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redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Absorption line systems in QSO spectra provide a unique window into the high-redshift universe. These systems have been detected
in the range 0 z 6 , corresponding to 90 \% of the age of the universe. As the absorption line strengths
depend primarily on the gas content, they are selected independent of ... | 8,784 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
This paper deals with the relationship between differential graded
algebras (dgas) and topological ring spectra. DGAs are considered
only up to quasi-isomorphism, and ring spectra only up to weak
equivalence---both types of equivalence will be denoted in what
follows. Every dga C gives rise to an Eilenber... | 18,414 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
During this paper, all standard results
unless otherwise explicitely stated are taken from .
Extensive use has been made of Maple V + APECS (by Ian Connell,
McGill University).
We will deal with elliptic curves defined over a field K by a
Weierstrass equation, that is
E: Y^2 + a_1XY + a_3Y = X^3 + a_2... | 14,316 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The problem of neutrino's mass and mixing is now clearly seen as a central issue in model building in particle physics. This happened thanks to the enormous effort of the experimentalists during decades, to determine some of the neutrino's properties. The results that came out from the experiments p... | 8,128 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Spin-polarized transport in magnetoelectronic structures has
recently attracted an intense interest largely due to their
important technological applications such as non-volatile magnetic
random access memories (MRAMs), read heads for mass data storage
and high sensitive magnetic sensors
. The main effect... | 7,668 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | ^-1
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redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The dressing of the charge carriers in high-T _c superconductors
(HTSCs) is still one of the most exciting topics in solid state
physics. The HTSCs are a paradigm for the transition of a
correlated system from an insulating to a metallic state. The
dressing of the charge carriers in HTSCs is likely caused ... | 11,724 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Concepts for building a detector large enough to study neutrinos from
astrophysical sources have evolved since the early days of
experimental neutrino physics nearly 50 years
ago . First successes occurred with the
observations of neutrinos from SN1987A
and of solar neutrinos .
Efforts to build a detect... | 12,524 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Appendix 11.15cm#1
tocsectionAppendix \ \ \ #1
#1D_#1^ L
AdS_5 S^5
light-cone
f
P
LL
x
v
1 4
=7pt
F
[1]Eq. ()
1 4
1 3 1 3
det
AdS_5 S^5\ AdS_5 S^5\
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=35pt
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=15.8cm
=23cm
=-25pt
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X
X
const
1 2 1 2
1 9 1... | 17,569 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction and Results
Inflation was introduced to solve several outstanding
problems of the standard Big Bang model and became an important
part of the standard cosmology. At the same time, it provides a natural
mechanism for the generation of scalar density fluctuations that
seed large scale structure, thus explai... | 15,471 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
In the current standard
cosmological model, two unknown components govern the dynamics of
the Universe: dark matter (DM), responsible for structure formation,
and dark energy (DE), that drives cosmic acceleration. Recently, an
alternative point of view has started to attract considerable
interest. Accord... | 2,782 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
A homotopy n -type is the homotopy type of a space X whose homotopy groups _sX of degree s n vanish. ``Space'' in our context means simplicial set or, more generally, (pre-)sheaf of simplicial sets on a small Grothendieck site C. A good way to describe homotopy theory is via Quillen model structures, see ... | 10,109 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Direct physical distance measurements are of paramount importance in
cosmology, since they provide us with a reliable distance
scale, and make it possible to confirm or rule out theoretical
cosmological models. Direct distance measurements are free from
the systematic errors inherent in the cosmic distan... | 4,425 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | INTRODUCTION
The CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment of
high energy physics is located in an underground cavern at the Large
Hadron Collider (LHC) currently under construction at CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland . The international collaboration tackling
the difficult task of constructing and running the complex detector
... | 1,944 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The paper is devoted to investigation of solutions of
self-gravitating cylindrically symmetric dust flow on circular
orbits along field lines of locally non-rotating observers in the
framework of General Relativity. The flow is non-rigid (differential) and non-expanding. It turns out the resulting
space-t... | 5,518 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
In 1980, Heckman identified a class of galactic nuclei whose optical
emission-line properties differ from those of classical active
galactic nuclei (AGN) and H2 regions. These objects have narrow
emission lines whose relative intensities are indicative of a
relatively low ionization state of the emitti... | 19,111 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
equation0
We are interested in excellent Morse functions f: S^2arrow , where the attribute excellent signifies that no two critical points lie on the same level set of f . Two such Morse functions f_0,f_1 are called geometrically equivalent if there exist orientation preserving diffeomorphisms R: S^2arro... | 1,834 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Close pairs of galaxies have provided an important empirical platform
for evaluating theories of galaxy and structure formation since the
early studies of . Within the modern,
hierarchical picture of cosmological structure formation, galaxy
mergers are expected to be relatively common
[e.g.][]Blumentha... | 14,139 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Density Functional Theory (DFT) is one of the most widely used approaches
for the calculation of material properties that are determined by the electronic ground state.
Since existing approximations for the in principle exact but in practice unknown exchange-correlation contribution are sometimes not suff... | 5,548 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
We report on measurements of branching fractions of neutral and charged B -meson decays to the ten double-charm
final states D^(*) 0.2em -0.2em D^(*) . For the four charged B decays to D^(*) 0.2em -0.2em D^(*) and for neutral
B decays to D^*^ , we also measure the direct
C\!P-violating time-integrated c... | 12,546 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The supersymmetric extension of the standard model (SM)
is the most promising candidate for new physics
beyond TeV scale. Among many attractive features, the
gauge coupling unification in the supersymmetric models
is remarkable.
However the fact that the Higgs boson besides any
superparticle has not bee... | 13,217 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The cosmic X--ray background (CXRB) is widely interpreted as the
integrated X-ray emission from many
discrete sources. Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are expected to contribute
the majority of the CXRB, and
since the late 1980s the leading `synthesis models' have invoked a combination
of absorbed and unab... | 10,422 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
There has been substantial recent progress in the development of
methods which determine the star formation and chemical composition
histories of galaxies from the integrated spectra of their stellar
populations.
The traditional approach has been to determine the instantaneous star
formation rate or ... | 2,609 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The non-ideal Bose gas with delta-potential interactions is a
system of n one-dimensional bosonic particles characterized by a
Hamiltonian given by the formal Schr\"odinger operator
Here x_1, ,x_n represent the position variables,
:=
_x_1^2+ +_x_n^2 ,
refers to the delta distribution, and g denotes a c... | 12,605 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The dynamics and thermodynamics of systems with long-range
interactions is a topic of active research . Examples
include self-gravitating systems, two-dimensional vortices, neutral
and non-neutral plasmas, chemotaxis of bacterial populations, just to
mention a few. In addition to these physical systems, a... | 13,736 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Within the Standard Model (SM),
CP violation arises due to a single phase
in the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix .
Precise measurements of CKM matrix parameters therefore
constrain the SM, and may reveal new sources of CP violation.
Measurements of the time-dependent decay rates of
... | 11,762 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The study of connections in vector resp. principal fiber bundles over
manifolds has been a broad field of research in many contexts over decades. In
particular, one is interested in properties of connections respecting various
types of geometries.
In Riemannian geometry, we have the classical result that... | 5,128 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Intermediate or strong electron-phonon (EP) interaction gives rise to the
existence of polaronic carriers in a number of interesting materials (see,
, ). As a
consequence, models for such quasiparticles, , the Holstein model
considered here, have been investigated intensively in the past
decades in order... | 7,561 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Since the breakthrough of the methods for cooling and trapping atoms twenty years ago, a renewal of interest occurred for photoassociation (PA) experiments, in which a pair of colliding cold atoms is promoted into an excited molecular bound state by absorption of laser light. Research in this domain provi... | 10,242 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Superheavy Dark Matter (SHDM) is an interesting aspect of modern
particle physics and cosmology. Being first suggested as
explanation
for the observation of cosmic rays with energy above the so-called
Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff, it has been
later developed into the study of a new form of dar... | 5,137 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
In the RS2 model a significant
role is played by the Z_2 orbifold:
The wavefunctions of gravitational perturbation
that are antisymmetric across the brane are
projected out. On the other hand, one could consider more general geometries
in which the AdS curvatures on either side of the brane are differ... | 6,669 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
A wavelet is a special case of a
vector
in a separable Hilbert space that generates a basis under the
action of a collection, or "system", of unitary operators defined in terms of
translation and dilation operations. This approach to wavelet theory goes
back, in particular, to earlier work of Goodman... | 17,550 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
As predicted by General Relativity, photons passing near a black
hole suffer deviations from their original trajectory. If the
minimum distance between photon and black hole is much larger than
the gravitational radius, a weak field approximation of the metric
tensor is sufficient to describe the light de... | 14,390 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Short Introduction
In this work we bring together tools and ideology from two different
fields, Symplectic Geometry and Asymptotic Geometric Analysis, to
arrive at some new results. Our main result is a
dimension-independent bound for the symplectic capacity of a convex
body by its volume radius. This type of inequali... | 5,925 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Motivation
Because a non-linear sigma model (NL M) describes degrees of freedom whose properties
are defined entirely by spontaneous symmetry breaking, NL Ms
are ideal for understanding the low energy physics of
QCD and technicolor, where strong dynamics obstructs calculability
and only the symmetries are known a prio... | 8,445 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The raise and peel model (RPM) of a fluctuating one-dimensional
interface was introduced in Ref. . In this model, the
evolution of the interface (described in terms of RSOS paths), in the
presence of a rarefied gas of tiles (tilted squares or particles),
follows Markovian dynamics. When a tile hits a sit... | 9,944 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Compact steep-spectrum (CSS) and giga-hertz peaked spectrum (GPS) sources
constitute a large fraction of the powerful (log P_1.425 \, )
radio source population.
Morphologically, they are compact and often only partially resolved on
milliarcsecond scales,
with projected
linear sizes of less than 1 and 20... | 10,211 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Stellar evolutionary tracks and isochrones calculate physical radius,
luminosity, and effective temperature. In order to compare with
observable quantities, almost always magnitudes and colors, a
transformation is essential. The need for such transformations is also
felt when integrated light models (popu... | 7,593 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments---
We thank Prof. F.R. de Boer for critical reading of the manuscript. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. | 52 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Acknowledgements
We are grateful to J. Heitger and R. Sommer for their participation in
the early stages of this work. We thank D. Be\'cirevi\'c, M. Della
Morte, F. Mescia and especially J. Reyes for useful
discussions. F.P. acknowledges the Alexander-von-Humboldt Stiftung for
financial support. Hospitality offered by... | 14,896 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Let M be a triangulated 3 -manifold with n vertices and face vector f=(n,f_1,f_2,f_3) .
By Euler's equation, n - f_1 + f_2 - f_3 = 0 , and by double counting
the edges of the ridge-facet incidence graph, 2 f_2 = 4 f_3 ,
it follows that
A complete characterization of the f -vectors of
the 3 -sphere S^3 ,... | 4,471 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Let R be a commutative Noetherian domain with fraction field K . The absolute integral closure
of R , denoted R^+ , is the integral closure of R in a fixed algebraic closure K of K .
This ring was studied by Artin in where among other results he proved that
in the case R is Henselian and local, the sum o... | 4,744 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The last few years have seen a number of discoveries of new satellite
companions to the Milky Way. systematically
surveyed 5800 square degrees of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
(SDSS; York et al. 2000) and identified two strong candidates. The
first, now called Willman 1, is an unusually extended object wit... | 3,142 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
In this paper we prepare a framework of stochastic calculus via
regularization in order to apply it to the proof of verification theorems in
stochastic optimal control in finite dimension. The application part will be
implemented in the companion paper .
This paper has an interest in itself and its most ... | 10,575 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Let be an orientable surface of finite type, i.e. a surface of
genus g with p marked points, usually referred to as punctures.
The mapping class group of consists of orientation preserving
diffeomorphisms which preserve the punctures, modulo those isotopic to
the identity. Thurston showed that all element... | 23,754 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The identification of dromions which are exponentially decaying solutions in the
Davey-Stewartson I
and other equations [1-6] has triggered a renewed interest in the study of
integrable models in (2+1) dimensions. Dromions arise essentially by virtue of
coupling the field variable to a mean field/potentia... | 7,681 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The Sznajd model is one of several recent consensus-finding
models , in which each randomly selected pair
of nearest neighbors convinces all its neighbors of the pair opinion,
only if the pair shares the same opinion: ``United we stand, divided
we fall''. One find that starting with a random initial d... | 3,137 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
With the discovery of higher-dimensional supergravities, string theory
and M-theory, it has been appreciated that higher-dimensional solutions
of the Einstein and supergravity equations have an important r\^ole to
play. With this realisation, it becomes of considerable interest to
carry out investigation... | 12,351 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Sitting- and hanging-drop vapor diffusion methods are among the
most popular techniques for protein crystallization (Hampton
Research Co., 2003; McPherson, 1999). In the sitting drop
technique, protein crystals can sediment onto the glass or plastic
surface supporting the drop, frequently adhering so stro... | 4,244 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Recent study of Heegaard splittings indicates that generically, Heegaard splittings of Haken manifolds are amalgamations along incompressible surfaces; that is, they can be decomposed into Heegaard splittings of the manifolds obtained by cutting along those surfaces (see e.g. for the genus 1 case, and , ,... | 8,260 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Ion channels are water filled holes which facilitate exchange
of electrolyte between the exterior and interior of a cell.
Pores are formed by specific proteins embedded
into the phospholipid membrane .
Depending on the conformation of the
protein, the pore can be open or closed. When open,
the protein... | 3,783 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Acknowledgements
G. H. thanks Prof. L. You for useful discussions and the financial
support by NIST. This work was supported in part NSF-China under
Grant Nos. 90403008 and 10434060, and by the grants from Hong Kong
Research Grants Council (RGC). | 63 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
This letter deals with the phenomenology of the SM electroweak interactions
at high energy scales.
The high energy region has an enormous potential for particle discovery. A
large set of new
signatures is expected in this kinematical domain at the upcoming and future
colliders. Of course, the signals... | 5,954 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
When studying the Hall effect in ferromagnets, an anomalous
contribution was found giving rise to a non-zero Hall effect even
in the absence of an externally applied magnetic field. Spin-orbit
coupling was invoked to explain this effect, as it gives rise to
two scattering mechanisms (skew scattering
and ... | 5,266 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The formation of solute-rich precipitates in a super-saturated solid
solution is a process of great technological importance because
it gives raise to precipitation hardening in a wide class of alloys.
Among the precipitation hardened Al alloys, the Al-Mg-Si (6xxx)
alloys belong to the most studied wit... | 7,009 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
In the recent searches of proton decay and in the studies of neutrino
oscillations, water Cherenkov detectors are used, such as .
Since in such detectors, proton decays or neutrino interactions happen
mostly in ^16 O, it is important to study the effect of the nuclear
de-excitation process on the Cheren... | 5,360 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Introduction
In the past few years, there has been a tremendous increase
in the number of studies of lattice dynamical systems, especially in the
context of differential-difference equations, where the
evolution variable is continuum and the spatial dependence
is inherently or effectively posed on a ... | 5,986 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Antiferromagnetically interacting spin systems with a low dimensional structure often show a ground state
unexpected from a classical picture.
This is due to a quantum spin fluctuation, which destabilizes the N e el state
and tends to bring the system to the non-magnetic state such as the Haldane state ... | 4,320 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
There are two main messages of this brief review. First, regarding
the physics of decoherence, we will argue that decoherence processes
depend strongly on the type of system (single particle vs. many particles)
and the type of noise (classical vs. quantum). Electronic interference
experiments at low tempe... | 4,417 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
In ,'t Hooft presented a simple derivation of
the entropy of a closed spacelike surface, e.g.,
the surface of a sphere with total surface area A
and volume V , which contains (bosonic) quantum fields.
Considering all possible field configurations inside this
surface, one may ask how many mutually orthog... | 3,166 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
In the last several years, graph theory has experienced a burst of activity as
many real systems can be represented and modeled as networks
. A network is made up of vertices
representing the interacting elements of the system and of edges that stand
for the interactions among them. Network modeling compr... | 5,294 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Jets are produced by the hard scattering of two partons. Two scattered partons
propagate nearly back-to-back in azimuth from the collision point and
fragment into jet-like spray of final state particles (The schematic view
is in Figure 1). These particles have a transverse momentum j_T
with respect to t... | 1,087 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | FIGURES AND FIGURE CAPTIONS
We show that the occurrence time of the impending strong EQ activity can be estimated by following the procedure described in Refs.. (We clarify that, during the last decade, preseismic information based on SES activities is published only when the magnitude of the strongest EQ of the impen... | 1,983 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Within the current cosmological paradigm, galaxies form in a hierarchical
fashion. Small systems collapse first, and larger systems build up through
accretion both of diffuse material and of pre-existing objects. The variety
of physical processes involved in this assembly, their complex nonlinear
interpla... | 14,286 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Slowly pulsating B (SPB) stars (Waelkens 1991) show great promise for
asteroseismology. Their g-mode pulsations should be sensitive probes of
their deep stellar interiors, since g-mode amplitudes remain large right
into the core (unlike p-modes whose amplitudes are significant only in
the outer layers). B... | 3,718 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Our recent discovery of superconductivity in C _6 Yb and C _6 Ca at temperatures of 6.5K and 11.5K respectively has generated renewed interest in the study of superconductivity in graphite intercalation compounds. Pure graphite is not superconducting down to the lowest temperatures measured, but it has lo... | 2,488 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | #1
-0.8in
10.2in
7.6in
-0.6in
-0.6in
S_1
S_fin
U_fin
Split
G_1 G_fin
http://www.cs.biu.ac.il/\ tsaban
Kurt G\"odel Research Center for Mathematical Logic, W\"ahringer Str.\ 25, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
Combinatorial images of sets of reals and semifilter trichotomy
Using a diction... | 5,900 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | The main questions in Cosmic Ray Research
There are some fundamental questions in Cosmic Ray Research that still need to be answered:
Where do the particles come from?
How and where do they get accelerated?
How do they propagate through the interstellar medium and what kind of interactions do they encounter?
W... | 1,538 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Acknowledgements
tocchapterAcknowledgements
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Several persons are acknowledged for the support they have given
me in the last four years.
First I would like to acknowledge my supervisor Piet Mulders.
Piet, in het begin vond ik
het moeilijk om m'n eigen weg te zoeken, maar achteraf ben i... | 57,547 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The unusual low-energy ( E_ 4 MeV) enhancement of the
-strength function has been found recently -- first for ^56 Fe and
^57 Fe nuclei and then for the set of molybdenum isotopes
. The (^3 He, ) and (^3 He, ^3 He ^)
reactions and sequential extraction procedure developed at the Oslo Cyclotron
Laborator... | 5,064 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Zero-energy scattering between two particles can be characterized by
one number: the scattering length a_2 . The zero-energy
cross-section for scattering of two non-relativistic
quantum-mechanical particles is:
This formula governs the cross section at center-of-mass momenta k
which are significantly sm... | 10,931 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
There are two central questions concerning the quantum physics of
black holes. First, why do classical black holes apparently have a
finite entropy equal to a quarter of the horizon area? Second,
does information escape from an evaporating black hole, and if so,
how? One might suppose that the answers to ... | 3,575 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Astrophysics of Massive stars: Introduction
Main characteristics
A star is considered ``massive" if it can ignite carbon burning in its core during the late stages of its evolution. Such stars are the progenitors of black holes and neutron stars and have masses larger than 10M _ . Since they go further into nucleosyn... | 13,660 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The six nearby high spin-down luminosity pulsars known at
-ray energies provide a laboratory for the study
of high energy processes under extreme conditions .
The extremely strong gravitational and magnetic fields close
to pulsars make the modelling of such objects rather complex.
Indeed, the accelerat... | 4,684 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | INTRODUCTION
The motion of interplanetary dust particles contains important information about their origin, distribution, and orbital evolution. At optical wavelengths, dust with radii \ 10-100 m that lie within 3 AU of the Sun scatters the incident solar radiation to produce zodiacal light, and the relative motion of... | 2,566 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Let R be the set of integers n 1 satisfying (n)<e^n n . This
inequality
we will call Robin's inequality. Note that it can be rewritten as
_d|n1 d<e^ n.
Ramanujan (in his original version
of his paper on highly composite integers, only part
of which, due to paper shortage, was published, for
the short... | 7,239 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Let M be a symplectic manifold with symplectic form and for f,g C^M let [f,g] denote the induced Poisson brackets of f and g. Assume that is a nonnegative polarization on M with real directions (see Woodhouse, pages 184-186). Let Q=M/ and let H_ denote the Hilbert space of -wave functions s =s where s is ... | 10,591 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Nucleosynthesis of elements benefited from the dispute between George Gamow
and Fred Hoyle in explaining how the known chemical elements were formed
. Since then, our knowledge in primordial and stellar
nucleosynthesis has greatly improved. [][ B ^2 FH]b2fh have based
their work on solar abundances, and ... | 10,433 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
On a complex analytic manifold, intersection complexes associated
with irreducible local systems on a dense open regular subset of a
closed analytic subspace are the simple pieces which form any
perverse sheaf. The Riemann-Hilbert correspondence allows us to
consider the regular holonomic D-modules which ... | 9,517 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Four decades after the experimental discovery of CP violation, the
origin of CP breaking remains one of the fundamental open questions
in particle physics. There are two basic scenarios for CP violation
in the framework of gauge theories, namely explicit CP breaking at
the Lagrangian level and spontaneous... | 4,681 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | IC spectrum in relativistic shocks
We first discuss a general case in which a relativistic shock with bulk Lorentz
factor of occurs simultaneously with a soft photon source. We assume
that the luminosity of this photon source is L_0 and its radius is much
smaller than the shock radius R . We now consider IC scattering... | 3,339 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The work to be described here is an effort to simulate the excitation of pure vibrational modes in a single molecule, then follow their evolution in time, or relaxation paths, with a view to estimating coupling strengths between modes and determining bottlenecks in the way to the ``final" molecular vibrat... | 9,167 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | I. Introduction
Granular media often appear to behave like ordinary fluids. One can
pour sand into a bucket or use it in hour glasses. This paper
investigates how a freely falling granular jet emanating from an
aperture becomes inhomogeneous and starts to form droplets (Fig.
) similar to an ordinary fluid column break... | 6,992 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | section1
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equationsection
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... | 18,730 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
For an accurate measurement of the cross section
of an e^+e^- annihilation
process, the precise knowledge of the collider
luminosity is required.
The luminosity depends on three factors:
beam-beam crossing
frequency, beam currents and the beam overlap area in the
crossing region. However, the last quanti... | 6,348 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Inflation is a theory that predicts the universe has undergone a
period of exponential expansion sometime in the early epoch of its
history
.
The success of inflation is due to the fact that it solves a number of
problems in cosmology, such as flatness and horizon. Even more
importantly, it can explain th... | 5,047 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Neutrinos are the bridge between astrophysics, cosmology, particle
physics and nuclear physics . In
recent years, there has been increasing experimental evidence that
confirm that neutrinos are massive and oscillate between
different flavors
providing the first indisputable hint of new physics beyond
the ... | 14,512 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The relation between the B_s lifetime difference and the sum of
B_s D_s^(*)+ D_s^(*)- branching fractions
has been discussed in several theoretical papers .
The B_s lifetime difference
between the short-living and long-living components, _s ,
originates from the ^CP_s difference
in the CP eigenstate d... | 2,960 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The knowledge of the star formation history of early-type galaxies is a key
test of our understanding of the galaxy formation processes. The classic
vision of elliptical galaxies as old objects forming their stars at high
redshift in a single episode has come into question by several studies of
stellar po... | 11,001 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
equation0
.equation
In many practical situations one observes a process X at finitely
many times, and from these observations one wants to infer various properties
of the process. For example, in finance the price of an
asset is observed at discrete times and one aims to determine the
volatility or the i... | 27,205 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The Teichm\"uller space T(S) of a Riemann surface S consists
of all marked complex structures on S . A marked complex
structure on S is a homotopy class of quasiconformal maps from
S to an arbitrary Riemann surface up to post composition by a
conformal map. The homotopy class [id] of the identity map
id... | 13,425 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The highly degenerate antiferromagnetic ground state of the pyrochlore lattice has received considerable attention.
It is interesting how the degeneracy is lifted to satisfy the Nernst-Planck theorem.
Reduction of the degeneracy due to lattice distortion through the distance dependence of exchange param... | 2,847 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Long baseline interferometric gravitational wave detectors are either
already taking sensitive data (LIGO , GEO\,600 and TAMA
) or will be ready to do so in the near future (Virgo ).
The most promising candidates for these detectors are coalescing binaries
consisting of compact objects such as neutron st... | 14,842 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Grannan and Swindle (1991) introduced a collection of interacting
particle systems to model catalytic surfaces. In these models n
types of gases represented by states \1,2,...,n\ fall on sites of
the integer lattice Z^d . A vacant site is represented by state
0 . Molecules of gas i fall upon vacant sites... | 6,636 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Motivation and Previous Work
A deep understanding of the turbulent flow field u(
x,t) remains a challenging problem. Extensions of the classical
theory of turbulence by Kolmogorov consider a
multiplicity of algebraic scaling exponents for moments of velocity
increments _ru in the inertial range of length... | 6,141 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
In the context of complex and structured fluids, 2D foam rheology gives rise to a revived
interest. In these materials, the subtle interplay between the elastic, plastic and viscous behaviors
induces complex
rheological properties.
The similarities between fluid foam, pastes, clays or slurries arise fro... | 4,693 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Recently, the system of interacting atomic gas at low dimensions has
attracted considerable interest as it supports a wealth of physics
. For ultracold atoms, low dimensions are
typically achieved by applying a transverse optical lattice
potential . With a one (or two) dimensional deep optical
lattice pot... | 4,804 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
Local dwarf galaxies serve as potential examples of young galaxies in
formation. Due in part to their typically low metal abundances, the
characteristics of the interstellar medium (ISM) differ markedly from those in
larger, more metal-rich systems. In cases where spatially and temporally
concentrated sta... | 9,623 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction and hypothesis
NGC 1291 is an S(R)SB(s)0/a galaxy widely studied due to its brightness
( B_T =9.39, de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991)devauc91, its large
angular size ( D_25 = 9.8 arcminutes), and its distance, between
6.9 and 14 Mpc. In the blue, the morphology is characterised by a
bright inner lens, a primar... | 4,106 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,006 | Introduction
The study of one-dimensional (1D) electronic systems has attracted
much interest due to its unique properties . In
1D, electron-electron (e-e) interaction cannot be neglected
anymore but changes the physical properties drastically unlike in
higher dimensional metals which are described successfully by the... | 11,650 | academic |
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