source stringclasses 1
value | date int32 2.01k 2.01k | text stringlengths 202 1.36M | token_count int32 46 394k | category stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Local invariants of a metric in Riemannian geometry are quantities
expressible in local coordinates in terms of the metric and its derivatives
and which have an invariance property under changes of coordinates.
It is a fundamental fact that such invariants may be written in terms of
the
curvature tenso... | 18,754 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | introduction
Throughout the paper, M will denote a closed orientable 3-manifold.
The Reshetikhin-Turaev-Witten SU(2) -invariants of M are
complex valued numbers (, ) parametrized by positive integers (levels).
Given a positive integer rN , let _r(M) denote the
SU(2) invariant of
M at level r . In the case that M is... | 4,471 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | The AMS-02 experiment
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), whose final version
AMS-02 is to be installed on the International Space Station (ISS) for at
least 3 years, is a detector designed to study the cosmic ray flux by
direct detection of particles above the Earth's atmosphere using
state-of-the-art particle ide... | 2,684 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In our recent paper we introduced a general algebraic geometrical framework underlying the structure of the
generalized Pauli group associated with a specific single d -dimensional qudit. The backbone of this framework is the bijection between sets of operators/matrices of the group and vectors over the m... | 6,145 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The preparation of the DCR has been started since LCWS2006 at Bangalore.
Four editors for the detector part, Ties Behnke, Chris Damerell, John Jaros and Akiya Miyamoto,
have worked together with authors of sub-sections to prepare the document.
The preliminary version has been open to the community after ... | 6,441 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
A popular formation scenario for early-type
galaxies is the collision and merger of two roughly
equal-mass galaxies with mass ratios between 1:1 and 4:1. This
famous major merger scenario has
been very successful in explaining observed properties of
ellipticals, like their kinematics, surface density prof... | 5,127 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Supersymmetry is one of the main subjects in the particle physics.
The supersymmetric gauge
theories exhibits a variety of complex non-perturbative phenomena
which have been vigorously investigated.
For example, there are many analytic studies about the
Seiberg-Witten theory and AdS/CFT
duality .
Such ... | 3,967 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In diffractive electron-proton scattering, the proton loses a small
fraction of its energy and either emerges from the scattering intact,
e p arrow e X p , or dissociates into a low-mass state N ,
e p arrow e X N . A large rapidity gap (LRG) separates the
hadronic system X with invariant mass M_X... | 6,167 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank B. Metsch for fruitful
discussions and for carefully reading the manuscript. Enlightening
discussions with S. Scopetta and D. Van Neck are gratefully
acknowledged. This work was supported by the Research Foundation -
Flanders (FWO). | 63 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | General Notion
The notion of superselection rule (henceforth
abbreviated SSR) was introduced in 1952 by Wick (1909-1992),
Wightman, and Wigner (1902-1995)
in connection with the problem of consistently assigning
intrinsic parity to elementary particles. They understood
an SSR as generally expressing ``restriction... | 5,644 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Several and remarkable progresses in the understanding of the
dynamical status of the universe, encourage us to believe that, after
roaming from paradigm to paradigm, we are finally converging towards a
well-founded, internally consistent standard model of the universe.
The picture emerging from independ... | 11,342 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In this talk I briefly review the status of calculations by the
RBC and UKQCD collaborations of the couplings of light vector
mesons to vector and tensor currents and of the low moments of the
light-cone distribution amplitudes of the pion and kaon. (A
detailed description will be presented in forthcoming... | 2,793 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Lattice QCD is by now a mature field which produces reliable quantitative
results from ab-initio calculations. With refined techniques the range of
quantities that can be computed on the lattice is increasing continuously.
Observables that recently have started to see a lot of attention in
the lattice ... | 3,086 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The exponential growth of the Internet and
the World-Wide-Web confronts us with the
information overload: we face too many data and data sources,
making us unable to find the relevant results. As a consequence
we need automated ways to deal with the data. Recently, a lot of
work has been done in this fiel... | 4,243 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Colloidal particles interacting with attractive potentials in a
fluid form gels above some critical volume fraction, _c ,
where _c is a function of the interaction strength, U . The
viscoelastic properties of the gels are determined by , U
and the topology of the network of particle contacts, characteriz... | 3,482 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Young star clusters, with typical masses of M_ cl=10^3-6 M_ , indicate recent or ongoing violent star formation, and are often triggered by mergers and close encounters between galaxies. Only a fraction of these young massive star clusters evolve into old globular clusters, while the majority ( 60-90\% ) ... | 1,005 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction and main results
Let A:U_1 V and
B:U_2 V be linear mappings of
vector spaces over an arbitrary field
F . Changing the bases of the
vector spaces, we may reduce the
matrices A and B of these mappings
by transformations
A canonical form of (A,B) for these
transformations is
where I_r denotes the r -by- ... | 3,631 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The theory of elliptic curves is quite rich, arising in both complex
analysis and number theory. In particular, they can be given a
group structure using the tangent-chord method or the divisor class
group of algebraic geometry .
This property makes them not only geometric but also algebraic
objects and a... | 16,310 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | INTRODUCTION
The discovery of strong inverse Compton components
in X and -ray emission from jets in active galactic
nuclei (hereafter AGN) for a wide range of spatial scales
(e.g., Collmar 2001 for review) enables us to probe
quantitatively the energetics of relativistic jets. The
kinetic power of non-thermal elect... | 10,098 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Recent papers devoted to the study of CMC surfaces in certain
homogeneous three-manifolds are based in the description of these ambient
spaces as Riemannian submersions over constant curvature model surfaces.
For instance,
this is the case of , , and
. In particular, in the authors obtained
CMC graphs... | 10,586 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Given a compact Lie group G and a G -space X , the equivariant K-theory of X , K_G^*(X) can be described geometrically in terms of equivariant vector bundles on X . If one tries to relax the condition of G being compact, one immediately runs into technical problems in the definition of equivariant K-theor... | 23,153 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction: Thermodynamic background
Depending on temperature T , equilibrium oxygen partial pressure p_O_2 and chemical environment different valencies are stable in the iron--oxygen system: +3 (hematite Fe _2 O _3 ; magnetite Fe _3 O _4 ), +2 (magnetite; wustite FeO), and 0 (metallic Fe). In principle it would be ... | 3,258 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Observation of thermal emission from neutron stars (NSs)
can provide not only information on
the physical properties such as the magnetic field, temperature, and chemical composition of
the regions where this radiation is produced but also information on the
properties of matter at higher densities de... | 16,908 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
One important phenomenon in quantum optics is the suppression of wave behavior for a quantum particle interacting with an environment. This subdued wave behavior is usually referred to as decoherence and is strongly emphasized by many physicists as being a major ingredient for the construction of a macros... | 11,828 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Derivatives and integrals of fractional order
have found many applications in recent studies in condensed matter physics.
The interest to fractional analysis has grown continually in the last years.
Fractional analysis has numerous applications: kinetic theories
,
statistical mechanics of fractal syst... | 4,898 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
More than fifty years ago, Yang and Lee showed the importance of understanding the analytic structure of the free energy in the theory of phase transitions. They proved that the thermodynamical equation of state is completely determined by the distribution of roots of the partition function (or, equivalen... | 9,812 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Measurements from the upgraded Collider Detector at the Fermilab Tevatron (CDF II) are becoming increasingly competitive with B -factories
results on \ decays into charged final states, and complementary to them in corresponding \ and baryon modes bhh_prl.
In addition, the reached sensitivity to flavor-c... | 2,590 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Damped Lyman alpha (DLA) systems are usually considered to be the
class of QSO absorber with the highest neutral hydrogen column
densities [ N (H \,i)\ 2 10^20 cm ^-2 ]. Nonetheless, the DLAs
are characterised by generally low metallicities and gas-phase
depletion fractions
[e.g.][]KhareP_04a,AkermanC_05a... | 4,673 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | #1
MaxMatrixCols30
In this paper we investigate the properties of series of vacua in the
string theory landscape. In particular, we study
minima to the flux potential in type IIB compactifications on
the mirror quintic. Using geometric transitions, we embed its
one-dimensional complex structure moduli space in th... | 15,870 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Without doubt the root of all graph coloring problems e.g., see for example
[13],[33] go to the famous four color map coloring problem of Guthrie [14]
and its solution that is becoming a theorem has a long and strange story
[1]-[3]. Also the lengthy and computer-aided proof(s) and verification of
its corr... | 13,585 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In , the authors established that Chebyshev polynomials of the
first and second kind admit remarkable integer coordinates on specific
basis. It turns out that this property can be extended to Jacobsthal
polynomials , Vieta polynomials , and Morgan-Voyce polynomials and Quasi-Morgan-Voyce polynomials , and... | 3,004 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Optical intensity interferometry (I.I.) offers some considerable advantages over
Michelson interferometry in terms of complexity, cost and wavelength coverage.
Therefore, whilst so far successfully realised for only
one astrophysical instrument (the Narrabri interferometry of Hanbury Brown et al.
), it ha... | 1,914 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
High transverse momentum jets produced in heavy-ion collisions
represent a valuable tool for studies of the properties of the hot
parton plasma produced in the central rapidity
region . This is due to the fact that jets couple
to the plasma causing the jet to broaden in momentum space and to lose
ene... | 3,843 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
equation0
The standard model (SM) is an extremely successful description of the
electroweak interactions. However, the instability of the weak scale under radiative
corrections leads us to believe that there should be physics beyond the SM at an energy
scale not far beyond the TeV. The origin of elect... | 9,460 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
We consider the following semi-linear wave equation:
where Y_loc, u is either Y_loc, u^2,2:=
H_loc,\,u^2(R^N) H_loc,\,u^1(R^N) or
Y_loc, u^2,:= (W_loc,\,u^2,
H_loc,\,u^2(R^N)) (L_loc,\,u^
H_loc,\,u^1(R^N)) , with
L_loc,\,u^2( R^N) =\
v^Narrow R;\;\| v\|
_L_loc,\,u^2:=_x_0 R^N_| x-x_0|
... | 6,274 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Observation of the shake effects brought about by the neck rupture
in fission is of great interest.
From mathematical view point, the rupture means break-down of the analyticity of the Hamiltonian
with respect to time. Thus, muon shake in muon-induced
prompt fission manifests itself in muonic conversion.... | 734 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
7mm
footnote0
equation0
Hawking radiation is a universal quantum effect which arises in the
background spacetime with event horizons .
The radiation is essentially originated from the causal structure of the
event horizon and the quantum behavior of fields around it.
Such universal behavior is emphasize... | 6,420 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Cross-over experiments are widely used for comparing the responses to
various different stimuli or treatments in areas ranging from psychology and
human factor engineering to medical and agricultural applications; see, for
example, the books by Jones and Kenward (2003), Ratkowsky, Evans and
Alldredge (199... | 10,571 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Recently , the idea that brane-world models
are a natural scenario for the
regular description of a change of the spacetime signature
has been advocated. One of the interesting, and intriguing,
properties of these signature-changing branes is that, even though the
change of signature may be conceived as... | 4,127 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In this paper we present some advances on the notion of free quantum group, introduced in . We first discuss in detail a result mentioned there, namely that the free complexification operation G G^c studied in produces free unitary quantum groups out of free orthogonal ones. Then we work out the injectivi... | 4,159 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In this work, we analyze the emission lines of an unusual quasar,
Ton\,34, which is alternatively named PG\,1017+280 or J1019+2745 with
redshift z_q =1.928 . It is severely deficient in ionizing photons,
since its Spectral Energy Distribution ( sed) shows a remarkable
steepening of the continuum in the... | 6,332 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Clifford algebra
For our result we will make use of the structure of
Clifford algebra ,
which has many beautiful geometrical properties of which we shall use a few.
For any integer n , the free real associative algebra generated by
_1,,_2n , subject to the anti-commutation
relations
is called Clifford algebra. We br... | 3,317 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In the most common treatments, quantum error correction (QEC) is developed for a very generic error model. An arbitrary error on a single qubit is correctable if both Pauli X and Z are correctable on that qubit; the continuum of quantum errors are thus reduced into a simple, discrete set. Using this appro... | 9,132 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
This is truly remarkable time to be involved in cosmology
research. There are many reasons for this, but none stand out quite
as dramatically as the observed cosmic acceleration (attributed in
current nomenclature to the ``dark energy''). In the words of
the Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) ``most experts be... | 5,486 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Let G be a compact Lie group acting on a connected manifold X and _P P X a principal torus bundle on X . We denote the group of homeomorphisms of X by Homeo (X) and identify the G -action on X with the homomorphism G Homeo (X) . We also denote the group of bundle isomorphisms of P onto itself by Isom (P) ... | 6,755 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The unconventional properties of the low-dimensional spin-1/2 compound TiOCl
have been a subject of intensive debate in recent
years .
This system shows two consecutive phase transitions at
T_c_2 = 91K and at T_c_1 = 60K from a magnetic
low-dimensional behavior to a spin-Peierls dimerized
state through... | 7,656 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Ever since the pioneer work by Sylvester and his school, there has been a quest to find bijective proofs of many interesting partition identities. Despite remarkable successes in the last century (see )
and some recent work of both positive and negative nature (see e.g. ), the problem remains ambiguous an... | 13,421 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
As the lowest mass charmonium resonance above the D D threshold,
the (3770) is expected to decay almost entirely into pure
D D pairs. However, there has been a ``long-standing puzzle'' that the
(3770) is not saturated by D D decays . Recently, CLEO
Collaboration measured the e^+e^-(3770) non- D D
cross... | 5,630 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Excitable media
denotes a class of systems that share a set of features
which make their dynamical behavior qualitatively similar. These features
include (i) the existence of two characteristic dynamical states, comprising
a stable resting state and a metastable excited state,
(ii) a threshold value ass... | 6,694 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Recall that a finitely generated group G is large
if it has a finite index
subgroup possessing a homomorphism onto a non-abelian free group.
This is a strong property and implies that
G contains a non-abelian free subgroup ,
G is SQ-universal (every
countable group is a subgroup of a quotient of G ),... | 16,614 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Much of knot theory is concerned with understanding knot invariants.
Of these one of the most natural and widely studied is bridge
number. However, in common with other natural knot invariants such
as unknotting number, calculating the bridge number of specific
knots can be difficult in practice. The goal... | 24,511 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
At low temperature, disordered systems may be trapped in long-lived
metastable states separated by large energy barriers that make
relaxation to thermal equilibrium unlikely on experimental time
scales. As a consequence, these systems, when driven by an external
force, display a jerky and hysteretic behav... | 12,108 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In ferromagnetic shape memory alloys
like Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloys
the high magnetocrystalline
anisotropy fixes the magnetization
along the easy magnetization axis of
martensite variants .
This ``one-to-one correspondence''
between magnetic domains and the martensite
variants allows to rearrange the cry... | 3,094 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The last two years have witnessed tremendous progress in simulations
of black hole binaries, starting with the first stable simulation of
orbiting and merging black holes ,
development of the moving puncture
method and rapid progress by other
groups . Since then, an
enormous amount of work has been done o... | 25,688 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Spin squeezing has attracted much attention for decades not only
because of fundamental physical interests
, but also for its
possible application in atomic clocks for reducing quantum noise
and quantum information
. Formally, the spin
squeezing is quantified via a parameter =(
J_ n)_/sqrt(j/2) , where (... | 4,085 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In recent years, a semi-classical method of modeling Hawking radiation as a
tunneling effect has been developed and has garnered a lot of interest -. \ The earliest work with black hole
tunnelling was done by Kraus and Wilczek , an
approach that was subsequently refined by various researchers . From this ... | 7,474 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The electronic transmission properties of DNA molecules are
believed to play a critical role in many physical phenomena taking
place in the living organisms
. For instance, it is believed
that charge transfer (CT) through DNA is inhibited at the damaged sites of the
sequence, owing to misalignements of ba... | 3,276 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction: the many components of collisional debris
The collisional debris addressed here refer to all the material that is expelled into the intergalactic medium during galaxy--galaxy interactions. This is the result of either the tidal forces that shape bridges and tails, of direct high-speed impacts at the orig... | 3,580 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The reflection problem
section:refl
Reflection of an incident shock from a solid wedge is a classical problem of gas dynamics. It has been studied extensively by
Ernst Mach and John von Neumann , as well as many other engineers and mathematicians.
Most commonly, reflection is studied in steady invisc... | 21,985 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
There are current experimental and theoretical activities to investigate
the decays of heavy-light hadrons. Study of their weak decays is of interest
for determining the CKM matrix of quark mixing, and there are theoretical and experimental
efforts to test and overconstrain the Standard Model and find s... | 2,516 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction and statement of the main result
This is a companion note to . We refer to and for unexplained notations and conventions.
Below we will compute the Kontsevich weight w_n
of the ``opposite'' wheel
m[][]
w[][] w
zn[][] z_n
z1[][] z_1
z2[][] z_2
with edge ordering (z_1,z_2)<<(z_n,z_1)<(w,z_1)<<(w... | 10,218 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Let G be a group, and let a be an element of the commutator
subgroup, which we always denote by [G,G] . The commutator
length of a , which we denote cl(a) , is defined to be the
minimum number of commutators whose product is equal to a . That
is,
cl(a) = n | a = [b_1,c_1] [b_n,c_n]
cl(a) is a subadditi... | 5,681 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Young stars, H II regions and OB
associations delineate the structure that gives its name to spiral galaxies
(Elmegreen 1981; Vall\'ee 2002, 2005). This implies a
correlation between the
spiral structure and
the process of star formation. The density wave theory attempts to explain the
large-scale stru... | 5,841 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
All graphs considered here are finite and simple. For a graph
G=(V,E) , let (G), (G) and d(G)=(2|E|)/(|V|)
denote its maximum degree, minimum degree and average degree,
respectively.
The density of G is
p=|E|/|V| 2 , clearly this is a number
between 0 and 1 . For U V , let G[U] denote the subgraph of... | 9,346 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are viable candidates for accounting for the dark matter (DM) in the Universe. While there are several experiments trying to directly detect or produce WIMPs, we will here focus on the indirect detection of WIMPs through the neutrino flux arising from WIMP anni... | 2,791 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The standard model (SM) describes the fundamental fermions and their
interactions via gauge bosons at a high level of accuracy, but it is
not considered to be a complete theory. Some aspects -- like the
number of fermion families and the hierarchy problem -- remain
unexplained. Many possible extension... | 3,220 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Modified gravity is considered as a very interesting alternative proposal
for dark energy. The attractive property of gravitational dark energy
(for a review, see ) is the fact that one should not
introduce some strange matter with negative pressure to describe the
late-time cosmic acceleration. The (sudd... | 5,073 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) have long been considered a curiosity in their own right , but are now recognised to be integral to galaxy formation and evolution.
At early cosmological epochs, gas-rich galaxies are thought to form and
collide in violent mergers , triggering vast bursts of star formation... | 8,643 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group over F_p , an
algebraic closure of the finite field with p elements where p is a prime.
Let q be a power of p and assume that G is defined over the finite
field F_q F_p , with corresponding Frobenius map
F G arrow G . Then it is an important problem to... | 7,685 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Energy current templates from vector fields
Our notation follows closely that of our . Recall that in the domain of outer
communications D the Schwarzschild metric can be written explicitly in a coordinate system
(t,r) :
g=-(1-2Mr) dt^2 + (1-2Mr)^-1 dr^2 + r^2 d_ S^2,
with coordinate range (,)(2M,) .
In what fol... | 3,719 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Weak S=1 decays of hadrons can be described in the framework of the
Standard Model by an effective Hamiltonian H_eff obtained by integrating
out the degrees of freedom associated with heavy quarks and gauge bosons
. It governs interesting aspects of kaon physics; in particular
the direct CP violation para... | 3,659 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Throughout this article, K is an abelian extension of the rationals, Br(K) denotes the Brauer group of K and
S(K) the Schur subgroup of K . Recall that a cyclotomic algebra over K is a crossed product (E/K,) ,
where E/K is a finite cyclotomic extension and is a factor set taking values in the group of ro... | 9,095 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
At the Tevatron collider, one of the main challenges is the search for the
Higgs boson and for supersymmetric particles. The high integrated luminosities
being collected by both the CDF and D0 experiments enable searches with
unprecedented sensitivity. At the beginning of 2007, both experiments have
reco... | 3,214 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In the absence of relaxation, experiments in coherent spectroscopy
and quantum information processing consist of a
sequence of unitary transformations on the quantum system of interest.
Pulse sequences that create a desired unitary transformation in the minimum
possible time are of particular interest ... | 5,804 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The Chalker-Coddington network model (C-C model) has been accepted
as one of the simplest models to explain and analyze
the quantum Hall effect .
In the C-C model, the equipotential lines of the long-ranged disordered potential
are regarded as the links of a network,
while the saddle points of these equip... | 1,486 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In the Standard Model (SM) the Higgs mass parameter receives quadratically divergent
radiative corrections from high scales, leading to a hierarchy problem. This suggests
the existence of new physics at or close to a TeV that cancels these radiative
corrections, thereby stabilizing the weak scale.
One... | 4,578 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The effects of a medium on radiation (e.g.,\ in an experiment on the
transmission and reflection of light in a dielectric medium) are determined exactly
by the susceptibility function (r,r',t,t',E) ,
which enters Maxwell's equations through the material equations
(also known as constitutive relations)... | 3,815 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The discovery of the SM Higgs boson is one of the most important goals
and pressing issues of present and future colliders. An important
prerequisite for identifying the most convenient signatures for
detecting Higgs boson needs a precise knowledge of the various
production cross-sections, decay branching... | 1,986 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
In this appendix we flesh out the details of two results stated in
the paper. The first is a refinement of Freman's theorem, a result which has an extensive literature (see, for
example, and ); familiarity with
and will be assumed, although it is not logically
necessary.
Suppose that A Z is a finite set ... | 5,443 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Let A be a finite-dimensional unital associative algebra over
C and M be an A -module. The module M is said to be
a Gelfand model for A if it is isomorphic to a multiplicity-free
direct sum of all simple A -modules. The present paper is inspired
by the results of , where beautiful combinatorial Gelfand
... | 5,860 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Slow light is believed to be a critical foundation not only for basic scientific research but also for applications in optical communication, optical memories, signal processing, and phase-array antenna systems .
Various systems have been demonstrated for slow lights, from electromagnetically induced tran... | 2,548 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
It is well known that many of the stars in the solar neighbourhood
exist in multiple systems. As the number of planetary surveys
increases, planets are regularly being found not only in single star
systems, but binaries and triples as well. For example, recently a hot
Jupiter has been claimed in the tripl... | 9,193 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction and Motivation
Our aim is to compute the static potential for the hybrid quark-antiquark-gluon system. In principle any Wilson loop with a geometry similar to the one in Fig. and describing correctly the quantum numbers of the hybrid is adequate, although the signal to noise ratio may depend in the choice... | 1,996 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Point pattern matching is a fundamental problem in pattern recognition, and has been modeled in several different forms, depending on the demands of the application domain in which it is required . A classic formulation which is realistic in many practical scenarios is that of near-isometric point pattern... | 5,925 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Cold dark matter (CDM) simulations (both with and without the
inclusion of baryonic physics) are a crucial tool and proving ground
for understanding the physics of the universe on nonlinear scales.
One of the most active aspects of research in this area concerns the
form of the dark matter density profile... | 12,635 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are consisted of a set of cheap and
usually battery-powered devices, called sensors. Sensor limited
power usually necessitates a compromise between lifetime and other
parameters such as the data rate or the quality of the received
signal in the sink. It is usually impract... | 7,122 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | INTRODUCTION
The formation of planetary systems in disks was anticipated as early as 1755 by Kant. Since that time, analytic and numerical work has demonstrated that disks should form during protostellar core collapse (e.g., Ulrich 1976; Cassen \& Moosman 1981; Durisen et al. 1989; Yorke et al. 1993; Pickett et al. 19... | 59,741 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Magnetic frustration have provided us with many intriguing topics
e.g. the phenomena of order-by-disorder, the residual entropy at
absolute zero temperature, disordered spin liquids, etc.
There are a variety of models which are known to exhibit the so-called
frustration effects.
Among them, the S=1/2 ... | 10,998 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Search engines are a popular way to retrieve
information in the web. However, the classical problem studied by the theory
of information retrieval, that of answering a query by returning the set of
documents that match the information provided by the user, is
complicated by the huge number of documents t... | 16,581 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The problem of surface water waves over an uneven bottom
is a classical problem of fluid mechanics, and it is relevant
to coastal engineering and ocean wave dynamics.
In this paper, we investigate how the presence of bottom topography
affects the equations describing the limit of solutions in the
lon... | 14,445 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Charged Higgs bosons ( H^ ) are predicted in several extensions of the Standard Model (SM). The simplest extension containing H^ can be obtained by adding a second Higgs doublet to the SM, described by the Two Higgs Doublet Model (THDM). This model is particularly attractive since it describes the minimal... | 3,088 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The Deep Impact mission (hereafter DI) to the Jupiter family comet
9P/Tempel 1 (hereafter 9P) was aimed at studying the cratering physics in
minor bodies in the solar system and the primordial material preserved
inside cometary nuclei. On July 4, 2005 the impactor of the DI
experiment produced a high-spee... | 11,052 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
A new class of neutron stars displaying bursting behavior in the radio
band (RRATs, aka Rotating RAdio Transients) was recently discovered
(McLaughlin et al. 2006). These sources are all in the disk of the
Milky Way and are characterized by dispersed radio bursts with flux
densities (at a wavelength of 20... | 4,399 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction.
In the early 1980-ies J. F. Colombeau , constructed algebras of generalised functions
con\-taining the vector space D' of distributions as a subspace and the space of C^ -functions as a
subalgebra. As associative and commutative differential algebras they combine a maximum of favourable differential
al... | 3,142 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Perhaps the most dramatic way in which Bose condensation in the alkali gases differs from its counterpart in ^4 He (or, for that matter, in conventional s -wave superconductors) is that the condensed particles have non-zero spin . Magnetic trapping results in a gas in which the spin state of the atoms can... | 4,630 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
A latin bitrade (T^,\, T^) is a pair of partial
latin squares which are disjoint, occupy the same set of non-empty
cells, and whose corresponding rows and columns contain the same set
of entries. One of the earliest studies of latin bitrades appeared
in , where they are referred to as exchangeable partia... | 6,584 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Gamma-ray binaries have been established in the past couple of years
as a new class of sources of very high energy (VHE, > 100 GeV)
photons. They are characterized by a large gamma-ray luminosity above
an MeV, at the level of or exceeding their X-ray luminosity. At
present, all three such systems known (L... | 9,443 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Twisted non-linear sigma models (NLSM) with N = (2,2)
supersymmetry have a rich and fascinating structure. One particularly
interesting facet is that a subset of their chiral operators form a ring,
which is a quantum-corrected version of the classical cohomology ring of
the target space .
Generically, NL... | 12,536 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
Great advances in mathematics have been made by repeated extensions of the
concept of number.
The real number system I\!\!R has a long and august history spanning a host of civilizations over
many centuries. It is the rock upon which many other mathematical systems are
constructed, and serves as a mod... | 8,541 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,007 | Introduction
The idea of string/gauge theory duality is far from being new (see , for intoduction to the subject). A particular incarnation of such a duality, namely the AdS/CFT correspondence, first stated in and then reformulated in and , proved to be very helpful in obtaining results in strongly coupled gauge theo... | 2,052 | academic |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.