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To the end of his life, Mr. Cooper adhered to his preference for this method of conveying water across river channels, as compared with elevated aqueducts, like the "high bridge" subsequently constructed across the Harlem River. And in this particular, his intuitive engineer's judgment was not at fault, although the cl...
IN many respects the industrial conditions under which Peter Cooper began his career had been revolutionized before he finished it. The apprentice system has well-nigh passed away; and the old freedom with which an intelligent, industrious, and ambitious young man could turn from one occupation to another, seeking that...
When Mr. Cooper, consulting with wise and practical advisers, addressed himself at last to the final arrangement of details, he surrendered one after another many parts of his youthful design. The name, "The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art," epitomized this change. His primary purpose was unchanged;...
This noble trust was accepted by a body of men who have discharged it with unwearied fidelity, zeal and wisdom. The original board consisted of Mr. Cooper, his son Edward Cooper, his son-in-law Abram S. Hewitt, and John E. Parsons, Wilson G. Hunt, and Daniel F. Tiemann. Three of these, Messrs. Cooper, Hewitt, and Tiema...
Mr. Cooper loved to attend these Saturday evening lectures, and an arm-chair was always ready for him on the platform. Many a speaker on that platform has been surprised by an untimely outburst of applause and has turned to discover the cause in the entrance of the beloved founder. Often the subject of the evening was ...
From that day on his patriotism never doubted or faltered. When the war loan was announced he was the first man at the door of the subtreasury in New York waiting to make payment over the counter of all the money he had been able to collect without business disaster. "In those days," says a friend, "whenever he had not...
The busiest streets of New York, through which the funeral procession passed on its way to Greenwood Cemetery, beyond the East River, were closed to business and hung in black. The flags on all public buildings, and on the ships in the harbor, were at half-mast. The bells of all churches were tolled. The whole city mou...
Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)_THE WOODLAWN SERIES._Bertie and the Gardeners:OR,THE WAY TO BE HAPPY.BYMRS MADELINE LESLIE.AUTHOR OF "AUNT HATTIE'S LIBRARY FOR BOYS AND GI...
"What did you do before?""Oh, I turned my hand to anything! I took up painting because it paid best at the time, and I had my mother and sister to support.""What shall you do then?""I don't know." He laid down his putty knife and leaned back, wiping his mouth again."I know you're sick," Bertie urged anxiously, "and I'm...
"How do you do, Whitefoot?" exclaimed the young girl, springing to the ground and throwing her arms around the donkey's neck."Oh, you stupid creature not to know your old mistress!" she went on, as the animal took no notice of her caresses."I'm very glad to see you," Bertie began, his eyes sparkling with pleasure. "Wil...
This young man, as I have already described, had such a merry face that few could meet him without a warmth in the region of the heart. Certainly his new master could not, and advancing cordially he held out his hand, exclaiming:"I was just thinking of you, and wishing you were at hand to help me plan a little. I want ...
"Why, Patrick!" she exclaimed, catching hold of his arm, "Come right in out of the snow. So yer going off to school, I hear my son say, well it's a lucky chance for ye, and I wish ye well. Sit right down now. Thomas will be at home soon, and he'll be glad to see ye.""I must be going in a minute," Pat answered, "twirlin...
Before the winter was past, Bertie's dislike to his spelling-book was wholly conquered, and he was called as often as any scholar to try for the prize in the spelling-match.This was the first winter the children had ever passed in the country. When the snow began to fall, Winnie was delighted, and went out to catch the...
It contained a watch-chain of exquisite workmanship, manufactured of hair and gold, attached to which was an ornament in the shape of a heart, and a key in the form of a hand."My heart and my hand are all I have to give," she whispered, kissing his forehead, while a tear glistened in her eye. "The chain was made from t...
They drove Duke in the carriage to the depot station, and left him in a stable close by, so that he would be ready as soon as they returned from the city. Bertie was in the gayest of spirits. He sat by the window, watching the farmers at work in the fields, ploughing, harrowing, or making furrows for putting the seed i...
On a cold, windy December night, the inhabitants of Oxford were startled by cries of "Fire! fire!" What was their horror to see the flames coming from the large barn over the lake. With one accord men, women and children rushed from all parts of the town to offer aid in extinguishing the fire. It was, indeed, not the b...
Produced by Doublas B. KillingsLIFE AND DEATH OF CORMAC THE SKALDBy Unknown AuthorOriginally written in Icelandic sometime between 1250 - 1300 A.D. although parts may be based on a now lost 12th century saga.Translation by W.G. Collingwood & J. Stefansson (Ulverston, 1901).CHAPTER ONE. Cormac's Fore-Elders.Harald Fairh...
Said the maid, "Black are his eyes, sister, and that becomes him not." Cormac heard her, and said in verse:--(6) "Yes, black are the eyes that I bring ye, O brave in your jewels, and dainty. But a draggle-tail, dirty-foot slattern Would dub me ill-favoured and sallow. Nay, many a maiden has lo...
(16) "There wait they within that would snare me; There whet they their swords for my slaying. My bane they shall be not, the cowards, The brood of the churl and the carline. Let the twain of them find me and fight me In the field, without shelter to shield them, And ewes of the sheep...
"Who were the guests?""There was Holmgang Bersi, with seventeen more to sit at his wedding.""Who was the bride?""Bersi wed Steingerd Thorkel's daughter," said Narfi. "When they were gone she sent me here to tell thee the news.""Thou hast never a word but ill," said Cormac, and leapt upon him and struck at the shield: a...
Dalla said he should see Skeggi of Midfiord and ask for the loan of his sword, Skofnung. So Cormac went to Reykir and told Skeggi how matters stood, asking him to lend Skofnung. Skeggi said he had no mind to lend it. Skofnung and Cormac, said he, would never agree: "It is cold and slow, and thou art hot and hasty."Corm...
(28) "I bring thee, thus broken and edgeless, The blade that thou gavest me, Skeggi! I warrant thy weapon could bite not: I won not the fight by its witchcraft. No gain of its virtue nor glory I got in the strife of the weapons, When we met for to mingle the sword-storm For the m...
Now Steinar had a sword that was called after Skrymir the giant: it was never fouled, and no mishap followed it. On the day fixed, Thord and Steinar went out of the tent, and Cormac also came to the meeting to hold the shield of Steinar. Olaf Peacock got men to help Bersi at the fight, for Thord had been used to hold h...
He had three sons; one was named Alf, the next Loft, and the third Skofti. Thorarin was a most overbearing man, and his sons took after him. They were rough, noisy fellows.Not far away, at Tunga (Tongue) in Bitra, lived a man called Odd. His daughter was named Steinvor, a pretty girl and well set up; her by-name was Sl...
But when he was on the way back again, out came Bersi and Halldor to meet him. Bersi had a halberd in one hand and a staff in the other, and Halldor had Whitting. As soon as Vali saw them he turned and hewed at Bersi. Halldor came at his back and fleshed Whitting in his hough-sinews. Thereupon he turned sharply and fel...
Said Thorgils, "There is many a snare set for thy feet, brother, to drag thee down, I know not whither."But when the king heard of his longing to begone, he sent for Cormac, and said that he did unwisely, and would hinder him from his journey. But all this availed nothing, and aboard ship he went.At the outset they met...
(64) "There, hide in the house like a coward, And hope not hereafter to scare me With the scorn of thy brethren the Skidings,-- I'll set them a weft for their weaving! I'll rhyme on the swaggering rascals Till rocks go afloat on the water; And lucky for you if ye loosen The line ...
(71) "So oft, being wounded and weary, I must wipe my sad brow on thy mantle. What pangs for thy sake are my portion, O pine-tree with red gold enwreathed! Yet beside thee he snugs on the settle As thou seamest thy broidery,--that rhymester! And the shame of it whelms me in sorrow, ...
Now as they were all sailing in close order through a narrow sound, Cormac swung his steering-oar and hit Thorvald a clout on the ear, so that he fell from his place at the helm in a swoon; and Cormac's ship hove to, when she lost her rudder. Steingerd had been sitting beside Thorvald; she laid hold of the tiller, and ...
(85) "There was dew from the wound smitten deeply That drained from the stroke of the sword-edge; There was red on the weapon I wielded In the war with the glorious and gallant: Yet not where the broadsword,--the blood wand,-- Was borne by the lords of the falchion, But low in the str...
E-text prepared by Peter Vachuska, Chuck Greif, Leonard Johnson, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 26492-h.htm or 26492-h.zip: (https://www.gu...
PAGE Chapter I. Form and Characters of the Mushrooms, 1 Chapter II. Development of the Mushroom, 5 Chapter III. Gill Bearing Fungi; Agaricaceæ, 17 Chapter IV. The Purple-Brown-Spored Agarics, 18 Chapter V. The B...
=Presence or Absence of Ring or Volva.=--Of the mushrooms which have stems there are four types with respect to the presence or absence of the ring and volva. In the first type both the ring and volva are absent, as in the common fairy ring mushroom, _Marasmius oreades_; in the genus _Lactarius_, _Russula_, _Tricholoma...
=Structure of a Gill.=--In Fig. 8 is shown a portion of a section across one of the gills, and it is easy to see in what manner the spores are borne. The gill is made up, as the illustration shows, of mycelium threads. The center of the gill is called the _trama_. The trama in the case of this plant is made up of threa...
Where there is such uniformity in the position of a member or part of a plant under a variety of conditions, it is an indication that there is some underlying cause, and also, what is more important, that this position serves some useful purpose in the life and well being of the plant. We may cut the stem of a mushroom...
The members of this subdivision are recognized at maturity by the purple-brown, dark brown or nearly black spores when seen in mass. As they ripen on the surface of the gills the large number give the characteristic color to the lamellæ. Even on the gills the purple tinge of the brown spores can often be seen. The colo...
[Illustration: FIGURE 21. FIGURE 22.PLATE 4.--Agaricus placomyces. Figure 21.--Upper view of cap, side view of stem. Figure 22.--Under view of plant showing radiately torn under side of the double veil. (3/4 natural size.) Copyright.][Illustration: PLATE 5, FIGURE 23.--Agaricus placomyces. Three different views, see te...
=Agaricus diminutivus= Pk., is a closely related species. It is distinguished chiefly by its somewhat larger size, and purplish to reddish brown hairs on the surface of the pileus, and by the somewhat larger spores, which, however, are small. I have found it at Ithaca, the surface of the pileus hairy, with beautiful, t...
The =pileus= is convex to expanded, sometimes broadly umbonate in age, and usually with radiating wrinkles extending irregularly. On the surface are silky or tomentose threads not much elevated from the surface, and as the plant ages these are drawn into triangular scales which are easily washed apart by the rains. The...
=Coprinus comatus= Fr. =Edible.=--One of the finest species in this genus is the shaggy-mane, or horse-tail mushroom, as it is popularly called. It occurs in lawns and other grassy places, especially in richly manured ground. The plants sometimes occur singly, or a few together, but often quite large numbers of them ap...
The cylindrical or barrel-shaped pileus is characteristic of the shaggy-mane mushroom. As the pileus elongates the stem does also, but more rapidly. This tears apart the connection of the margin of the pileus with the base of the stem, as is plainly shown in Fig. 33. In breaking away, the connecting portion or veil is ...
Figure 43 is from a group of three young individuals photographed just as the margin of the pileus is breaking away from the lower part of the stem, showing the delicate fibrous ring which is formed in the same way as in _Coprinus atramentarius_. The ring is much more delicate and is rarely seen except in very young sp...
=Psathyrella disseminata= Pers.--This is a very common and widely distributed species, appearing from late spring until late autumn. It sometimes appears in greenhouses throughout the year. The plants are 2--3 cm. high, and the caps 6--10 mm. broad. The plants are crowded in large tufts, often growing on decaying wood,...
[Illustration: PLATE 12, FIGURE 52.--Amanita muscaria, "buttons," showing different stages of rupture of the volva or universal veil, and formation of inner veil (natural size). Copyright.][Illustration: PLATE 13, FIGURE 53.--Amanita muscaria. Further stages in opening of plant, formation of veil and ring. Cap yellowis...
The =pileus= is fleshy, viscid or slimy when moist, smooth, that is, not striate, orbicular to bell-shaped, convex and finally expanded, and in old specimens more or less depressed by the elevation of the margin. The cap is often free from any remnants of the volva, while in other cases portions of the volva or outer v...
The characters presented in the formation of the veil and annulus in this species are very interesting, and sometimes present two of the types in the formation of the veil and annulus found in the genus _Amanita_. In the very young plant, in the button stage, as the young gills lie with their edges close against the si...
Some of the stages of development are illustrated in Figs. 64--67. The buttons are queer looking objects, the bulb being the most prominent part. It tapers abruptly below, and on the upper side is the small rounded young cap seated in the center. The volva is present as a rough floccose layer, covering the upper part o...
=Amanita spreta= Pk. =Said to be Poisonous.=--According to Peck this species grows in open or bushy places. The specimens illustrated in Fig. 71 grew in sandy ground by the roadside near trees in the edge of an open field at Blowing Rock, N. C., and others were found in a grove. The plants are 10--15 cm. high, the caps...
In form the =pileus= ranges from nearly globose in the button stage, to hemispherical, convex and expanded, when quite old the margin becoming more or less elevated. It is covered either with flaky or floccose portions of the volva, or with more or less distinct conic white scales, especially toward the center. The con...
The =pileus= is from ovate to bell-shaped, then convex and expanded, smooth, rarely with fragments of the volva on the surface. The margin is thin and marked by deep furrows and ridges, so that it is deeply striate, or the terms sulcate or pectinate sulcate are used to express the character of the margin. The term pect...
Since the plant occurs in the same situations as the _Agaricus campestris_ it might be mistaken for it, especially for white forms. But of course no harm could come by eating it by mistake for the common mushroom, for it is valued just as highly for food by some who have eaten it. If one should look at the gills, howev...
The characters of the plant are well shown in Fig. 83 from plants collected at Ithaca. _Lepiota angustana_ Britz. is identical, and according to Morgan _L. miamensis_ Morgan is a white form of _L. angustana_.=Lepiota asperula= Atkinson.--This lepiota resembles _A. asper_ in some respects, but it is smaller and the spor...
=Armillaria aurantia= Schaeff. (_Tricholoma peckii_ Howe) =Suspected.=--This is a very pretty species and rare in the United States. The plants are 6--8 cm. high, the cap 4--7 cm. broad, and the stem 6--8 mm. in thickness. It occurs in woods. It is known by its viscid pileus, the orange brown or ochraceous rufus color ...
The volva and annulus are wanting in this genus, and the spores are white. The stem is elastic, spongy within, the outside being elastic or fibrous, so that the fibres hold together well when the stem is twisted or broken, as in _Tricholoma_. The stem does not separate readily from the pileus, but the rather strong fib...
=Collybia radicata= Rehl. =Edible.=--This is one of the common and widely distributed species of the genus. It occurs on the ground in the woods or groves or borders of woods. It is quite easily recognized by the more or less flattened cap, the long striate stem somewhat enlarged below and then tapering off into a long...
The =pileus= is first nearly cylindrical, then conic, becoming bell-shaped and finally nearly expanded, when it is umbonate. It is smooth, striate on the margin, of a dark brown color with a leaden tint. The =gills= are narrow, white, adnate and slightly decurrent on the stem by a tooth. The very long =stem= is smooth,...
The =pileus= is ovate to convex, viscid when young. The color is bright blue when young, becoming pale and whitish in age, with a tendency to fuscous on the center. The cap is smooth and the margin finely striate. After the plants have dried the color is nearly uniform ochraceous or tawny. The =gills= are close, free, ...
=Pleurotus ulmarius= Bull. =Edible.=--The elm pleurotus is so called because it is often found growing on dead elm branches or trunks, or from wounds in living trees, but it is not confined to the elm. It is a large species, easily distinguished from the oyster agaric and the other related species by its long stem atta...
Figure 110 is from plants (No. 2478a C. U. herbarium) growing from knothole in living hickory tree, and Fig. 109 from plants (No. 2478b) growing on a dead stump, near Ithaca.According to the descriptions of _P. dryinus_ as given by Persoon, and as followed by Fries and most later writers, the pileus is definitely later...
The genus _Hygrophorus_ is one which presents some difficulties in the case of some of the species, especially to beginners, and plants need to be studied in the fresh condition to understand the most important character which separates it from certain of the other white-spored agarics. The substance of the pileus is c...
The =pileus= is hemispherical, then convex, then nearly or quite expanded, white, or with various shades of yellow or tawny, or buff, not viscid, often cracking in dry weather. Flesh very thick at the center, thinner at the margin. The flesh is firm and white. The =gills= are stout, distant, long decurrent, white or ye...
The dark color of the lamellæ in _L. corrugis_ is due to the number of brown cystidia or setæ, in the hymenium, which project above the surface of the gills, and they are especially abundant on the edge of the gills. These setæ are long fusoid, 80--120 × 10--12 µ. The variations in the color of the gills, in some plant...
The milk is white, unchangeable, very acrid to the taste and abundant. The plant is reported as edible. A closely related species is _L. pergamenus_ (Swartz) Fr., which resembles it very closely, but has a longer, stuffed stem, and thinner, more pliant pileus, which is more frequently irregular and eccentric, and not a...
The =pileus= when young is umbilicate, the margin involute, and in age the margin becomes elevated and then the pileus is more or less funnel-shaped. The indigo blue color is deeply seated, and the surface of the pileus has a silvery gray appearance through which the indigo blue color is seen. The surface is marked by ...
The =pileus= is fleshy, firm, convex, depressed at the center, and when old more or less funnel-shaped from the upturning of the margin, which is at first incurved and smooth. It varies from white to gray and smoky color. The =gills= are adnate, or decurrent, thin, crowded, of unequal lengths, white, then becoming dark...
Having started at a given spot the mycelium consumes the food material in the soil suitable for it, and the plants for the first year appear in a group. In the center of this spot the mycelium, having consumed all the available food, probably dies after producing the crop of mushrooms. But around the edge of the spot t...
=Lentinus lecomtei= Fr., is a very common and widely distributed species growing on wood. When it grows on the upper side of logs the pileus is sometimes regular and funnel-shaped (cyathiform), but it is often irregular and produced on one side, especially if it grows on the side of the substratum. In most cases, howev...
=Pluteus tomentosulus= Pk.--This plant was described by Peck in the 32d Report, N. Y. State Mus., page 28, 1879. It grows on decaying wood in the woods during July and August. The plants are 5--12 cm. high, the cap 3--7 cm. broad, and the stem 4--8 mm. in thickness. The description given by Peck is as follows: "Pileus ...
Figure 138 is from plants collected near Ithaca, in the autumn of 1898. This species is considered to be one of the excellent mushrooms for food. When fresh it has a mealy odor and taste, as do several of the species of this genus. It is known as the prune mushroom.=Clitopilus orcella= Bull. =Edible.=--This plant is so...
The =pileus= is convex and umbilicate, somewhat membranaceous, smooth, watery in appearance, finely striate on the margin, hair brown to olive in color. The =gills= are decurrent. In the specimens illustrated in Fig. 143 the gills are very irregular and many of them appear sinuate. The =spores= are strongly 4--5 angled...
=Pholiota adiposa= Fr.--The fatty pholiota usually forms large clusters during the autumn, on the trunks of trees, stumps, etc. It is sometimes of large size, measuring up to 15 cm. and the pileus up to 17 cm. broad. Specimens collected at Ithaca during October, 1899, were 8--10 cm. high, the pileus 4--8 cm. broad, and...
The =pileus= is convex, then the center is nearly or quite expanded, the margin at first inrolled and never fully expanded, hygrophanous, smooth (not striate nor rugose), flesh about 5--6 mm. thick at center, thin toward the margin. The color changes during growth, it is from ochraceous rufus when young (1--2 mm. broad...
[Illustration: FIGURE 152.--Hebeloma crustuliniforme, var. minor. Cap whitish or tan color, or reddish-brown at center; gills clay color (natural size). Copyright.]The =pileus= is convex and expanded, somewhat umbonate, viscid when moist, whitish or tan color, darker over the center, where it is often reddish-brown. Th...
=Cortinarius (Myxacium) collinitus= (Pers.) Fr. =Edible.=--This is known as the smeared cortinarius because of the abundant glutinous substance with which the plant is smeared during moist or wet weather. It grows in woods. The plants are 7--10 cm. high, the cap 5--8 cm. in diameter, and the stem is 8--12 mm. in thickn...
The =pileus= is from ovate to conic when young, the margin not at all incurved, but lies straight against the stem, somewhat unequal. In expanding the cap becomes convex, then expanded, and finally many of the plants with the margin elevated and with a broad umbo, and finely striate for one-half to two-thirds the way f...
The =pileus= is convex, then expanded, plane or convex, and when mature more or less top-shaped because it is so thick at the middle. In age the surface of the cap often becomes cracked into small areas, showing the yellow flesh in the cracks. The flesh is yellowish and the surface is dry. The =gills= are not very dist...
Figure 162 is from the plants (No. 3332 C. U. herbarium) collected as noted above on decaying hemlock logs in woods. A side and under view is shown in the figure, and the larger figure is the under-view, from a photograph made a little more than twice natural size, in order to show clearly the character of the gills. T...
The =pileus= is convex becoming nearly plane, firm, and in age soft, smooth, the color varying from pale yellow to various shades of brown to chestnut. The flesh is white, and where wounded often changes to a pink color, but not always. The =tubes= are adnate, long, the under surface convex and with a depression around...
Figure 168 is from plants (No. 4085 C. U. herbarium) collected at Blowing Rock, N. C., during September, 1899.=Boletus vermiculosus= Pk.--This species was named _B. vermiculosus_ because it is sometimes very "wormy." This is not always the case, however. It grows in woods on the ground, in the Eastern United States. It...
=Boletus luteus= Linn. (_B. subluteus_ Pk.) This species is widely distributed in Europe and America, and grows in sandy soil, in pine or mixed woods or groves. The plants are 5--8 cm. high, the cap 3--12 cm. in diameter, and the stem 6--10 mm. in thickness. The general color is dull brown or yellowish brown, and the p...
=Strobilomyces strobilaceus= Berk. =Edible.=--This plant has a peculiar name, both the genus and the species referring to the cone-like appearance of the cap with its coarse, crowded, dark brown scales, bearing a fancied resemblance to a pine cone. It is very easily distinguished from other species of _Boletus_ because...
=Polyporus frondosus= Fr. =Edible.=--This plant occurs in both Europe and America, and while not very common seems to be widely distributed. It grows about old stumps or dead trees, from roots, often arising from the roots below the surface of the ground, and also is found on logs. The plant represents a section of the...
=Polyporus brumalis= (Pers.) Fr.--This pretty plant is found at all seasons of the year, and from its frequency during the winter was named _brumalis_, from _bruma_, which means winter. It grows on sticks and branches, or on trunks. It usually occurs singly, sometimes two or three close together. The plants are 3--6 cm...
=Polyporus fomentarius= (L.) Fr. [_Fomes fomentarius_ (L.) Fr.,] is hoof-shaped, smoky in color, or gray, and of various shades of dull brown. It is strongly zoned and sulcate, marking off each year's growth. The margin is thick and blunt, and the tube surface concave, the tubes having quite large mouths so that they c...
=Hydnum caput-medusæ= Bull. =Edible.=--The medusa's head hydnum is a rarer species than either of the above in this country. It forms a large, tubercular mass which does not branch like the coral hydnum or the bear's head, but more like the Satyr's beard hydnum, though the character of the spines will easily separate i...
[Illustration: FIGURE 202.--Clavaria botrytes. Branches red tipped (natural size).]=Clavaria formosa= Pers. =Edible.=--This is one of the handsomest of the genus. It is found in different parts of the world, and has been collected in New England and in the Carolinas in this country. It is usually from 15--20 cm. high, ...
[Illustration: FIGURE 207.--Tremella fuciformis. Entirely white (natural size). Copyright.]=Tremella fuciformis= Berk.--This is a very beautiful white tremella growing in woods on leaf mold close to the ground. It forms a large white tubercular mass resting on the ground, from the upper surface of which numerous stout,...
=Lycoperdon cyathiforme= Bosc. =Edible.=--This is called the beaker-shaped puff-ball because the base of the plant, after the spores have all been scattered, resembles to some extent a beaker, or a broad cup with a stout, stem-like base. These old sterile bases of the plant are often found in the fields long after the ...
Most of the stink-horn fungi are characterized by a very offensive odor. Some of them at maturity are in shape not unlike that of a horn, and the vulgar name is applied because of this form and the odor. The plants grow in the ground, or in decaying organic matter lying on the ground. The spawn or mycelium is in the fo...
The stem in all our species is usually quite stout, though it varies to some extent in some of the different species, in proportion to the thickness of the cap. The stem is marked in some of the species by large wrinkles or folds extending irregularly but with considerable uniformity over the surface. The surface is fu...
[Illustration: FIGURE 222.--Sarcoscypha floccosa (natural size). Copyright.]CHAPTER XVII.COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE FLESHY FUNGI.In the collection of the higher fungi it is of the utmost importance that certain precautions be employed in obtaining all parts of the plant, and furthermore that care be exercised i...
=To Obtain Spore Prints.=--In many cases it is desirable to obtain spores in a mass on paper in order to know the exact tint of color produced by the species. Often the color of the spores can be satisfactorily determined by an examination of them under the microscope. One cannot always depend on the color of the lamel...
When the plants are dry they are very brittle and must be handled carefully. When removed from the drier many kinds soon absorb enough moisture to become pliant so that they are not easily broken. Others remain brittle. They may be put away in small boxes; or pressed out nearly flat, _not so as to crush the gills_, and...
Another very favorable indication accompanying the increasing interest in the study of these plants, is the recognition of their importance as objects for nature study. There are many useful as well as interesting lessons taught by mushrooms to those who stop to read their stories. The long growth period of the spawn i...
=Fungi for medicinal purposes.=--A number of the fungi were formerly employed in medicine for various purposes, but most of them have been discarded. Some of the plants were once used as a purgative, as in the case of the officinal polyporus, the great puff ball, etc. The internal portion of the great puff ball has bee...
This has been practiced for a number of years in different parts of the Eastern United States, but perhaps only a small portion of the available caves or tunnels are at present used for this purpose. These subterranean mushroom farms are usually established in some abandoned mine where, the rock having been removed, th...
=Heating.=--One portion of the house is set apart for the boiler room, where a small hot water heater is located. The position of the heater in one of these houses is shown in Fig. 227. In other cases, where the plant is quite a large one, a small separate or connecting boiler apartment is often constructed. In other c...
There are several methods used in the process of curing, and it does not seem necessary that any one method should be strictly adhered to. The most important things to be observed are to prevent the temperature from rising too high during the process of fermentation, to secure a thorough fermentation, and to prevent th...
=Beds in Houses Constructed for the Purpose of Growing Mushrooms.=--Where only the floor of the house is used, a middle bed and two side beds are sometimes formed in the same manner as described in the construction of the house for the tiers of beds, with an alley on either side of the large center bed, giving access t...
The spawn of the mushroom is the popular word used in speaking of the mycelium of the mushroom. The term is commonly used in a commercial sense of material in which the mycelium is growing. This material is horse manure, or a mixture of one or two kinds of manure with some soil, and with the threads of the mycelium gro...