly, with and island in the middle some distance from the intersection, to allow for large trucks to enter. Mr. Williams reviewed the school plans for a new dining hall and student center with installation of infrastructure, and a planned parking area between Veasey and Gnerre House. Mr. Drake advised Mr. Williams to meet with the Planning Board about these projects. Mr. Harvey suggested the school meet with the Public Works Director relative to drainage affecting Shingle Camp Hill Road. Mr. Lamb Hill House would get a new entrance off Shingle Camp instead of Dr. Childs Road. NHS plans to begin work in May 2025. Mr. Drake asked NHS to keep the Fire and Police Chiefs informed during the process. Mr. Williams said 7:00 pm Ann Holloran, New Hampton School Principal 7:30 pm Fire Chief Scott Cathy NON-PUBLIC SESSION: PRESENT: they would like to change the street name of Dr. Childs Road. Mr. Drake advised NHS that the name change could be handled through the Land Use Administrator. Relative to the MOU on Dr. Childs Drive now that it belongs to NHS, Mr. Williams submitted feedback from the school's attorney. The school is not agreeing to the sidewalk maintenance based on their counsel's concerns with liability. Mr. Williams suggested a possible donation from NHS to use towards the purchase of equipment to do the job. There was discussion on how to handle the snow on the sidewalk. Mr. Williams said they met with the owner of the permitted food truck relative to where she'll be parking on Main Street on Monday's evenings. NHCS Principal Ms. Holloran, school counselor Kirsten Tilton and Fire Chief Cathy were present. Ms. Holloran inquired about involving the First Responder Association for some different fundraisers for a student in the school, in great need. Chief Cathy said the school would collaborate with the First Responders members on the various fundraisers. The Board expressed their support of this collaboration. Mr. Drake asked that the Selectmen's Office be notified of these events. At 7:09 the Board met with Chief Cathy early. Relative to some boots purchased for the department through a grant, the Board asked to see the purchase requisition with the 3 quotes that had previously been provided, as the invoice is now being paid. Relative to a letter submitted to the Selectmen on 8/29 by Bradford Leclerc, Mr. Harvey asked what the status was of issues that need addressing at 190 Main Street, in order to get Occupancy Permit approval. Chief Cathy advised that he had performed an inspection in January, providing a list of items that needed work, and more recently Dana Pendergast visited the apartment building and there remains a list of items that need attention. The Fire Department will provide Mr. Leclerc with a schedule of dates to complete the projects, pointing out that this is a 4-unit apartment building. Chief Cathy advised there is untaped/unsealed sheetrock, detectors and lights missing, unrated doors installed, and designated exits are not to code. He said it appears there may be a 5 th apartment planned. He said the rear of the building is 4-stories high from grade. Chief Cathy provided the Board with a list of ambulance bills that need to go to collections. He mentioned that the hardship claim, which was approved by the Select Board, had been paid by an outside party. Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Harvey to send the list to collections in the amount of $18,296.08. Vote was unanimous. At 7:19 PM, Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Harvey to go into non-public session under RSA 91-A:3 II (b) Hiring – A roll call vote was held. Mr. Drake – Y, Mr. Harvey – Y, Mr. Shaw (by phone) – Y. Mr. Drake, Mr. Harvey, Mr. Shaw (by phone), Chief Cathy, and Mr. Davenport. RETURN TO PUBLIC SESSION: WORK SESSION: (cont.) OPEN ITEMS: (cont.) At 7:33 PM, Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Shaw to come out of non-public session and to seal the minutes for one year. Vote was unanimous. Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Shaw to come out of non-public session and to and to authorize Chief Cathy to move forward with the hiring of Robert Emerson at $18.69/hr and Paul Spring at $23.44/hr. Vote was unanimous. Mr. Harvey asked the status of Engine 1 and Chief Cathy said they are waiting for the pump test, but it is nearly done. Chief Cathy left the meeting. Board reviewed purchase order for winter sand @ $15,000, recommending Morrison, as their sand is a better quality and Pike was slightly more and would charge for trucking. The Board reviewed the following, approved by the Land Use Administrator: Building Permits: 1. Christopher & Tamara Van Lenten; Map R6, Lot 7D 2. Ralph & Karin Gravallese; Map R14, Lot 14A Septic designs: 1. Moore Family 2008 Trust; Map R3, Lot 29B 2. Richard Dalphond & Marie Remson; Map R3, Lot 9A1 o Brook Road Bridge – no update o Timber Harvest – Board reviewed 2 proposals, one each from White Mountain Forest and Forest Resource Consultants. The Board took these under advisement. o Tax Deeded Land – no update o Fees – Mr. Shaw asked about highlighted sections on the draft fee worksheet and Mr. Davenport said those were new fees, or were never charged for in the past. The Board took these under advisement. o 911#s – no update o Emmons Property – Mr. Davenport advised that the Tax Collector will prepare documents for tax deeding. o Grants – Relative to culvert replacements, Mr. Davenport said he received an email from HSEM requesting various forms needing completion, with 2 options to get this done…1) "brick funding" a federal fund which helps develop a scope for work for projects (culvert related) or 2) obtain the information, but there are engineering studies required and there is not enough time to accomplish those. Mr. Davenport then advised that Acting Public Works Director Mr. Cote said he is concerned with the sink hole on Blake Hill Road, due to a culvert insufficiency and has a plan for to upsize the culvert, hiring a contractor and equipment to do the work. Once done - it would need to be paved over at a cost Mr. Davenport estimated at $3,000-$5,000. The Board discussed the Hwy Dept could haul asphalt themselves, which Mr. Davenport confirmed Mr. Cote said they could do. The Board discussed whether to pave it right away or leave it dirt based on future plans for paving. The Board agreed this work should be done right away. o Town House – no update o Carter Mountain Road unregistered vehicles – no update o Drake Road – no update o Personnel Policy – no update DISCUSSION: OTHER BUSINESS: o Town Roads – no update o Sidewalk Plow – no update o Dr. Childs Rd; discontinuance – Discussed earlier in the meeting o NHS PILOT – no update o Job Posting (FD & DPW) – no update o Coolidge Woods Road Erosion (Washout) – no update o Nature-Fitness Trail & other trail systems – no update o Welcome sign relocation – no update o Dry hydrants – no update Relative to consideration on what financial software to choose, IT provider Umbrell Technologies, said it should not matter much which software the Town decides on. Mr. Davenport said he and Finance Officer Mrs. Capone are recommending MTS software, with a transition taking place the beginning of 2025. Mr. Davenport will have in inquire as to when the first payment would be needed, 2024 or 2025. The current software is contracted to the end of the 2024 with some overlap likely needed for the transition. The Board agreed to contract with MTS. FYI – Lien Redemption FYI – PSNH trial date update due to delay. Mr. Davenport to find out whether this will create increased legal costs. New business after agenda was posted: - Building Permit Fee discussion – The Board considered whether a building permit, which is an addition to a home, a portion serving the main house, and a portion serving the ADU, should incur separate fees. The Board determined that as the addition is all together, bottom and 2 nd floor, each floor serving a different unit, it would be charged for one permit. - Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Shaw to sign a 1-yr heating contract with Irving Energy at $1.26/gallon for propane, and $2.44/gallon for oil. Vote was unanimous. Mr. Davenport is looking to see if there may be a reduction offered for Town employees. - Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Harvey to approve an abatement for John Chapple at $27.54; Twin Tamarack camper was registered, Map U9, Lot 5-133. The remaining deck remains taxable. Vote was unanimous. The Board expressed concern with the added costs to office staff when this happens with campers, as it is a continuous problem. Mr. Davenport to investigate whether the Town could charge anything additional to the taxpayer when this happens. Mr. Harvey asked Mr. Davenport if he had gotten any cost to re-install the electric heat in the Town Clerk/Tax Collector side of the building, as many years ago it had been disconnected for some reason as this secondary source of heat may be needed due to reoccurring problems with the mini-splits. Mr. Davenport to get a quote. Mr. Drake brought up the peeling paint on the Town House and 3 dead pines that need removal. Mr. Davenport said Mr. Cote will have the Hwy Dept scrape and prime the structure ahead of the election. The Board agreed one de-humidifier should be turned back on. Mr. Davenport to have the Town House cleaned prior to the election. PUBLIC COMMENT: - Mr. Provencal asked what sidewalk NHS was talking about getting cleared off during winter and it was explained it is the one that leads from the elementary school to fish hatchery inlet. - Relative to the financial software the Town will be purchasing, Mr. Provencal wanted to ensure the company was in good financial standing, has good security, and a backup program. Mr. Provencal left the meeting. NON-PUBLIC SESSION: PRESENT: RETURN TO PUBLIC SESSION: At 8:24 PM, Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Harvey to go into non-public session under RSA 91-A:3 II (C) Hiring – A roll call vote was held. Mr. Drake – Y, Mr. Harvey – Y, Mr. Shaw (by phone) – Y. Mr. Drake, Mr. Harvey, Mr. Shaw (by phone), and Mr. Davenport. At 8:38 PM, Mr. Drake made a motion, seconded by Mr. Harvey to come out of non-public session and to unseal the minutes of 9/12/13(a), 9/12/13(b), 9/9/04, 9/2/04, 9/5/13, 9/16/04. Vote was unanimous. ADJOURNMENT: At 8:39 PM, Mr. Drake made a motion to adjourn, seconded by Mr. Shaw. The vote was unanimous. Respectfully submitted, Pam Vose
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HighlanderHellcatAudiobooksample Jamie Fraser \| King of Men (Outlander) Kilt School \| The Art of Kilt Making Scots Guards 2/62 (Tune 626) The Young MacGregor Kilt Blowing at Dragon*Con, \"Nigel The Pirate\" part1 Curse of a Dragon's Claim by Ciara Lake Scots Guards 1/201 (Tune 350) The Eight Men Of Moidart The Scot Beds His Wife When a Scot Ties the Knot Highlander in Her Dreams Sinister Street, Volume One Castles Ever After The Devil She Knows Temptation of a Highland Scoundrel Rogue with a Brogue The Untamed Mackenzie Haunted Warrior A No Ordinary Hero Novel Some Like it Kilted A Highlander's Temptation A Demonica Novel A Devil in Scotland Modern Scottish Diaspora Finding Fraser The Devil Wears Kilts Born to Run The Book of Scottish Song Devil In A Kilt Mackenzie OMB No. 7635109467324 edited by BRIANA OLSEN The Scot Beds His Wife Diversion Publishing Corp. Valerie Grace isn't quite sure how she went from heavenly angel to plunging into the killer whale tank at Niagara Falls' MarineLand, but that's what's happened. All she knows is that earth can be a tough place for a fallen angel, what with all the demon Tempters lurking around every corner, anxious to recruit her to the "other team" - the evil team. All she can do is keep an eye out for the elusive Key to Heaven, try to help people, and hope that somebody up there notices what an angel she is, even if she's not literally one anymore. And try to avoid that really cute tempter, the one with the pale gray eyes and hypnotic smile, the one that makes her forget her own name and the fact that she's supposed to be a good girl. WHEN A SCOT TIES THE KNOT Macmillan Linnet MacDonnell was the youngest of seven sisters, and not the family beauty. With her ﬂame-bright red hair, sharp tongue, and strange gift of second sight, no man wanted her. But the devil would take her. Bartered as a bride to her father's long-sworn enemy, the nobly born Highlander, Duncan MacKenzie of Kintail, she had no choice but to enter a marriage with a man rumored to have murdered his ﬁrst wife and said to possess neither heart nor soul. Forbidding and proud, Duncan MacKenzie wanted only one thing from his new bride -- to use her special gift to determine if young Robbie was truly his son. He never expected the MacDonnell lass to stubbornly follow her heart, chase away the darkness in his castle with light and laughter, and ignite a raging ﬁre in his blood. How dare she defy him, and tempt a devil like him to feel what he feared most of all --- love! Highlander in Her Dreams St. Martin's Paperbacks "Prepare to be burned" (Gena Showalter) by this sexy and suspenseful enemies-to-lovers paranormal romance in the New York Times bestselling Demonica series. Runa Wagner never meant to fall in love with the sexy stranger who seemed to know her every deepest desire. But she couldn't resist the unbelievable passion that burned between them, a passion that died when she discovered his betrayal and found herself forever changed. Now, determined to make Shade pay for the transformation that haunts her, Runa searches for him, only to be taken prisoner by his darkest enemy. A Seminus Demon with a love-curse that threatens him with eternal torment, Shade hoped he'd seen the last of Runa and her irresistible charm. But when he wakes up in a dank dungeon chained next to an enraged and mysteriously powerful Runa, he realizes that her eﬀect on him is more dangerous than ever. As their captor casts a spell that bonds them as lifemates, Shade and Runa must ﬁght for their lives and their hearts-or succumb to a madman's evil plans. Sinister Street, Volume One Forever Yours When her husband, Lord Mac Mackenzie, follows her to London, determined to win her back, Lady Isabella Scranton rises to the challenge by tempting him in ways he could have never imagined, but a dangerous enemy waits in the wings to stop them from reuniting--forever. Original. Castles Ever AfterAbrams Arriving at Dunroamin Castle in Scotland, jeweler Cilla Swanner ﬁnds her plans for some rest and relaxation interrupted by the ghost of a Scottish knight who has been cursed to roam the Earth forever, pleasing a diﬀerent women each night with no hope of true love--until he meets her. Original. The Devil She Knows Harper Collins More information to be announced soon on this forthcoming title from Penguin USA Temptation of a Highland Scoundrel Penguin Brings together well-established and emerging scholars from a variety of disciplines to present a contemporary 'diasporic' perspective on national aﬀairs for Scotland. The book reﬂects a growing interest in the subject from academics, policy makers and ROGUE WITH A BROGUE Penguin Temptation this hot is worth the sin... After avenging the murders of his family, Gareth headed west to put his demons to rest. There he shattered Portia's hopes of a future together. Nine years later, he blackmails her into helping him overthrow the Turkish sultan. And in the corrupt and deadly city of Constantinople, two damaged souls may ﬁnd the ultimate treasure. The Untamed Mackenzie Forever Devil in a KiltDevil in a KiltForever Haunted WarriorHarlequin More information to be announced soon on this forthcoming title from Penguin USA A No Ordinary Hero Novel Penguin Crossing the boundaries of genre with its unrivalled storytelling, Diana Gabaldon's new novel is a gift both to her millions of loyal fans and to the lucky readers who have yet to discover her. In the ten years since her extraordinary debut novel, Outlander, was published, beloved author Diana Gabaldon has entertained scores of readers with her heart-stirring stories and remarkable characters. The four volumes of her bestselling saga, featuring eighteenth-century Scotsman James Fraser and his twentiethcentury, time-travelling wife, Claire Randall, boasts nearly 5 million copies in the U.S. The story of Outlander begins just after the Second World War, when a British ﬁeld nurse named Claire Randall walks through a cleft stone in the Scottish highlands and is transported back some two hundred years to 1743. Here, now, is The Fiery Cross, the eagerly awaited ﬁfth volume in this remarkable, award-winning series of historical novels. The year is 1771, and war is approaching. Jamie Fraser's wife has told him so. Little as he wishes to, he must believe it, for hers is a gift of dreadful prophecy – a time-traveller's certain knowledge. To break his oath to the Crown will brand him a traitor; to keep it is certain doom. Jamie Fraser stands in the shadow of the ﬁery cross – a standard that leads nowhere but to the bloody brink of war. Some Like it Kilted Vintage "It's time to fall in love with Suzanne Enoch." —Lisa Kleypas The Price of Passion... On a mission to rescue his runaway sister from the lure of ﬂowery compliments and a useless lot of satin-clad scalawags disguised by their snooty titles, Ranulf MacLawry, Marquis of Glengask, has roared into British society like a storm across the Scottish Highlands. But he's about to ﬁnd out that satin has its appeal, especially when it covers the curves of Miss Lady Charlotte Hanover—whose tongue is as sharp as her skin is soft... ...is Pure Pleasure Lady Charlotte Hanover has had her ﬁll of hot-headed men, having lost her ﬁancé in an utterly unnecessary duel. When did brawn ever triumph over brains? And yet there is something solid and appealing about the brash Highlander who's as dangerous in the ballroom as in battle. Sometimes bigger really is better... in The Devil Wears Kilts. "Always an eagerly anticipated pleasure." —Christina Dodd A Highlander's Temptation Penguin When she falls in love with Arran MacLawry, one of her clan's longtime rivals, Mary Campbell, despite the fact that any contact between them is strictly forbidden, risks everything to be with the enemy. Original. A Demonica Novel Dell Heiress Lori Granger looks like a million bucks--and is famous for giving much of her fabulous fortune away. But her generosity has outstripped her checkbook, and not even her glamorous image and come-hither eyes can save her now. Certainly not with Jackson James in the picture...Hired by her dad's estate to control her spending, this CPA with linebacker shoulders and gray ﬂannel suits invades her space, insults her dog, and refuses to loosen his grip on her trust fund. Worse, he seems immune to her charms-unless she's close enough to kiss. Not a man to cross the line with a client, even when the attraction is hotter than a pair of Lori's highest sling-backs, Jackson agrees to help her ﬁnd a husband to fulﬁll a condition of her father's will. Yet sharing her dreams with him makes Lori wonder: Could this infuriating Mr. Straight be the one to make them all come true? A DEVIL IN SCOTLAND Penguin The second book in the Highland Warriors trilogy, in which three heroes make a pact to insure that a rival clan doesn't take over their glen and cause destruction. At the same time, three women will plot to marry these heroes to help insure peace. In TEMPTATION OF A HIGHLAND SCOUNDREL, Kendrew Macintosh's reputation precedes him: he wields an ax with deathly precision, strikes fear into his enemies, and lusts after beautiful women. But Kendrew has never met someone whose passion rivals his ownuntil an unexpected encounter with a mysterious woman. Unfortunately, he soon discovers that the vixen is Isobel Cameron, daughter of an enemy clansman. Their relationship is forbidden and Kendrew breaks away immediately. Isobel has her own scheme. She has lusted after Kendrew for some time and plans to draw the ﬁerce warrior back into her arms. But in the darkness, villainous forces are at play--an enemy is determined to keep the two lovers apart, even if it means death. Modern Scottish Diaspora Forever Gelis MacKenzie is one of the most desirable heiresses in all the Western Highlands. She is the youngest and much adored daughter of the indomitable Black Stag of Kintail, Duncan MacKenzie, who was the hero of Welfonder's novel DEVIL IN A KILT. Unfortunately, Gelis has been branded unmarriageable, but not for lack of masculine interest. No matter how lofty the ancestry, how deep the purse, or how mighty the sword arm, nary a one of her suitors is good enough for her father. Although he loves Gelis ﬁercely and knows he must someday see her settled and wed, Duncan isn't quite ready to let her go. But now Duncan has received an oﬀer for Gelis's hand in marriage that he is honor-bound to accept-and it comes from the worst possible quarter. The suitor, Ronan MacRuari of Castle Dare, is the last man Duncan MacKenzie would wish for a son-in-law. Known as the Raven, Ronan is the scion of a dark clan that has been marked by a deadly curse. Ronan and Gelis are instantly attracted to one another, but they are immediately estranged. 2 Devil In A Kilt Mackenzie 2024-06-23 Ronan's last two wives have died abruptly and he doesn't want to see his vivacious newly-wed Gelis suﬀer the same fate, so he distances himself from her as much as possible. In the meantime, Ronan searches for the Raven Stone, a fabled treasure that he believes holds the power of the curse over his clan. But Gelis has fallen in love with her new husband, and she's determined to help him. Though Ronan doesn't know it, Gelis also has the gift of second-sight, and she has seen a future in which she is destined to help redeem her cursed husband. Finding Fraser Penguin At the King's request, Chieftian Alasdair MacDonald has sworn to preserve the peace in the Glen of Many Legends. Thought he's handsome and fearless, his warrior's heart belongs only to his beloved land--until the fair sister of his oldest enemy shatters his defenses, branding his skin with a single touch, and sealing his fate with one stolen kiss...Lady Marjory Mackintosh will do anything to unite the warring clans, even seduce Alasdair MacDonald. She has loved the rugged Highlander since she ﬁrst saw him and now, as temptation leads to surrender, Marjory dares to possess him, boy and soul. But a dangerous new menace enters the Glen, and he will stop at nothing to strip Alasdair of his honor--and the only woman who can claim his heart. [from back cover]. The Devil Wears Kilts St. Martin's Paperbacks "Jamie Fraser would be Deeply Gratiﬁed at having inspired such a charmingly funny, poignant story—and so am I."—Diana Gabaldon, #1 New York Times bestselling author of the Outlander series Escape to Scotland with the delightful novel that readers have fallen in love with—inspired by Diana Gabaldon's #1 New York Times bestselling Outlander series. I met Jamie Fraser when I was nineteen years old. He was tall, red-headed, and at our ﬁrst meeting at least, a virgin. He was, in fact, the perfect man. That he was ﬁctional hardly entered into it... On the cusp of thirty, Emma Sheridan is desperately in need of a change. After a string of failed relationships, she can admit that no man has ever lived up to her idea of perfection: the Scottish ﬁctional star of romantic Related with Devil In A Kilt Mackenzie: © Devil In A Kilt Mackenzie Magnetic Therapy For Ed © Devil In A Kilt Mackenzie Magnawave Therapy For Humans © Devil In A Kilt Mackenzie Magical Writing As In Dungeons Dragon s 3 fantasies the world over—James Alexander Malcolm MacKenzie Fraser. Her ideal man might be ripped from the pages of a book, but Emma hopes that by making one life-altering decision she might be able to turn ﬁction into fact. After selling all her worldly possessions, Emma takes oﬀ for Scotland with nothing but her burgeoning travel blog to conﬁde in. But as she scours the country's rolling green hills and crumbling castles, Emma discovers that in searching for her own Jamie Fraser, she just might ﬁnd herself. Born to Run Binker North A WOMAN OF BREEDING MEETS A MAN OF NO STANDING… To redeem her family's disgraced name, Lady Louisa Scranton has decided to acquire a proper husband. He needs to be a man of fortune and highly respectable in order to restore both her family's lost wealth and reputation. She enters the Marriage Mart with all ﬂags ﬂying, determined to ﬁnd the right bachelor. But Louisa's hopes are dashed when the Bishop of Hargate drops dead at her feet—and she is shockingly accused of murder! Soon, Louisa's so-called friends begin shunning her, because the company of a suspected killer is never desirable in polite society. The problem comes to the ears of Detective Inspector Lloyd Fellows, by-blow of the decadent Scottish Mackenzie family and an inspector for Scotland Yard. He has shared two passionate kisses with Lady Louisa–and vows to clear her name. For not only does he know she's innocent, he recognizes he's falling for the lovely lady. Fellows is Louisa's only hope of restoring her family's honor—and it is he alone who intrigues Louisa in a way that may be even more scandalous than murder… INCLUDES A PREVIEW OF THE UPCOMING NOVEL THE WICKED DEEDS OF DANIEL MACKENZIE The Book of Scottish SongForever Margo Menlove loves everything Scottish-especially the legendary warrior hero Magnus MacBride. But while exploring in the Highlands she picks up a magical stone on the shore, and awakens to the sight of MacBride himself. And the reality may be much more dangerous-and passionate-than her dreams could ever be.
The Linguistic Realization of Contrastive Discourse Relations in Context: Contextualization and discourse common ground La réalisation linguistique des relations discursives constrastives en contexte : contextualisation et discours de sens commun Anita Fetzer 1 1 Applied Linguistics: English, University of Augsburg, Germany, email@example.com RÉSUMÉ. Ce papier présente la comparaison de la contextualisation et de la réalisation linguistique des relations discursives contrastives dans les tâches d'édition monadiques et dyadiques produites dans un cadre expérimental. Les participants devaient produire un texte argumentatif bien-formé sur la base d'un squelette de texte réduit à l'information propositionnelle bien que contenant encore l'organisation séquentielle argumentative originale et la configuration par défaut des événements. L'objectif était de comprendre le rôle du contexte dans la production et le traitement d'un discours dans el contexte de la négociation du sens commun du discours et de sa cohérence conceptuelle. Le contexte est vu comme une construction relationnelle dynamique, comprenant le contexte social, le contexte linguistique (ou: co-texte) et le contexte cognitif. L'étude est méthodologiquement compositionnelle à travers les approches fonctionnelles de la grammaire du discours, de la représentation du discours et de la pragmatique discursive. Les résultats de l'expérience montrent que les textes dyadiques et monadiques contextualisent les relations discursives contraires et interprètent la cohérence discursive en utilisant un ensemble de connecteurs discursifs contrastifs et de lignes de cohérence, les textes monadiques contextualisant en outre le contexte social, incorporant des contributions contrastives en conséquence. ABSTRACT. This paper compares the contextualization and linguistic realization of contrastive discourse relations in monadic and dyadic editing tasks produced in an experimental setting. Participants were asked to produce a well-formed argumentative text based on a skeleton text reduced to minimal propositional information while still containing the original argumentative sequential organization and default configuration of events. The goal was to understand the role of context in the production and processing of discourse against the background of the negotiation of discourse common ground and construal of discourse coherence. Context is conceived of as a dynamic relational construct, comprising social context, linguistic context (or: co-text) and cognitive context. The study is methodologically compositional across functional approaches to discourse grammar, discourse representation, and discourse pragmatics. The results of the experiment show that dyadic and monadic texts contextualize contrastive discourse relations and construe discourse coherence by utilizing a pool of contrastive discourse connectives and coherence strands, with monadic texts additionally entextualising social context, embedding contrastive contributions accordingly. MOTS-CLÉS. Relation discursive contrastive, connectivité discursive, ligne de cohérence, cohérence du discours, contexte linguistique, contexte social, contexte cognitif, contextualisation, entextualisation, discours de sens commun. KEYWORDS. Contrastive discourse relation, discourse connective, coherence strand, discourse coherence, linguistic context, social context, cognitive context, contextualization, entextualisation, discourse common ground. 1. Introduction Discourse – like context – has become indispensable to the analysis of meaning in natural-language communication 1 , and like context, the concept itself is used in diverging frameworks referring to different theoretical constructs. For instance, discourse is used synonymously with text, i.e. a linguistic-surface phenomenon denoting longer stretches of written and spoken language, including other semiotic codes [4]; discourse is used to refer to a sociocognitive construct, i.e. a mental 1 In this paper, communication, natural-language communication, discourse and natural-language discourse are functional synonyms. Their performance is in accordance with the pragmatic premises of rationality, intentionality of communicative action and cooperation. Both communication and discourse are formats of interaction. representation capturing grounding, the administration of discourse common ground and discourse-asprocess [10, 12, 19, 20]; discourse is used to refer to discourse-as-product performed and negotiated in social context [31, 35]; and discourse is used to refer to both a theoretical construct and to its instantiation in context, i.e. type and token [40, 46, 47]. Discourse pragmatics adopts the fundamental pragmatic and socio-pragmatic premises of consciousness, rationality and intentionality, and of cooperation and contextualization, and furnishes discourse defined as both a sociocognitive construct and a text with a meta-perspective. Discourse is thus not only sociocognitive construct and text, but it is also communicative action. This does not only hold for the constitutive parts of discourse, such as clauses for text construction, and propositions for mental representations of discourse, but also for a macro-oriented frame of investigation: discourse-as-a-whole [15]. Analogously to the status of relevance in relevance theory, that is communicative action comes in the presumption of being – optimally – relevant [45], discourse comes in with the presumption of being – more or less – coherent. This holds for the production and processing of natural-language discourse, both for discourse-as-awhole and for its constitutive parts. The parts-whole perspective on discourse does not only imply the truism that discourse-as-a-whole is more than the sum of its constitutive parts, but also that discourse is both process, that is the concatenation and linearization of separate parts, and product, that is a bounded whole. Being both process and product requires discourse units to be conceptualized relationally and – to employ ethnomethodological terminology – doubly contextual [27, p. 242], reflecting Bateson's claim that "communication is both context-creating and context-dependent" [3, p. 245]. The creation of social context in communication may be illustrated by the context-dependent use of address terms, deictic expressions and style: addressing a communication partner with their title and last name and at the same time using a more formal style of communication may signal social distance and potential social hierarchies, while nicknames and the strategic use of regional dialects may create a solidarity-imbued social context. From a cognitive-context based perspective, communication is not only context-creating and context-dependent, but also context-changing. The context-change potential of communication is reflected in discourse processing, the construal of discourse coherence [20, 35] and the administration of discourse common ground. Discourse common ground is a context-dependent cognitive construct which stores and updates individual and social meaning-making processes as well as their negotiation and ratification. Discourse common ground is composed of a set of references to a domain of discourse and contains background information as well as sets and sub-sets of domain-specific beliefs; it is related dialectically with more general common grounds, which are related to general common ground [10, 35]. By contextualizing prior discourse units, for instance by anaphora resolution and the calculation of conversational implicatures, the contextualized units pave the ground for the production, processing and grounding of upcoming discourse units, thus indicating how the discourse is intended to proceed, i.e. whether there is some change in the present direction of discourse, as is signaled by contrastive discourse connectives, e.g. but or however, or by pragmatic word order, On Sunday Sue travelled to Mars for instance, or whether there are no indicators of intended change and the discourse is to proceed as initiated, as is signaled by continuative discourse connectives, such as additionally or moreover, and encoded in grammatical word order, e.g. Sue travelled to Mars on Sunday. Another consequence of the premise that discourse comes in with the presumption of being – more or less – coherent is that discourse processing goes hand in hand with grounding, that is anchoring discursive contributions and discourse referents in cognitive context, the negotiation of discourse common ground and the construal of discourse coherence, that is relating the constitutive parts of discourse in such a manner that they form a – more or less - meaningful whole. While discourse processing is local and bottom-up administering the grounding of individual parts, the construal of discourse coherence is both bottom-up and top-down, administering the negotiation of discourse common ground with respect to the nature of the connectedness between individual units and the larger whole. The claim that discourse contains context, and that context contains discourse is not trivial, but rather refers to the relational nature of the two: both are parts-whole configurations in which the whole is more than the sum of its constitutive parts. From a linguistics-based perspective, discourse does not only contain linguistic context (or: co-text), but discourse as communicative action is also anchored in cognitive context, and its producers and recipients rely on cognitive context for its production, processing, grounding, negotiation of discourse common ground and construal of discourse coherence. Moreover, discourse as communicative action is performed by communicators in social context, and discourse as communicative action contains references to social context, for instance to participants and their temporal, spatial and discursive embeddedness. While discourse is generally conceived of as delimited by communicative formats, e.g. discourse genre 2 [15], context is generally seen as unbounded, but may be assigned the status of a bounded entity when entextualised 3 in discourse [13]. The parts-whole perspective on discourse is accounted for in theories of discourse representation, for instance Segmented Discourse Representation Theory [2], Rhetorical Structure Theory [38] and in psycholinguistic approaches to coherence relations [41], where the nature of the connectedness between parts, that is discourse units, is described as semantic and pragmatic relations holding between two discourse units, i.e. complex linguistic units with propositional content and illocutionary force of their own. Coherence relations are to "be thought of as modelling cognitive mechanisms operative in readers and writers when they process text. According to this view, when a particular relation is posited between two spans of text, a claim is being made about the mechanism used by the writer to join these two spans together, and about the mechanisms used by its readers to interpret them" [30, p. 138). In Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, any discourse unit p2 usually stands in a logical relation to at least one other preceding unit p1 (or rather: the addressee construes a logical relation between them, in order to vouchsafe coherence). The propositions p1 and p2 are in the discourse relation R if the inferences the addressee makes and the logical connection s/he draws between p1 and p2 are in accordance with the ones defined for R. Contrast is a discourse relation which entails that p1 and p2 are semantically dissimilar [2, p. 168], for instance the second unit from the editing-based task to be discussed below (cf. appendix) London was a dowdy place of tea-houses and stale rock cakes stands in a Contrast relation to the third unit 3 it's much more exciting, being semantically dissimilar with respect to the predications 'was a dowdy place of X' and 'is much more exciting'. The Contrast relation is also a constitutive pillar of one of four primitives for the definition of coherence relations [30]. This paper examines the contextualization and linguistic realization of contrastive discourse relations in argumentative discourse. It adopts the distinction between coordinating Contrast and subordinating Corrective Elaboration [2] as well as their claim that contrastive discourse relations are scalar, that is they express degrees of contrastiveness. Contrastive discourse relations are of particular interest to the examination of the dynamics of discourse and the contextual embeddedness of discourse-as-a-whole and of its separate parts because they are generally linguistically marked with contrastive discourse connectives, e.g. but, while or whereas, which may also be utilized for argumentative purposes 4 , with metacommunicative comments, such as surprisingly, and with pragmatic word order, that is temporal, spatial and other information rather than the grammatical subject positioned at the beginning of a clause [6, 11]. The paper compares the linguistic realization of contrastive discourse relations as well as their linguistic contexts and social contexts, considering additionally their contextualization and linguistic realization, in newspaper editorials - a prototypical representative of the argumentative discourse genre of commentary - from the quality paper The Guardian with those of 18 editing tasks: 9 texts produced by single participants, and 9 joint 2 In this paper, discourse genre is used as an umbrella term for different kinds of communicative formats. The formats generally share the defining condition that the form-as-a-whole has genre-specific constraints of production and interpretation for the format-as-a-whole as well as for its constitutive parts. Typical examples of discourse genre are interview, lecture, research paper, narrative or commentary. In an interview, for instance, a discursive contribution produced by the interviewer counts as a request for information, irrespective of its syntactic formatting. 4 [1, 7] argue for internal and external perspectives on argumentation as internal and external dialogue, as is reflected in argumentative moves, e.g., claim, warrant or backing, and argumentative operators, e.g. but, since, because, although and thus. 3 In discourse pragmatics, entextualization refers to assigning unbounded context the status of a bounded object, for instance by narrowing down the referential domain of an indexical expression (here) to a more bounded referential domain (here in Paris). The use promoted in this paper differs from Park and Bucholtz, who define entextualization primarily in terms of institutional control and ideology. It shares their stance of approaching entextualization in terms of "conditions inherent in the transposition of discourse from one context into another" [39, p. 489], while considering not only global, but also local context. productions by two participants. The editing tasks were based on a commentary from the same newspaper. As for the dyadic productions, the analysis is supplemented with excerpts of recorded and transcribed metadata documenting the dyad's negotiation of the appropriate linguistic realization of discourse relations in context. The monadic and dyadic texts were produced in an experimental setting in which participants were asked to produce a well-formed argumentative text based on a skeleton text reduced to minimal propositional information while still containing the original argumentative sequential organization and default configuration of events (cf. appendix). The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 approaches context from sociopragmatic and discourse-pragmatic perspectives presenting premises and bridging points. Section 3 discusses pragmatic, context-based approaches to discourse. Section 4 presents the study of the discourse relations of Contrast and Corrective Elaboration, describing data, procedure and results. Section 5 discusses the results, giving particular attention to their contextualization, the negotiation of discourse common ground, and the entextualisation of social context. Section 6 presents the conclusion. 2. Context in context: contextualization and entextualization Natural-language communication is a context-dependent endeavor in which language users refer to themselves and their minds, and to each other and each other's minds [20], to the immediate and less immediate physical surroundings, including temporal and spatial settings, and to prior and potentially succeeding talk, all of them being constitutive parts of cognitive, social and linguistic context [14, 16]. Linguistic context comprises the linguistic output of language use and is composed of linguistic constructions (or parts) embedded in adjacent linguistic constructions (further parts), which may be further embedded, composing a discourse unit, which may – depending on the research paradigm – be referred to as elementary discourse unit, clause, sentence, utterance, turn or text. Linguistic context is functionally synonymous to text-linguistic co-text [4, 47]. Cognitive context comprises representations of common ground which has been further differentiated into discourse common ground and participant-specific representations of discourse common ground, that is individual discourse common ground capturing the process of an individual's processing of discourse and collective discourse common ground capturing the negotiated and ratified outcome of the set of individuals' processing of discourse; individual and collective discourse common grounds are generally not identical but they need to overlap to varying degrees for communication to be felicitous [10]. Common ground has also been distinguished with respect to core common ground and emergent common ground [29]. Both approaches to common ground agree that common ground is given but at the same time also co-constructed in communication, and that the two are not identical, especially in intercultural communication. Cognitive context is utilized for inference and other forms of reasoning and thus is functionally equivalent to language users' minds; it is indispensable to the interpretation of language and other semiotic codes. Constitutive parts of cognitive context are mental representations, propositions, contextual assumptions and factual assumptions. Since cognitive contexts are anchored to an individual but are also required for a cognitively based outlook on discourse and communication, they need to contain assumptions about mutual cognitive environments or "other minds" [20]. For this reason, cognitive context is not only defined by representations and assumptions, but also by meta-representations and meta-assumptions. In the social-psychological paradigm, context is conceptualized along the lines of the gestalt-psychological distinction between figure, that is a bounded entity, and ground, that is an unbounded entity, and the metacommunicative concepts of frame and framing [3, 22]. Frame is seen as a delimiting device, which "is (or delimits) a class or set of messages (or meaningful actions)" [3, p. 187]. Because of its delimiting function, "psychological frames are exclusive, i.e. by including certain messages (or meaningful actions) within a frame, certain other messages are excluded" and they are "inclusive, i.e. by excluding certain messages certain others are included" [3, p. 187]. This also holds for context – and discourse, as will be argued for below – which, analogously to frame, is also structured and metacommunicative. Social context goes beyond linguistic context and cognitive context and is generally seen as 'external' to discourse. This does, however, not mean that social context is not referred to in discourse and thus imported and entextualised in discourse, as is the case with the indexicals here, now or I, respectively here on Mars, now at this very moment at 6.31 pm here in Central Europe or I as Prime Minister. Constituents of social context are, for instance, language users, the immediate concrete, physical surroundings including time and location, and the macro contextual institutional and noninstitutional domains. Social and sociocognitive approaches to context are ethnomethodological conversation analysis and interactional linguistics. They conceive context as an interactional achievement [23, 27, 43]. In sociopragmatics, context is considered a relational construct [12, 16], in relevance theory it is described as a psychological construct [45], and in functional grammar context is referred to as "other minds" [20]. Within these research paradigms, context is further described as dynamic, relating participants and the language that they use in a dialectical manner. To capture the dialectics of the dynamics of context, natural-language communication is seen as context-dependent, context-changing and context-creating. In a similar vein, context is investigated as imported into communication and as invoked in communication, for instance by the reference I as Prime Minister, which imports and invokes another social context than the reference I as an ethnomethodologist [33]. In interactional-sociolinguistic terms, context is brought into the communicative exchange with indexical expression, presuppositions and background information required for communication to be felicitous and context is brought out in the communicative exchange through the negotiation of meaning, e.g. negotiation of referential domains of indexicals [25]. Ethnomethodological and interactional-linguistics-based conceptualizations of context are based on the premise of indexicality of communicative action. In these paradigms, it is not only linguistic expressions, whose resolution depends on context, but rather the communicative-action-as-a-whole. This does, of course, also hold for the constitutive parts of the communicative action, but it is the communication action-as-a-whole, and its embeddedness in a discourse genre, which constrains meaning-making processes. Social-interaction-based paradigms thus relate an exclusively productoriented conception of context-as-given and external to a communicative act to a dynamic construct, that is a contextualized communicative act, whose meaning is inferred from context, negotiated within a process of internal argumentation and construed accordingly. From this perspective, context is no longer solely a social phenomenon but rather a dynamic sociocognitive construct which is negotiated in interaction. The negotiation of a jointly constructed representation of context feeds on the contextualization of communicative action and its constitutive parts, for instance participants, local and temporal embeddedness in the micro and macro domains which are related in a dialectical manner. In sociocognitive approaches to natural-language communication contextualization has been assigned the status of a universal in human communication, which manifests itself locally with respect to the negotiation and co-construction of meaning in context [26]. The concept of context has undergone some fundamental rethinking in language studies and linguistics, particularly in pragmatics and discourse pragmatics. Rather than being looked upon as an external constraint on linguistic performance, context is analyzed as a product of language use, as interactionally negotiated and co-constructed, and as imported and invoked [13, 33]. Context is further conceptualized along the distinction between context as type and context as token, differentiating between more generalized and more particularized variants. Context is also a psychological construct operationalized as a set of antecedent premises, which are required for communicative action to be felicitous. It needs to be pointed out, however, that the unbounded nature of context does not mean that context is without any structure. If that were the case, natural-language communication would not be rule-governed and could therefore not be felicitous. Rather, context is relational, and "structured context also occurs within a wider context - a metacontext if you will - and that this sequence of contexts is an open, and conceivably infinite, series" [3, p. 245]. A dynamic perspective on discourse supplemented by the interactional-linguistics universal of contextualization goes beyond the local contextualization of communicative acts. To capture the dynamics of discourse and the embeddedness of communicative acts in linguistic contexts and their delimitation by discourse genres, local meaning constructions may need to be renegotiated and decontextualized at a later stage in the flow of discourse to vouchsafe discourse coherence. The local decontextualization may result in a recontextualization of the prior contextualized communicative acts, if not of the whole sequence of the communicative acts under negotiation [35], as will be shown in the following section. 3. Discourse in context Discourse and context may refer to theoretical constructs – or types – and at the same time both can refer to particularized instances of discourse in context, or of contexts in context. Discourse and context are connected closely: discourse is performed in context – or rather context contains discourse – and discourse contains context, viz. contexts are presupposed, imported, invoked, construed and coconstructed in discourse [25, 33, 46]. Discourse is composed of linguistic context (or co-text), it is anchored in cognitive context as regards discourse processing, grounding, anaphora resolution, discourse connectives, information structure and information management, to name but the most prominent candidates for the construal of discourse coherence, and discourse is performed in social context. Both discourse and context are parts-whole configurations containing their constitutive parts or 'sub-parts' while at the same time being contained in 'meta-parts' which are contained in 'superparts' [16]. For felicitous analyses of discourse and context, discourse needs to be delimited from context and context needs to be delimited from discourse. Depending on research perspective and methodology, delimiting frames, that is frames delimiting discourse from context, have been defined as text type as in text linguistics [4], communicative genre as in interactional sociolinguistics and sociology [25, 26, 36], discourse genre as in discourse studies [8, 47], activity type or language game as in pragmatics and in the philosophy of language [5, 31, 34, 48], communicative activity type as in socio-pragmatics [42], or communicative project as in dialogism [35]. In discourse, social and cognitive context are imported through conventional means and through particularized context-dependent means. Prototypical representatives of conventional means are (1) deictic devices, such as person deixis concerned with discourse-internal and discourse-external participants, (2) time deixis dealing with discourse-internal and discourse-external temporal configurations, for instance coding time and receiving time, and metalinguistic tense and linguistic tense, (3) place deixis concerned with discourse-internal and discourse-external local configurations and the corresponding personal, social and cultural attitudes connected with location, (4) discourse deixis considering structure and sequential organization of discourse as well as discourse coherence, e.g. discourse connectives and other cohesive devices, and (5) social deixis concerned with social relations, e.g., terms of endearment and honorifics. Naturally, these deictic devises are contextdependent and dynamic, and that is why their referential domains may change in accordance with their local and global contexts of use. This is particularly true for the interactional roles and footings of discourse-internal and discourse-external participants [21]. Contextualization has been assigned the status of a universal in natural-language communication, as is reflected in assigning discursive values to indexical tokens and enriching inexplicit forms and contents, as is done through conversational inference [26, 32]. Discourse analysis, interactional sociolinguistics and sociopragmatics additionally differentiate between the (socio)cognitive operation of global inference anchored to discourse genre [31, 40] and local inference as described by conversational implicature [24]. Because of their multifaceted nature and complexity, context and discourse are best described as multilayered parts-whole configurations. That is, context contains subcontexts and discourse contains sub-discourses, and sub-contexts instantiate context and sub-discourses instantiate discourse. The nature of the connectedness between the different sub-entities of context and discourse is a structured whole composed of interdependent frames [22]. A pragmatics-based perspective on context and discourse does not only capture the dynamics of the multilayered parts-whole configurations of both, but also provides a frame of reference for their interdependencies. Conceiving of discourse not simply as communicative action but rather as macro communicative action in context, which is composed of micro communicative actions, assigns discourse the status of rational, intentional, conscious and cooperative communicative action, which is contextualized locally with the help of conversational inference to vouchsafe local discourse coherence and globally in accordance with the contextual constraints and requirements of discourse genre to vouchsafe global discourse coherence. In natural-language communication the production of discourse as well as its processing is based on the premise that discourse comes in with the presumption of being – more or less – coherent, and this premise holds for discourse-as-a-whole as well as for its constitutive parts. The parts-whole perspective on discourse implies that discourse is both process and product. Being both process and product requires its constitutive parts to be conceptualized relationally; to use ethnomethodological terminology: doubly contextual. By contextualizing prior discursive parts, the contextualized parts pave the ground for the production, processing and grounding of upcoming parts, thus indicating how the discourse is intended to proceed. Another consequence of the premise that discourse comes in with the presumption of being – more or less – coherent is that discourse processing is interdependent on the construal of discourse coherence. Both are not identical, but supplementary, as has already been mentioned briefly in the introduction: discourse processing is local and bottom-up focusing on individual parts while the construal of discourse coherence is both bottom-up and top-down, relating individual parts with the larger whole. Contrast and its manifestation in contrastive discourse relations play an important part in signaling, if not encoding, an intended change in the direction of discourse and thus some potential recontextualization of already contextualized parts. 4. Contrast and corrective elaboration In discourse pragmatics discourse and its constitutive parts are relational, relating discourse and context, discourse and communicative action, communicative action and language users, and language users with the things they do with words in discourse in context, and the things they do with discourse in context. Only a relational frame of reference can capture the dynamics of discourse, i.e. the unfolding of discourse-as-a-whole, potential variation of linearized sequences and potential variation within linearized sequences, and thus generalized and particularized kinds of connectedness between parts and wholes, transcending clearly delimited frames of investigation. Discourse comes in with the presumption of being – more or less – coherent, and it is language users who construe discourse coherence when producing and interpreting discourse. The processing and construal of discourse coherence utilizes linguistic and extra-linguistic material, for instance presuppositions, discourse connectives, coherence strands and discourse relations. Discourse relations have been defined as logical relations holding between two or more discourse units [2]. For contrastive discourse relations, the relations express semantic dissimilarity manifest in content, illocutionary force and metacommunicative meaning. Coordinating discourse relations keep the discourse on the same level, while subordinating relations introduce a lower level in the discourse hierarchy. This is also reflected in the semantics of coordinating Contrast, which is defined as entailing semantic dissimilarity [2, p. 168]; subordinating Corrective Elaboration is defined as semantic dissimilarity within the main eventualities of the two discourse units with the additional constraint of the second discourse unit's main eventualities being a mereological part of the main eventualities of the first discourse unit [2, p. 161, for a definition of Elaboration]. To apply the theoretical construct of discourse relation to the analysis of natural-language discourse in context, logical relations have been operationalized within a pool of defining conditions which are encoded in coherence strands [19] and signaled with metacommunicative meaning. Coherence strands are – topic continuity and referential continuity – temporal and aspectual coherence, including modality – lexical coherence Metacommunicative meaning is signaled with – discourse connectives – metacommunicative comments – pragmatic word order The defining conditions of discourse relations are systematized in table 1, which is adapted from [37, pp. 66-67]: Table 1. Discourse relations and their defining conditions \| Discourse Relation \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Coordinating \| Continuation \| Common topic \| \| \| Narration \| \| \| \| Contrast \| Semantic dissimilarity between p2 and p1 \| \| \| Background \| \| \| Subordinating / Superordinating \| Result \| \| \| \| Comment \| p2selects p1 as topic; or: p1selects p2 as topic \| \| \| Elaboration \| \| \| \| Corrective Elaboration \| \| \| \| Explanation \| \| \| \| \| Temporal consequence \| Discourse relations are relational devices par excellence, relating the constitutive parts of discourse through logical relations. In English, contrastive discourse relations are generally not only encoded in coherence strands but additionally signaled with discourse connectives, metacommunicative comments and pragmatic word order. Frequently they are also supplemented with additionally entextualised temporal, local, social and discursive context, intensifying the degree of discursive glueyness and thereby contributing to, if not ensuring speaker-intended interpretation of the micro units and speakerintended construal of discourse coherence. 4.1. Data The dataset comprises nine monadically edited argumentative texts with 281 discourse relations, nine dyadically edited argumentative texts with 160 discourse relations, and nine metadata texts, i.e. transcriptions of the dyads' negotiations of the linguistic material which needs to be added to the bare units to jointly construct a well-formed argumentative text. 4.2. Procedure The linguistic realization of discourse relations has been examined in written argumentative discourse, that is editorials from the British newspaper The Guardian, and in monadically and dyadically edited argumentative texts from an experimental setting, as described briefly in the introduction. In the professionally produced public media texts Contrast and Corrective Elaboration were signaled with contrastive discourse connectives, primarily but, and pragmatic word order, but not generally furnished with further entextualised contextual information [17]. To corroborate the results obtained and to shed more light on the assumption that discourse genre is a kind of blueprint in accordance with which language users produce and interpret discourse and thus encode, respectively decode, and signal, respectively infer, discourse relations in the context of the argumentative discourse genre of commentary – and to compare it across two different production formats: monadically and dyadically edited texts – a pilot study was designed which allows the elicitation of data from speakers' realizations of connectivity in an empirically replicable fashion. In the study, which has been described briefly in the introduction, participants were provided with a skeleton text that approximated an underlying representation, and they were asked to "flesh it out" into a fully operational text (cf. appendix). The discourse units of the skeleton text have been stripped of almost all of their adverbials (adjuncts, subjuncts, conjuncts and disjuncts), a grammatical function which codes and signals temporal and local contextual information, discourse connectivity, and speaker's beliefs and attitude, reduced in this way to their necessary minimum of propositional content, but still containing the sequential organization and default configuration of events. Whenever it seemed possible to realize more than one discourse relation connecting two discourse units, participants needed to choose both the discourse relation to employ and whether to encode it in coherence strands, or whether to encode it in coherence strands and additionally signal it with discourse connectives, and/or metacommunicative comments, and/or pragmatic word order [37]. Participants were provided with the skeleton text, together with information about medium and genre of the original text. Their task was to use and edit the skeleton text and create a coherent and wellformed text of identical discourse genre, with the single constraint that the original sequence of discourse units had to remain unchanged. As an editing task with 'minimal available text' no new content needed to be generated, while it was still necessary to supplement and integrate additional linguistic material to arrive at an operational text and thus a well-formed, coherent whole. The main interest of our study was not whether or even how a relation between two given units was realized, but rather the variation between different realizations of identical discourse relation potential. Whenever an underspecified discourse relation is encountered, participants – in both production formats – need to choose both the discourse relation to employ and the degree of overtness in which to realize it: they need to choose whether to encode the discourse relation in coherence strands, or whether to encode the discourse relation in coherence strands and additionally signal it. We expected the participants of our study to adhere to the constraints of the argumentative genre of commentary in their encoding and signaling of discourse relations. Intrinsic guiding criteria for the selection of additional material are (1) discourse genre as a blueprint, and (2) the sociocognitive construct of discourse common ground with intended readers of the resulting text [10]. Evidence for the hypotheses of discourse genre as a kind of blueprint and sociocognitive discourse common ground as an administered record of a current communicative event related to other records as well as to presupposed Background [44] is expected to be obtained from (1) the kind of linguistic material added to contextualize the bare units, which is seen as relevant to the construal of discourse coherence and construction of discourse common ground, and (2) the dyad's negotiation of what needs to be added to be able to contextualize the bare units in order to be able to transform them into a well-formed text. The added linguistic material allows for the reconstruction of imported context and explicated background assumption, while the dyad's negotiation of what needs to be added promises insights into the processing and contextualization of discourse, the construction of discourse common ground and the construal of discourse coherence. Discourse common ground is a context-dependent notion which administers the contextualization of discourse, in particular discourse processing, negotiation of meaning and construal of discourse coherence. It contains a set of references to a particular domain of discourse, to domain-specific beliefs and to domain-specific presuppositions – the discourse genre of commentary and its contextual constraints and requirements, for instance. Because of the embeddedness of discourse, discourse common ground is related to meta-discourses and their background information and to further sets of domain-specific beliefs. Discourse common ground is related dialectically to more general discourse common grounds, which participants construed and administered in previous communicative events, and it is related to more general common ground. Discourse common ground has a dual status: on the one hand, it is a particularized category administrating both an individual's processing and contextualization of a particular discourse and her/his construal of discourse coherence for that particular discourse, which is referred to as individual discourse common ground. For communication to be felicitous, however, participants need to negotiate a – at least partially shared – representation of discourse common ground, which is referred to as collective discourse common ground. Collective discourse common ground is negotiated and ratified and thus shared by the set participants. Individual discourse common ground and collective discourse common ground do not need to be identical, but they need to overlap, to varying degrees. On the other hand, discourse common ground is a generalized category: it administers other kinds of discourse common ground, which the participants have construed and administered in previous communicative events and interactions. All of these kinds of discourse common ground form a network, which is related dialectically. Discourse common ground is not only relational, but also dynamic. The dual status of discourse common ground as (1) generalized discourse common, and as (2) particularized discourse common ground is also reflected in the differentiation between core common ground and emergent common ground: "Core common ground [original emphasis] refers to the relatively static (diachronically changing), generalized, common knowledge and beliefs that usually belong to a certain speech community as a result of prior interactions and experience, whereas emergent common ground [original emphasis] refers to the dynamic, particularized knowledge created in the course of communication and triggered by the actual situational context" [29, p. 160]. The goal of communication – and of the monadic and dyadic editing tasks – is to activate the generalized discourse common ground, facilitating access to both generalized discourse common ground and to emerging particularized discourse common ground. Against this background, "[c]ommon ground is an assumption that we make in the course of actual communication. Both core common ground and emergent common ground are integrated parts of this assumed common ground" [29, p. 164]. The participants of our study for the dyadically edited texts were adult native speakers of English, volunteering from the academic community of Augsburg University. They included two native speakers of American English, two native speakers of British English, and one native speaker each of Canadian English and Irish English. All of them were from an academic background and all of them can be considered to be familiar with how to produce and edit argumentative discourse. Their negotiation was recorded and the metadata were transcribed by student assistants and checked against delivery. The analysis focused on those incidents where the adding of discourse connectives and adverbials was negotiated, as well as on those where participants discussed the appropriate use of tense and its reference to time. For the monadically edited texts, students from British universities and US universities volunteered to participate in the study – some gained extra credits for their courses, others just participated. They were provided with the identical skeleton text, together with information about © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 10 medium and genre of the original text (cf. Appendix). The 18 texts edited by 9 monads and 9 dyads were segmented into discourse units, coded 5 for discourse relations and analyzed with respect to the linguistic realizations of discourse relations. The focus was on the linguistic material added to the bare units in the dyadic and monadic settings. In the edited texts, the linguistic material added was examined and classified as expanding the bare unit with discourse connectives or adverbials, or as forming additional discourse units, which stand in one or more discourse relations with a bare unit. Discourse relations encoded in coherence strands in accordance with their defining conditions were classified as implicit, and discourse relations additionally signaled with discourse connectives or pragmatic word order were classified as overt. While signaling ensures the activation of relevant defining conditions and thus guides the hearer in their interpretation of discourse relations as intended by the speaker, encoding defining conditions in coherence strands only may carry the risk of the discourse relation not being interpreted as intended by the speaker because the hearer may infer a different discourse relation. 4.3. Results In the monadically and dyadically edited data, contrastive discourse relations are both encoded and signaled, which corroborates the results obtained from previous research. For the coordinating discourse relation of Contrast, the discourse connective but was the most frequently used device for signaling Contrast in both monadically and dyadically edited texts, with the monadic texts showing more variation in signaling Contrast, using also the contrastive discourse connective while, which may signal both causal and temporal contrast. The subordinating discourse relation of Corrective Elaboration was signaled with various contrastive connectives, showing a preference for however in the dyadic, co-constructed texts and displaying more variation in the monadic texts, which also used the connectives yet, despite, instead of, though, although, however, and not just, and the metacommunicative comments even better and surprisingly. As for linguistic devices encoding and signaling Contrast, morpho-syntactic negation (e.g., no or not in contracted or non-contracted forms, negative affixes, e.g., un-, im-, in-, a-, anti-, dis- or –less), semantic negation (e.g., deny, reject, forbid or refute), and pragmatic and metalinguistic negation seem good candidates 6 [12]. In coordinating Contrast as well as in subordinating Contrastive Elaboration, semantic dissimilarity was encoded in coherence strands, indexing – referential continuity – topic continuity – a shift in temporal coherence – a shift in aspectual coherence – lexical coherence, in particular scalar and complementary antonymic lexical relations In our edited data, coherence strands were frequently cued multiply for encoding a contrastive discourse relation, for example 'nowadays' and 'in the past' / 'in the post-war era'; 'London of former days was' and 'London of today is much more'; 'there was a time when NP was' and 'today this NP has changed'; 'last time NP came here' and 'now it's much more exciting! – all of them expressing semantic dissimilarity . Frequently the degree of contrastiveness of the linguistic context was intensified by further linguistic material signaling temporal contrast ('but now / today'; 'however now / these days'), thus corroborating Asher and Lascarides' claim that Contrast is scalar [2, p. 168]. Sometimes additional discourse units were added in the monadically edited texts, furnishing Contrast with the discourse relations of Background or Explanation thereby not only intensifying the degree of 5 To ensure interrater reliability, the coding of DR was undertaken by the author and Carolin Hofmockel, a postgraduate research assistant (University of Augsburg). 6 In this paper, negation is considered as linguistically marked. This does not, however, imply, that the discursive processing of negation is more effortful and more complex [18]. © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 11 contrastiveness but also contributing to the construal of a higher degree of local and global discourse coherence by providing subjectified accounts for semantic dissimilarity or contrasting mereological eventualities with the functions of accounting for the halt in the flow of discourse and supporting the administration of discourse common ground. 5. Discussion Discourse relations have been defined by their defining conditions, which are encoded in coherence strands and which can additionally be signaled with discourse connectives, metacommunicative comments and pragmatic word order. The degree of specification of discourse relations in discourse is seen as a structure-based phenomenon and is calculated by the number of coherence strands encoded and the number of signals employed. Underspecification is defined as not fully encoding the defining conditions, thus allowing for multiple assignment of discourse relations, and overspecification is defined as fully encoding the defining conditions and adding discourse-relation-specific signals (discourse connectives, metacommunicative comment, pragmatic word order) to ensure speakerintended interpretation. In both single-authored and co-constructed texts, the defining conditions of contrastive discourse relations were encoded in coherence strands and signaled with contrastive discourse connectives, and / or metacommunicative comments, and / or pragmatic word order; sometimes more than one signal was used. The preferred contrastive discourse connective for Contrast was but, and the preferred initial constituent for pragmatic word order was a temporal adjunct (e.g., now, today). Frequently two signals were employed, intensifying the force of the contrastive discourse connective with pragmatic word order. For Corrective Elaboration, the preferred discourse connective was however. 5.1. Contrast In the following, the encoding and signaling of the coordinating discourse relation of Contrast is analyzed in the editing-based tasks (cf. appendix). The co-constructed examples are supplemented with extracts from their negotiation-of-production protocols. Examples (1) and (2) are from the dyadically edited texts, and (3) and (4) from the monadically edited texts. Temporal and aspectual coherence is printed in italics, topic and referential continuity is underlined, contrastive discourse connectives and metacommunicative comments are printed in bold, and LEXICAL COHERENCE is printed in SMALL CAPS: (1) #2/2 In the past, London was a DOWDY place of tea-houses and STALE rock cakes, #2/3 but now it's MUCH MORE EXCITING. (2) #1/7a While some Londoners might find these foreign tongues THREATENING, #1/7b I DELIGHT in hearing them mingled with snatches of French, German, Spanish, Italian, Japanese ... In (1) and (2), the defining condition of Contrast, semantic dissimilarity between #2/2 and #2/3, and #1/7a and #1/7b, is encoded in topic discontinuity ('some Londoners' – 'I'), which may, however, also count as mereological topic specification if the first-person reference 'I' is interpreted as being a member of the set of 'some Londoners': Semantic dissimilarity is further encoded in temporal discontinuity (encoded in past tense ('was') and simple present ('is'), and the temporal adjuncts ('in the past' – 'now')). Semantic dissimilarity is also coded in antonymic lexical relations, which are intensified with a comparative construction ('dowdy' and 'stale / much more exciting'; 'past' – 'now'; 'some' – 'I'; 'threatening' – 'delight'), and it is signaled with the contrastive discourse connectives 'but' and 'while'. In the metadata, the signaling and encoding of semantic dissimilarity is an object of talk: the dyads negotiate what kind of linguistic material needs to be added to turn the skeleton text into a well-formed © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 12 whole – with skeleton-text material printed in italics and the negotiation of linguistic material to be added printed in bold: B1: {05:24} so here it says see also this is present \| and then London was a dowdy place but now and now it's much more exciting so we have put this in the right context so we could start with the british had seemed or in the past (2s) B1: {06:31} erm (2s) erm (3s) i wrote i used now already see but now it's much more exciting \| but today how about today's much more exciting now how about if we do that but today A1: mhm but today it's B1: much more exciting now walking Participant B1 does not only make the contrast to be encoded in tense and temporal adverbials an object of talk, but also uses them in her/his negotiation of the search for appropriate formulations ('this is present'; 'then'; 'had seemed'; 'in the past'; 'but now'; 'but today') when s/he talks about the linguistic material to be filled in to transform the skeleton text into a well-formed argumentative whole. A very similar kind of negotiation takes place between the second dyad, referring to tense in their negotiation of well-formedness ('a jump from the present to the past'). B2 uses a contrastive discourse connective in their talk ('while'), contextualizing 'rock cake', which seems to have caused some processing problems, leading to partial understanding only, and also negotiating the degree of contrast to be added ('it's more exciting' – 'much more exciting'): B: {03:30} yeah there's a jump from the present to the past right so there are hm hm case it's true that 2 london was a dowdy place but now it's much more exciting A: yeah B2: while it is tr- 2 A2: in the past 2 B: rock cake is erm like a scone but larger and hard \| (2s) buttery A2: uh huh {04:00} and stale rock cakes but now it's more exciting? 2 B: mhm much more exciting yeah A2: yeah it's much more exciting In the monadically edited examples (3) and (4), the defining condition of Contrast, semantic dissimilarity between #D/2 and #D/3, and #M/2 and #M/4 is encoded in topic and referential discontinuity ('The landscape' – 'we') in (3), and in topic discontinuity ('London' – 'this negative perception') and referential discontinuity ('typical view' – 'recent survey') in (4). Semantic dissimilarity is also encoded in aspectual discontinuity (imperfective aspect – perfective aspect) in (3), and temporal and aspectual discontinuity ('was' – 'has changed') in (4). Semantic dissimilarity is encoded in antonymic lexical relations ('look fairly similar – 'changed dramatically''; 'be' – 'change'), and signaled with the contrastive discourse connective 'but' in (3), and with pragmatic word order realized with a fronted temporal adjunct in (4): (3) #D/2 The landscape may LOOKFAIRLY SIMILAR #D/3 but how we live , how we move around, how we work and who we live with hasCHANGED DRAMATICALLY. (4) #M/2 There was a time when THE TYPICAL VIEW OF THE OVERSEAS VISITOR WAS that London was a dowdy place of tea-houses and stale rock cakes. #M/4 Today, according to a recent survey of tourists conducted by the London Bureau of Tourism, THIS negative PERCEPTION HAS CHANGED. The coordinating discourse relation of Contrast is – structurally speaking – overspecified in the dyadically and monadically edited texts, in spite of the fact that Contrast is the discourse relation with the lowest number of overlaps for defining conditions and therefore not very likely not be © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 13 or misinterpreted. There seems to be something special about Contrast, which may – like negation – count as a marked [6, 9, 28]. 5.2. Corrective Elaboration The defining condition of the subordinating discourse relation of Corrective Elaboration is semantic dissimilarity between the main eventualities of two discourse units with the additional constraint of the main eventualities of the second unit being a mereological part of the main eventualities of the first. In the dyadically edited texts (examples (5) and (6)) and in the monadically edited texts (examples (7) and (8)), the Corrective Elaborations are not only encoded in relevant coherence strands, but also signaled with a contrastive discourse connective, generally however: (5) #2/8 Some would argue thatLondon HAS BECOME the capital of linguistic diversity. #2/9 However, one important group seems to be LEAVING ITSELF OUT: (6) #3/8 Surprisingly, London HAS BECOME the capital of linguistic diversity. #3/9 However, one important group which seems to be EXCLUDING {skeleton text: 'leaving'} ITSELF {skeleton text: 'out'} Semantic dissimilarity between the two main eventualities is cued in the parts-whole configuration of 'London' and 'one important group' and in temporal and aspectual shifts between resultative perfect 'has become' and evidential modality 'seems to be leaving itself out' in (5) and (6); this is also made an object of talk in the dyad's negotiation of well-formed realization ('it is a contrast because this is' – 'it's a bit weird with like in fact and then however'). The degree of semantic dissimilarity is intensified in (5) with the metacommunicative comment 'surprisingly', signifying contrast of expectation, which has also been an object of talk in the dyad's negotiation of well-formedness: ``` A2: yeah but otherwise how would you link it? B2: yeah A2: i could just well I mean I'm just thinking \| B2: well I well ok i can you know or (5s) ok yeah &&& [ stuttering] it is a contrast because this is ah\| A2: she can do this because she can do that\| B2: because she can yeah \| A2: (3s) i'm changing the text &&& [mumbling] however one B2: &&& (mumbling) namely students A2: (3s) it's a bit weird with like in fact and then however B2: yeah A2: it's like \| a bit too much \| B2: mhm mhm well just leave it out in fact A2: yeah (5s) it's like overdoing the transition \| a bit\| B1: {08:01}ok and how about london has become the capital of linguistic diversity &&& surprisingly we need something in there \| we need an adverb in there surprisingly or i don't know A1: yeah yeah let's put in surprisingly ``` The monadically edited data display very similar patterns, but they are furnished with more socialcontext information, that is the source of the claim that London has become the capital of linguistic diversity is entextualised in 'her husband', and an additional discourse unit is added supplementing the Corrective Elaboration between #M/8 and #M/9 with the discourse relation of Background encoded in epistemic modality (might be') and signaled with the discourse connective 'while' in (7). In (8) the defining condition of semantic dissimilarity between main eventualities is cued by 'an inquiry is underway' and its mereological specification as 'an inquiry into the impact of Tory educational © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 14 policies' signaled not only with the rhetorical question in #S/13 (is not bureaucracy wonderful?), but also with pragmatic word order (inverted subject: 'even better would be an inquiry...'). Semantic dissimilarity is further cued by a shift in tense and modality ('is under way' – 'would be better'): (7) #M/8 Her husband interjected, "London HAS BECOME the capital of linguistic diversity". #M/9 However [#10 while linguistic diversity might be a salient feature of the nation's capital,] one important group seems to be LEAVING ITSELF OUT: (8) #S/13 An inquiry is underway— is not bureaucracy wonderful? #S/14 Even better would be an inquiry into the impact of Tory educational policies on closing more and more students out from a university education. Like coordinating Contrast, subordinating Corrective Elaboration is – structurally speaking – overspecified in the dyadically and monadically edited texts, corroborating the results obtained for non-edited argumentative discourse. Structural overspecification thus seems to be the default for contrastive discourse relations in argumentative discourse. But why would language users opt for overspecification for contrastive discourse relations, which share only very few defining conditions with other discourse relations? We assume that the degree of overspecification has several reasons. Firstly, structural overspecification is an attention-guiding device and thus related closely to sociocognitive salience. Secondly, speakers / writers intend to secure the speaker-intended interpretation of contrastive discourse relations, which signal an intended change in the direction of discursive flow and therefore require particular attention, and thirdly, contrastive discourse relations have a decisive impact on discourse processing and contextualization as they signal some change and some potential restructuring and recontextualization in the administration of the current discourse common ground. Discourse common ground is a dynamic construct, which is negotiated and updated continuously in natural-language communication, i.e. confirmed, modified or restructured, by storing new information communicated by the constitutive parts of discourse as well as by discourse-as-a-whole, and by updating and possibly modifying already stored information. Contrastive discourse relations may thus not only have a local impact on the processing of discourse, the construal and negotiation of discourse coherence, and the administration of discourse common ground, but they may also require some restructuring of already stored discursive information in the discourse common ground. 6. Conclusion Discourse is a multilayered, complex construct, and so is its linearization. The sequential organization and linearization of discourse is not only a linguistic-surface phenomenon, but rather depends on linguistic context, social context and cognitive context. Contrastive discourse relations have an important function in discourse, signaling some change in the flow of discourse, and they have a particularly important function in argumentative discourse where they make manifest that one or more arguments may be controversial. The structural overspecification of contrastive discourse relations found in the monadically and dyadically edited texts corroborates the results obtained for the linguistic realization of contrastive discourse relations in media discourse. This provides strong evidence for assigning overspecification the status of default configuration for Contrast and Corrective Elaboration in argumentative discourse, where it is used strategically to contribute to the activation of defining conditions, foregrounding them, making them salient through overt marking and assigning communicative relevance to them. Underspecification, which has not been found for contrastive discourse relations, may reflect cognitive economy. © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 15 Context and discourse are dynamic relational constructs with context containing discourse and context being contained in discourse. Consequently, context is presupposed in natural-language communication; it is imported into a discourse with indexical expressions or it is entextualised in discursive contributions or in some of its constitutive parts, and it is invoked in a discourse through inferencing. In argumentative discourse, overspecified contrastive discourse relations do not only signal negative contexts and trigger respective inferencing processes, but they also entextualise the kind of 'negativity'. A dynamic perspective on context entails contextualization on the one hand, that is retrieving contextual information for discourse processing and discourse production, and grounding and anchoring discursive contributions in sociocognitive discourse common ground. On the other hand, it entails entextualisation, that is encoding and signaling of contextual information, for instance by narrowing down the referential domains of indexical expressions or by signaling contextual frames, as is the case with discourse connectives. Discourse is interdependent on context, and context is interdependent on discourse. A pragmatic theory of discourse and its premise of indexicality of communicative action does not only offer insights into the multifaceted, multilayered and infinite theoretical construct of context and its instantiation in the production and processing of discourse, but also into the contextual constraints and requirements of discourse in general and of the delimiting frame of discourse genre in particular. By adopting both a bottom-up and top-down – or a micro and macro – approach to context and discourse, and by additionally accounting for interdependencies of their connectedness, it is possible to operationalize discourse with the delimiting frame of discourse genre, which is a structured whole with its genrespecific constraints and requirements. And it is also possible to delimit context as a delimiting frame of embedding context constrained by the contextual constraints and requirements of genre; the delimiting frame of embedding context may, of course, be expanded to a meta-level, should the communicative need arise. Context is thus not a set of propositions excluded from the content of a discursive contribution and construed against the background of the contribution [32]. Rather, context is a constitutive – though not necessarily fully made explicit – part of the contribution. Thus, if context is not given and external to a discursive contribution but rather a constitutive part of it construed and negotiated in the production and processing of discourse, it has the status of an indexical; and if context has the status of an indexical in natural-language discourse, it can never be saturated; this is because context is relational and embedded in an infinite series of meta-contexts. However, it is not only context, which is indexical, but also communicative action realized in the form of discursive contributions, which are carriers and containers of contextualized and entextualised objects as well as constitutive parts of it. Hence, it is not only indexical expressions contained in discursive contributions, which are contextualized in the production and processing of discourse, but rather the discursive contribution and discourse-as-a-whole. Discourse studies have shown that there is systematic variation in the linguistic realization of the contextual constraints and requirements of a discourse genre, both for the genre-as-a-whole and for its constitutive parts, as has been demonstrated for the encoding and signaling of contrastive discourse relations. Accounting for systematic variation with respect to the linguistic realization of discourse and its constitutive parts – in particular with the explicit accommodation of context- and discoursedependent sociocognitive discourse common ground – may not only lead to a re-assessment of language use, but also support context-dependent instantiations of document design. As for computer science and philosophy of language studies on context and communication, expanding the frame of reference from sentences and propositions to discursive contribution and discourse genre may lead to more refined insights. 7. References [1] Anscombre J., Ducrot O., L'Argumentation dans la Langue, Mardaga, Brussels, 1983. © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 16 [2] Asher N., Lascarides A., Logics of conversation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. [3] Bateson G., Steps to an ecology of mind. Chandler Publishing Company, New York, 1972. [4] de Beaugrande R., Dressler W., Einführung in die Textlinguistik, Niemeyer, Tübingen,1981. [5] Brandom R.B., Making it explicit: Reasoning, representing, and discursive commitment, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994. [6] Doherty, M., "Discourse relators and the beginnings of sentences in English and German", Languages in Contrast 3, pp. 223-251, 2003. [7] Ducrot O., Le Dire et le dit, Minuit, Paris, 1984. [8] Fairclough N., Analyzing discourse. Textual Analysis for Social Research, Routledge, London,2003. [9] Fetzer A., "Non-acceptances: re- or un-creating context", in P. Bouquet et al. (dir.), 2nd International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modelling and Using Context (Context'99), pp. 133-144, Springer, Hedelberg,1999. [10] Fetzer A., "Reformulation and common grounds", in A. Fetzer, K. Fischer (dir.), Lexical markers of common grounds, pp. 157-179, Elsevier, London, 2007. [11] Fetzer A., "Theme zones in English media discourse. Forms and functions", Journal of Pragmatics 40/9, pp. 15431568, 2008. [12] Fetzer A., "Challenges in contrast", Languages in Contrast 9/1, pp. 73-97, 2009. [13] Fetzer A., "'Here is the difference, here is the passion, here is the chance to be part of a great change': Strategic context importation in political discourse", in A. Fetzer, E. Oishi (dir.), Context and contexts: parts meet whole?, pp. 115146, John Benjamins, Amsterdam,2011. [14] Fetzer A., "Contexts in interaction: relating pragmatic wastebaskets", in R. Finkbeiner, J. Meibauer, P. Schumacher (dir.), What is a context? Linguistic approaches and challenges, pp. 105-127, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2012. [15] Fetzer A., "Structuring of discourse", in M. Sbisa, K. Turner (dir.), Handbooks of pragmatics. The pragmatics of speech actions. Vol. 2, pp. 685-711, de Gruyter, Berlin, 2013. [16] Fetzer A., "Context", in Y. Huang (dir.), The Oxford handbook of pragmatics, pp. 259-276, Oxford University Press Oxford, 2017. [17] Fetzer A., Speyer A., "Discourse relations in context: Local and not-so-local constraints", Intercultural Pragmatics 9/4, pp. 413-452, 2012. [18] Giora R., "Anything negatives can do affirmatives can do just as well, except for some metaphors", Journal of Pragmatics 38, pp. 981-1014, 2006. [19] Givon T. English Grammar. A function-based introduction (2 vols), John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 1993. [20] Givon T., Context as other minds, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2005. [21] Goffman E., Forms of talk, Blackwell, Oxford, 1981. [22] Goffman E., Frame analysis, North Eastern University Press, Boston, 1986. [23] Goodwin C., Duranti A., "Rethinking context: An introduction", in A. Duranti, C. Goodwin (dir.), Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon, pp. 1-42, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992. [24] Grice H.P., "Logic and conversation," in P. Cole, J.L. Morgan (dir.), Syntax and semantics. Vol. III, pp. 41-58, Academic Press, New York, 1975. [25] Gumperz J.J., "Contextualization and understanding", in A. Duranti, C. Goodwin (dir.), Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon, pp. 229-252, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992. [26] Gumperz J.J., "The linguistic and cultural relativity of inference", in J.J. Gumperz, S.C. Levinson (dir.), Rethinking linguistic relativity, pp. 374-406, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996. [27] Heritage J., Garfinkel and ethnomethodology, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1984. [28] Horn L., A natural history of negation, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1989. [29] Kecskes I., Intercultural pragmatics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014. [30] Knott A., Sanders T., "The classification of coherence relations and their linguistic markers: An exploration of two languages", Journal of Pragmatics 30, pp. 135-175, 1998. [31] Levinson S.C., "Activity types and language", Linguistics 17, pp. 365-399, 1979. © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 17 [32] Levinson S.C., "Interactional bias in human thinking", in Social intelligence and interaction, ed. by Esther Goody, pp. 221-260, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995. [33] Levinson S.C., "Contextualizing contextualization cues", in S. Eerdmans et al. (dir.), Language and interaction. Discussions with John J. Gumperz, pp. 31-40, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2003. [34] Lewis D., "Scorekeeping in a language game", Journal of Philosophical Logic 8, pp. 339-359, 1979. [35] Linell P., Approaching dialogue, John Benjamins, Amsterdam,1998. [36] Luckmann T., "Interaction planning and intersubjective adjustment of perspectives by communicative genres", in E. Goody (dir.), Social intelligence and interaction, pp. 175-188, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995. [37] Maier R.M., Hofmockel C., Fetzer A., "The negotiation of discourse relations in context: Co-constructing degrees of overtness", Intercultural Pragmatics 13/1, pp. 71-105, 2016. [38] Mann W., Thompson S., "Rhetorical structure theory: Towards a functional theory of text organization", TEXT 8, pp. 243–281, 1988. [39] Park J.S., Bucholtz M., "Public transcripts: entextualization and linguistic representation in institutional contexts", Text & Talk 5, pp. 485–502, 2009. [40] Prevignano C., Di Luzio A., "A discussion with John J. Gumperz", in S. Eerdmans et al. (dir.), Language and interaction. Discussions with John J. Gumperz ed. by Susan Eerdmans et al., pp.7-30, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2003. [41] Sanders T., "Semantic and pragmatic sources of coherence: On the categorization of coherence relations in context", Discourse Processes 24/1, pp. 119-147, 1997. [42] Sarangi S., "Activity types, discourse types and interactional hybridity: The case of genetic counselling", in S. Sarangi, M. Coulthard (dir.), Discourse and social life, pp. 1-27, Longman, Harlow, 2000. [43] Schegloff E., "In another context", in A. Duranti, C. Goodwin (dir.), Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon, pp. 191-228, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992. [44] Searle J., Making the social world: The structure of human civilization, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010. [45] Sperber D., Wilson, D., Relevance: Communication and cognition, Blackwell, Oxford, 1986. [46] Thibault P.J., "Contextualization and social meaning-making practices", in S. Eerdmans et al. (dir.), Language and interaction. Discussions with John J. Gumperz ed. by Susan Eerdmans et al., pp.41-62, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2003. [47] Widdowson H., Text, context, and pretext. Critical issues in discourse analysis, Blackwell, Oxford, 2004. [48] Wittgenstein L., Philosophical investigations, Blackwell, Oxford, 1958. 8. Appendix Argumentative skeleton text and instructions The following 15 clauses form the backbone of a commentary from the Guardian. You may add or delete any linguistic material which you consider necessary to transform the current text into a wellformed coherent whole, but you may not change the order of the given clauses. The solitary monoglots 1. the British seem set on isolation from the world 2. London was a dowdy place of tea-houses and stale rock cakes 3. it's much more exciting 4. I can hear people speaking in all the languages of the world 5. was that Pashto or Hindi 6. I can just about differentiate Polish from Lithuanian 7. I delight in hearing them mingled with snatches of French, German, Spanish, Italian, Japanese… 8. London has become the capital of linguistic diversity 9. one important group seems to be leaving itself out 10. students 11. foreign language learning at Britain's schools has been in decline for decades 12. the number of universities offering degrees in modern languages has plummeted © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 18 13. an inquiry is under way 14. the number of teenagers taking traditional modern foreign languages at A-level fell to its lowest level since the mid-90s 15. it's a paradox © 2018 ISTE OpenScience – Published by ISTE Ltd. London, UK – openscience.fr Page \| 19
Anatomy And Physiology Blood Chapter Anatomy & Physiology An Integrative Approach Anatomy and Physiology for Health Professionals Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Healthcare Students Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians Fundamentals of Children and Young People's Anatomy and Physiology Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 2900 Multiple Choice Questions and 64 Essay Topics The Human Body: Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology Human Anatomy & Physiology Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders The Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide for Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology - E-Book Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation, Second Edition Study Guide for Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Human Anatomy & Physiology An Interactive, Flash-Card Approach Introduction to the Human Body The Human Body Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Medical Physiology : The Big Picture Hematology Anatomy & Physiology in a Flash! 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UNIQUE! 31 new Animation Direct animations on the bound-in CD help you visualize diﬃcult concepts and processes. Extensively revised and updated illustrations and micrographs vividly illustrate and reinforce important A&P content. Updated content reﬂects the most up-todate understanding of human anatomy. Anatomy and Physiology Pearson Higher Ed This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. Now in its Tenth Edition, Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 17 continues to set the standard for short-course A&P texts. Its dramatically updated art program, more streamlined presentation of material, and integration of chapter objectives will help you better visualize and understand the structure and function of the human body. Elaine Marieb's clear and friendly writing style emphasizes the relevance of anatomy & physiology to your life and future career. The book clariﬁes concepts, deﬁnes key terms, and oﬀers just the right balance of anatomy, physiology, and clinical coverage to make the content complete without being overwhelming. Elaine Marieb wrote this book speciﬁcally for the onesemester course and continues to carefully select a range of material that proves just right for the shorter course. New information on hot topics like the HPV Vaccine, Infantile Polycystic Kidney disease, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) draws students into the material. This package contains: Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Tenth Edition Anatomy and Physiology John Wiley & Sons INTRODUCTIO N TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY is for the fundamentals A&P science course. It requires no prior biology or chemistry knowledge. In addition this book exposes learners to the fundamentals of the human body and how it functions, speciﬁcally focusing on how body systems work together to promote homeostasis. Each body system chapter is selfcontained and can be studied in any order preferred. Extensive coverage of diseases highlights common disorders that aﬀect the body throughout the life span. Case Studies and Career Focus features help learners apply knowledge and consider careers for which an understanding of Anatomy and Physiology is essential (crime scene investigators, toxicologists, estheticians, medical animation specialists, food safety specialists, health care, etc.). Concept Maps illustrate how structure relates to function and Body Systems Working Together to Maintain Homeostasis show learners how the entire body works as a whole. Essential laboratory exercises included at the end of each chapter provide hands-on lab experience, without the need for a separate lab manual. Key terms with phonetic pronunciations help build vocabulary. The CD-ROM that 19 accompanies the book engages learners through interactive activities, quizzes and animations. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. Anatomy & Physiology Elsevier Health Sciences ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products. Packages Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase. Used or rental books If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code. Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase. xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx Visual Anatomy & Physiology combines a visual approach with a modular organization to deliver an easy-to-use and timeeﬃcient book that uniquely 21 21 oduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology A version of the OpenStax text Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation, Second Edition ButterworthHeinemann Ball's Study Guide for Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition is a comprehensiv e learning tool designed to help you better understand the terminology and concepts presented in Solomon's text. Its Table of Contents mirrors that of the text's, and its new matching exercises and jumble games, ﬁll-in-theblank study questions, labeling exercises, crossword puzzles, and more give you a fun way to test your mastery of the material. Updated with new content and art, this engaging Study Guide provides you with the tools you need to learn the language of anatomy and 23 physiology. Labeling exercises, consisting of art from the textbook, reinforce understanding of where the structures of the body are located. Multiple choice end-ofchapter tests immediately let you know if you have mastered the content of that chapter, and better prepare you for multiple choice quizzes and exams in class. Chapter outlines and learning objectives from the textbook highlight essential content and the objectives you should master before beginning the exercises. Crossword puzzle activities encourage the use of new vocabulary words and emphasize the proper spelling of terms. Fill-inthe-blank exercises help you master and retain information in a fun and engaging way. Answers to exercises on Evolve so you can use this Study Guide to test your knowledge. NEW! All-new matching exercises and jumble games, mixed with traditional ﬁllin-the-blank questions, create more variety and give you more options for study. NEW! Updated content and art reﬂects changes made to the new edition of the text — and provides you with the tools you need to learn and master the concepts presented in the text. Study Guide for Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Saunders College Publishing Introduction to the Human Body: The Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition, is designed for courses in human anatomy and physiology or in human biology. It assumes no previous study of the human body. The successful approach of the previous editions -- to provide students with a basic understanding Related with Anatomy And Physiology Blood Chapter: * Demonology Warlock Guide Dragonﬂight : click here 25
Diesel Engine Fire Pump Battery Charger Wiring Technical Report GB 50974-2014: Translated English of Chinese Standard. 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Every facility manager dreams of the day when absolutely nothing goes wrong, the week where no new unforeseen problems occur. A ﬁre protection problem is just one of the many emergencies that might spoil this dream. Delineating current and time-tested ﬁre protection practices, this book explores the wide array of ﬁre protection engineering applications encountered during typical facility operations so that facilities managers can be well-versed, informed, and better able to handle ﬁrerelated incidents. GB 50974-2014: Translated English of Chinese Standard. GB50974-2014 Springer Rely on the #1 Guide to Pump Design and Application-- Now Updated with the Latest Technological Breakthroughs Long-established as the leading guide to pump design and application, the Pump Handbook has been fully revised and updated with the latest developments in pump technology. 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The Fourth Edition of the Pump Handbook features: State-of-the-art guidance on every aspect of pump theory, design, application, and technology Over 100 internationally renowned contributors SI units used throughout the book New sections on centrifugal pump mechanical performance, ﬂow analysis, bearings, adjustable-speed drives, and application to cryogenic LNG services; completely revised sections on pump theory, mechanical seals, intakes and suction piping, gears, and waterhammer; application to pulp and paper mills Inside This Updated Guide to Pump Technology • Classiﬁcation and Selection of Pumps • Centrifugal Pumps • Displacement Pumps • Solids Pumping • Pump Sealing • Pump Bearings • Jet Pumps • Materials of Construction • Pump Drivers and Power Transmission • Pump Noise • Pump Systems • Pump Services • Intakes and Suction Piping • Selecting and Purchasing Pumps • Installation, Operation, and Maintenance • Pump Testing • Technical Data Fire Safety Science Gulf Professional Publishing Downloaded from blog.gmercyu.edu by guest The Second Edition of this introduction to ﬁre protection systems is completely revised and updated to oﬀer the student, architect or engineer the basics of ﬁre protection devices and equipment, and how they may be applied to any given project. Fire Protection: Detection, Notiﬁcation, and Suppression reveals the "nuts and bolts" of ﬁre protection system selection, design and equipment in an applied approach. Whether a mechanical engineer, safety engineer, architect, estimator, ﬁre service personnel, or student studying in these areas, the authors show the pros and the cons of protection systems being proposed, and how they should be compared to one another. It also gives non-ﬁre engineering practitioners a sense of proportion when they are put in a position to select a consultant, and to give a sense of what the consultant may be doing and how a system is being matched to the hazard. Beginning ﬁre protection engineers could also use its language for writing a report about these systems for a client. A Guide for Early Career Engineers Hemisphere Pub The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Jones & Bartlett Learning are pleased to bring you the fourth edition of Engine Company Fireground Operations. This expanded edition incorporates the latest recommendations from UL and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) into every aspect of ﬁre attack and ventilation and presents an extensive study of engine company ﬁre ground operations. This new edition is an ideal resource for ﬁre service personnel preparing for promotion or studying for a civil service examination. Fireﬁghters and company oﬃcers will gain knowledge in ﬁre science, building construction, and the eﬀects of burning modern fuels that result in extreme ﬁre behavior. Speciﬁc features include: Detailed illustrations that show the tactics and approaches described in each chapter Case studies of strategies and tactics that resulted in ﬁreﬁghter line of duty deaths, as well as those that were successful, incorporated into the recommended practices of engine company ﬁre attack, rescue, and ventilation Detailed information on size-up that applies risk management principles to the ValueTime-Size method, which considers survivability proﬁling and threshold limits, identifying problems, selecting strategies and tactics, developing a quick incident action plan, and applying a functional accountability system for safety A signiﬁcant emphasis on attacking residential and commercial basement ﬁres A one-of-its-kind chapter on ﬁreground operations and responsibilities for company level high-rise ﬁreﬁghting, with special attention paid to ﬁre behavior within high-rise buildings Indepth coverage of all the basic engine company responsibilities, including: Equipment Initial hose lays and water supplies The deployment of attack, back-up, and exposure hose lines Rapid intervention teams Search and rescue Master streams Fire protection systems Standpipe operations Salvage and overhaul Approval Guide Elsevier Introductory technical guidance for mechanical and civil engineers and construction managers interested in ﬁre protection systems for buildings and infrastructure features. Here is what is discussed: 1. FIRE DEPARTMENT (EMERGENCY) VEHICLE ACCESS 2. FIRE FLOW FOR FACILITIES 3. SERVICE MAINS AND LATERALS 4. FACILITY ON-SITE WATER STORAGE 5. FIRE PUMPS 6. FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS 7. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 8. WATER SPRAY SYSTEMS 9. FOAM SYSTEMS 10. STANDPIPE SYSTEMS 11. DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS 12. WET CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS 13. CLEAN AGENT FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS 14. WATER MIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 15. CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEMS 16. HALON 1301 SYSTEMS 17. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 18. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS 19. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) DETECTION 20. SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM. Technical ReportMcGraw Hill Professional Written from the perspective of industrial users, this is the only book that describes how to install an eﬀective ﬁrewater pumping system in a pragmatic and budget-conscious way rather than with purely the regulatory framework in mind. Based on the wide-ranging industrial experience of the author, this book is also the only one that deals with the particular risks and requirements of oﬀshore facilities. This book takes the reader beyond the prescriptive requirements of the ﬁre code (NFPA, UL) and considers how to make the best choice of design for the budget available as well as how to ensure the other components of the pumping system and supporting services are optimized. The only alternative to guides written by regulatory enforcement bodies, this book is uniquely practical and objective – demonstrating how and why the standards need to be met Covers a wide range of industries, including those with exceptional requirements such as oﬀ-shore petroleum facilities and chemical plants Written by someone who has been responsible for the safety of large numbers of workers and billions of dollars worth of equipment, for those in similarly responsible positions Pump Handbook Guyer Partners Operation of Fire Protection SystemsJones & Bartlett Learning Fire Protection Systems Elsevier A plant engineer is responsible for a wide range of industrial activities, and may work in any industry. The Plant Engineer's Reference Book 2nd Edition is a reference work designed to provide a primary source of information for the plant engineer. Subjects include the selection of a suitable site for a factory and provision of basic facilities, including boilers, electrical systems, water, HVAC systems, pumping systems and ﬂoors and ﬁnishes. Detailed chapters deal with basic issues such as lubrication, corrosion, energy conservation, maintenance and materials handling as well as environmental considerations, insurance matters and ﬁnancial concerns. The editor, Dennis Snow, has experience of a wide range of operations in the UK, Europe, the USA, and elsewhere in the world. Produced with the backing of the Institution of Plant Engineers, the Plant Engineer's Reference Book, 2nd Edition provides complete coverage of the information needed by plant engineers in any industry worldwide. Wide range of information will prove to be use to engineers in any industry Covers all the topics necessary to design and develop an engineering plant Will help engineers in industry deal with practical problems in a variety of situations Fire Protection Systems includes Navigate Advantage Access R S Means Company The third edition of Fire Protection Systems meets and exceeds the National Fire Academy's Fire and Emergency Services Higher Education (FESHE) course objectives and outcomes for the Associate's (Core) course Fire Protection Systems (C0288). The Third Edition provides a comprehensive and concise overview of the design and operation of various types of ﬁre protection systems, including ﬁre alarm and detection systems, automatic ﬁre sprinkler systems, special hazard ﬁre protection 3 3 systems, smoke control and management systems, and security and emergency response systems. The Third Edition includes: An emphasis on testing and inspection—Testing and inspection are stressed throughout and are reinforced through discussions of design and installation standards, testing and inspection processes and requirements, and common system impairments. Updated model code overview—An overview of the model code development process is presented to assist students in understanding the origin and ongoing signiﬁcance of building, ﬁre, and life safety issues and requirements. Case Studies—Each chapter begins with a case study that highlights actual events and lessons learned to emphasize the importance of designing, installing, inspecting, and maintaining ﬁre protection systems to eﬀectively ﬁght ﬁres. Additional case studies close each chapter and provide students a means to test their knowledge of the chapter concepts in the context of a ﬁctional case. Full-color photos and illustrations, in a larger 8 1/2 x 10 7/8 trim size, help identify the various systems and their associated components. Technical Report John Wiley & Sons In addition to architects, engineers, and design professionals, ﬁre ﬁghters also need to understand ﬁre protection systems in order to manage the ﬁre scene and minimize risks to life and property. Fire Protection Systems, Second Edition provides a comprehensive overview of the various types of ﬁre protection systems, their operational abilities and characteristics, and their applications within various types of structures. The new Second Edition meets the latest course objectives from the Fire and Emergency Services Higher Education s (FESHE) Fire Protection Systems model curriculum and covers: Water supply basics, including sources, distribution networks, piping, and hydrants. Active ﬁre protection systems and components, their operational characteristics, and installation, inspection, testing, and maintenance requirements. Passive ﬁre protection systems such as ﬁrewalls, ﬁre separation assemblies, and ﬁre dampers Smoke control and management systems, gas-based suppression, access and egress control systems, and the code requirements for installation of these systems. Ensure that you are completely up-to-date on the latest ﬁre protection systems and their operational characteristics and abilities with Fire Protection Systems, Second Edition." SURVEY OF FIRE APPLIANCES AND PROVISIONS, 2004 Edition (Course and Compendium) Jones & Bartlett Learning Although eﬀective ﬁre sprinkler systems are crucial to public safety, for years, the designers of those systems had few published resources to reference and guide them through their design processes. The ﬁrst edition of this book changed all that, and now The Design and Layout of Fire Sprinkler Systems Second Edition suits their needs even better. Written and thoroughly updated by a ﬁre prevention engineer with more than 20 years of experience, this book provides a complete, systematic introduction to automatic ﬁre sprinkler design and layout, from design basics, code requirements, and pipe hanging to hydraulic calculations, retroﬁts, and details on ﬁre pumps. The author carefully outlines all of a designer's responsibilities and includes an entire chapter dedicated to preparing for the NICET exam. More than 150 sample diagrams, checklists, sample forms, spec sheets, photographs, and a glossary complement the text, and the larger page size of this edition permits clear presentation of diagrams and schematics. The Design and Layout of Fire Sprinkler Systems not only builds the foundation and skills of newcomers to the ﬁeld, but also provides an outstanding reference for ﬁre safety professionals, building inspectors, insurance underwriters, and municipal oﬃcials. Federal Register William Andrew Electrical Systems and Equipment is the work of some 50 electrical design specialists in the power engineering ﬁeld based largely on the work and experience of GDCD's (Generation Development and Constructor Division of the CEGB) Electrical Branch. The volume describes the design philosophies and techniques of power engineering, the solutions to the large number of design problems encountered and the plant which has been chosen and developed to equip electrical systems both within the diﬀerent types of new power station, and modiﬁcation tasks at existing stations. Exploratory Shaft Facility Preliminary Designs - Paradox Basin Operation of Fire Protection Systems The Code of Federal Regulations is the codiﬁcation of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. Coal-ﬁred Fossil Plant Jones & Bartlett Learning Learn the ins and outs of ﬁre protection system hardware! Comprised of 37 illustrated chapters from the recently published Fire Protection Handbook, the new Operation of Fire Protection Systems helps you make better, more informed decisions about safety. Over 30 leading ﬁre protection experts contributed their expertise to this comprehensive look at how ﬁre detection, alarm, and suppression systems work, and what you need to do to keep them operational. You'll be able to oversee outside contractors, perform in-house tasks, and conduct inspections, with: Coverage of detection and alarm systems including notiﬁcation appliances, ﬁre alarm system interfaces, and gas and vapor detection systems and monitors Guidance on automatic sprinklers, water spray protection, standpipe and hose systems, and hazards such as Microbiologically Inﬂuenced Corrosion (MIC) Facts about direct halon replacement agents, foam, and all types of extinguishing agents and systems Facility managers, AHJ's, and ﬁre service pros gain the knowledge needed to keep equipment online and pass promotional exams. Popular Mechanics CRC Press Every oil and gas reﬁnery or petrochemical plant requires suﬃcient utilities support in order to maintain a successful operation. A comprehensive utilities complex must exist to distribute feedstocks, discharge waste streams, and remains an integrated part of the reﬁnery's infrastructure. Essentials of Oil and Gas Utilities explains these support systems and provides essential information on their essential requirements and process design. This guide includes water treatment plants, condensate recovery plants, high pressure steam boilers, induced draft cooling towers, instrumentation/plant air compressors, and units for a reﬁnery fuel gas and oil systems. In addition, the book oﬀers recommendations for equipment and ﬂow line protection against temperature ﬂuctuations and the proper preparation and storage of strong and dilute caustic solutions. Essentials of Oil and Gas Utilities is a go-to resource for engineers and reﬁnery personnel who must consider utility system design parameters and associated processes for the successful operations of their plants. Discusses gaseous and liquid fuel systems used to provide heat for power generation, steam production and process requirements Provides a design guide for compressed air systems used to provide air to the various points of application in suﬃcient quantity and quality and with adequate pressure for eﬃcient operation of air tools or other pneumatic devices. Explains the water systems utilized in plant operations which include water treatment systems or raw water and plant water system; cooling water circuits for internal combustion engines, reciprocating compressors, intercooling and after-cooling facilities; and "Hot Oil" and "Tempered Water" systems Maintenance of Fire Protection Systems Springer This reference is designed to give you a working knowledge of ﬁre protection in new construction and remodeling. You are guided through every phase of systems design, installation and performance with over 80 illustrations of system conﬁgurations. You see how to trouble-shoot engineering plans, systems selection, components, installation work...how to comply with codes and standards. Each section is aimed at helping you see the Big Picture as well as the vital details which can make or break the ﬁre protection segment of the project. Whatever your professional role...architect, engineer, contractor, facilities manager...you'll beneﬁt from the author's expert advice. Essentials of Oil and Gas Utilities https://www.chinesestandard.net Fire Pump Arrangements at Industrial Facilities, Third Edition delivers a practical reference from an author with a successful professional career in ﬁre protection and loss prevention engineering in the oil and gas industry. While most regulatory standards are left to interpretation and try to cover multiple industries in one location, this book focuses on the equipment, standards and operations speciﬁc to the petroleum industry, covering quality controls, pump drivers and scheduled maintenance and audits so the equipment remains in safety compliance. Enhanced with new sections on human factors, case studies for modeling ﬁre accidents and a look at recent events that have further shaped the safety and testing of ﬁre pumps, the book provides the engineer and manager with a critical oil and gas resource for every aspect of ﬁrewater pumps. Remains the go-to reference for loss prevention specialists and ﬁre engineering speciﬁc to the oil and gas industry Enhanced with new sections on quality audits and new case studies that evaluate operational issues and applications Fills in the practical hands-on information gap not covered in the regulatory standards Decontamination of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 Reactor Building Atmosphere, Environmental Assessment Jones & Bartlett Learning Popular Mechanics inspires, instructs and inﬂuences readers to help them master the modern world. Whether it's practical DIY home-improvement tips, gadgets and digital technology, information on the newest cars or the latest breakthroughs in science -- PM is the ultimate guide to our high-tech lifestyle. Title List of Documents Made Publicly Available IMO Publishing This book illustrates operation and maintenance practices/guidelines for economic generation and managing health of a thermal power generator beyond its regulatory life. The book provides knowledge for professionals managing power station operations, through its unique approach to chemical analysis of water, steam, oil etc. to identify malfunctioning/defects in equipment/systems much before the physical manifestation of the problem. The book also contains a detailed procedure for conducting performance evaluation tests on diﬀerent equipment, and for analyzing test results for predicting maintenance requirements, which has lent a new dimension to power systems operation and maintenance practices. A number of real life case studies also enrich the book. This 4 Diesel Engine Fire Pump Battery Charger Wiring 2021-08-03 book will prove particularly useful to power systems operations professionals in the developing economies, and also to researchers and students involved in studying power systems operations and control. The National Magazine of Shipping Jones & Bartlett Publishers [After payment, write to & get a FREE-of-charge, unprotected true-PDF from: email@example.com] This Code is developed to properly design the ﬁre water and ﬁre Related with Diesel Engine Fire Pump Battery Charger Wiring: * Anatomy Of A Wild Turkey : click here 5 hydrant system, to ensure construction quality, to standardize inspection and maintenance management, to reduce ﬁre hazards and to protect personal and property safety. This Code applies to the design, construction, inspection and maintenance management of ﬁre water and ﬁre hydrant systems of the new construction, expansion and renovation of industrial, commercial and municipal construction. 5
Design and Simulation of SRAM to Reduce Leakage Current using Enhanced Galeor Approach Anitha.K 1 , Darwin.S 2 , Mangala MariSelvi.E 3 , Vijayalakshmi.K 4 1,3,4 PG Student, Electronics Department, Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur, Tamilnadu, India. Asst.Prof., Electronics Department, Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur, Tamilnadu, 2 India. Abstract In this VLSI design era, low power memory is a need of all computing devices with high performance. The power is most important aspect for today's technology. So design a memory with low power is a vital role. With the rapid progress of technology development, threshold voltage is scale down very narrowly i.e., 180nM from 22nM. Reducing threshold voltage is the major cause of occurring leakage current in SRAM architecture. Enhanced GAted LEakage transistOR (EGALEOR) is a novel technique presented in this paper to reduce leakage current in SRAM architecture. The proposed technique will reduce 40% of static (leakage) power in write operation and 43% of static (leakage) power in read operation. This technique is designed and simulated in Tanner Software. Keywords Leakage current, 6T SRAM, threshold voltage, GALEOR and KGALEOR. I. INTRODUCTION Rapid growth in VLSI fabrication process results in the increase of the densities of integrated circuit by scaling down the technology. But the devices with such high densities lead to high power consumption and run time failure. Supply voltage has been scaled down to maintain low power consumption. Hence to control drive current and to achieve high performance, transistor threshold voltage scaling leads in the exponential increase of the sub threshold leakage current. Static Random access memory is used in most of the embedded and portable devices because of the high speed. Due to the strong demand of the SRAM memory, reduction of power consumption and leakage current of SRAM memory is very important. The logical construction of small 4bit SRAM architecture is shown in figure 1. This ram consists of four words of four bits each and has a total of 16 binary cells. The small blocks labelled BC represents the binary cell with its three inputs and one output. A memory with four words needs two address lines. The two address inputs go through a 24 decoder to select one of the four words. The decoder is enabled with the memoryenable input. When the memory enable is 0, all outputs of the decoder are 0 and none of the memory words are selected. With the memory select at1, one of the four words is selected, dictated by the value in the two address lines. Once a word has been selected, the read/write input determines the operation. During read operations, the four bits of the selected word go through or gates to output terminals. During write operation, the data available in the input lines are transferred into the four binary cells of the selected word[7]. The binary cells that are not selected are disabled, and their previous binary values remain unchanged. When the memory select input that goes into the decoder is equal to 0, none of the words are selected and the contents of all cells remain unchanged regardless of the value of the read/write input [12]. In this architecture, only four basic cells are operated at a time, remaining basic cells are in standby mode. In standby mode, Leakage current plays a predominant role in SRAM power consumption. So the leakage power consumes more power than dynamic power; it affects the speed of the SRAM operation. To overcome the performance degradation of SRAM, EGALEOR technique is implemented in SRAM architecture to reduce the leakage current in it. 1.1 LINEAR REGULATOR A voltage regulator is a voltage stabilizer that is designed to automatically stabilize a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator circuit is also used to change or stabilize the voltage level according to the necessity of the circuit [11]. Thus, a voltage regulator is used for two reasons: 1. To regulate or vary the output voltage of the circuit. 2. To keep the output voltage constant at the desired value in spite of variations in the supply voltage or in the load current. A linear regulator is a system used to maintain a steady voltage. The resistance of the regulator varies in accordance with the load resulting in a constant output voltage. The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a constant output voltage, and continually dissipating the difference between the input and regulated voltages as waste heat. Linear regulators may place the regulating device in parallel with the load (shunt regulator) or may place the regulating device between the source and the regulated load (a series regulator). Simple linear regulators may only contain a zener diode and a series resistor as shown in figure 2. The shunt regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the "bottom half" of the voltage divider). The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows uselessly to ground, making this form usually less efficient than the series regulator. It is, however, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage-reference diode, and is used in very lowpowered circuits where the wasted current is too small to be of concern[4]. This form is very common for voltage reference circuits. A shunt regulator can usually only sink (absorb) current. II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 EXISTING METHOD: GALEOR APPROACH In GALEOR approach, one gate leakage high VT NMOS transistor is introduced between the output and the pull up network and another gated leakage high VT PMOS transistor in inserted between output and the pull down network [2][6] as shown in figure 3. Due to the threshold voltage loss caused by high VT MOS transistors, this technique suffers from significant low voltage swing where low logic level appears much above than 0 and high logic level occurs much below than VDD. Increase of propagation delay is result of low output voltage swing [1][5]. . 2.2 PROPOSED METHOD: ENHANCED GALEOR APPROACH Enhanced GALEOR method overcomes the disadvantage of GALEOR technique.This technique is the combination of GALEOR technique and simple shunt regulator as shown in figure 4. simple shunt regulator is used to balance the output voltage swing. It consists of resistor and zener diode. zener diode is mainly used to avoid floating output. 2.2.2 OPERATION READ OPERATION To read the data „0(1)‟ to the SRAM cell, logic values are set on BL=1(0) and BL=1(0). The W/R input is always high value to shift the data between the data lines, BL, BL and the internal load lines [10][13]. The data line (BL or BL) connected to the load line with logic value„0‟ will not show any changes in the logic value after transfer of data or otherwise small change occur in the logic value[9]. Due to the driving capacity of the cell the data transfer produces a low value output when logic „0(1)‟at the internal load line is shared with the logic „0(1)‟of the data line. WRITE OPERATION To write the data „1(0)‟ to the SRAM cell, logic values are set on BL=1(0) and BL=0(1). The W/R input is always high value to transfer the data between the data lines, BL, BL and the internal load lines [8]. The data line (BL or BL) connected to the load line with logic value„1‟ will not show any changes in the logic value after transfer of data or otherwise small change occur in the logic value[4]. Due to the driving capacity of the cell the data transfer produces a high value output when logic „1„at the internal load line is shared with the logic „1‟of the data line. The operation summary is shown in the table 1 \| PROCESS \| CONTR OL SIGNAL \| TRANSISTORS \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| ON \| OFF \| \| TO READ “1” \| BL=0, BL=0 \| M1,M5,M9, M10 \| M2,M3,M4,M6, M7,M8 \| \| TO WRITE “0” \| BL=0, BL=1 \| M2,M3,M4, M5,M8,M9, M10 \| M1,M6,M7 \| \| TO WRITE “1” \| BL=1, BL=0 \| M1,M2,M3,M8, M9,M10 \| M4,M5,M6,M7 \| \| TO READ “0” \| BL=1, BL=1 \| M4,M8,M9, M10 \| M1,M2,M3,M5, M6,M7 \| III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The implementation of EGALEOR technique in SRAM is done using TANNER software. The design is simulated using tanner S-edit window. This technique is verified by using this software which performs simulation of the designed system. The Schematic diagram for basic SRAM cell with GALEOR technique is shown in figure 6 The Schematic diagram for basic SRAM cell with EGALEOR technique is shown in figure 7 The Simulation waveform of write operation of SRAM cell is shown in figure 8 The Simulation waveform to read 0 operation of SRAM cell is shown in figure 9 The Simulation waveform to read 1 operation of SRAM cell is shown in figure 10 Table 2 Performance Analysis \| OPERATIO N \| POWER (10-5)W \| \| PERFORMAN CE ANALYSIS \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| GALEOR \| EGALEOR \| \| \| TO READ 0 \| 6.24 \| 5.127 \| 17% \| \| TO READ 1 \| 5.1232 \| 1.9032 \| 62% \| \| TO WRITE 0 \| 3.127 \| 1.298 \| 58% \| 4. CONCLUSION EGALEOR technique has been designed for high speed computations and low power consumptions in SRAM. This technique can be used for meeting the challenges in all portable devices and communication devices by its faster operations. The power consumption of the SRAM is reduced since the leakage current in SRAM is decreased. The static power in SRAM gets reduced by 43 percentages in write operation and 40 percentages in read operation. REFERENCES [1] Anu Tonk and Shilpa Goyal, " A Literature Review on Leakage and Power Reduction Techniques in CMOS VLSI Design" International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 23218169 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 pg.no:554 – 558, February 2015. [2] Dilip .B and P. Surya Prasad, " Design of Leakage Power Reduced Static RAM using LECTOR" International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 3 , 2012,4127-4130. [3] Gnana Deepika .K, K. Mariya Priyadarshini and K. David Solomon Raj, "Sleepy Keeper Approach for Power Performance Tuning in VLSI Design" ISSN 0974-2166 Volume 6, November1 (2013), pp. 17-28. [4] Hina malviya, Sudha Nayar, "A new approach for Leakage Power Reduction Techniques in Deep Submicron Technologies in CMOS circuit for VLSI applications." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013. [5] Kaushal Kumar Nigam and Ashok Tiwari, "Zigzag keeper: a new approach for low power CMOS circuit" International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 1, Issue 9, November 2012. [6] Min, H. Kawaguchi and T. Sakurai, "Zigzag Super Cutoff CMOS (ZSCCMOS) Block Activation with Self-Adaptive Voltage Level Controller: An Alternative to Clock-gating Scheme in Leakage Dominant Era," IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 400-401, 2003. [7] Morris Mano.M and Michael D. Clietti, "Digital Design Book", fourth edition Pearson publication. ISBN: 9788131762806, @ 2007. [8] Bikash Khandal and Bikash Roy, "Design and Simulation of Low Power 6TSRAM and Control its Leakage Current Using Sleepy Keeper Approach in different Topology", International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) , May-June 2013. [9] Anupriya Jain, "Analysis and Comparison of Leakage Reduction Techniques for 6T-SRAM and 5TSRAM in 90nm Technology", International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT),August – 2012. [10] Sai Praveen Venigalla and G. Santhi swaroop Vemana, "To Reduce SRAM Sub-Threshold Leakage Using Stack and Zigzag techniques", International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology,01 April 2012. [11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulator [12] Pankaj Agarwal , Nikhil Saxena and Nikhita Tripathi "Low Power Design and Simulation of 7T SRAM Cell using various Circuit Techniques" International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume4Issue5- May 2013. [13] Shaik MD Irphan Bacha and K.V Satyanarayana "Design and Simulation of Low Power Reduced Read & Write Stability in SRAM Memory" International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 15 Number 8 – Sep 2014.
Current Topics in Abnormal Psychology: Cultural-Clinical Psychology (PSYD33H3 F LEC02) Fall 2013 Course Syllabus Instructor: Jessica Dere, Ph.D., C. Psych. Class Time and Location: Mondays, 1:00-3:00pm in Management Wing, Room 223 Office Hours and Location: Thursdays, 2:00-4:00 in Science Wing, Room 521 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Office Phone: (416) 208-2999 Please note: Course announcements will generally be made through Blackboard. Students are responsible for monitoring the course website regularly for important announcements and updates. Class emails will also be sent through Blackboard; please make sure your listed email address is correct. Prerequisite: PSYB32H3 plus one C-level half-credit in PSY Required Readings: Required readings for this course will be made up of journal articles and book chapters; these will largely consist of recent scholarly work in the field, but will also include some seminal articles. All required readings will be made available online through Blackboard, via a Libguide designed specifically for this course, which can be found under Course Readings in the Blackboard menu. The readings are organized in the Course Readings Guide by week. If you run into any problems, please contact our Liaison Librarian, Kate Johnson, at email@example.com. Additional Material: Supplemental readings and/or other course material will also be placed on the Blackboard course page over the course of the semester, to complement the required readings and material discussed in class. These materials are likely to serve as valuable resources when preparing course assignments. Course description: This course will provide students with an in-depth introduction to the field of cultural-clinical psychology. We will examine recent empirical efforts to address the complex interactions between cultural factors and psychopathology, incorporating an interdisciplinary perspective. Students will be asked to engage with both seminal works in the field, as well as cutting-edge lines of research. The overarching aim is to gain an increased understanding of the multifaceted inter-play between culture and mental health, with a focus on implications for the study and treatment of psychopathology. Learning objectives: At the conclusion of the course, students should be able to … 1. Discuss the development of the field of cultural-clinical psychology, and its connection to other disciplines concerned with issues of culture and mental health 2. Describe several fundamental ways in which the examination of cultural factors is crucial to the study of psychopathology, with reference to relevant examples from the empirical literature 3. Critically analyze empirical work in this field, and clearly communicate their understanding of and ideas about recent research relevant to cultural-clinical psychology 4. Conduct a careful literature search and review on a chosen topic in the area of culturalclinical psychology, and select appropriate sources in the creation of an annotated bibliography 5. Independently develop a proposed research study grounded in recent empirical work on a chosen topic within cultural-clinical psychology, and clearly communicate the proposed research idea in written assignments and a final research paper Important dates: September 9: First class September 23: ½ Page proposal due September 30: Presentation topics and dates will be assigned in class October 14: Reading week (Thanksgiving holiday) October 21: Annotated bibliography due November 4: Structured 1-page outline due November 25: No class this week- Extra office hours will be offered December 2: Final class, Final paper due Class structure: The first five weeks of this course will be largely lecture-based, in order to provide a solid introduction to the area of cultural-clinical psychology. We will cover several fundamental topics in the interdisciplinary area of culture and mental health, with lectures being supplemented by video and other multi-media materials. Though these classes will include a lecture component, student discussion and debate will also be strongly encouraged. Following reading week, the course structure will shift, with a greater emphasis on student-led discussion. Each week will focus on an overarching topic (e.g, depression, anxiety), and the class will begin with approximately five student presentations of 10-12 minutes. Each student will present a recent empirical article that addresses cultural-clinical questions that fit within that week's broad topic. Following the individual student presentations, the class will engage in a wider discussion of the week's topic, guided by the themes and questions raised by the student presentations. Class schedule: Please note: The class schedule is subject to change due to unforeseen circumstances. Evaluation: Participation: - Course participation: 5% - In-class quizzes: 5% Assignments: - ½ page proposal: 5% - Annotated bibliography: 15% - Structured 1-page outline: 15% - Presentation: 15% - Final paper: 40% Course participation: The aim of a seminar course is to promote discussion and debate amongst the group, as a means of enriching our understanding of and engagement with the course material. Students are encouraged and expected to constructively contribute to class discussions, and to share their own reflections and insights about the course content. Developing the skills to effectively communicate one's questions and ideas about complex topics is a crucial part of one's academic development. I recognize, however, that in-class participation may be more challenging for certain students. Therefore, I will also recognize active participation in the online discussion forum(s) on Blackboard outside of class time as a form of course participation. In-class quizzes: There will be brief quizzes at the beginning of class during the weeks prior to reading week (a total of four quizzes). These quizzes will consist of a few short answer questions designed to assess your comprehension of that week's assigned readings. These quizzes will take place during the first 15 minutes of class. If you are late or absent from class in a given week, you will NOT be able to write a make-up quiz, and will be assigned a grade of zero for that week's quiz. Written Assignments: 1. ½ Page proposal 2. Annotated bibliography 3. Structured 1-page outline 4. Final paper The major assignment for this course is a final research paper on a topic that falls within the general area of cultural-clinical psychology; this paper should be approximately 12-pages in length, excluding the reference list. Students will be asked to formulate a proposed research study based on a critical review of the literature to date on their chosen topic. Several course assignments are designed to help support and structure your work towards this final paper over the course of the semester. Specific details for each of these assignments will be discussed in class and posted on Blackboard. Formatting: Papers must follow the American Psychological Association (APA) formatting and citation style guidelines (6 th edition). Papers must be double-spaced and use a highly readable 12point font such as Times New Roman. Further details, as well as library resources to help support correct formatting, will be discussed in class. Presentation: Students will be asked to each present one recent empirical article in the area of cultural-clinical psychology. These presentations will take place during the five weeks following reading week, and will be 10-12 minutes in length. Students are asked to prepare PowerPoint slides for their presentation. Each week will have an overarching topic (e.g., depression), and students must choose an article that fits within the broad topic. The focus of the selected article must not be directly relevant to the student's chosen topic for their final paper. The presentations will then be followed by a class discussion of the week's topic, based upon the themes and findings highlighted in the student presentations. Additional details regarding the requirements and evaluation of the presentation, as well as the procedure for article selection, will be provided in class. Presentation topics and dates will be assigned during class time on September 30 th . Students absent on that date will be informed of their presentation topic and date via email. Policies for Assignments in this Course: Submission: All assignments are due by 11:59pm EST on their due date. The ½ page proposal, annotated bibliography, and structured 1-page outline are to be submitted through Blackboard. The final paper is to be submitted as a Turnitin.com assignment, using the Blackboard portal. Statement regarding Turnitin.com: Normally, students will be required to submit their course essays to Turnitin.com for a review of textual similarity and detection of possible plagiarism. In doing so, students will allow their essays to be included as source documents in the Turnitin.com reference database, where they will be used solely for the purpose of detecting plagiarism. The terms that apply to the University's use of the Turnitin.com service are described on the Turnitin.com web site. Late assignments: Unless you have legitimate documentation for a late assignment, 10% of the total value of the assignment will be deducted for each day that it is late. An assignment is considered late as soon as the due date and time passes (i.e., one minute past 11:59 EST), so you are strongly encouraged to submit your assignments early in order to avoid any technical delays. Difficulties with the Blackboard portal will not be accepted as a legitimate reason for a late assignment. If you have legitimate documentation to explain your late assignment (e.g., a UTSC Medical Certificate completed by your doctor), you must contact Dr. Dere as soon as possible to discuss your situation and to establish a new deadline for your assignment. Missed presentations: Students who are absent on their assigned presentation date without legitimate documentation will receive a mark of zero for their presentation. If you have legitimate documentation to explain your inability to present on your assigned date, you must contact Dr. Dere as soon as possible to discuss alternative arrangements. The form for medical documentation can be found at the following link: http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~registrar/resources/pdf_general/UTSCmedicalcertificate.pdf * Please Note: The UTSC Medical Certificate must be signed by a registered member in good standing with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario.* Rights and Responsibilities Copyright in Instructional Settings: If a student wishes to tape-record, photograph, video-record or otherwise reproduce lectures, course notes/slides, or other similar materials provided by instructors, he or she must obtain the instructor's written consent beforehand. Without consent, all such reproduction is an infringement of copyright and is absolutely prohibited. In the case of private use by students with disabilities, the instructor's consent will not be unreasonably withheld. Accessibility: Students with diverse learning styles and needs are welcome in this course. In particular, if you have a disability/health consideration that may require accommodations, please feel free to approach me and/or the AccessAbility Services Office as soon as possible. I will work with you and AccessAbility Services to ensure you can achieve your learning goals in this course. Enquiries are confidential. The UTSC AccessAbility Services staff (located in S302) are available by appointment to assess specific needs, provide referrals and arrange appropriate accommodations (416) 287-7560 or firstname.lastname@example.org. The Writing Centre: Your performance in this class will depend in large part upon your ability to communicate clearly and effectively. The Writing Centre supports student learning at any stage in the writing process, from planning an outline to polishing a final draft. Their services include online resources, dropin hours, one-on-one consultations, and writing workshops. Additional information can be found at: http://ctl.utsc.utoronto.ca/twc/main Academic Integrity: Academic integrity is essential to the pursuit of learning and scholarship in a university, and to ensuring that a degree from the University of Toronto is a strong signal of each student's individual academic achievement. As a result, the University treats cases of cheating and plagiarism very seriously. The University of Toronto's Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters (http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/policies/behaveac.htm) outlines the behaviours that constitute academic dishonesty and the processes for addressing academic offences. Potential offences include, but are not limited to: In papers and assignments: - Using someone else's ideas or words without appropriate acknowledgement. - Submitting your own work in more than one course without the permission of the instructor. - Making up sources or facts. - Obtaining or providing unauthorized assistance on any assignment. On tests and exams: - Using or possessing unauthorized aids. - Looking at someone else's answers during an exam or test. - Misrepresenting your identity. In academic work: - Falsifying institutional documents or grades. - Falsifying or altering any documentation required by the University, including (but not limited to) doctor's notes. All suspected cases of academic dishonesty will be investigated following procedures outlined in the Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters. If you have questions or concerns about what constitutes appropriate academic behaviour or appropriate research and citation methods, you are expected to seek out additional information on academic integrity from your instructor or from other institutional resources (see http://www.utoronto.ca/academicintegrity/). Grade Scale: \| NUMERICAL MARKS \| LETTER GRADE \| GRADE POINT VALUE \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 90 - 100% \| A+ \| 4 \| \| 85 - 89% \| A \| 4 \| \| 80 - 84% \| A- \| 3.7 \| \| 77 - 79% \| B+ \| 3.3 \| \| 73 - 76% \| B \| 3 \| \| 70 - 72% \| B- \| 2.7 \| \| 67 - 69% \| C+ \| 2.3 \| \| 63 - 66% \| C \| 2 \| \| 60 - 62% \| C- \| 1.7 \| \| 57 - 59% \| D+ \| 1.3 \| \| 53 - 56% \| D \| 1 \| \| 50 - 52% \| D- \| 0.7 \| \| 0 - 49% \| F \| 0 \| Additional information Some important dates for Fall 2013 semester (from UTSC Course Calendar): September 16: Last day to add F and Y courses November 18: Last day to drop F courses without academic penalty and have them removed from the transcript December 2: Last day of classes and last day for submission of term assignments in F courses December 3 - 5: Study break December 5: Last day to drop UTSC F courses (on eService only) and have them remain on the transcript with a grade of LWD indicating withdrawal without academic penalty December 6 - 20: Final examination period
RANCHO SANTIAGO COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT 2323 North Broadway, #107 Santa Ana, CA 92706 Board of Trustees (Regular meeting) Monday, November 17, 2014 MINUTES 1.0 PROCEDURAL MATTERS 1.1 Call to Order The meeting was called to order at 4:41 p.m. by Mr. Larry Labrado. Other members present were Ms. Claudia Alvarez, Mr. John Hanna, and Mr. Phillip Yarbrough. Mr. Jose Solorio and Ms. Alana Voechting arrived at the time noted. Ms. Arianna Barrios was absent due to a prior commitment and Ms. Nelida Mendoza Yanez was absent due to personal business. Administrators present during the regular meeting were Mr. John Didion, Mr. Peter Hardash, Dr. Erlinda Martinez, Dr. Raúl Rodríguez, and Dr. John Weispfenning. Ms. Anita Lucarelli was present as record keeper. 1.2 Pledge of Allegiance to the United States Flag The Pledge of Allegiance was led by Ms. Raquel Manriquez, Student President, Santa Ana College (SAC). 1.3 Approval of Additions or Corrections to Agenda It was moved by Mr. Yarbrough and seconded by Ms. Alvarez to approve a revised page and addendum for Item 6.1 (Management/Academic), and an addendum for Item 6.2 (Classified Personnel). The motion carried with the following vote: Aye – Ms. Alvarez, Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, and Mr. Yarbrough. 1.4 Public Comment Ms. Lisa Dela Cusack spoke regarding the increase in tuition at the Child Development Center (CDC) at Santiago Canyon College (SCC). Ms. Narges Rabii-Rakin spoke regarding the Model United Nations program at SCC. Mr. Barry Resnick spoke regarding the proposed collective bargaining agreement (Item 6.3) for the Faculty Association of Rancho Santiago Community College District (FARSCCD). 1.5 Approval of Minutes It was moved by Mr. Yarbrough and seconded by Ms. Alvarez to approve the minutes of the meeting held October 27, 2014. The motion carried with the following vote: Aye – Ms. Alvarez, Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, and Mr. Yarbrough. 1.6 Approval of Consent Calendar It was moved by Mr. Yarbrough and seconded by Ms. Alvarez to approve the recommended action on the following items (as indicated by an asterisk on the agenda) on the Consent Calendar. The motion carried with the following vote: Aye – Ms. Alvarez, Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, and Mr. Yarbrough. 3.1 Approval of OTA Agreement (Renewal): Head to Toe Therapy The board approved the agreement renewal with Head to Toe Therapy in Santa Ana, California. 3.2 Approval of OTA Agreement (Revised): County of Los Angeles The board approved the revised agreement with the County of Los Angeles in Los Angeles, California. 3.3 Approval of Amendment #1 to OTA Agreement: County of Riverside The board approved the agreement amendment with the County of Riverside in Riverside, California. 3.4 Approval of Amendment #6 to CJA Agreement: County of Orange The board approved the agreement amendment with the County of Orange in Santa Ana, California. 3.5 Confirmation of Santa Ana College Associate Degrees and Certificates for Summer 2014 The board confirmed the list of recipients of the SAC Associate Degrees and Certificates for summer 2014 as presented. 3.6 Confirmation of Santiago Canyon College Associate Degrees and Certificates for Summer 2014 The board confirmed the list of recipients of the SCC Associate Degrees and Certificates for summer 2014 as presented. 3.7 Approval of Santa Ana College Community Services Program for Spring 2015 The board approved the proposed SAC Community Services program for spring 2015 as presented. 3.8 Approval of Santiago Canyon College Community Services Program for Spring 2015 The board approved the proposed SCC Community Services program for spring 2015 as presented. 1.6 Approval of Consent Calendar – (cont.) 4.1 Approval of Payment of Bills The board approved payment of bills as submitted. 4.2 Approval of Budget Transfers and Budget Increases/Decreases The board approved budget transfers, increases and decreases during the month of October 2014. 4.4 Approval of Agreement with Westburg + White, Inc. for Architectural Services for the Central Plant, Infrastructure and Mechanical Upgrades Project at Santa Ana College The board approved the agreement with Westburg + White for architectural services for the central plant, infrastructure and mechanical upgrades project at SAC as presented. 4.5 Approval of Notice of Completion for RFP#1314-45 – Agreement for Energy Conservation Services with Sun Industries for the LED Lighting Conversion Project at Santa Ana College The board approved the Notice of Completion with Sun Industries for the LED lighting conversion project at SAC as presented. 4.6 Approval of Resolution No. 14-29 Authorizing the Partial Release of Retention to McCarthy Building Companies, Inc. for Santa Ana College Projects (Tessman Planetarium Upgrade and Restroom Addition, Parking Lot #11 Expansion and Improvements and Temporary Village) The board approved Resolution No. 14-29 authorizing the partial release of retention to McCarthy Building Companies, Inc. as presented. 4.7 Approval of Agreement with WLC Architects, Inc. for Architectural and Engineering Consulting Services for the Interior Renovations of Building "D" at Santiago Canyon College The board approved the agreement with WLC Architects, Inc. for architectural and engineering services for interior renovations of Building "D" at SCC as presented. 4.8 Approval of Agreement with WLC Architects, Inc. for Architectural and Engineering Consulting Services for the "U" Portable Certification and Renovations Project at Santiago Canyon College The board approved the agreement with WLC Architects, Inc. for architectural and engineering consulting services for the "U" portable certification and renovations project at SCC as presented. 4.9 Approval of Notice of Completion for RFP#1314-24 – Agreement for Energy Conservation Services with Southland Industries for HVAC Renovation at District Office Center The board approved the Notice of Completion with Southland Industries for the HVAC renovation project at District Office Center as presented. 1.6 Approval of Consent Calendar – (cont.) 4.10 Approval of the Acceptance of Technology Hardware and Support Services from Dell Marketing L.P. The board approved the acceptance of technology hardware and support services from Dell Marketing L.P. as presented. 4.11 Approval of Purchase Orders The board approved the purchase order listing for the period October 12, 2014, through November 1, 2014. 5.1 Approval of Resource Development Items The board approved budgets, accepted the grants, and authorized the Vice Chancellor of Business Operations/Fiscal Services or his designee to enter into related contractual agreements on behalf of the district for the following: 5.2 Approval of Sub-Agreement between Rancho Santiago Community College District (RSCCD) and South Orange County Community College District/Irvine Valley College for Business and Entrepreneurship Center Grant The board approved the sub-agreement and authorized the Vice Chancellor, Business Operations/Fiscal Services or his designee to sign and enter into a related contractual agreement on behalf of the district. 5.3 Approval of Sub-award Agreements between RSCCD and Santa Ana Unified School District and between RSCCD and the Regents of University of California (UCI) for Gaining Early Awareness & Readiness for Undergraduate Programs (GEAR UP) 2009 – Year 6 The board approved the sub-award agreements and authorized the Vice Chancellor, Business Operations/Fiscal Services or his designee to sign and enter into related contractual agreements on behalf of the district. 5.4 Approval of Sub-Agreements between RSCCD and Garden Grove Unified School District and Santa Ana Unified School District for the California Career Pathways Trust Grant The board approved the sub-agreements and authorized the Vice Chancellor, Business Operations/Fiscal Services or his designee to sign and enter into related contractual agreements on behalf of the district. 1.6 Approval of Consent Calendar – (cont.) 5.5 Approval of Sub-Agreement between RSCCD and City College of San Francisco for the Information Communications Technology/Digital Media Sector Navigator Grant The board approved the sub-agreement and authorized the Vice Chancellor, Business Operations/Fiscal Services or his designee to sign and enter into a related contractual agreement on behalf of the district. 5.6 Approval of Sub-Agreement between RSCCD and Foothill-De Anza Community College District for the Information Communications Technology/Digital Media Sector Navigator Grant The board approved the sub-agreement and authorized the Vice Chancellor, Business Operations/Fiscal Services or his designee to sign and enter into a related contractual agreement on behalf of the district. 5.7 Approval of Sub-Agreement between RSCCD and San Diego Community College District for the Information Communications Technology/Digital Media Sector Navigator Grant The board approved the sub-agreement and authorized the Vice Chancellor, Business Operations/Fiscal Services or his designee to sign and enter into a related contractual agreement on behalf of the district. 2.0 INFORMATIONAL ITEMS AND ORAL REPORTS 2.1 Report from the Chancellor Dr. Rodríguez provided a report to the board. Mr. Solorio arrived during Dr. Martinez' report. 2.2 Reports from College Presidents The following college representatives provided reports to the board. Dr. Erlinda Martinez, President, Santa Ana College Dr. John Weispfenning, President, Santiago Canyon College (SCC) Dr. Martinez and Dr. Weispfenning reported the colleges have received a draft of their respective college's accreditation team report. Dr. Martinez indicated she plans to attend the Commission meeting in January to provide additional testimony of SAC's response to the report. Dr. Weispfenning reported SCC has begun the process of selecting committees, faculty, and staff who will be addressing the SCC recommendations. Dr. Weispfenning expressed confidence in the college's ability to address the recommendations in a timely and decisive manner. Since the student trustee had not yet arrived yet, Mr. Solorio called upon the student presidents to give their report at this time. 2.4 Reports from Student Presidents The following student representatives provided reports to the board on behalf of the Associated Student Government (ASG) organizations: Ms. Raquel Manriquez, Student President, Santa Ana College Ms. Snow Samão, ASG Senator of Academics, Santiago Canyon College Ms. Voechting arrived at this time. 2.3 Report from Student Trustee Ms. Alana Voechting, Student Trustee, provided a report to the board. 2.5 Reports from Academic Senate Presidents The following academic senate representatives provided reports to the board: Ms. Corinna Evett, Academic Senate President, Santiago Canyon College Mr. John Zarske, Academic Senate President, Santa Ana College 3.0 INSTRUCTION All items were approved as part of Item 1.6 (Consent Calendar). 4.0 BUSINESS OPERATIONS/FISCAL SERVICES Items 4.1, 4.2, and 4.4 through 4.11 were approved as part of Item 1.6 (Consent Calendar). Item 4.3 (Confirmation of Bond Sale Costs – Series A) was reviewed after Item 5.8 (RSCCD Board of Trustees Self-Evaluation). 5.0 GENERAL Items 5.1 through 5.7 were approved as part of Item 1.6 (Consent Calendar). 5.8 Review of RSCCD Board of Trustees Self-Evaluation The Board of Trustees reviewed the evaluation responses. Mr. Hanna and Mr. Solorio thanked community members and college staff that completed the evaluation survey. Mr. Hanna assured them that board members considered their responses upon completing their self-evaluation survey. Mr. Solorio indicated some board members are still learning and understanding their roles as board members; therefore, the staff and community members have witnessed the process of growth in board members. The board completed the self-evaluation process for 2014. The board reviewed Item 4.3 at this time. 4.3 Confirmation of Bond Sale Costs – Series A The total cost of issuance for Santa Ana College Improvement District No. 1 of Rancho Santiago Community College District General Obligation Bonds, Election of 2012, 2014 Series A was provided as information. Board members received clarification on items related to the bond sale costs. 5.9 Board of Trustees Express Interest in Board Officer Positions The board president solicited expressions of interest from board members regarding service as president, vice president, clerk, and committee assignments for 2014-2015. The following board members expressed interest in the following positions and committee assignments: Vice President – Ms. Alvarez President - Mr. Labrado Clerk – Mr. Hanna 5.10 Adoption of Board Policy It was moved by Mr. Yarbrough and seconded by Mr. Labrado to adopt BP 6610 Opportunities for Local Hires and Local Businesses on District Capital Improvement and Construction Projects. The motion carried with the following vote: Aye – Ms. Alvarez, Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, Mr. Solorio, and Mr. Yarbrough. Student Trustee Voechting's advisory vote was aye. 5.11 Reports from Board Committees Mr. Yarbrough provided a report on the November 17, 2014, Board Fiscal/Audit Committee meeting. 5.12 Board Member Comments Mr. Hanna reported he met with classified staff from the Child Development Center at Centennial Education Center (CEC) and noticed the back parking lot did not have lines painted on it. In order to maximize parking, Mr. Hanna asked that the back parking lot at CEC have lines drawn on it. Mr. Hanna expressed concern for the University of California's (UC) proposed tuition increase after the recent pay increases of top officials. Mr. Hanna referred to an article by Mr. George Skelton that he had distributed to board members, and college, student, and academic senate presidents. Mr. Hanna indicated he is looking forward to the next board meeting since three board members (Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, and Mr. Yarbrough) will be sworn in to serve another term. 5.12 Board Member Comments – (cont.) Mr. Labrado thanked those who recently voted for him and expressed appreciation for being able to serve as trustee for another term. Board members congratulated Mr. Labrado on being elected to serve another term as trustee. Ms. Voechting received clarification that the public and others in attendance were able to comment during the public comment section relating to items on the agenda. Ms. Voechting thanked Ms. Evett for recently meeting with her on such short notice. Ms. Voechting encouraged students to participate in a protest on November 18 at the University of California, Los Angeles or University of California, Irvine regarding proposed tuition increases. Mr. Yarbrough reported he plans to attend the Community College League of California's Annual Convention in Rancho Mirage, California, on November 19-22. Ms. Alvarez congratulated Mr. Hanna and Mr. Yarbrough on serving another term as trustee and not having to run a campaign since they ran unopposed. Ms. Alvarez thanked the faculty for its work on the baccalaureate degree programs. She indicated she was able to meet Governor Brown and thank him for signing SB 850 (pilot program for community colleges to offer baccalaureate degrees) at a presentation that the Orange County Water District and Orange County Sanitation District hosted on October 28. Ms. Alvarez thanked Mr. Solorio for his service as president and running a great campaign for the California State Senate. Ms. Alvarez participated in a community service course at SAC and indicated the parking lot near the SAC Village was not illuminated. She wasn't sure if it was because of the time change, but asked the chancellor to research it. Mr. Solorio asked for a presentation on the SAC ¡Adelante! program. RECESS TO CLOSED SESSION The board convened into closed session at 5:59 p.m. to consider the following items: 1. Public Employment (pursuant to Government Code Section 54957[b][1]) b. Classified Staff a. Part-time Faculty c. Volunteers e. Professional Experts d. Student Workers 2. Conference with Legal Counsel: Anticipated/Potential Litigation (pursuant to Government Code Section 54956.9[b]-[c]) (1 case) 3. Conference with Labor Negotiator (pursuant to Government Code Section 54957.6) Agency Negotiator: Mr. John Didion, Executive Vice Chancellor of Human Resources & Educational Services 4. Public Employee Performance Evaluation (pursuant to Government Code Section 54957) a. Chancellor 5. Public Employee Discipline/Dismissal/Release (pursuant to Government Code Section 54957[b][1]) Employee Organizations: Faculty Association of Rancho Santiago Community College District California School Employees Association, Chapter 579 California School Employees Association, Chapter 888 Continuing Education Faculty Association RECONVENE The board reconvened at 6:47 p.m. Closed Session Report Ms. Alvarez reported the board discussed public employment, anticipated litigation, labor negotiations, the chancellor's evaluation, and public employee discipline/ dismissal/release, and took no reportable action. Public Comment There were no public comments. 6.0 HUMAN RESOURCES 6.1 Management/Academic Personnel It was moved by Mr. Yarbrough and seconded by Ms. Alvarez to approve the following action on the management/academic personnel docket. The motion carried with the following vote: Aye – Ms. Alvarez, Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, Mr. Solorio, and Mr. Yarbrough. Student Trustee Voechting's advisory vote was aye. * Approve Adjusted Salary/Allowances/TSA Reflecting .85% COLA (per Employee Agreement) * Approve Permanent 2014-2015 Management Salary Schedule * Approve Permanent 2014-2015 Cabinet Salary Schedule * Approve Changes of Assignments * Approve Leaves of Absence * Approve Interim Assignments 6.1 Management/Academic Personnel – (cont.) * Approve Final Salary Placements * Approve Stipends * Ratify Resignations/Retirements * Approve Part-time Hourly New Hires/Rehires * Approve Non-paid Interns * Approve Non-paid Instructors of Record 6.2 Classified Personnel It was moved by Mr. Yarbrough and seconded by Ms. Alvarez to approve the following action on the classified personnel docket. The motion carried with the following vote: Aye – Ms. Alvarez, Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, Mr. Solorio, and Mr. Yarbrough. Student Trustee Voechting's advisory vote was aye. * Approve New Appointments * Approve Out of Class Assignments * Approve Professional Growth Increments * Approve Changes in Location/Position * Approve Changes in Salary Placement * Approve Leaves of Absence * Approve Temporary Assignments * Approve Substitute Assignments * Approve Additional Hours for On Going Assignment * Approve Changes in Temporary Assignment * Approve Instructional Associates/Associate Assistants * Approve Miscellaneous Positions * Approve Volunteers * Approve Student Assistants 6.3 Public Disclosure of Collective Bargaining Agreement between the Rancho Santiago Community College District (RSCCD) and the Faculty Association of Rancho Santiago Community College District It was moved by Mr. Yarbrough and seconded by Ms. Alvarez to approve the collective bargaining agreement with FARSCCD for the period of July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015. The motion carried with the following vote: Aye – Ms. Alvarez, Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, Mr. Solorio, and Mr. Yarbrough. Student Trustee Voechting's advisory vote was aye. 6.4 Approval of Amended and Restated Alternate Retirement System It was moved by Mr. Yarbrough and seconded by Ms. Alvarez to approve the amended and Restated Alternate Retirement System plan and authorize the Executive Vice Chancellor, Human Resources and Educational Services, to execute the plan agreement. The motion carried with the following vote: Aye – Ms. Alvarez, Mr. Hanna, Mr. Labrado, Mr. Solorio, and Mr. Yarbrough. Student Trustee Voechting's advisory vote was aye. 7.0 ADJOURNMENT The next regular meeting of the Board of Trustees will be held on December 8, 2014. There being no further business, Mr. Solorio declared this meeting adjourned at 6:48 p.m. Respectfully submitted, _______________________________________ Raúl Rodríguez, Ph.D. Chancellor Approved: __________________________ Clerk of the Board Minutes approved: December 8, 2014
LETTER OF OFFER "THIS DOCUMENT IS IMPORTANT AND REQUIRES YOUR IMMEDIATE ATTENTION" The Letter of Offer will be sent to you as a Public Shareholder of Grand Foundry Limited (hereinafter referred to as "Target Company" or "Target" or "GFL"). If you require any clarification about the action to be taken, you may please consult your stock broker or investment consultant or the Manager to the Offer or the Registrar to the Offer. In case you have recently sold your equity shares in Target Company, please hand over this Letter of Offer and the accompanying Form of Acceptance cum Acknowledgement ("Acceptance Form") and Transfer Deed(s)/Securities Transfer Form (Form SH-4) to the Member of Stock Exchange through whom the said sale was effected. OPEN OFFER ("OFFER") BY Madhu Garg ("Acquirer"), an individual residing at B-324, Saraswati Vihar, North West Delhi, Delhi 110034, India; Tel. No.: +91 9711989520; E-mail: email@example.com No person acting in concert for this Offer, with the Acquirer TO ACQUIRE Open Offer for Acquisition of up to 90,91,970 (Ninety Lakhs Ninety One Thousand Nine Hundred Seventy) Equity Shares, representing 29.88% (Twenty-Nine point Eighty Eight Percent)* of the Voting Share Capital of Grand Foundry Limited, at an offer price of ₹4/- (Rupees Four Only) per Equity Share aggregating to Rs. 3,63,67,880 /- (Rupees Three Crore Sixty Three Lakhs Sixty Seven Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Only), payable in cash, made by Madhu Garg (hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Acquirer"), in accordance with the provisions of regulations 3(1) and 4 and such other applicable provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) regulations, 2011, and subsequent amendments thereto, from the public shareholders of GRAND FOUNDRY LIMITED CIN: L99999MH1974PLC017655 Registered Office: 327, 3rd Floor, Arun Chambers, Tardeo Road, Mumbai 400034, Maharashtra, India Tel. No.: +91-022-23526315/16/17; Email id: firstname.lastname@example.org; Website: www.gfsteel.co.in An open offer in compliance with the provisions of Regulations 3(1) and 4 of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, is required to be given for at least 26.00% (Twenty-Six Percent) of the voting share capital of the target company, however since, the shareholding of the Public Shareholders, as on date of the Public Announcement, is 29.88% (Twenty-Nine point Eighty Eight Percent), therefore the Offer Shares represent 29.88% (Twenty-Nine Point Eighty Eight Percent) of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company. ATTENTION: 1. This Offer is being made by the Acquirer pursuant to Regulations 3(1) read with regulation 15(1) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 2. As on date of this LOO, this offer is not subject to receipt of any other statutory approvals. However, it will be subject to all statutory approvals that may become applicable at a later date as mentioned in Point 7.16. 3. This Offer is not conditional upon any minimum level of acceptance in terms of Regulation 19(1) of SEBI (SAST) Regulations and is not a competing offer in terms of the Regulation 20 of SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 4. Upward revision/withdrawal, if any, of the Offer would be informed by way of a Public Announcement in the same newspapers where the original Detailed Public Statement has appeared. Acquirer has permitted to revise the Offer Size and/or Offer Price upwards only at any time prior to the commencement of the one working day before the commencement of the Tendering Period i.e. Tuesday, December 13, 2022. The same price will be payable by the Acquirer for all the shares tendered any time during the Tendering Period. 5. There has been no competing offer as on the date of this Letter of Offer. 6. A copy of Public Announcement ("PA"), Detailed Public Statement ("DPS") and this Letter of Offer ("LOO") along with Form of Acceptance cum Acknowledgement is also available on SEBI website: www.sebi.gov.in. MANAGER TO THE OFFER REGISTRAR TO THE OFFER Hem Securities Limited 904, A Wing, Naman Midtown, Senapati Bapat Marg, Elphinstone Road, Lower Parel, Mumbai 400013 Maharashtra, India. Tel No.: +91-22-49060000; Email: email@example.com; website: www.hemsecurities.com; Contact Person: Mr. Sourabh Garg SEBI Registration No.: INM000010981; Validity Period : Permanent CIN No: U67120RJ1995PLC010390 Purva Sharegistry (India) Private Limited Unit No. 9, Ground Floor, Shiv Shakti Industrial Estate, J. R. Boricha Marg, Lower Parel East, Mumbai 400011, Maharashtra, India Tel. No.:.: +91 022- 022-23010771 /49614132 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.purvashare.com Contact Person: Ms. Deepali Dhuri Validity Period : Permanent SEBI Regn. No. INR000001112 CIN: U67120MH1993PTC07407 TENTATIVE SCHEDULE OF THE MAJOR ACTIVITIES OF THE OFFER \| \| Sr. \| Activities \| Original Schedule (Date and Day)# \| Revised Schedule \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| No. \| \| \| (Date and Day)# \| \| 1. \| \| Issue of Public Announcement \| Wednesday, October 12, 2022 \| \| \| 2. \| \| Publication of this Detailed Public Statement in newspapers \| Wednesday, October 19, 2022 \| \| \| 3. \| \| Last date of filing Draft Letter of Offer with SEBI \| Friday, October 28, 2022 \| \| \| 4. \| \| Last date for Public Announcement for competing offer(s) \| Monday, November 14, 2022 \| \| \| 5. \| \| Last date for receipt of comments from SEBI on the draft Letter of Offer (in the event SEBI has not sought clarification or additional information from the Manager to the Open Offer) \| Monday, November 21, 2022 \| \| \| 6. \| \| Identified Date \| Wednesday, November 23, 2022 \| \| \| 7. \| \| Last date for dispatch of the Letter of Offer to the shareholders of the Target Company whose names appear on the register of members on the Identified Date \| Wednesday, November 30, 2022 \| \| \| 8. \| \| Last date by which a committee of independent directors of the Target Company is required to give its recommendation to the shareholders of the Target Company for this Open Offer \| Friday, December 02, 2022 \| \| \| 9. \| \| Last date for upward revision of Offer Price and/or Offer Size \| Monday, December 05, 2022 \| \| \| 10. \| \| Date of publication of Open Offer opening public announcement in the newspapers in which Detailed Public Statement has been published \| Tuesday, December 06, 2022 \| \| \| 11. \| \| Date of Commencement of Tendering Period (Offer Opening Date) \| Wednesday, December 07, 2022 \| \| \| 12. \| \| Date of closure of Tendering Period (Offer Closing Date) \| Tuesday, December 20, 2022 \| \| \| 13. \| \| Last date for publication of post Open Offer public announcement in the newspapers in which Detailed Public Statement has been published \| Tuesday, December 27, 2022 \| \| \| 14. \| \| Last date of communicating the rejection/ acceptance and completion of payment of consideration or refund of Equity Shares to the Public Shareholders of the Target Company. \| Tuesday, January 03, 2023 \| \| \| 15. \| \| Last date for filling the post Open Offer report with SEBI \| Tuesday, January 10, 2023 \| \| * Identified Date is only for the purpose of determining the names of the Public Shareholders to whom the Letter of Offer would be sent. All the public shareholders (registered or unregistered) of the Equity Shares (except the Acquirer and the parties to the Share Purchase Agreement) are eligible to participate in this Offer any time before the closure of this Offer. # The above timelines are indicative (prepared based on the timelines provided under the SEBI (SAST) Regulations) and are subject to receipt of requisite approvals from various statutory/ regulatory authorities and may have to be revised accordingly. To clarify, the actions set out above may be completed prior to their corresponding dates subject to compliance with the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. RISK FACTORS i. Risk in association with the Transaction and Offer a) To the best of knowledge of the Acquirer, no statutory approvals are required however; it will be subject to all statutory approvals that may become applicable at a later date. The Acquirer reserves the right to withdraw the Offer in accordance with Regulation 23(1)(a) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations in the event the requisite statutory approvals for the purpose of this Offer or those that may be necessary at a later date are refused. b) In the event that (a) the regulatory approvals are not received in a timely manner; or (b) there is any litigation to stay the offer; or (c) SEBI instructs the Acquirer not to proceed with the offer, then the Offer proceeds may be delayed beyond the schedule of activities indicated in this Letter of Offer. Consequently, the payment of consideration to the public shareholders of Grand Foundry Limited, whose shares have been accepted in the offer as well as the return of shares not accepted by the Acquirer, may be delayed. The tendered equity shares and documents will be held by the Registrar to the Offer, until such time as the process of acceptance of such equity shares and the payment of consideration thereto is completed. c) In case of delay in receipt of any statutory approval, SEBI has the power to grant extension of time to Acquirer for payment of consideration to the public shareholders of the Target Company who have accepted the Offer within such period, subject to Acquirer agreeing to pay interest for the delayed period if directed by SEBI in terms of Regulation 18(11) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. d) The Equity shares tendered in the Offer will be held in trust in the pool account of the broker / in trust by the Clearing Corporation / Registrar to the Offer until the completion of the Offer (in accordance with the Regulations and other applicable laws, rules and regulations), and the shareholders will not be able to trade, sell, transfer, exchange or otherwise dispose of such equity shares until the completion of the Offer or withdrawal of the Offer in accordance with Regulation 23(1) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. During such period there may be fluctuations in the market price of the equity shares. Accordingly, the Acquirer do not make any assurance with respect to the market price of the equity shares at any time, whether during or upon or after the completion of the Offer, and disclaim any responsibility or obligation of any kind (except as required by applicable law) with respect to any decision by any shareholder on whether to participate or not to participate in the Offer. e) Shareholders should note that the Shareholders who tender the Equity Shares in acceptance of the Offer shall not be entitled to withdraw such acceptances during the Tendering Period even if the acceptance of shares under the offer and dispatch of consideration gets delayed. f) In the event of over-subscription to the offer, the acceptance will be on a proportionate basis and hence there is no certainty that all the shares tendered by the shareholders in the Offer will be accepted. g) The Acquirer along and the Manager to the Offer accept no responsibility for statements made otherwise than in the Public Announcement, DPS or this Letter of Offer or in the advertisements or other materials issued by, or at the instance of the Acquirer and the Manager to the Offer, and anyone placing reliance on any other source of information (not released by the Acquirer), would be doing so at his/her/their own risk. h) This Letter of Offer has not been filed, registered or approved in any jurisdiction outside India. Recipients of this Letter of Offer residing in jurisdictions outside India should inform themselves of and observe any applicable legal requirements. This Offer is not directed towards any person or entity in any jurisdiction or country where the same would be contrary to the applicable laws or regulations or would subject the Acquirer or the Manager to the Offer to any new or additional registration requirements. i) The Eligible Shareholders are advised to consult their respective tax advisors for assessing the tax liability pursuant to this Offer, and the appropriate course of action that they should take. The Acquirer do not accept any responsibility for the accuracy or otherwise of the tax provisions set forth in this Letter of Offer. j) This Offer is subject to completion risks as would be applicable to similar transactions. ii. Risk in association with the Acquirer a) The Acquirer make no assurance with respect to financial performance of the Target Company. b) The Acquirer make no assurance with respect to its investment/divestment decisions relating to its proposed shareholding in the Target Company. c) The Acquirer makes no assurance of market price of shares of the Target Company during or after the offer. d) The Acquirer have sufficient means to fulfil the financial obligation of this Open Offer through the internal resources only. e) The Acquirer and the Manager to the Offer accept no responsibility for statements made otherwise than in the Letter of Offer (LOO) / Detailed Public Statement (DPS) / Public Announcement (PA) and anyone placing reliance on any other sources of information (not released by the Acquirer) would be doing so at his / her / its own risk f) The Acquirer does not accept the responsibility with respect to the information contained in PA or DPS or LOO that pertains to the Target Company and has been compiled from publicly available resources. The risk factors set forth above, pertain to the offer and not in relation to the present or future business or operations of Grand Foundry Limited or any other related matters, and are neither exhaustive nor intended to constitute a complete analysis of the risk involved in participation or otherwise by a shareholder in the offer. Shareholders of Grand Foundry Limited are advised to consult their stock brokers or investment consultants, if any for further risk with respect to their participation in the offer. Each Shareholder of the Target Company is hereby advised to consult with Legal, Financial, Tax, Investment or other advisors and consultants of their choice, if any, for further risks with respect to each such Shareholder's participation in the Offer and related transfer of Equity Shares of the Target Company to the Acquirer. CURRENCY OF PRESENTATION In this Letter of Offer, all references to "Rupees", "Rs.", or "INR" are to Indian Rupees, the official currency of the Republic of India. In this Letter of Offer, any discrepancy in any table between the total and sums of amounts listed are due to rounding off and/or regrouping. TABLE OF CONTENTS \| Sr. No. \| Particulars \| Page No. \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 1 \| Definitions and Abbreviations \| 6-9 \| \| 2 \| Disclaimer Clause \| 10 \| \| 3 \| Details of this Offer \| 11-15 \| \| 4 \| Background of the Acquirer \| 15-16 \| \| 5 \| Background of the Target Company \| 16-23 \| \| 6 \| Offer Price and Financial Arrangements \| 24-26 \| \| 7 \| Terms and Conditions of the Offer \| 26-28 \| \| 8 \| Procedure for Acceptance and Settlement of the Offer \| 28-31 \| \| 9 \| Procedure for tendering the Equity Shares in case of Non-Receipt of the Letter of Offer \| 31-32 \| \| 10 \| Settlement Process and payment of consideration \| 32 \| \| 11 \| Note on Taxation \| 33-36 \| \| 12 \| Documents for Inspection \| 36-37 \| \| 13 \| Declaration by the Acquirer \| 37 \| 1. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Sr. No. Terms Definition/Abbreviation \| 1. \| Acquirer/The Acquirer \| \|---\|---\| \| 2 \| Acquisition Window \| \| 3 \| Acquisition Window Circulars \| \| 4 \| Board/ Board of Directors \| \| 5 \| Book Value Per Share \| \| 6 \| BSE \| \| 7 \| Buying Broker \| \| 8 \| CDSL \| \| 9 \| CKYC \| \| 10 \| CIN \| \| 11 \| Closure of the tendering Period \| \| 12 \| Companies Act \| \| 13 \| DIN \| \| 14 \| Clearing Corporation \| \| 15 \| Depositories \| \| 16 \| DP \| \| 17 \| DLOO/Draft Letter of Offer \| \| 18 \| DPS or Detailed Public Statement \| \| 19 \| Earnings Per Share / EPS \| \| 20 \| ECS \| \| 21 \| Eligible Shareholders \| \| 22 \| Escrow Agreement \| \| 23 \| Escrow Account \| \| 24 \| Escrow Amount \| \| 25 \| Escrow Bank/Escrow Agent \| Sr. No. Terms Definition/Abbreviation Barakhamba Road, New Delhi 110001,India. \| 27. \| FEMA \| Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, as amended \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 28 \| Finance Act \| The Finance Act, 2021 \| \| 29 \| Form of Acceptance or FOA \| Form of Acceptance - cum – Acknowledgement \| \| 30 \| FATCA \| Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act \| \| 31 \| FEMA \| The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 and the rules and regulations framed thereunder, as amended or modified from time to time. \| \| 32 \| FIIs \| Erstwhile Foreign Institutional Investor(s), as defined under Section 2(1)(f) of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Foreign Institutional Investors) Regulations, 1995, as amended and modified from time to time. \| \| 33 \| FIPB \| Erstwhile Foreign Investment Promotion Board or the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal, and which shall include the erstwhile Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, and which shall include the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. \| \| 34 \| FPIs \| Foreign Portfolio Investor(s), as defined under Regulation 2(1)(j) of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Foreign Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2019, as amended and modified from time to time. \| \| 35 \| FY \| Financial Year \| \| 36 \| Identified Date \| Tuesday, November 29, 2022 \| \| 37 \| Insider Trading Regulations \| SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015 and subsequent amendments thereof \| \| 38 \| IT Act \| Income Tax Act, 1961, as amended and modified from time to time. \| \| 39 \| ISIN \| International Securities Identification Number \| \| 40 \| IFSC \| Indian Financial System Code \| \| 41 \| IPV \| In person verification \| \| 42 \| LOO or Letter of offer \| Letter of Offer dated November 30, 2022, along with Form of Acceptance-Cum- Acknowledgement \| \| 43 \| LTCG \| Long Term Capital Gains \| \| 44 \| Manager to the Offer / Manager/Merchant Banker/ HSL \| Hem Securities Limited, the Merchant Banker appointed by the Acquirer pursuant to Regulation 12 of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, having its registered office at 203, Jaipur Tower, M. I. Road, Jaipur- 302001, Rajasthan, India and Corporate Office at 904, A Wing, Naman Midtown, Senapati Bapat Marg, Elphinstone Road, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400013, Maharashtra, India. \| \| 45 \| Maximum Consideration \| The total funding requirement for this Offer, assuming full acceptance of this Offer being Rs. 3,63,67,880/- (Rupees Three Crore Sixty Three Lakhs Sixty Seven Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Only). \| \| 46 \| Negotiated Price \| A negotiated price of ₹1 /- (Rupees One Only) per Sale Share, aggregating to an amount of Rs. 2,13,38,030 (Rupees Two Crores Thirteen Lakhs Thirty Eight Thousand Thirty Only) for the sale of 2,13,38,030 Equity Shares, representing 70.12% (Seventy Point One Two Percent) of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company, by Promoter Sellers to the Acquirer, pursuant to the execution of the Share Purchase Agreement. \| \| 47 \| NEFT \| National Electronic Funds Transfer \| \| 48 \| Networth \| Equity Capital + Free Reserve (excluding Revaluation Reserve) –Debit balance in Profit & Loss A/c – Misc expenditure not written off \| \| 49 \| NSDL \| National Securities Depository Limited \| \| 50 \| NSE \| National Stock Exchange of India Limited \| \| 51 \| Offer/The Offer/Open Offer \| To acquire upto 90,91,970 Equity shares of Rs. 4/- each representing 29.88% of the fully paid up Equity Share Capital of the Target Company, as of the 10th working day from the closure of the tendering period, of Target Company, at a price of Rs. 4/- (Rupees Four only) per Equity Share, payable in cash, in accordance with Regulation \| Sr. No. Terms Definition/Abbreviation 8(2) of SEBI (SAST) Regulations, 2011 \| 52. \| Offer Documents \| Public Announcement, Detailed Public Statement, Draft Letter of Offer, Letter of Offer, Recommendation of the Committee of the Independent Directors of the Company, Pre-Offer Advertisement Cum Corrigendum to Detailed Public Statement, and Post Offer Public Announcement, and any other notices, advertisements, and corrigendum issued by or on behalf of the Manager. \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 53 \| Offer Period \| The period from the date of entering into an agreement, to acquire the Equity Shares, and Voting Share Capital in, or control over, the Target Company requiring a Public Announcement or the date on which the Public Announcement was issued by the Acquirer and the date on which the payment of consideration to the Public Shareholders whose Equity Shares are validly accepted in this offer, is made, or the date on which this offer is withdrawn, as the case may be. \| \| 54 \| Offer Price \| An offer price of ₹4.00/- (Rupees Four Only) per Equity Share. The Equity Shares of the Target Company are not frequently traded in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 2(1)(j) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, and hence the Offer Price has been determined in accordance with the parameters prescribed under Regulations 8 (1) and 8 (2) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, 2011. \| \| 55 \| Offer Shares \| Upto 90,91,970 (Ninety Lakhs Ninety One Thousand Nine Hundred and Seventy) Equity Shares, representing 29.88% (Twenty-Nine-point Eighty Eight Percent) of the Target Company \| \| 56 \| Offer Size \| Upto 90,91,970 Equity shares of Rs. 10/- each representing 29.88% of the fully paid up equity share capital, as of the 10th working day from the closure of the tendering period, of Target Company at a price of Rs. 4/- (Rupees Four only) per Equity share aggregating is Rs. 3,63,67,880 /- (Rupees Three Crore Sixty Three Lakhs Sixty Seven Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Only) \| \| 57 \| PAN \| Permanent Account Number \| \| 58 \| Public Announcement or “PA” \| Public Announcement of the Offer by the Acquirer, made as per SEBI (SAST) Regulations which was sent to BSE Limited (“BSE”) and National Stock Exchange of India Limited (“NSE”) (collectively referred to as the “Stock Exchanges”). The PA was also filed with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (“SEBI”) and was sent to the registered office of the Target Company on Wednesday, October 12, 2022. \| \| 59 \| RBI \| Reserve Bank of India \| \| 60 \| Registrar or Registrar to the Offer \| Purva Sharegistry (India) Private Limited \| \| 61 \| Return on Net worth (%) \| (Profit after Tax/ Networth)100 \| \| 62 \| Rs./ Rupee/INR \| Indian Rupee \| \| 63 \| RTGS \| Real Time Gross Settlement \| \| 64 \| SEBI \| Securities and Exchange Board of India \| \| 65 \| SEBI ICDR Regulations \| Securities and Exchange Board of India (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2018 as amended \| \| 66 \| SEBI (SAST) Regulations, 2011 / Takeover Regulation/SEBI (SAST) Regulations \| Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011 and subsequent amendments thereof \| \| 67 \| SEBI Act \| Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 \| \| 68 \| SEBI Listing Regulations \| SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 and subsequent amendments thereto \| \| 69 \| SCRR \| Securities Contract (Regulation) Rules, 1957 and subsequent amendments thereto \| \| 70 \| Sale Shares \| 2,13,38,030 (Two Crores Thirteen Lakhs Thirty Eight Thousand Thirty) Equity Shares of Rs. 4/- each, constituting 70.12% of Equity and voting Share Capital of the Target Company. \| \| 71 \| STCG \| Short Term Capital Gains \| \| 72 \| Stock Exchanges \| BSE Limited (“BSE”) and National Stock Exchange of India Limited (“NSE”) (collectively referred to as the “Stock Exchanges”) on which the Equity Shares of the Target Company are presently listed. \| \| 73 \| Voting Share Capital \| The fully diluted Equity Share Capital and voting share capital of the Target Company as of the 10th working day from the closure of the Tendering Period. \| \| 74 \| Target Company/TC/GFL \| Grand Foundry Limited \| \| 75 \| Tendering Period \| The tentative period commencing from Tuesday, December 13, 2022, and ending on Monday, December 26, 2022, both days inclusive, within which the Public Shareholders may tender their Equity Shares to the Acquirer in acceptance of this \| \| \| Sr. \| Terms \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| \| No. \| \| \| 76. \| \| TRS \| \| 77. \| \| Underlying Transaction \| \| 78. \| \| Working Days \| Note: All terms beginning with a capital letter used in this Letter of Offer, and not specifically defined herein, shall have the same meanings ascribed to them in the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 2. DISCLAIMER CLAUSE: IT IS TO BE DISTINCTLY UNDERSTOOD THAT FILING OF THIS LETTER OF OFFER WITH SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA SHOULD NOT, IN ANY WAY, BE DEEMED OR CONSTRUED THAT, THE SAME HAS BEEN CLEARED, VETTED, OR APPROVED BY SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA. THIS LETTER OF OFFER HAS BEEN SUBMITTED TO SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA FOR A LIMITED PURPOSE FOR OVERSEEING WHETHER THE DISLOSURES CONTAINED THEREIN ARE GENERALLY ADEQUATE AND ARE IN CONFORMITY WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SUBSTANTIAL ACQUISITION OF SHARES AND TAKEOVERS) REGULATIONS, 2011, INCLUDING SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS THERETO. THIS REQUIREMENT IS TO FACILITATE PUBLIC SHAREHOLDERS OF GRAND FOUNDRY LIMITED TO TAKE AN INFORMED DECISION WITH REGARD TO THIS OFFER. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA DOES NOT TAKE ANY RESPONSIBILITY EITHER FOR THE FINANCIAL SOUNDNESS OF THE ACQUIRER OR FOR THE TARGET COMPANY WHOSE EQUITY SHARES AND CONTROL IS PROPOSED TO BE ACQUIRED OR FOR THE CORRECTNESS OF THE STATEMENTS MADE OR THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS LETTER OF OFFER. IT SHOULD ALSO BE CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD THAT WHILE THE ACQUIRER ARE PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CORRECTNESS, ADEQUACY, AND DISCLOSURE OF ALL THE RELEVANT INFORMATION IN THIS LETTER OF OFFER, THE MANAGER IS EXPECTED TO EXERCISE DUE-DILIGENCE TO ENSURE THAT THE ACQUIRER DULY DISCHARGE THEIR RESPONSIBILITY ADEQUATELY. IN THIS BEHALF, AND TOWARDS THIS PURPOSE, THE MANAGER HAS SUBMITTED A DUE DILIGENCE CERTIFICATE DATED FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2022, TO SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SUBSTANTIAL ACQUISITION OF SHARES AND TAKEOVERS) REGULATIONS, 2011, INCLUDING SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS THERETO. THE FILING OF THIS LETTER OF OFFER DOES NOT, HOWEVER, ABSOLVE THE ACQUIRER FROM THE REQUIREMENT OF OBTAINING SUCH STATUTORY CLEARANCES AS MAY BE REQUIRED FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS OFFER. General Disclaimer This Offer Documents in connection with the Offer, have been prepared for the purposes of compliance with the provisions of applicable laws and regulations in India, including the SEBI Act and the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. Accordingly, the information disclosed may not be the same as that which would have been disclosed if this document had been prepared in accordance with the laws and regulations of any jurisdiction outside of India. The delivery of Offer Documents, does not under any circumstances, create any implication that there has been no change in the affairs of the Target Company and the Acquirer since the date hereof or that the information contained herein is correct as at any time subsequent to this date. Nor is it to be implied that the Acquirer are under any obligation to update the information contained herein at any time after this date. No action has been or will be taken to permit this Offer in any jurisdiction where action would be required for that purpose. The Letter of Offer shall be sent to all Public Shareholders whose names appear in the register of members of the Target Company, at their stated address, as of the Identified Date. However, receipt of the Letter of Offer by any Public Shareholder in a jurisdiction in which it would be illegal to make this Offer, or where making this Offer would require any action to be taken (including, but not restricted to, registration of this Draft Letter of Offer and/or the Letter of Offer under any local securities laws), shall not be treated by such Public Shareholder as an offer being made to them, and shall be construed by them as being sent for information purposes only. Accordingly, no such Public Shareholder may tender his/ her/ its Equity Shares in this Offer in such jurisdiction. Persons in possession of the Offer Documents are required to inform themselves of any relevant restrictions. Any Public Shareholder who tenders his, her, or its Equity Shares in this Offer shall be deemed to have declared, represented, warranted, and agreed that he, she, or it is authorized under the provisions of any applicable local laws, rules, regulations, and statutes to participate in this Offer. 3. DETAILS OF THE OFFER 3.1 Background of the Offer 3.1.1 This is a mandatory Offer, being made by the Acquirer, in pursuance of and in compliance with the provisions of Regulations 3(1) and 4 of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, to the Public Shareholders of the Target Company, pursuant to the execution of the Share Purchase Agreement to acquire control by making this Open Offer for 29.88% of the Voting Share Capital. The mode of payment of consideration for acquisition of the Equity Shares by the Acquirer is "Cash". 3.1.2 The Acquirer has entered into an Share Purchase Agreement with the Promoter Sellers with an intention to acquire 2,13,38,030 (Two Crores Thirteen Lakhs Thirty Eight Thousand and Thirty) Equity Shares, representing 70.12% (Seventy Point One-Two Percent) of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company at a negotiated price of ₹1.00/- (Rupees One Only) per Sale Share, aggregating to an amount of Rs. 2,13,38,030 (Rupees Two Crores Thirteen Lakhs Thirty Eight Thousand Thirty Only), payable in compliance with the terms and conditions scheduled in the Share Purchase Agreement. 3.1.3 The prime object of this Offer is to acquire substantial Equity Shares and Voting Rights capital accompanied by control over the Target Company. The Acquirer intend to expand the Target Company's business activities by carrying on additional business for commercial reasons and operational efficiencies. The Acquirer reserve the right to modify the present structure of the business in a manner which is useful to the larger interest of the shareholders. Any change in the structure that may be carried out, will be in accordance with applicable laws. 3.1.4 No person acting in concert with the Acquirer within the meaning of Regulation 2(1)(q) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 3.1.5 The Acquirer are making this Offer to acquire up to 90,91,970 (Ninety Lakhs Ninety One Thousand Nine Hundred and Seventy) Equity Shares, representing 29.88% (Twenty-Nine point Eighty Eight Percent) of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company at the Offer Price of ₹4/- (Rupees Four Only) per Offer Share, assuming full acceptance of the Offer aggregating to Rs. 3,63,67,880 /- (Rupees Three Crore Sixty Three Lakhs Sixty Seven Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Only), payable in cash, in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 9(1)(a) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, subject to the terms and conditions set out in the Offer Documents. 3.1.6 The details of Promoter Sellers, who have entered into the Share Purchase Agreement with the Acquirer is stated hereunder: \| Sr. No. \| Name and Address of the Promoter Sellers \| Nature of Entity \| \| Part of \| Details of shares/ voting rights held by the selling shareholders \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| Promoter \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Group \| \| Pre Transaction \| \| \| \| Post Transaction \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (Yes/ No) \| \| Number \| \| % \| \| Number \| % \| \| 1 \| Minal Kiran Jangla PAN: AACPJ5635L Add: Sita Kunj, Ground floor, 164, Maharshi karve Road, Cooperage, Mumbai- 400021, Maharashtra, India. \| Individual \| Yes \| \| 2,13,33,750 \| \| 70.10% of Equity Share Capital \| \| 0 \| \| \| \| 2 \| Heena Ashok Mehta PAN: AFOPM1842H Add: 17, Minal apartment 5th floor, shardanand Road, vile Parle East, Mumbai- 400057 Maharashtra, India. \| Individual \| Yes \| \| 3,800 \| \| 0.01% of Equity Share Capital \| \| 0 \| \| \| \| 3 \| Namita Hiten Jangla PAN: AAFPJ0662E Add: 1-B, Beledere Court, 1st floor, Sane Guruji Road, Mahalaxmi East, Mumbai- 400011 Maharashtra, India. \| Individual \| Yes \| \| 480 \| \| 0.00% of Equity Share Capital \| \| 0 \| \| \| 3.1.7 Except for the proposed acquisition of 2,13,38,030 (Two Crores Thirteen Lakhs Thirty Eight Thousand Thirty) Equity Shares, constituting 70.12% of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company, by the Acquirer pursuant to execution of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Acquirer is not holding any Equity Shares of the Target Company. 3.1.8 The salient features of the Share Purchase Agreement are as follows: a) The Promoter Sellers are holding 2,13,38,030 Equity Shares, representing 70.12% of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company. b) The Promoter Sellers have agreed to sell and the Acquirer has agreed to acquire 2,13,38,030 Equity Shares, constituting 70.12% of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company, at a negotiated price of ₹1.00/(Rupees One Only) per Sale Share, aggregating to an amount of Rs. 2,13,38,030/- (Rupees Two Crores Thirteen Lakhs Thirty Eight Thousand Thirty Only), payable in accordance with terms and conditions stipulated of the Share Purchase Agreement ('Purchase Price'). c) The aggregate entire purchase consideration for the Sale Shares aggregating to an amount of Rs. 2,13,38,030/(Rupees Two Crores Thirteen Lakhs Thirty Eight Thousand Thirty Only) shall be payable by the Acquirer to the Promoter Sellers, in proportion to their respective holding at the date of signing of Share Purchase Agreement. d) After completion of this Offer and consummation of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Promoter Sellers shall not hold any Equity Shares and Voting Share Capital in the Target Company, and hence shall no longer be the shareholders of the Target Company in any capacity. e) On Completion Date (as defined under SPA), the Sellers shall cede its control over the company and the Acquirer shall gain control over the Company and shall have a right to reconstitute the Board of Directors of the Target Company and appoint his own representative/Directors as Directors/Chairman of the Target Company. f) The Promoter Sellers shall sell, convey, and deliver to the Acquirer the Sale Shares, and the Acquirer shall purchase, acquire, and accept the said Sale Shares from the Promoter Sellers. g) The Acquirer have no intention to delist the Target Company pursuant to this Offer. h) The Acquirer and the Promoter Sellers have agreed to abide by their obligations as contained in the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. i) Non-compliance with any provisions of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations will lead to termination of the Share Purchase Agreement, effecting such sale from being acted upon by the Promoter Sellers or the Acquirer. j) The Acquirer shall make an open offer in the manner required under the SEBI (SAST) Regulations and shall comply with all provisions of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, as may be applicable. k) The acquisition of the SPA Shares by the Acquirer will result in change in control of the Target Company. The Target Company being a listed entity, the Acquirer shall be responsible for complying with the requirements of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations in relation to the offer to the other public Shareholders. 3.1.9 The Offer is not as a result of global acquisition resulting in indirect acquisition of Target Company. 3.1.10 The Acquirer have not been prohibited by SEBI from dealing in securities, in terms of directions issued under Section 11B of the SEBI Act or under any of the Regulations made under the SEBI Act, 1992. 3.1.11 The Acquirer will, subsequent to successful completion of this Open Offer or in accordance with Regulation 22(2) of SEBI (SAST) Regulations, reconstitute the Board of Directors of the Target Company. The Acquirer has not decided the names of persons who may be appointed on the Board of Directors of the Target Company. 3.1.12 The Promoters have irrevocably agreed to relinquish the management control of the Target Company in favor of the Acquirer, subject to the receipt of all the necessary approvals and the Acquirer completing all the Offer formalities. The Promoters shall declassify themselves from the 'Promoter and Promoter Group' category of the Target Company subject to receipt of necessary approvals required in terms of Regulation 31A(10) of the SEBI (LODR) Regulations and the satisfaction of conditions prescribed therein. 3.1.13 The total consideration of the Share Purchase Agreement shall be paid in cash by the Acquirer. The Offer Price shall be payable in cash in accordance with Regulation 9(1)(a) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, and subject to the terms and conditions set out in the Offer Documents that will be dispatched to the Public Shareholders in accordance with the provisions of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 3.1.14 As per provisions of Regulations 26(6) and 26(7) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, the Board of Directors of the Target Company is required, upon receipt of the Detailed Public Statement, to constitute a committee of independent directors who would provide their reasoned recommendations on this Offer to the Public Shareholders of the Target Company and such recommendations shall be published at least 2 (Two) Working Days before the commencement of the Tendering Period in the same newspaper where the Detailed Public Statement was published and simultaneously a copy of such recommendations is required to be sent to SEBI, Stock Exchange and to the Manager to the Offer. 3.2 Details of the proposed Offer 3.2.1 This Offer is being made by the Acquirer in compliance with the provisions of Regulations 3(1) and 4 of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, to the Public Shareholders of the Target Company, pursuant to the execution of the Share Purchase Agreement. 3.2.2 The Public Announcement announcing the Offer under the provisions of Regulations 3(1), and 4 read with Regulations 13(1) and 15(1) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations was issued on Wednesday, October 12, 2022, by the Manager, for and on behalf of the Acquirer. A copy of the said Public Announcement was filed with SEBI, the Stock Exchanges, and sent to the Target Company on Wednesday, October 12, 2022. 3.2.3 In accordance with Regulation 13(4) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, the Acquirer have made a Detailed Public Statement within 5 (five) working days from the date of Public Announcement. In accordance with Regulation 14(3) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, the Detailed Public Statement has been published in the following newspapers: 3.2.4 A copy of the Detailed Public Statement for the Open Offer is also available on the website of SEBI at www.sebi.gov.in, BSE at www.bseindia.com and NSE at www.nseindia.com. 3.2.5 The Acquirer are making an offer to acquire up to 90,91,970 (Ninety Lakhs Ninety One Thousand Nine Hundred and Seventy) Equity Shares, representing 29.88% of the Fully Paid Up Equity Share Capital of the Target Company at a price of Rs. 4/- (Rupees Four only) per fully paid up equity share aggregates to an amount of Rs. 3,63,67,880 /- (Rupees Three Crore Sixty Three Lakhs Sixty Seven Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Only) payable in cash, in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 9(1)(a) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, and subject to the terms and conditions set out in the Offer Documents. 3.2.6 The Acquirer has deposited an amount of Rs. 3,63,67,880 /- (Rupees Three Crore Sixty Three Lakhs Sixty Seven Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Only) i.e., 100.00% (One Hundred Percent) of the total consideration payable in the Offer, assuming full acceptance in the Escrow Account pursuance of this Offer, in compliance with the provisions of Regulation 22(2) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 3.2.7 All the shares of the Target Company are fully paid up and there are no partly paid up shares in the Target Company. There is no differential pricing in the Offer. 3.2.8 This is not a competing Offer in terms of Regulation 20 of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations and there has been no competing offer as on the date of this Letter of Offer. 3.2.9 This Offer is not conditional upon any minimum level of acceptance in terms of Regulation 19 of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. \| \| Name of the Newspapers \| \| Editions \| Dates \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Business Standard (English) \| \| All Editions \| \| \| \| Business Standard (Hindi) \| \| All Editions \| \| \| \| Navshakti (Marathi) \| \| Mumbai \| \| \| 3.2.10 The Acquirer will acquire upto 90,91,970 (Ninety Lakhs Ninety One Thousand Nine Hundred and Seventy) Equity Shares that are validly tendered in accordance with the terms of the Offer at the offer price. 3.2.11 The Acquirer will acquire only such Equity Shares that are fully paid up, free from all liens, charges and encumbrances and the Equity Shares shall be acquired together with all the rights and interests attached thereto, including all rights to dividend, bonus thereon. 3.2.12 The entire shares proposed to be acquired under this Offer will be acquired by the Acquirer and no other persons / entities propose to participate in the acquisition. 3.2.13 The Acquirer has not acquired any equity Shares of the Target Company during the period of 52 (Fifty-Two) weeks prior to the date of the Public Announcement. Further, the Acquirer has not purchased any Equity Shares from the date of the Public Announcement to the date of this Letter of Offer. 3.2.14 Pursuant to Regulation 12 of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, the Acquirer have appointed Hem Securities Limited as the Manager to the Offer. 3.2.15 As of the date of this Letter of Offer, the Manager does not hold any Equity Shares in the Target Company and is not related to the Acquirer and the Target Company in any manner whatsoever. The Manager declares and undertakes that, it shall not deal on its own account in the Equity Shares during the Offer Period. Further, the Manager confirms that, as of the date of this Letter of Offer, there are no directions subsisting or proceedings pending against them under the SEBI Act and the regulations made thereunder, and no other statutory approval is pending. 3.2.16 As per Regulation 38 of the SEBI (LODR) Regulations read with Rules 19(2) and 19A of the SCRR, the Target Company is required to maintain at least 25.00% public shareholding as determined in accordance with SCRR, on a continuous basis for listing. Pursuant to the completion of this Offer, the public shareholding in the Target Company shall fall below the minimum level required as per Rule 19A of the SCRR, and the Acquirer will ensure that the Target Company satisfies the minimum public shareholding set out in Rule 19A of the SCRR in compliance with applicable laws, within the prescribed time, and in a manner acceptable to the Acquirer. 3.2.17 Upon completion of the Offer, assuming full acceptance, the Acquirer will hold 3,04,30,000 Equity Shares of the Target Company, representing a total of 100.00% of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company. 3.2.18 If the Acquirer acquire Equity Shares of the Target Company during the period of 26 (Twenty-Six) weeks after the Tendering Period at a price higher than the Offer Price, then the Acquirer shall pay the difference between the highest acquisition price and the Offer Price, to all Public Shareholders whose Offer Shares have been accepted in the Offer within 60 (Sixty) days from the date of such acquisition. However, no such difference shall be paid in the event that such acquisition is made under another open offer under the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, or pursuant to Securities and Exchange Board of India (Delisting of Equity Shares) Regulations, 2021, including subsequent amendments thereto, or open market purchases made in the ordinary course on the stock exchange, not being negotiated acquisition of Equity Shares of the Target Company in any form. 3.2.19 The payment of consideration shall be made to all the Public Shareholders, who have tendered their Equity Shares in acceptance of the Offer within 10 (Ten) Working Days of the expiry of the Tendering Period. Credit for consideration will be paid to the Public Shareholders who have validly tendered Equity Shares in the Offer by crossed account payee cheques/pay order/demand drafts/electronic transfer. It is desirable that Public Shareholders provide bank details in the Form of Acceptance cum Acknowledgement, so that the same can be incorporated in the cheques/demand draft/pay order. 3.3 Object of the Acquisition/Offer 3.3.1 The prime object of this Offer is to make substantial acquisition of Equity Shares and voting rights accompanied with the change in control and management of the Target Company. 3.3.2 The Acquirer also intends to control over the Target Company and make changes in the Board of Directors of the Target Company subsequent to the completion of this Open Offer in accordance hereof. 3.3.3 The Acquirer has proposed to continue the business as specified under the object clause of Memorandum of Association of the Target Company and may diversify its business activities in the future with the prior approval of the shareholders. However, depending on the requirements and expediency of the business situation and subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Target Company and all applicable laws, rules and regulations, The main purpose of this takeover is to expand the Company's business activities in the same or diversified line of business through exercising effective control over the Target Company. However, no firm decision in this regard has been taken or proposed so far. 3.3.4 The Acquirer has reserved the right to streamline or restructure, pledge, or encumber their holding in the Target Company and/ or the operations, assets, liabilities and/ or the businesses of the Target Company through arrangements, reconstructions, restructurings, mergers, demergers, sale of assets, or undertakings and/ or renegotiation or termination of the existing contractual or operating arrangements, later in accordance with the relevant applicable laws. Such decisions will be taken in accordance with the procedures set out under the relevant applicable laws, pursuant to business requirements, and in line with opportunities or changes in economic circumstances, from time to time and with approval of Board of Directors. 3.3.5 The Acquirer state that, they do not have any plan to dispose-off or otherwise encumber any significant assets of the Target Company in the succeeding 2 (Two) years from the date of closure of this Offer, except: (a) in the ordinary course of business of the Target Company, and (b) on account of the regulatory approvals or conditions or compliance with any law that is binding on or applicable to the Target company. In the event any substantial asset of the Target Company is to be sold, disposed-off, or otherwise encumbered other than in the ordinary course of business, the Acquirer undertake that, they shall do so only upon the receipt of the prior approval of the shareholders of the Target Company through a special resolution passed by way of postal ballot in terms of Regulation 25 (2) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, and subject to the such other provisions of applicable law as may be required. 3.3.6 Pursuant to this Offer and the transactions contemplated in the Share Purchase Agreement, the Acquirer shall become the Promoters of the Target Company and, the Promoter Sellers will cease to be the promoters of the Target Company in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 31A (10) of the SEBI (LODR) Regulations. 4. BACKGROUND OF THE ACQUIRER ACQUIRER –MADHU GARG 4.1 Nature of Entity: Individual 4.2 Madhu Garg, D/o Amarnath, (hereinafter referred to as "Acquirer") aged 59 years, is an Indian National Resident, having PAN Number ABTPG0991Q under the Income Tax Act, 1961 and resident at B-324, Saraswati Vihar, North West Delhi, Delhi 110034, India and her E-mail address being email@example.com & contact number being +91 9711989520. 4.3 Acquirer has completed her bachelor's degree in Commerce and has experience of more than a decade which includes experience in the field of Management and Business Development and other related areas. 4.4 Acquirer is associated with Kundan Fats and Proteins Limited, Florid Consultancy Services Private Limited, Lawrence Management Services Private Limited and Moonrise Management Services Private Limited as a Director and bearing DIN 00568632. 4.5 As on the date of this Letter of Offer, the Acquirer does not hold any Equity Shares in the Target Company, prior to the execution of the Share Purchase Agreement and subsequently, pursuant to consummation of the Share Purchase Agreement, she will be classified as the Promoter of the Target Company, subject to the compliance of the SEBI (LODR) Regulations. 4.6 The Net Worth of Acquirer as of Wednesday, October 12, 2022, is Rs. 729.84/- Lakhs (Rupees Seven Crore Twenty Nine Lakhs Eighty Four Thousand Only) as certified bearing unique document identification number 22522259AZJYAR8800 on Wednesday, October 12, 2022, by Chartered Accountant, Nishant Khanna, membership number 522259, of M/s ANV & Co., (Chartered Accountants), firm registration number 027349N having their office located at C-85, 3rd Floor, Mansarover Garden, New Delhi-110 015 India, with contact details being +91 9711870799, and E-mail Address being firstname.lastname@example.org and further also confirms that the Acquirer has sufficient means to fulfil obligations under this Offer. 4.7 The acquirer has not been prohibited by SEBI from dealing in securities, in terms of directions issued under Section 11B of the SEBI Act, 1992 ("SEBI" Act) as amended or any of the Regulations made under the SEBI Act. 4.8 The acquirer has not acquired any Equity Shares from the date of Public Announcement till the date of this Letter of Offer. 4.9 The acquirer will not sell the Equity Shares of the Target Company, held, and acquired, if any, during the Offer Period in terms of Regulation 25(4) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 4.10 The Acquirer does not belong to any group and not forming part of the present promoters and promoter group of the Target Company 4.11 The Acquirer does not related to the promoters, directors, or any key employees of the Target Company. 4.12 Acquirer confirms that currently there are no pending litigations pertaining to securities market to which it has been made a party. 4.13 There is no agreement with the Acquirer in connection with the break-up of shares to be accepted from the shares tendered in the Offer. The entire Equity shares proposed to be acquired under this offer will be acquired by the Acquirer and no other persons /entities propose to participate in the acquisition. 4.14 The Acquirer has not been categorized nor are appearing in the 'Wilful Defaulter or a Fraudulent Borrower' list issued by any bank, financial institution, or consortium thereof in accordance with the guidelines on wilful defaulters or fraudulent borrowers issued by Reserve Bank of India. 4.15 Further, the Acquirer has not been Fugitive Economic Offenders under Section 12 of the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018. 5. BACKGROUND OF THE TARGET COMPANY (The disclosure mentioned under this section has been sourced from information published by the Target Company or provided by the Target Company or publicly available sources) TARGET COMPANY –GRAND FOUNDRY LIMITED 5.1 Grand Foundry Limited (hereinafter referred to as "GFL"), was originally incorporated as Private Limited Company in the name of Grand Foundry Private Limited on March 30, 1973 under the Companies Act, 1956 within the jurisdiction of Registrar of Companies, Maharashtra, Mumbai. Subsequently, the Company was converted into a Public Limited Company and consequently the name of the Company was changed from "Grand Foundry Private Limited" to "Grand Foundry Limited" vide a fresh certificate of incorporation dated January, 20, 1992 issued by the Registrar of Companies, Maharashtra, Mumbai. The Corporate Identity Number of the Company is L99999MH1974PLC017655. 5.2 The current registered office of Target Company is located at 327, 3rd Floor, Arun Chambers, Tardeo Road, Mumbai 400034, Maharashtra, India. The target company has shifted its registered office from "2327, 3rd Floor, Arun Chambers, Tardeo, Mumbai 400034, Maharashtra, India" to "327, 3rd Floor, Arun Chambers, Tardeo Road, Mumbai 400034, Maharashtra, India" on May 29, 2019. Except for the stated above there have been no change in the registered office of the Target Company in last 5 years. 5.3 The Equity Shares are currently listed on BSE Limited (BSE) (Scrip Code: 513343) and are not suspended from trading on BSE. The shares of the Company have been placed under Stage-4 of the Graded Surveillance Measure (GSM) on BSE. The Equity Shares are also listed on National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) (Symbol: GFSTEELS). The ISIN of the Target Company is INE534A01028. 5.4 The Equity Shares are not frequently traded on BSE & NSE within the meaning of Regulation 8(2)(e) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations for the period commencing on October 01, 2021 and ending on September 30, 2022 i.e. for twelve calendar months preceding the month in which the PA is issued. 5.5 The Target Company is mainly engaged in the manufacture and deal in engineering goods, machinery, tools and any components, accessories thereof and repairs, processors, importer, exporters and dealers in metals (ferrous and non-ferrous) and metal articles for lightning and heating purposes and rolling works of all kinds of furnace equipment plates, sheets, rods, bars, flats, structural and all others shapes and sections. 5.6 The Promoter of the Target Company are Minal Kiran Jangla, Kiran Dhirajlal Jangla, Heena Ashok Mehta, Namita Hiten Jangla and Dhirajlal Babulal Jangla. 5.7 The share capital of the Target Company is as follows: \| \| Sr. \| Particulars \| Number of Shares \| Aggregate amount of Shares \| Voting Share \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| No. \| \| \| \| Capital \| \| 1. \| \| Authorized Equity Share capital \| 7,50,00,000 equity shares of Rs 4/- and 1,00,000 preference shares of Rs. 10/- each. \| Rs. 30,10,00,000 /- (Rupees Thirty Crores Ten Lakhs Only) \| \| \| 2. \| \| Issued, subscribed and paid-up Equity Share capital \| 3,04,30,000 (Three Crore Four Lakhs and Thirty Thousand) Equity Shares of ₹ 4.00 each \| Rs. 12,17,20,000 (Rupees Twelve Crore Seventeen Lakh Twenty Thousand Only) \| \| 5.8 The present Board of Directors of the Target Company are as follows: 5.9 As on date of this Letter of Offer, the Target Company doesn't have: (a) partly paid-up Equity Shares; and/or (b) outstanding convertible securities or instruments in the nature of warrants or fully or partly convertible debentures/preference shares/employee stock options etc., which are convertible into Equity Shares at any later date.(c) Equity Shares which are forfeited or kept in abeyance; (d) Outstanding Equity Shares that have been issued but not listed on the Stock Exchanges. 5.10 Except as mentioned below, as on the date of this Detailed Public Statement, no Equity Shares of the Target Company are under lock-in. The Equity Shares to be acquired under the Open Offer must be free from all liens, charges and encumbrances and will be acquired together with all rights attached thereto. \| \| Sr. \| Name of Directors \| Designation \| DIN \| Date of \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| No. \| \| \| \| Appointment \| \| 1. \| \| Minal Jangla \| Executive Director \| 00734650 \| \| \| 2. \| \| Kersi Keki Pavri \| Non-Executive Director \| 00473846 \| \| \| 3. \| \| Archana Prakash Dakhale \| Non-Executive Director \| 06637416 \| \| \| 4. \| \| Taroon Sunder Vaswani \| Independent Director \| 01870879 \| \| \| 5. \| \| Naresh Prabhudas Goradia \| Independent Director \| 07517900 \| \| \| 6. \| \| Ketan Rasiklal Shah \| Independent Director \| 00086907 \| \| Further, the lock in requirement shall be the same as applicable to the Promoter Sellers, post-acquisition by the Acquirer which shall be subject to lock-in until February 14, 2023. 5.11 BSE Limited has suspended the scrip of Grand Foundry Ltd for non-compliance with certain provisions of the listing agreement with effect from January 07, 2002 and suspension in trading of equity shares was later revoked w.e.f. July 22, 2019 on payment of the re-instatement fees of Rs. 15 lakhs. Further, The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has suspended the scrip of Grand Foundry Ltd for non-compliance with certain provisions of the listing agreement with effect from September 30, 2005 and suspension in trading of equity shares was later revoked w.e.f. July 22, 2019 on payment of the re-instatement fees of Rs. 1.50 lakhs. 5.12 The target company ("Grand Foundry Limited") was declared a Sick Industrial Company in terms of section 3(1)(o) of Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 vide order dated September 11, 1998. Later, the scheme involving revival of the Company was approved by Hon'ble Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) vide its order dated September 7, 2015. 5.12.1 As per the BIFR Order, the issued, subscribed and paid-up equity capital of the company stand reduced from Rs. 10,43,00,000/- consisting of 1,04,30,000 equity shares of face value of Rs.10/- each to Rs. 4,17,20,000/consisting of 1,04,30,000 equity shares of Rs. 4/- each by way of reduction of share capital by 60%. The reduction was affected by reducing the face value per shares from Rs. 10/- to Rs. 4/-. 5.12.2 Further, 2,00,00,000 equity shares of Rs. 4/- each issued at par to Promoters on a preferential basis pursuant to BIFR Order by capitalization of unsecured loans brought in by the promoters to the extent of Rs. 600 lakhs and Rs. 200 lakhs to be brought in by the promoters. 5.13 The Target Company is not registered with any regulatory or governmental authority in any capacity and hence is not required to obtain any No Objection Certificate from any regulatory or governmental authority for effecting change in control of the Target Company. 5.14 The Target Company, and its Promoter Sellers, and its directors and key managerial personnel are not declared as 'Fugitive Economic Offenders' under Section 12 of the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 nor have he has been categorized nor are appearing in the 'Wilful Defaulter or Fraudulent Borrower' list issued by any bank, financial institution, or consortium thereof in accordance with the guidelines on wilful defaulters or fraudulent borrowers issued by SEBI. 5.15 As of date of this Letter of Offer, there are no directions subsisting or proceedings pending against the Target Company and its Promoters, including existing Promoter Seller, and its directors and key managerial personnel, under the SEBI Act and the regulations made thereunder or by any other regulator. Further, no penalties had been or have been levied by SEBI/ RBI or any other regulatory body against the Target Company and its Promoters, including existing Promoter Seller, and its directors and/or key managerial personnel. 5.16 As on date of this LOO, there is no subsidiary or holding company of the Target Company. 5.17 The Target Company had paid penalty of ₹ 4000 (excluding GST & TDS) to BSE Limited for delay in submission of Corporate Governance compliance report within the time prescribed under regulation 27(2) of the SEBI (Listing Obligation and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015. Except the aforesaid and elsewhere mentioned in this LOO, the Target Company has complied with the requirements of the SEBI (Listing Obligation and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 and as on date no penal action is pending against the Target Company, which has been initiated by the Stock Exchange 5.18 The Promoter Sellers have failed to file the necessary disclosures in accordance with the provisions of Chapter V of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, the details of which are specified as under: Regulation 29 - \| Name of \| Regul ation \| Financi al Year \| Date of transactio n \| Pre Transa ction shareho lding % \| Post transacti on sharehol ding % \| % of chang e in shareh olding \| Due Date for Complianc e \| Actua l Date of Comp liance \| Status of compli ance \| Dela \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| individual/ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| y in \| \| entity \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| no. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| days \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla, Kiran Dhirajlal Jangla and Dhirajlal Babulal Jangla \| 29(1) \| 2017-18 \| 03.11.2017 - 08.11.2017 \| 0.01 \| 12.78 \| 12.77 \| 07.11.2017- 10.11.2017 \| - \| Not Compl ied \| - \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla & Kiran Dhirajlal Jangla \| 29 (1) & 29 (2) \| 2019-20 \| 24.12.2019 \| 7.97 \| 68.46 \| 60.49 \| 27.12.2019 \| - \| Not Compl ied \| - \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 29 (2) \| 2021-22 \| 22.02.2022 \| 60.50 \| 63.49 \| 2.99 \| 24.02.2022 \| - \| Not Compl ied \| - \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 29 (2) \| 2022-23 \| 13.06.2022 \| 63.49 \| 70.11 \| 6.62 \| 15.06.2022 \| - \| Not Compl ied \| - \| Regulation 30 & Regulation 31 \| Name of \| Regulation \| Financia l Year \| Date of transacti on, if any \| \| % of \| Due date for complianc e \| Actual Date of Compliance \| Status of complianc e \| Dela \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| individual/ \| \| \| \| \| shareholding \| \| \| \| y in \| \| entity \| \| \| \| \| not disclosed/ \| \| \| \| no. of \| \| responsible \| \| \| \| \| % of \| \| \| \| days \| \| for making \| \| \| \| \| encumbered \| \| \| \| \| \| disclosure \| \| \| \| \| shares but not \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| disclosed \| \| \| \| \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 31 (4) \| 2019-20 \| - \| 70.12 \| \| 01.06.2020 \| 28.10.2022 \| Complied \| 940 \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 31 (4) \| 2020-21 \| - \| 70.12 \| \| 12.04.2021 \| 28.10.2022 \| Complied \| 564 \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 31 (4) \| 2021-22 \| - \| 70.12 \| \| 11.04.2022 \| 28.10.2022 \| Complied \| 74 \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 30 (2) \| 2012-13 \| - \| 12.81 \| \| 09.04.2013 \| - \| Not Complied \| - \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 30 (2) \| 2013-14 \| - \| 12.81 \| \| 09.04.2014 \| - \| Not Complied \| - \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 30 (2) \| 2014-15 \| - \| 12.81 \| \| 09.04.2015 \| 19.10.2022 \| Complied \| 2750 \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 30 (2) \| 2015-16 \| - \| 12.81 \| \| 12.04.2016 \| 19.10.2022 \| Complied \| 2381 \| \| Minal Kiran Jangla \| 30 (2) \| 2016-17 \| - \| 12.81 \| \| 12.04.2017 \| 19.10.2022 \| Complied \| 2016 \| SEBI vide its circular bearing reference number 'SEBI/HO/CFD/DCR1/CIR/P/2020/49' dated March 27, 2020, had extended the timeline to file the report under Regulations 30 (1), 30 (2) and 31 (4) for the Financial Year ended as on March 31, 2020, till June 01, 2020. As on date no action has been initiated by SEBI, however, SEBI may initiate appropriate action against the Promoter Sellers for the aforesaid violation in terms of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations and provisions of the SEBI Act. 5.19 The Target Company has not been a party to any scheme of amalgamation, restructuring, merger / de-merger, buyback, and spin-off during the last 3 (Three) years. 5.20 There are no directors representing the Acquirer appointed as directors on the Board of the Target Company. 5.21 Financial Information The brief financial details of Target Company based on the audited financial statements for the last 3 (Three) years ended March 31, 2022, March 31, 2021, March 31, 2020 and unaudited financial Statements (Limited Review by Statutory Auditors) for the quarterly months ended June 30, 2022 are as follows: Statement of Profit and Loss (Rs. in Lakhs) \| Particular \| \| Three months \| \| Year Ended \| \| Year Ended \| Year Ended \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| ended 30.06.2022 \| \| 31.03.2022 \| \| 31.03.2021 \| 31.03.2020 \| \| \| \| (Unaudited) \| \| (Audited) \| \| (Audited) \| (Audited) \| \| Revenue from Operations \| - \| \| - \| \| 106.64 \| \| \| \| Other Income \| - \| \| 1.63 \| \| 0.00 \| \| \| \| Total Revenue \| - \| \| 1.63 \| \| 106.64 \| \| \| \| Total Expenditure \| 8.16 \| \| 19.56 \| \| 120.54 \| \| \| \| Profit / (Loss) before Depreciation, Interest, Exceptional Items and Tax \| (8.16) \| \| (17.93) \| \| (13.90) \| \| \| \| Depreciation \| - \| \| 3.35 \| \| 3.53 \| \| \| \| Financial Costs \| - \| \| 0.02 \| \| 0.02 \| \| \| \| Profit / (Loss) before Exceptional Items and Tax \| (8.16) \| (21.30) \| (17.45) \| (232.94) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Less: Exceptional Items \| - \| 0.00 \| 0.15 \| 1.54 \| \| Profit/(Loss) before Tax \| (8.16) \| (21.30) \| (17.60) \| (234.48) \| \| Current tax \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Earlier year Taxes \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| Deferred Tax \| - \| 0.67 \| 3.08 \| 30.21 \| \| Profit/(Loss) after Tax from continuing operations \| (8.16) \| (20.63) \| (20.69) \| (204.26) \| \| Profit from discontinuing operations \| - \| - \| - \| - \| Statement of Balance Sheet (₹ in Lakhs except Equity Share data) \| Particulars \| \| Three months \| \| Year Ended \| \| Year Ended \| Year Ended \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| ended 30.06.2022 \| \| 31.03.2022 \| \| 31.03.2021 \| 31.03.2020 \| \| \| \| (Unaudited) \| \| (Audited) \| \| (Audited) \| (Audited) \| \| ASSETS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Non-Current Assets \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Property, Plant & Equipment \| 6.25 \| \| 6.25 \| \| 9.60 \| \| \| \| Intangible Assets \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| \| \| Non-current investments \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| \| \| Deferred Tax Assets (Net) \| 0.18 \| \| 0.18 \| \| - \| \| \| \| Long term loans and Advances \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| \| \| Current Assets \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Current Investment \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| \| \| Inventories \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| \| \| Trade receivables \| 24.40 \| \| 24.83 \| \| 150.67 \| \| \| \| Cash and cash equivalents \| 0.68 \| \| 0.66 \| \| 0.71 \| \| \| \| Bank Balances other than (ii) above \| 1.37 \| \| 1.15 \| \| 1.56 \| \| \| \| Other Financial Assets \| 18.19 \| \| 46.96 \| \| 15.80 \| \| \| \| TOTAL \| 51.06 \| \| 80.03 \| \| 178.34 \| \| \| \| EQUITY AND LIABILITIES \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Equity \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Equity Share Capital \| 1217.20 \| \| 1217.20 \| \| 1217.20 \| \| \| \| Other Equity \| (1553.28) \| \| (1545.11) \| \| (1524.48) \| \| \| \| Net worth \| (336.08) \| \| (327.91) \| \| (307.28) \| \| \| \| Non-Current Liabilities \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Long-term borrowings \| 5.65 \| \| 162.95 \| \| 72.22 \| \| \| \| Loan from Debentures \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| \| \| Current liabilities \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Trade Payables \| 218.13 \| \| 244.77 \| \| 411.47 \| \| \| \| Other Financial Liabilities \| 163.35 \| \| 0.08 \| \| 0.05 \| \| \| \| Short Term Provisions \| - \| \| 0.14 \| \| 1.39 \| \| \| \| Deferred Tax Liabilities (Net) \| - \| \| - \| \| 0.49 \| \| \| Other Financial Information (₹ in Lakhs except Equity Share data) \| Particulars \| \| Three months \| \| Year Ended \| \| Year Ended \| Year Ended \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| ended 30.06.2022 \| \| 31.03.2022 \| \| 31.03.2021 \| 31.03.2020 \| \| \| \| (Unaudited) \| \| (Audited) \| \| (Audited) \| (Audited) \| \| Dividend (%) \| - \| \| - \| \| - \| \| \| \| Earnings Per Share (Basic) (in Rs.) \| (0.01)** \| \| (0.20) \| \| (0.20) \| \| \| \| Return on Networth (%)* \| NA \| \| NA \| \| NA \| \| \| Net-worth is negative not annualized Note: a) The financial information set forth above has been extracted from the audited financial statements for the Financial Years ending March 31, 2022, 2021and 2020, as audited by the statutory auditors of the Target Company. b) There are no major contingent liabilities existing in the Target Company. 5.22 The closing market price of the Equity Shares of the Target Company as of the date of the Public Announcement, the trading day before and after the date of the Public Announcement was as below: \| Particular \| Date \| Market Price (Closing) \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| NSE \| \| Date just before the Public Announcement \| October 11, 2022 \| \| \| Date of Public Announcement \| October 12, 2022 \| \| \| Date just after the Public Announcement \| October 13, 2022 \| \| \| Particular \| Date \| Market Price (Closing) \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| BSE \| \| Date just before the Public Announcement \| October 03, 2022 \| \| \| Date of Public Announcement \| October 12, 2022 \| \| \| Date just after the Public Announcement \| October 13, 2022 \| \| \| share capital in excess of Rs. 2 lakhs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Non-Resident Indian (NRI) \| 30,337 \| 1.1 \| - \| - \| (30,337) \| (1.10) \| - \| \| \| Bodies Corporate \| 5,48,058 \| 1.8 \| - \| - \| (5,48,058) \| (1.80) \| - \| \| Grand Total (1 to 4) \| \| 3,04,30,000 \| 100 \| - \| - \| (3,04,30,000) \| (100.00) \| - \| 6. OFFER PRICE AND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS 6.1 JUSTIFICATION OF OFFER PRICE 6.1.1 This Open Offer is pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement ("SPA") entered between the Acquirer and Promoter Sellers dated October 12, 2022. 6.1.2 The equity shares of the Target Company are not frequently traded, in terms of Regulation 2(1)(j) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations on BSE & NSE. The annualized trading turnover of the equity shares traded during the twelve calendar months preceding September 30, 2022, the month in which the Open Offer was triggered is as given below: 6.1.3 The Offer Price of Rs. 4/- (Rupees Four Only) per equity share of Rs. 4/- each is justified in terms of Regulation 8(1) & 8(2) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, after considering the following facts: \| Name of the Stock Exchanges \| \| Total no. of Equity Shares traded during the \| Total no. of listed Equity Shares \| \| Traded Turnover \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| 12 calendar months preceding to September \| \| \| (as % of Equity \| \| \| \| 30, 2022 \| \| \| Shares listed) \| \| BSE Limited \| 12,92,711 \| \| 3,04,30,000 \| 4.25 \| \| \| National Stock Exchange of India Limited \| 8,44,076 \| \| 3,04,30,000 \| 2.77 \| \| Source: www.bseindia.com and www.nseindia.com As per the valuation certificate by Mr. Nitin Khandelwal (Membership No 414387), partner of M/s Surender K Goyal & Co., Chartered Accountants, bearing Firm Registration number 005856C, through his valuation report bearing UDIN 22414387BADFCH8578 dated October 12, 2022, has certified that the fair value of the Equity Share of Target Company is Rs.1.10/- (Negative) per Equity Share. \| \| \| Particulars \| Amount \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Sr. \| \| \| \| \| No \| \| \| \| a) \| \| Negotiated Price under the Share Purchase Agreement attracting the obligations to make a Public Announcement for the Offer \| Rs.1/- \| \| b) \| \| The volume-weighted average price paid or payable for acquisition(s) by the Acquirer, during the 52 (fifty-two) weeks immediately preceding the date of Public Announcement. \| NA \| \| c) \| \| The highest price paid or payable for any acquisition by the Acquirer, during the 26 (twenty-six) weeks immediately preceding the date of Public Announcement. \| NA \| \| d) \| \| The volume-weighted average market price of Equity Shares calculated as per Regulation 8(2)(d) for a period of 60 (sixty) trading days immediately preceding the date of Public Announcement as traded on BSE and NSE where the maximum volume of trading in the Equity Shares of the Target Company are recorded during such period, provided such shares are frequently traded. \| NA \| \| e) \| \| Where the Equity Shares are not frequently traded, the price determined by the Acquirer and the Manager considering valuation parameters per Equity Share including, book value, comparable trading multiples, and such other parameters as are customary for valuation of Equity Shares. \| (Rs.1.10/-) \| 6.1.4 The Offer Price i.e. Rs. 4/- (Rupees Four Only) per equity share, being higher than the highest of the parameters mentioned hereinabove, in the opinion of the Acquirer and Manager to the Offer, is justified in terms of Regulations 8(1) & 8(2) of SEBI (SAST) Regulations.The Offer Price is denominated and payable in Indian Rupees only. 6.1.5 There have been no corporate actions by the Target Company warranting adjustment of any of the relevant price parameters under Regualtion 8(9) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. The Offer Price may be adjusted in the event of any corporate actions like bonus, rights issue, stock split, consolidation, dividend, demergers, reduction, etc. where the record date for effecting such corporate actions falls between the date of this Letter of Offer up to 3 (Three) Working Days prior to the commencement of the Tendering Period of the Offer, in accordance with Regulation 8 (9) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 6.1.6 In the event of any acquisition of Equity Shares by the Acquirer during the Offer Period, at a price higher than the Offer Price, then the Offer Price will be revised upwards to be equal to or more than the highest price paid for such acquisition in terms of Regulation 8 (8) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. However, the Acquirer shall not acquire any Equity Shares after the 3rd (Third) Working Day prior to the commencement and until the expiry of the Tendering Period of this Offer. 6.1.7 As on date, there has been no revision in Offer Price or Offer Size. In case of any revision in the Offer Price or Offer Size, the Acquirer shall comply with Regulation 18 of SEBI (SAST) Regulations, 2011, which are required to be fulfilled for the said revision in the Offer Price or Offer Size. 6.1.8 The Acquirer shall disclose during the offer period, every acquisition made by them of any equity shares of the Target Company, to the Stock Exchange and to the Target Company at its registered office within twenty-four hours of such acquisition in accordance with Regulation 18(6) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 6.1.9 There has been no revision in the Offer Price or to the size of this offer as on the date of this Letter of Offer. 6.1.10 An upward revision to the Offer Price or to the Offer Size, if any, on account of future purchases/ competing Offer or otherwise, may be done at any time prior to the commencement of last working day before the date of commencement of the Tendering Period of this Offer in accordance with Regulation 18(4) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. In the event of such revision, the Acquirer shall (i) make further deposit into the Escrow Account; (ii) make a Public Announcement in the same newspapers in which this DPS has been published; and (iii) simultaneously with the issue of such Public Announcement, inform BSE, NSE, SEBI and the Target Company at its Registered Office of such revision. 6.1.11 If the Acquirer acquires Equity Shares of the Target Company during the period of 26 (Twenty-Six) Weeks after the tendering period at a price higher than the Offer Price, then the Acquirer shall pay the difference between the highest acquisition price and the Offer Price, to all shareholders whose shares have been accepted in Offer within 60 (Sixty) days from the date of such acquisition. However, no such difference shall be paid in the event that such acquisition is made under another open offer as per the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, 2011, or pursuant to SEBI (Delisting of Equity Shares) Regulations, 2021, or open market purchases made in the ordinary course on the stock exchange, not being negotiated acquisition of shares of the Target Company whether by way of bulk / block deals or in any other form. 6.1.12 In case the Acquirer acquire or agree to acquire any shares or voting rights in the Target Company during the offer period, whether by subscription or purchase, at a price higher than the offer price, the offer price shall stand revised to the highest paid or payable for any such acquisition in terms of Regulation 8(8) of SEBI (SAST) Regulations. However, the Acquirer shall not acquire any equity shares of the Target Company after the 3 rd (third) working day prior to the commencment of the tendering period and until the expiry of the tendering period. 6.2 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS 6.2.1 The maximum consideration payable by the Acquirer to acquire up to 90,91,970 (Ninety Lakhs Ninety One Thousand Nine Hundred and Seventy) Equity Shares, representing 29.88% (Twenty-Nine point Eighty Eight Percent) of the Voting Share Capital of the Target Company at the Offer Price of ₹4/- (Rupees Four Only) per Offer Share, assuming full acceptance of the Offer aggregating to Rs. 3,63,67,880 /- (Rupees Three Crore Sixty Three Lakhs Sixty Seven Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Only) ("Maximum Consideration") 6.2.2 The Acquirer has adequate internal resources to meet the financial requirements of the Open Offer. No borrowings from any Bank/ Financial Institution or NRIs or otherwise is envisaged by Acquirer for the purpose of this open offer. The Acquirer have made firm arrangement for financial resources required to complete the Open Offer in accordance with Regulation 25(1) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. The acquisition will be financed through their own internal resources. 6.2.3 In accordance with Regulation 17 of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, the Acquirer has opened an Escrow Account in the name and style of "MADHU GARG–GFL OPEN OFFER ESCROW ACCOUNT" with Axis Bank, having its branch situated at Statesman House, 148 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi 110001, India ("Escrow Bank") and have deposited an amount of Rs. 3,63,67,880/- (Rupees Three Crore Sixty Three Lakhs Sixty Seven Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Only) in cash which represents at least 100.00% of the offer consideration.The date of deposit of the fund to the Escrow Account is October 13, 2022. 6.2.4 The Acquirer has duly empowered and authorized Hem Securities Limited, the Manager to the Offer, to realize the value of the Escrow Account in terms of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 6.2.5 Mr. Nishant Khanna (Membership No: 522259), Partner of M/s ANV & Co., (FRN: 027349N), Chartered Accountants, having their office at C-85, 3rd Floor, Mansarover Garden, New Delhi-110 015 India, has certified vide dated Wednesday, October 12, 2022 that sufficient resources are available with the Acquirer for fulfilling the obligations under the open offer in full. 6.2.6 Based on the above, the Manager to the Offer is satisfied about the ability of the Acquirer to implement the Offer in accordance with the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. Further, the Manager to the Offer confirms that firm arrangement for funds through verifiable means, to fulfill the Offer obligations are in place. 6.2.7 Based on the above, the Manager to the Offer, hereby confirms that firm financial arrangements for payment through verifiable means are in place to fulfil the obligations by the Acquirer under the Offer. 6.2.8 In case of upward revision of the Offer Price and/ or the Offer Size, the Acquirer would deposit additional appropriate amount into an Escrow Account to ensure compliance with Regulation 18 (5) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, prior to effecting such revision. 7. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE OFFER 7.1 The Tendering Period will commence on Tuesday, December 13, 2022 and will close on Monday, December 26, 2022. 7.2 This Offer is not conditional upon any minimum level of acceptance in terms of Regulation 19(1) of SEBI (SAST) Regulations and is not a competing offer in terms of the Regulation 20 of SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 7.3 The Offer is being made to all Eligible Shareholders (i) whose names appear in the register of members of the Target Company at the close of business hours on Tuesday, November 29, 2022, i.e. the Identified Date, (ii) the beneficial owners of the Equity Shares whose names appear as beneficiaries on the records of the respective Depositories as on the Identified Date and (iii) to persons who acquire Equity Shares before the closure of the Tendering Period and tender these Equity Shares into the Offer in accordance with this Letter of Offer. Persons who have acquired Equity Shares (irrespective of the date of purchase) but whose names do not appear on the register of members of the Target Company on the Identified Date are also eligible to participate in the Offer. 7.4 This Letter of Offer specifying the detailed terms and conditions of the Offer along with the Form of Acceptancecum-Acknowledgement will be mailed to all the Eligible Shareholders as on the Identified Date. Non-receipt or delayed receipt of this Letter of Offer by any such person will not invalidate the Offer in any way.The last date by which the Letter of Offer would be dispatched to each of the Eligible Shareholders is Tuesday, December 06, 2022. In terms of Regulation 18(2) the letter of offer shall be dispatched to the shareholders whose names appear on the register of members of the target company as of the identified date. The letter of offer may also be dispacthed through electronic mode in accordance with the provisions of Companies Act, 2013. However, on receipt of a request from shareholder, the physical copy of the letter of offer will be provided. Every person holding shares, regardless of whether he held shares on the identified date or has not received the letter of offer, shall be entitled to tender such shares in acceptance of the open offer. 7.5 The Offer Documents will also be available and accessible on the websites of SEBI at 'www.sebi.gov.in', BSE at 'www.bseindia.com', NSE at 'www.nseindia.com' and Manager at 'www.hemsecurities.com'. In case of nonreceipt of the Letter of Offer, all Public Shareholders including unregistered Public Shareholders, if they so desire, may download the Letter of Offer, the Form of Acceptance from the website of SEBI for applying in this Offer. 7.6 There shall be no discrimination in the acceptance of locked-in (subject to continuation of the residual lock-in period in the hands of the Acquirer) and non locked-in Equity Shares in the Offer. To the best of our knowledge, the Target Company has no Equity Shares which are locked in (Public Shareholding). The Eligible Shareholders who tender their Equity Shares under the Offer shall ensure that the Equity Shares are free and clear from all liens, charges and encumbrances and shall ensure that such Equity Shares when acquired by the Acquirer will be acquired free and clear from all liens, charges and encumbrances and together with all rights attached thereto, including but not limited to the rights to all dividends, bonus and rights declared thereafter. 7.7 The Acquirer have appointed Purva Sharegistry (India) Private Limited, as the Registrar to the Offer, having their office located at Unit No. 9, Ground Floor, Shiv Shakti Industrial Estate, J. R. Boricha Marg, Lower Parel East, Mumbai – 400011, Maharashtra, India with contact number being +91 022- 022-23010771 /49614132, Fax No: 022 23012517, Email Address being 'email@example.com' and website 'www.purvashare.com', CIN: U67120MH1993PTC074079, SEBI Regn. No. INR000001112, Ms. Deepali Dhuri, the contact person can be contacted from 10:00 a.m. (Indian Standard Time) to 5:00 p.m. (Indian Standard Time) on working days (except Saturdays, Sundays, and all public holidays), during the Tendering Period. 7.8 Eligible Shareholders to whom the Offer is being made are free to offer their shareholding in the Target Company in whole or in part while accepting the Offer. The acceptance must be unconditional and should be absolute and unqualified. In the event any change or modification is made to the Form of Acceptance-cum-Acknowledgement or if any condition is inserted therein by an Eligible Shareholder, the Manager to the Offer and the Acquirer reserve the right to reject the acceptance of this Offer from such Eligible Shareholder. 7.9 In terms of Regulation 18(9) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, the Equity Shareholders who tender their Equity Shares in acceptance of this Offer shall not be entitled to withdraw such acceptance during the Tendering Period. 7.10 The acceptance of this offer is entirely at the discretion of the eligible Equity Shareholder(s)/ Beneficial owner(s) of the Target Company. The Acquirer, Manager to the Offer or Registrar to the Offer will not be responsible for any loss of share certificate(s) and the Offer acceptance documents during transit and the Shareholders are advised to adequately safeguard their interest in this regard. 7.11 The instructions, authorisations and provisions contained in the Form of Acceptance-cum- Acknowledgement constitute an integral part of the Letter of Offer. 7.12 The Acquirer shall, within 10 th Working Days from the last date of the Tendering Period of the Offer, complete all requirements under the SEBI (SAST) Regulations and other applicable law relating to the Offer including payment of consideration to the Eligible Shareholders who have validly tendered their acceptance to the Offer and for that purpose open a special account provided under Regulation 21(1). 7.13 Applications in respect of tendered Shares that are the subject matter of litigation, wherein the Shareholders may be prohibited from transferring the Shares during the pendency of the said litigation, are liable to be rejected if directions or orders regarding these Shares are not received together with the Shares tendered under this Offer. The applications in some of these cases may be forwarded (as per the discretion of the Acquirer) to the concerned statutory authorities for further action by such authorities. 7.14 In the event that the aggregate of the Equity Shares tendered in this Offer by the Shareholders are more than the Equity Shares to be acquired in this Offer, the acquisition of the Equity Shares from each Shareholder will be on a proportionate basis. 7.15 The Manager to the Offer does not hold any Equity Shares in the Target Company. Further, the Manager to the Offer further declares and undertakes that they will not deal in their own account in the equity shares of the Target Company during the Offer Period. 7.16 STATUTORY AND OTHER APPROVALS AND CONDITIONS OF THE OFFER 7.16.1 To the best of knowledge and belief of the Acquirer, as of the date of this LOO, there are no statutory approvals required to acquire the equity shares tendered pursuant to this Offer. However, if any other statutory approvals are required or become applicable prior to completion of this Offer, this Offer would be subject to the receipt of such other statutory approvals that may become applicable at a later date. 7.16.2 If the holders of the Equity Shares who are not persons resident in India (including NRIs, OCBs and FIIs) had required any approvals (including from the RBI, the FIPB or any other regulatory body) in respect of the equity shares held by them, they will be required to submit such previous approvals, that they would have obtained for holding the equity shares, to tender the Equity Shares held by them in this Offer, along with the other documents required to be tendered to accept this Offer. In the event such approvals are not submitted, the Acquirer reserves the right to reject such Equity Shares tendered in this Offer. 7.16.3 If any of the statutory approvals, are not met for reasons outside the reasonable control of the Acquirer, or in the event the statutory approvals are refused, the Acquirer, in terms of Regulation 23 of SEBI (SAST) Regulations, shall have a right to withdraw this Offer. In the event of withdrawal, the Acquirer will make a public announcement within 2 working days of such withdrawal, in the same newspapers in which this DPS is published and such announcement will also be sent to SEBI, BSE, NSE and the Target Company at its Registered Office. 7.16.4 In case of delay / non-receipt of any statutory approval in terms of regulation 18(11) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations, SEBI may, if satisfied that delay/ non receipt of the requisite statutory approvals was not attributable to any willful default, failure or neglect on the part of the Acquirer to diligently pursue such approvals, grant extension of time for the purpose of completion of this Offer, subject to the Acquirer agreeing to pay interest to the equity shareholders for the delay as may be specified by SEBI. 8. PROCEDURE FOR ACCEPTANCE AND SETTLEMENT OF THIS OFFER 8.1 All the Shareholders, registered or unregistered, of the Target Company, except the Acquirer owning Equity Shares any time before the date of Closure of the Offer, are eligible to participate in the Offer. 8.2 Persons who have acquired Equity Shares but whose names do not appear in the register of members of the Target Company on the Identified Date, or unregistered owners or those who have acquired Equity Shares after the Identified Date, or those who have not received the Letter of Offer, may also participate in this Offer. 8.3 The Open Offer will be implemented by the Acquirer through stock exchange mechanism made available by the Stock Exchanges in the form of separate window ("Acquisition Window") as provided under the SEBI (SAST) Regulations and SEBI circular CIR/CFD/POLICY/CELL/1/2015 dated April 13, 2015 and SEBI Circular CFD/DCR2/CIR/P/2016/131 dated December 09, 2016 and BSE notice no. 20170202-34 dated February 2, 2017 and notice no. 20170210-16 and 20170210-23 dated February 10, 2017. 8.4 The shares of the Target Company are listed at BSE & NSE. BSE Limited shall be the Designated Stock Exchange for the purpose of tendering Equity Shares in the Open Offer. The Selling members can enter orders for demat shares as well as physical shares. 8.5 The facility for acquisition of shares through stock exchange mechanism pursuant to the Offer shall be available on the BSE & NSE in the form of a separate window ("Acquisition Window"). 8.6 The Acquirer have appointed Hem Finlease Private Limited ("Buying Broker") as its broker for the Open Offer through whom the purchases and settlement of the Offer Shares tendered under the Open Offer shall be made during the Open Offers. The contact details of the Buying Broker are as mentioned below: 8.7 The Public Shareholders who have registered their email ids with the Depositories / the Target Company shall be dispatched the Letter of Offer through electronic means. If Public Shareholders who have been sent the Letter of Offer through electronic means wish to obtain a physical copy of the Letter of Offer, they may send a request in writing to the Registrar to the Offer at the address or email id mentioned on the cover page of the Letter of Offer by stating such Shareholder's name, address, number of Equity Shares held on Identified Date, client ID number, DP name /ID, beneficiary account number, and upon receipt of such request, a physical copy of the Letter of Offer shall be provided to such Shareholder. The Public Shareholders who have not registered their email ids with the Depositories / the Target Company shall be dispatched the Letter of Offer through physical mode by registered Name: Hem Finlease Private Limited Registered Address: 203, Jaipur Tower, M. I. Road, Jaipur 302001, Rajasthan, India SEBI Registration Number: INZ000167734, CIN: U67120RJ1996PTC011799 Contact Person: Ashok Soni; Tel.: 0141-4051000; Email: firstname.lastname@example.org post / speed post / courier. The Letter of Offer shall be sent to all Public Shareholders holding Equity Shares whose names appear in the register of members of the Target Company on the Identified Date. 8.8 All Public Shareholders holding the shares in dematerialized form are eligible to participate in this Open Offer at any time during the period from Offer Opening Date till the Offer Closing Date ("Tendering Period") for this Open Offer. Further, in accordance with the Frequently Asked Questions issued by SEBI, "FAQs - Tendering of physical shares in buyback offer/ open offer/ exit offer/delisting" dated February 20, 2020, SEBI Circular no. SEBI/HO/CFD/CMD1/CIR/P/2020/144 dated July 31, 2020 and BSE notice no 20200528-32 dated 28 May 2020, shareholders holding securities in physical form are allowed to tender shares in open offer. However, such tendering shall be as per the provisions of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. The Public Announcement, the Detailed Public Statement, the Letter of Offer and the Form of Acceptance will also be available on the SEBI website: www.sebi.gov.in. 8.9 All Shareholders who desire to tender their Shares under the Open Offer would have to approach their respective stock brokers ("Selling Broker"), during the normal trading hours of the secondary market during the Tendering Period. Separate Acquisition window will be provided by NSE & BSE to facilitate placing of sell orders. For details in relation to tendering of Offer Shares held in physical form, please refer to section titled "Procedure for tendering Equity Shares held in Physical form" below of this part, for details in relation to tendering of Offer Shares held in physical form 8.10 The Selling Broker would be required to place an order/bid on behalf of the Shareholders who wish to tender their Equity Shares in the Offer using the Acquisition Window of the BSE & NSE. Before placing the bid, the concerned Public Shareholder / Selling Broker would be required to transfer the tendered Equity Shares to the special account of Clearing Corporation by using the settlement number and the procedure prescribed by the Clearing Corporation. 8.11 The cumulative quantity tendered shall be displayed on the exchange website throughout the trading session, at specific intervals, by the stock exchange during the Tendering Period. 8.12 Shareholders can tender their shares only through a broker with whom the Shareholder is registered as client (KYC Compliant). 8.13 In the event Selling Broker of the Shareholder is not registered with BSE & NSE then that equity Shareholder can approach the Buying Broker viz Hem Finlease Private Limited to facilitate tendering of equity shares under the offer. 8.14 The shares tendered in the offer would be held in trust by the Manager to the offer, till the acquirer completes the open offer obligations in terms of Regulations. 8.15 Procedure for tendering Equity Shares held in dematerialised Form: a) Public Shareholders who are holding the equity shares in demat form and who desire to tender their equity shares in this Offer shall approach their respective Selling Broker indicating to their broker the details of Equity Shares they intend to tender in Open Offer. b) Shareholders shall submit Delivery Instruction Slips ("DIS") duly filled in specifying market type as "Open Offer" and execution date along with all other details to their respective depository participant/ selling broker so that equity Shares can be tendered in this Open Offer. c) The Selling Broker shall provide early pay-in of demat shares (except for custodian participant orders) to the Clearing Corporation before placing the orders and the same shall be validated at the time of order entry. d) For custodian participant, orders for demat equity shares early pay-in is mandatory prior to confirmation of order by the custodian. The custodians shall either confirm or reject orders not later than close of trading hours on the last day of the Offer Period. Thereafter, all unconfirmed orders shall be deemed to be rejected. e) The details of settlement number for early pay-in of Equity Shares shall be informed in the issue opening circular that will be issued by the Stock Exchanges / Clearing Corporation, before the opening of the Offer. f) Upon placing the order, the Selling Broker(s) shall provide transaction registration slip ("TRS") generated by the exchange bidding system to the Shareholder. TRS will contain details of order submitted like bid ID No., DP ID, client ID, no. of Equity Shares tendered etc. g) The Shareholders will have to ensure that they keep the depository participant ("DP") account active and unblocked to receive credit in case of return of Equity Shares due to rejection or due to prorated Open Offer. h) The shareholders holding equity shares in demat mode are not required to fill any form of acceptance cum acknowledgement. The shareholders are advised to retain the acknowledged copy of the DIS and the TRS till the completion of the offer period. i) All non-resident Public Shareholders (i.e., Public Shareholders not residing in India including NRIs, OCBs and FPIs) are mandatorily required to fill the Form of Acceptance-cum- Acknowledgement. The non-resident Public Shareholders holding Equity Shares in Demat mode, directly or through their respective Selling Brokers, are required to send the Form of Acceptance-cum- Acknowledgement along with the required documents to the Registrar to the Offer at its address given on the cover page of the Letter of Offer. The envelope should be superscribed as "Grand Foundry Limited – Open Offer. The procedure and documents required to be submitted for tendering Equity Shares have been included in the Form of Acceptance-cum- Acknowledgement. 8.16 Procedure to be followed by registered Shareholders holding Equity Shares in the physical form In accordance with the Frequently Asked Questions issued by SEBI, "FAQs - Tendering of physical shares in buyback offer/ open offer/ exit offer/delisting" dated February 20, 2020, SEBI Circular no. SEBI/HO/CFD/CMD1/CIR/P/2020/144 dated July 31, 2020 and BSE notice no 20200528-32 dated 28 May 2020, shareholders holding securities in physical form are allowed to tender shares in open offer. However, such tendering shall be as per the provisions of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. The Equity Shareholders who are holding the Equity Shares in physical form and who wish to tender their Equity Shares in this Offer shall approach Selling Broker and submit complete set of documents for verification procedure as mentioned below:- a) The Form of Acceptance-cum-Acknowledgement duly signed (by all Equity Shareholders in case shares are in joint names) in the same order in which they hold the Equity Shares b) Original share certificates c) Valid share transfer form(s) duly filled and signed by the transferors (i.e. by all registered Shareholders in same order) and as per the specimen signatures registered with the Target Company and duly witnessed at the appropriate place authorizing the transfer in favor of the Acquirer d) Self-attested copy of the Shareholder's PAN Card; e) Any other relevant documents such as (but not limited to): - Duly attested power of attorney if any person other than the Equity Shareholder has signed the relevant Form of Acceptance-cum-Acknowledgement - Notarized copy of death certificate/succession certificate or probated will, if the original Shareholder has deceased - Necessary corporate authorisations, such as Board Resolutions etc., in case of companies (i) In addition to the above, if the address of the Shareholder has undergone a change from the address registered in the register of members of the Target Company, the Shareholder would be required to submit a self-attested copy of address proof consisting of any one of the following documents: valid Aadhar Card, voter identity card or passport. (ii) Selling Broker should place order on the Acquisition Window with relevant details as mentioned on the physical share certificate(s). Upon placing the order, the Selling Broker shall provide a TRS generated by the exchange bidding system to the Shareholder. TRS will contain the details of order submitted like folio no., certificate no., distinctive no., no. of Equity Shares tendered etc. (iii) After placement of order, as mentioned in paragraph 8.12(iii), the Selling Broker must ensure delivery of the Form of Acceptance-cum-Acknowledgement, TRS, original share certificate(s), valid share transfer form(s) and other documents (as mentioned in paragraph 8.12(i) either by registered post or courier or hand delivery to the Registrar to the Offer (at the address mentioned on the cover page within 2 (two) days from the date of the above order, or if the above order is placed on the offer closing date, within 2 (two) days from the offer closing date (by 5 p.m) . The envelope should be superscribed as "Grand Foundry Limited – Open Offer". One copy of the TRS along with supporting documents will be retained by Registrar to the Offer and it will provide acknowledgement of the same to the Selling Broker. (iv) Shareholders holding physical Equity Shares should note that physical Equity Shares will not be accepted unless the complete set of documents is submitted. Acceptance of the physical Equity Shares by the Acquirer shall be subject to verification as per the SEBI (SAST) Regulations and any further directions issued in this regard. Registrar to the Offer will verify such orders based on the documents submitted on a daily basis and till such time the stock exchanges shall display such orders as unconfirmed physical bids ‟Once, Registrar to the Offer confirms the orders it will be treated as Confirmed Bids". (v) In case any person has submitted Equity Shares in physical form for dematerialisation, such Shareholders should ensure that the process of getting the Equity Shares dematerialised is completed well in time so that they can participate in the Offer before the Offer Closing Date. 8.17 Modification / cancellation of orders will not be allowed during the period the Offer is open. The cumulative quantity tendered shall be made available on the website of the Stock Exchanges throughout the trading session and will be updated at specific intervals during the Tendering Period. 9. PROCEDURE FOR TENDERING THE EQUITY SHARES IN CASE OF NON-RECEIPT OF LETTER OF OFFER 9.1 Persons who have acquired Equity Shares but whose names do not appear in the register of members of the Target Company on the Identified Date, or unregistered owners or those who have acquired Equity Shares after the Identified Date, or those who have not received the Letter of Offer, may also participate in this Offer. 9.1.1 A public shareholder may participate in the Offer by approaching their broker and tender Equity Shares in the Open Offer as per the procedure mentioned in this Letter of Offer or in the Form of Acceptance–cumAcknowledgement. 9.1.2 The Letter of Offer along with Form of Acceptance-cum-Acknowledgement will be dispatched to all the eligible shareholders of the Target Company as of the Identified Date. In case of non-receipt of the Letter of Offer, such eligible shareholders of the Target Company may download the same from the SEBI website (www.sebi.gov.in) or NSE website (www.nseindia.com) or BSE website (www.bseindia.com) or Merchant Bankers' (www.hemsecurities.com) or obtain a copy of the same from the Registrar to the Offer on providing suitable documentary evidence of holding of the Equity Shares of the Target Company. 9.1.3 Alternatively, in case of non-receipt of the Letter of Offer, shareholders holding shares may participate in the Offer by providing their application in plain paper in writing signed by all shareholder, stating name, address, number of shares held, client ID number, DP name, DP ID number, number of shares tendered and other relevant documents such as physical share certificate and Form SH 4 in case of shares being held in physical form. Such shareholders have to ensure that their order is entered in the electronic platform to be made available by NSE & BSE before the closure of the Offer. 9.2 The acceptance of the Offer made by the Acquirer is entirely at the discretion of the Shareholders of the Target Company. The Acquirer do not accept any responsibility for the decision of any Shareholder to either participate or to not participate in the Offer. The Acquirer will not be responsible in any manner for any loss of share certificate(s) and other documents during transit and the Shareholders are advised to adequately safeguard their interest in this regard. 9.3 Acceptance of Equity Shares 9.3.1 Registrar to the Offer shall provide details of order acceptance to Clearing Corporation within specified timelines. 9.3.2 In the event that the number of Equity Shares (including demat Equity Shares, physical Equity Shares and locked-in Equity Shares) validly tendered by the Shareholders under this Offer is more than the number of Offer Shares, the Acquirer shall accept those Equity Shares validly tendered by the Shareholders on a proportionate basis in consultation with the Manager, taking care to ensure that the basis of acceptance is decided in a fair and equitable manner and does not result in non-marketable lots, provided that acquisition of Equity Shares from a Shareholder shall not be less than the minimum marketable lot. The minimum marketable lot for the purposes of acceptance of equity shares of the target company would be 1(one) equity share. 10. SETTLEMENT PROCESS On closure of the Offer, reconciliation for acceptances shall be conducted by the Manager to the Offer and the Registrar to the Offer and the final list shall be provided to the Stock Exchanges to facilitate settlement on the basis of Shares transferred to the Clearing Corporation. The settlement of trades shall be carried out in the manner similar to settlement of trades in the secondary market. Selling Brokers should use the settlement number to be provided by the Clearing Corporation to transfer the shares in favour of Clearing Corporation. The shares shall be directly credited to the pool account of the Buying Broker. For the same, the existing facility of client direct pay-out in the capital market segment shall be available. Once the basis of acceptance is finalised, the Clearing Corporation would facilitate clearing and settlement of trades by transferring the required number of shares to the pool account of the Buying Broker. In case of partial or non-acceptance of orders or excess pay-in, demat Shares shall be released to the securities pool account of the Selling Broker / custodian, post which, the Selling Broker would then issue contract note for the shares accepted and return the balance shares to the Shareholders. Any excess physical Equity Shares, to the extent tendered but not accepted, will be returned to the Shareholder(s) directly by Registrar to the Offer. If the securities transfer instruction is rejected in the depository system, due to any issue, then such equity shares will be transferred to the selling broker's pool account for onward transfer to the public shareholders. In case of custodian participant orders, excess equity shares or unaccepted demat equity shares, if any, will be returned to the respective custodian participant. Any excess equity shares held in physical form pursuant to proportionate acceptance/rejection will be returned back to the public shareholders directly by the registrar through registered post/speed post at the public shareholders sole risk to the sole/first public shareholder (in case of joint public shareholders), at the address recorded with the registrar/target company. SETTLEMENT OF FUNDS / PAYMENT CONSIDERATION The buying broker will make funds pay –in in the settlement account of the clearing corporation. For equity shares accepted under the offer, equity shareholders will receive funds payout directly in their respective bank accounts (in case of demat equity shares, in the bank accounts which are linked to the respective demat accounts) / as per secondary market pay-out mechanism (in case of physical equity shares). However, in the event that the pay-outs are rejected by the equity shareholder's bank accounts due to any reason, the payout will be transferred to the respective selling broker's settlement accounts and their respective selling brokers will thereafter transfer the consideration to their equity shareholders. Shareholders who intend to participate in the Offer should consult their respective Selling Broker for payment to them of any cost, charges and expenses (including brokerage) that may be levied by the Selling Broker upon the selling Shareholders for tendering Equity Shares in the Offer (secondary market transaction). The consideration received by the selling Shareholders from their respective Selling Broker, in respect of accepted Equity Shares, could be net of such costs, charges and expenses (including brokerage) and the Acquirer accepts no responsibility to bear or pay such additional cost, charges and expenses (including brokerage) incurred solely by the selling Shareholder. In case of delay in receipt of any statutory approval(s), SEBI has the power to grant extension of time to Acquirer for payment of consideration to the shareholders of the Target Company who have accepted the Open Offer within such period, subject to Acquirer agreeing to pay interest for the delayed period if directed by SEBI in terms of Regulation 18(11) of the SEBI (SAST) Regulations 2011. 11. NOTE ON TAXATION - GENERAL 11.1.1 Public shareholders who wish to tender their shares must submit the information all at one time as given in Form of Acceptance cum Acknowledgement and those that may be additionally requested by the acquirer may be submitted later as per the Acquirer's instructions. The documents submitted by the public shareholders along with From of Acceptance-cum-Acknowledgement will be considered as final. Any further/delayed submission of additional documents, unless specifically requested by the Acquirer may not be accepted. In case the documents/information as requested in the Letter of Offer/form of acceptance –cum-acknowledgement are not submitted by a public shareholder, or the Acquirer considers the documents/information submitted by a public shareholder to be ambiguous/incomplete/conflicting, the Acquirer reserve the right to withhold tax on the gross consideration at the maximum marginal rate as applicable to the category of the shareholder. 11.1.2 Based on the documents and information submitted by the Public shareholders, the final decision to deduct tax or not, or the quantum of taxes to be deducted rests solely with the Acquirer. 11.1.3 Taxes once deducted will not be refunded by the Acquirer under any circumstances. 11.1.4 The Acquirer shall deduct tax (if required) as per information provided and representation made by the public shareholders. In the event of any income tax demand (including interest, penalty etc.) arising from any misrepresentation, inaccuracy or omission of information provided/to be provided by the public shareholders, such public shareholders will be responsible to pay such income tax demand (including interest, penalty etc.) and provide the Acquirer with all information/documents that may be necessary and co-operate in any proceedings before any income tax/appellate authority 11.1.5 All public shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisors for the treatment that may be given by their respective assessing officers in their case, and the appropriate course of action that they should take. The Acquirer and the Manager to the offer do not accept any responsibility for the accuracy or otherwise of such advice. The aforesaid treatment of tax deduction at source may not necessarily be the treatment also for filing the return of income. 11.1.6 Securities transaction tax may be applicable to the Equity Shares accepted in this Offer, as the tendering of Equity Shares is being undertaken on the stock exchange. 11.1.7 The basis of charge of Indian income-tax depends upon the residential status of the taxpayer during a tax year. The Indian tax year runs from April 1 until March 31. A person who is an Indian tax resident is liable to incometax in India on his/her worldwide income, subject to certain tax exemptions, which are provided under the Income Tax Act, 1961. A person who is treated as a non-resident for Indian income-tax purposes is generally subject to tax in India only on such person's India-sourced income (i.e., income which accrues or arises or is deemed to accrue or arise in India) as also income received by such person in India. In case of shares of a company, the source of income from shares will depend on the 'situs' of such shares. As per judicial precedents, the 'situs' of the shares is where a company is 'incorporated' and where its shares can be transferred. 11.1.8 Accordingly, since the Target Company is incorporated in India, the Target Company's shares should be deemed to be 'situated' in India and any gains arising to a non-resident on transfer of such shares should be taxable in India under the IT Act. 11.1.9 Further, the non-resident shareholder can avail beneficial treatment under the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement ('DTAA') between India and the respective country of which the said shareholder is tax resident subject to satisfying relevant conditions including but not limited to (a) conditions (if any) present in the said DTAA read with the relevant provisions of the Multilateral Instrument ('MLI') as ratified by India with the respective country of which the said shareholder is a tax resident and (b) non-applicability of General AntiAvoidance Rule ('GAAR') and (c) providing and maintaining necessary information and documents as prescribed under the IT Act. 11.1.10 The IT Act also provides for different income-tax regimes/rates applicable to the gains arising from the tendering of shares under the Offer, based on the period of holding, residential status, classification of the shareholder and nature of the income earned, etc. 11.1.11 The Public Shareholders may be required to undertake compliances such as filing an annual income tax return, as may be applicable to different categories of persons, with the income-tax authorities, reporting their income for the relevant year. 11.1.12 The summary of income-tax implications on tendering of listed equity shares is set out below. All references to equity shares herein refer to listed equity shares unless stated otherwise. 11.1.13 Classification of Shareholders: Public Shareholders can be classified under the following categories: a) Resident Shareholders being: - Individuals, Hindu Undivided Family ('HUF'), Association of Persons ('AOP') and Body of Individuals ('BOI') - Others: (i) Company (ii) Other Than Company b) Non-Resident Shareholders being: - Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) - Others: - Foreign Institution Investors (FIIs) / Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) (i) Company (ii) Other Than Company 11.1.14 Gains arising from the transfer of shares may be treated either as 'capital gains' or as 'business income' for income-tax purposes, depending upon whether such shares were held as a capital asset or business asset (i.e., stock-in-trade). The IT Act also provides for different income-tax regimes/ rates applicable to the gains arising from the tendering of Equity Shares under the Offer, based on the period of holding, residential status, classification of the shareholder and nature of the income earned, etc. 11.1.15 Taxability of Capital Gains in the hands of shareholders 11.1.16 Gains arising from the transfer of shares may be treated either as 'capital gains' or as 'business income' for income-tax purposes, unless specifically exempted, depending upon whether such shares were held as a capital asset or trading asset (i.e., stock-in-trade). 11.1.17 As per the current provisions of the IT Act, where the shares are held as investments (i.e., capital assets), income arising from the transfer of such shares is taxable under the head 'Capital Gains'. Further, Section 2(14) of the IT Act has provided for deemed characterization of securities held by FPIs as capital assets, whether or not such assets have been held as a capital asset; and therefore, the gains arising in the hands of FPIs will be taxable in India as capital gains. 11.1.18 Capital Gains in the hands of shareholders would be computed as per the provisions of Section 48 of the IT Act. 11.1.19 Period of holding: Depending on the period for which the shares are held, the gains would be taxable as 'shortterm capital gain/ STCG' or 'long-term capital gain/ LTCG': a) In respect of equity shares held for a period less than or equal to 12 (Twelve) months prior to the date of transfer, the same should be treated as a 'short-term capital asset', and accordingly the gains arising therefrom should be taxable as 'STCG'. b) Similarly, where equity shares are held for a period more than 12 (Twelve) months prior to the date of transfer, the same should be treated as a 'long-term capital asset', and accordingly the gains arising therefrom should be taxable as 'LTCG'. 11.1.20 The Finance Act, 2018, vide Section 112A, has imposed an income tax on LTCG at the rate of 10% (plus applicable surcharge and health and education cess) on transfer of equity shares that are listed on a recognized stock exchange, which have been held for more than 12 (Twelve) months and have been subject to STT upon both acquisition and sale exceeding ₹ 1,00,000 (Rupees One lakh only) (without any indexation and foreign exchange fluctuation benefits). 11.1.21 As per section 111A of the IT Act, STCG arising from transfer of listed shares on which STT is paid would be subject to tax at the rate of 15% (plus applicable surcharge and health and education cess) (except under specific categories). 11.1.22 LTCG arising from tendering of Equity Shares in the Offer shall be subject to tax as follows: a) LTCG will be chargeable to tax at the rate of up to 20% (plus applicable surcharge and health and education cess) in the case of a non-resident Public Shareholder (other than an FPI/FII, or a NRI who is governed by the provisions of Chapter XII-A of the IT Act) in accordance with provisions of section 112 of the IT Act. b) In the case of FIIs/FPIs, LTCG would be taxable at 10% (plus applicable surcharge and health and education cess) in accordance with provisions of section 115AD of the IT Act (without benefit of indexation and foreign exchange fluctuation). c) For a NRI who is governed by the provisions of Chapter XII-A of the IT Act, LTCG would be taxable at 10% (plus applicable surcharge and health and education cess) under Section 115E of the IT Act on meeting certain conditions. While computing the LTCG, the benefit of indexation of cost may not be available. d) For a resident Public Shareholder, an option is available to pay tax on such LTCG at either 20% (plus applicable surcharge and cess) with indexation or 10% (plus applicable surcharge and health and education cess) without indexation. 11.1.23 Further, any gain realized on the sale of listed equity shares held for a period of 12 (twelve) months or less, which are transferred under the Offer, will be subject to short term capital gains tax and shall be taxable at the rates prescribed in First Schedule to the Finance Act (i.e., applicable marginal tax rates applicable to different categories of persons) (plus applicable surcharge and health and education cess). 11.1.24 Taxability of capital gain arising to a non-resident in India from the transfer of equity shares shall be determined basis the provisions of the IT Act or the DTAA entered between India and the country of which the non-resident seller is resident, whichever is more beneficial, subject to fulfilling relevant conditions and maintaining & providing necessary documents prescribed under the IT Act. 11.1.25 As per Section 70 of the IT Act, short-term capital loss computed for a given year is allowed to be set off against STCG as well as LTCG computed for the said year. The balance loss, which is not set off, is allowed to be carried forward for subsequent eight assessment years, for being set-off against subsequent years' STCG as well as LTCG, in terms of Section 74 of the IT Act. 11.1.26 Long-term capital loss computed for a given year is allowed to be set-off only against LTCG computed for the said year, in terms of Section 70 of the IT Act. The balance loss, which is not set off, is allowed to be carried forward for subsequent eight assessment years, for being set off only against subsequent years' LTCG, in terms of Section 74 of the IT Act. 11.1.27 Investment Funds Under Section 10 (23FBA) of the IT Act, any income of an Investment Fund, other than the income chargeable under the head, 'Profits and gains of business or profession' would be exempt from income tax but would be taxable in the hands of their investors. For this purpose, an 'Investment Fund' means a fund registered as Category I or Category II Alternative Investment Fund and is regulated under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Alternate Investment Fund) Regulations, 2012. 11.1.28 Mutual Funds Under Section 10(23D) of the IT Act, any income of mutual funds registered under SEBI or Regulations made thereunder or mutual funds set up by public sector banks or public financial institutions or mutual funds authorized by the RBI and subject to the conditions specified therein, is exempt from tax subject to such conditions as the Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf. 11.1.29 Taxability of business income in hands of shareholders (Shares held as Stock-in-Trade) If the shares are held as stock-in-trade by any of the eligible Public Shareholders of the Target Company, then the gains will be characterized as business income and taxable under the head 'Profits and Gains from Business or Profession'. 11.1.30 Profit of Resident Shareholders (i) Individuals, HUF, AOP and BOI will be taxable at applicable slab rates. (ii) Domestic companies having turnover or gross receipts not exceeding ₹400 crores in the prescribed financial year, will be taxable @ 25%. (iii) Domestic companies which have opted for concessional tax regime under Section 115BAA and 115BAB of the IT Act will be taxable at 22%, upon meeting certain conditions. (iv) For persons other than stated in (A), (B) and (C) above, profits will be taxable @ 30%. (v) No benefit of indexation by virtue of period of holding will be available in any case. 11.1.31 Profit of Non-Resident Shareholders (i) Non-resident Public Shareholders can avail beneficial provisions of the applicable DTAA entered into by India with the relevant country of residence of the shareholder but subject to fulfilling relevant conditions and maintaining & providing necessary documents prescribed under the IT Act, as discussed in para 1(d) above. (ii) Where DTAA provisions are not applicable: (iii) For non-resident individuals, HUF, AOP and BOI, profits (as determined in accordance with the provisions of the IT Act) will be taxable at slab rates. (iv) For foreign companies, profits (as determined in accordance with the provisions of the IT Act) will be taxed in India @40%. (v) For other non-resident Public Shareholders, such as foreign firms, profits (as determined in accordance with the provisions of the IT Act) will be taxed in India @30%. 11.1.32 The above disclosure on taxation sets out the provisions of law in a summary manner only and is not a complete analysis or listing of all potential tax consequences of the disposal of the equity shares. this disclosure is neither binding on any regulators nor can there be any assurance that they will not take a position contrary to the comments mentioned herein. hence, the public shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisors for tax treatment arising out of the proposed offer through tender offer and appropriate course of action that they should take. the acquirer and the manager do not accept nor hold any responsibility for any tax liability arising to any public shareholder as a reason of this offer. 12. DOCUMENTS FOR INSPECTION The copies of the following documents are regarded as material documents and are available for inspection at 904, A wing, Naman Midtown, Senapati Bapat Marg, Elphinstone Road, Lower Parel, Mumbai 400013, Maharashtra, India, the Corporate Office of Hem Securities Ltd., the Manager to the offer from 10:00 a.m. (Indian Standard Time) and 5:00 p.m. (Indian Standard Time) on any working day, except Saturdays, Sundays and Public Holidays during the Tendering Period commencing from Tuesday, December 13, 2022, to Monday, December 26, 2022. The copies of the following documents will also be made available on the website of the Manager at www.hemsecurities.com under the head "Downloads" link for the same is https://www.hemsecurities.com/download, than select Sort By - "Open Offer" and further, if any Public Shareholders interested to inspect any of the documents in respect of this offer can send an email from their registered email ids with a subject line "Documents for Inspection – Grand Foundry Limited Open Offer, to the Manager of the Offer at email@example.com by providing details such as DP-ID-Client ID and Folio No etc: 1. Memorandum of Understanding between Manager to the Offer i.e. Hem Seurities Limited and the Acquirer. 2. Nishant Khanna, (Membership No. 522259) partner of M/s. ANV & Co., Chartered Accountants (FRN No. 027349N), having their office located at C-85, 3rd Floor, Mansarover Garden, New Delhi-110 015 India, confirming that the Acquirer have sufficient liquid resources to fulfil the obligations under the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. 13. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Audited financial reports of the Target Company for the year ended March 31, 2022, March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020 and unaudited financials for three months period ended as on June 30, 2022 (Limited Reviewed by Statutory Auditor). Undertaking from Acquirer, stating full responsibility for all information contained in the PA, DPS and the Letter of Offer. Certificate from Axis Bank Limited confirming the amount kept in the Escrow Account within stipulated time i.e. October 17, 2022 . Memorandum and Articles of Association and Certificate of Incorporation of the Target Company. Copy of the consent letter from the Registrar confirming acting as Registrar to the open offer The copy of the Share Purchase Agreement dated Wednesday, October 12, 2022, entered between the Promoter Sellers and the Acquirer, which triggered this Offer. Escrow Agreement between Acquirer, Escrow Bank, and Manager to the Offer. Escrow Agreement between Acquirer, Buying Brokers, and Manager to the Offer. Fair Valuation Report issued by Chartered Accountant, Mr. Nitin Khandelwal (Membership No 414387), partner of M/s Surender K Goyal & Co., Chartered Accountants, bearing Firm Registration number 005856C Dated October 12, 2022 Public Announcement dated Wednesday, October 12, 2022. Copy of the Detailed Public Statement dated Tuesday, October 18, 2022, published on behalf of the Acquirer on Wednesday, October 19, 2022, in the Newspapers. Copy of SEBI Observation letter bearing reference number SEBI/HO/CFD/DCR/RAC-1/P/OW/2022/59284/1 dated November 25, 2022 on the Draft Letter of offer filed with the Securities and Exchange Board of India. DECLARATION BY THE ACQUIRER The Acquirer, accept full responsibility, for the information contained in this Letter of Offer and also for the obligations of the Acquirer as laid down in the SEBI (SAST) Regulations and subsequent amendments made thereof. The Acquirer shall be responsible for ensuring compliance with the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. For Acquirer Sd/- Madhu Garg Place: Delhi Date: 37 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK FORM OF ACCEPTANCE – CUM – ACKNOWLEDGEMENT THIS DOCUMENT IS IMPORTANT AND REQUIRES YOUR IMMEDIATE ATTENTION (FOR HOLDING EQUITY SHARES IN PHYSICAL FORM) (Please send this Form with TRS generated by the Selling Broker and enclosures to Registrar, Purva Sharegistry (India) Private Limited, at their address given in the Letter of Offer, as per the mode of delivery mentioned in the Letter of Offer) From: _______________________________________________________ Folio Number: ___________________________________________ Name: _________________________________________________ Address: ________________________________________________ Contact Number: _________________________________________ Fax Number: ____________________________________________ E-mail Address___________________________________________ Date: __________________________ OFFER OPENS ON: Tuesday, December 13, 2022 OFFER CLOSES ON: Monday, December 26, 2022 To, The Acquirer C/o Purva Sharegistry (India) Private Limited Unit: Grand Foundry Limited – Open Offer Unit No. 9, Ground Floor, Shiv Shakti Industrial Estate, J. R. Boricha Marg, Lower Parel East, Mumbai – 400011, Maharashtra Subject: Open offer made by the Acquirer for acquisition of up to 90,91,970 Equity Shares representing 29.88% of the Voting Share Capital from the Public Shareholders of Grand Foundry Limited. Dear Sir/ Ma'am, I/We refer to the Letter of Offer Letter dated November 30, 2022 for acquiring the Equity Shares held by me/us in Grand Foundry Limited (“GFL”). I/We, the undersigned, have read the Letter of Offer and understood its contents including the terms and conditions as mentioned therein. I/We, hold shares, accept the offer and enclose the original Share certificate (s) and duly signed transfer deed (s) in respect of my/our Shares as detailed below: EQUITY SHARES HELD IN PHYSICAL FORM The particulars of tendered original share certificate(s) and duly signed transfer deed(s) are detailed below: \| Sr. No. \| Ledger Folio No. \| Certificate No. \| Distinctive No(s) \| \| No. of Equity Shares \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| From \| To \| \| \| Total Number of Equity Shares \| \| \| \| \| \| (In case of insufficient space, please use additional sheet and authenticate the same) I/We note and understand that the original Equity Share certificate(s) and valid share transfer deed(s) will be held in trust for me/us by the Registrar until the time the Acquirer pay the purchase consideration as mentioned in the Letter of Offer. I/We also note and understand that the Acquirer will pay the purchase consideration only after verification of the documents and signatures. Enclosures (please provide the following and √ whichever is applicable): i Original Equity Share certificates. ii Valid share transfer deed(s) duly filed, stamped, and signed by the transferor(s) (i.e., by all registered shareholder(s) in the same order and as per specimen signatures registered with the Target Company), and duly witnessed at the appropriate place. iii Form of Acceptance (FOA) – signed by sole/joint shareholders whose name(s) appears on the share certificate(s) and in the same order and as per the specimen signature lodged with the Target Company. 39 iv Photocopy of Transaction Registration Slip (TRS) Self-attested copy of PAN card of all the transferor(s). v Self-attested copy of the address proof consisting of any one of the following documents: valid Aadhar card, voter identity card, passport, or driving license. vi Any other relevant document (but not limited to) such as Power of Attorney (if any person apart from the Shareholder has signed the FOA), corporate authorization (including board resolution/specimen signature), notarized copy of death certificate, and succession certificate or probated will if the original shareholder has deceased, etc., as applicable. Shareholders of the Target Company holding physical Equity Shares should note that Physical Equity Shares will not be accepted unless the complete set of documents is submitted. FOR ALL PUBLIC SHAREHOLDERS (HOLDING EQUITY SHARES IN DEMAT OR PHYSICAL FORM) I/We confirm that the Equity Shares which are being tendered herewith by me/us under this Offer, are free from liens, charges, equitable interests, and encumbrances and are being tendered together with all rights attached thereto, including all rights to dividends, bonuses and rights offer, if any, declared hereafter and that I/we have obtained any necessary consents to sell the equity shares on the foregoing basis. I/We declare that there are no restraints/injunctions or other order(s) of any nature which limits/restricts in any manner my/our right to tender equity shares for Offer and that I/we am/are legally entitled to tender the equity shares for Offer. I/We declare that regulatory approvals, if applicable, for holding the Equity Shares and/or for tendering the Equity Shares in this Offer have been enclosed herewith. I/We agree that the Acquirer will pay the consideration as per the secondary market mechanism only after verification of the certificates, documents, and signatures, as applicable submitted along with this FOA. I/We undertake to return to the Acquirer any Offer consideration that may be wrongfully received by me/us. I/We give my/our consent to file form FCTRS, if applicable, on my/our behalf. I/We undertake to execute any further documents and give any further assurances that may be required or expedient to give effect to my/our tender/offer and agree to abide by any decision that may be taken by the Acquirer to effect this Offer in accordance with the SEBI (SAST) Regulations. I /We am/are not debarred from dealing in Equity Shares. I /We authorize the Acquirer to accept the Equity Shares so offered or such lesser number of Equity Shares which they may decide to accept in consultation with the Manager and the Registrar and terms of the Letter of Offer and I/we further authorize the Acquirer to return to me/us in the demat account/share certificate(s) in respect of which the Offer is not found valid/not accepted without specifying the reasons thereof. I/We further agree to receive a single share certificate for the unaccepted Equity Shares in physical form. In case of demat shareholders, I /We note and understand that the Equity Shares would be kept in the pool account of my/our broker and the lien will be marked by Clearing Corporation until the Settlement Date whereby the Acquirer make payment of purchase consideration as mentioned in the Letter of Offer. In the case of physical shareholders, I/We note and understand that the shares/ Original Share Certificate(s) and Transfer Deed(s) will be held by the Registrar in trust for me/us till the date the Acquirer make payment of consideration as mentioned in the Letter of Offer or the date by which Original Share Certificate(s), Transfer Deed(s) and other documents are returned to the shareholders, as the case may be. I /We confirm that no taxes or other claims are pending against us which may affect the legality of the transfer of Equity Shares under the Income Tax Act, 1961. I/We confirm that in the event of any income tax demand (including interest, penalty, etc.) arising from any misrepresentation, inaccuracy, or omission of information provided/to be provided by me/us, I/we will indemnify the Acquirer for such income tax demand (including interest, penalty, etc.) and provide the Acquirer with all information/documents that may be necessary and cooperate in any proceedings before any income tax/appellate authority. FOR NRIS/OCBS/ FIIS AND SUB-ACCOUNTS/OTHER NON-RESIDENT SHAREHOLDERS I/We confirm that my/our status is (√ whichever is applicable): \| Foreign Company \| Foreign Company \| Foreign Company \| Foreign Company \| Foreign Company \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| FIIs / FPIs-Corporate \| FIIs / FPIs-Corporate \| FIIs / FPIs-Corporate \| FIIs / FPIs-Corporate \| FIIs / FPIs-Corporate \| I/We confirm that my/our investment status is (√ whichever is applicable): FDI Route / PIS Route / Any Other (Please Specify): I/We confirm that the Equity Shares tendered by me/us are held on (√ whichever is applicable): Repatriable basis / NonRepatriable basis I/We confirm that (√ whichever is applicable): No RBI, FIPB, or other regulatory approval was required by me for holding Equity Shares that have been tendered in this Offer and the Equity Shares are held under general permission of the Reserve Bank of India. The copies of all approvals required by me for holding Equity Shares that have been tendered in this Offer are enclosed herewith Copy of the RBI Registration letter taking on record the allotment of shares to me/us is enclosed herewith. I/We confirm that (√ whichever is applicable): No RBI, FIPB, or other regulatory approval is required by me for tendering the equity shares in this Offer. Copies of all approvals required by me for tendering equity shares in this Offer are enclosed herewith. In the case of shareholders holding Equity Shares in demat form, the bank account details for interest payment, if any, will be taken from the record of the Depositories. In case of interest payments, if any, by the Acquirer for the delay in payment of Offer consideration or a part thereof, the Acquirer will deduct taxes at source at the applicable rates as per the Income Tax Act, 1961. Yours faithfully, Signed and Delivered: \| \| Full Name(s) of the holders \| Address and Telephone Number \| PAN No. \| Signature(s) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| First / Sole Shareholder \| \| \| \| \| \| Second Shareholder \| \| \| \| \| \| Third Shareholder \| \| \| \| \| Note: In the case of joint holdings, all holders must sign. In the case of body corporate, the rubber stamp should be affixed, and the necessary board resolution must be attached. Place: _________________ Date: ________________ INSTRUCTIONS 1. Please read the enclosed Letter of Offer carefully before filling up this Form of Acceptance cum Acknowledgement. 2. The Form of Acceptance cum Acknowledgement should be filled-up in English only. 3. Signature(s) other than in English, Hindi, and thumb impressions must be attested by a Notary Public under his Official Seal. 4. Mode of tendering the Equity Shares pursuant to the Offer: a. The acceptances of the Offer made by the Acquirer is entirely at the discretion of the equity shareholder of Grand Foundry Limited. b. The Public Shareholders of Grand Foundry Limited to whom this Offer is being made, are free to Offer his / her / their shareholding in Grand Foundry Limited for sale to the Acquirer, in whole or part, while tendering his / her / their equity shares in the Offer. ---- - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -TEAR ALONG THIS LINE - - - - - - - - --- - - -- --- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SLIP Subject: Open offer made by the Acquirer for acquisition of up to 90,91,970 Equity Shares representing 29.88% of the Voting Share Capital from the Public Shareholders of Grand Foundry Limited. FOR PHYSICAL EQUITY SHARES Received from Mr./Ms./Mrs./M/s. ___________________________________________________________________________ I / We, holding Equity Shares in the physical form, accept the Offer and enclose duly filled signed, and or stamped the original share certificate(s), transfer deed(s), and Form of Acceptance in 'market' mode, duly acknowledged by me/us in respect of my Equity Shares as detailed below: \| Sr. No. \| Ledger Folio No. \| Certificate No. \| Distinctive No(s) \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| From \| To \| FOR DEMAT EQUITY SHARES Received from Mr./Ms./Mrs./M/s.____________________________________________________________________________ I / We, holding Equity Shares in the dematerialized form, accept the Offer and enclose the photocopy of the Delivery Instruction in 'market' mode, duly acknowledged by my/our Depository Participant in respect of my shares as detailed below: DP Name DP ID Client ID Name of Beneficiary No. of Equity Shares \| Stamp of Collection Centre \| Signature of Official \| Date of Receipt \| \|---\|---\|---\| Note: All future correspondence, if any, should be addressed to the Registrar at the address mentioned above. Purva Sharegistry (India) Private Limited Unit: Grand Foundry Limited – Open Offer Unit No. 9, Ground Floor, Shiv Shakti Industrial Estate, J. R. Boricha Marg, Lower Parel East, Mumbai – 400011, Maharashtra, India Telephone Number: +91 022- 022-23010771 /49614132 Fax No: 022 23012517 E-mail Address: firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.purvashare.com Contact Person: Ms. Deepali Dhuri SEBI Registration Number: INR000001112 Validity: Permanent FORM NO. SH-4 - SECURITIES TRANSFER FORM [Pursuant to section 56 of the Companies act, 2013 and sub-rule (1) of rule 11 of the Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules 2014] Date of Execution………/………/………….. FOR THE CONSIDERATION stated below the "Transferor(s)" named do hereby transfer to the "Transferee(s)" named the securities specified below subject to the conditions on which the said securities are now held by the Transferor(s) and the Transferee(s) do hereby agree to accept and hold the said securities subject to the conditions aforesaid. CIN: L99999MH1974PLC017655 Name of the company (in full): GRAND FOUNDRY LIMITED Name of the Stock Exchange where the company is listed, if any: BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES: Kind/Class of securities Nominal value of each (1) Equity Share unit of security (2) ₹4/- (Rupees Four Only) each No. of Securities being Transferred In Figures In Words Distinctive Number From To Corresponding Certificate No s: TRANSFEROR'S PARTICULARS \| Registered Folio Number: \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Name(s) in full \| PAN \| Signature(s) \| \| 1. \| \| \| \| 2. \| \| \| \| 3. \| \| \| Attestation: I hereby confirm that the transferor has signed before me. Signature of the witness: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name of the witness: _______________________________________________________________________________________ Address of the witness: _____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Pin Code: ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Amount called up per unit of security (3) ₹4/- (Rupees Four Only) each Consideration Received (Rs) In words Amount paid up per unit of security (4) ₹4/- (Rupees Four Only) each In figures TRANSFEREE'S PARTICULARS- Name in full (1) Father's/ mother's/ spouse name (2) Occupation (4) Folio No. of Transferee Existing folio no., if any (5) Enclosures: (1) Certificate of shares or debentures or other securities (2) If no certificate is issued, letter of allotment. (3) Copy of PAN CARD of all the Transferees (For all listed Cos). (4) Other, Specify____________________________________________________________________ For office use only Checked by__________________________________________________________________________ Signature tallies by ___________________________________________________________________ Entered in the Register of Transfer on ____________________________________________________ vide Transfer No._____________________________________________________________________ Approval Date_______________________________________________________________________ Power of attorney/Probate/Death Certificate/Letter of administration Registered on ________________ at No._______________ On the reverse page of the certificate \| Name of Transferor \| Name of Transferee \| No. of Shares \| \|---\|---\|---\| Address, phone no. and Email Address (3) Signature (6) 1. 2. 3. Specimen Signature of Transferee(s) 1. 2. 3. Declaration: (1) Transferee is not required to obtain the Government approval under the Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019 prior to the transfer of shares; or (2) Transferee is required to obtain the Government approval under the Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019 prior to the transfer of shares and the same has been obtained and is enclosed herewith. Value of stamp affixed: ___________ (₹) Stamps:
blank page 2009 NNIN REU Convocation University of Michigan • August 9-12, 2009 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 1 11:13 a.m., Jamal Molin (Stanford); page 18 "Characterization of the Diffusitivity of Conductive Polymers in Nanochannel Confinement" page 2 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Session M4-B, Room EECS 1200................................................... Melanie-Claire Mallison "Atomic Layer Deposition on Surfaces Modified by Thin Interfacial Organic Layers" 3:34 p.m., John Abrahams (Howard); page 35 "Magnetron Sputtering and Characterization of Ag-Si for Infrared Photodetectors" 3:48 p.m., Rachel Hoffman (U Minn); page 36 "Materials for CZTS Photovoltaic Devices" 4:02 p.m., Ian Braly (U Washington); page 37 3:20 p.m., Scott Isaacson (Cornell); page 34 "Space-Charge Limited Current Calculations in Nanowires" 4:16 p.m., Tours of Lurie Nanofabrication Facility (optional) (regular campus bus lines – Northwood or Commuter Southbound) 4:30 p.m., Go to dorms/bus stop/central campus 5:00 p.m., Free Time at Museum of Natural History 8:30 p.m., Free Time on Central Campus 7:00 p.m., Dinner at Palmer Commons – Glass House Café As needed, Buses back to North Campus (regular campus bus lines – Northwood or Commuter Northbound) Tuesday, August 11th.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Announcements 8 a.m., Breakfast EECS Atrium EECS Atrium Session T1-A, Room EECS 1500.............................................................Angela Berenstein "III-V MOSFET Fabrication" 9:05 a.m., Julie Bellfy (Cornell); page 38 "Cyclic Charging of Reduction-Oxidation (redox) Markers in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors" 9:19 a.m., Ian Walsh (Cornell); page 39 "Ohmic Contact Study for Gallium Nitride-Based HEMTs and Ultra-Short N-Type THz Devices" 9:33 a.m., Sarah Reiff (UCSB); page 40 "Magneto-Transport in Photoexcited Diamond" 9:47 a.m., Lorraine Weis (UCSB); page 41 Session T1-B, Room EECS 1200................................................................. Kathryn Hollar "Materials Studies on La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-? Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells" 9:05 a.m., Tyler Cain (Harvard); page 42 9:19 a.m., Katherine Kragh (Penn State); page 43 9:33 a.m., Denys Zhuo (Penn State); "Metallization for High Temperature Electronics" "Fracture at the Nanoscale" "Large-Scale Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene over Thin Films of Cobalt" 9:47 a.m., Devanand Sukhdeo (UT Austin); 10:01 a.m., Break 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 44 page 45 EECS Atrium page 3 Session T2-A, Room EECS 1500....................................................................James Griffin "Nanotextured Surfaces: New Generation Bioelectronic Interfaces for Nanomedicine" 10:30 a.m., Ericka Cottman (Arizona State); page 46 page 4 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Session T4-A, Room EECS 1500.............................................................Angela Berenstein 3:10 p.m., Christine Burdett (Arizona State); page 61 "Silicon Migration for Nanophotonic Elements" 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 5 Departure Preferentially Thursday, August 13th Shuttles provided to interns (Dorms -> Airport) Dorm checkout at noon 8/13/09 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Convocation Abstracts In Session Order IN ALPHA ORDER BY LAST NAME: Ms. Sin Ying Lau, page 74 Mr. Menooa BadaliansVanigh, page 9 Mr. John Abrahams, page 35 Ms. Alayne Lawrence, page 59 Ms. Jasmine Banks, page 10 Ms. Stephanie Bojarski, page 31 Ms. Julie Bellfy, page 38 Mr. Mark Borysiak, page 33 Mr. Steven Brown, page 62 Mr. Ian Braly, page 37 Ms. Christine Burdett, page 61 Ms. Gabrielle Castillo, page 57 Mr. Tyler Cain, page 42 Ms. Jacqueline Collette, page 78 Ms. Arolyn Conwill, page 71 Ms. Sarah Connolly, page 79 Mr. Nicolas Cordero, page 53 Mr. Kevin Donaher, page 17 Ms. Ericka Cottman, page 46 Ms. Vivian Feig, page 64 Mr. Richard Frnka, page 27 Ms. Chelsea Frid, page 77 Mr. Edgar Garay, page 70 Ms. Lilian Gong, page 47 Ms. Laura Gaskins, page 26 Mr. Eric Hao, page 75 Ms. Meredith Henstridge, page 28 Ms. Keara Harris, page 65 Mr. Matthew Hershberger, page 21 Mr. Nathaniel Hogrebe, page 54 Ms. Rachel Hoffman, page 36 Ms. Angela Horst, page 55 Mr. Scott Isaacson, page 34 Mr. Alexander Hryn, page 32 Ms. Lydia Kisley, page 22 Ms. Katherine Kragh, page 29 Mr. Adam Kozak, page 48 Ms. Katherine Kragh, page 43 Mr. Arjunen Kutayiah, page 14 Mr. Isaac Markus, page 51 Ms. Alexandra Machen, page 19 Ms. Claire McLellan, page 30 Ms. Margaret Merritt, page 15 Mr. Benjamin McPheron, page 23 Ms. Tiffany Moeller, page 69 Ms. Theresia Monikang, page 50 Mr. Jamal Molin, page 18 Mr. James Mueller, page 11 Ms. Amanda Oehrlein, page 16 Mr. Du Nguyen, page 66 Mr. Keith Olson, page 81 Mr. Axel Palmstrom, page 67 Ms. Arrielle Opotowsky, page 68 Ms. Si Hui Pan, page 24 Ms. Barbara Raynal, page 12 Mr. Richard Purvis, page 82 Ms. Sarah Reiff, page 40 Mr. Travis Rosmus, page 76 Mr. Paden Roder, page 25 Ms. Alexandra Rutz, page 20 Ms. Ellen Sedlack, page 52 Mr. Jacob Sadie, page 63 Ms. Sweta Sengupta, page 13 Ms. Julia Sokol, page 56 Mr. Alexander Sharenko, page 8 Mr. Daryl Spencer, page 60 Mr. Matthew Strathman, page 73 Ms. Hamsa Sridhar, page 49 Mr. Devanand Sukhdeo, page 45 Mr. Ian Walsh, page 39 Ms. Alyssa Terry, page 80 Ms. Lorraine Weis, page 41 Mr. Michael Zakrewsky, page 58 Ms. Takia Wheat, page 72 Ms. Denys Zhuo, page 44 Optimization of Tunnel Diodes in Multi-Junction Solar Cells Alexander Sharenko Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Site: Center for Solid State Electronics Research, Arizona State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Yong-Hang Zhang, Electrical Engineering, Arizona State NNIN REU Mentor(s): Dr. Kevin O’Brien, Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells consist of several photovoltaic cells stacked vertically with each distinct cell connected via a tunnel diode (TD). TDs are highly doped p-n diodes which allow for quantum mechanical tunneling through their narrow depletion regions at low bias voltages. TD junctions serve a vital role in MJ solar cells as they provide a relatively optically transparent, low resistance, lattice-matchable means of transferring current from one cell to the next. The focus of this project was to investigate whether a wait time between epitaxial growth of n and p-doped layers could introduce performance enhancing defects into the depletion region of GaAs TDs. Such defects have been shown to improve peak tunneling current density via defect-assisted tunneling. The samples were characterized using I-V measurements from 80 to 300 K and analyzed with a theoretical model. Peak tunneling current densities were measured to be in the range of 2.48 to 5.08 mA/cm 2 , less than the A/cm 2 order of magnitude needed for incorporation into high efficiency MJ solar cells. Additionally, increased wait time corresponded to progressively lower values. These results suggest the tested TDs only exhibit band-to-band tunneling and that any incorporated defects only increased the electrical resistance of the TDs. page 8 Growth of CuIn(Ga)Se 2 Thin Film Solar Cells Menooa BadalianVanigh Computer Engineering, Glendale Community College NNIN REU Site: Howard Nanoscale Science and Engineering Facility (HNF), Howard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Gary L. Harris, HNF, Howard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Mr. James Griffin, HNF, Howard University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CuInGaSe2) thin film solar cells deposited by spray pyrolysis are a low cost way to provide solar energy. Although they are relatively cheap to fabricate, they suffer from low efficiencies because of their small grain sizes. In this work, we investigated the conditions of growth rate and temperature in order to obtain stoichiometric layers of these materials. We also investigated the conditions necessary to grow cadmium sulfide (CdS) by the chemical bath technology, which will be used as the n-type contact for our solar cell structure. Employing cadmium sulfide also increases the photovoltaic solar efficiency of our tandem structure. Finally, we sought to determine if grain sizes can be increased by rapid thermal annealing of the grown layers. CuInSe2 films were grown on a soda lime glass substrate coated with 150 nm of molybdenum at 350-400ºC for 30-60 minutes. Electron dispersive spectroscopy data for CuInSe2 and CdS indicated the presence of all elements. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy indicated uniform growth of CdS films but non-uniform growth for CuInSe2. We are presently fabricating the actual solar cell and will report these results. This work is supported by the National Science Foundation through the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network Research Experience for Undergraduates (NNIN REU) Program. page 9 Zn Diffusion for High Sensitivity InGaAsN Photodetectors Jasmine Banks Electrical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University NNIN REU Site: Lurie Nanofabrication Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Rachel S. Goldman, Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI NNIN REU Mentor(s): Yu Jin, Departments of Physics and MSE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com The sensitivity of solid-state photodetectors is often limited by surface leakage current along the etched/cleaved side wall under reverse bias voltage. A significant reduction in leakage current was recently reported for InGaAsN, using epitaxial growth of an n-i-n structure, followed by spatially selective type conversion during metal-organic chemical vapor deposition re-growth using dimethylzinc and diethylzinc. The etched/cleaved surface is thus surrounded by the n-type layer and no longer under bias. In this work, we propose a novel ex-situ Zn diffusion approach to type conversion of n-i-n diodes. Using a commercially-available Zn-containing spin-on-glass (SOG), we are adapting the type conversion approach to molecular-beam epitaxially grown InGaAsN-based photodetectors, intended for operation in the 1.3 μm to 1.55 μm wavelength range. In this summer project, we are examining the influence of the Zn SOG surface processing and thermal annealing treatments on the depth-profile of electrically active Zn using electrochemical CV and Hall measurements. We will discuss the (In)GaAs(N):Zn diffusivity as a function of annealing time and temperature and its impact on the photodetector responsivity. page 10 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Semiconductor Nanocrystal Inks for Printed Photovoltaics James Mueller Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan – Ann Arbor NNIN REU Site: Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Brian Korgel, Chemical Engineering, University of Texas NNIN REU Mentor(s): Matthew Panthani, Chemical Engineering, University of Texas Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Solution-processing of electronic devices provides an excellent opportunity to reduce material and manufacturing cost by eliminating energy-intensive production methods and increasing materials utilization. In this study, we make solution-processed copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS; Cu(InXGa1-X)Se2) solar cells. These devices are comprised of several layers, all of which are solution-processed from colloidal nanocrystals. Conventional CIGS solar cells (made through vapor deposition and sputtering of metal or semiconductor targets) typically have a stacked structure of metal back electrode, semiconducting layers, and a transparent conductive oxide top contact such as indium-tin oxide (ITO). Rather than sputtering or evaporating, we sprayed dispersions of nanocrystals using an airbrush purchased from a local art supply store. In this study, we used a back contact of Au nanoparticles synthesized via the Brust method (Brust et al, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 861) dispersed in toluene. CIGS nanocrystals were synthesized using a procedure developed by Panthani and coworkers (Panthani et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130 (49), pp 16770–16777) as a precursor to a sprayed p-type absorber layer. Two n-type layers were synthesized: one from CdS nanorods synthesized via a method reported by Shieh and coworkers (Shieh et al, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109 (18), pp 8538–8542), and a second from ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via Greene and coworker's method (Greene et al, Nano Lett., 2005, 5 (7), pp 1231–1236). A transparent conducting top electrode was fabricated using ITO nanoparticles purchased from Sigma-Aldrich diluted in isopropanol. Devices were prepared on both glass and flexible plastic substrates and annealed in a tube furnace or a on a heating stage. The power conversion efficiency and external quantum efficiency of the completed devices were tested to assess the feasibility of implementing devices made in this manner. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 11 Nano-Magnetic Particles for Cancer Diagnostics Barbara D. Raynal Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame NNIN REU Site: Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, Stanford University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Shan X. Wang, Materials Science, and Electrical Engr, Stanford University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Mingliang Zhang, Materials Science, Stanford University; Robert Wilson, Materials Science, Stanford University; Mary Tang, Stanford Nanofabrication Facility Staff Contact: braynal.at.nd.edu, sxwang.at.stanford.edu Nano-magnetic particles can be used to detect cancer cell markers in biological fluids. Cancer proteins are tagged with magnetic particles to identify cancer proteins since magnetism is rare in biological systems. The objective of this work is to create nano-magnetic particles of varying sizes that can be used to study the detection of different kinds of cancer cells. There are several steps. First, a monolayer of polymer nanospheres is spincoated onto a Si wafer. The nanospheres are then etched and used as a mask to create a template consisting of tiny pillars. A second Si wafer is then coated with PMGI and PMMA. The template is imprinted onto the PMMA layer of the second wafer to create many holes the size of the pillars. Next, the PMGI layer is etched with LDD26W to create deeper holes, followed by metal deposition. The metal falls into the holes and nanoparticles the size of the etched nanospheres are created. We will see how by varying the etching parameters it is possible to create templates with different pillar size ranging from 50 to 200 nm which in turn vary the size of the nanoparticles that are used for detecting different kinds of cancer cells. Artificially-Manufactured SERS-Active Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnostics Sweta Sengupta Biology and Computer Science, Emory University NNIN REU Site: Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, Stanford University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Shan Wang, Material Science and Electrical Engr, Stanford University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Dr. Jung-Sub Wi, MSE, Stanford University; Dr. Robert Wilson, MSE, Stanford University; Dr. Mary Tang, Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, Stanford University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful method for examining biological samples. Antibody marked SERS-active nanoparticles can be used in human serum bioassays to detect cancer cells. We are creating SERS nanoparticles that are designed for enhancing a local electromagnetic field to increase the Raman signal and will be fabricated by nanoimprint lithography, thin film Ag deposition, and release of nanoparticles from substrate. We will utilize a nanoimprint stamp, which is created by using a polystyrene spin coated silicon wafer and its selective plasma etching process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy will determine whether we have created nanoparticles worthy of diagnosing cancer. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 13 Characterization of Thermally Induced Bilayer Structural Distortions Arjunen (Ryan) Kutayiah Physics, City University of New York Hunter College NNIN REU Site: Nanotech @ UCSB, University of California Santa Barbara NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Deborah K. Fygenson, Physics & Biomolecular Science & Engineering Program, University of California Santa Barbara NNIN REU Mentor(s): Kimberly Weirich, Biomolecular Science & Engineering, UCSB Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is a promising biologically inspired surface coating and model system for reconstructing membrane processes. We apply thermal stress to SLB and report on the resulting structural distortions. Thermal stress induces long, thin, flexible protrusions (worms) in the SLB that are unstable and eventually collapse into giant vesicles. We examine the rigidity, length distribution, and collapse of SLB worms as a means toward better understanding the material properties of SLB. Nanomechanical Properties of Motor Proteins Margaret Merritt Biomedical Engineering, Brown University NNIN REU Site: Nanotech @ UCSB, University of California Santa Barbara NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Megan T. Valentine, Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara NNIN REU Mentor(s): Dezhi Yu, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Santa Barbara Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Motor proteins drive essential processes in the body, including muscle movement and cell division. Currently, the relationship between the structure and function of these molecular motors is not well understood. Creating nanoscale motor proteins with tunable properties could lead to vast improvements in cancer and disease research as well as fundamental insight into the biology of motor proteins. Therefore, the present study aims to further investigate nanomechanical properties of kinesin, one type of motor protein that is responsible for intracellular transport. To accomplish this, human kinesin, labeled with green fluorescent protein and a histidine epitope tag, was successfully generated by expression in bacteria and characterized using fluorescence microscopy. Functionality and motility experiments were performed to test the interaction between kinesin and microtubules, the cytoskeletal filaments along which kinesin motors walk. A total internal fluorescence microscopy system was developed and refined to achieve single molecule imaging of kinesin. The design plan for expression and characterization that was established will enable future analysis of a wide variety of motor proteins. Characterization and Acid Diffusion Studies of Cyclodextrin and its Carborane Inclusion Complex Amanda Oehrlein Chemistry, Hamline University NNIN REU Site: Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility, Cornell University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Christopher Ober, Materials Science, Cornell University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Marie Krysak, Chemistry, Cornell University; Jing Sha, Materials Science, Cornell University In order to move forward, the semiconductor industry is dependent on improvements in the lithographic process, most importantly the development of new resist materials. As pattern dimensions continue to decrease, issues of line edge roughness arise. Molecular glasses are an attractive alternative to polymeric resists, as they are able to incorporate an amorphous structure and high Tg with a small size that can show improved line edge roughness. Cyclodextrin has shown promise as a 193 nm resist, though it exhibits poor etch resistance. By introducing carborane into the cyclodextrin core, we have shown that the etch resistance of cyclodextrin is around that of PHOST, an industry standard photoresist. However, we also see an increase in line edge roughness. We intend to observe the differences in acid diffusion between the non-carborane and carborane resist by creating bilayers and measuring film thicknesses before and after development. Using this data, we can now modify cyclodextrin core with carborane to inhibit acid diffusion and show improved patterning capability with high etch resistance. Morphology Development and Properties of Thin-Film Polymers Kevin Donaher Department of Physics, Bard College at Simon's Rock NNIN REU Site: Penn State Nanofabrication Facility, The Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Stephanie A. Petrina, Michael A. Hickner, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University In order to function, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) requires a membrane that selectively allows for the passage of protons, while remaining electrically insulating. One way to accomplish the required proton transport is to use a sulfonated self-assembling block copolymer. The negative charge of the sulfonate groups should cause the desired selective permeability for the positively charged protons and the high density of sulfonate groups in a block copolymer is targeted towards achieving high conductivity. It is likely that the morphology of the film affects the conductivity, however, before the conductivity-morphology connections can be determined, there must be a reliable way of inducing and monitoring the phase behavior of sulfonated polymers. Our work seeks to test ways to control the morphology of the films and to use field emission scanning electron microscopy an atomic force microscopy to characterize the resulting structures. Previous studies have shown that it is possible to anneal unsulfonated films with heat or solvent to achieve more ordered morphologies. With unsulfonated poly(hexyl methacrylate)-b-poly(styrene)-b-poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMAb-PS-b-PHMA) triblock copolymer film, we observed a transition from a disordered morphology in the as-cast state to lamellar and cylindrical morphologies after annealing. For the sulfonated triblock PHMA-PS-PHMA films, thermal annealing and vapor annealing with DMF did not produce a noticeable change in the morphology of the as-cast film. It is hypothesized that the strong ion pairing interactions of the sulfonates and high Tg of the sulfonated phase prevents the block copolymer from forming an ordered morphology. From this project we expect to gain experience with polymers, lab safety, experimental and clean room procedures, and characterization equipment. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 17 Characterization of the Diffusitivity of Conductive Polymers in Nanochannel Confinement Jamal Lottier Molin Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County NNIN REU Site: Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, Stanford University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Reinhold H. Dauskardt, Materials Science and Engr, Stanford University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Taek-Soo Kim, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com The fabrication of nanochannels for analyzing molecular behavior at the single-molecule level is a rising phenomenon in material science. This methodology has been applied in research areas including the controlled transport of biological species, NEMS (nanoelectromechanical systems) studies, and the stabilization of the release rates of small molecules in drug delivery. Interest in the distinctive mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS, poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate), widely used in organic electronics such as sensors, solar cells, and LEDs, induces further research concerning this molecule under a nano-confining environment. In this work, we will fabricate nanochannels on a quartz substrate using electron beam lithography, and furthermore, use these nano-devices to characterize the diffusitivity of PEDOT:PSS. Observation under an optical microscope will allow for characterization of the molecule's diffusitivity, while images obtained from the SEM will confirm existence of these molecules confined in the nanochannels. The ability to characterize PEDOT:PSS in such nano-confinement will impose a strong foundation on further research on this conductive polymer. Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Thiolated Single-Stranded DNA Alexandra J. Machen Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): David G. Castner, Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington NNIN REU Mentor(s): Sirnegada Techane, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Gold surfaces functionalized with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are used in biomedical applications such as biosensing. When biosensors and other biomedical devices are placed in a biological environment, various reactions (analyte sensing, protein adsorption, etc.) will occur at their surface since the surface is the interface with the biological system. Thus, to develop an understanding of the structure-function relationship for biomedical devices and optimize their performance, their surface properties must be characterized. For nanoparticles, where the surfaceto-volume ratio is high, these surface properties are crucial and often unique from their larger scale counterparts. Our work included functionalizing and characterizing 14 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with thiolated single-stranded DNA (SH-ssDNA) in various buffers with different salt concentrations. We performed detailed surface analysis of the functionalized AuNPs using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the optimal conditions for SH-ssDNA assembly. These SH-ssDNA functionalized AuNPs were then backfilled with hydroxyl-terminated alkylthiols. The backfill time was varied to obtain optimal SH-ssDNA hybridization properties. Other characterization techniques used included transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the size, shape and size distribution of the AuNPs, and UV/VIS to determine the stability of AuNPs. Contol flat gold surfaces were also functionalized with SH-ssDNA for comparison to the functionalized AuNPs. Synthesis and Properties of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles for Environmental Applications Alexandra Rutz Chemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign NNIN REU Site: Nano Research Facility, Washington University in St. Louis, MO NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Young-Shin Jun, Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis NNIN REU Mentor(s): Young-Shin Jun, Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Manganese oxide nanoparticles can be utilized for advanced materials in battery materials, nanoelectronics, and biomedical applications. To have more efficient and well-controlled performance, these materials need particles of well-defined size, while remaining benign to humans and environment. In this work, we synthesized nanoparticles with a biomineralization approach and investigated their toxicity. Manganese oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using iron storage protein ferritin that provides an 8 nm cavity in which these particles form. We compared the sizes and morphologies of biomimetically synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles to those from inorganic synthesis using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HR-TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). DLS showed sizes of particle aggregates as a function of reaction time and aqueous conditions. Electron diffraction patterns were collected by HR-TEM to identify the phase of nanoparticles and determine particle size. AFM was used to investigate morphologies and sizes of the particles. For toxicity studies, three bacteria—E. coli, mycobacteria, and Shewanella —were studied while in solution with manganese oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles studied were those synthesized via inorganic synthesis and those via biomineralization. Our findings from this work will provide fundamental information of the potential toxicities of nanoparticles generated by different pathways. Fabricating Mechanically-Adjustable Single-Molecule Electrical Contacts Matthew Hershberger Department of Physics, Bethel College, Kansas NNIN REU Site: Colorado Nanofabrication Laboratory, University of Colorado at Boulder NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Charles Rogers, Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder NNIN REU Mentor(s): Jason Gray, Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com We investigated the fabrication parameters for mechanically-adjustable break junctions on a phosphor bronze substrate. Mechanically-adjustable break junctions have applications in studying the electron transport of molecules. The phosphor bronze was covered by a layer of polyimide with the metal deposited on top. The photolithography pattern used Futurrex NR7-1500PY and had 10 nanometers of chromium and 80 nanometers of gold deposited. We used a bilayer resist system of MircoChem's MMA 8.5 MAA-EL9 Copolymer then 950 PMMA-A4 to develop a large undercut for the electron beam resist. The electron beam lithography pattern had 2 nanometers of chromium and 80 nanometers of gold deposited. The polyimide was etched from underneath the bridge using a reactive ion etch. The bridges averaged 225 nanometers wide, 397 nanometers long, and had an impedance of 81.8 ohms after the reactive ion etch. The break junctions were formed by bending the substrate with fulcrums pushing down at the ends of the 2.5 cm by 1.0 cm wafer and a 250 micrometer pitch screw pushing from the opposite side. From trial runs so far, we believe we can measure stable impedances of the wires, break them, and reconnect them. Future testing includes breaking the wires in a cooled, vacuum environment. Integration of Gallium Nitride Nanowires with Silicon Circuits Lydia Kisley Chemistry, Wittenberg University NNIN REU Site: Colorado Nanofabrication Laboratory, University of Colorado at Boulder NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Bart Van Zeghbroeck, Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder; Kris Bertness, Optoelectronics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology NNIN REU Mentor(s): Chris Dodson, Optoelectronics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires and aluminum and indium GaN alloys have many potential applications when integrated with silicon circuits due to their semiconductor bandgap which ranges from the ultraviolet to infrared areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this study, GaN nanowires synthesized previously through catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy [1] were integrated with silicon circuits containing p-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors. Basic silicon circuits were designed and fabricated, containing specific contact areas where nanowires could be deposited. GaN nanowires were aligned to the contacts by dielectrophoresis and contacted with an additional metal layer. Previous research has shown GaN nanowires have a good photoconductive response and a high potential for use as ultraviolet photoconductors [2]. Future studies of the integrated GaN nanowires will demonstrate this as one of their potential applications. References: [1] Bertness, K.A.; et. al. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2006, 35, 576-580. [2] Mansfield, L. M.; et. al. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2009, 38, 495-504. page 22 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Process Development for a Traveling Wave Terahertz Detector Benjamin McPheron Electrical Engineering, Ohio Northern University NNIN REU Site: Colorado Nanofabrication Laboratory, University of Colorado at Boulder NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Garret Moddel, Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado NNIN REU Mentor(s): Sachit Grover, Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The terahertz region has been a generally untapped section of the electromagnetic spectrum due to limitations in photonic and classical semiconductor devices. Traditional antenna coupled diode detectors have shown acceptable performance up to 1 THz. It has been proposed to use an antenna coupled traveling-wave diode to achieve high performance in the infrared. These devices channel the radiation received by the antenna into a parallel plate waveguide, which is also the metalinsulator-metal (MIM) diode that rectifies the carrier to produce a signal voltage. This arrangement facilitates a better impedance match between the antenna and the rectifying MIM diode than would a lumped-element diode. The focus of this project was to develop process steps to fabricate such antennas and MIM waveguides. Basic antenna theory was employed to design broadband antennas suitable for this application. The detectors were designed to receive radiation in the wavelength range of 9 to 12 μm. Electron-beam lithography was extensively used to pattern the sub-micron lithographic dimensions for the waveguide and antennas. Additional steps in the process involved photolithography, reactive-ion etching, and deposition via evaporation and sputtering. Potential applications for these devices include communications and infrared imaging. Visible Optical Properties of Pulse-Laser-Melted Silicon Implanted with S, Se, Te, B, P and As Si Hui Athena Pan Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Michael Aziz, Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Daniel Recht, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The optoelectronic properties of laser-processed, chalcogen-laden silicon in the near infrared region have been well characterized in recent research. In particular, the enhanced sub-bandgap absorption of sulfur-implanted silicon has been used in devices such as IR photodiodes. Meanwhile, the visible spectrum optical properties of silicon supersaturated with chalcogens and other common dopants have not been investigated. We have developed a procedure to generate a thin film of ion-implanted, laser-melted silicon which allows direct measurement of these materials' transmission spectra in the visible range. The procedure and present preliminary results are given on the optical properties of silicon implanted with S, Se, Te, B, P and As in various doses. Fabrication of a Stable Tunable Quantum Hall Interferometer in the Fractional Quantum Hall Regime Paden Roder Physics, Grinnell College NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Charles Marcus, Physics, Harvard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Angela Kou, Physics, Harvard University; Doug McClure, Physics, Harvard University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org In the fractional quantum Hall regime at filling factor 5/2, quasiparticles above a ground state of paired composite fermions are predicted to have non-Abelian statistics, which are necessary to implement a topological quantum computer. Observations of non-Abelian statistics at this filling factor require a precise electrostatic tunable electronic Fabry-Perot interferometer on a high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. The current fabrication of these interference devices have the gates placed on the surface of the chip. Though successful in the integer quantum Hall regime, the devices fail to be stable enough to perform interference measurements in the fractional quantum Hall regime. This is likely due to the fact that the doping of the material is optimized for high mobility, leading to poor gateability. Here we report on the development of a new generation of devices where etching is used to define the interferometer, allowing the gates to operate at smaller voltages where they are more stable. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 25 Innovative Imprint Lithography for Chip-to-Chip Connections Laura Gaskins Chemical Engineering, Rice University NNIN REU Site: Nanotechnology Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Paul Kohl, Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Mentor(s): Venmathy Rajarathinam, Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Transmission lines on circuit boards are currently fabricated simply from copper in a ceramic or glass dielectric, but at longer lengths or higher frequencies this structure proves insufficient to meet the demands of advancing technology. To reduce power loss and increase the speed of signal propagation, an innovative structure is being created that will utilize air as a supreme dielectric in a coaxial system that shields the lines. These measures will reduce noise in the system and increase the maximum distance that the signal can be routed. Furthermore, these results may be achieved without implementing any additional photolithography steps by instead using imprint lithography, chemical-mechanical polishing, and a sacrificial polymer, making the process cost-effective and appealing to industry. Production of these coaxial structures could enable high frequency chip-tochip signal propagation with low power loss and low manufacturing cost. Pattern Deposition of Nanoparticles of Different Shapes by Aerosol Route Richard Frnka Math/Physics/Computer Science, Eckerd College NNIN REU Site: Nano Research Facility, Washington University in St. Louis, MO NNIN REU Principal Investigator & Mentor: Da-Ren Chen, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The electrospray system disperses highly-charged, monodisperse droplets to be randomly showered over a large area. By monitoring the flow rate and voltage of the system, nano-sized particles can be distributed over the area. Using the soft lithography technique of micro-contact molding, a certain pattern can be imprinted on a PMMA coated plate. This molding reveals a silver substrate in the pattern that is outlined by the nonconductive polymer. The electrospray apparatus can be used to spray highly positively-charged nanoparticles that are then deposited on the surface in the respective pattern. An electric field is established between spray head and substrate, helping to contain the particles in the given area. Before spraying particles the PMMA surface is charged by depositing a highly conductive solution. The gold nanoparticles used range in size from 10-20 nm and are generally conglomerated inside the desired pattern after spraying. Being able to control the positioning and patterning of nanoparticles by use of the electospray system will allow a much larger area to be covered in a much shorter time compared to previous deposition experiments. 3D Photonic Crystals Fabricated Through Direct Laser Writing Meredith Henstridge Physics, Xavier University NNIN REU Site: Femtosecond Nanophotonics Lab and Colorado Nanofabrication Lab, University of Colorado at Boulder NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Rafael Piestun, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder NNIN REU Mentor(s): Timothy Gerke, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The propagation of light can be controlled in three dimensions by guiding it through a three dimensional photonic crystal. Controlling light in this manner may allow for optical circuitry, the analog to integrated electrical circuitry, to become a reality. Direct laser writing is a form of optical lithography which involves focusing femtosecond laser pulses in order to expose a photoresist substrate in three dimensions. The substrates were prepared in two steps. First, a three boat thermal evaporator was used to deposit a 50 nm layer of titanium and a 50 nm layer of gold onto a 145 µm thick glass microscope coverslip. The gold layer serves as the seed layer necessary for an electroplating process, and the titanium layer is needed in order for the gold to adhere to the substrate. Next, AZ P4210 photoresist was spin-coated on top of the gold layer. It was determined that 75-100 µW of optical power being scanned through the photoresist at a speed of 25-50 µm/s yielded features on the order of 500 nm. The developed substrates were infiltrated with gold using a standard electroplating process. The end results were gold photonic crystals with feature sizes down to 500 nm. Advancing Energy-Efficient Solid State Lighting through Nanotechnology K. C. Kragh Engineering Physics, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology NNIN REU Site: Penn State Nanofabrication Facility, The Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Suzanne E. Mohney, Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University; Co-PI: Dr. Jian Xu, Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Fan Zhang, Engineering Science and Mechanics; Brian Downey, Materials Science and Engineering; Myo Thein, Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University Contact: kraghkc.at.rose-hulman.edu, mohney.at.ems.psu.edu As efficient, low power consumption lighting elements, arrays of light emitting diodes could replace traditional incandescent light bulbs in homes and offices. This study examined the feasibility of etching and depositing quantum dots within light emitting diodes to produce white light. Blue wavelength diodes had grooves plasma-etched into the quantum well structure before the addition of yellow quantum dots and evaluation of the resulting illumination. A chlorine and argon based plasma chemistry etched through the gallium nitride based diodes. After addition of the quantum dots, the diodes still demonstrated a characteristic current-voltage curve and a spectrum centered upon the device's wavelength. Beginning to provide a partial white balancing illumination, the complementary colored quantum dots represented a weaker intensity near their characteristic emission wavelength. Further investigation into etching depth and quantum dot layering could determine the requirements for creating a high-quality white light emitting diode in an efficient process and as an efficient device. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 29 Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes for DNA Translocation Claire McLellan Physics, Wake Forest University NNIN REU Site: ASU NanoFab, Arizona State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Stuart Lindsay, Biodesign, Arizona State University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Jin He, Biodesign, Arizona State University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Nanopore deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing offers the possibility of rapid single molecule sequencing with long reads, almost no sample preparation, and direct electronic readout from a small, computer-chip-like device. Nanopores are orifices that are so small that electrophoretic translocation of DNA through them necessarily occurs one base at a time. The focus of this project is to develop a device using single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs), as a new type of nanopores to translocate negatively charged DNA through the tubes under electrical fields. The first part of the project was to grow SWCNTs using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, characterize SWCNTs using both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), fabricate SWCNT devices using standard microfabrication techniques, and make polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic systems to assemble into SWCNT nanofluidic devices. For the second half of the project, we analyzed the differences of SWCNTS grown on Si3N4 substrates and SiO2 substrates using SEM and AFM, measured the ionic current of the SWCNT based nanofluidic device, and investigated the translocation of single-stranded DNA through SWCNT by monitoring changes in the ionic current. Imaging and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Growth and Transfer Stephanie Bojarski Material Science and Engineering, Lehigh University NNIN REU Site: Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, Stanford University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Philip Wong, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Arash Hazeghi, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have extremely high strength, flexibility, and excellent electrical properties as either metallic or semiconducting material. Semiconductor CNTs are thus potential candidates for logic devices. Densely packed parallel arrays of CNTs are grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a quartz wafer and then transferred onto a silicon wafer while, ideally, maintaining the same high density and alignment as the growth. This process must be able to efficiently transfer CNTs to the same area of silicon multiple times, thus yielding an even higher density. However, issues with the current process include incomplete nucleation of CNTs at the catalyst strip along with a low percentage of multiple transferred CNTs. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to measure the approximate diameters and densities of CNTs and nanoparticles present during various stages of the growth and transfer. This helps us to better understand the multiple transfer process by determining how complete the chemical nucleation of CNTs was during the growth and how effective the surface plasma treatment was in eliminating the contamination from the transfer. The optimization of the processes parameters will allow fabrication of devices with high CNT density which is desirable for logic applications. Horizontally Aligned Carbon Nanotube Composite Beams Alexander Hryn Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign NNIN REU Site: Lurie Nanofabrication Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): John Hart, Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan NNIN REU Mentor(s): Sameh Tawfick, Mechanical Engineering, Univeristy of Michigan Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have many applications in a variety of fields from biosensors, to RF filters and transmitters. One of the most important components in a MEMS device and one of the most difficult to manufacture is a cantilever or suspended beam. The cantilever is used as a resonator that, depending on material properties, will respond to or create vibrations only at a specific frequency. Current MEMS devices make use of beams that are composed of metal, ceramic, aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [1], and CNT composites [2]. Utilizing the high strength per low density of CNTs, composite beams could be made to have higher strengths and resonant frequencies. As an initial step toward this goal, this project focuses on creating micro-beams of horizontally aligned CNTs (HA-CNTs). This is achieved by growing vertically aligned CNTs and by mechanically rolling them [3] they adhere to the substrate and become horizontally aligned with ~25% packing density. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alumina then creates the matrix of the composite. By varying the density HA-CNTs and adjusting the thickness of the ALD coating, we aim to control the modulus and stiffness of the beams, and therefore enable tuning of their resonant frequency. Currently, suspended beams from 5-50 µm have been fabricated and their moduli will be determined. References: [1]: Hayamizu, Y. et. al. Integrated three-dimensional microelectromechanical devices from processable carbon nanotube wafers. Nature Nanotechnology 3 289-294 (2008). [2]: Bak, J.H., et. al. High-frequency micromechanical resonators from aluminium–carbon nanotube nanolaminates. Nature Materials 7 459-463 (2008). [3]: S. Tawfick, K.P. O'Brien, A.J. Hart. Flexible high conductivity carbon nanotube interconnects made by rolling and printing. Small (in press 2009). page 32 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Graphene Synthesis on Copper Substrates using Chemical Vapor Deposition Mark Borysiak Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University NNIN REU Site: Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Professor Rodney Ruoff, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas NNIN REU Mentor(s): Xuesong Li, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Graphene is an extremely interesting and potentially important material with unique and desirable physical characteristics. There are many possible practical applications envisioned for graphene, but large scale, high-quality graphene is needed to achieve these uses in many cases. The research presented focuses on monolayer graphene synthesis on 25-µm thick Cu substrates, which allows for growth on the scale of a few inches, while also showing to be predominantly uniform monolayer graphene. The graphene was grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with methane and hydrogen gas in a tube furnace vacuum system. The as-grown graphene was characterized using a scanning electron microscope to understand growth at different conditions to find desired growth parameters, while also confirming it to be mostly uniform monolayer graphene. The graphene films were then transferred to SiO2/Si wafers for further characterization by optical microscopy and micro Raman spectroscopy. To date we have seen that higher temperature growth of the graphene, in general, results in higher quality graphene sheets, depending on the growth time and quality of the Cu substrates. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 33 Atomic Layer Deposition on Surfaces Modified by Thin Interfacial Organic Layers Scott Isaacson Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota NNIN REU Site: Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility, Cornell University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): James R. Engstrom, Chemical and Biomolecular Engr, Cornell University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Kevin J. Hughes, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum oxide, Al2O3, has been performed on bare silicon dioxide and a porous low-k SiO2-based dielectric, and on both of these substrates after modification with thin interfacial organic layers. The Al2O3 films have been characterized using ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The objective of this study is to determine how the structure and reactivity of the organic layer affects the growth rate and morphology of the deposited Al2O3 film. We find that Al2O3 films grown on silicon dioxide modified with a nitrogen-containing organic layer or polyethylene glycol grow at a rate of approximately 1 Å per cycle, equal to the deposition rate of Al2O3 on bare silicon dioxide, while a fluorinated hydrocarbon SAM strongly attenuates the rate of growth in the initial ~ 15 cycles. Study of these films by AFM shows a surface roughness of less than 0.5 nm, and XPS analysis confirms the presence of the organic layer at the Al2O3/substrate interface after ALD. page 34 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Magnetron Sputtering and Characterization of Ag-Si for Infrared Photodetectors John Abrahams Electrical Engineering and Physics, University of Maryland at College Park NNIN REU Site: Howard Nanoscale Science and Engineering Facility (HNF), Howard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Clayton Bates, Electrical Engineering, Howard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Dr. Chichang Zhang, Electrical Engineering, Howard University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Silver-silicon (Ag-Si) composite films are the first metal-semiconductor composite system to demonstrate a response to radiation over the 1-14 µm wavelength range from liquid nitrogen to room temperature. Magnetron co-sputtering at 550˚C was used to deposit 1 µm thick Ag/n-Si films with Ag concentrations ranging from 13% and 23% onto highly resistive n-Si (111) substrates. The Van der Pauw method was used to characterize the transport properties of these films. Room temperature resistivity measurements on the order of 10 -1 Ω•cm are higher than expected of only highly doped n-Si. Lower resistivity was recorded with higher Ag concentration. Measured mobility of around 1 cm 2 /V•s was observed at room temperature. This low mobility is due to the high dopant concentration in the silicon. Resistivity and mobility measurements are different from values of only highly doped n-Si. Carrier concentration at room temperature is consistent with highly doped n-Si for lower Ag concentration, but generally increased with Ag concentration. While the behavior of carrier concentration is not currently fully understood for Ag/n-Si systems, the above results were verified at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, MD. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 35 Materials for CZTS Photovoltaic Devices Rachel Hoffman Chemical Engineering, Cornell University NNIN REU Site: Minnesota Nanotechnology Cluster, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Stephen Campbell, Electrical Engineering, University of Minnesota; Eray Aydil, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota NNIN REU Mentor(s): Kushagra Nagaich, Electrical Engineering, University of Minnesota; Banu Selin Tosun, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 or CZTS) is a promising thin film solar cell material. It is modeled after copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), but unlike CIGS, CZTS is composed of nontoxic, abundant materials. Toxic CdS is typically used with CIGS to complete the pn heterojunction. In the first half of this project, chemical bath deposition of ZnS was explored as a replacement for CdS. The deposition of CdZnS, which has a more favorable band gap with CIGS, was also investigated. ZnS deposition on glass slides looks promising and merits further investigation. CdZnS deposition on molybdenum coated glass slides was unsuccessful as XRD revealed no Zn was present in the film. The second part of this project dealt with the characterization of CZTS thin films as related to solar cell properties. To make the CZTS films zinc, copper, and tin were deposited on molybdenum coated quartz slides using thermal evaporation, and then annealed with sulfur in a furnace. Films were characterized using XRD. Solar cells are being made by depositing CdS using chemical bath deposition followed by sputtering aluminum doped zinc oxide. Solar cells properties will then be measured. Space-Charge Limited Current Calculations in Nanowires Ian Braly Chemical Engineering, Oregon State University NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. David Ginger, Chemistry, University of Washington NNIN REU Mentor(s): Obadiah Reid, Chemistry, University of Washington Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Semi-conductive nanowires are being used in organic solar-cells to supply the active layer with an effective hole-transport network while controlling bulk-heterojunction morphology. Conductiveatomic force microscopy (c-AFM) can be used to make charge carrier mobility measurements with nanoscale resolution using the space-charge limited current (SCLC) method. Nano-wires made from the semiconducting polymer polybutylthiophene (P3BT) have been characterized with this method, but the results do not agree with existing computational models. Our hypothesis is that this lack of concurrence is due to a difference in geometry between the existing models and the c-AFM SCLC experiments on these polymer nanowires. To test this hypothesis we have created a numerical model of the c-AFM experiment that includes a small circular injection surface to simulate the contact point of the AFM tip, and the local dielectric environment of the nanowire. We use calculations on a well understood geometry (planeplane and point-point electrodes) as a control, and examine how known scaling relationships between current density and various parameters change with the geometry. These include: (a) injecting surface charge carrier density; (b) injecting surface voltage; and (c) transport distance. We compare these new scaling relationships from the calculations with our experimental results. Cyclic Charging of Reduction-Oxidation (redox) Markers in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors Julie Bellfy Chemical Engineering, Villanova University NNIN REU Site: Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility, Cornell University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Edwin Kan, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Jonathan Shaw, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com The cyclic charging of Reduction-Oxidation (redox) markers in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors would allow for the creation of a nonvolatile memory. In a MOS capacitor, the accumulation of negative charge on the gate metal attracts positively charged carriers or holes to the oxide-semiconductor interface. As the applied voltage increases, these holes are forced into the substrate and the redox molecules. The holes will move the redox molecules between their naturally occurring discrete energy levels and store a charge. This stored charge would allow for the creation of memory. This memory would be able to function at low potentials. The first part of this project was to determine if the molecules could actually store the desired charge. Then different methods for the deposition of the control oxide were used. Currently there are adjustment being made to determine the best ratio between redox molecules and solvent molecules. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Ohmic Contact Study for Gallium Nitride-Based High Electron Mobility Transistors and Ultra-Short N-Type THz Devices Ian Walsh Applied Physics, Rice University NNIN REU Site: Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility, Cornell University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Professor Lester F. Eastman, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Quentin Diduck, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University; Jonathan Felbinger, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Gallium nitride (GaN) based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and terahertz (THz) emission devices are promising technologies for enabling high speed, high power applications. The formation of reliable, low resistance, thermally stable ohmic contacts is a crucial part of improving device performance. In this study, we examine various novel metal stacks for both HEMT and THz type substrates in the goal of achieving lower transfer resistance and improved repeatability. We use rapid thermal annealing (RTA) to study the stacks' sensitivity to anneal time and temperature, and the transfer resistance measurements are performed using the transfer length method (TLM). At the time of this writing, consistent results for HEMTs of Rt as low as 0.3 ohm-mm (Rsc ≈ 6x10 -8 ohm-cm 2 ) have been achieved with metal stacks utilizing vanadium (V) as the first deposited metal layer. For the THz substrate, stacks using niobium (Nb) in the first layer have exhibited Rt of 0.12 ohm-mm (Rsc ≈ 1.3x10 -7 ohm-cm 2 ) before annealing. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 39 Magneto-Transport in Photoexcited Diamond Sarah Reiff Physics, Marquette University NNIN REU Site: Nanotech @ UCSB, University of California Santa Barbara NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): David Awschalom, Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California Santa Barbara NNIN REU Mentor(s): Joseph Heremans (2005 NNIN REU at Cornell), Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California Santa Barbara Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Diamond's superior physical properties, including high thermal conductivity, ultrahardness, and a large bandgap, make it a useful material for electronic and spintronic device applications. However, for diamond to be a viable alternative to present materials, certain electronic properties need to be explored further. Nitrogen-rich diamond (type Ib) have shown photo-induced charge storage effects likely due to the presence of substitutional nitrogen defects [1]. Here we present photoexcited Hall effect measurements of single-crystal, nitrogen-rich diamond (type Ib) with Ti/Pt/Au gates in Van der Pauw geometry. These measurements were taken using a physical property measurement system (PPMS). A fiber-coupled 532 nm laser was directed into the PPMS through specialized fitting [2], with the other end pigtailed directly onto the sample [3]. The sample and optical fiber assembly was inserted into the PPMS using a custom designed probe insert. The carrier type and density were determined using these Hall effect measurements. References: [1] F. J. Heremans, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 152102 (2009). [2] E.R. Abraham, E.A. Cornell, Applied Optics, 37, pp.1762 (1998). [3] F. M. Mendoza, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2008. III-V MOSFET Fabrication Lorraine Weis Engineering Physics, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering NNIN REU Site: Nanotech @ UCSB, University of California Santa Barbara NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Mark Rodwell, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSB NNIN REU Mentor(s): Gregory Burek, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSB Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Scalable transistor technology is necessary for higher frequency electronics, as well as cheaper, more energy efficient devices. While silicon technology may be reaching its limits, new materials are being developed for use in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors below the sub-22 nm technology node. However, as gate lengths decrease, other features need to scale as well. Sidewalls, also called spacers, insulate the drain and source metal contacts from the gate of the transistor. Two techniques were compared for producing thin, reliable sidewalls: over-etching of 30 nm sidewalls and slow deposition of thinner sidewalls. The sidewalls of varying thickness were then electrically tested for their effectiveness as insulators. This project will thus find the optimal sidewall process for use in metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). Materials Studies on La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3-δ Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Tyler Cain Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Shriram Ramanathan, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Bo-Kuai Lai, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are attractive electrical power devices because of their energy conversion efficiency, low emissions, and flexibility of fuel sources. The materials used in these devices determine their cost, performance, and reliability. La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (LSCF) has been explored as a cathode material for SOFCs. We have studied the materials properties of RF-sputtered LSCF thin films on yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolytes. This project aims to understand the effect of oxygen deficiency in LSCF thin films. Specifically, we compare resistivity, x-ray diffraction, density, film stress, and grain size in films of differing oxygen concentration. Understanding these effects of oxygen deficiency in LSCF thin films has influence on SOFC processing conditions and device operation. Metallization for High Temperature Electronics K. C. Kragh Engineering Physics, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology NNIN REU Site: Penn State Nanofabrication Facility, The Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Suzanne E. Mohney, Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Brian Downey, Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com With its wide band gap and large capacity for current and power, silicon carbide can replace silicon as the semiconductor for high temperature and high power electronics. This study investigated metallic capping materials that could withstand elevated temperatures, while maintaining a low sheet resistance. Sputtered gold-ruthenium films were monitored for agglomeration through microscopy and for sheet resistance through the van der Pauw technique. Low resistance pure gold films demonstrated significant agglomeration upon annealing at 600°C. Ruthenium was utilized in alloys to stabilize the gold films with limited increase in resistance. Co-sputtered gold and ruthenium films underwent agglomeration and an increase in sheet resistance after prolonged annealing. Pure ruthenium, however, withstood agglomeration through fifty hours of annealing while sustaining an acceptably low sheet resistance. Ruthenium also demonstrated better adhesion than gold-based films. Despite the popularity of gold, a capping layer of 150 nm of ruthenium provides high-quality adhesion and low resistance through continued annealing at 600°C. Fracture at the Nanoscale Denys Zhuo Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology NNIN REU Site: Penn State Nanofabrication Facility, The Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Aman Haque, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Sandeep Kumar, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com The objective of this research is to develop a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based tensile and fracture testing device for ultra thin specimens in-situ in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). In particular, we used nanofabrication and innovative design principles to miniaturize a mechanical testing device to 3x5 mm size. The technical contribution of this research is a unique experimental technique that can perform tensile/fracture testing of nanoscale materials with virtually no restriction on specimen thickness/ size. The scientific contribution of this research is that the fundamentals of fracture at extreme (110 nm) length-scales will be explored, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Using this technique, the mechanics of fracture in 3-5 nm thick freestanding glassy carbon specimens can be studied. Glassy carbon is an attractive specimen material because it allows accurate control of sample thicknesses at the 1-10 nm length-scale. This material is chosen for its exciting applications as a molecular sieve or as a catalyst for gas separation. Tensile testing devices and the ultra thin glassy carbon samples specimens were designed and fabricated then integrated together. The next step is testing of the specimens inside TEM at magnifications of 150,000-200,000x in order to understand how the material fails at very small scales. Large-Scale Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene over Thin Films of Cobalt Devanand Sukhdeo Electrical Engineering, Columbia University NNIN REU Site: Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Sanjay Banerjee, Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin NNIN REU Mentor(s): Shagandeep Kaur, Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com The synthesis of graphene was demonstrated by chemical vapor deposition, using methane as a precursor, over thin films of cobalt. At sufficiently high temperatures, carbon from the methane precursor dissolved in the cobalt film. As the cobalt cooled to room temperature, its solubility decreased, thereby causing the dissolved carbon to segregate to the surface in the form of graphene. Subsequently etching away the underlying cobalt made it possible to transfer the graphene film to arbitrary substrates, including insulator substrates such as silicon dioxide. Once transferred to a silicon dioxide substrate, further analysis of the graphene films revealed that they generally consisted of a large contiguous region of thin few-layer graphene, with many patches of thicker multi-layer graphene present throughout the film. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Nanotextured Surfaces: New Generation Bioelectronic Interfaces for Nanomedicine Ericka Cottman Electrical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University NNIN REU Site: ASU NanoFab, Arizona State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Jennifer Blain-Christen, Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University NNIN REU Mentor(s): David Welch, BioEngineering, Arizona State University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com Bioelectronics is a field of study that contributes to a growing intersection between nanostructures and nanomedicine. One application is using nanostructures for interfacing cells. This can help improve standard signal measurements from cells on a two-dimensional electrode array by using a nanotextured electrode surface instead. Nanotexturing increases the surface area to improve the adhesion of cells to electrodes and provides a more efficient electrical interface. We used a porous alumina membrane as a template to provide uniform nano-scale pores for electrodeposition of gold. Electrodeposition is an electrochemical method for driving gold cations toward an electrode in solution. These cations precipitate onto the cathode filling the pores to create free-standing gold rods. We fabricated two-dimensional arrays of gold electrodes using standard lithography and lift-off techniques. In addition, we performed extensive characterization of electrodeposition parameters including, current density, deposition rate, nanorod uniformity, and experimental repeatability. Finally, we cultured HL-1 cardiomyocytes on the nanotextured gold arrays and characterized morphology, adhesion, and proliferation rate. Nanoporous Surfaces: Bioelectric Interfaces for Pathogen Detection Lilian Gong Department of Biological Chemistry, Wellesley College NNIN REU Site: ASU NanoFab, Arizona State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Shalini Prasad; Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Gaurav Chatterjee, Srivatsa Aithal; Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The goal of this project is to build a biosensor to detect low concentrations of pathogens. Purity of a liquid depends on the pathogens that constitute it. We used a label free technique, which uses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for detecting pathogens. By keeping our methods label free, detecting pathogens is cheaper and less time consuming, as compared to conventional methods. We used a printed circuit board (PCB) based-device and an alumina membrane to generate a nanoporous surface. The alumina membrane has pores with a diameter of the order of tens of nanometers. By overlaying the membrane on top of the interdigitated electrodes of the PCB, a high-density array of nanowells is formed, which facilitates nano-confinement and allows for size based trapping of the pathogens. We used layer-by-layer chemistry. The membrane was functionalized such that the cationic polymer attaches to the membrane. The endotoxin, being anionic, binds to the cationic polymer, forming an electrical double layer. The variations in the impedance of the electrical double layer due to the changes in the concentrations of the pathogen were characterized using EIS. We have identified the performance parameters of the biosensor for pathogen detection. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 47 Optical Detection of Thrombosis Formation within a Microfluidic Device using a Helium-Neon Laser as a Radiation Source Adam Kozak Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester NNIN REU Site: Nanotechnology Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Craig Forest, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech NNIN REU Mentor(s): Melissa Li, Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Understanding the dynamics of blood clotting is critically important to clinical evaluations of patients and to research laboratories studying diseases and drug effects. Particularly, the necessary conditions for acute thrombus formation are not well understood, and instrumentation has been limited in this context. The emerging field of microfluidics has led to significant advances in examining thrombus formation in vitro, allowing biologically relevant geometries and the measurement of occlusion in real time. However, current techniques (antibody binding, microscopic imaging) produce data with insufficient time and spatial resolution, vital parameters in measuring volumetric thrombus growth. We present a method of detecting thrombus formation and time-to-occlusion within a microfluidic device utilizing a helium-neon laser, taking advantage of the low absorbance of platelets relative to erythrocytes. This is method provides higher time resolution, smaller footprint, and larger signalto-noise ratio compared to existing art. Our method is also capable of measuring the hematocrit of the blood, since this parameter has been shown to affect thrombus growth in the past. Current progress is attempting to implement this method in a high-throughput device capable of measuring the occlusion rates of four separate channels of varying shear rate. Development of a Multiplex CARS Flow Cytometer for Label-Free, Real-Time Classification Hamsa Sridhar Physics and Mathematics, Harvard University NNIN REU Site: Nanotechnology Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Ali Adibi, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Tech NNIN REU Mentor(s): Siva Yegnanarayanan and Charles Camp, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (MCARS) is a label-free method of optical imaging that uses the vibrational chemical signature of molecules to uniquely identify and visualize them. As a result, it eliminates the need for fluorophores, which can disrupt the physiological processes of living samples. Moreover, the coherent pumping of Raman bands and multiplex detection allow for high sensitivity and full spectrum measurements. In this work, MCARS was applied to cytometric analysis on a microfluidic chip. This new addition to flow cytometry complements traditional sizing and morphological information with fluorophorefree chemical information. The aim is to fabricate a MCARS cytometer that can effectively flow a mixture of various cells in a stream of fluid and analyze their chemical signatures in real-time, thereby allowing for down-stream sorting of the sample. First, microfluidic channels of various sizes and geometries were designed in AutoCAD and fabricated using photolithography. Fluid flows through such geometries were modeled theoretically using COMSOL Multiphysics to determine optimal flow rates and particle sorting methods. Additionally, a program was written in MATLAB for real-time analysis of MCARS spectral data using principal component analysis. As proof of principle, chemically specific differentiation of polystyrene and PMMS microbeads was experimentally demonstrated. Using Molecular Self-Assembly for Surface Charged Monolayers to Control Bio-Assembly Theresia Monikang Chemistry, Hampton University NNIN REU Site: Howard Nanoscale Science and Engineering Facility (HNF), Howard University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. James Mitchell, Chemistry, Howard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Dr. Tina Brower Thomas, Chemistry, Howard University Self assembled biological molecules are being utilized in many ways to include forming hydrogel networks and nanoscale tubles. The goal of the project is to develop a method to preferential assemble biomaterials on surfaces using ionic interactions. We employ photolithography to prepare a simple pattern—an array of Au(III) on mica. We form a monolayer of aromatic thiol on the Au (III) surface. The monolayer is then treated with a photoresist followed by selective exposure leaving part of the monolayer inaccessible to a solution of mercury (II) perchlorate hydrate. The mercury (II) perchlorate provides a positive charge to selective areas of the pattern surface. Finally the array is introduced to various biomaterials with the expectation that localized ionic interactions will result in preferential assembly of the biomaterial. The array is examined by Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) before and after their introduction to biomaterial. Development and Fabrication of a Micro-Microbial Fuel Cell (µMFC) Isaac Markus Chemical Engineering, The Cooper Union NNIN REU Site: Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility, Cornell University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Largus T. Angenent, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Arvind Venkataraman, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are being widely proposed for wastewater treatment, chemical production, hydrogen generation and biosensors. One example of a BES is a microbial fuel cell (MFC) in which anaerobic bacteria oxidize carbon sources, such as glucose and acetate, in the anode to generate an electric current. Here, we developed and fabricated a micro-microbial fuel cell (µMFC) with channel dimensions of 100 µm x 100 µm. First, a silicon (Si) master was fabricated using standard photolithography techniques and plasma etching. Second, a gold/titanium (Au/Ti) electrode architecture was cast using standard liftoff processes on borofloat wafers. Third, the channels for the µMFC were cast using a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and zirconium oxide. The latter chemical addition renders the polymeric structure as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) [1]. This µMFC will be operated with Shewanella oneidensis MR-I under anaerobic conditions to obtain electrochemical data and real time microscopy images. References: [1] S. Katayama, Y. Kubo and N. Yamada,"Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Flexible Dimethylsiloxane-Based Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Sheets," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 85 [5] 1157-1163 (2002). 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 51 Development of an Intravessel Xylem Probe for Viniculture and Forest Ecology Ellen Sedlack Microelectronic Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology NNIN REU Site: Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility, Cornell University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Abraham Stroock, Chemical and Biomolecular Engr, Cornell University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Amit Pharkya, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Modern botanical research has demanded better, more accurate and real-time technology to measure water transport in the xylem tissues of plants. The purpose of this project was to develop an intravessel xylem probe at the micro scale. Direct xylem probing promises to monitor instantaneous plant metabolism. Plant fluids defy sampling as they operate at a high negative pressure, thus making the sap metastable. Conventional xylem probes have proven less effective due to their large size, restricted function range and poor sealing capabilities to plant tissues. A sufficiently-small sized probe promises to surpass such problems. After photolithographic masking, microneedles of varying dimensions were etched into a silicon substrate. The key fabrication challenges are bore loss due to high aspect ratios and needle fracture. The smallest needles featured a 20 µm inner diameter, a 30 µm outer diameter and a 250 µm length. Various needle sizes have been etched and readied for testing. A successful needle will be sufficiently robust to penetrate the xylem without buckling and will have a bore that is sized to avoid clogging. After successful leaf-application, a water flow monitoring pressure sensor will be integrated with the microneedle to form a microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) device. Microfluidic Single Cell Assay Chip for Cancer Efficacy Tests Nicolas Andrew Shillingford-Cordero Microbiology, Cornell University NNIN REU Site: Lurie Nanofabrication Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Euisik Yoon, Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan NNIN REU Mentor(s): Xia Lou, Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Single-cell resolution assays incomparably increase the power of drug screens over conventional colorimetric assays by providing quantitative data. Cell-to-cell interactions present in traditional bulk sampling procedures can mask nuances where individual cells are concerned, causing rich amounts of information to be overlooked. Advances in microfluidic technology have allowed high throughput single-cell drug screens to be performed while exercising precise control over cell loading and culturing conditions. This project focused on optimizing the design and operation of one of these microfluidic singlecell drug screening platforms. Photolithography of SU-8, a negative photoresist, was used to create the microfluidic chip features on a silicon wafer, which then functioned as a mold in PDMS chip fabrication. GFP stained glioblastoma multiforme cells were then introduced to the devices and, upon their capture within individual microwells, cultured to the neurosphere stage while being subjected to drug screens alongside control groups. Statistics can be obtained for quantitative cell viability data when there are sufficient single-cell samples in the microfluidic chip (more than 100) that have been maintained for more than seven days. Nanostructured Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications Nathaniel Hogrebe Chemical Engineering, University of Dayton NNIN REU Site: Nano Research Facility, Washington University in St. Louis, MO NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Younan Xia, Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis NNIN REU Mentor(s): Jingwei Xie, Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Nanofibers fabricated through the process of electrospinning the synthetic biodegradable polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), or PLGA, offer a promising prospect for the extracellular scaffold necessary in repairing damaged tissue as a result of their high porosity and large surface area. By depositing a gradient coating of the bone mineral hydroxyapatite onto the nanofibers, cell attachment and differentiation can be altered along the length of the scaffold. This characteristic is especially desirable for the interface between tendon and bone, which is a site of much localized stress as a result of the non-uniform tissue composition as it changes from soft tendon to hard bone. The objectives of this project, therefore, were to fabricate PLGA nanofiber scaffolds with both random and aligned orientations of the fibers, deposit hydroxyapatite onto the surface of the scaffolds in a gradient-like fashion, culture the bone mesenchymal stem cells of rats onto these scaffolds, and finally characterize the cell activity in response to both varying hydroxyapatite concentration and nanofiber orientation in an effort to determine if these biomineralized scaffolds would be useful in the regeneration of damaged tendon-to-bone attachment sites. All sample scaffolds have been successfully fabricated and characterized and are currently undergoing the cell culturing process. Antimicrobial Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Angela K. Horst Biochemistry, Clarke College NNIN REU Site: Nano Research Facility, Washington University in St. Louis, MO NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Yinjie Tang, Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis NNIN REU Mentor(s): Dr. Bing Wu, Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org In a world of emerging nanotechnology, one of the primary concerns is the potential environmental impact of nanoparticles (NPs). An efficient way to estimate nanotoxicity is to monitor the response of bacteria exposed to these particles. This experiment explored the antimicrobial properties of six metal oxide NPs against Escherichia coli. The toxicity of these NPs was tested using three methods: measuring protein efficiency in the presence of NPs, culturing in liquid media containing NPs, and electrospraying the NPs on a biofilm of bacteria. In an aqueous environment, protein function (here, glycolytic enzymes) were unaffected. Also, there was noticeable aggregation, preventing effective interaction between the particles and the bacteria; therefore the limited growth inhibition observed for all metal oxide NPs was attributed to their ionic species. On the other hand, the electrospray technique allowed direct interaction between the NPs and cells, which resulted in a higher death rate when exposed to oxidized nickel, zinc, and cobalt species; but a decrease in the antimicrobial properties of oxidized copper. The disparity in the results of the two exposure techniques indicates that the exposure method of NPs effect nanotoxicity. Microfabrication of Heaters and Resistance Thermal Detectors for Simulation of Hotspots Julia Sokol Mechanical Engineering, Harvard University NNIN REU Site: Nanotechnology Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Andrei Fedorov, Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech NNIN REU Mentor(s): Shankar Narayanan, Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com The continuous development of microprocessors to enhance performance has resulted in increasing power density and decreasing feature sizes. Consequently, it has become challenging to provide sufficient cooling for microprocessors requiring more effective cooling mechanisms than the often-used heat sinks or fans. Furthermore, non-uniform power densities in microprocessors have resulted in the development of hotspots with higher heat generation, as opposed to spatiallyuniform heating across the whole surface, calling for localized cooling solutions. In order to dissipate high heat fluxes, phase change cooling is more effective than single phase convection due to the advantage offered by significant latent heat of vaporization of liquids. This project is concerned with the development of a cooling system (called Nanopatch) for hot spots capable of dissipating high heat fluxes using evaporation of a thin liquid film. Specifically, devices consisting of a heater and sensor system were fabricated to test the operation of the Nanopatch. Each device consists of a central hotspot heater surrounded by multiple sensors fabricated on a Pyrex ® substrate using metal deposition and lift-off techniques. The sensors surrounding the central heater are resistance temperature detectors that will be used to provide an accurate thermal map of the substrate while the central heater is activated. Thus, this device will be capable of providing temperature measurements that will allow to correctly distinguish between the amount of heat dissipated by the cooling patch versus heat lost to the substrate and the ambient. Fabrication and Design of Nanowire Transistors Gabrielle Castillo Materials Science & Engineering, Arizona State University NNIN REU Site: Howard Nanoscale Science and Engineering Facility (HNF), Howard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Gary L. Harris, HNF, Howard University, Washington, DC NNIN REU Mentor(s): Dr. William Rose, HNF, Howard University, Washington DC Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org; email@example.com The semiconductor industry has constantly trended towards smaller, faster, and energy saving electronics. This has both driven down the size of the individual device and subsequently increased the number of devices on a single chip. However, the current technology demonstrated by complementary metal-oxide semiconductor devices is reaching its operational limits and has now led scientists to rigorously explore the realm of nanotechnology as the new frontier for electronic devices. The aim of this project is to fabricate nano field effect transistors (nano FETs) using nanowires. Beginning with a p-type Si substrate with a ρ < 0.6 Ω-cm, a SiO2 layer about 70 nm thick is formed using thermal oxidation. An ohmic contact is thermally evaporated onto the backside of the silicon using a silicon-aluminum eutectic solution annealed at 500°C. This device structure allows the current-voltage curve to appear symmetric. An appropriate mask is designed with 20,000 nm spacing between each electrode. The purpose of the design is to successfully land a nanowire between two contacts. E-beam lithography is then used to complete the connection. These nanoFET devices are characterized using their current-voltage curves. This research is supported by the National Science Foundation through the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network Research Experience for Undergraduates (NNIN REU) Program. Fabrication, Characterization and Modeling of a Novel Optofluidic Biosensor Michael Zakrewsky Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute NNIN REU Site: Nano Research Facility, Washington University in St. Louis, MO NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Lan Yang, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis NNIN REU Mentor(s): Dr. Sahin Ozdemir, Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Optical biosensors rely on the interaction between light and molecules, which can be significantly enhanced by a resonant structure. A variety of optical resonators have been investigated for ultrasensitive and label-free biosensing. Among them, whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonators, in which light is trapped in circulating orbits by total internal reflections, hold the highest quality. Light can circulate millions of times allowing a single particle to cause noticeable changes in the transmission spectrum of outgoing light. Theoretically, WGM biosensors can provide high resolution, label-free kinetics of amyloid seeding and nucleation, and prion infection; however, before these experiments can be realized, higher Q-factors and sensitivities in water must be achieved. We developed a novel fabrication method for a capillary-based high-Q WGM resonator by employing pressurized inert gas to overcome the effects of surface tension during the capillary pulling process. Current fabrication protocols produce rough interior surfaces resulting in lower Q-factors due to scattering losses. Using our protocol, we produced capillaries with much less interior roughness and showed that there is a near-linear relationship between gas pressure and capillary wall-thickness. Currently, we are attempting to achieve sub-micron wall-thicknesses and testing the Q-factor and sensitivity of smooth capillaries supporting WGM. Fabrication of Sub-Micron Lateral Spin Valves Alayne M. Lawrence Chemical Engineering, Xavier University of Louisiana NNIN REU Site: Minnesota Nanotechnology Cluster, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Professor Paul Crowell, Physics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities NNIN REU Mentor(s): Michael Erickson, Physics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com This research project focuses on sub-micron lateral spin valves, which are devices that allow us to measure spin injection and relaxation in metallic structures. Initial progress on the fabrication of these lateral spin valves of high purity, high conductivity transport channels of copper, aluminum, and silver will be presented. These high quality materials are prepared by annealing high purity wires and foils to form the transport channel then ferromagnetic contacts are deposited on. The resistivity measurements from annealing can give insight into material quality. Also, fabricating devices with high residual resistivity ratio (RRR) and conductivity allows for comparison with existing devices of similar materials with high purity at a lower RRR. This comparison may lead to better understanding of the role of grain structure on spin relaxation that can be modified by annealing. In addition, this may serve to ultimately develop a new process to deposit ferromagnetic contacts on a single crystal wire. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 59 Hybrid Silicon Microring Lasers Daryl T. Spencer Engineering Physics, University of Tulsa NNIN REU Site: Nanotech @ UCSB, University of California Santa Barbara NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): John Bowers, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSB NNIN REU Mentor(s): Di Liang, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSB Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Silicon photonics is an important and progressive field for developing low cost, high speed optical devices on a Si substrate. Integrating on-chip optical interconnects with modern Si electronics can realize faster and more power efficient data communications in future microprocessors and other emerging applications. We demonstrate a hybrid silicon microring laser device utilizing active InP-based epitaxial layers integrated on a Si-on-insulator substrate. The ring resonators exhibit compact structure with diameters of ≤ 50 µm. Laser emission is evanescently coupled to a Si waveguide and captured by on-chip photodetectors. Successful continuous-wave lasing has been observed with a minimum electrical pump current of < 5 mA at 10°C and maximum power output > 500 µW at 20°C. Temperature dependent studies were also conducted up to a safe operating temperature of 65°C. Lasing at 1.53 µm shows good spectrum purity with a < 0.04 nm linewidth (limited by the resolution of the optical spectrum analyzer), 4.2 nm free spectral range, and > 40 dB extinction ratio at 20°C. Unidirectional bistability, a unique characteristic of circular lasers, is also observed. The devices are a promising candidate for future applications in optical interconnects, memory, and all optical processing. page 60 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Fabrication and Characterization of Catalytic Nanomotors Christine Burdett Chemical Engineering and Spanish, North Carolina State University NNIN REU Site: ASU NanoFab, Arizona State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Jonathan Posner, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Jeffrey Moran, Mechanical Engineering, Arizona State University Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Platinum-gold bimetallic nanorods can swim autonomously in aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions. The nanorod locomotion is caused by the asymmetric electrochemical reactions on the platinum and gold surfaces. These reactions generate an electric field and an electric body force that drives the nanomotor through the surrounding viscous liquid. The focus of this project is to fabricate and study the motion of nanomotors. Specifically, the speed and behavioral changes that occur when polymers and different metals are added to the Pt/Au nanorods are investigated in an effort to describe the physics of the nanomotors. Nanomotors with nickel segments exhibit ferromagnetic properties, allowing control of their direction of motion using magnetic fields; we fabricated ferromagnetic nanomotors with varying nickel segment lengths to determine which efficiently controls movement. Finally, we found that traditional platinum-gold nanomotors can be oriented by inducing an electric dipole force using an AC electric field. Residual Stress of Atomic Layer Deposited Tungsten Steve Brown Physics and Mathematics, University of Minnesota NNIN REU Site: Colorado Nanofabrication Laboratory, University of Colorado at Boulder NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Victor Bright, Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder NNIN REU Mentor(s): Bradley Davidson, Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Because tungsten is a refractory metal, its use as a structural material in micro or nanoelectromechanical devices allows the devices to operate at high temperatures. Atomic layer deposition tungsten (WALD) has the additional advantage of low deposition temperatures (120°C) in addition to the perfectly conformal coating of all surfaces – even those that have been undercut. In designing WALD devices it is important to know the residual stress, which results from the mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the deposited tungsten and the underlying material. Residual stress can cause cantilever structures to curl toward or away from the substrate changing working distance and function of a device. In addition, residual stress can affect the resonant frequency, which is critical for sensor applications. Characterization of the residual stress should lead to better models and simulations of devices, allowing for the proper design of a functioning WALD device. Using passive test structures the residual stress of WALD deposited on nickel was measured. Optimization and Bioconjugation of Silicon Nanowire Biosensors Jacob Sadie Electrical Engineering, Clemson University NNIN REU Site: Nanotechnology Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. James Meindl, Electrical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Mentor(s): Ramasamy Ravindran, Electrical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Silicon nanowire (SiNW) biosensors are highly sensitive nanoscale field-effect transistors (FETs). Because the channel width is on the nanometer scale (either 50 or 100 nm), minor environmental alterations elicit obvious changes in the transistor's conductivity. With proper bioconjugation techniques, the presence of bound molecules in buffer solutions will affect the charge at the surface of the nanowires, changing the conductivity of the wire and indicating the sensing event. Our process is a top-down fabrication technique including electron-beam lithography for the patterning of silicon nanowires. Our project focused on optimizing the fabrication process by (a) adjusting the electron-beam resist application and etching procedures, (b) modifying the annealing procedures before and after electrode deposition, and (c) determining optimal conditions for pH sensing and protein bioconjugation. Our project has currently produced substantial results for the etch characteristics of electron-beam resist and annealing adjustments, while work continues toward effective bioconjugation processes. Energy Recoverable Operation of Lateral Nanoelectromechanical (NEM) Aluminum Switches Vivian Feig Chemical Engineering, Columbia University NNIN REU Site: Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, Stanford University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Roger T. Howe, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Roozbeh Parsa, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, J. Provine, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org In designing integrated circuits, nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches are advantageous because, unlike transistors, they have nearly zero power dissipation in their off state. An energy recoverable (ER) design that takes advantage of stored elastic energy in the mechanical switch can further decrease total power used by lowering the voltage required for operation. In this project, we constructed a lateral cantilever beam that switches between two symmetric sense electrodes (drains) when voltage is applied to two symmetric drive electrodes (gates). To avoid conductivity issues caused by the spontaneous oxidation of silicon beams in air, we used aluminum instead of silicon to construct our device on a quartz substrate. Silicon was used as a sacrificial release layer for the aluminum. Devices were tested by applying various voltages to the beam and gates, with subsequent current flow through the drains indicating beam contact. We aim to demonstrate ER operation with this setup, and anticipate achieving a significant decrease in switching voltage as compared to a traditional NEM switch. page 64 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings The Growth of Silicon, Germanium, Si x Ge 1-x and Various Polytypes of Silicon Carbide Nanowires Keara Harris Electrical Engineering, Hampton University NNIN REU Site: Howard Nanoscale Science and Engineering Facility (HNF), Howard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Dr. Gary Harris, Electrical Engineering, Howard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Crawford Taylor, Electrical Engineering, Howard University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The silicon germanium (SiGe) alloy has played an important role in the semiconductor industry because of its inexpensive production and high power capabilities. Silicon carbide (SiC) has also played an important role due to its high thermal conductivity and wide energy band gap. In this study silicon, germanium, SixGe1-x and various polytypes of SiC nanowires were grown via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Nanowires are 1-dimensional nanostructures which have very interesting and high mobility properties. Polytypes of SiC were grown on silicon substrates with a nickel (Ni) catalyst using silane and propane. The polytypes were achieved by varying the temperature of the CVD reactor during growth. In doing this, we changed the phase of the nanowires from cubic SiC (3C-SiC) to hexagonal SiC (6H-SiC). The silicon, germanium, and SixGe1-x structures were grown using silane and germane. X-ray and other characterization techniques were used to examine the structures and nature of the 1-dimensional systems. This work is sponsored by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network Research Experience for Undergraduates (NNIN REU) Program. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Atomic Layer Deposition of High-k Gate Dielectrics for Thin Film Transistors Du Nguyen Physics, Michigan State University NNIN REU Site: Lurie Nanofabrication Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Jamie Phillips, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan NNIN REU Mentor(s): Jeffrey Siddiqui, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Transparent insulating oxides with high dielectric constant are desired for thin film transistors that form the basis of current flat panel displays and future flexible and transparent electronics. This project uses atomic layer deposition (ALD) in order to grow these oxide films. ALD deposits precisely one monolayer of film with every cycle so that thicknesses can be controlled at the atomic level. An Oxford OpAL ALD tool was used in this work to deposit thin films of Al2O3 and HfO2 under varying parameters of temperature, plasma power, and pressure. In addition, the effects of thermal annealing the films after deposition were examined. Optimal growth parameters were found in order to maximize dielectric constant and minimize leakage current through the films, as these parameters are critical in determining the ultimate performance of thin film transistors. The results of the study will be applied to current research on zinc oxide and zinc telluride thin film transistors. Fabrication of Nanohole Arrays using Nano-Imprint Lithography Axel Palmstrom Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara NNIN REU Site: Minnesota Nanotechnology Cluster, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities NNIN REU Mentor(s): Si Hoon Lee, Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota; NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Sang-Hyun Oh, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Hyungsoon Im, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves resulting from the excitation of a metallic film at the interfaces between the film and a dielectric from a laser. At a specific incident angle of light to the medium, there is a maximum in surface plasmon intensity and a minimum in reflected light intensity from the surface. This is known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPR can be used in a real-time biosensing with uniform nanostructures in a gold film [1]. A method of fabricating nanostructures, specifically nanohole arrays, is necessary for this biosensing application. Current fabrication methods for nanohole arrays include focused ion beam (FIB) milling and electron beam lithography (EBL). These techniques are slow and expensive. Cheaper and more efficient nanohole fabrication techniques are needed for SPR biosensing. Nanosphere lithography combined with sputtering techniques can do this [1], however the process requires numerous steps and lacks the consistency desired for production. Nanoimprint lithography offers the advantages of low cost, high throughput, and uniformity associated with the imprinting process. Nano-imprint results from masks fabricated with both the use of polystyrene nanospheres combined reactive ion etching (RIE) and with EBL will be discussed. References: [1] Lindquist et al (2009)"Sub-micron resolution surface plasmon resonance imaging enabled by nanohole arrays with surrounding Bragg mirrors for enhanced sensitivity and isolationî Lab on a chip, 9, 382-387 (2009). 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings page 67 Elemental Analysis of Ge-Si x Ge 1-x Core-Shell Nanowire Heterostructures Arrielle Opotowsky Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University NNIN REU Site: Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Prof. Emanuel Tutuc, Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin NNIN REU Mentor(s): Kamran Varahramyan, Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The study and use of semiconductor nanowires is of interest in many electronic, photonic applications, as well as biological and chemical sensing. The ability to engineer the electronic properties by altering the band structure, combined with the reduced dimensions, make nanowire heterostructures attractive as building block for low-power, high speed electronics. Here we investigate Ge-SixGe1-x core-shell nanowire heterostructures, where the SixGe1-x shell is in-situ grown on the Ge nanowire cores using ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the SixGe1-x shell is single crystal and grows epitaxially on the Ge cores. To determine the shell thickness and elemental composition of the nanowire heterostructures we employ energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and electron energyloss spectroscopy. Our data shows that the Si/Ge relative content of the SixGe1-x shell can be tuned depending on the growth conditions, which enables radial band engineering in these nanowire heterostructures. Microfluidics Guided Self-Assembly of Liposomes Tiffany Moeller Chemical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln NNIN REU Site: Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility, Cornell University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Carl Batt, Department of Food Science, Cornell University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Matthew Kennedy and Dickson Kirui, Department of Food Science, Cornell University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Liposomes in the range of 100 to 500 nm were created using a microfluidic flow-focusing device by varying composition and flow rates of the lipid and sheath fluids. Composed of a hydrophobic lipid bilayer enveloping a hydrophilic compartment, liposomes can be engineered to encapsulate magnetic nanoparticles. These magnetoliposomes can induce hyperthermia, allowing a burstrelease of encapsulated therapeutics. The project aims were (1) optimizing the reagent parameters to modify liposome size and morphology and (2) encapsulating nanoparticles in the liposomes. The liposomal synthesis and encapsulation were accomplished using a three-dimensional microfluidic focusing manifold to enhance the liposomes' monodispersity which is important for in vivo pharmacokinetics. Focusing the lipids in the microchannel center and surrounding them by an aqueous sheath fluid directs liposome self-assembly. At flow rate ratios (FRRs)—sheath to lipid solution—from 10 to 25, increasing the sheath's KCl concentration from 0.10 to 100.0 mM increased the liposomes' average size from 120 to 470 nm. At the same FRRs a change from 0.10 to 10.0 mM in lipid concentration decreased their size from 215 to 120 nm. FRRs less than ten yielded large aggregates and polydisperse liposomes. Nanoparticles' composition, stabilizing surfactant, and encapsulation procedure were varied to optimize their encapsulation. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Fabrication of Grating Couplers and Optical Waveguide Sensors Edgar Garay Electrical Engineering and Physics, Florida International University NNIN REU Site: Nanotechnology Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): David S. Gottfried, Nanotechnology Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology NNIN REU Mentor(s): Janet Cobb-Sullivan, Nanotechnology Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org A method using nanoimprint lithography (NIL) was developed in order to fabricate grating couplers that will be used in a chemical sensor based on optical planar waveguide interferometry. A light beam propagating through a waveguide has an evanescent field extending from the waveguide into the cover layer and substrate. The phase of the propagating light is sensitive to index of refraction changes. By applying a chemically selective film on top of the waveguide and optically combining this with a reference beam, a sensor can be fabricated. Grating couplers offer an inexpensive and simple solution to the difficult task of coupling light into the thin waveguides needed for the sensor. Further investigation is needed in order to simplify the fabrication process to improve the yield and reduce the cost of the sensors. Previously, a UV curable polymer was imprinted with the grating pattern using a template prepared by e-beam lithography. This pattern was then utilized as an etch mask in order to fabricate the grating couplers in a quartz substrate. However, optical and thermal characteristics of the polymer may make it suitable for use as the substrate directly, with the waveguide deposited directly over the imprinted grating structures. Fabrication and Characterization of Nanobeam Resonators with Waveguides Arolyn Conwill Physics, Pomona College NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Prof. Marko Lončar, Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Ian Frank (2007 NNIN REU at Harvard), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org This project focuses on the optical properties of nanobeam resonators, a type of one-dimensional photonic crystal that can confine light at sub-wavelength scales with incredibly high quality factors (theoretical Qs are on the order of 10 7 ). These devices have potential applications in nanoscale chemical sensing, optical switching, lasers, low power nonlinear optics, cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), and light-matter coupling. Previously, these resonators have been characterized using a resonant scattering technique; however, the coupling of the incident laser beam from free space restricts the number of modes available for excitation. Our new design incorporates waveguides onto the ends of the resonator cavity, allowing us to measure a broader set of resonant modes by coupling the end of the waveguide to a pulled optical fiber carrying the evanescent laser beam. The cavity consists of a silicon nanobeam with a series of holes including a perturbation in spacing at the center; the geometry determines the characteristic band gap and resonant modes of the cavity. The fabrication process uses electron beam lithography to write the cavity pattern to an SOI wafer covered in a negative resist and employs reactive ion etching to transfer the pattern to the device layer of the wafer. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Fabrication of Silicon Nitride Waveguides Takia Wheat Chemistry, Jackson State University NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Marko Lončar, Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Parag B. Deotare, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Over the years, there has been an ongoing demand for faster, better, and less expensive computer systems. Microelectronics has so far offered quality solutions but has now reached its limitations. Nanophotonics, is one of an alternative to microelectronics. Owing to its much larger bandwidth, it has high potential for providing solution to faster computer systems through the manipulation of light which is channeled using a waveguide. These waveguides, based on total internal reflection are able to transport light from one area to another. Once light is between two mediums of lower refractive indices, it is reflected back and trapped which can then be used in integrated optics to link together various optical devices and components. In this work, we report the fabrication of silicon nitride waveguides which can operate at standard telecom wavelengths. The fabrication of a waveguide mainly involved nanofabrication processes like ebeam lithography which was used for defining the waveguides followed by reactive ion etching (RIE) to transfer the pattern onto the silicon nitride surface. Optimization of the RIE etch chemistry was carried out to generated straight and smooth walled waveguides. Silicon Migration for Nanophotonic Elements Matt Strathman Electrical Engineering, Montana State University NNIN REU Site: Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, Stanford University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Roger Howe, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University NNIN REU Mentor(s): J Provine, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Il Woong Jung, Electrical Engineering, Stanford University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Photonic crystals made from silicon have many applications such as waveguides, sensors and broadband mirrors. Photonic crystals are periodic arrangements of dielectric materials, in our case a periodic array of holes etched into a silicon substrate, that have special optical properties. These photonic crystals are fabricated using the GOPHER process, which is the Generation Of PHotonic Elements by RIE (Reactive Ion Etching). We explored one way of improving the performance of these photonic crystals using the migration of single crystal silicon. More specifically we investigated the use of annealing, which may be done in different ambients including hydrogen, to reflow the silicon and hence reach a low surface energy state. This had the potential to improve the performance of the devices as well as decrease variations in the devices from the fabrication process. Scanning electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy were used to study the devices and the extent that the reflow has affected their structure and optical performance. Optimization of the design of these photonic crystals would increase the efficiency of the optical devices, and because the process is CMOS compatible, the utilization of the process to fabricate optical devices could lead to many more new and interesting applications. Modeling Intermediates in Prion Protein Fibril Formation Stephanie Lau Chemistry, Wellesley College NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Valerie Daggett, Bioengineering, University of Washington NNIN REU Mentor(s): Marc van der Kamp, Bioengineering, University of Washington Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein has been implicated in several infectious neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows. Deposits of insoluble prion protein fibrils can often be detected in affected humans. However, before forming fibrils, the misfolded prion proteins first aggregate into soluble oligomers—known as protofibrils—that are responsible for cellular toxicity and disease infectivity. The structure of these toxic and infectious agents in prion diseases remains elusive due to the difficulty in obtaining high-resolution experimental data. From molecular dynamics simulations of the prion protein under misfolding conditions, we selected potentially misfolded conformations. Based on these conformations and experimental data suggesting likely contact regions between monomers, we constructed several different protofibril models. This was done by manually docking monomers together to create a cross-monomer β-sheet. These models were then compared with the available experimental data to assess if they are reasonable models for the toxic intermediates. Results from this project will provide insights into how the native prion protein may misfold and assemble into pre-fibrillar aggregates. page 74 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Raman Topography Studies of Eutectic Systems of Strontium Ruthenate (214) and Ruthenium Eric Hao Engineering, University of California, Berkeley NNIN REU Site: Penn State Nanofabrication Facility, The Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Ying Liu, Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Mentor(s): Neal Staley, Conor Puls, Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool in characterizing materials. It relies on the unique bonding structure of materials in order to discriminate and classify them from each other. The user essentially shines a laser (usually in the visible spectrum) onto his or her sample. The incoming photons excite the electrons in the material from the conduction band to the valence band. The excited electrons then inelastically scatter, emitting phonons with specific energies. The electrons then backscatter, and fall back down to the conduction band, emitting a photon with slightly less energy. From there, one can recapture the reflected light in a charge-coupled device and measure the resultant shift. This method is useful in not only classifying materials, but also in detecting the effects of interface. Specifically, we were interested in measuring the interface effects in eutectic systems of strontium ruthenate 214 (the first and only known Cu-free layered perovskite superconductor) and ruthenium. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Pillar Array Polymer Template for Solar Cells Travis Rosmus Chemistry Department, Saint Francis University in Loretto NNIN REU Site: Penn State Nanofabrication Facility, The Pennsylvania State University NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Heayoung Yoon, Dr. Theresa Mayer, Electrical Engineering Department, Penn State University Compared to the conventional planar structure, the geometry of high-aspect-ratio pillar arrays can offer the potential to achieve a low cost, commercially viable route to the production of high efficiency solar cells, in that the direction of light absorption is decoupled from that of carrier collection. This project will explore the design and process to fabricate a pillar array template using polymers. We will also investigate the properties of the template including hardness test and FESEM analysis. We studied the basics behind the etching process and the creating of a polymer template for solar cells. Templates were created by spinning a certain thickness of polyimide onto oxidized silicon pillar arrays followed by the removal of the oxide using buffered oxide etchant (BOE), to release the polymer template from the substrate. We used different spinning speeds and graphed the results in a Thickness vs RPMs graph. From there, we created the protocol that yielded the appropriate template. This project introduced the intern to working in a real lab environment with access to equipment not available at Saint Francis. It has also allowed the intern to work under a graduate student and be a part of a research team on a project of interest. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Plasmonic Focusing of Light Chelsea Frid Material Science and Engineering, Michigan State University NNIN REU Site: Lurie Nanofabrication Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Mona Jarrahi, Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan NNIN REU Mentor(s): Christopher Berry, Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The goal of this project is to develop a terahertz detector. Terahertz is a portion of electromagnetic spectrum that lies between the microwave and optical ranges. The device consists of a periodic array of schottky diodes with interdigitated comb fingers on a low-resistivity gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. Schottky diodes are used for terahertz detection because their nonlinear currentvoltage characteristic aid in the detection of high frequency signals. In operation, the alternating electrodes are connected to a voltage source. The sinusoidal electric field of the terahertz radiation modifies the average voltage difference between the electrodes, due to the nonlinear characteristics of the diode. The periodic arrangement of the schottky diodes assists in collecting a large portion of the incident terahertz radiation. Due to time constraints, the testing of the final device was not fully completed. In this paper, we present the process and initial results obtained in the creation of this device. Atomic Force Microscope Direct-Write of Carbon Nanowires: Structure Optimization Jacqueline Collette Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Marco Rolandi, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington NNIN REU Mentor(s): Jessica Torrey, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org The fabrication of nanoscale devices requires precision in positioning and connecting nanoscale components into complex geometries. Atomic force microscope (AFM) direct deposition of nanoscale materials occurs via field-induced localized chemical reactions of a liquid precursor in the region between the AFM tip and the substrate. This method offers highly precise positioning and the ability to deposit complex geometries for device integration. This work focuses on the AFM direct deposition of carbon nanowires (CNWs) from n-octane and their characterization. Previous work in the group has examined changes in sp 2 /sp 3 bond ratios in CNWs as a function of annealing temperature with the photoemission electron microscope (PEEM). With increasing temperature, sp 3 dominant, diamond-like carbon transforms into sp 2 prevalent, graphite-like carbon. This work aims to corroborate the PEEM results with electrical conductivity measurements by integrating the CNWs into devices and measuring the change in conductivity as a function of annealing temperature. Investigations focus on parameters of the direct-write and annealing processes, characterization of the deposited nanowires using AFM and the scanning electron microscope, as well as analysis of electrical behavior. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Nanotoxicity Sarah Connolly Biochemistry/Microbiology, University of Florida NNIN REU Site: Minnesota Nanotechnology Cluster, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Christy Haynes, Chemistry, University of Minnesota NNIN REU Mentor(s): Melissa Maurer-Jones, Chemistry, University of Minnesota Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org This project focuses on observing the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse fibroblast model cells when exposed to nano-titanium dioxide (nTiO2) utilizing a series of fluorescent probe assays: 4-((9-acridinecarbonyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO-9-AC), Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA). Cellular uptake of the nanoparticles was also studied using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy analysis to correlate ROS generation with cellular internalization of nTiO2. While commonly used cellular viability assays show that the nTiO2 nanoparticles had minimal effect on cell viability, the elevated uptake and increased ROS levels may have harmful effects on cell function, requiring further investigation. ROS can cause oxidative stress in a cell and can cause cell dysfunction, mutation, or even death. Each probe detects one, or several, ROS including hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Assays were performed in 96-well plates using a fluorescent plate reader where cells were exposed to varying concentrations of nTiO2 (12.5-400 μg/mL) for 24, 48, or 72 hours. Following exposure, the fluorescence intensity of the probe species was measured and compared to a calibration curve. Fluorescence intensity tended to increase as nTiO2 concentration increased, showing insignificant difference between time points, indicating more ROS is generated with greater amounts of nTiO2. DNA Electrophoresis in Sparse Ordered Obstacle Arrays Alyssa Terry Biomedical Engineering, Mississippi State University NNIN REU Site: Minnesota Nanotechnology Cluster, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Kevin Dorfman, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities NNIN REU Mentor(s): Jia Ou, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Daniel Olson, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Engineering faster methods for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) separation is critical for the future of disease diagnosis and forensic work. To date, electrophoresis for DNA separation can only be performed on samples with fewer than around 20,000 base pairs using constant field gel electrophoresis. By increasing the pore size of traditional electrophoresis media, longer DNA with more base pairs can also be separated under a dc field in microfluidic devices. This study focuses on two main challenges: optimizing fabrication methods for creating microfeatures on silica using the facilities available in the UMN fabrication center and understanding the post-collision mechanism of the DNA molecules. To study the DNA collision, first a procedure for creating an ordered hexagonal array in silica with 1 µm features had to be developed. Scanning electron microscopy was used to inspect the effectiveness of the fabrication procedure. For the electrophoresis experiments, the DNA was dyed with YOYO-1 and then placed in the chip under an electric field. An inverted microscope controlled by LabVIEW in addition to MATLAB software were used to image and analyze the DNA during separation. Using the images recorded from the experiments, the DNA was analyzed for collisions, shape upon impact, velocity and time to relaxation. 2009 NNIN REU Convocation Proceedings Engineering Hcp1 Protein Nanotubes for Non-Specific DNA Binding Keith Olson Biochemistry and Psychology, Beloit College NNIN REU Site: Center for Nanotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): Joseph Mougous NNIN REU Mentor(s): Julie Silverman, Microbiology, University of Washington Contact: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Proteins are ideal materials for biological and industrial applications in nanotechnology because they are inexpensive, biocompatible and can easily be modified. Hcp1 – a homohexameric ring protein secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa – can form nanotubes through ring-ring stacking interactions. With an inner pore of 4 nm, these tubes show potential use for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) binding, drug encapsulation and scaffolds for nanowire synthesis. This research project focuses on modifying the inner pore of Hcp1 to bind DNA non-specifically. These subunits can then be used to assemble DNA encapsulating tubes for DNA-processing scaffolds, vector drug delivery and microarray analysis. For example, copper(II) complexes could be derivatized to the inside of the tubes to catalytically cut DNA into standard lengths. We used site-directed mutagenesis to introduce positively charged lysine residues to promote non-covalent interactions with the negatively charged backbone of DNA. Hcp1-DNA interactions were measured by DNA-protein gel shift assays, filter binding assays and electron microscopy. This work demonstrates the preliminary steps towards producing DNA encapsulating tubes. Controlling Cell Functions with Light on Tip Richard Purvis Engineering Physics, Tulane University NNIN REU Site: Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin NNIN REU Principal Investigator(s): John X. J. Zhang, Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas NNIN REU Mentor(s): Yuyan Wang, Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Contact: email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.org The objective of this project is to manipulate cell membrane proteins, through a nanofabricated plasmonic scanning probe tip mounted in a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM). For this REU program, calibration of the plasmonic enhanced scanning probe tip was performed by measuring the dependence of exposure depth on exposure time in photoresist (AZ5209E) spun onto a glass substrate. Models were constructed using COMSOL finite element method (FEM) for comparison, which is then extended to evaluate the thermal and optical effects of the probe on a living cell. To prepare for protein stimulation using the plasmonic tip, we also demonstrated a microcontact printing technique to pattern protein on glass substrate using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp. The resulting protein layers thickness and uniformity were evaluated using AFM and SEM. The preliminary experiments and simulations well prepare for further applying the plasmonic probe tip with high spatio-temporal resolution for local optical perturbation of membrane proteins in a biological cell.
ETHIOPIA 2018 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The constitution codifies the separation of religion and the state, establishes freedom of religious choice, prohibits religious discrimination, and stipulates the government shall not interfere in the practice of any religion, nor shall any religion interfere in the affairs of the state. On January 20, security forces fired teargas on a group of youth singing politically charged messages in Woldia town during Epiphany celebrations. The Amhara regional government pledged to investigate the incident. The local Human Rights Council (HRCO) reported security forces subsequently shot and killed eight Orthodox Church members; this was followed by further protests and killings. On February 16, the government declared a state of emergency (SOE) that restricted organized opposition and antigovernment protests, which also affected religious activities. The House of Peoples' Representatives voted on June 5 to lift the SOE, effective immediately. There were no reports of religious communities engaging in protests either before or after the lifting of the SOE. On August 1, representatives of the exiled synod of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC), headed by Patriarch Abune Merkorios, returned to the country and reunited with the synod in Ethiopia headed by Patriarch Abune Mathias. The reconciliation effort had the direct support of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali and ended a 26-year schism in the Orthodox Church. On August 4, three Muslim scholars, Sheik Seid Ahmed Mustafa, Sheik Jabir Abdella, and Sheik Sherif Muhdin, returned to the country after decades of exile in Saudi Arabia. The scholars told local media they returned in response to Prime Minister Abiy's calls to return and build the country. On August 4, in the Somali region, an organized group of Muslim youth reportedly killed six priests and burned down at least eight Ethiopian Orthodox churches during widespread civil unrest in Jijiga. On August 25, in Bure town, followers of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church stoned a man to death after accusing him of attempting to set a church on fire. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) continued to report some Protestants and Orthodox Christians accused one another of heresy and of actively working to convert adherents from one faith to the other, increasing tension between the two groups. The Ethiopian Islamic Affairs Supreme Council (EIASC) said it continued to hold foreign actors responsible for the exacerbation of tensions between Christians and Muslims and within the Muslim community. The Inter-Religious Council of Ethiopia (IRCE) stated that the major faith communities in most of the country respected each other's religious observances and practices while permitting intermarriage and conversion. U.S. embassy and Department of State officers met officials from the Ministry of Peace, which includes the previous Ministry of Federal and Pastoralist Development Affairs, throughout the year for continued discussions on religious tolerance, radicalization, and ongoing reforms led by Prime Minister Abiy. Embassy representatives also met with the leaders from the EIASC, Catholic Church in Ethiopia, IRCE, the Jewish Community, and EOC to discuss how these groups could contribute to religious tolerance. Embassy officials met with members of the Muslim community and with NGOs to discuss their concerns about government interference in religious affairs. Section I. Religious Demography The U.S. government estimates the total population at 108.4 million (July 2018 estimate). The most recent census, conducted in 2007, estimated 44 percent of the population adheres to the EOC, 34 percent are Sunni Muslim, and 19 percent belong to Christian evangelical and Pentecostal groups. The overall population, however, has since changed significantly, and observers in and outside the government state those numbers are not necessarily representative of the present composition. The EOC predominates in the northern regions of Tigray and Amhara, while Islam is most prevalent in the Afar, Oromia, and Somali Regions. Established Protestant churches are strongest in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Gambella, and parts of Oromia. Groups that together constitute less than 5 percent of the population include Eastern Rite and Roman Catholics, members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and practitioners of indigenous religions. The Rastafarian community numbers approximately 1,000 and its members primarily reside in Addis Ababa and the town of Shashemene in the Oromia Region. Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom Legal Framework The constitution requires the separation of state and religion, establishes freedom of religious choice and practice, prohibits religious discrimination, and stipulates the government shall not interfere in the practice of any religion, nor shall religion interfere in state affairs. It permits limitations on religious freedom as prescribed by law in order to protect public safety, education, and morals, as well as to guarantee the independence of government from religion. The law criminalizes religious defamation and incitement of one religious group against another. The law permits sharia courts to adjudicate personal status cases, provided both parties are Muslim and consent to the court's jurisdiction. The SOE put in place on February 16 and lifted on June 5 included provisions affecting religious activities such as the requirement for authorization from the SOE Command Post for public gatherings and a prohibition on chanting political slogans during religious holidays. Registration and licensing of religious groups fall under the mandate of the Directorate of Faith and Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Peace, which requires unregistered religious groups to submit a founding document, the national identity cards of its founders, and the permanent address of the religious institution and planned regional branches. The registration process also requires an application letter, information on board members, meeting minutes, information on the founders, financial reports, offices, name, and symbols. Religious group applicants must have at least 50 individuals for registration as a religious entity, and 15 for registration as a ministry or association. During the registration process, the government publishes the religious group's name and logo in a local newspaper and, if there are no objections, registration is granted. Unlike other religious groups, the EOC is not registered by the Ministry of Peace but obtains registration through a provision in the civil code passed during the imperial era that is still in force. Registration with the ministry confers legal status on a religious group, which gives the group the right to congregate and to obtain land to build a place of worship and establish a cemetery. Unregistered groups do not receive these benefits. Religious groups must renew their registration at least every five years; failure to do so may result in a fine. Registered religious organizations are required to provide annual activity and financial reports. Activity reports must describe evangelical activities and list new members, newly ordained clergy, and new houses of worship. Under the constitution the government owns all land; religious groups must apply to both the regional and local governments for land allocation, including for land to build places of worship. Government policy prohibits the holding of religious services inside public institutions, per the constitutionally required separation of religion and state. The government mandates that public institutions take a two-hour break from work on Fridays for workers to attend Islamic prayers. Private companies are not required to follow this policy. The constitution prohibits religious instruction in public and private schools, although both public and private schools may organize clubs based on shared religious values. The law permits the establishment of a separate category of religious schools under the auspices of churches and mosques. The Charities and Societies Agency, an agency of the government accountable to the federal attorney general, and the Ministry of Education regulate religious schools, which provide both secular and religious instruction. The Ministry of Education oversees the secular component of education provided by religious schools. The law prohibits the formation of political parties based on religion. A government proclamation prohibits certain charities, societies, and associations, including those associated with faith-based organizations that engage in rightsbased advocacy, and prevents civil society organizations from receiving more than 10 percent of their funding from foreign sources. Rights-based advocacy includes activities promoting human and democratic rights or equality of nations, nationalities, peoples, genders, and religions; protecting the rights of children or persons with disabilities; advancing conflict resolution or reconciliation; and enhancing the efficiency of the justice system or law enforcement services. Religious groups undertaking development activities are required to register their development arms as charities with the Charities and Societies Agency and follow legal guidelines originating from the Charities and Societies Proclamation. The country is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Government Practices On January 20, during Orthodox Christian Epiphany celebrations, also known as the Timket festival, security forces fired teargas in Woldia town, North Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, on a group of youth who, while following a replica of the Ark of the Covenant (Tabot), the most sacred item in the church, shifted to political messaging in their cheers and songs, according to media reports. The Tabot fell to the ground during the incident, after which the youths threw rocks at the security forces. According to an August 9 report by independent rights group Human Rights Council (HRCO), government security forces shot and killed eight and wounded 16 followers of the EOC during the protest. Subsequently, residents of Woldia and nearby towns Kobo, Robit, Mersa, Wurgessa and Dessie staged protests, which the report stated turned violent; according to the HRCO, security forces killed eight of those protesters and injured nine others. Government officials promised to investigate the incident, but as of year's end there was no public report of findings or of anyone being held accountable. The government released Ahmedin Jebel and his co-defendants from Kality Prison on February 14. Ahmedin, a member of the Muslim Arbitration Committee, a group formed in 2011 to protest the government's interference in religion and to advocate for the resolution of Muslim grievances, was arrested in 2012 along with several other activists. The government brought terrorist charges against him and several codefendants, and they were found guilty. In August 2015, the court sentenced Ahmedin to 22 years in prison. Prior to his release, he was one of the few Muslim activists who remained in jail following the pardoning of several other detainees in recent years. The SOE made protests illegal for four months. There were no reports of religious communities engaging in protests either before or after the lifting of the SOE. No religious group reported repression of religious freedom under the SOE. Reports of government imposition or dissemination of Al-Ahbash teachings (a Sufi religious movement rooted in Lebanon and different from indigenous Islam) declined during the year. The Directorate for Registration of Religious Groups within the Ministry of Peace reported 816 religious institutions and 1,640 fellowships and religious associations were registered as of late in the year. The EIASC remained the lead religious organization for the country's Muslims, managing religious activities in the approximately 40,000 mosques and annual Hajj pilgrimages to Mecca. Some Muslims stated there was continued government interference in religious affairs, and some members of the Muslim community stated the EIASC lacked autonomy from the government. Protestants continued to report that local officials discriminated against them with regard to religious registration and the allocation of land for churches and cemeteries. On August 1, the exiled synod of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, headed by Patriarch Abune Merkorios, returned to Ethiopia after 27 years of exile in the United States, to reunite with the synod in Ethiopia headed by Patriarch Abune Mathias. The reconciliation ended 26 years of schism in the Orthodox Church. Following the reconciliation, the two patriarchs were designated as equal heads of the reunited church, with Abune Merkorios assuming spiritual leadership and Abune Mathias assuming administrative leadership. Media reported that Prime Minister Abiy played a central role in the mediation efforts by tasking mediators, and by personally attending and addressing a mediation conference in Washington D.C. In collaboration with the government-sanctioned rights body Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC), an inquiry committee of the EOC on August 8 reinstated 300 priests of the Addis Ababa Diocese, who were suspended in 2016 by the diocesan leadership. In addition to concluding the priests should be paid their two-year salary in full, the committee dismissed 14 individuals, including the manager of the Addis Ababa Diocese, for illegally suspending the priests and violating their rights. On July 3, Prime Minister Abiy initiated an effort to resolve disputes within the Muslim community by bringing together leaders of the EIASC and the Muslim Arbitration Committee (MAC), previously rival groups. The prime minister's office stated the government maintained its neutrality when arbitrating between the two groups. In a joint meeting, the two sides apologized to each other and pledged to resolve their disputes. They agreed and set up a committee of nine members, three from each group as well as three elders and religious scholars. On August 4, three Muslim scholars, Sheik Seid Ahmed Mustafa, Sheik Jabir Abdella, and Sheik Sherif Muhdin, returned to the country after more than two decades of exile in Saudi Arabia. The scholars told local media that they returned in response to Prime Minister Abiy's calls to return and help build the country. Section III. Status of Societal Respect for Religious Freedom On August 4, according to national and international media reports, an organized group of Muslim youth killed six priests and burned down at least eight EOC churches in the Somali Regional State during widespread civil unrest in Jijiga. Participants at the annual Irreecha festival in late September celebrated peacefully, free of the violence that marred the event in 2016. The PM's office issued the following statement: "As we celebrate Irreecha, let's all cherish our rich cultural heritages and unite in a shared purpose to build a bright future for our children." The IRCE, an organization established by seven religious institutions and operating independently from the government and whose mission is to promote interfaith harmony throughout the country, reported that major faith communities in most of the country respected each other's religious observances and practices while permitting intermarriage and conversion. In May Muslim community leaders said that Islam in the country was threatened by internal fracturing due to discord within the community. The EIASC expressed continued concern about what it said was the influence of foreign Salafist groups within the Muslim community. The EIASC said it continued to hold these foreign groups responsible for the exacerbation of tensions between Christians and Muslims and within the Muslim community. Section IV. U.S. Government Policy and Engagement Embassy officers continued to engage with the Ministry of Peace and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on religious tolerance, countering violent extremism related to religion, and promotion of shared values. Embassy representatives held meetings with religious leaders, including the Office of the Patriarch of the EOC, the president of the EIASC, and the cardinal heading the Catholic Church in the country, to discuss the role of faith-based organizations in improving religious tolerance within society. Embassy officials met with recently released leaders of the MAC. Embassy officials engaged with members of the IRCE to discuss religious tolerance and attacks on places of worship. The embassy's dialogue with the IRCE sought to strengthen the IRCE's capacity to reduce religious violence through increased dialogue among religious communities and to assist the IRCE in achieving its stated goal of creating a platform to unify disparate religious groups around common interests and promoting interreligious harmony.
JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI PETERNAKAN Evaluation of Fresian Holstein Crossbred Dairy Cow Milk Production Based On Temperature Humidity Index (THI) M. Adhyatma a , Yanuar Ahmad a , Satria Budi Kusuma a* , Herlina Irawati Permadi b and Eistifani Fajrin c a Animal Production Study Program, Department of Animal Science, Politeknik Negeri Jember Mastrip Street 164, Jember, East Java, Indonesia 68121 b Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada Fauna Street 3, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281 cAnimal Husbandry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember Kalimantan Street 37, Jember, East Java, Indonesia 68121 Article history: Received: 01-01-2024 Revised: 17-02-2024 Accepted: 17-02-2024 Corresponding author : Satria Budi Kusuma Animal Production Study Program, Department of Animal Science, Politeknik Negeri Jember Email: firstname.lastname@example.org ABSTRACT : This research aims to determine the influence of interaction between the environment with genetic of FH Cross on the milk production. The materials used were four female FH Cross dairy cows in the third lactation period. The research site is located at an altitude of 187 meters above sea level, indicating relatively high levels of temperature and humidity. The average temperatures range between 23-30°C and the humidity levels range between 63-86%. Both elevated temperature and humidity can have an influence on milk production. The findings of this study indicate that the cowsheds Temperature Humidity Index (THI) falls within the mild stress category. The milk production results for FH Cross dairy cows ranged from 3-6 liters per head per day in the morning, and 1.5-3 liters per head per day in the afternoon. However, it should be noted that this production level is still below the genetic standards. Other factors such as feed, management practices, and animal health also play a role in milk production. Regression analysis suggests a correlation between THI and milk production, although this correlation is not statistically significant. This lack of statistical significance may be attributed to the influence of various other factors on milk production, such as feed type and management practices. Therefore, it can be concluded that the THI condition of the barn is one factor that needs to be considered to increase the milk production of FH Cross dairy cows. Keywords: correlation, milk production, dairy cows, temperature humidity indeks ABSTRACT : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi antara lingkungan dengan genetik FH Cross terhadap produksi susu. Materi yang digunakan adalah empat ekor sapi perah betina FH Cross pada periode laktasi ketiga. Lokasi penelitian terletak pada ketinggian 187 meter di atas permukaan laut, yang mengindikasikan tingkat suhu dan kelembaban yang relatif tinggi. Suhu rata-rata berkisar antara 23-30°C dan tingkat kelembapan berkisar antara 63-86%. Suhu dan kelembaban yang tinggi dapat mempengaruhi produksi susu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Temperature Humidity Index (THI) di kandang sapi termasuk dalam kategori stres ringan. Hasil produksi susu sapi perah FH Cross berkisar antara 3-6 liter per ekor per hari pada pagi hari, dan 1,5-3 liter per ekor per hari pada siang hari. Namun, perlu dicatat bahwa tingkat produksi ini masih di bawah standar genetik. Faktor-faktor lain seperti pakan, praktik manajemen, dan kesehatan hewan juga berperan dalam produksi susu. Analisis regresi menunjukkan adanya korelasi antara THI dan produksi susu, meskipun korelasi ini tidak signifikan secara statistik. Kurangnya signifikansi statistik ini dapat disebabkan oleh pengaruh berbagai faktor lain terhadap produksi susu, seperti jenis pakan dan manajemen pemeliharaan. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi THI kandang merupakan salah satu faktor yang perlu diperhatikan untuk meningkatkan produksi susu sapi perah FH Cross. Kata kunci: korelasi, produksi susu, sapi perah, temperature humidity index INTRODUCTION Friesian Holstein Crossbred (FH Cross) is one of the dairy cows in Indonesia resulting from the crossbreeding of Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows with local cows. These cows are selectively bred for their ability to produce a substantial quantity of milk. Milk, a rich source of highquality nutritional elements such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins, is vital for human health and growth. Its perfect nutritional composition serves as an excellent medium for human growth, making milk highly susceptible to bacteria from milking to consumption, rendering it prone to spoilage (Satria, Erina, & Winarso, 2019). FH cattle exhibit significantly higher milk production compared to other dairy breeds, with those raised in high-altitude areas yielding greater milk production tha n those in lowland regions (Mariana, Sumantri, Apri Astuti, Anggraeni, & Gunawan, 2019). The ability of cattle to produce milk is fundamentally influenced by results, genetic factors, and environmental factors (Novitasari, Hutasoit, Rozi, & Rohmah, 2023). Environmental factors contribute about 70% to milk production, as these factors can be categorized into two main types: external and internal. External factors originate from outside the body, including climate, feed provision, and husbandry management. On the other hand, internal factors are related to the biological aspects of lactating cows, lactation duration, dry period, empty period, and calving interval (Panduardi, Sailul Haq, & Sandy Prayogo, 2022). For FH dairy cows, the higher the altitude of the dairy farming location, the better the milk production outcomes, reaching optimal results at an elevation of 750 meters above sea level (Lake & Purwantiningsih, 2020). The research facility is situated at an elevation of 187 meters above sea level in a lowland region with temperatures ranging from 25 to 31℃ and humidity between 55 and 90%. This research aims to determine the influence of interaction between the environment with genetic of FH Cross on the milk production. The environment is one of the decisive factors for the high or low production of dairy cow milk. Heat stress, which can induce stress in livestock, can trigger various other factors that hinder the milk extraction process. Environmental elements such as temperature and humidity play a crucial role in this context. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials The materials used were female FH Cross dairy cows in the third lactation period, totaling 4 cows with an age range of 4 to 5 years. The equipment utilized during the observation and evaluation of milk production included books, writing tools, plastic measuring cups, buckets, and a thermohygrometer for measuring the temperature and humidity of the cowshed. Methods The method employed during the observation involves observational techniques. Recording the daily milk production of dairy cows is performed after the milking process is completed. Temperature and humidity measurements in the cowshed are conducted after the milking activity. The observed parameters in this study consist of temperature and humidity, Temperature Humidity Index (THI), and the daily milk production quantity (morning and noon milking period). This research utilizes two analytical methods. Descriptive analysis is applied to examine data on temperature, humidity, THI, and milk production. Descriptive analysis does not involve comparing or linking variables but solely describes individual variables. It is used to interpret the analysis results. Table 1. Guidelines for Degree of Correlation Source: (Sugiyono, 2006). Table 2. Temperature, Humidity, and Cowshed THI *: West Indonesian Time (WIT). To understand the relationship between the milk production variable and the THI value, regression analysis is conducted. The regression equation follows the model proposed by (Hijriani et al., 2016), with the equation Y representing the dependent variable (predicted value) and X as the independent variable. Correlation test calculations are performed using IBM SPSS version 29 software. The criteria for measuring the strength of a relationship between two variables are as follows Tabel 1. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Temperature, Humidity, and Cowshed THI The results showed that the temperature and humidity in the cowshed, which has an altitude of 187 meters above sea level, ranged from 23 to 30℃ with humidity ranging from 63 to 86%. This condition is relatively hot air temperature with high humidity can cause a negative impact on production and reproduction capabilities (Atrian & Shahryar, 2012). Fresian Holstein (FH) dairy cows require the location of cowsheds at an altitude of 750 meters above sea level to produce milk with optimal results (Lake & Purwantiningsih, 2020). In addition, dairy cows will produce well in a comfortable environment. With a maximum limit of temperature and humidity of 5-25 ℃ (Dash et al., 2016) 55-60% (Heraini, Priyo Purwanto, & Hadari Nawawi, 2019). Outside these conditions, dairy cows will experience heat stress so that production can decrease (Bouk, Citrawati, & Sikone, 2022). From the results of this observation, it can be said that the location of the cowshed still does not meet the ideal value of temperature, humidity, and height of the cowshed for lactating dairy cows. One of the factors that can reduce milk production in dairy cows is heat stress (Mabjeesh, Sabastian, Gal-Garber, & Shamay, 2013). Other parameters that show physiological changes and livestock behavior. The characteristics of cattle experiencing excessive heat stress are decreased appetite, decreased metabolism, increased drinking water consumption, increased heat expenditure in the livestock body, increased livestock body temperature, respiratory frequency, and heart rate (Santana, Bignardi, Pereira, Stefani, & El Faro, 2017). The environment is one of the factors influencing the productivity of dairy cattle. The optimal genetic potential of a dairy cow will not be achieved if external factors such as unfavorable environmental conditions are present. One of the environmental factors hindering the expression of genetic traits in livestock is the microenvironment (Lestari, 2022). The primary constraints in the microenvironment are temperature, air humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed (Adhyatma et al., 2020). To optimize the capabilities of dairy cattle, efforts should be made to control the environmental conditions within the microenvironment. The average Temperature Humidity Index (THI) value in cowsheds ranged from 72-80. This indicates that the level of stress experienced by Fresian Holstein dairy cows is in the mild Table 3. Milk Production stress category. In the relationship between dairy cows and THI values, temperature and humidity, dairy cows with THI values less than 72 will feel comfortable. Dairy cows will experience mild stress with THI values around 72-80. Dairy cows experience moderate stress if they get a THI value of 80-89. While dairy cows that get a THI value of around 90-97 will experience severe stress (Sabekti Pratama, Mustofa, Paramita Lokapirnasari, Srianto, & Utama, 2019). The physiological response of livestock experiencing excessive heat stress has the characteristics of decreased appetite, decreased metabolism, increased drinking water consumption, increased heat expenditure in the livestock body, increased livestock body temperature, and increased respiratory frequency and heart rate (Santana et al., 2017). Milk Production Another factor that can affect the high temperature value in the cowshed is the roof of the cowshed which absorbs heat. The roof of the cowshed used is asbestos material that easily absorbs solar radiation so that it can increase the heat load in the cowshed so that livestock become uncomfortable under certain conditions. The selection of the roof of the cowshed also affects the temperature conditions in the cowshed so that the maintenance of FH Cross dairy cows, should choose a roof that is able to reflect and absorb radiation to reduce the heat transfer process into the cowshed (Arnold Palulungan & Tety Hartatik, 2013). In addition, the level of cowshed density also needs to be a concern. Cowshed density can affect and increase the THI value through the release of metabolic heat of the cattle's own body (Nugraheni, Hartanto, & Harjanti, 2020). The table 3 showed that the milk production of Friesian Holstein Crossbred (FH Cross) cows ranges from 3 to 6 liters per head per day in the morning. During afternoon milking, the milk production amount reaches 1.5 to 3 liters per head per day. The observed cows are in their third lactation period. Cow number 1 has higher production compared to the others because it is in the early lactation phase, around 2 months after calving, and is in excellent physical condition. Cow number 1 is approximately four years old, as evident from the fully developed four pairs of lower jaw teeth. Cow number 2 has lower milk production than cow number 1 because it is in the mid-lactation phase, around the beginning of the 5th month, with a normal condition. The estimated age of cow number 2 is the same as cow number 1, around 4 years old, based on the fully developed lower jaw teeth. Cow number 3 has slightly lower milk production than cow number 2 but is not significantly different. This is because it is in the mid-lactation phase at the end of the 5th month, and its condition is normal. The estimated age of cow number 3 is the same as cow number 1 and 2, with fully developed lower jaw teeth. Cow number 4 has the lowest milk production compared to the others because it is approaching the dry period, and it has previously suffered from mastitis, although it has recovered. However, its milk production has not returned to the level before mastitis. The estimated age of cow number 4 is 5 years, observed from fully developed teeth that are more worn compared to others. relationship between production and processed THI data are as follows: The dairy cattle used are Friesian Holstein Crossbred, where these dairy cows exhibit excellent performance in terms of milk production capabilities in tropical climates. However, there are various factors that can influence milk production, such as environmental temperature, genetics, feed, management practices, lactation period, milking frequency, dry period, and animal health conditions (Adi, Harjanti, & Hartanto, 2020). According to (Komala, Arifiantini, Sumantri, & Tumbelaka, 2015), the genetic capability of Friesian Holstein Crossbred cows in Indonesia is around 10 liters per head per day. Based on this comparison, the milk production results are still considered low. Factors influencing milk production include genetics at 30% and environmental factors at 70% (Christi & Tanuwiria, 2019). The Correlation Relationship of THI with Milk Production Regression analysis is employed as a tool to ascertain the relationship between two or more variables to determine the milk production outcomes in dairy cows concerning THI values. The regression equation utilizes the model proposed by (Hijriani et al., 2016), with the equation where Y is the dependent variable (predicted value) and X is the independent variable. The results of the correlation The results obtained from the graph in Figure 1, with (X) representing the morning Temperature Humidity Index (THI) value and (Y) representing morning milk production, reveal a scatter plot with a regression line. The analysis indicates that the morning THI value does not have a significant effect on morning milk production (p>0.05), as the obtained significance value is 0.058. The correlation coefficient value between the morning THI value variable and morning milk production is denoted by a multiple R value of 0.350, suggesting a weak relationship between variables X and Y. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) is 0.124, indicating that the morning THI value variable accounts for 12.4% of the variability in morning milk production, while the remaining percentage is influenced by other factors. Moreover, the regression coefficient value of the milk production variable (b) is negative, specifically 0.030. This implies that for each increase in THI value by one point, the milk production will decrease by 0.030 liters. Similarly, the graph depicted in Figure 2 illustrates a non-significant correlation between afternoon THI values and milk production (p>0.05), with a significance value of 0.138. The correlation coefficient between the afternoon THI variable and milk production is reflected in the multiple R value of 0.278, indicating a weak relationship between variables X and Y. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) for this variable is 0.077, suggesting that afternoon THI values contribute to 7.7% of the variation in milk production, while other factors play a more substantial role. The regression coefficient for afternoon milk production (b) is negative at 0.0076, indicating that a one-point increase in THI value corresponds to a decrease of 0.0076 liters in milk production. The production of cow's milk in the cowshed shows a significant but not substantial impact. Despite the production not meeting daily standards, this can be attributed to various factors, including feed. Livestock feed consists of forage and concentrates, including finely ground corn husks, cassava peels, coffee husks, cassava peels, rice bran, tofu residue, mineral mix, and vetamix. In lowland areas, cattle tend to consume less forage compared to highland areas. According to (Amalia Nurfitriani et al., 2021), cattle in lowland areas with high temperature and humidity experience a decrease in feed consumption, leading to a reduced appetite. In contrast, cattle in highland areas with lower temperatures exhibit an increased appetite. (Huda, Ndaru, Ridhowi, & Andri, 2019) emphasizes that high-quality and easily digestible forage is crucial for the development of livestock, contributing to increased milk production. Milking is performed twice a day, in the morning at 03:30 AM and in the afternoon at 12:30 PM, with a milking interval of 10, 12, or 14 hours, and the mandatory milking interval is the same. Milk production decreases with longer milking intervals. Cows are milked in the morning from 05:00 to 06:00 AM and in the afternoon from 03:00 to 04:00 PM (Maya Sari, Widyaswara, & Pramonodjati, 2021). 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Alberta Rugby Union 11759 Groat Road Edmonton, AB T5M 3K6 Alberta Rugby Union 2016 – 2020 Strategic Plan Approved: February 21, 2017 Alberta Rugby Union 11759 Groat Road Edmonton, AB T5M 3K6 Moving Forward AsOne in Alberta Awareness of the sport of Rugby has exploded in the past decade as it made its first appearance in the 2016 Olympic Summer Games. Inspired by the success of the performance by the Canadian Women's Team, Albertans are eager to try this growing sport. Rugby appeals to a diverse participation base. Rugby Alberta is officially registered as a not-for-profit organization. It is governed by a volunteer Board of Directors, and provides leadership to unions and clubs across Alberta. In 2016, the Board of Directors of Rugby Alberta realized that the sport had grown beyond its organizational capacity. Operational changes were implemented, and a focus was placed on preparing the organization to grow in alignment with the directives of Going the Distance: The Alberta Sport Plan 2014-2024. For Rugby Alberta, it is time to: * Embrace Long-Term Athlete Development and Canadian Sport for Life at all stages of development * Mobilize passionate volunteers to contribute to the achievement of the vision of Rugby Alberta * Empower coaches through training and education * Expand the pool and contributions of quality officials * Partner with other organizations to achieve common missions Rugby Alberta is positioned for growth, fueled by the commitment of its board of directors, players, coaches, officials, and volunteers. Mission, Vision & Values Mission "Rugby Alberta will be player-centred, development driven and administration, sport science and sponsor supported." Vision "To be recognized at a National Leader in rugby, by developing Good People, Good Places and Good Programs." Values * Integrity * Passion * Solidarity * Discipline * Respect * Sportsmanship * Teamwork Alberta Rugby Union 11759 Groat Road Edmonton, AB T5M 3K6 11759 Groat Road Edmonton, AB T5M 3K6 Long-Term Athlete Development In order to achieve our vision, Rugby Alberta embraces Canadian Sport for Life and Long-Term Athlete Development. The following principles and values of Canadian Sport for Life and Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) 1 provide the foundation for Rugby Alberta's actions within the 2016-2020 Strategic Plan: 1. Life has significant stages of development that include transitions from child to adolescent, to adult, and then to senior, resulting in changed capabilities. 2. Training, competition and recovery programs should be based on the stage of the participant's capability, rather than chronological age. 4. Physical literacy is the basis of lifelong participation and excellence in sport and engagement in health enhancing physical activity. 3. For optimal development, sport programs must be designed for the stage of development and gender of the participant. 5. Every child is an athlete and, therefore, is genetically predisposed to be active if the environment encourages participation. 6. Lifelong participation and excellence in sport are best achieved by participating in a variety of sports at a young age, then specializing later in development. 7. There are sensitive periods during which there is accelerated adaptation to training during pre-puberty, puberty and early post-puberty. 9. Providing guidance through the complete spectrum of LTAD stages of sport and physical activity will result in increased participation and performance. 8. A variety of developmental, physical, mental, cognitive and emotional factors affect the planning of optimal training, competition and recovery programs. 10. Mastery in sport develops over time, through participation in quality sport and physical activity programs. 11. LTAD is participant/athlete-centered, coach-led, and organization supported, considering the demands of home, organized sport, community recreation and school. 12. Through cooperation and collaboration within sports (at all levels) and between sports, a more effective sport system can be achieved. 14. Quality sport and physical activity, combined with proper lifestyle, result in better health, disease prevention, enhanced learning, enjoyment, and social interaction; leading to improved wellness. 13. The integrated efforts of high-performance sport, community sport, school sport, school physical education, and municipal recreation will have a mutually positive benefit for all. 15. Sport practices, scientific knowledge and societal expectations are ever changing and, therefore, LTAD needs to continually adapt and improve. Rugby Alberta will be player-centered, development driven and administration, sport science and sponsor supported. 1 Reference: Canadian Sport for Life – Long-Term Athlete Development Resource Paper 2.0 11759 Groat Road Edmonton, AB T5M 3K6 Supporting Going the Distance: The Alberta Sport Plan 2014 - 2024 The 2017-2020 Strategic Plan is designed to assist Rugby Alberta in aligning with the goals of Going the Distance: The Alberta Sport Plan 2014-2024. All stakeholders within the Alberta sport system, including Rugby Alberta, have a responsibility to advance these coordinated efforts and activities: Promotion * Marketing and Communications: Develop common language and messaging throughout the sector and mechanisms that allow for increased communication channels to better promote outcomes, programs, and resources. * Value of Sport: Increase the understanding of the many physical, social and mental benefits associated with sport in the province. Ensure that administrators, coaches, and officials are viewed as professionals and, together with athletes, are contributing to greater societal outcomes. Alignment and Collaboration * Educational Institutions: Work directly with educational institutions and school boards to ensure resources and best practices are being utilized before, during and after school. * Cross-Sector Engagement: Engage and work collaboratively with other sectors (e.g. health, education, early childhood, active living, justice, human services) to ensure efforts are coordinated while working toward a common goal and increasing provision of quality programs across Alberta. Develop strategies to increase engagement with other Ministries. Specifically, work with Alberta Education around curriculum development, physical literacy and school use. * Communities and Municipalities: Recognize the benefits of collaboration and ensure increased coordination and communication between provincial and municipal bodies. * Across Sports: Develop mechanisms to increase coordination among sporting organizations in an attempt to increase efficiency and reduce duplication. Provide athletes with the opportunity to optimally develop at early ages through participation in quality programs and activities. Capacity Building o Board Governance: Determine if current governance models are still effective, and what supports are required for enhanced functionality of volunteer boards. * Organizational Capacity o Leadership: Examine how to develop quality Alberta leaders from the community through to provincial, national and international levels. * Training and Education o Abilities: Examine the current capacity of organizations within the system and identify what supports are required to enhance programs and services. o Boards and Volunteers: Examine current deficiencies and gaps and enhance training opportunities for boards and volunteers. Alberta Rugby Union 11759 Groat Road Edmonton, AB T5M 3K6 Capacity Building (continued) o Coaches and Officials: Strengthen Alberta's coach and official system by examining current training and certifications, determining appropriate accountability measures, and ensuring both coaches and officials are viewed as professionals. Provide professional development for coaches and officials which ensures they have the skills and knowledge necessary to deliver quality programs and activities in safe environments. o Teachers and Leaders: Provide professional development for individuals who support the sport system (e.g. teachers, recreation leaders, child care workers) which ensures they have the skills and knowledge necessary to deliver quality programs and activities in safe environments. o Sport Administrators: Examine and enhance educational and professional development opportunities for new and existing staff within the sector. o Parents and Spectators: Provide opportunities for parents to learn about the benefits of unstructured play, physical literacy, and participating in quality physical activity and sports programs. Develop tools that can be used to educate parents and spectators about acceptable behaviour at sporting events. Creative Solutions o Information Technology: Use advances in technology and social media to better promote and market programs and increase engagement with Albertans. * Innovation o Big Picture Thinking: Introduce bold ideas and create a culture where organizations can think and do differently. o Research and Technology: Integrate research and technology across all parts of the system as a way of enhancing programs and services. * Knowledge Production and Integration o Best Practices: Promote and share promising practices and develop mechanisms for continuous evaluation and feedback. Accountability * Evaluation and Continuous Improvement: Identify common goals and shared measures at all levels of the system to ensure continuous improvement. * Monitoring: Identify what accountability looks like at all levels within the system and determine how to best ensure we are meeting established accountability criteria. Going the Distance: The Alberta Sport Plan 2014-2024 represents a new way of collectively advancing sport and identifies the coordinated efforts and activities necessary to promote collaboration, empower stakeholders and achieve a common vision: Alberta is the national leader in sport with a coordinated and adaptive system which promotes excellence and fosters opportunities for life-long participation for all Albertans Strategic Plan Summary Officials Development * Officials recruitment, retention, and advancement strategies are developed * Officials certification information is collected within a system that facilitates tracking, monitoring, and verification of credentials * Talent identification systems produce, monitor and progress officials through each stage of the officials development pathway * An officials recognition strategy is implemented Player Development * Talent identification systems produce, monitor and progress players through each stage of the player development pathway * The LTAD provincial implementation strategy model is reviewed, revised, and communicated to ensure a common understanding across regional unions and clubs * Opportunities to integrate players with a disability are identified and expanded * Club and school opportunities support player development * Player information is collected within a database that facilitates longitudinal data collection * National and international hosting opportunities are leveraged to enhance development opportunities for players identified through the talent identification system * Planning for a centralized provincial training centre is completed * Regional Training Centres are expanded to include Grande Prairie and Fort McMurray regions Coaching Development * Coaching recruitment, retention, and advancement strategies are developed * Coaching certification information is collected within a system that facilitates tracking, monitoring, and verification of credentials * Talent identification systems produce, monitor and progress coaches through each stage of the coach development pathway * A rural coach recruitment strategy is implemented * Technologies are integrated into development * A coach recognition strategy is implemented * Succession/development strategies are developed and documented for provincial team coaches Organization Development * Members view Rugby Alberta as progressive and innovative * Rugby Alberta leverages its volunteer network to formally establish standing committees and task groups as required to add capacity and value * Rugby Alberta integrates Canadian Sport for Life language in its communications * Awards programs celebrates the contributions of members * Succession planning strategies are developed and documented for directors and employees * Rugby Alberta members are satisfied with their membership value and communications * Rugby Alberta contributes to and benefits from relationships with other rugby organizations, provincial sport organizations, multi-sport organizations, and the broader Alberta sport community * Club Excellence is launched to support clubs and unions * Barriers to participation in rugby are identified and reduced through strategic partnerships * Transparent financial reporting and accountability is maintained * Sponsorship is leveraged to support Rugby Alberta's initiatives * Rugby Alberta's alumni network is effectively engaged * IT infrastructure supports operations * New revenue sources are identified to enable Rugby Alberta to expand activities * Terms of Reference and position descriptions are approved for all Directors and Committees Success Indicators (2017 – 2020) \| \| \| Benchmark \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| P \| layer Development \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Number of registered players \| umber of registered \| Minor: 751 \| \| 850 (13.2%) \| 1000 (17.6%) \| 1300 (30.0%) \| 1500 (15.4%) \| \| \| layers \| Junior: 1379 \| \| 1425 (3.3%) \| 1525 (7.0%) \| 1650 (8.2%) \| 1800 (9.1%) \| \| \| \| Senior: 1864 \| \| 1880 (0.9%) \| 2000 (6.4%) \| 2100 (5.0%) \| 2200 (4.8%) \| \| \| \| Other: 755 \| \| 825 (9.3%) \| 875 (6.1%) \| 925 (5.7%) \| 1000 (8.1%) \| \| \| \| Total: 4749 \| \| 4980 (4.9%) \| 5400 (8.4%) \| 5975 (10.6%) \| 6500 (8.8%) \| \| Conversion rate of U18 to U21 (M & W) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Conversion rate of U21 to Seniors (M & W) \| \| 15% (est.) \| Increase of 5% from 2016 \| \| Increase of 7% from 2017 \| Increase of 8% from 2018 \| \| \| Number of players invited for each national Camp* (Team) *Invitations are issued for regional camps for U17 to U19. National teams are not identified for U17 M. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Ranking of teams at Canadian Championships \| \| Sr. M: 2 \| \| Sr. M: 1 \| Sr. M: Top-2 \| Sr. M: Top-2 \| Sr. M: Top-2 \| \| \| \| Sr. W: 4 \| \| Sr. W: Top-2 \| Sr. W: Top-3 \| Sr. W: Top-3 \| Sr. W: Top-2 \| \| \| \| U19M: 3 \| \| U20M: Top-3 \| U20M: Top-3 \| U20M: Top-3 \| U20M: Top-2 \| \| \| \| U20 W: 2 \| \| U20 W: Top-2 \| U20 W: Top-2 \| U20 W: Top-2 \| U20 W: Top-2 \| \| \| \| U18M: 3 \| \| U18M: 12 \| U18M: Top-3 \| U18M: Top-3 \| U18M: Top-2 \| \| \| \| U18W: 2 \| \| U18W: Top-2 \| U18W: Top-2 \| U18W: Top-2 \| U18W: Top-2 \| \| \| \| U16M: 2 \| \| U16M: Top-3 \| U16M:Top-2 \| U16M: Top-3 \| U16M: Top-2 \| \| \| \| U16W: 3 \| \| U16W: Top-3 \| U16W: Top-2 \| U16W: Top-2 \| U16W: Top-2 \| \| Number of Clubs hosting Rugby “Try-Play-Stay” Rookie Rugby events \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Regional Training Centres \| \| 5 zones are \| \| 6 zones are \| 6 zones are \| 7 zones are \| 8 zones are \| \| \| \| supported \| \| supported \| supported \| supported \| supported \| 2 Ontario and BC will not be competing \| \| \| 2016 Benchmark \| \| 2017 \| 2018 \| 2019 \| 2020 \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| Year 1 \| Year 2 \| Year 3 \| Year 4 \| \| \| \| MLF: 1 Level 3: 0 Level 3: 3-5 in Level 3: 3-5 Level 3: 1 per LF: 4 progress complete region certified MLF: 1 LF: 5 LF: 6 LF: 7 MLF: 1 MLF: 2 MLF: 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Number of coaches on each national team \| \| 3 coaches with national team programs, two support team \| 3 coaches with national team programs, 4 support team \| \| 3 coaches with \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| national team \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| programs, 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| support team \| \| \| \| O \| fficials Development \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Number of registered officials \| umber of registered \| Level 1: TBD Level 2: TBD National Panel Referees: 4 International: 4 \| Level 1: +10% from 2016 Level 2: +10% from 2016 National Panel Referees: 4 International: 4 \| \| Level 1: +10% \| \| \| \| \| fficials \| \| \| \| from 2016 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Level 2: +10% \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| from 2016 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| National Panel \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Referees: 4 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| International: 4 \| \| \| \| O \| rganizational Development \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Number of clubs progressing though the Club Excellence levels \| umber of clubs \| Grant obtained 75% of clubs are 100% of clubs 100% of clubs 100% of clubs Club Excellence are Club are Club are Club Affiliates Excellence Excellence Excellence Affiliates or Affiliates or Affiliates or higher; 50% of higher; 75% of higher; 100% of clubs achieve clubs achieve clubs achieve Club Excellence Club Excellence Club Excellence Level 1 Level 1; 25% of Level 1; 50% of clubs achieve clubs achieve Level 2 Level 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| rogressing though the \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| lub Excellence levels \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Number of active committees with approved terms of reference and chair position descriptions \| \| Committee responsibilities outlined in Bylaws \| 100% of standing committees have terms of reference \| \| 100% of new \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| and standing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| committees and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| task groups have \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| terms of \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| reference and \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| position \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| descriptions for \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| their chairs \| \| \| \| Percentage of membership survey respondents who believe Rugby Alberta aligns with its mission, vision, and values \| \| Membership 70% 75% 80% 85% survey not conducted \| \| \| \| \| \|
United States Department of Labor Employees' Compensation Appeals Board __________________________________________ N.M., Appellant and U.S. POSTAL SERVICE, LARCHMONT POST OFFICE, Albany, NY, Employer __________________________________________ ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Docket No. 22-1049 Issued: October 27, 2022 Appearances: Appellant, pro se Office of Solicitor, for the Director Case Submitted on the Record DECISION AND ORDER Before: PATRICIA H. FITZGERALD, Deputy Chief Judge JANICE B. ASKIN, Judge JAMES D. McGINLEY, Alternate Judge JURISDICTION On July 6, 2022 appellant filed a timely appeal from a May 18, 2022 merit decision of the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP). Pursuant to the Federal Employees' Compensation Act 1 (FECA) and 20 C.F.R. §§ 501.2(c) and 501.3, the Board has jurisdiction over the merits of this case. 2 ISSUE The issue is whether appellant has met his burden of proof to establish a left hip condition causally related to the accepted March 22, 2022 employment incident. 1 5 U.S.C. § 8101 et seq. 2 The Board notes that, following the issuance of OWCP's May 18, 2022 decision, OWCP received additional evidence. However, the Board's Rules of Procedure provides: "The Board's review of a case is limited to the evidence that was before OWCP at the time of its final decision. Evidence not before OWCP will not be considered by the Board for the first time on appeal." See 20 C.F.R. § 501.2(c)(1). Thus, the Board is precluded from reviewing this new evidence for the first time on appeal. Id. FACTUAL HISTORY On March 22, 2022 appellant, then a 58-year-old city carrier, filed a traumatic injury claim (Form CA-1) alleging that he injured his left hip in the performance of duty on March 22, 2022. He explained that he was attacked by four dogs who charged at him, and that he sustained injury while stepping backward and placing weight on his left hip. Appellant stopped work on March 22, 2022. On March 24, 2022 appellant was seen by Dr. Christine Yang-Kauh, a Board-certified emergency medicine physician. Dr. Yang-Kauh noted appellant's March 22, 2022 history of injury and his unspecified hip pain. She opined that the incident was the probable medical cause of his condition. Dr. Yang-Kauh advised appellant to return to work on light duty with restrictions. Dr. Yang-Kauh completed an attending physician's report, Part B of an authorization for examination and/or treatment (Form CA-16) on March 24, 2022. She indicated that appellant could return to work as of March 25, 2022 on light duty with restrictions. Dr. Yang-Kauh noted diagnoses of left hip pain and possible bursitis. She further indicated by marking the form that the diagnosed condition was caused or aggravated by the employment activity described. On March 25, 2022 the employing establishment issued a completed Form CA-16. By development letter dated April 12, 2022, OWCP informed appellant of the deficiencies of his claim. It advised him of the type of factual and medical evidence needed and provided a questionnaire for his completion. OWCP afforded appellant 30 days to respond. On April 5, 2022 appellant was seen by Dr. Stephen Wade, Board-certified in pain medicine. Appellant related to Dr. Wade that on March 22, 2022 he twisted his left hip while trying to move away from multiple dogs attacking him on his mail route. He indicated that he previously had a left total hip replacement performed on June 26, 2020 by Dr. Steven Zelicof, a Board-certified orthopedic surgeon. Dr. Wade's assessment found specific joint derangements of the left hip, as well as left hip pain. He opined that the alleged work incident was the medical cause of appellant's conditions. Dr. Wade also found that appellant's history of injury was consistent with his objective findings. He further noted that appellant was totally disabled from work. An x-ray report signed by Dr. Wade on April 5, 2022 indicated that no dislocation was noted in appellant's left hip. On April 21, 2022 appellant was seen by Dr. Zelicof. Dr. Zelicof noted appellant's history of injury. He diagnosed iliotibial band syndrome in the left leg, and strain of unspecified muscles and fascia and tendons at thigh level in left thigh. Dr. Zelicof further related that appellant's radiographs demonstrated good position and alignment of his previous left hip replacement. He indicated that appellant could likely return to work on May 4, 2022 with restrictions. By decision dated May 18, 2022, OWCP accepted that the March 22, 2022 employment incident occurred as alleged and that a medical condition was diagnosed in connection with the incident. However, it denied appellant's claim, finding that the medical evidence of record was insufficient to establish causal relationship between his diagnosed left hip conditions and the accepted March 22, 2022 employment incident. LEGAL PRECEDENT An employee seeking benefits under FECA 3 has the burden of proof to establish the essential elements of his or her claim, including that the individual is an employee of the United States within the meaning of FECA, that the claim was timely filed within the applicable time limitation of FECA, that an injury was sustained in the performance of duty as alleged, and that any disability or medical condition for which compensation is claimed is causally related to the employment injury. 4 These are the essential elements of each and every compensation claim, regardless of whether the claim is predicated upon a traumatic injury or an occupational disease. 5 To determine whether an employee sustained a traumatic injury in the performance of duty, it must first be determined whether fact of injury has been established. There are two components involved in establishing fact of injury. The first component is whether the employee actually experienced the employment incident that allegedly occurred. The second component is whether the employment incident caused a personal injury. An employee may establish that an injury occurred in the performance of duty as alleged but fail to establish that the disability or specific condition for which compensation is being claimed is causally related to the injury. 6 Causal relationship is a medical question that requires rationalized medical opinion evidence to resolve the issue. 7 A physician's opinion on whether there is a causal relationship between the diagnosed condition and the employment injury must be based on a complete factual and medical background. 8 Additionally, the physician's opinion must be expressed in terms of a reasonable degree of medical certainty and must be supported by medical rationale, explaining the nature of the relationship between the diagnosed condition and appellant's employment injury. 9 Neither the mere fact that a disease or condition manifests itself during a period of employment, 3 5 U.S.C. § 8101. 4 J.M., Docket No. 17-0284 (issued February 7, 2018); R.C., 59 ECAB 427 (2008); James E. Chadden, Sr., 40 ECAB 312 (1988). 5 B.H., Docket No. 20-0777 (issued October 21, 2020). K.M., Docket No. 15-1660 (issued September 16, 2016); L.M., Docket No. 13-1402 (issued February 7, 2014); Delores C. Ellyett, 41 ECAB 992 (1990). 6 M.H., Docket No. 18-1737 (issued March 13, 2019); John J. Carlone, 41 ECAB 354 (1989). 7 R.P., Docket No. 21-1189 (issued July 29, 2022); E.M., Docket No. 18-1599 (issued March 7, 2019); Robert G. Morris, 48 ECAB 238 (1996). 8 R.P., id.; F.A., Docket No. 20-1652 (issued May 21, 2021); M.V., Docket No. 18-0884 (issued December 28, 2018); Victor J. Woodhams, 41 ECAB 345, 352 (1989). 9 Id. nor the belief that the disease or condition was caused or aggravated by employment factors or incidents is sufficient to establish causal relationship. 10 In any case where a preexisting condition involving the same part of the body is present and the issue of causal relationship, therefore, involves aggravation, acceleration, or precipitation, the physician must provide a rationalized medical opinion that differentiates between the effects of the work-related injury or disease and the preexisting condition. 11 ANALYSIS The Board finds that appellant has not met his burden of proof to establish a left hip condition causally related to the accepted March 22, 2022 employment incident. Appellant submitted a medical report from Dr. Yang-Kauh dated March 24, 2022 wherein she noted appellant's history of injury on March 22, 2022 and related a diagnosis of unspecified hip pain. Dr. Yang-Kauh indicated that the accepted incident was the probable medical cause. The Board has held that pain alone is a symptom, not a medical diagnosis, and that findings of pain or discomfort alone do not satisfy the medical aspect of the fact of injury medical determination. 12 OWCP also received Part B of a Form CA-16 from Dr. Yang-Kauh wherein she noted appellant's left hip pain, indicated his work restrictions, and diagnosed possible bursitis. Dr. Yang-Kauh marked the form indicating her belief that the condition was caused or aggravated by the employment activity described. This opinion is speculative in nature as she only identified a possible diagnosis. The Board has held that medical opinions that are speculative or equivocal are of diminished probative value. 13 Dr. Wade, in his medical report dated April 5, 2022, opined that the accepted employment incident was the medical cause of appellant's hip pain and specific joint derangements of the left hip. He did not, however, provide a rationalized medical opinion regarding causal relationship. Dr. Wade did not specifically explain how the employment incident physiologically caused the specific joint derangements. Medical opinion evidence should offer a medically-sound explanation of how the specific employment incident or work factors, physiologically caused injury. 14 Further, appellant related to Dr. Wade that he previously had a left total hip replacement on June 26, 2020. If work-related exposures caused, aggravated, or accelerated appellant's 10 T.M., Docket No. 22-0220 (issued July 29, 2022); S.S., Docket No. 18-1488 (issued March 11, 2019); see also J.L., Docket No. 18-1804 (issued April 12, 2019). 11 Federal (FECA) Procedure Manual, Part 2 -- Claims, Causal Relationship, Chapter 2.805.3e (January 2013); M.B., Docket No. 20-1275 (issued January 29, 2021); see R.D., Docket No. 18-1551 (issued March 1, 2019). 12 T.M., Docket No. 22-0220 (issued July 29, 2022); see F.U., Docket No. 18-0078 (issued June 6, 2018); Federal (FECA) Procedure Manual, Part 2 -- Claims, Fact of Injury, Chapter 2.803.4a(6) (August 2012). 13 N.H., Docket No. 21-1133 (issued February 25, 2022); see D.B., Docket No. 20-0775 (issued July 28, 2021). 14 O.E., Docket No. 20-0554 (issued October 16, 2020); L.R., Docket No. 16-0736 (issued September 2, 2016). condition, he could be entitled to compensation. 15 However, a well-rationalized opinion is particularly warranted when there is a history of a preexisting condition. 16 As such, Dr. Wade's report lacks the specificity and detail needed to establish that appellant's diagnosed left hip condition was a result of the accepted employment incident. 17 This report is, therefore, of limited probative value and insufficient to establish causal relationship. 18 Appellant also submitted a report from Dr. Zelicof dated April 21, 2022 wherein he diagnosed iliotibial band syndrome in the left leg, and strain of unspecified muscles and fascia and tendons at thigh level in left thigh. Dr. Zelicof did not provide an opinion regarding causal relationship. The Board has held that medical evidence that does not offer an opinion regarding the cause of an employee's condition is of no probative value on the issue of causal relationship. 19 OWCP additionally received an x-ray report of appellant's left hip. However, diagnostic studies standing alone lack probative value, as they do not address whether the employment incident caused a diagnosed condition. 20 As appellant the medical evidence of record is insufficient to establish causal relationship between his diagnosed medical conditions and the accepted March 22, 2022 employment incident, the Board finds that he has not met his burden of proof to establish his claim. 21 Appellant may submit new evidence or argument with a written request for reconsideration to OWCP within one year of this merit decision, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 8128(a) and 20 C.F.R. §§ 10.605 through 10.607. CONCLUSION The Board finds that appellant has not met his burden of proof to establish a left hip condition causally related to the accepted March 22, 2022 employment incident. 15 P.G., Docket No. 19-1827 (issued May 15, 2020); M.E., Docket No. 18-1135 (issued January 4, 2019). 16 J.H., Docket No. 20-1645 (issued August 11, 2021); T.M., Docket No. 08-0975 (issued February 6, 2009). 17 Id.; see also T.C., Docket No. 19-0227 (issued July 11, 2019). 18 J.N., Docket No. 21-0606 (issued November 23, 2021); T.W., Docket No. 20-0767 (issued January 13, 2021); see H.A., Docket No. 18-1466 (issued August 23, 2019). 19 L.B., Docket No. 18-0533 (issued August 27, 2018); D.K., Docket No. 17-1549 (issued July 6, 2018). 20 A.O., Docket No. 21-0968 (issued March 18, 2022); see M.S., Docket No. 19-0587 (issued July 22, 2019). 21 The Board notes that the employing establishment issued a Form CA-16, dated March 25, 2022. A completed Form CA-16 authorization may constitute a contract for payment of medical expenses to a medical facility or physician, when properly executed. The form creates a contractual obligation, which does not involve the employee directly, to pay for the cost of the examination or treatment regardless of the action taken on the claim. See 20 C.F.R. § 10.300(c); V.S., Docket No. 20-1034 (issued November 25, 2020); J.G., Docket No. 17-1062 (issued February 13, 2018); Tracy P. Spillane, 54 ECAB 608 (2003). ORDER IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT the May 18, 2022 decision of the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs is affirmed. Issued: October 27, 2022 Washington, DC Patricia H. Fitzgerald, Deputy Chief Judge Employees' Compensation Appeals Board Janice B. Askin, Judge Employees' Compensation Appeals Board James D. McGinley, Alternate Judge Employees' Compensation Appeals Board
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Coverage includes • Learning the Bayesian "state of mind" and its practical implications • Understanding how computers perform Bayesian inference • Using the PyMC Python library to program Bayesian analyses • Building and debugging models with PyMC • Testing your model's "goodness of ﬁt" • Opening the "black box" of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to see how and why it works • Leveraging the power of the "Law of Large Numbers" • Mastering key concepts, such as clustering, convergence, autocorrelation, and thinning • Using loss functions to measure an estimate's weaknesses based on your goals and desired outcomes • Selecting appropriate priors and understanding how their inﬂuence changes with dataset size • Overcoming the "exploration versus exploitation" dilemma: deciding when "pretty good" is good enough • Using Bayesian inference to improve A/B testing • Solving data science problems when only small amounts of data are available Cameron Davidson-Pilon has worked in many areas of applied mathematics, from the evolutionary dynamics of genes and diseases to stochastic modeling of ﬁnancial prices. His contributions to the open source community include lifelines, an implementation of survival analysis in Python. Educated at the University of Waterloo and at the Independent University of Moscow, he currently works with the online commerce leader Shopify. Understanding and Improving Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skills One World The text is not written for those students who will become statisticians; it is written for future decision makers in business. The focus and goal is to make students better quantitative decision makers. The concepts of statistics are presented in the setting of business decision making through the use of many real world examples, real business data and applications. Student Study Guide: Designed to be used alongside the text book, this invaluable step-bystep study guide walks students through the text as they read it and work problems while supporting the decision making approach. Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft Excel Pearson College Division Black's latest outstanding pedagogy of Business Statistics includes the use of extra problems called "Demonstration Problems" to provide additional insight and explanation to working problems, and presents concepts, topics, formulas, and application in a manner that is palatable to a vast audience and minimizes the use of "scary" formulas. Every chapter opens up with a vignette called a "Decision Dilemma" about real companies, data, and business issues. Solutions to these dilemmas are 4 Business Statistics Ken Black Solutions 7th Edition 2024-09-27 presented as a feature called "Decision Dilemma Solved." In this edition all cases and "Decision Dilemmas" are updated and revised and 1/3 have been replaced for currency. There is also a signiﬁcant number of additional problems and an extremely competitive collection of databases (containing real data) on: international stock markets, consumer food, international labor, ﬁnancial, energy, agribusiness, 12-year gasoline, manufacturing, and hospital. Essentials of Statistics for Business and Economics Addison-Wesley Professional Statistical Power Analysis is a nontechnical guide to power analysis in research planning that provides users of applied statistics with the tools they need for more eﬀective analysis. The Second Edition includes: * a chapter covering power analysis in set correlation and multivariate methods; * a chapter considering eﬀect size, psychometric reliability, and the eﬃcacy of "qualifying" dependent variables and; * expanded power and sample size tables for multiple regression/correlation. For Contemporary Decision Making South-Western Pub Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cyber Security Operations Center conveys MITRE's accumulated expertise on enterprise-grade computer network defense. It covers ten key qualities of leading Cyber Security Operations Centers (CSOCs), ranging from their structure and organization, to processes that best enable smooth operations, to approaches that extract maximum value from key CSOC technology investments. This book oﬀers perspective and context for key decision points in structuring a CSOC, such as what capabilities to oﬀer, how to architect large-scale data 5 collection and analysis, and how to prepare the CSOC team for agile, threatbased response. If you manage, work in, or are standing up a CSOC, this book is for you. It is also available on MITRE's website, www.mitre.org. Business Statistics Pearson College Division Every business area relies on an understanding of statistics to succeed. Statistics for Business and Economics by Carlos Cortinhas and Ken Black shows students that the proper application of statistics in the business world goes hand-in-hand with good decision making. Every statistical tool presented in this book has a business application set in a global context and the many learning features and easy to use structure will engage and reassure each business statistic student. Featuring a strong focus on European cases, data and scenarios throughout, Statistics for Business and Economics provides: Decision Dilemma – each chapter opens with a short case describing a real company or business situation, that raises questions to be answered using techniques presented in the chapter. Answers and explanations are given at the end of the chapter bringing closure. Each chapter uses diﬀerent cases. Ethical Considerations box – underscores the potential misuse of statistics by discussing such topics as lying with statistics, failing to meet statistical assumptions, failing to include pertinent information, and other matters of principle. Most cases, data and scenarios are based on real information students will recognise and relate to such as Caﬀè Nero, Nando's, Raleigh, online shopping, European Banks and more. Introduction to Business Statistics Prentice Hall Introductory Business Statistics is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the onesemester statistics course for business, economics, and related majors. Core statistical concepts and skills have been augmented with practical business examples, scenarios, and exercises. The result is a meaningful understanding of the discipline, which will serve students in their business careers and real-world experiences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Wiley Business StatisticsContemporary Decision MakingWiley Business Statistics for Contemporary Decision Mak Ing 7E + WileyPlus Registration Card Wiley Public Policy Analytics: Code & Context for Data Science in Government teaches readers how to address complex public policy problems with data and analytics using reproducible methods in R. Each of the eight chapters provides a detailed case study, showing readers: how to develop exploratory indicators; understand 'spatial process' and develop spatial analytics; how to develop 'useful' predictive analytics; how to convey these outputs to non-technical decisionmakers through the medium of data visualization; and why, ultimately, data science and 'Planning' are one and the same. A graduate-level introduction to data science, this book will appeal to researchers and data scientists at the intersection of data analytics and public policy, as well as readers who wish to understand how algorithms will aﬀect the future of government. Statistics for Business andEconomics McGraw-Hill Education Help your students see the light. With its myriad of techniques, concepts and formulas, business statistics can be overwhelming for many students. They can have trouble recognizing the importance of studying statistics, and making connections between concepts. Ken Black's ﬁfth edition of Business Statistics: For Contemporary Decision Making helps students see the big picture of the business statistics course by giving clearer paths to learn and choose the right techniques. Here's how Ken Black helps students see the big picture: Video Tutorials-In these video clips, Ken Black provides students with extra learning assistance on key diﬃcult topics. Available in WileyPLUS. Tree Taxonomy Diagram-Tree Taxonomy Diagram for Unit 3 further illustrates the connection between topics and helps students pick the correct technique to use to solve problems. New Organization-The Fifth Edition is reorganized into four units, which will help professor teach and students see the connection between topics. WileyPLUS-WilePLUS provides everything needed to create an environment where students can reach their full potential and experience the exhilaration of academic success. In addition to a complete online text, online homework, and instant feedback, WileyPLUS oﬀers additional Practice Problems that give students the opportunity to apply their knowledge, and Decision Dilemma Interactive Cases that provide real-world decision-making scenarios. Learn more at www.wiley.co,/college/wileyplus. Student Solutions Manual CRC Press Trust the market-leading ESSENTIALS OF STATISTICS FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, 7th Edition to give you a foundation in statistics and an edge in today's competitive business world. The author's signature problem-scenario approach and reader-friendly writing style combine with proven methodologies, hands-on exercises, and 6 Business Statistics Ken Black Solutions 7th Edition 2024-09-27 real-world examples to take you deep into realistic business problems and help you solve them from an intelligent, quantitative perspective. Streamlined to focus on core topics, this new edition has been updated with new case problems, applications, and self-test exercises to help you master key formulas and apply the statistical methods you learn. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. Applied Business Statistics Wiley Global Education ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products. Packages Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase. Used or rental books If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code. Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase. - In Statistics for Business: Decision Making and Analysis, authors Robert Stine and Dean Foster of the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, take a 7 sophisticated approach to teaching statistics in the context of making good business decisions. The authors show students how to recognize and understand each business question, use statistical tools to do the analysis, and how to communicate their results clearly and concisely. In addition to providing cases and real data to demonstrate real business situations, this text provides resources to support understanding and engagement. A successful problemsolving framework in the 4-M Examples (Motivation, Method, Mechanics, Message) model a clear outline for solving problems, new What Do You Think questions give students an opportunity to stop and check their understanding as they read, and new learning objectives guide students through each chapter and help them to review major goals. Software Hints provide instructions for using the most up-to-date technology packages. The Second Edition also includes expanded coverage and instruction of Excel® 2010. Statistics for Business and Economics John Wiley & Sons At many schools, professors and students require that Microsoft- Excel be integrated throughout their one-term course. Thoroughly integrating the use of Excel, this concise text will serve that need. Coverage is focused on applied processes that are handled by Excel. In addition, Excel macro add-ins accompany the text on a CD-ROM packaged with new copies of the book." Introductory Business Statistics Flatiron Books Complex problem solving is the core skill for 21st Century Teams Complex problem solving is at the very top of the list of essential skills for career progression in the modern world. But how problem solving is taught in our schools, universities, businesses and organizations comes up short. In Bulletproof Problem Solving: The One Skill That Changes Everything you'll learn the seven-step systematic approach to creative problem solving developed in top consulting ﬁrms that will work in any ﬁeld or industry, turning you into a highly sought-after bulletproof problem solver who can tackle challenges that others balk at. The problem-solving technique outlined in this book is based on a highly visual, logic-tree method that can be applied to everything from everyday decisions to strategic issues in business to global social challenges. The authors, with decades of experience at McKinsey and Company, provide 30 detailed, realworld examples, so you can see exactly how the technique works in action. With this bulletproof approach to deﬁning, unpacking, understanding, and ultimately solving problems, you'll have a personal superpower for developing compelling solutions in your workplace. Discover the time-tested 7-step technique to problem solving that top consulting professionals employ Learn how a simple visual system can help you break down and understand the component parts of even the most complex problems Build team brainstorming techniques that ﬁght cognitive bias, streamline workplanning, and speed solutions Know when and how to employ modern analytic tools and techniques from machine learning to game theory Learn how to structure and communicate your ﬁndings to convince audiences and compel action The secrets revealed in Bulletproof Problem Solving will transform the way you approach problems and take you to the next level of business and personal success. Making Better Business Decisions 6th Edition International Student Version with WileyPLUS Set John Wiley & Sons Steven C. Huchendorf, University of Minnesota. Contains detailed solutions to all even-numbered exercises. Business Statistics, Student Study Guide John Wiley & Sons Interested in the Genetic Algorithm? Simulated Annealing? Ant Colony Optimization? Essentials of Metaheuristics covers these and other metaheuristics algorithms, and is intended for undergraduate students, programmers, and non-experts. The book covers a wide range of algorithms, representations, selection and modiﬁcation operators, and related topics, and includes 71 ﬁgures and 135 algorithms great and small. Algorithms include: Gradient Ascent techniques, HillClimbing variants, Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search variants, Iterated Local Search, Evolution Strategies, the Genetic Algorithm, the Steady-State Genetic Algorithm, Diﬀerential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization, Genetic Programming variants, One- and TwoPopulation Competitive Coevolution, NPopulation Cooperative Coevolution, Implicit Fitness Sharing, Deterministic Crowding, NSGA-II, SPEA2, GRASP, Ant Colony Optimization variants, Guided Local Search, LEM, PBIL, UMDA, cGA, BOA, SAMUEL, ZCS, XCS, and XCSF. A Decision-making Approach National Academies Press Essentials of Business Statistics oﬀers a student-friendly, applications-based approach to teaching a course that is generally perceived as being very technical. Students learn how and why statistical tools are used and beneﬁt from a walk-through approach where new concepts are applied to clear 8 Business Statistics Ken Black Solutions 7th Edition 2024-09-27 examples. Related with Business Statistics Ken Black Solutions 7th Edition: * Cpr Test Questions And Answers 2019 : click here 9
Correlation And Regression Applications For Industrial Organizational Psychology And Management Organizational Research Methods Regression Modeling with Actuarial and Financial Applications Multivariate Reduced-Rank Regression Introductory Regression Analysis Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis Statistical Analysis Quick Reference Guidebook Correlation and Regression Analysis: Applications for Industrial Organizations Methods of Correlation and Regression Analysis, Linear and Curvilinear Biomedical Statistics Learning Statistics with R Regression Analysis and Linear Models Outlines and Highlights for Correlation and Regression Business Applications of Multiple Regression, Second Edition Logistic Regression Correlation and Regression Statistics from A to Z Business Applications of Multiple Regression Six Sigma for Business Excellence: Approach, Tools and Applications Machine Learning and Big Data Text Book of Correlations and Regression Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Regression Analysis with Applications Linear Regression and Its Application to Economics Correlation and Regression Applications of Regression Techniques Robust Correlation Introduction to Data Science How to Use Correlation and Regression Intermediate Statistics Using SPSS Handbook of Regression and Modeling Multiple Regression and Beyond Biometry Correlated Data Analysis: Modeling, Analytics, and Applications Methods and Applications of Linear Models Applied Linear Statistical Models Applications of Regression Models in Epidemiology Archaeological Spatial Analysis Applying Regression and Correlation Correlation and Regression Analysis Statistical Inference via Data Science: A ModernDive into R and the Tidyverse Correlation And Regression Applications For Industrial Organizational Psychology And Management Organizational Research Methods Downloaded from blog.gmercyu.edu by guest LAMBERT ALEAH Regression Modeling with Actuarial and Financial Applications McGraw-Hill/Irwin Takes a look at applying regression analysis in the behavioural sciences by introducing the reader to regression analysis through a simple model-building approach. Multivariate Reduced-Rank Regression Univ of Wisconsin Press "This book provides one of the clearest treatments of correlations and regression of any statistics book I have seen. . . . Bobko has achieved his objective of making the topics of correlation and regression accessible to students. . . . For someone looking for a very clearly written treatment of applied correlation and regression, this book would be an excellent choice." --Paul E. Spector, University of South Florida "As a quantitative methods instructor, I have reviewed and used many statistical textbooks. This textbook and approach is one of the very best when it comes to user-friendliness, approachability, clarity, and practical utility." --Steven G. Rogelberg, Bowling Green State University Introductory Regression Analysis Springer Science & Business Media While it dwells on the foundations of machine learning and big data as a part of analytics, it also focuses on contemporary topics for research and development. In this regard, the book covers machine learning algorithms and their modern applications in developing automated systems. Subjects covered in detail include: Mathematical foundations of machine learning with various examples. An empirical study of supervised learning algorithms like Naïve Bayes, KNN and semi-supervised learning algorithms viz. S3VM, Graph-Based, Multiview. Precise study on unsupervised learning algorithms like GMM, K-mean clustering, Dritchlet process mixture model, X-means and Reinforcement learning algorithm with Q learning, R learning, TD learning, SARSA Learning, and so forth. Hands-on machine leaning open source tools viz. Apache Mahout, H2O. Case studies for readers to analyze the prescribed cases and present their solutions or interpretations with intrusion detection in MANETS using machine learning. Showcase on novel user-cases: Implications of Electronic Governance as well as Pragmatic Study of BD/ML technologies for agriculture, healthcare, social media, industry, banking, insurance and so on. This book is intended for academic and industrial developers, exploring and developing applications in the area of big data and machine learning, including those that are solving technology requirements, evaluation of methodology advances and algorithm demonstrations. The intent of this book is to provide awareness of algorithms used for machine learning and big data in the academic and professional community. The 17 chapters are divided into 5 sections: Theoretical Fundamentals; Big Data and Pattern Recognition; Machine Learning: Algorithms & Applications; Machine Learning's Next Frontier and Hands-On and Case Study. Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis Business Expert Press Companion Website materials: https://tzkeith.com/ Multiple Regression and Beyond oﬀers a conceptually-oriented introduction to multiple regression (MR) analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM), along with analyses that ﬂow naturally from those methods. By focusing on the concepts and purposes of MR and related methods, rather than the derivation and calculation of formulae, this book introduces material to students more clearly, and in a less threatening way. In addition to illuminating content necessary for coursework, the accessibility of this approach means students are more likely to be able to conduct research using MR or SEM--and more likely to use the methods wisely. This book: • Covers both MR and SEM, while explaining their relevance to one another • Includes path analysis, conﬁrmatory factor analysis, and latent growth modeling * Makes extensive use of real-world research examples in the chapters and in the end-of-chapter exercises • Extensive use of ﬁgures and tables providing examples and illustrating key concepts and techniques New to this edition: • New chapter on mediation, moderation, and common cause • New chapter on the analysis of interactions with latent variables and multilevel SEM • Expanded coverage of advanced SEM techniques in chapters 18 through 22 • International case studies and examples • Updated instructor and student online resources Statistical Analysis Quick Reference Guidebook Springer Carefully designed for use by clinical and pharmaceutical researchers and scientists, Handbook of Regression Analysis and Modeling explores statistical methods that have been adapted into biological applications for the quickly evolving ﬁeld of biostatistics. The author clearly delineates a six-step method for hypothesis testing using data that mi Correlation and Regression Analysis: Applications for Industrial Organizations CRC Press Praise for the Second Edition "An essential desktop reference book . . . it should deﬁnitely be on your bookshelf." —Technometrics A thoroughly updated book, Methods and Applications of Linear Models: Regression and the Analysis of Variance, Third Edition features innovative approaches to understanding and working with models and theory of linear regression. The Third Edition provides readers with the necessary theoretical concepts, which are presented using intuitive ideas rather than complicated proofs, to describe the inference that is appropriate for the methods being discussed. The book presents a unique discussion that combines coverage of mathematical theory of linear models with analysis of variance models, providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of both the theoretical and technical aspects of linear models. With a new focus on ﬁxed eﬀects models, Methods and Applications of Linear Models: Regression and the Analysis of Variance, Third Edition also features: Newly added topics including least squares, the cell means model, and graphical inspection of data in the AVE method Frequent conceptual and numerical examples for clarifying the statistical analyses and demonstrating potential pitfalls Graphics and computations developed using JMP® software to accompany the concepts and techniques presented Numerous exercises presented to test readers and deepen their understanding of the material An ideal book for courses on linear models and linear regression at the undergraduate and graduate levels, the Third Edition of Methods and Applications of Linear Models: Regression and the Analysis of Variance is also a valuable reference for applied statisticians and researchers who utilize linear model methodology. Methods of Correlation and Regression Analysis, Linear and Curvilinear Macmillan This book discusses the need to carefully and prudently apply various regression techniques in order to obtain the full beneﬁts. It also describes some of the techniques developed and used by the authors, presenting their innovative ideas regarding the formulation and estimation of regression decomposition models, hidden Markov chain, and the contribution of regressors in the set-theoretic approach, calorie poverty rate, and aggregate growth rate. Each of these techniques has applications that address a number of unanswered questions; for example, regression decomposition techniques reveal intra-household gender inequalities of consumption, intra-household allocation of resources and adult equivalent scales, while Hidden Markov chain models can forecast the results of future elections. Most of these procedures are presented using real-world data, and the techniques can be applied in other similar situations. Showing how diﬃcult questions can be answered by developing simple models with simple interpretation of parameters, the book is a valuable resource for students and researchers in the ﬁeld of model building. Biomedical Statistics Lulu.com This bookpresents material on both the analysis of the classical concepts of correlation and on the development of their robust versions, as well as discussing the related concepts of correlation matrices, partial correlation, canonical correlation, rank correlations, with the corresponding robust and non-robust estimation procedures. Every chapter contains a set of examples with simulated and real-life data. Key features: Makes modern and robust correlation methods readily available and understandable to practitioners, specialists, and consultants working in various ﬁelds. Focuses on implementation of methodology and application of robust correlation with R. Introduces the main approaches in robust statistics, such as Huber's minimax approach and Hampel's approach based on inﬂuence functions. Explores various robust estimates of the correlation coeﬃcient including the minimax variance and bias estimates as well as the most B- and V-robust estimates. Contains applications of robust correlation methods to exploratory data analysis, multivariate statistics, statistics of time series, and to real-life data. Includes an accompanying website featuring computer code and datasets Features exercises and examples throughout the text using both small and large data sets. Theoretical and applied statisticians, specialists in multivariate statistics, robust statistics, robust time series analysis, data analysis and signal processing will beneﬁt from this book. Practitioners who use correlation based methods in their work as well as postgraduate students in statistics will also ﬁnd this book useful. Learning Statistics with R Routledge A practical `cut to the chase′ handbook that quickly explains the when, where, and how of statistical data analysis as it is used for real-world decision-making in a wide variety of disciplines. In this one-stop reference, the authors provide succinct guidelines for performing an analysis, avoiding pitfalls, interpreting results and reporting outcomes. Regression Analysis and Linear Models John Wiley & Sons Praise for the Fourth Edition "As with previous editions, the authors have produced a leading textbook on regression." —Journal of the American Statistical Association A comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the fundamentals of regression analysis Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis, Fifth Edition continues to present both the conventional and less common uses of linear regression in today's cutting-edge scientiﬁc research. The authors blend both theory and application to equip readers with an understanding of the basic principles needed to apply regression model-building techniques in various ﬁelds of study, including engineering, management, and the health sciences. Following a general introduction to regression modeling, including typical applications, a host of technical tools are outlined such as 3 3 basic inference procedures, introductory aspects of model adequacy checking, and polynomial regression models and their variations. The book then discusses how transformations and weighted least squares can be used to resolve problems of model inadequacy and also how to deal with inﬂuential observations. The Fifth Edition features numerous newly added topics, including: A chapter on regression analysis of time series data that presents the Durbin-Watson test and other techniques for detecting autocorrelation as well as parameter estimation in time series regression models Regression models with random eﬀects in addition to a discussion on subsampling and the importance of the mixed model Tests on individual regression coeﬃcients and subsets of coeﬃcients Examples of current uses of simple linear regression models and the use of multiple regression models for understanding patient satisfaction data. In addition to Minitab, SAS, and S-PLUS, the authors have incorporated JMP and the freely available R software to illustrate the discussed techniques and procedures in this new edition. Numerous exercises have been added throughout, allowing readers to test their understanding of the material. Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis, Fifth Edition is an excellent book for statistics and engineering courses on regression at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. The book also serves as a valuable, robust resource for professionals in the ﬁelds of engineering, life and biological sciences, and the social sciences. Outlines and Highlights for Correlation and Regression Routledge This book teaches multiple regression and time series and how to use these to analyze real data in risk management and ﬁnance. Business Applications of Multiple Regression, Second Edition Cambridge University Press This second edition of Business Applications of Multiple Regression describes the use of the statistical procedure called multiple regression in business situations, including forecasting and understanding the relationships between variables. The book assumes a basic understanding of statistics but reviews correlation analysis and simple regression to prepare the reader to understand and use multiple regression. The techniques described in the book are illustrated using both Microsoft Excel and a professional statistical program. Along the way, several real-world data sets are analyzed in detail to better prepare the reader for working with actual data in a business environment. This book will be a useful guide to managers at all levels who need to understand and make decisions based on data analysis performed using multiple regression. It also provides the beginning analyst with the detailed understanding required to use multiple regression to analyze data sets. Logistic RegressionElsevier Six Sigma for Business Excellence: Approach, Tools, and Applications, based on the author's ﬁrst-hand experience in quality engineering, provides a comprehensive coverage of the Six Sigma methodology. This book provides the complete study material for students taking the certiﬁed Six Sigma Black Belt and Green Belt examinations conducted internationally by the American Society for Quality (ASQ). At the same time, it adequately ﬁlls the need of management professionals with numerous application examples and case studies providing an insight into the practical aspect of implementing Six Sigma tools. The book begins with providing an overview of the evolution of Six Sigma, explains the basic concepts and then takes the readers step by step through the process. The focus is more on enabling the implementation of the Six Sigma tools by providing illustrations, tables, application examples, and templates as well as Minitab and Excel data ﬁles for project work and exercises in the soft form on a CD accompanying the book. The templates carried in the book include the Sigma calculator, Six Sigma project review checklist, process mapping, conﬁdence intervals, hypothesis tests, project charter, and measurement systems analysis (Gauge R & R Study). The CD also contains a 30-day trial version of the Minitab and SigmaXL software programs. Correlation and Regression John Wiley & Sons Logistic Regression is designed for readers who have a background in statistics at least up to multiple linear regression, who want to analyze dichotomous, nominal, and ordinal dependent variables cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Statistics from A to Z Springer Science & Business Media Linear Regression and its Application to Economics presents the economic applications of regression theory. This book discusses the importance of linear regression for multi-dimensional variables. Organized into six chapters, this book begins with an overview of the elementary concepts and the more important deﬁnitions and theorems concerning two-dimensional and multidimensional random variables. This text then examines the important applications of correlation methods to economics. Other chapters consider the methods of estimating regression parameters. This book discusses as well the methods of testing some statistical hypotheses relevant for practical applications of the correlation analysis. The ﬁnal chapter deals with the fact that correlation methods can be used not only in static but also in dynamic research. This book is a valuable resource for scientists in economic, agricultural, and technical colleges who deal with economic problems in their research. Graduates of economic and technical colleges employed in diﬀerent branches of the national economy will also ﬁnd this book useful. Business Applications of Multiple Regression SAGE Publications Introductory concepts; Simple regression, linear and curvilinear; Multiple linear regressions; Multiple curvilinear regressions; Signiﬁcance of correlation and regression results; Miscellaneous special regression methods; Uses and philosophy of correlation and regresion analysis; Types of problems to which correlation and regression analysis have been applied; Steps in research work, and the place of statistical analysis. Six Sigma for Business Excellence: Approach, Tools and Applications Business Expert Press Correlation and Regression Analysis: Applications for Industrial Organizations book discusses the important theoretical concepts such as the Amortization System Constant, French System of Price Amortization, comparative analysis of these methods and American System of Amortization which provide a basic understanding of the correlation and regression analysis. The application of these concepts to develop economic and mathematical models in e-business have been explained in detail. The theories and concepts related to mathematical design in ebusiness, design of organizational structure, microeconomic theory of ﬁrm, and fundamental concepts related to banks, ﬁnancial transactions, and the importance of good relations during inﬂation have been elucidated. The presentation and analysis of data along with detailed information about macroeconomic variables, diﬀerent result ﬁlters, and the relationship of the macroeconomic variables with the result variables has been described. This book provides a comprehensive understanding about the application of correlation and regression analysis in the industrial organizations. Machine Learning and Big Data John Wiley & Sons This book is written in a very easy-to-follow format, and explains the key concepts of biomedical statistics in a lucid yet straightforward manner. It explains how mathematical and statistical tools can be used to ﬁnd answers to common research questions. In addition, the main text is supplemented by a wealth of solved exercises and illustrative examples to aid in comprehension. Given its content, the book oﬀers an invaluable quick reference guide for graduating students and can be very helpful in their examination process. At the same time, it represents a handy guide for medical and paramedical teachers, post-graduate medical students, research personnel, biomedical scientists and epidemiologists. Text Book of Correlations and Regression Discovery Publishing House In the area of multivariate analysis, there are two broad themes that have emerged over time. The analysis typically involves exploring the variations in a set of interrelated variables or investigating the simultaneous relation ships between two or more sets of variables. In either case, the themes involve explicit modeling of the relationships or dimension-reduction of the sets of variables. The multivariate regression methodology and its variants are the preferred tools for the parametric modeling and descriptive tools such as principal components or canonical correlations are the tools used for addressing the dimensionreduction issues. Both act as complementary to each other and data analysts typically want to make use of these tools for a thorough analysis of multivariate data. A technique that combines the two broad themes in a natural fashion is the method of reduced-rank regres sion. This method starts with the classical multivariate regression model framework but recognizes the possibility for the reduction in the number of parameters through a restrietion on the rank of the regression coeﬃcient matrix. This feature is attractive because regression methods, whether they are in the context of a single response variable or in the context of several response variables, are popular statistical tools. The technique of reduced rank regression and its encompassing features are the primary focus of this book. The book develops the method of reduced-rank regression starting from the classical multivariate linear regression model. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences SAGE 4 Correlation And Regression Applications For Industrial Organizational Psychology And Management Organizational Research Methods 2021-07-22 What statistical test should I use for this kind of data? How do I set up the data? What parameters should I specify when ordering the test? How do I interpret the results? Herschel Knapp′s friendly and approachable guide to real-world statistics answers these questions. Intermediate Statistics Using SPSS is not about abstract statistical theory or the derivation or memorization of statistical formulas–it is about applied statistics. With jargon-free language and clear processing instructions, this text covers the most common statistical functions–from basic to more advanced. Practical exercises at the conclusion of each chapter oﬀer students an opportunity to process viable data sets, write cohesive abstracts in APA style, and build a thorough comprehension of the statistical process. Students will learn by doing with this truly practical approach to statistics. Related with Correlation And Regression Applications For Industrial Organizational Psychology And Management Organizational Research Methods: * My Perspectives Grade 11 Answer Key : click here 5 5

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