source stringclasses 1
value | date int32 2.01k 2.01k | text stringlengths 201 1.56M | token_count int32 39 973k | category stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
RHIC and LHC heavy-ion colliders are the best facilities to study quark-gluon
plasma in the laboratory. Since two nuclei travel almost at speed of light,
the QCD matter formed at RHIC and LHC may be in non-equilibrium. In order
to make meaningful comparison of the theory with the experimental data on hadr... | 5,026 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The main purpose of this paper is to study the indifference pricing
framework in markets where the underlying traded assets are described by
general semimartingales which are not assumed to be locally bounded.
Following Hodges and Neuberger , we define the (seller)
indifference price (B) of a claim B as t... | 16,648 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction.
equation0
Consider the wave equation:
in R , where is a smooth bounded domain in R^n, \ x_0 R is the
time variable, g(x)=[g_jk(x)]_j,k=0^n,\ [g_jk(x)]_j,k=0^n= ([g^jk(x)]_j,k=0^n)^-1
is a pseudo-Riemanian metric with the Lorentz signature (1,-1,...,-1) .
We assume that g^jk(x) are independent of x_0 ... | 12,216 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The canonical ensemble enjoys a predominant position in Theoretical
Physics due to its many technical advantages (convex effective
potential on finite systems, easily derived Fluctuation-Dissipation
theorems, etc.). This somehow
arbitrary choice of ensemble is justified by the Ensemble Equivalence
propert... | 8,489 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Non-linear effects in electronic systems
are an interesting playground to look for novel
transport properties that cannot occur in equilibrium.
A famous example is the Franz-Keldysh effect in semiconductors,
where the band edge exhibits red-shifts
in static or AC electric fields.
This can be conside... | 2,235 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The Tully-Fisher Relation between a galaxy's luminosity and rotation velocity has been an important tool in establishing the extragalactic distance scale. It can also be used to set an absolute scale on mass. However, the relation between stellar mass and rotation velocity does not hold for all galaxies .... | 6,150 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
It is widely accepted that stars form from molecular gas in galaxies, and that the largest stars form in Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs). Such massive stars produce prodigious quantities of far-UV (FUV) radiation, that will react back on the parent GMCs producing photodissociation regions (PDRs) on the clou... | 5,129 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Abstract
tocchapterAbstract
In this thesis, I present an associative diagram algebra that is a faithful representation of a particular Temperley--Lieb algebra of type affine C , which has a basis indexed by the fully commutative elements of the Coxeter group of the same type. The Coxeter group of type affine C contai... | 48,858 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The hadron structure is believed to be described in terms of the fundamental theory of strong interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), whose equations are notoriously difficult to solve. A successful approach in high-energy scattering is based on light-front quantization where hadrons are described by ... | 13,051 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Acknowledgements
ACF thanks the Royal Society for support. This work is based on
observations made with XMM-Newton, an ESA science mission with
instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA member states and
the USA (NASA). AZ acknowledges the support of the Algerian Higher
Education Ministry and STFC. CSR, WNB... | 1,323 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Tensor network states
While the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) has proven to be a very useful numerical tool for the study of strongly correlated quantum many-body systems in one dimension, applications to higher dimensions have remained very limited so far because an exponential growth of t... | 5,961 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Since 1948, when Casimir introduced the energy that got his name , calculation formulas have been looked for. Many analytical and numerical methods have been proposed, such as the zeta function technique, the heat kernel method, semiclassical methods or Green function (local) methods just to mention a few... | 7,698 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | I. Introduction
Recently discovered superconducting (SC) iron pnictides
are at present in the focus of experimental and
theoretical investigations in the solid state community. Besides high
SC T_c the main motivation is the fact that a wide class of
materials opens yet another view on the interplay of magnetism and S... | 5,272 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The first denotational model for linear logic was the category of
coherent spaces (). In this model, formulas are interpreted by
graphs; and proofs by cliques (complete subgraphs). This forms a special
case of domain Scott.
From a conceptual point of view, the construction of interfaces is a little
diffe... | 7,667 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
It is now well known, that even the best model is not sufficient to make a good forecast. Any model depends on a number of parameters, requires initial and boundary conditions and other data that must be collected and used in the model. However, interpolating or smoothing observed data is not the best way... | 19,292 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Spiral galaxies have large-scale mean magnetic fields. It is widely accepted that the magnetic fields
are amplified and maintained by the dynamo mechanism (e.g, Parker 1971). Mathewson and Ford (1970) showed
by observations of optical polarization due to dust grains that the magnetic fields are nearly par... | 6,531 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Finding new solutions of the theory of general relativity by using solution generating techniques is
a subject of long standing interest. One of the main approaches consists in the
use of hidden symmetries (dualities) arising in dimensionally reduced theories.
This technique was initially used in four-... | 20,516 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
To the leading order, the low-energy dynamics of a stack of N parallel
D-branes is described by the super Yang-Mills action with
U( N ) gauge symmetry and the couplings to the bulk fields.
In string theory, D-branes carry R-R charges
and couple to R-R fields.
The form of interaction is given by
Wess-Zumin... | 5,839 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
With its sharp view, the Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed
a large population of X-ray point sources along the line of sight
towards the central 40 pc of our Galaxy . The majority
of these are faint ( L_X10^31-34 ergs s ^-1 ) and have
intrinsically hard X-ray spectra. Comparison with the X-ray proper... | 14,317 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The present work is a continuation of a systematic series of studies
on the
electromagnetic structure of the nucleon, following experimental work
on Compton scattering and a comprehensive review on this topic
. These recent investigations have shown
that a systematic study of all partial resonant and ... | 9,853 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The use of the web paradigm is becoming an emerging strategy
for application software companies . It allows the
design of pervasive applications which can be potentially used by
thousands of customers from simple web clients. Moreover, the
existence of new technologies for the improvement of web features... | 5,773 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The theory of almost split sequences first entered the world of quotient singularities through the work of Auslander . Rather than interpreting the McKay correspondence for finite subgroups of SL(2,) in terms of representations of G , he instead viewed the representations as CM modules and showed that the... | 7,393 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
NGC\,7538\,IRS\,1 was first detected in the radio at 5 GHz by
, who found three compact radio sources at the SE edge
of the large ( 4'') H2 region NGC\,7538, which is
at a distance 2.65 kpc . The brightest of the three,
source B, has later become known as IRS\,1 . The
far-infrared luminosity of the three ... | 3,729 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Universality --- independence of the quantifiers of the geometry of orbits and bifurcation cascades in families of maps of the choice of a particular family --- has been abundantly observed in area-preserving maps, both as the period-doubling universality and as the universality associated with the break-... | 17,387 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
There exists strong evidence that a large fraction of the Universe is dark and non-baryonic .
Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), with masses lying from the GeV to the TeV scale, are the leading cold Dark Matter (DM) candidates.
The direct detection of WIMPs could not only directly confirm the e... | 8,770 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The theme of PT quantum mechanics is that it is possible to extend the
Hamiltonian for a quantum system into the complex domain while retaining the
fundamental properties of a quantum theory . Complex quantum
mechanics has proved to be so interesting that the research activity on PT
quantum mechanics has... | 1,895 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
High order harmonic generation (HHG) is a nonlinear atomic
process which can be described using a simple classical
picture . Driven by a strong
electromagnetic (EM) field, the atomic electron emerges into
the continuum with zero velocity at some particular moment
of time. At a later time, the classical el... | 6,646 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The interaction of electrical currents with magnetic spin texture in conducting ferromagnets is presently a subject of active research. Topics of interest include current-driven magnetic dynamics of solitons such as domain walls and magnetic vortices, as well as the reciprocal process of voltage generatio... | 7,474 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
In their seminal papers , Dubrovin, Novikov, and Tsarev pointed out a deep relation between the integrability properties of systems of PDEs of hydrodynamic type
(sum over repeated indices is understood) and geometrical---in particular,
Riemannian---structures on the target manifold M , where (u^1,,u^n) p... | 7,849 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | INTRODUCTION
In the vicinity of the globular cluster M3, AR Boo (GSC 1999-0011; V = + 12.76, B -- V = + 0.89) was announced
by Kurochkin (1960) to be an eclipsing binary with an asserted period of 0.416718 d. Houck \& Pollock (1986)
obtained a photographic light curve and determined a new period of 0.3447 d. Kurochk... | 7,140 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
In a series of papers Gerard 't Hooft
has put forward the conjecture that the origin
of the quantum mechanical nature of our world is in the
dissipation of information which should occur at very high energies (Planck scale) in a
regime of deterministic dynamics.
The basic observation of 't Hooft is that ... | 9,703 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Min--max surfaces
In Tobias H. Colding and the second author
started a survey on
constructing closed embedded minimal surfaces in a closed
3 -dimensional manifold
via min--max arguments, including results
of F. Smith, L. Simon, J. Pitts and H. Rubinstein. This paper
completes the survey by giving ge... | 25,712 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | #1
equation0
proof
proofof[1]
HW[1] #1.
$
itm
oride[1]
Hypo[1]
_indsection.equation
_indsection
=cmr10 at 9pt =cmti10 at 9pt
=cmsl10 at 9pt
On Quadratic g -Evaluations/Expectations and Related Analysis
Jin Ma, Song
Yao
Abstract
In this paper we extend the notion of g -evaluation, in part... | 19,068 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The general theory of relativity (GR) radically changed the way we understand space and time. In addition to unifying space and time, Einstein realized that one of the biggest implications of his theory is that space and time are real only insofar as they are relations between physical entities (particles... | 3,626 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | A Plenitude of Axions
The QCD Axion
The Standard Model QCD action can be appended by the CP-violating topological interaction
This term is a total derivative and does not contribute to the classical field equations. However, it affects physics at the quantum level due to the existence of topologically non-trivial f... | 20,577 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Transit surveys of extrasolar planets have vastly improved our understanding of planetary systems in recent years, with
a rapid increase in the number of new discoveries. Transiting systems are particularly important,
because, when coupled with radial velocity measurements, they allow the measurement of ... | 6,701 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
X-ray observations of the intracluster medium (ICM) of relaxed galaxy clusters show a centrally peaked surface brightness distribution. The observed temperatures and densities are high enough that the plasma can have a cooling time much less than 500 Myr . The standard isobaric cooling flow model predicts... | 12,013 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of the Galactic center indicate
the presence of over 100 young massive stars in the inner parsec of
the Milky Way. These belong to two distinct populations: (1) Outside
the central arcsecond, a group of roughly 40 stars, mostly O and
Wolf-Rayet stars with an estimate... | 7,253 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction and Results
Dyson's Brownian motion model of GUE (Gaussian unitary ensemble)
is a stochastic process of positions of m particles,
X(t) = (X_1(t),,X_m(t)) described by the stochastic
differential equation,
where B_i,1 i m are independent one dimensional Brownian
motions. The process satisfies X_1(t)<... | 3,797 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The last two decades have witnessed a surge of interest in the exploration of
the properties of certain groups relevant for physics in terms of finite
geometries. The main outcome of this initiative was a discovery of a large
family of groups -- Dirac and Pauli groups -- where commutativity of two
distinc... | 5,673 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | #1
equation0
[2] M( #1 #2 )
dd
1-3.8pt11-3.8pt1
#1^ #1
#1^ #1
#1_ #1
#1_ #1
#1 #1
(
)
g
W_3
b
a
h_1^0
h_2^0
q
G
l
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
#1 #1
#1 #1
.15ex
[
*
-.4ex .4ex <
-.4ex .4ex > ... | 6,931 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction and main results
sec:main-results
In this paper, we study the question of existence of leafwise
intersections for coisotropic submanifolds -- one of the
generalizations of the well-known Lagrangian intersection property to
coisotropic submanifolds. More specifically, we establish the
existence of leafwis... | 7,571 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | section1-3.5ex plus -1ex minus
-.2ex2.3ex plus .2ex
subsection2-3.25ex plus -1ex
minus -.2ex1.5ex plus .2ex
#1#1 * 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8\ or 9 10 11
Reverse nearest neighbor queries in fixed dimension
O.C. and J.Y. were supported by Mid-career Researcher
Program through NRF grant funded by the MEST
(No. R01-2008-000-11... | 5,003 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Most O-type stars are found to be part of open clusters, where they are believed to be formed. However, some stars are characterized by large peculiar space velocities and seem to have been ejected from their birth place. Such objects -- the so-called runaway stars -- are important in the sense that they ... | 5,969 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introducton
In order to make the exposition self-contained, in this
introduction we remind the main definitions and
results from .
Let K be a commutative ring with unit 1 . Denote by U(K) the
group of units of K . Given a positive integer d , let W
S_d be a permutation group, and let be a linear K -valued
character o... | 13,651 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
According to the recent cosmological observations, inflation
has become the
paradigm for early cosmology and appears to be the most
successful cosmological model giving the primordial large scale
structure of the Universe.
Considering typical slow-roll inflation, there are at least two
scenarios for the... | 7,665 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Let X be a Fano manifold, i.e. a smooth complex projective variety whose
anticanonical bundle -K_X is ample. The index of a Fano manifold X is defined as
r_X := \m N\ |-K_X = mL \ for \ some \ line \ bundle \ L \,
while the pseudoindex of X is defined as
i_X := \m N\ |-K_X C = m \ for \ some \ rational... | 7,748 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Nonconvex energy potentials are used in solid
mechanics for the modeling of martensitic transformations
, plasticity and fracture .
Parts of the resulting energy landscapes correspond to sufficiently
smooth deformations preserving the locally affine structure of the
lattice environment of each atom. Othe... | 3,812 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Recent developments in the field of ultracold Bose gases have opened
a new promising avenue of theoretical and experimental research
in the study of the phases of quantum matter.
A gas of bosonic atoms in an optical trap has been
reversibly tuned from a Bose-Einstein condensate to a
state composed of lo... | 6,962 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
If a quantum system is brought into contact with
an environment, the states forming its Hilbert space are no longer equals
among each other. Rather, a particular set of wave functions, the
pointer states\/, is singled out by the environmental interaction
. These states are distinguished by the fact that
... | 5,525 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Let R=k R_1 be the homogeneous coordinate ring of
a smooth projective
variety X over a field k of characteristic 0.
In this paper we compute the lower K -theory ( K_i(R) , i1 )
in terms of the Zariski cohomology groups H^*(X, O(t)) and
H^*(X,^*_X(t)) , where O(1) is the ample line bundle of the
embedding and ^*_X deno... | 12,658 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Abstract
This dissertation presents new results on three different themes all related to matroid polytopes. First we investigate properties of Ehrhart polynomials of matroid polytopes, independence matroid polytopes, and polymatroids. We prove that for fixed rank their Ehrhart polynomials are computable in polynomial ... | 34,010 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | I Introduction
The World Wide Web (WWW) continues its striking
expansion going beyond 10^11 web pages. Information retrieval
from such an enormous database becomes the main challenge
for WWW users. An efficient solution, known as the PageRank Algorithm (PRA)
proposed by Brin and Page in 1998 , forms the basis of
th... | 7,119 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Entanglement is a key phenomenon in quantum mechanics and its quantification is vital for the field of quantum information theory. Many entanglement measures have been proposed for the two-particle as well as for the multiparticle case . Virtually all of the proposed entanglement measures, however, suffer... | 4,500 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Prelude: scales and symmetry breaking patterns
1.1 The quark mass hierarchy.
QCD without quarks, or with infinitely heavy quarks, has a remarkable feature: it is a gauge field theory with no parameters. A single scale, _QCD , is introduced solely through renormalization.
The actual hierachy of quark masses introduces... | 4,959 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Proton-proton collisions at the LHC will give access to many different scattering processes at energies
never studied before. The primary goal of the collider is the production of new particles predicted within
or beyond the Standard Model (SM): Higgs boson, SUSY partners of the SM particles ...
The domi... | 2,698 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Using AGNs to fill up the Universe
Mark Belmonte
University of Nowher, P.O. Box 0, 00000 Flatvillage, US of Flatland
There are two families of luminous elliptical galaxies: cusp galaxies,
with steep central surface-brightness profiles, and core galaxies,
whose surface-brightness profiles have flat central cores. Therm... | 2,582 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Variability in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) covers a wide range of time scales and amplitudes over the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
The observed light curves are characterized by aperiodic and featureless fluctuations,
suggesting that the variability mechanism is of random nature.
Early studies of X... | 6,348 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Neutrino masses and oscillations are now an established phenomenon
and an undisputable evidence of physics beyond the standard model.
Although the origin and scale of masses remains a challenging
question, the see-saw mechanism provides a compelling explanation of
small active neutrino masses as the resul... | 8,736 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Many astrophysical objects powered by accretion on to a compact objects like
e.g. active galactic nuclei -- AGN, black hole binaries -- BHB, gamma-ray
bursts -- GRBs, show signatures of outflows, either in a form of wind or jet,
or both. Large scale, collimated jets are being detected from radio to
-ray ... | 13,566 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Form factors are the coherent amplitude that the nucleon remains
intact when one of its quarks absorbs a certain momentum transfer
^ . In this amplitude,
the contribution from all quarks carrying
all kinds of momenta is added up coherently.
Compton scattering provides a
more surgical approach (Fig. ). ... | 2,478 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
When and how galaxies formed is one of the primary questions in astronomy today. Observations of young
galaxies at high redshift are straightforward approach to this problem. Taking advantage of the progress in
observing technology and also sophistication of selection methods, (e.g., color selection, Stei... | 5,722 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The fundamental reason why
random matrices have been used to model many large systems
is based on the belief that their local eigenvalue statistics
are universal. This is generally referred to as the universality
of random matrices.
It is well-known that the local behavior of eigenvalues near the ... | 13,762 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The operation of IceCube detector and the
R\&D effort of KM3Net are important progresses toward
a km ^3 -sized detection capability in the neutrino astronomy
. Furthermore the radio and air-shower
detectors, such as ANITA and Pierre Auger
detector respectively, are also taking
the data. These detectors ar... | 6,494 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Neuronal networks have tremendous computational capacity, but their biological complexity make the exact reproduction of all the mechanisms involved in these networks dynamics essentially impossible, even at the numerical simulation level, as soon as the number of neurons becomes too large. On crucial iss... | 13,471 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
In this paper we give a proof of the following theorem,
a natural generalization of the classical existence of
nontrivial simple closed geodesics in closed 2 --d Riemannian
manifolds.
Let M be an (n+1) -dimensional smooth closed Riemannian manifold. Then there is a nontrivial
embedded minimal hypersur... | 17,301 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
It has been shown recently that the Einstein equations that describe the
dynamics of black holes in anti-deSitter space can be recast, when the
length scales involved are much larger than the cosmological radius, in
the form of the equations of a relativistic conformal fluid
. This is likely to advance ou... | 8,876 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Summary
[1] #1
problemProblem
lemma Lemma[section]
assumption Assumption[section]
proposition Proposition [section]
corollary Corollary
conjectureConjecture
algorithmAlgorithm
theorem Theorem[section]
exerciseExercise[section]
equationsection plain
definition
definitionDefinition[section]
exampleExample[section]
rema... | 4,515 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Let K/k be any Galois extension of number fields and p any odd prime number.
For each n -1 , we set K_n=K(_) and G_n=(K_n/k) . Let
K_=_n -1K_n , G_=(K_/k) and _=(M_/K_) where
M_ is the maximal abelian pro- p extension of K_ unramified outside
p . For each n 0 we shall write _n for (K_/K_n) .
... | 27,126 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
It is well known that the measurement-free evolution of a quantum system is deterministic.
As a consequence it is to be expected that a good measurement-free quantum lambda calculus
enjoys confluence. This is the case of Q, by the authors and
of the lambda calculus recently introduced by Arrighi and Dow... | 16,039 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
One of the basic implications of quantum mechanics is that there exist
incompatible experimental setups. For example, as it was originally
initiated by Werner Heisenberg , the measurements of position and momentum
of a quantum particle cannot be performed simultaneously unless
some imprecisions are introd... | 4,936 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
In the last few years, a promising two-component jet scenario seems to emerge in
order to explain Young Stellar Object (YSO) outflows.
Observational data of Classical T Tauri Stars (CTTS) ,
indicate the presence of two genres of winds: one being ejected radially with
respect to the central object and ... | 1,865 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Why does public perception of astronomers matter?
``The greatest present need of astronomy, the grandest science, is not more big telescopes and big observatories, but a more favorable public opinion."
This sentiment, from a letter written in 1916 to Popular Astronomy magazine, is as relevant today as it was nearly ... | 5,043 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Let G be a graph and let A,B be two subsets of
V_G . We define the density d(A,B) of G(A,B) to be
d(A,B):=e(A,B)/|A||B|.
Let be a positive constant. We say that the pair (A,B) is
-regular if
|d(A',B')-d(A,B)|
for any A' A and B' B satisfying |A'| |A| and |B'| |B| .
Szemer... | 7,610 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Today, we know that a new model beyond the standard model (SM) must be considered
to understand the phenomena such as tiny neutrino masses and their mixing,
the nature of dark matter (DM
and baryon asymmetry of the
Universe
In this talk, we discuss a model which would explain these problems simultaneousl... | 2,062 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The problem of computing roots of univariate polynomials has a long
mathematical history . Recently, some new
investigations focused on subdivision methods, where root localization
is based on simple tests such as Descartes' Rule of Signs and
its variant in the Bernstein basis . Complexity analysis was... | 13,990 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | INTRODUCTION
Water is essential for the stability and function of proteins. It
modifies properties of proteins such as the display of the dynamic
transition temperature, T_d . The dynamical transition corresponds
to the glass transition observed in the hydration shell of a protein accompanied
by a correlated rubber-... | 6,099 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The traveling salesman problem (TSP) has served as the
archetypal hard combinatorial optimization problem that attempts
to satisfy requests spread over a metric space .
Yet, the TSP is not a perfect model of real life.
In particular, a salesman may not have enough time
to visit all desired locations.
Furt... | 14,055 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Supersymmetry is a attractive scenario for explaining the origin of the weak scale. Due to tree level sum rules, it is typical to consider models where SUSY is broken in a hidden sector and communicated to the fields of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) through some mediator. If the SUSY br... | 8,224 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Please Capitalize the First Letter of Each
INTRODUCTION
Radial color gradient of a spiral galaxy freezes its fossil
information of the star formation history along the disk and
therefore provides a strong constraint on the models of disk
formation and evolution. Earlier studies revealed that most of the
spiral galaxi... | 6,832 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Choosing DOGs
Observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope by numerous groups have revealed a large population of ultraluminous infrared galaxies at high redshift [e.g.,][and references therein]soifer08. In particular, our team, using the GTO MIPS 24 m Spitzer observations of the Bo\"otes field of the NOAO Deep Wide-... | 2,221 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Primordial metallicity Population III stars are thought to be the first luminous objects to form in the Universe. Their formation marks the end of the cosmic dark ages and an important transition of the universe from a homogeneous state to a highly structured one. The UV photons produced by such stars at ... | 4,038 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Minimal models of Dark Matter
The WIMP miracle has often been put forward as an argument in favor of theories like Supersymmetry.
Stripped to the core, it states that a Dark Matter (DM) candidate with a mass around 1 TeV and a typical weak
interaction annihilation cross-section should have a relic density of order one... | 2,571 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The possible existence of a primordial magnetic field of cosmological origin
has been the subject of an intense investigation during the last few decades.
Despite these efforts, no astrophysical evidence has been reported so far
concerning
magnetic fields over cosmological scales, and only upper limits ar... | 8,272 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The observation of the Supernovae of type Ia
provides the evidence that the
universe is undergoing accelerated expansion. Jointing the
observations from Cosmic Background Radiation
and SDSS
, one concludes that the universe at
present is dominated by 70\% exotic component, dubbed dark energy,
which has ... | 2,366 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
During the evolution of low to intermediate mass stars along the
TP-AGB (Thermal Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch), material processed by the
nuclear reactions in the He burning shell may be dredged up to the surface,
changing the chemical abundances in the atmosphere. Especially, the amount
of carbon will... | 16,080 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Overview
In an effort to strengthen the connection between
categories of sequent calculus proofs modulo cut elimination and
categories of winning strategies,
we try to
push forward the idea of neutrality, introduced by Delande and
Miller (see also our ). The idea
there is to understand provability in MALL (Multiplic... | 7,156 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The Irish Government has recently decided to set up a National Asset
Management Agency whose objective is to acquire ``toxic assets''
from Irish banks on a mandatory basis so that they are removed from
the balance sheet of at an agreed price. These assets are impaired
loans that were given to developers s... | 1,967 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Classical liquid crystals display a fascinating variety of ordered phases.
A fluid of prolate molecules
(``directors'') can enter a nematic phase that breaks rotational invariance by
aligning, on average, the major axes of the molecules while their
center-of-mass-motion remains fluid-like. If, in additio... | 6,029 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
It is known that the two-dimensional C P^1 -model possesses
metastable states which when perturbed may shrink or spread out
due to the conformal (scale) invariance of the model .
This implies that the metastable states can be of any size, and so
a four-derivative term, the so-called Skyrme term,
needs to ... | 3,698 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The existence of invariant manifolds is an important subject in the theory of
dynamical systems and differential equations. The fundamental tools to
establish the existence of invariant manifolds are, for dynamical systems, the
notion of nonuniform hiperbolicity and, for differential equations, the relate... | 5,464 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Domain walls in disordered systems play an important role in
understanding the stability of the ordered phase, the energetics of
large scale excitations, the asymptotic dynamics in and out of
equilibrium as well as the sensitivity to changes of external
parameters. They have been studied quite intensively... | 11,127 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Given a sequence x_1,,x_n of observations x_i X , where X is a finite set, we
want to predict what are the probabilities of observing x_n+1=x for each x X , before x_n+1 is revealed,
after which the process continues.
It is assumed that the sequence is generated by some unknown stochastic process , a pro... | 6,262 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
The iopart-num Bib style is intended for use in
preparing manuscripts for Institute of Physics Publishing journals,
including Journal of Physics. It provides numeric citation with
Harvard-like formatting, based upon the specification in ``How to
prepare and submit an article for publication in an IOP jour... | 1,691 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | INTRODUCTION
In the frame of hierarchical formation theories, it is believed
that the mass clustering develops due to the gravitational instability
caused by the intrinsic, tiny Gaussian density perturbations that existed in the early
universe (see, e.g., Frenk et al. 1996 for a review). Since the
initial conditions a... | 9,495 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Recent combined analyses of pionic hydrogen and pionic deuterium
have revealed a significant progress towards a precise
extraction of the pion-nucleon interaction parameters at threshold, see
Ref. and also for review articles.
One might expect that the properties of the K N interaction
can be investigat... | 8,990 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Topological cocyles
We finally come to the core of this work; in this chapter we exhibit a class of topologically non-trivial cocycles living in the cylindric universe.
What about the significance of such a result ? As we'll see presently, the cocycle machinery has a twofold purpose: from the one hand, it allows us t... | 48,430 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Our current model of galaxy formation includes the hierarchical
merging of galaxies, first proposed by .
Evidence for this includes the observation of dwarf galaxies and
globular clusters that are even now going through the process of tidal
disruption that will eventually assimilate stars from what were o... | 13,474 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
In this paper we study the central configurations that appear as particular solutions of the differential equations of motion of the Newtonian 4-Body Problem, namely
where r_j , (j = 1, 2, 3, 4) denote the position vectors of the particles in three dimensional space; r_ij=r_ji are the distances between ... | 8,063 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,009 | Introduction
Throughout this paper, all graphs and all digraphs are simple.
Given a digraph D , if (u,v) is an arc of D ,
we call v a prey of u and u a predator of v . The competition graph C(D) of a digraph D
is the graph which
has the same vertex set as D
and has an edge between vertices u and v
if and only if t... | 6,276 | academic |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.