instruction stringlengths 5 342 | input stringlengths 18 558 | output stringclasses 7
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the frequency of a wave is the same as the frequency of vibrations that caused the wave. | (A) true (B) false | A | The frequency of a wave is the same as the frequency of the vibrations that caused the wave. For example, to generate a higher-frequency wave in a rope, you must move the rope up and down more quickly. This takes more energy, so a higher-frequency wave has more energy than a lower-frequency wave with the same amplitude... |
for waves of the same amplitude, a higher frequency wave has less energy than a shorter frequency wave. | (A) true (B) false | B | The frequency of a wave is the same as the frequency of the vibrations that caused the wave. For example, to generate a higher-frequency wave in a rope, you must move the rope up and down more quickly. This takes more energy, so a higher-frequency wave has more energy than a lower-frequency wave with the same amplitude... |
if 20 waves pass a fixed point in 10 seconds, the frequency of the waves is | (A) 200 Hz (B) 100 Hz (C) 20 Hz (D) 2 Hz | D | The number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time is wave frequency. Wave frequency can be measured by counting the number of crests (high points) of waves that pass the fixed point in 1 second or some other time period. The higher the number is, the greater the frequency of the waves. The SI unit f... |
the frequency of four different waves is listed below. which wave has the most energy? | (A) 2000 Hz (B) 1000 Hz (C) 200 Hz (D) 20 Hz | A | As you can see in the Figure 1.1, gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies of all electromagnetic waves. Their wavelengths are shorter than the diameter of atomic nuclei, and their frequencies are greater than 1019 hertz (Hz). Thats 10 quadrillion waves per second! Because of their high frequenc... |
wave interactions refer to interactions between a wave and | (A) another wave (B) its reflected wave (C) its medium (D) none of the above | C | Waves interact with matter in several ways. The interactions occur when waves pass from one medium to another. Besides bouncing back like an echo, waves may bend or spread out when they strike a new medium. These three ways that waves may interact with matter are called reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Each typ... |
types of wave interactions include | (A) reflection (B) refraction (C) diffraction (D) all of the above | D | Waves interact with matter in several ways. The interactions occur when waves pass from one medium to another. Besides bouncing back like an echo, waves may bend or spread out when they strike a new medium. These three ways that waves may interact with matter are called reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Each typ... |
only sound waves can be reflected. | (A) true (B) false | B | Sound waves are mechanical waves, so they can travel only though matter and not through empty space. This was demonstrated in the 1600s by a scientist named Robert Boyle. Boyle placed a ticking clock in a sealed glass jar. The clock could be heard ticking through the air and glass of the jar. Then Boyle pumped the air ... |
refraction occurs because waves change speed in a new medium. | (A) true (B) false | A | Refraction is another way that waves interact with matter. Refraction occurs when waves bend as they enter a new medium at an angle. You can see an example of refraction in Figure 19.17. Light bends when it passes from air to water. The bending of the light causes the pencil to appear broken. Why do waves bend as they ... |
wave diffraction depends on the | (A) size of the obstacle or opening (B) wavelength of the waves (C) speed of the waves (D) two of the above | D | Did you ever notice that when youre walking down a street, you can hear sounds around the corners of buildings? Figure 19.18 shows why this happens. As you can see from the figure, sound waves spread out and travel around obstacles. This is called diffraction. It also occurs when waves pass through an opening in an obs... |
wave interference refers to wave interactions that can occur between a wave and | (A) another wave (B) its reflected wave (C) its medium (D) two of the above | D | Waves interact not only with matter in the ways described above. Waves also interact with other waves. This is called wave interference. Wave interference may occur when two waves that are traveling in opposite directions meet. The two waves pass through each other, and this affects their amplitude. How amplitude is af... |
when two waves pass through each other in opposite directions, the interference affects their | (A) amplitude (B) frequency (C) wavelength (D) two of the above | A | Waves interact not only with matter in the ways described above. Waves also interact with other waves. This is called wave interference. Wave interference may occur when two waves that are traveling in opposite directions meet. The two waves pass through each other, and this affects their amplitude. How amplitude is af... |
constructive interference occurs when the crests of one wave overlap the troughs of the other wave. | (A) true (B) false | B | Constructive interference occurs when the crests, or highest points, of one wave overlap the crests of the other wave. You can see this in the Figure 1.1. As the waves pass through each other, the crests combine to produce a wave with greater amplitude. |
destructive interference occurs when the crests of two waves overlap. | (A) true (B) false | B | Destructive interference occurs when the crests of one wave overlap the troughs, or lowest points, of another wave. The Figure 1.2 shows what happens. As the waves pass through each other, the crests and troughs cancel each other out to produce a wave with zero amplitude. |
standing waves form only when waves reflect at a 90-degree angle. | (A) true (B) false | A | Waves may reflect off an obstacle that they are unable to pass through. When waves are reflected straight back from an obstacle, the reflected waves interfere with the original waves and create standing waves. These are waves that appear to be standing still. Standing waves occur because of a combination of constructiv... |
before einstein, all scientists thought that electromagnetic energy consists of waves. | (A) true (B) false | B | In 1905, the physicist Albert Einstein developed a new theory about electromagnetic radiation. The theory is often called the wave-particle theory. It explains how electromagnetic radiation can behave as both a wave and a particle. Einstein argued that when an electron returns to a lower energy level and gives off elec... |
einstein based his wave-particle theory on experimental evidence. | (A) true (B) false | B | After Einstein proposed his theory, evidence was discovered to support it. For example, scientists shone laser light through two slits in a barrier made of a material that blocked light. You can see the setup of this type of experiment in the Figure 1.2. Using a special camera that was very sensitive to light, they too... |
the double-slit experiments showed that light | (A) consists of particles (B) behaves like a wave (C) requires a medium (D) two of the above | D | After Einstein proposed his theory, evidence was discovered to support it. For example, scientists shone laser light through two slits in a barrier made of a material that blocked light. You can see the setup of this type of experiment in the Figure 1.2. Using a special camera that was very sensitive to light, they too... |
photons create interference patterns just as waves do. | (A) true (B) false | A | After Einstein proposed his theory, evidence was discovered to support it. For example, scientists shone laser light through two slits in a barrier made of a material that blocked light. You can see the setup of this type of experiment in the Figure 1.2. Using a special camera that was very sensitive to light, they too... |
speed can be calculated with the equation | (A) Speed = Distance x Time (B) Speed = Distance/Time (C) Speed = Time/Distance (D) none of the above | B | If you know the speed of a moving object, you can also calculate the distance it will travel in a given amount of time. To do so, you would use this version of the general speed formula: distance = speed time For example, if a car travels at a speed of 60 km/h for 2 hours, then the distance traveled is: distance = 60 ... |
which equation correctly shows the relationship between wave speed, wavelength, and wave frequency? | (A) Wave Speed = Wavelength x Wave Frequency (B) Wave Speed = Wavelength/Wave Frequency (C) Wave Speed = Wave Frequency/Wavelength (D) none of the above | A | Wave speed is related to both wavelength and wave frequency. Wavelength is the distance between two correspond- ing points on adjacent waves. Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. This equation shows how the three factors are related: Speed = Wavelength x Wave Frequenc... |
light always travels at the same speed, but it can have different frequencies and wavelengths. if the frequency of light decreases, its wavelength | (A) increases (B) decreases (C) stays the same (D) may increase or decrease | A | Although all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed, they may differ in their wavelength and frequency. |
the wavelengths of four different waves are listed below. if all four waves have the same speed, which wave has the highest frequency? | (A) Wave A: 0001 m (B) Wave B: 001 m (C) Wave C: 01 m (D) Wave D: 10 m | A | Although all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed, they may differ in their wavelength and frequency. |
the speed of most waves depends on the medium. | (A) true (B) false | A | The speed of most waves depends on the medium, or the matter through which the waves are traveling. Generally, waves travel fastest through solids and slowest through gases. Thats because particles are closest together in solids and farthest apart in gases. When particles are farther apart, it takes longer for the ener... |
waves generally travel fastest through gases and slowest through solids. | (A) true (B) false | B | The speed of most waves depends on the medium through which they are traveling. Generally, waves travel fastest through solids and slowest through gases. Thats because particles are closest together in solids and farthest apart in gases. When particles are farther apart, it takes longer for the energy of the disturbanc... |
the wavelength of visible light determines its color. | (A) true (B) false | A | Visible light is light that has wavelengths that can be detected by the human eye. The wavelength of visible light determines the color that the light appears. As you can see in the Figure 1.1, light with the longest wavelength appears red, and light with the shortest wavelength appears violet. In between are all the o... |
wavelength usually is measured in meters. | (A) true (B) false | A | Wavelength is one way of measuring the size of waves. It is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves, and it is usually measured in meters. How it is measured is a little different for transverse and longitudinal waves. In a transverse wave, particles of the medium vibrate up and down at right an... |
in a transverse wave, wavelength can be measured as the distance between | (A) two adjacent crests (B) a crest and the adjacent trough (C) a crest and the resting position (D) none of the above | A | Wavelength is one way of measuring the size of waves. It is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves, and it is usually measured in meters. How it is measured is a little different for transverse and longitudinal waves. In a transverse wave, particles of the medium vibrate up and down at right an... |
in a longitudinal wave, wavelength can be measured as the distance between | (A) two adjacent compressions (B) two adjacent rarefactions (C) a compression and the adjacent rarefaction (D) two of the above | D | Wavelength is one way of measuring the size of waves. It is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves, and it is usually measured in meters. How it is measured is a little different for transverse and longitudinal waves. In a transverse wave, particles of the medium vibrate up and down at right an... |
for waves of the same amplitude, shorter wavelength waves have less energy than longer wavelength waves. | (A) true (B) false | B | The wavelength of a wave is related to the waves energy. Short-wavelength waves have more energy than long- wavelength waves of the same amplitude. (Amplitude is a measure of how far particles of the medium move up and down or back and forth when a wave passes through them.) You can see examples of transverse waves wit... |
which color of visible light has the longest wavelength? | (A) red (B) orange (C) yellow (D) green | A | Visible light consists of a range of wavelengths. The wavelength of visible light determines the color that the light appears. As you can see in Figure 22.4, light with the longest wavelength appears red, and light with the shortest wavelength appears violet. In between is a continuum of all the other colors of light. ... |
which color of visible light has the most energy? | (A) red (B) green (C) blue (D) violet | D | Energy from the Sun has a wide range of wavelengths. The total range of energy is called the electromagnetic spectrum. You can see it in Figure 15.8. Visible light is the only light that humans can see. Different wavelengths of visible light appear as different colors. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths. They als... |
a wedge is a type of compound machine. | (A) true (B) false | B | A wedge is simple machine that consists of two inclined planes, giving it a thin end and thick end, as you can see in the Figure 1.1. A wedge is used to cut or split apart objects. Force is applied to the thick end of the wedge, and the wedge, in turn, applies force to the object along both of its sloping sides. This f... |
examples of wedges include | (A) chisels (B) knives (C) scissor blades (D) all of the above | D | A wedge is simple machine that consists of two inclined planes, giving it a thin end and thick end, as you can see in the Figure 1.1. A wedge is used to cut or split apart objects. Force is applied to the thick end of the wedge, and the wedge, in turn, applies force to the object along both of its sloping sides. This f... |
a wedge | (A) consists of two inclined planes (B) has two thin ends and a thick center (C) is used to hold objects together (D) none of the above | A | A wedge is simple machine that consists of two inclined planes, giving it a thin end and thick end, as you can see in the Figure 1.1. A wedge is used to cut or split apart objects. Force is applied to the thick end of the wedge, and the wedge, in turn, applies force to the object along both of its sloping sides. This f... |
the ratio of output force to input force for a wedge is always less than 1. | (A) true (B) false | B | The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is the factor by which it multiplies the force applied to the machine. It is the ratio of the output force to the input force. A wedge applies more force to the object (output force) than the user applies to the wedge (input force), so the mechanical advantage of a wedge is ... |
a longer thinner wedge has a greater mechanical advantage than a shorter thicker wedge. | (A) true (B) false | A | The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is the factor by which it multiplies the force applied to the machine. It is the ratio of the output force to the input force. A wedge applies more force to the object (output force) than the user applies to the wedge (input force), so the mechanical advantage of a wedge is ... |
a wedge with a greater mechanical advantage can do the same amount of work with less input force than a wedge with a lesser mechanical advantage. | (A) true (B) false | A | The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is the factor by which it multiplies the force applied to the machine. It is the ratio of the output force to the input force. A wedge applies more force to the object (output force) than the user applies to the wedge (input force), so the mechanical advantage of a wedge is ... |
examples of wheels and axles include | (A) Ferris wheels (B) doorknobs (C) steering wheels (D) all of the above | D | Did you ever ride on a Ferris wheel, like the one pictured in Figure 16.20? If you did, then you know how thrilling the ride can be. A Ferris wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. A wheel and axle is a simple machine that consists of two connected rings or cylinders, one inside the other, which both turn in the same... |
the input force may be applied either to the wheel or the axle of a wheel and axle. | (A) true (B) false | A | A wheel and axle is a simple machine that consists of two connected rings or cylinders, one inside the other. Both rings or cylinders turn in the same direction around a single center point. The inner ring or cylinder is called the axle, and the outer one is called the wheel. Besides the Ferris wheel, the doorknob in t... |
a wheel and axle changes the direction of the input force. | (A) true (B) false | B | A wheel and axle is a simple machine that consists of two connected rings or cylinders, one inside the other. Both rings or cylinders turn in the same direction around a single center point. The inner ring or cylinder is called the axle, and the outer one is called the wheel. Besides the Ferris wheel, the doorknob in t... |
which statement about a ferris wheel is true? | (A) The input force is applied to the axle (B) The input force is less than the output force (C) The output distance is shorter than the input distance (D) none of the above | A | Did you ever ride on a Ferris wheel, like the one pictured in Figure 16.20? If you did, then you know how thrilling the ride can be. A Ferris wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. A wheel and axle is a simple machine that consists of two connected rings or cylinders, one inside the other, which both turn in the same... |
which statement about a doorknob is false? | (A) The input force is applied to the wheel (B) The input force is greater than the output force (C) The mechanical advantage is greater than 1 (D) The input distance is longer than the output distance | B | Examples of machines that increase force are doorknobs and nutcrackers. Figure 16.8 explains how these machines work. In each case, the force applied by the user is less than the force applied by the machine, but the machine applies the force over a shorter distance. |
a wheel and axle may either increase or decrease the input force. | (A) true (B) false | A | A wheel and axle is a simple machine that consists of two connected rings or cylinders, one inside the other. Both rings or cylinders turn in the same direction around a single center point. The inner ring or cylinder is called the axle, and the outer one is called the wheel. Besides the Ferris wheel, the doorknob in t... |
the scientist who demonstrated in 1800 that earth is a magnet was | (A) Charles Darwin (B) William Gilbert (C) Isaac Newton (D) Marie Curie | B | In 1820, Oersted was presenting a demonstration to some science students. Ironically, he was trying to show them that electricity and magnetism are not related. He placed a wire with electric current flowing through it next to a compass, which has a magnetic needle. As he expected, the needle of the compass didnt move.... |
earths magnetic north pole is located at 90 degrees north latitude. | (A) true (B) false | B | Although a compass always points north, it doesnt point to Earths geographic north pole, which is located at 90 north latitude (see Figure 24.11). Instead, it points to Earths magnetic north pole, which is located at about 80 north latitude. Earths magnetic south pole is also located several degrees of latitude away fr... |
how do the lines of force move in earths magnetic field? | (A) from north to south magnetic poles (B) from south to north magnetic poles (C) in circles parallel to the equator (D) none of the above | A | Earth has a magnetic field (Figure 24.6). The magnetic field has north and south poles. The field extends several thousand kilometers into space. Earths magnetic field is created by the movements of molten metal in the outer core. Earths magnetic field shields us from harmful radiation from the Sun (Figure 24.7). If yo... |
what have scientists learned about why earth is a magnet? | (A) Earth’s magnetism is caused by the movement of charged particles (B) Earth’s magnetism is generated in molten metals in the core (C) Earth’s magnetism occurs because the planet is spinning on its axis (D) all of the above | D | The idea that Earth is a magnet is far from new. It was first proposed in 1600 by a British physician named William Gilbert. However, explaining why Earth acts like a magnet is a relatively recent discovery. It had to wait until the development of technologies such as seismographs, which detect and measure earthquake w... |
earth has a liquid inner core and solid outer core. | (A) true (B) false | B | The dense, iron core forms the center of the Earth. Scientists know that the core is metal from studying metallic meteorites and the Earths density. Seismic waves show that the outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid. Movement within Earths outer liquid iron core creates Earths magnetic field. These convect... |
any force that is used to move an object does work. | (A) true (B) false | B | Work is defined differently in physics than in everyday language. In physics, work means the use of force to move an object. The teen who is playing tennis in Figure 16.1 is using force to move her tennis racket, so she is doing work. The teen who is studying isnt moving anything, so she is not doing work. Not all forc... |
work is done when force is applied | (A) for a long enough period of time (B) in the opposite direction that the object moves (C) in the same direction that the object moves (D) two of the above | C | Work is defined differently in physics than in everyday language. In physics, work means the use of force to move an object. The teen who is playing tennis in Figure 16.1 is using force to move her tennis racket, so she is doing work. The teen who is studying isnt moving anything, so she is not doing work. Not all forc... |
the amount of work done depends on the | (A) amount of force applied (B) distance the object moves (C) speed with which the object moves (D) two of the above | D | Work is directly related to both the force applied to an object and the distance the object moves. It can be represented by the equation: Work = Force Distance This equation shows that the greater the force that is used to move an object or the farther the object is moved, the more work that is done. To see the effect... |
you do more work lifting an object if the object is | (A) heavier (B) bigger (C) harder (D) warmer | A | Work is directly related to both the force applied to an object and the distance the object moves. It can be represented by the equation: Work = Force Distance This equation shows that the greater the force that is used to move an object or the farther the object is moved, the more work that is done. To see the effect... |
you do more work playing basketball than you do studying for a test. | (A) true (B) false | A | Work is defined differently in physics than in everyday language. In physics, work means the use of force to move an object. The teens who are playing basketball in the picture above are using force to move their bodies and the basketball, so they are doing work. The teen who is studying isnt moving anything, so she is... |
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