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claims of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to services and posts: the claims of the members of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with t... | 335 |
special provision for anglo-indian community in certain services: (1) during the first two years after the commencement of this constitution, appointments of members of the anglo-indian community to posts in the railway, customs, postal and telegraph services of the union shall be made on the same basis as immediately ... | 336 |
special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of anglo-indian community: during the first three financial years after the commencement of this constitution, the same grants, if any, shall be made by the union and by each state for the benefit of the anglo-indian community in respect of education ... | 337 |
national commission for scheduled castes: (1) there shall be a commission for the scheduled castes to be known as the national commission for the scheduled castes.
(2) subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by parliament, the commission shall consist of a chairperson, vice-chairperson and three ot... | 338 |
national commission for scheduled tribes: (1) there shall be a commission for the scheduled tribes to be known as the national commission for the scheduled tribes.
(2) subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by parliament, the commission shall consist of a chairperson, vice-chairperson and three ot... | 338A |
control of the union over the administration of scheduled areas and the welfare of scheduled tribes: (1) the president may at any time and shall, at the expiration of ten years from the commencement of this constitution by order appoint a commission to report on the administration of the scheduled areas and the welfare... | 339 |
appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes: (1) the president may by order appoint a commission consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes within the territory of india and the difficulties under which they ... | 340 |
scheduled castes: (1) the president 2 [may with respect to any state 3 [or union territory], and where it is a state, after consultation with the governor thereof, by public notification, specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this consti... | 341 |
scheduled tribes: (1) the president may with respect to any state or union territory, and where it is a state 4, after consultation with the governor thereof, by public notification6 , specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purposes of this... | 342 |
official language of the union: (1) the official language of the union shall be hindi in devanagari script.
the form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the union shall be the international form of indian numerals.
(2) notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the c... | 343 |
commission and committee of parliament on official language: (1) the president shall, at the expiration of five years from the commencement of this constitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from such commencement, by order constitute a commission which shall consist of a chairman and such other members... | 344 |
official language or languages of a state: subject to the provisions of articles 346 and 347, the legislature of a state may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the state or hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of that state:
provided that, unt... | 345 |
official language for communication between one state and another or between a state and the union: the language for the time being authorised for use in the union for official purposes shall be the official language for communication between one state and another state and between a state and the union:
provide... | 346 |
special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a state: on a demand being made in that behalf the president may, if he is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a state desire the use of any language spoken by them to be recognised by that state, direct that such l... | 347 |
language to be used in the supreme court and in the high courts and for acts, bills, etc: (1) notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this part, until parliament by law otherwise provides —
(a) all proceedings in the supreme court and in every high court,
(b) the authoritative texts —
(i) of... | 348 |
special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language: during the period of fifteen years from the commencement of this constitution, no bill or amendment making provision for the language to be used for any of the purposes mentioned in clause (1) of article 348 shall be introduced or moved in either hou... | 349 |
language to be used in representations for redress of grievances: every person shall be entitled to submit a representation for the redress of any grievance to any officer or authority of the union or a state in any of the languages used in the union or in the state, as the case may be. | 350 |
facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage: it shall be the endeavour of every state and of every local authority within the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups; and the presiden... | 350A |
special officer for linguistic minorities: (1) there shall be a special officer for linguistic minorities to be appointed by the president.
(2) it shall be the duty of the special officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under this constitution and report to t... | 350B |
directive for development of the hindi language: it shall be the duty of the union to promote the spread of the hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of india and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its ge... | 351 |
proclamation of emergency: (1) if the president is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of india or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, he may, by proclamation, make a declaration to that effect in respect of the whole of ... | 352 |
effect of proclamation of emergency: while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, then —
(a) notwithstanding anything in this constitution, the executive power of the union shall extend to the giving of directions to any state as to the manner in which the executive power thereof is to be exercised;
(b) t... | 353 |
application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a proclamation of emergency is in operation: (1) the president may, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, by order direct that all or any of the provisions of articles 268 to 279 shall for such period, not extending in any case beyond the... | 354 |
duty of the union to protect states against external aggression and internal disturbance: it shall be the duty of the union to protect every state against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the government of every state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of this constitution | 355 |
provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in states: (1) if the president, on receipt of a report from the governor of a state or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this constitution, the pres... | 356 |
exercise of legislative powers under proclamation issued under article 356: (1) where by a proclamation issued under clause (1) of article 356, it has been declared that the powers of the legislature of the state shall be exercisable by or under the authority of parliament, it shall be competent —
(a) for parliamen... | 357 |
suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies: (1) while a proclamation of emergency declaring that the security of india or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by war or by external aggression is in operation, nothing in article 19 shall restrict the power of the state as defined in part iii to... | 358 |
suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by part iii during emergencies: (1) where a proclamation of emergency is in operation, the president may by order declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the rights conferred by part iii (except articles 20 and 21) as may be mentioned... | 359 |
provisions as to financial emergency: (1) if the president is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of india or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by a proclamation make a declaration to that effect.
(2) a proclamation issued under clause (1) —
(... | 360 |
protection of president and governors and rajpramukhs: (1) the president, or the governor or rajpramukh of a state, shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his office or for any act done or purporting to be done by him in the exercise and performance of those po... | 361 |
protection of publication of proceedings of parliament and state legislatures: (1) no person shall be liable to any proceedings, civil or criminal, in any court in respect of the publication in a newspaper of a substantially true report of any proceedings of either house of parliament or the legislative assembly, or, a... | 361A |
disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post: a member of a house belonging to any political party who is disqualified for being a member of the house under paragraph 2 of the tenth schedule shall also be disqualified to hold any remunerative political post for duration of the period commencing from ... | 361B |
bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc: (1) notwithstanding anything in this constitution but subject to the provisions of article 143, neither the supreme court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in any dispute arising out of any provision of a treaty, agree... | 363 |
recognition granted to rulers of indian states to cease and privy purses to be abolished: notwithstanding anything in this constitution or in any law for the time being in force —
(a) the prince, chief or other person who, at any time before the commencement of the constitution (twenty-sixth amendment) act, 1971, w... | 363A |
special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes: (1) notwithstanding anything in this constitution, the president may by public notification direct that as from such date as may be specified in the notification —
(a) any law made by parliament or by the legislature of a state shall not apply to any major port o... | 364 |
effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the union: where any state has failed to comply with, or to give effect to, any directions given in the exercise of the executive power of the union under any of the provisions of this constitution, it shall be lawful for the president to hold ... | 365 |
definitions: in this constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say —
(1) “agricultural income” means agricultural income as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to indian income-tax;
(2) “an an... | 366 |
interpretation: (1) unless the context otherwise requires, the general clauses act, 1897, shall, subject to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, apply for the interpretation of this constitution as it applies for the interpretation of an act of the legislature of the dominion of... | 367 |
power of parliament to amend the constitution and procedure therefor: (1) notwithstanding anything in this constitution, parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of this constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article.
(2... | 368 |
temporary power to parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the state list as if they were matters in the concurrent list: notwithstanding anything in this constitution, parliament shall, during a period of five years from the commencement of this constitution, have power to make laws with respect to ... | 369 |
temporary provisions with respect to the state of jammu and kashmir: (1) notwithstanding anything in this constitution, —
(a) the provisions of article 238 shall not apply in relation to the state of jammu and kashmir;
(b) the power of parliament to make laws for the said state shall be limited to —
(i) tho... | 370 |
special provision with respect to the states of maharashtra and gujarat: (2) notwithstanding anything in this constitution, the president may by order made with respect to the state of maharashtra or gujarat], provide for any special responsibility of the governor for —
(a) the establishment of separate development... | 371 |
special provision with respect to the state of nagaland: (1) notwithstanding anything in this constitution, —
(a) no act of parliament in respect of —
(i) religious or social practices of the nagas,
(ii) naga customary law and procedure,
(iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving decis... | 371A |
special provision with respect to the state of assam: notwithstanding anything in this constitution, the president may, by order made with respect to the state of assam, provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of the legislative assembly of the state consisting of members of that assembly elected from... | 371B |
special provision with respect to the state of manipur: (1) notwithstanding anything in this constitution, the president may, by order made with respect to the state of manipur, provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of the legislative assembly of the state consisting of members of that assembly elec... | 371C |
special provisions with respect to the state of andhra pradesh: (1) the president may by order made with respect to the state of andhra pradesh provide, having regard to the requirements of the state as a whole, for equitable opportunities and facilities for the people belonging to different parts of the state, in the ... | 371D |
establishment of central university in andhra pradesh: parliament may by law provide for the establishment of a university in the state of andhra pradesh. | 371E |
special provisions with respect to the state of sikkim: notwithstanding anything in this constitution, —
(a) the legislative assembly of the state of sikkim shall consist of not less than thirty members;
(b) as from the date of commencement of the constitution (thirty-sixth amendment) act, 1975 (hereafter in th... | 371F |
special provision with respect to the state of mizoram: notwithstanding anything in this constitution, —
(a) no act of parliament in respect of —
(i) religious or social practices of the mizos,
(ii) mizo customary law and procedure,
(iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions ... | 371G |
special provision with respect to the state of arunachal pradesh: notwithstanding anything in this constitution, —
(a) the governor of arunachal pradesh shall have special responsibility with respect to law and order in the state of arunachal pradesh and in the discharge of his functions in relation thereto, the go... | 371H |
special provision with respect to the state of goa: notwithstanding anything in this constitution, the legislative assembly of the state of goa shall consist of not less than thirty members. | 371I |
continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation: (1) notwithstanding the repeal by this constitution of the enactments referred to in article 395 but subject to the other provisions of this constitution, all the law in force in the territory of india immediately before the commencement of this constitution s... | 372 |
power of the president to adapt laws: (1) for the purposes of bringing the provisions of any law in force in india or in any part thereof, immediately before the commencement of the constitution (seventh amendment) act, 1956, into accord with the provisions of this constitution as amended by that act, the president may... | 372A |
power of president to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases: until provision is made by parliament under clause (7) of article 22, or until the expiration of one year from the commencement of this constitution, whichever is earlier, the said article shall have effect as if for any... | 373 |
provisions as to judges of the federal court and proceedings pending in the federal court or before his majesty in council: (1) the judges of the federal court holding office immediately before the commencement of this constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the judges of the... | 374 |
courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the constitution: all courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers, judicial, executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of india, shall continue to exercise their respective functions ... | 375 |
provisions as to judges of high courts: (1) notwithstanding anything in clause (2) of article 217, the judges of a high court in any province holding office immediately before the commencement of this constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the judges of the high court in the... | 376 |
provisions as to comptroller and auditor-general of india: the auditor-general of india holding office immediately before the commencement of this constitution shall, unless he has elected otherwise, become on such commencement the comptroller and auditor-general of india and shall thereupon be entitled to such salarie... | 377 |
provisions as to public service commissions: (1) the members of the public service commission for the dominion of india holding office immediately before the commencement of this constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the members of the public service commission for the unio... | 378 |
special provision as to duration of andhra pradesh legislative assembly: notwithstanding anything contained in article 172, the legislative assembly of the state of andhra pradesh as constituted under the provisions of sections 28 and 29 of the states reorganisation act, 1956, shall, unless sooner dissolved, continue f... | 378A |
power of the president to remove difficulties: (1) the president may, for the purpose of removing any difficulties, particularly in relation to the transition from the provisions of the government of india act, 1935, to the provisions of this constitution, by order direct that this constitution shall, during such perio... | 392 |
short title: this constitution may be called the constitution of india. | 393 |
commencement: this article and articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 shall come into force at once, and the remaining provisions of this constitution shall come into force on the twenty-sixth day of january, 1950, which day is referred to in this constitution as the commencement of ... | 394 |
authoritative text in the hindi language: (1) the president shall cause to be published under his authority, —
(a) the translation of this constitution in the hindi language, signed by the members of the constituent assembly, with such modifications as may be necessary to bring it in conformity with the language, s... | 394A |
repeals: the indian independence act, 1947, and the government of india act, 1935, together with all enactments amending or supplementing the latter act, but not including the abolition of privy council jurisdiction act, 1949, are hereby repealed. | 395 |
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