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Thread
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A Quest for 35mpg (Subaru Outback Limited Sedan 2.5L auto)
07-30-2010, 10:47 PM
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saand
Wiki Writer
Join Date: Jul 2010
Location: Melbourne, Australia
Posts: 236
bugler
- '91 Mazda 626
90 day:
35.89
mpg (US)
Thanks: 15
Thanked 25 Times in 22 Posts
Zerohour, good luck, I am in the same position as you so i look forward to seeing what works for you.
Maybe some of my mods will give you some ideas too, so here they are.
I am driving a 91 mazda 626 with 2.2 L engine and Auto transmission.
EPA MPG is 22. I have currently been able to get 27.7 but i still have a lot of mods to go yet. The mods i have done so far are nice low hanging fruit, very easy to do. if i knew what i was doing at the start these would have only taken a day all up ( I messed around for 3 days trying to move to a manual steering rack then half way through i realised i should have just disconnected the hydraulic lines because the gearing is so similar between the manual and automatic racks)
current mods
- both side mirrors delete (I dont use them anyway, i do head checks)
- single windscreen whiper delete (passenger side)
- wheel mud guards delete
- flat wheel hub covers. (Small circle of flat plastic screwed onto the well hub
- removed air con which removes a drive belt
- some weight removed, all air con parts, some carpets, power steering most asthetic things in my boot
- Changed power steering to manual steering (disconnected hydrolic lines which makes turning harder but still drivable)
- reduced idle and placed switch in cabin to put ECU into diagnostic mode which stops it from compensating for low idle. Idle is down to 600 rpm from 800, Only stalled once and some threads here suggest low rpm may reduce lubrication but i figure if my engine dies or transmission dies i will just buy a new car that is already efficient then ill make it better.
- Wheel PSI increase, easy to do, little risk, slighty harder to drive but barely noticable
Driving habbits
- P&G when possible, I thought this couldn't be done in an auto but after reading some posts here realised i can. So when at speed i go into neutral (with low idle) then let it coast down. When going back into drive i rev the engine to match RPM and pop it back in, If the revs are matched little wear on transmission and no jolt from changing into drive.
I recommend getting a scanguage or some diagnostic gadget which tells you how much fuel you are using if you havn't already. I made one up myself so cant recommend a good one. It does let you work out what mods are good for you and changes your driving habbits. All cars are different so some real time feedback of what your mods or driving habbits are doing is very valuable.
The mods that worked the best for me were
- Mirror delete, mud flap delete and car wheel covers
- idle reduction as i am lights a lot in my standard commute
as for planned mods they are below
- belly pan
- front grill cover
- radio antenna delete
- cover up gaps for aerodynamics
- cold idle speed reduction
- reduction in idle when shifting to neutral in the cold
- automatic transmission gear manual control
- Torque converter control
- Improved wheel well aerodynamics
will have to see how they go, im hoping to 39 mpg or better but any improvement will be good
Im currently concentrating on reducing the idle at cold because my trips to work are short (10 minutes) and the high cold idle far outweighs any aero or driving habbit improvements.
so good luck, let us know what works well for you
saand | https://ecomodder.com/forum/186265-post9.html | 2020-10-19T23:24:11 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Due to the Covid-19 outbreak and advice received, as of today, Wednesday March 2020, we will be suspending all organisations, activities and Sunday services for the foreseeable future. There will be further updates here and on our social media channels, but in the meantime we would urge you to follow government advice, love your neighbour and be much in prayer. These are unprecedented times but as a church we remain confident in our unprecedented Saviour who once told us, “In this world you will have trouble, but take heart, I have overcome the world.”
COVID-19
Scott Woodburn2020-03-18T08:55:01+00:00 | https://edengrove.org/covid-19/ | 2020-10-19T20:46:19 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Meet Mrs. Nay
I have been teaching kindergarten at Yost for 7 years. I have a Bachelor's degree from Purdue and a Master's in Early Childhood Education, from Ball State. I have 2 children. Ethan is 3 and Elijah is 6 months old. My husband and I have lived together in Chesterton for 12 years. I enjoy working with kindergarten students and really love to watch them grow. It still amazes me how much they change in the short 10 months I am with them. I have an open class and love to have volunteers come and help in the classroom as much as possible. Kindergarten is not only an exciting time for kids but also for parents. I am looking forward to the great year we have ahead of us. If you have any questions please never hesitate to contact me.
cassie.nay@duneland.k12.in.us
219-983-3640 ext 5430 | https://educatorpages.com/site/yostkdgn/pages/129245 | 2020-10-19T22:09:52 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
.
“The public benefit is much greater than the benefit for the fish because, one, we are storing water for times when it’s dry, and we’re releasing it into the water system during those dry months. Plus, we’re removing this plant that consumes an enormous amount of water,” Ott said. “It’s a pretty significant contribution to the community at large.”
Don McEnhill, executive director of Russian Riverkeeper, praised the restoration already put in place by the Dry Creek tribe and said any additional work would be beneficial for the watershed. The tribe’s work ties into an “unconsolidated movement” in the community to help prevent the Russian River from continuing down a negative trajectory, he said.
“We’re at a turning point where more good things are happening than bad. We’re spending more time putting it together than taking it apart,” McEnhill said. “It’s not as formal as it ideally would be, but we’ll take forward movement any way we can get it.”
Sonoma County Supervisor James Gore, whose district includes the Dry Creek Rancheria, is working to consolidate the movement by bringing together a range of currently independent efforts to improve the watershed and its surroundings. Native American tribes, including the Dry Creek Pomos, are a critical part of the effort, he said.
“We have to honor the history of the watershed,” Gore said. “The tribes help bring us a connection to the way it was, and teach us an important lesson, which is how to live within a good relationship with the river and the watershed as a community.”
Gore said the Dry Creek tribe would be among the groups brought together for a summit about the watershed, the Russian River Confluence, now planned for sometime in March.
Article by: J.D. Morris
Published by: The Press Democrat, Nov 27 2016
Read original here. | https://eelriver.org/2016/11/30/dry-creek-rancheria-seeks-to-restore-russian-river-tributary-for-fish-water-supply/ | 2020-10-19T20:43:36 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
On January 26, New Century IDA (Individual Development Account), a program of Experiment in Self-Reliance, held their Wave (class) 37 graduation for their economic literacy training at ESR.
Wave 37, a class of 30 (IDA’s biggest class yet) has successfully completed 12 financial literacy classes over the course of one year. As a part of their graduation, past graduate and homeowner LaShonda Stone-Minor shared her success story, and encouraged graduates to never give up despite any setbacks that may occur. Mayor Allen Joines commended the graduates for their hard work and talked about the economic impact of the IDA program on the community. Each graduate received a certificate. Food and fellowship followed the ceremony.
As a part of the program, clients work one-on-one with their Success Coach to budget, reduce debt, improve credit, and save for their home. Each client is required to complete twelve financial literacy classes before graduating from the program. Classes include the Psychology of Money, Wise Use of Credit, Foreclosure Prevention, and more. Since the program’s inception in 1999, over 550 people have graduated from the program and purchased assets.
One of the Wave 37 graduates was amazed at the information she learned and was able to apply to her life. Her goal is to purchase soon. “She has been a hard worker in getting her things in line to follow her action plan,” said Barbara Johnson, IDA Program Manager.
Following graduation, clients must complete a series of classes through the Center for HomeOwnership, a program of Financial Pathways of the Piedmont. Once their credit, debt, and budgeting are where they should be, they are ready to purchase.
“For many of our graduates, obtaining an asset such as a home was just a dream before they started this program,” said Executive Director, Twana W. Roebuck. “Now, that dream is becoming a reality.”
Wave 37 was sponsored by The Women’s Fund of Winston-Salem.
For more information in participating in New Century IDA or sponsoring a wave, call Experiment in Self-Reliance at 336-722-9400 or visit.
2 Comments
I’m interested in improving my credit for home ownership
Thanks for your patience! I’ve been out for the holidays. I would say if you haven’t already read it, take a look at our IDA page. You can also contact our IDA staff here at ESR, and they’ll be glad to help advise you, either on enrolling in the IDA or referring you to other resources in the community that might be more suitable, depending on your situation. The IDA page here has information about the program and what you will need, and the application is in the sidebar if you think you’re ready for the program. | https://eisr.org/forsyth-county-residents-prepare-for-homeownership-at-esr/ | 2020-10-19T20:57:56 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Search Results
Wood Elf Rack, Single is a superior (blue) quality Furniture in The Elder Scrolls Online.
Wood Elf Rack, Single Information
"This is a standard house item."
Where to find & Location
- Crafted, Woodworking Station. Requires Blueprint: Wood Elf Rack, Single. Blueprints are found randomly in containers around Tamriel and can be traded and sold by players. Some special Blueprints are only available from pickpocketing or as special rewards.
Crown Store, 70 Crowns.
Houses: The Gorinir Estate, Snugpod
Materials
- Clean Pelt (5)
- Heartwood (8)
- Bone (10)
- Turpen (6)
Skills Required
- Woodworking level 5
- Tailoring level 2
Notes
- N/A | https://elderscrollsonline.wiki.fextralife.com/Wood+Elf+Rack,+Single | 2020-10-19T20:42:35 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Court overturns Haifa University's discriminatory policy on student dorms
7 September 2006. Read more about Court overturns Haifa University's discriminatory policy on student dorms | https://electronicintifada.net/people/ilam-media-center-palestinians-israel | 2020-10-19T21:39:27 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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null
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Getting a great testimonial from your clients is an easy way to add credibility to your company. Anyone can say great things about themselves, but getting a positive story from someone who has tried your product or service is even better. Writing a solid customer service story can be tricky as you need to stay balanced between telling a good story and making your point nice and succinct.
In a 2017 Demand Gen Report on content preferences survey, it was found that people prefer using case studies to make a decision rather than any other content. This was found for business to business purchases, though reviews are still found to be highly effective in getting the attention of any customer. When you think about it, that’s fair. Wouldn’t you rather see a third party source and how the product or service actually impacted them in a positive or negative way?
If writing a good testimonial sounds daunting to you, don’t worry, you can write a great customer success story with a little guidance. Customer success stories tend to follow a specific structure as customers have certain things they would like to see and know. This is great news as it means you can learn just a few tips and guidelines to get started.
1. Make It Easy For The Customer
To get the information and quotes you need for their success story, you need to have good communication with the customer. The best way to get the necessary information is to make the survey or interview process as simple as possible. Your clients are busy people with their own things that they need to accomplish each and every day. Most people will not want to sit down and answer a long list of questions.
If you are going to give a survey, make it short. One way to get the information you need is to set up a phone call interview and ask if you can record it. Make sure to have a set time frame for your interview for yourself and inform them how much time you are going to take. This will make it easier for them to say yes if you can tell them exactly when you’d like to call and how long it will take. Give them a nice time-frame of around 15 minutes. That along with a short survey (don’t overlap the questions) should be enough to get the information you need along with any fun quotes to liven up the picture.
It is also a good idea to ask open-ended questions. This allows the client to think of information that they would like to share that maybe you didn’t think to ask about. It is also a better way to get great quotes from your customer. You don’t want to end up with a bunch of yes or no answers.
Make sure you follow your word. Do not take longer than you intended and do not send out more surveys than you said you would. Definitely be prompt on your phone call and do not leave the person on the other line waiting. It is true that some customers will be more friendly and forgiving than others, but don’t count on that. Be professional and considerate with the other person’s time as they are doing you a favor that will continue to benefit you as long as you have the story.
2. Give Highlights
We all know that people have short attention spans these days. There are always a million things going trying to distract us on our phones, laptops, and tablets. Our days can also become pretty busy fairly quickly and usually we don’t have time to read testimonials, even if they seem interesting.
Some viewers will take time to sort through the whole story, but you need to make sure that you have a summary that readers can easily spot and learn the main point from. Of course great writing and solid information should still be a focus when writing your story, but keep in mind that many people who partially read your story are busy and distracted. These highlights should be given at the top of your story. If you have an infographic with key information, go ahead and put that up top as well. It won’t give the full effect of your story, but should communicate the main information that you need to express to your leads.
3. Numbers Help
Speaking of infographics, people love numbers and statistics to follow. This will add even more credibility to your success story and help people see the importance of your field. The more third party affirmation you can get, the better for your business.
Make sure the numbers aren’t the full picture of your story. Though extremely useful, you want to use them to simply add to the success story that you already have. They are a great way to give a lot of information in a short and simple way.
4. Challenge And Outcome Focus
You do need to give the appropriate company or customer profile so that your readers can relate to the issue your client had. The main focus of your story, however, should be the challenge itself and the intended outcome. People are reading your story to see if your business can provide the service or product necessary to help them with a similar issue.
You don’t want to spend too much time on the problem as your reader, if truly interested, is probably already familiar with it. Keep that focus on how your product or service can overcome that challenge and better the costumer’s life. Whether your product makes life easier, saves time, saves money, or is entertaining, focus on that.
5. Your Customer Is The Star
You are writing a story, so who is the protagonist? The client. People love to read the stories of other people. Resist the urge to make your business the hero, even though you must stress your services strengths. Use fun quotes from your customer so that people have a chance to relate.
Though you should use the voice of your brand, make sure that you are still focusing on the triumph of your client or customer. Your readers want to relate and follow their story, not just read about your business and how it can help. This is simple human nature. We love relating. We aren’t just robots buying products. Don’t be afraid to stay in touch with your story loving side and keep your story human focused and less corporate sounding.
6. Add Potential Future
At the end of your story you should hint at the future. Explore how the service or product continues to benefit the customer. Learn what other new uses the client has found that are nice. Now is also a good time to invite your audience. Stress how this customer was so happy with your business that they shared their story to help people just like the reader.
7. Allow Your Customer To Review The Story
Make sure you offer to let your client or customer read the story before sending it out to be published. Now is the time to make sure that your client is happy with the results, not after. All information should be accurate to what actually happened.
Ready To Write A Great Customer Success Story?
If you need help writing customer success stories or creating any other marketing content, our team at Elevare Agency would be happy to get you started.
Fill out a form below to schedule a FREE consultation today and we can help you convert your customer success stories into customers! | https://elevareagency.com/7-tips-write-great-customer-success-story/ | 2020-10-19T21:12:43 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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Error while Printing label: ‘DHL Create Shipment Error:100’
Customer:
While trying to print shipment label, we get the following error.
DHL Create Shipment Error:100 : Validation Failure:Site Id is wrong
Please help.
ELEX Support:
There are two possibilities this error might occur. Please check for the same.
- If the credentials are not correct – Verify the credentials from DHL.
- If the origin country of shipping is different from the country for which the account is valid – Kindly set your origin country as mentioned in your DHL account.
This will resolve the issue.. | https://elextensions.com/knowledge-base/error-printing-label-dhl-create-shipment-error100/ | 2020-10-19T21:42:11 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Architecture of the chromatin remodeler RSC and insights into its nucleosome engagement
- Cited 13
- Views 3,371
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Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into nucleosome arrays, which are repositioned by chromatin remodeling complexes to control DNA accessibility. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RSC (Remodeling the Structure of Chromatin) complex, a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler family, plays critical roles in genome maintenance, transcription, and DNA repair. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and crosslinking mass spectrometry (CLMS) studies of yeast RSC complex and show that RSC is composed of a rigid tripartite core and two flexible lobes. The core structure is scaffolded by an asymmetric Rsc8 dimer and built with the evolutionarily conserved subunits Sfh1, Rsc6, Rsc9 and Sth1. The flexible ATPase lobe, composed of helicase subunit Sth1, Arp7, Arp9 and Rtt102, is anchored to this core by the N-terminus of Sth1. Our cryo-EM analysis of RSC bound to a nucleosome core particle shows that in addition to the expected nucleosome-Sth1 interactions, RSC engages histones and nucleosomal DNA through one arm of the core structure, composed of the Rsc8 SWIRM domains, Sfh1 and Npl6. Our findings provide structural insights into the conserved assembly process for all members of the SWI/SNF family of remodelers, and illustrate how RSC selects, engages, and remodels nucleosomes.
Introduction
Eukaryotes have four major families of chromatin remodelers: SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80 (Clapier and Cairns, 2009). Each of these remodelers plays distinct roles based on how they select and affect target nucleosomes. Together, these remodelers give rise to the distinct chromatin landscapes observed in eukaryotic cells and determine how genetic information is organized, replicated, transcribed, and repaired (Yen et al., 2012). In S. cerevisiae there are two members of the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodelers: RSC and SWI/SNF (Côté et al., 1994; Cairns et al., 1996). SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers reposition nucleosomes by translocating DNA around the histone octamer, and in vitro assays have shown that they move nucleosomes to the ends of linear DNA fragments before evicting the histones from the DNA (Clapier et al., 2016). RSC is essential for yeast viability and is ten times more abundant than SWI/SNF (Cairns et al., 1996). In the context of transcription, RSC is responsible for maintaining nucleosome free regions (NFR), while SWI/SNF plays a role in remodeling nucleosomes during transcription initiation (Nagai et al., 2017; Krietenstein et al., 2016; Klein-Brill et al., 2019). Additionally, RSC is also involved in many transcription-independent processes, such as mitotic division, double stranded break repair, and telomere maintenance (Krietenstein et al., 2016; Erkina et al., 2010; Kuryan et al., 2012; Campsteijn et al., 2007; Shim et al., 2007; Ungar et al., 2009; Ng et al., 2002).
RSC has a molecular weight of ~1.1 MDa and is composed of 17 proteins, with two copies of Rsc8 and one copy of either Rsc1 or Rsc2 (Cairns et al., 1996; Cairns et al., 1999). Seven of the proteins (Arp7, Arp9, Rsc6, Rsc8, Sfh1, Sth1 and Rsc9) are conserved in all eukaryotic SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes, with Sth1 containing the ATPase domain that is responsible for the remodeling activity (Cairns et al., 1996; Saha et al., 2002). Two additional subunits are conserved in yeast (Npl6 and Rtt102), and the rest are complex specific (Htl1, Ldb7, Rsc1/2, Rsc3, Rsc30, Rsc4 and Rsc58). Three subunits, Arp7, Arp9 and Rtt102, are shared between RSC and SWI/SNF, and the two Arps have been found to be important for efficient remodeling activity of RSC (Clapier et al., 2016). The SWI/SNF paralog of Rsc8, Swi3, has been shown to be important for complex assembly and to likely play a scaffolding role (Yang et al., 2007), while the paralog of Sfh1, Snf5, has been found to be important for remodeling activity (Sen et al., 2017). RSC contains six bromodomains (BrDs), two in RSC1/2 and Rsc4, and one in Rsc58 and Sth1. Additionally, Rsc1/2 also contain a BAH domain. The BrD and BAH domains of RSC have all been shown to interact with histones H3 (Chambers et al., 2013), with the BrDs favoring acetylated H3 tails (Zhang et al., 2010), and in vitro binding assays have shown that the affinity of RSC for acetylated H3 nucleosomes is indeed greater than for unmodified nucleosomes (Chatterjee et al., 2011). In vivo deletions or mutations in these domains have been shown to decrease cell survival (Cairns et al., 1999; Kasten et al., 2004). The fungal-specific subunits Npl6, Htl1, Ldb7, Rsc3 and Rsc30, have been proposed to form a structural module (Wilson et al., 2006), with Npl6 and Htl1 interacting with Rsc8, and Ldb7 with Sth1 and Arp9. Rsc3 and Rsc30, which dimerize with each other, share a very similar architecture (Angus-Hill et al., 2001), with an N-terminal Zinc cluster that has been shown to bind to the DNA sequence CGCG that preferentially occurs at gene promoters (Badis et al., 2008). Deletion of Rsc3 has been shown to weaken the ability of RSC to maintain NFR in vivo (Badis et al., 2008).
High-resolution structural studies of the SWI/SNF family of remodelers had until recently been limited to fragments, such as the Arp module (Arp7, Arp9 and some combination of Rtt102 and HSA helix of Snf2 [paralog to Sth1]) (Schubert et al., 2013), the SwiB domain of the human SMARCD (homolog of Rsc6), the WH domain of SMARCB (homolog of Sfh1) (Allen et al., 2015), the SWIRM domain of Swi3 (paralog of Rsc8) (Da et al., 2006), the RPT domain of SMARCB (homolog of Sfh1) (Sammak et al., 2018), the SWIRM-RPT complex of SMARCC-SMARCB (homologs of Rsc8 and Sfh1) (Yan et al., 2017), the SANT domain of SMARCC (homolog of Rsc8), and the ATPase of Snf2 (homolog of Sth1) on its own (Dürr et al., 2005; Xia et al., 2016) and in complex with a nucleosome with different ATP analogs (Liu et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019). Early structural studies of full SWI/SNF remodeling complexes by negative stain electron microscopy (EM) were limited by low resolution and/or reconstruction artifacts (Chaban et al., 2008; Dechassa et al., 2008; Asturias et al., 2002; Leschziner et al., 2007; Leschziner et al., 2005; Skiniotis et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2003), with only one study able to map the location of some subunits within the complex (for the yeast SWI/SNF complex using subunit deletion) (Zhang et al., 2018).
Here, we have used cryo-EM to determine the structure RSC. The core of the complex was resolved to 3 Å, which allowed us the de novo building of this entire region. The complex is scaffolded around a central Rsc8 dimer from which other evolutionarily conserved subunits assemble, leading to a model for the biogenesis of the complex that agrees with that previously proposed for human SWI-SNF complexes based on biochemical data (Mashtalir et al., 2018). We were also able to determine the structure of RSC bound to a nucleosome at 19 Å resolution, which, together with our structure of the core of RSC, and previous ones for the Arp module and nucleosome, allowed us to reveal how RSC engages nucleosomes.
Results
Structure of RSC and RSC-NCP
We have used cryo-EM to determine the structure of the chromatin remodeler RSC from S. cerevisiae purified using the TAP-tag (on Sth1) method (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). We found that RSC is composed of five main lobes, three that form a relatively rigid core (head, body and arm) and two that are flexibly attached (leg and tail) (Figure 1A; Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Our negative stain analysis of the yeast SWI/SNF complex shows that, like RSC, it has a rigid core sharing some similar features, and a flexible leg that occupies similar overall positions (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). However, SWI/SNF lacks a tail lobe, indicating that while RSC and SWI/SNF share a conserved core architecture, RSC features additional regulatory domains (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Our assignment of most of the tail region to the RSC-specific subunits Rsc3 and Rsc30 (see below) is in further agreement with this observation.
Structures of RSC and RSC-NCP complex.
(A) On the left, cartoon representation of RSC showing its five main lobes. The head, body and arm lobes form the core of the complex, while the tail and leg lobes are flexible. On the right are two cryo-EM reconstructions of RSC with the tail (green) and leg (red) lobes in two different conformations with respect to the core (purple). (B) Cryo-EM reconstruction of the RSC core with individually subunits colored. (C) Model of the RSC core with individual subunits colored and labelled. (D) On the left, cartoon representation of the RSC-NCP complex showing the five main lobes of RSC colored as in A, and with DNA in teal and histones in orange. The tail and leg lobes are flexible. On the right are two cryo-EM reconstructions of RSC-NCP showing the tail lobe in two different conformations with respect to the core. (E) Cryo-EM reconstruction of RSC-NCP in transparent with the core of RSC, the NCP (PDB: 6IY2) (Li et al., 2019) and the ARP module (PDB: 4I6M) (Schubert et al., 2013) structures docked in. The ATPase domain (not visible in our density) is modeled according to the structure of nucleosome-bound Snf2 (PDB: 6IY2) (Li et al., 2019). The points of contact between RSC and the NCP are labeled. (F) Domain maps for RSC subunits. Regions modeled within the RSC core are marked by black lines above the schematic of each protein. The ARP module that was docked into the RSC-NCP map is marked by the dark grey lines and the ATPase domain as shown in the model is marked by light grey lines.
We determined the structure of the core to ~3.0 Å and mapped 14 proteins within this region: Rsc1/2, Rsc3, Rsc4, Rsc6, Rsc8 (two copies), Rsc9, Rsc30, Rsc58, Ldb7, Npl6, Htl1, Sfh1, and Sth1 (Figure 1B,C,F; Figure 1—figure supplements 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). It was not possible to distinguish, based on our cryo-EM data, whether the structure contained Rsc1 or Rsc2. A region in our map could be mapped either to Rsc1 (776–809 and 892–924) or Rsc2 (787–820 and 849–881). These regions are highly similar between the two proteins (43% identical plus 22% similar) and the density we observe likely correspond to an average of these two proteins (Figure 1—figure supplement 6).
We confirm our model by mass spectrometry analysis of RSC chemically crosslinked using bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3) (Figure 1—figure supplement 8). We identified 780 unique inter-molecular links between different subunits and 617 unique intra-molecular links within the same subunits. About 90% (151/168) of mappable crosslinks in our model of the RSC core structure are within 38 Å distance.
In order to shed light on the interaction of RSC with its substrate, we also obtained a 19 Å resolution map of RSC bound to a nucleosome core particle (NCP) modified with H3K4me3 and H3K(9/14/18)ac (Figure 1D,E,F; Figure 1—figure supplement 9). We used an acetylated nucleosome due to the higher affinity of RSC for nucleosomes containing acetylated H3 (Chatterjee et al., 2011). We were able to unambiguously fit our structure of the RSC core within this map, along with previously published models of the Arp module (Arp7, Arp9, Rtt102 and Sth1-HSA) and the NCP (Figure 1E) (Schubert et al., 2013; Li et al., 2019). We do not observe any density for the ATPase domain of Sth1; however, based on the structure of the Sth1 homolog Snf2 bound to the NCP, we expect the catalytic subunit to bind super-helical location-2 (SHL2) (Li et al., 2019).
Our data show two distinct modes of NCP binding by RSC, one where the whole tail is swiveled towards the nucleosome (termed swiveled), and one where only a small region emanating from the tail reaches towards the NCP (termed locked) (Figure 1D). Altogether, the core of RSC appears to bind the nucleosome in a well-defined orientation that in our docking-based model places the catalytic domain of Sth1 in a position that would allow it to interact with the SHL2. The fact that we observe nucleosome-bound RSC, even without a stable binding of the catalytic domain of Sth1 to the NCP, indicates that the contacts through the RSC core are sufficient for nucleosome engagement. It also makes our structure a likely intermediate in a pathway to full engagement of a nucleosome by RSC. We propose that the contacts made by the RSC core with the NCP contribute to the processivity of the nucleosome remodeling function of the catalytic domain of Sth1 (see below).
Structural organization of RSC
The RSC core is critically defined by subunits Rsc8, Rsc6, Rsc9, Rsc58, Sth1, and Sfh1. Five of these proteins (Rsc8, Rsc6, Rsc9, Sth1, and Sfh1) are evolutionarily conserved throughout the eukaryotic SWI/SNF family, and comprise 72% of the mass of the core density (Figure 2A; Figure 2—source data 1) (Wang et al., 1996; Kadoch and Crabtree, 2015). An asymmetric Rsc8 dimer defines the backbone for the complex, scaffolding the three core lobes and contacting all core proteins except Rsc3 and Rsc30 (Figure 2A,B). Rsc8 has four conserved domains, which are, from N to C terminus: SWIRM, ZZ, SANT, and coiled coil (CC) (Figure 2B). The SWIRM domains are in the arm, the ZZ and SANT domains in the head and the CC domains in the body. Previous work has shown that Rsc8 homologs are critical for the integrity of their respective SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers, supporting the idea that Rsc8 and its homologs are the structural backbone for all SWI/SNF family of remodelers (Mashtalir et al., 2018).
Conserved structural scaffold in RSC.
(A) Structure of the RSC core, highlighting in color the evolutionarily conserved subunits. Non-conserved subunits are shown in transparent grey. Subunit labels are shown with colors corresponding to those in the structure. (B) Top, domain map of Rsc8, with the four different domains colored blue to red from N to C terminus. Middle, structure of the RSC core with only the Rsc8 dimer colored. Bottom, individual domains of the two copies of Rsc8, aligned and tiled. (C) RSC subunits that span multiple lobes (except for Rsc8) are colored, with the regions spanning them labeled. (D) Model of the RSC-NCP complex with domains of Sth1 highlighted blue to red from N to C terminus. Scaffolding domains I (blue) and II (green) interact with the core region of RSC, while the HSA helix (yellow) interacts with the Arp module to form the leg lobe. The ATPase (red; not visible in our density) is modeled according to the structure of nucleosome-bound Snf2 (ref. Li et al., 2019).
Apart from Rsc8, the only other subunits to span multiple lobes in our model of the core are Rsc6, Rsc9, Rsc58 and Sth1 (Figure 2C). Most of the structured regions of Rsc6 are in the body, except for a small region at the very C-terminus of the protein (residues 445–483), which occupies the space in between the three lobes. Rsc9 also primarily located in the body, but for a small region at the very N-terminus terminus (residues 28–80) interacts with the surface of the arm and head lobes. The N-terminal BrD and C-terminal Scaffold II domain of Rsc58 are in the head lobe, while the central Scaffold I domain is in the body lobe. Sth1 spans three lobes, the head, body and leg. The Scaffold I domain is in the head while the Scaffold II domain goes between the body to the head and back to the body. From the RSC-NCP model, we observe that Sth1 then continues from the Scaffold II domain to the HSA helix that, along with Arp7, Arp9 and Rtt102, form the leg lobe (Figure 2D). From the HSA helix, Sth1 continues into the ATPase domain that would putatively bind the nucleosome at position SHL2 (Figure 2D). This model of RSC would have the N- and C- termini of adjacent Sth1 domains at the right distance to connect through the short linkers between them (Figure 2D).
Architecture of the body lobe
The body lobe of RSC contains a helical bundle backbone, an α-solenoid belly and a β-sandwich hook (Figure 3A). The helical bundle is made up of the two CC domains of Rsc8, along with the CC domains of Rsc6 and Htl1. This helical bundle interacts with the α-solenoid belly made up of the armadillo repeats of Rsc9 and the SwiB domain of Rsc6. Finally, the hook region off the belly contains β-strands from Rsc9 and Rsc6 that come to together to form a b-sandwich. Given the position of the Rsc9 sequences model in our structure, it is likely that the RFX-type WH of Rsc9 is part of the tail. In addition to these major structural regions there are some smaller elements that contribute to the body lobe. These include a segment of Rsc58 that binds between the belly and the backbone, a small segment of Sth1 that binds to the surface of the helical bundle, and a small segment of Sth1 that binds the surface of the armadillo repeat (Figure 3A). The last two components of the body are the Rsc3 and Rsc30 dimer that binds the surface of the Rsc9 armadillo repeat on top of Sth1 (Figure 3A). The Rsc3 and Rsc30 dimer appears to be absent in 75% of the RSC particles that were used in the high-resolution analysis (Figure 3B), in agreement with previous findings showing that some RSC complexes lack Rsc3 and Rsc30 (Angus-Hill et al., 2001). During our image analysis, we found that the presence or absence of the Rsc3 and Rsc30 dimer correlates well with the presence or absence of most of the tail lobe, making the Rsc3 and Rsc30 subunits the most likely constituents of this very flexible lobe (Figure 3C). The fact that there are no equivalent subunits in the yeast SWI-SNF complex, for which the tail domain is missing, further supports this assignment (Figure 1—figure supplement 2).
Architecture of the body lobe and occupancy of the tail lobe.
(A) Structure of the RSC body lobe, with protein domains and segments labeled. (B) Two maps generated from 3D classification of the body region. Shown is the presence or absence of RSC3/30 density with the body lobe. Maps were generated using partial signal subtraction and 3D classification. (C) Four classes generated from 3D classification using the final high-resolution set of particles, without mask and with a reference that was low pass filtered to 20 Å at every iteration. These classes reveal the flexibility of the tail and leg lobes of RSC and correlate the presence of the tail lobe with the Rsc3/Rsc30 occupancy in the core.
The arm lobe engages the NCP
Four proteins contribute to most of the arm lobe, which is made of the two SWIRM domains of Rsc8 held together by the Scaffold domain of Npl6 and the RPT1 and RPT2 domains of Sfh1 (Figure 4A). Within our RSC-NCP structure, the arm lobe makes major interactions with the nucleosome, contacting both the acidic patch and nucleosomal DNA (Figure 4B). The region of the arm that contacts the acidic patch appears to emanate from the C-terminal end of the RPT2 domain of Sfh1 (Figure 4B). This region of Sfh1 is highly conserved and contains nine lysine and arginine residues that are predicted to form a helix (Figure 4C). The involvement of this region in nucleosome binding is supported by the fact that deletion of Snf5 (SWI/SNF homolog of Sfh1) in yeast results in less efficient chromatin remodeling activity of the SWI/SNF complex (Sen et al., 2017).
Architecture of the arm lobe and is interaction with the NCP.
(A) The structure of the RSC arm lobe with protein domains and segments labeled. (B) The density of the NCP and arm region from the RSC-NCP reconstruction showing the connections that occur between the two. (C) Domain organization, sequence conservation and secondary structure prediction for Sfh1. Below is a zoomed in view of the C-terminus showing the sequence at a residue level. The domain map coloring is the same as in (Figure 1—figure supplement 4).
The region of the arm lobe contacting the nucleosomal DNA appears to emanate from either the C-terminus of the SWIRM domain of Rsc8, which is predicted to be disordered, or the N-terminus of the Scaffold domain of Npl6 (Figure 4B), which includes a CRC domain which shares homology to the WH domain of SMARCB (Allen et al., 2015; Söding et al., 2005). The WH domain of SMARCB has been shown to bind DNA and would be small enough to be accommodated within the extra density observed in our RSC-NCP structure, making the CRC domain of Npl6 the likely candidate for binding the nucleosomal DNA (Figure 4B) (Allen et al., 2015).
The head lobe contains chromatin interacting subunits
Six RSC subunits contribute majorly to the head lobe of RSC, which is made of the ZZ and SANT domains of the two copies of Rsc8, the BrD and Scaffold II domain of Rsc58, the Scaffold I and part of Scaffold II domain of Sth1, the β-barrel domain of Rsc4 and the anchor domain of Rsc1/2 (Figure 5A). Of these proteins, only Rsc8 and Sth1 are evolutionarily conserved, suggesting that this region probably contributes to specific functions of the RSC complex. Rsc58, Rsc4 and Rsc1/2 are notable for containing histone reader domains: BrD and BAH domains. Only one other protein within RSC, Sth1, has a histone reader domain (a BrD). These domains have been shown to interact with acetylated lysines on histone tails, particularly H3 (Chambers et al., 2013; Chatterjee et al., 2011; Duan and Smerdon, 2014). We could only model the BrD of Rsc58, while the remaining BrDs and the BAH domain extend from flexible linkers and are not visible in our structure (Figure 5A,B). Based on the position of the head relative to the arm lobe, the BrD-containing subunits in our RSC-nucleosome model are positioned so that these domains could reach the H3 tails of the engaged nucleosome (Figure 5B). Alternatively, it is possible that the BrDs of one RSC complex could interact with different, adjacent nucleosomes. Microarray data have shown that different bromodomains within RSC can recognize different acetylation sites, which could allow the complex to be targeted to a wide variety of genomic loci (Zhang et al., 2010; Filippakopoulos et al., 2012). The yeast SWI/SNF and its human homolog BAF have just one BrD – on the ATPase subunit – while human PBAF has eight, indicating that these domains may contribute to functional specificity of different classes within the SWI/SNF family.
Architecture of the head lobe, the chromatin reader hub.
(A) Structure of the RSC head lobe with protein domains and segments labeled. (B) On the left the RSC-NCP model showing the head lobe situated over the top of the nucleosome. On the right in the full RSC-NCP model with cartoon connections for the chromatin interacting domains (BrDs and BAH) shown. Only the RSC subunits that contain chromatin interacting domains are colored. The nucleosome is colored teal for DNA, orange for histones H2A, H2B and H4, and pink for H3.
Discussion
Mechanistic model for nucleosome engagement by RSC
Based on our structure and existing biochemical data, we propose a 4-step mechanism of RSC-nucleosome engagement (Figure 6). Initial recruitment of RSC to a nucleosome likely occurs through interaction with H3 acetylation marks, given that RSC has an increased affinity for these nucleosomes (Kasten et al., 2004) and that most of them as flexible, facilitating an initial encounter. RSC could then engage the nucleosome through its arm region and place the SHL2 site of the nucleosome in position to bind the flexibly tethered catalytic domain of Sth1. The ATPase domain would then be able to translocate the DNA around the histone octamer, while the core of RSC holds onto the histone core through its direct interactions with histones. This process is very likely to apply to all SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers, as they share the same architecture and contain the conserved subunits/domains involved in the steps just proposed. Specifically, all complexes have bromodomains to bind acetylated histones (minimally in the C-terminus of their catalytic subunit), a Sfh1 homolog to bind the acidic patch of the nucleosome, and a catalytic DNA translocase domain to remodel nucleosomes (Figure 2—source data 1) (Clapier and Cairns, 2009).
Proposed model of nucleosome engagement.
Mechanistic model of RSC engaging a nucleosome. The apo RSC is shown with its moving tail and leg lobes, and its flexibly attached histone-tail binding domains. The BrDs bind and select target nucleosomes with acetylated tails. The selected nucleosome engages RSC, first through the arm lobe of the core, which then positions the ATPase domain at the end of the leg to be able to bind SHL2. During nucleosome remodeling, the ATPase translocates the DNA while the RSC core holds onto the histone core.
Model of RSC core assembly
Our structure of the RSC core allows us to visually represent the architecture of assembly intermediates of human SWI/SNF complexes that were previously identified based by biochemical and mass-spectrometry experiments (Figure 7) (Mashtalir et al., 2018) and to rationalize the assembly pathway based on the molecular contacts observed in our structure. According to this analysis, dimerization of the Rsc8 CC domains is most likely the first step in RSC complex assembly, followed by the binding of Rsc6 to this CC dimer. The RPT1 and RPT2 motifs within Sfh1 would then bring the two SWIRM domains of Rsc8 together. This initial order of assembly is based on the assembly intermediates identified for the mammalian SWI/SNF complexes BAF and PBAF (Mashtalir et al., 2018) where initial dimerization of SMARCC (the mammalian Rsc8 homolog) is followed by the sequential binding of SMARCD (the mammalian Rsc6 homolog), SMARCB (the mammalian Sfh1 homolog), and SMARCE (no known RSC/yeast homolog) to form the BAF core.
Proposed model of RSC assembly.
Proposed assembly process of RSC highlighting the individual, initial stages, which involve only evolutionarily conserved subunits.
Subsequent steps of RSC assembly likely involve binding of Rsc9 and Sth1. The armadillo repeat domain of Rsc9 binds the Rsc8 CC and Rsc6 to form most of the body lobe, while the scaffolding domains (I and II) of Sth1 contribute to both the head and body regions and exit towards the flexible leg lobe. The integration of Sth1 into the complex would also lead to recruitment of the components of the ARP module (Arp7, Arp9 and Rtt102). This order of events is derived from the corresponding phase in the assembly of mammalian SWI/SNF complexes (Mashtalir et al., 2018), which involves association of either ARID1 or ARID2 with the BAF core. ARID1 and ARID2 are paralogs, and both are orthologs to Rsc9, while the rest of the BAF complex-specific factors have no clear yeast orthologs. The incorporation of the ARID subunits is followed by the addition of the ATPase module, which includes the conserved SMARCA, ACTB, and ACTL6A subunits, which are the homologs of yeast Sth1, Arp7, and Arp9, respectively.
It is important to note that this initial assembly process primarily involves evolutionarily conserved subunits and domains and is thus likely conserved for all SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers (Kadoch and Crabtree, 2015). This model is supported by the structural similarities we observe between the yeast SWI/SNF and RSC complexes (and in agreement with a recently reported structure of yeast SWI/SNF bound to a nucleosome by Han et al., 2019). In the case of RSC, assembly would then continue with the addition of the yeast specific factor Npl6, which completes the arm lobe, and RSC-specific subunits Htl1, Rsc58, Rsc1/2, Rsc4, and Ldb7. These subunits either contribute to the scaffold of the complex (Htl1 and Ldb7), serve to anchor bromodomains to the core (Rsc1/2 and Rsc4), or both (Rsc58). The last two subunits to be recruited to the complex are likely the RSC-specific subunits Rsc3 and Rsc30, which form the tail module.
Conclusions
Our studies provide the detailed structure for the conserved core of SWI/SNF complexes and lead to a model of assembly for this family of remodelers that agrees with previous biochemical data on mammalian complexes. Our work also provides a model of how RSC stably contacts the core histones in a nucleosome via its body module, while engaging nucleosomal DNA via the Sth1 ATPase. Both the structural integrity of the core and the interaction with nucleosomes rely on evolutionarily conserved subunits, while the non-conserved proteins in RSC are likely to play a role in recruitment and regulation of the complex. Future studies will be needed to understand the mechanisms by which individual members of the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodelers are brought to different genome loci and are distinctly regulated.
Materials and methods
Protein purificationRequest a detailed protocol
SWI/SNF was purified from Saccharomyces cerivisiae using a modified TAP purification as described in Nagai et al. (2017); Puig et al. (2001). A strain modified with a TAP tag on the C terminus of SNF2 was obtained from GE Dharmacon and grown at 30°C in YPD. 20 L of cells were harvested at OD six and lysed using a cryo-mill. The ground cells were resuspended in a lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 25 mM ammonium sulfate, 0.5 mM EDTA, 100 μM zinc sulfate, 5% glycerol, 5 mM DTT, 10 μM leupeptin, protease inhibitor,. 01% NP-40) and dounced to ensure homogenization. The lysate was spun at 11,000 g for 20 min. The supernatant was removed and brought to 200 mM ammonium sulfate, followed by an addition of polyethyleneimine (0.2% final concentration) to precipitate DNA. The sample was spun again at 17,000 g for 40 min. Supernatant was removed and brought up to 2.2 M ammonium sulfate, then spun again at 17,000 g for 40 min. The protein pellet was resuspended in buffer (lysis buffer with 0 M ammonium sulfate and 2 mM DTT) and the ammonium sulfate concentration was brought up to 400 mM. IgG resin (1 ml packed) was equilibrated and incubated for 4 hr. Resin was washed with 500 mM ammonium sulfate buffer, then 1x with 100 mM ammonium sulfate buffer. Protein was released via TEV cleavage by overnight incubation with 20 μg TEV (MacroLab) in AS-100. Following cleavage, samples were spun to collect supernatant. The CaCl2 concentration of the supernatant was brought up to 2 mM and loaded onto a 100 μl equilibrated CBP resin. After 4 hr of incubation, supernatant was removed and the resin was washed 4x (20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 2 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol, 250 mM KCl, 50 μM ZnCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 10 μM leupeptin, 1 mM TCEP, 0.01% NP-40). The sample was eluted with one volume elution buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 2 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol, 250 mM KCl, 50 μM ZnCl2, 2 mM EGTA, 10 μM leupeptin, 1 mM TCEP, 0.01% NP-40) for 30 min, then 15 min for each subsequent elution. Samples were aliquoted, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C.
RSC was purified from Saccharomyces cerivisiae using a TAP-tag method as described (Puig et al., 2001; Dutta et al., 2017). A strain modified with a TAP tag at the C terminus of STH1 was obtained from GE Dharmacon and grown at 30°C in YPD. 10 L of cells were harvested at OD seven and lysed using a cryo-mill. The ground cells were resuspended in a lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 250 mM KCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 100 μM ZnSO4, 10% glycerol, 2 mM DTT, 10 μM leupeptin, protease inhibitor, 0.05% NP-40) and dounced to ensure homogenization, followed by an addition of 18 μL of benzonase (Sigma) while spinning on ice. After 10 min, another 18 μL of benzonase were added. Heparin (Sigma) was then added slowly to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and incubated for 10 min. The lysate was then spun for 90 min at 17,000 g. Supernatant was collected and clarified through a column frit, then bound to 2.5 mL packed IgG resin and incubated for 4 hr at 4°C. After incubation, the supernatant was removed. TCEP was added to the lysis buffer for a final concentration of 0.5 mM and washed 5x over the resin. The sample was released via overnight incubation with 25 μg TEV protease in one volume buffer. Following cleavage, samples were spun to collect supernatant. The CaCl2 concentration of the supernatant was brought up to 2 mM and loaded onto 100 μL CBP resin equilibrated five times with wash buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 10% glycerol, 150 mM KCl, 50 μM ZnCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 10 μM leupeptin, 1 mM TCEP, 0.01% NP-40). After 4 hr of incubation, the supernatant was removed and the resin was washed 2x with wash buffer with 750 mM KCl, then 3x with wash buffer with 250 mM KCl buffer, then 1x with wash buffer without CaCl2. The sample was eluted with one volume (20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 2 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol, 150 mM KCl, 50 μM ZnCl, 2 mM EGTA, 10 μM leupeptin, 1 mM TCEP, 0.01% NP-40) for 30 min, then 15 min for each subsequent elution. Samples were aliquoted, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C.
Chemical crosslinking mass spectrometryRequest a detailed protocol
We used the ~250 μg RSC2 TAP-tag purified RSC complex and crosslinked by 4 mM bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3) at RT for 2 hr. Sample processing and mass spectrometry data analyses were done as described before (Mashtalir et al., 2018). After plink2 and Nexus database searches against the RSC subunit sequences, about 6.6% of interlinked spectra and 3.1% intralinked spectra were removed after manually spectrum checking. All the crosslinked spectra can be viewed at.
Negative stain sample preparation and data processingRequest a detailed protocol
For negative stain, the samples were cross-linked at room temperature for 5 min using 1 mM final concentration of BS3. After cross-linking, 4 μL were applied to a glow discharged continuous carbon grid for 5 min, then stained with uranyl formate. A tilted negative stain data set was collected on a Tecnai F20 microscope (FEI) operated at 120 keV and equipped with an Ultrascan 4000 camera (Gatan). Data were collected using Leginon data acquisition software (Suloway et al., 2005). The CTF parameters were estimated using Gctf (version 1.16) and particles were picked using Gautomatch (version 0.50, from K Zhang, MRC-LMB, Cambridge) using gaussian blob templates (Zhang, 2016). Data processing was done using Relion (version 3.0) (Zivanov et al., 2018). The negative stain structure (EMD-6834) from Zhang et al. (2018) was used as an initial model. Extracted particles were subjected to 2D classification and 3D classification to obtain a homogenous population. Particles that went into the best classes were then refined.
Cryo-EM sample preparationRequest a detailed protocol
For cryo-EM sample preparation we used a Vitrobot Mark IV (FEI). RSC was crosslinked on ice using 1 mM BS3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 15 min before 4 μL of sample was applied to either a 2/2 holey carbon or 1.2/1.3 UltrAuFoil grids (Quantifoil) at 4°C under 100% humidity. Grids were cleaned using Toguro plasma cleaner, using the 3 nm carbon setting run twice. The sample was immediately blotted away using Whatman #1 for 2–3 s at 0 N force and then immediately plunge frozen in liquid ethane cooled by liquid nitrogen. For the RSC-nucleosome complex sample preparation, 4 μL of RSC (2 pmol) and 1 μL of nucleosome (H3K4me3 and H3K(9/14/18)ac) (1 pmol) (Epicypher) were incubated for 10 min at 30 °C followed by the addition of 0.5 μL of AMPPNP (0.5 nmol) and an additional incubation for 10 min at 30°C. The samples were then placed on ice and crosslinked with 1 mM BS3 for 15 min. RSC-nucleosome samples were prepared in the same way as RSC.
Cryo-EM data collectionRequest a detailed protocol
For the RSC sample, frozen grids were clipped and transferred to the autoloader of a Titan Krios electron microscope (Thermo Fischer Scientific) operating at 300 keV (PNCC). Images were recorded with a K3 direct electron detector (Gatan) operating in super-resolution mode at a calibrated magnification of 46,339 (1.079 Å/pixel) and a mean defocus of −1.04 μm with a 0.24 μm standard deviation, using the SerialEM data collection software (Schorb et al., 2019). 50-frame exposures were taken at 0.06 s per frame, using a dose rate of 11.455 e-/pixel/s (0.6 e- Å−2 per frame), corresponding to a total dose of 40 e-Å−2 per micrograph (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). A total of 8122 movies were collected from a total of 3 grids.
For the RSC-nucleosome sample, frozen grids were clipped and transferred to the autoloader of a Talos Arctica electron microscope (Thermo Fischer Scientific) operating at 200 keV acceleration voltage (UCB). Images were recorded with a K3 direct electron detector (Gatan) operating in super-resolution mode at a calibrated magnification of 43,859 (1.14 Å/pixel) and a mean defocus of −1.66 μm with a 0.41 μm standard deviation, using the SerialEM data collection software (Schorb et al., 2019). 50-frame exposures were taken at 0.065 s per frame, using a dose rate of 11.838 e-/pixel/s (1 e- Å (Yen et al., 2012) per frame), corresponding to a total dose of 50 e-Å−2 per micrograph (Figure 1—figure supplement 9). A total of 9190 movie were collected from a single grid.
Cryo-EM data processingRequest a detailed protocol
All data processing was performed using Relion3 (version 3.0) (Zivanov et al., 2018). For the RSC dataset, whole movie frames were aligned and binned by 2 (1.079 Å/pixel) with MotionCor2 to correct for specimen motion The CTF parameters were estimated using Gctf (Zhang, 2016; Zheng et al., 2017). 1,245,498 particles were picked with LoG picker. Particles were extracted binned by 4 (4.316 Å/pixel) and subjected to two- and three-dimensional classification to remove ice and empty picks, which resulted in 1,074,750 particles. The negative stain reconstruction was used as an initial model for 3D classification. The particles were then centered and reextracted bin 1.33 (1.4386 Å/pixel) and refined. The refinement was performed without a mask and resulted in a reconstruction were only the core of the complex was well resolved. The refinement was then continued with a mask around the core. The masked refinement resulted in a 3.8 Å-resolution map of the core. Masked local search 3D classification was performed to select for the best particles. The best class, containing 252,918 particles, was selected and refined, resulting in a 3.4 Å map. Three iterations of CTF refinement, particle polishing and 3D refinement were performed, which resulted in reconstructions at 3.26, 3.21 and 3.18 Å (Zivanov et al., 2019). Local search 3D classification was performed to select the best particles. The best class, containing 192,066 particle images, was selected and further refined, resulting in a 3.14 Å-resolution map. One last iteration of CTF refinement, particle polishing and refinement was performed and led to a reconstructions at 3.07 Å resolution. The core was then subjected to multibody refinement by masking each of the three lobes separately (Nakane et al., 2018). The arm, head and body refined to 3.23, 3.14, and 2.96 Å respectively. 3D classification of the partially signal subtracted particles was then performed. For the arm lobe a single good class was identified, which when refined resulted in a 3.16 Å map. For the head and body lobes two good classes were found, with one containing several extra helices. The classes containing the extra density were selected and refined. The head lobe refined to 3.07 Å, and the body refined to 3.48 Å. To characterize the two flexible lobes of the complex 3D classification was performed for the 192,066 subset of particles. The classification with four classes resulted in a continuum of states for the leg lobe. The complete tail lobe was only present in two of the four classes, with the tail in two different conformations.
For the RSC dataset, whole movie frames were aligned and binned by 2 (1.14 Å/pixel) with MotionCor2 to correct for specimen motion The CTF parameters were estimated using Gctf (Zhang, 2016; Zheng et al., 2017). 2,327,957 particles were picked with LoG picker. Particles were extracted binned by 4 (4.56 Å/pixel) and subjected to two- and three-dimensional classification to remove ice, empty picks, free nucleosomes which resulted in 48,222 particles. The cryo-EM reconstruction of RSC alone was used as an initial model for 3D classification. The particles were refined to 19 Å and was subjected to another round to 3D classification. Further refinement from 3D classification did not improve reconstruction quality (not shown).
Some of the software packages mentioned above were configured by SBgrid (Morin et al., 2013).
Model building and refinementRequest a detailed protocol
The model for the RSC core was generated by manually building a poly-alanine trace through the final global refinement and multibody maps in COOT (Emsley et al., 2010). Each of the chains was then identified with the help of blobMapper.py (Zukin, 2020; copy archived at) and secondary structure predication (Figure 1—figure supplement 4) (Jones, 1999; Buchan et al., 2013; Jones and Cozzetto, 2015). The resulting coordinate model was iteratively refined using the real space refinement algorithm implemented in PHENIX (Afonine, 2018a). Ramachandran, secondary structure, Cβ, and rotamer restraints, as well as bond length and bond angle restraints for the Zn2+ ion in the Rsc8 ZZ domain, were used throughout to ensure good model geometry. The final round of refinement comprised 5 rounds of global minimization as well as b-factor refinement and used a resolution limit of 3.1 Å, according to the average resolution of cryo-EM maps used (Figure 1—figure supplement 7F) in order to avoid overfitting of the model. The refinement weight was automatically determined by PHENIX, which monitors the bond length and bond angle deviations to maintain good model geometry and avoids over-fitting of the model to the map (Afonine et al., 2018b). The model was validated using MTRIAGE and MOLPROBITY within PHENIX (Afonine et al., 2018b). The refinement statistics are given in (Figure 1—figure supplement 7H) and show values typical for structures in this resolution range (MOLPROBITY score = 2.1) (Duan and Smerdon, 2014). The FSC curve between the model and the map shows good correlation up to 3.2 Å resolution according to the FSC = 0.5 criterion (Figure 1—figure supplement 7G) (Afonine et al., 2018b).
The model of the RSC-NCP complex used for visualization was generated by docking our model of the RSC core, the crystal structure of the Arp module (PDB 4I6M: Arp7, Arp9, Rtt102 and Snf2-HSA) (Schubert et al., 2013) and cryo-EM structure of Snf2-MMTV nucleosome complex bound at the SHL2 with ADP (PDB 6IY2: Snf2, nucleosome) (Li et al., 2019). The sequence for the Snf2-HSA helix in 4I6M and Snf2 helicase domain in 6IY2 were aligned to the Sth1 sequence and mutated in COOT (Emsley et al., 2010). For deposition of the coordinate model to the PDB, we replaced the model of the Snf2-MMTV nucleosome complex with the structure of a human nucleosome (PDB 2CV5) (Tsunaka et al., 2005), without bound ATPase domains, because the ATPase domain of Sth1 was not resolved in our cryo-EM map.
Some of the software packages mentioned above were configured by SBgrid (Morin et al., 2013).
Creation of figures and moviesRequest a detailed protocol
Depiction of molecular models were generated using PyMOL (The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, version 1.8, Schrödinger), the UCSF Chimera package from the Computer Graphics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco (supported by National Institutes of Health P41 RR-01081) (Pettersen et al., 2004; Goddard et al., 2018). Protein domains graphs (Figure 1—figure supplement 4; Figure 4) were generated using domainsGraph.py (Patel, 2020; copy archived at).
Some of the software packages mentioned above were configured by SBgrid (Morin et al., 2013).
Appendix 1
Structural comparison of RSC complexes
During the submission of this manuscript, another structure of RSC bound to a nucleosome was published by Ye et al. (2019) and Wagner et al. (2019). The structures by Ye et al and our own are very similar with few exceptions. These mainly stem from the apparent dissociation of parts of Ldb7 from the body and the binding of the ATPase domain to nucleosome in the reconstruction of Ye et al (Appendix 1—figure 1). The structure by Wagner et al has not yet been deposited so direct comparison could not be made but the overall structure appears very similar.
Structural comparison of RSC complexes.
(A) Structures of the RSC core from this study (left) and (Ye et al., 2019) (right) . (B) Structures of the RSC core from this study (left) and (Ye et al., 2019) (middle and right). Arrows indicate relative positions of nucleosome super-helical location 0 (SHL0) (yellow-green) and HSA helix (teal-blue).
The region we attribute to be residues 59–127 of Ldb7 appears to be missing from the reconstruction of Ye et al (Appendix 1—figure 1A). Additionally, segments of some chains we observe around this site appear to have been more flexible in the Ye et al. structure. The region of Sth1 attributed to residues (2-34) by Ye et al is assigned by us to correspond to Ldb7 residues 6–36 (Appendix 1—figure 1 – Appendix 1—figure 1—figure supplement 1A). Additionally, two β-strands within the β-sandwich that we identified as being the ZZ domain of Rsc8 were proposed to correspond to Rsc4 residues 429–449 (Appendix 1—figure 1 – Appendix 1—figure 1—figure supplement 1B C, D). This resulted in a change in register for a third β-strand (residues 364–390) (Appendix 1—figure 1 – Appendix 1—figure 1—figure supplement 1E, F, G, H). Within our map, we see connecting density between the SANT and ZZ domains of Rsc8 that allowed us to trace this chain.
Our docking of the ARP module into the leg density and prediction that the ATPase module would bind at the SHL2 site of the nucleosome matched well with the structure of Ye et al. Within their structure they were able to observe the binding of the ATPase domain to the SHL2 site. This likely explains the shift of the ARP module between our two reconstructions, with the ARP module closer to the nucleosome in their reconstruction then in ours. This likely means that the ARP module remains flexible to some degree until the ATPase module binds the nucleosome.
One major difference between the three structure of RSC bound to the nucleosome was the length of the DNA used in generating the nucleosome. We had only the 147 bp WIdom 601 sequence with no extranucleosomal DNA, Ye et al used the 147 bp WIdom 601 sequence with an additional 20 bp on one end making the total length 174 bp and Wagner et al used the 145 bp WIdom 601 with an additional 58 bp on one end and 37 bp on the other making the total length 237 bp. Due to the extra length of the extranucleosomal DNA in their structure, Wagner et al were able to observe the extranucleosomal DNA extending to the tail lobe where it appears to bind. In our RSC-NCP sample we also observe the tail lobe binding DNA but, in that case, the entire tail lobe is swiveled down towards the nucleosome and is interacting with the nucleosomal DNA. Due to the lack of resolution in both structures for this region, it was not possible to determine structure of the tail lobe and therefore, future studies will be required to identify full function of the tail of RSC.
Appendix 2
Sfh1 and SMARCB1 C-terminal α-helix binds nucleosomal acidic patch
During the submission of this manuscript two studies by Wagner et al. (2019) and Valencia et al. (2019) showed that the the C-terminal region of Sfh1 and SMARCB1, respectively, interacts with the acidic patch of the nucleosome. In the study by Wagner et al, the structure of RSC-NCP was determined using cryo-EM and it was shown that a portion of the C-terminus of Sfh1 forms an α-helix and binds the acidic patch of the nucleosome. Valencia et al show that the C-terminal region of SMARCB1 (Sfh1 homolog) forms an α-helix by NMR. Additionally, these authors showed that this α-helix will crosslink to residues near the acidic patch of the nucleosome and by computational docking that this α-helix will bind the acidic patch of the nucleosome. Valencia et al also showed that deletions of mutations in this helix reduced remodeling efficiency in vitro but did not prevent nuclear localization in vivo. These last two findings support our proposal that that Sfh1 and the arm lobe plat a role in nucleosome engagement but not RSC recruitment.
Appendix 3
Structural comparison of RSC and SWI/SNF
During the submission of this manuscript the structure of SWI/SNF bound to a nucleosome was published by Han et al. (2019). While at the time of final submission of this manuscript, the structure by Han et al has not been deposited yet, and a direct comparison could not be made, several clear similarities and differences are apparent. While the overall structure of SWI/SNF and RSC appear to be similar with respect to organization of homologous subunits, the resulting shape of the complex differs. The core of RSC appears to have three distinct lobes (head, body and arm) but in the case of SWI/SNF the core appears to form a single triangular shaped lobe.
The biggest difference between the two remodelers appears to stem form the lack of many of the head lobe components of RSC in SWI/SNF (e.g. Rsc58, Rsc1/2, Rsc4 and Ldb7). Because of this, the remaining head lobe components of SWI/SNF, the SANT domains of Swi3 (Rsc8 homolog) and the anchor domain of Snf2 (homologous to the Scaffold II domain of Sth1), interact more closely with the body lobe.
The body lobe of SWI/SNF is organized in a similar way as in RSC, but the overall shape appears different. While Swi1, Swi3 and Swp73 are similar to their RSC counterparts Rsc9, Rsc8 and Rsc6, they are different enough so that the body appears to curve toward the arm lobe in SWI/SNF as opposed to away from it, as in RSC. Interestingly it appears that Swi6 may be homologous to Htl1 as they share similar binding sites in the helical bundle within the body.
The region most similar between RSC and SWI/SNF appears to be the arm lobe. This may be due to structural or functional constraints, considering that it is the arm lobe of both complexes that interacts the nucleosome. However, the arms of the two complexes bind over the nucleosome at different positions. The arm of RSC binds over the H2A/H2B dimer of the nucleosome while in SWI/SNF, the arm binds over the H3/H4 surface. So, it remains to be seen why the binding sites for the arm lobes is different between these two complexes despite the lobes themselves being so similar.
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Decision letter
- Cynthia WolbergerSenior and Reviewing Editor; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
In the interests of transparency, eLife publishes the most substantive revision requests and the accompanying author responses.
Acceptance summary:
The RSC complex is nucleosome remodeler that maintains nucleosome-free regions in yeast and is the most abundant member of the SWI/SNF family of enzymes. This paper reports the cryo EM structure of the RSC complex core, containing 14 of the 17 RSC subunits. The structure reveals the architecture of the complex, and the similarities and differences as compared to other SWI/SNF remodelers. A low-resolution structure of RSC bound to a nucleosome core particle suggest a model for how RSC engages its substrate. Taken together, this work is an important advance in the chromatin and transcription fields, and provides a structural basis for interpreting previous biochemical studies in order to derive a possible model for RSC assembly and function.
Author response
[Editors' note: we include below the reviews that the authors received from another journal, along with the authors’ responses.]
As you will see the paper has been significantly changed. While all the original content is still present, we have restructured most of this. This was in part to fit the eLife format but also to accommodate the additional discussion on analyzing our structure. In addition to these changes and additions we have also added (as was asked) a comparison of our structure with the one published in Science by Ye et al. The comparison has been added as Appendix I. We also included two other Appendices (II and III) which cover three new papers: 1) [Valencia et al., Cell] on the analysis of SMARCB1 C-terminus and its ability to bind the acidic patch of the nucleosome, 2) [Wagner et al., bioRxiv] on the structure of RSC bound to a nucleosome, and 3) on the SWI/SNF bound to a nucleosome.
Overall, we felt that while some of the issues raised by the reviewers are understandable and will help us revise our manuscript, others are not.
One of the major areas of concern raised was that the assembly process could not be determined from our structure alone. This is indeed true, but it misses the fact that our model is based not only on our structure, but also on published literature (citation 16: Mashtalir, N. et al.) that provides biochemical data in support of our model. To emphasize this, we will change “The pattern of protein‐protein interactions observed in our structure provides insight into RSC assembly” to “Based on the observed protein-protein contacts in our structure of RSC and previous mass spectrometry analysis of the assembly of human BAF complexes, we propose a model for RSC assembly”. In this way we clarify that the model we propose originates from previous biochemical data and that our structure can now help to rationalize this model at the domain level. While we thought that this would be obvious, given that the literature describing the assembly process is highly cited in our work, it appears that both reviewers 1 and 2 did not recognize this and we will make it as clear as possible in the revised manuscript.
We have now included more extensive discussion on this by referencing the key intermediates that Mashtalir et al. have found.
The other major issue that was brought up (by reviewer 1 and 2) was that our cryo-EM structure of the RSC-NCP was too low of a resolution and that our claims about the structure were too speculative. While it is true that our structure of nucleosome-bound RSC is at low resolution (similar to previously published structures) nearly all previous reconstructions were of very low quality (e.g. Leschziner et al., 2007, Yuriy et al., NSMB 2008, Dechassa et al., 2008 and Zhang et al., 2018). It should be noted that resolution does not always accurately measure map quality. Therefore, while our map is at a similar resolution to previous reconstructions it does not suffer from the clear misalignment, anisotropy, and apparent flattening of previous works. Specifically, the EM map by Zhang et al., which was suggested by reviewer 1 to be of similar quality to ours, suffers from severe flattening and precludes fitting of the molecular components, as revealed by even the most cursory inspection. We therefore strongly disagree with the claim that our structure does not provide significant new insight into the architecture of nucleosome-bound RSC. Based on our map, we can unambiguously dock and assign all observable density, the core, the ARP module and the nucleosome. As far as not being able to observe any bromodomain density we would like to point out that one would not expect to see these domains because they are flexibly attached to the core of the complex and even in the case of the nucleosome bound complex, they would be interacting with histone tails, which are themselves also flexible.
The remaining issues raised by reviewer 1 are hard to comprehend.
Specifically, (i) the issue with Rsc3 and Rsc30 being sub-stoichiometric has been well documented and the corresponding literature has been cited in our paper; (ii) we do not think that measuring complex stoichiometry based on the gel or running a glycerol gradient to ascertain that we indeed purified an assembled complex is worthwhile, given that we have a 3-Å resolution structure of the core of complex; (iii) we cite 2 of the 3 key papers the reviewer mentions we “missed” (which includes one authored by some of the co-authors of our study), while the third is only tangentially relevant.
It is our assessment that the paper can be revised to clarify some of the issues raised by the reviewers. However, several of the issues raised are not applicable, as detailed above.
In addition to these general considerations, we provide point-by-point answers to the reviewers’ comments below.
Reviewer #1:
In the first part of this paper, the authors use cryo-EM to determine the structure of free RSC, one of two SWI/SNF complexes present in yeast, and were able to resolve the core of this complex to 3.1 angstroms. The core has a more rigid region consisting of a head, body, and arm regions plus a more flexible leg region. The structure they observe is at a higher resolution than any previously reported structure for a SWI/SNF complex and provides detailed information about the subunit-subunit interactions within this complex. They complement their cryo-EM structure by also probing the structure using chemical crosslinking and mass spectrometry (CL-MS) in collaboration with the Ranish lab.
In support of their CL-MS results they cite similar data from the Kadoch lab, but missed the earlier work from Sen et al., 2017, using yeast SWI/SNF that is actually more similar to RSC.
We do not use the work of the Kadoch lab to support our CL-MS results. Their work is mainly cited for the assembly process that they propose. The work of Sen et al. is cited (number 22) for other findings.
From their data it was not clear how they handled the heterogeneity of RSC since their purified enzyme had both Rsc1 or Rsc2, which are mutually exclusively of each other in the complex, and raises the question why they didn’t tag Rsc1 or Rsc2 so they could purify one or the other form of the RSC complex.
In our cryo-EM data processing we did not find that the complexes could be distinguished based on whether they contain Rsc1 or Rsc2. However, we did find a region in our cryo-EM map where we could model a small region of Rsc1 and 2 that is highly similar between these two proteins. It is worth noting that the sequences of Rsc1 and Rsc2 are >40% identical and another 20% is highly homologous, suggesting that they form highly similar contacts within RSC.
We reasoned that if Rsc1 or 2 lead to two structurally distinct complexes we would be able to distinguish these computationally, while otherwise, the two can be treated as the same. The latter ended up being the case as the regions that anchor the two proteins into the core of the complex are highly similar.
We have included an additional figure (Figure 1 - figure supplement 6) showing an alignment of the regions of RSC1 and 2 we modeled and its fit into the density.
It would be helpful if in the paper the authors stated which portions of each of the 14 different subunits were visualized in the core and were well resolved and which portions were too flexible to be resolved.
Figure 1—figure supplement 4 contains this information.
Figure 1—figure supplement 4 was essentially indiscernible and needs to be remade so that it can be actually read.
We have made a new version of the domain map figure for the main text (Figure 1F). It does not have the secondary structure prediction or sequence conservation mapped on to the domain map. Instead it the modeled region shown in much larger font. We chose to keep the original figure (we made some changes) in the supplement (Figure 1—figure supplement 4) because the secondary structure predication was used when building to assign proteins to chains. Additoinal we have included Figure 1 - figure supplement 5 to show the fit of various modeled regions into the map.
The purity and overall subunit stoichiometry in the purified RSC appear to be in question and was difficult to discern in the SDS-PAGE shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 1A. What type of gel was used, what was the percentage acrylamide, and what type of staining was used to visualize the proteins?
We used a BioRad 4-20% gel and stained with flamingo stain. We can rerun the gel to better separate the region that contains Rsc4, Rsc6, Rsc8, Rsc9, Npl6, Sfh1, Rsc58, Arp7, Arp9, but as the molecular weights differ only 20 kDa between the largest and smallest subunit of this group, complete separation of these bands is not likely.
Based on the in-solution tryptic digest and mass spectrometry data the sample is pure (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). The relative stoichiometry is difficult to determine for this complex using gel densitometry as many of the bands overlap in molecular weight.
If the gel was stained with Coomassie Blue then the authors need to give estimates of subunit stoichiometry based on staining intensity. Could the authors also comment on why the Rsc3 and Rsc30 subunits appear to be absent in 75% of their complexes and if this agrees with their stained gel?
The gel is not Coomassie Blue stained.
The fact that Rsc3 and 30 are substoichiometric has previously been reported, see citation 20 (El-Gebali et al., 2019).
Given the potential heterogeneity it is imperative to show how well assembled their complex is using such approaches as gel filtration or glycerol gradient at the minimum.
We can include negative stain micrographs and 2D class averages (Figure 1 -figure supplement 2) that show that we do not observe any partially assembled complexes. We also want to note that (i) we used complexes purified from a native source, making mis-assembly of the complex unlikely and (ii) we present in this paper a high-resolution structure of the core of this complex, which of course supports the notion that we are looking at a well-assembled and pure molecular assembly.
The negative stain comparison of RSC vs SWI/SNF was a good addition for showing the lack of a tail lobe that likely contains those proteins or domains not shared between the two complexes. Could the tail lobe contain the Rsc3 and Rsc30 subunits?
Yes, we do think this is the case and have stated “we found that the presence or absence of Rsc3 and Rsc30 correlates well with the presence or absence of most of the tail lobe, making the Rsc3 and Rsc30 subunits the most likely constituents of this very flexible lobe (now in Figure 3).” The reviewer apparently missed this part of our manuscript.
The authors also did not cite the yeast SWI/SNF work from Craig Peterson’s lab which showed the importance of Swi3 for scaffolding of the complex (Yang et al., Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 14:540-547 [2007]), while only citing the later work with BAF155/170.
We have added this citation. However, this paper only looked at how the SANT domain of Swi3 effected the assembly of SWI/SNF, and so we felt that the paper did not strongly support the fact that all domains of Rsc8 were important in scaffolding RSC.
This paper makes significant progress in unraveling the subunit architecture of the free RSC complex, but I think it goes too far in suggesting the order of RSC assembly based solely on the structure. A fair amount of emphasis is placed on the order of assembly as it is discussed in two paragraphs and as stated is merely the authors’ proposal without any additional supporting evidence..”
Our aim was to build off the model that was recently proposed in the Kadoch lab’s recent paper (citation 16: Mashtalir, N. et al.). What our work adds to theirs is moleuclar detail, as we can show which subunits are interacting, and suggest what the Kadoch model would look like in real molecular terms.
Like we stated above we have significantly expanded the discussion on this by referencing the key intermediates that Mashtalir et al. have found.
The authors then visualize the RSC-nucleosome structure at a resolution of 19 angstroms, which is not significantly better than a recent report of Zhang et al., 2018, for the SWI/SNF complex. At this resolution it is not possible to readily discern the structural features or subunit organization of how RSC interact with nucleosomes. The other serious issue with this structure is the lack of observable density of the ATPase domain where it should be engaging nucleosomes.
While our resolution is not significantly better than the work of Zhang et al., our reconstruction is far more homogeneous and isotropic, and thus allowed use to unambiguously dock the structure of the nucleosome. Additionally, we performed cryo-EM where we are able to observe the nucleic acid of the nucleosome far better then what is possible in negative stain, which was the method used by Zhang et al. We also want to emphasize that the map by Zhang et al. suffers from severe flattening while ours does not.
While we are not certain of why we do not observe clear density for the ATPase domain, one possibility is that the stability of the interaction is reduced in the absence of extranucleosomal DNA. However, we believe the fact that we do see engagement with the nucleosome by the core and tail of RSC has added value, and propose that our structure describes an intermediate in the process of nucleosome engagement.
These observations raise the question as to whether the RSC-nucleosome complex formed is active for remodeling, and there is unfortunately no biochemical data to show whether this is the case or not.
We do not claim that our complex is active for remodeling. Instead we are suggesting that what we are observing is an intermediate in the process of nucleosome binding by RSC (Figure 4B).
We have changed two key words to indicate the speculative nature of our model.
It also was not clear as to why these nucleosomes were modified with lysines acetylated at residues 9, 14 and 18 and methylated at residue 4 of histone H3. Should these modifications change the interactions of RSC with nucleosomes, and if so shouldn’t there be an accompanying control of unmodified nucleosomes?
We decided to use these nucleosome as the acetylation marks have been shown to interact with RSC and its domains in numerous studies (see citation 24, 25, and 26 – more citations can be added). Our complex is therefore more representative of a physiological substrate compared to an entirely unmodified nucleosome.
It seems there should be more dialog as to why these particular histone modifications and potential supporting experimental data.
We can add the following statement:
“In order to shed light on the interaction of RSC with its substrate, we obtained a 19Å resolution map of RSC bound to a nucleosome core particle (NCP) modified with H3K4me3 and H3K(9/14/18)ac (Figure 1D, E, F; Figure 1—figure supplement 9). We used acetylated nucleosome because is has been shown that RSC has a higher affinity for H3 acetylated nucleosomes” (citations 24, 25, and 26 can be used as well as others).
The assumption that the structure of free RSC remains the same when bound to nucleosomes as used in this paper is too much of an extrapolation and suffers from the lack of data. There seems to be too much prediction and modeling used in this part, all because of the lack of resolution of the nucleosome-bound structure. The authors are left to make correlations based on previous data and are unable to truly move the field forward in terms of how RSC interacts with nucleosomes.
We disagree with this statement. While we do not have high resolution for the core of RSC in our RSC-NCP structure, we can still see that the overall shape remains the same. We can fit the core of RSC, the ARP module and NCP unambiguously into our RSC-NCP map.
We did use existing structures of the ARP and NCP and our newly determined RSC core structure for docking, and, as we stated, we were able to unambiguously place them within the lower resolution structure. For this reason, our model cannot consider “too much of an extrapolation.”
Lastly while we do not have high resolution for the regions that interact with the nucleosome, through the unambiguous docking of high-resolution structures of the pieces we are able to indicate what regions are interacting with the nucleosome (Sfh1, Rtt102 and Npl6) and which are not (the SWIRM, ZZ and SANT domains of Rsc8 – all of which have been predicted to bind DNA or nucleosomes).
Although the nucleosome has four acetylated lysines, there doesn’t seem to be any clear discernible structure showing the six bromodomains of RSC interacting with their likely targets. The authors also missed yet another earlier work showing the importance of RSC recruitment with acetylated histone H3 tails (see Chatterjee et al., 2011). I also found Figure 3 hard to read as the text is too small.
As we explain in the paper, the bromodomains are likely flexible with respect to the core. This is part of the reason we do not see them. We are also unlikely to see the bromodomains in the RSC-NCP complex, as the flexible bromodomains would be interacting with flexible histone tails, making them very flexible relative to the rest of the RSC-NCP complex.
We have cited Chatterjee et al. (see citation number 24).
We can make Figure 3 larger by moving panel c below a and b, and we will adjust the font size to improve legibility.
We have remade/rearranged the figure entirely. The figure captions are hopefully large enough now.
Reviewer #2:
A structure of the RSC complex is presented. This reveals a tripartite core made up of the Sth1, RSC8, RSC9, Sfh1, Rsc6 subunits, which are conserved in evolution. As a result, the findings are likely to inform structure of human complexes that play important roles in a range of human diseases.
The structure refers to lower resolution negative stain structure of the SWI/SNF complex. From this it is concluded that SWI/SNF is likely to lack the tail lobe. As the tail lobe is not well resolved in RSC, an alternative is that it is dynamic in SWI/SNF and not resolved.
This is true. However, we can include 2D-class averages where we can see a tail density for RSC and not SWI/SNF. The reason we do not see the tail density in 3D is because we did not sort for it, and as it is sub-stoichiometric, it is only observable at much lower density thresholds. We can however do the sorting in 3D to show this.
The structure of the complex is used to infer the pathway by which it is assembled. It is incorrect to do this. No measurements have been made of the timing with which nascent proteins associate, and assembly intermediates predicted to arise in the absence of different subunits have not been identified. The structure defines interfaces that indicate how the complex is held together, not how it is assembled, and the manuscript should be re-written to reflect this..”
We chose to build off the model that was proposed in a recent paper from the Kadoch lab (citation 16: Mashtalir, N. et al.). In their study, Mashtalir et al. did not investigate how nascent proteins associate, but they did identify “assembly intermediates predicted to arise in the absence of different subunits” by knocking out a subunit and analyzing the resulting complexes by mass spectrometry. What our work adds to theirs is subunit detail as we can see which subunits are interacting and suggest what their model would look like in atomic detail. This needs to be made clearer in the revised manuscript.
A low-resolution structure of RSC bound to a nucleosome is also provided. This should be submitted as a separate EMDB submission with statistics. Given the low resolution, it is highly speculative to describe interaction surfaces for components of the complex, such as bromodomains and the protein surfaces that contact nucleosomes. The nucleosome complex is used to propose a mechanism for remodelling involving, for example, interactions with histone acetylation marks. However, the manuscript adds nothing new in this respect as none of the interactions with acetylated histones are resolved.
We will be depositing the RSC-NCP map to the EMDB and can include an FSC curve to Figure 1—figure supplement 8. We do not state that we observed bromodomain density nor do we fit any bromodomains. What we do see is the ARP module and NCP, which we can dock unambiguously.
We are proposing a model of nucleosome engagement, not remodeling. What we are proposing is that RSC bind the nucleosome first through the acetylated tails and then through contacts with the NCP (such as the acidic patch).
We have added two key words to indicate the speculative nature of our model (in italics).
RSC could then engage the nucleosome…
The ATPase domain would then be able to translocate the DNA around…
The penultimate four paragraphs (prior to the final summary paragraph) are highly speculative. The two paragraphs before these incorrectly infer a pathway for the assembly of the complex.
As we have stated above, we can modify the opening statement of the paragraph discussing assembly to clarify where the model of assembly comes from (citation 16: Mashtalir, N. et al.).
The manuscript includes important new data describing how the core subunits of the RSC complex are organised, but a manuscript has been prepared with little attention to this strength.
We have significantly changed/expanded the content of our manuscript to include more discussion on the analysis of the structure. We now have dedicated sections for describing the head body and arm lobes of RSC and the roles each plays in RSC function.
Reviewer #3:
Chromatin remodelers are essential protein complexes that modify the position of nucleosomes in chromatin. The SWI/SNF family of remodelers have been studied extensively over the past several decades and are of high biological importance. While low resolution reconstructions of SWI/SNF modelers have been determined, the only high-resolution data that exists for SWI/SNF remodelers are of the ATPase domain alone and bound to the nucleosome.
Here, Patel et al. used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of apo RSC to near atomic resolution, as well as a low-resolution structure of RSC bound to the nucleosome. The overall structure can be subdivided into 5 distinct modules that include portions of 14 of its 17 subunits. Subunit assignments were verified by mass spectrometry crosslinking experiments. The main body of the structure is constructed around a Rsc8 dimer, and the authors put forth a model for how RSC assembles into a complex. Surprisingly, the ATPase domain is not resolved in either structure, suggesting that the ATPase-containing module is extremely flexible. The structure of RSC is a seminal achievement and will not only shed new insights on decades of past biochemical research but be informative for future studies on SWI/SNF remodeling.
Overall, there are no major issues that need to be addressed. I would recommend several minor changes to the manuscript.
Text
SWRIM should be SWIRM.
We thank the reviewer for pointing out this typographic error, which will be corrected.
The authors introduce RSC as an important complex with broad functional applications, but do not mention that its specific function is to translocate DNA around the nucleosome until later in the text. For the sake of the general audience, it would be helpful if the authors briefly described what RSC does and what sets it apart from the other chromatin remodeling families.
A brief description of the function of RSC will be added.
There is no Figure 1E.
The reference to figures at this point should just state Figure 1D. We thank the reviewer for spotting this error.
Subsection “Structure of RSC and RSC-NCP”: “Our negative stain analysis of the yeast SWI/SNF complex shows that, like RSC, it has…. RSC features additional regulatory domains (Figure 1—figure supplement 2).” This point should be moved to where Rsc3 and Rsc30 are discussed so that it can be developed further there.
This can be done.
Figure 3D doesn’t exist but is referred to multiple times throughout the text.
This will be corrected, to Figure 3C.
Snf5 should be referred to as Sfh1 in the RSC complex.
We are referring to a domain of Sfh1 called Snf5. We see this can be confusing and can change it to clarify the nomenclature.
“Figure RSC-NCP2” Properly label.
This should be removed.
Epicypher nucleosomes often only have 147 bp of DNA wrapped around them. Do your nucleosomes have sufficient extranucleosomal DNA that this interaction would be possible?
While other studies have used nucleosome with extranucleosomal DNA, the ATPase domain binds to SHL+2 which would be within the 147 bp-region. However, we cannot fully exclude that the reason we do not observe the ATPase is because we are lacking this extra DNA.
Figures
Figure 3C: This figure needs to be reworked so that the RSC:NCP interactions are highlighted clearly. In the legend, the four contacts points should appear in the same order as they appear in the text. It would also be useful if they were numbered (i, ii, iii, etc) on the structure to easily locate the area being referred to.
These changed can be made.
Figure 1—figure supplement 3: Purple and grey volumes should be differentiated in the figure legend text.
A sentence stating that the purple classes indicate the classed that were selected for further processing will be added.
Figure 1—figure supplement 7: Figure needs a title.
The title “RSC core model validation” will be added.
Figure S5: 2D class averages should be included.
This will be added. Along with a micrograph.
Article and author information
Author details
Funding
National Institutes of Health (U24GM129547)
- Eva Nogales
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01-GM63072)
- Eva Nogales
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35-GM127018)
- Eva Nogales
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01-GM110064)
- Jeff Ranish
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01-HL133678)
- Jeff Ranish
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Eva Nogales
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Acknowledgements
We thank S Baskaranm, H Asahara, and R Lesch for assistance with yeast work, A Iavarone for performing in-gel mass spectrometry data collection and analysis, P Grob, and D Toso for electron microscopy support, A Chintangal and P Tobias for computing support, and C Yoshioka and the OSHU Cryo-EM Facility for help with data collection. A portion of this research was supported by NIH grant U24GM129547 and performed at the PNCC at OHSU and accessed through EMSL (grid.436923.9), a DOE Office of Science User Facility sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research. This work was funded through NIGMS grants R01-GM63072 and R35-GM127018 to EN, and R01-GM110064 and R01-HL133678 to JR. EN is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.
Senior and Reviewing Editor
- Cynthia Wolberger, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
Publication history
- Received: December 16, 2019
- Accepted: December 23, 2019
- Accepted Manuscript published: December 30, 2019 (version 1)
- Version of Record published: January 14, 2020 (version 2)
© 2019, Patel et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
Metrics
- 3,371
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Webb v. Dallas, Tex., City of
ELR Citation: ELR 20135
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- , Emily Conyngham
Family name:BLACK
Given names:Emily Conyngham
Alternative name:(misspelt Conyugham on Embarkation Roll 1917)
Gender:Female
Religion:Church of England
Date of birth:29 February 1884
Place of birth:
Birth Tinamba, Victoria
, Australia37° 57' 44.0244" S, 146° 53' 30.678" E
Military service:WW1
Field of service:Nurse
Rank:Staff Nurse
Military units:
Australian Army Nursing Service
(17th British General Hospital)
(50th British General Hospital)
(52nd British General Hospital)
(42nd British General Hospital)
Military casualty:Malaria 1918; invalided back to Australia as a result
Date of death:1976
Place of death:
Death Perth, Western Australia
, Australia31° 57' 12.7656" S, 115° 51' 23.5368" E
Decorations and medallions:British War Medal
Decorations and medallions:Victory Medal
Biographical notes:bert. Tinamba was a grazing settlement, with a population 49 according to the 1891 census (Angus Watson, Lost and Almost Forgotten Towns of Colonial Victoria, 2003). The family apparently moved to the larger town of Sale (population 3442 in 1891) when Emily was a child. She was educated at the local State School where she won a writing prize in 1894.
Emily trained as a nurse at the Homeopathic Hospital in Hobart, in the steps of her elder sister Miss Ellen (aka Ella) Black who had trained there in 1900. There were also possibly Bennison family connections in Hobart.
War Service
Emily Black enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) on 13 July 1917. She gave Ellen as her next of kin, the address for both being 340 Albert St, East Melbourne, the Trained Nurses Home 'Winfield'.
Their younger brother Allan Bennison Black had enlisted in August 1914, almost as soon as war was declared. He was seriously wounded in France in September 1916 and shortly thereafter awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for gallantry in action. Emily was one of a number of nurses who enlisted in the AANS following the wounding or death of a close family member at the front.
Emily sailed from Sydney on the 'Wiltshire', arriving in Egypt in October. She worked for six months with other Australian nurses at the 17th [British] General Hospital, a large 1800 bed facility in Alexandria for seriously wounded and sick soldiers.
In April 1918, she arrived in Salonika, where she worked in the 50th, 52nd and 42nd [British] General Hospitals. Conditions were appalling: the biographer of Jessie McHardie White, Black's matron, wrote '[White] and her staff contended with poor living conditions, extremes of temperature, threats to their safety from marauders, and with flies, lice, malaria, dysentery and typhus'. (Perdita M. McCarthy, 'White, Jessie McHardy (1870-1957), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 12; see also Jan Basset, Guns and Brooches: Australian Army Nursing from the Boer War to the Gulf War, 1992, pp. 82-90.)
Emily Black spent many weeks at a time during her war service in hospital, first with dysentery in Alexandria and then malaria in Salonika - the same illnesses that afflicted many of her patients. A British Medical Board in Salonika found that her malaria, caused by military service, required more convalescence and rendered her unfit to serve for six months. The Board recommended that she be invalided back to Australia. She left Salonika on 3 November 1918, convalescing en route in Cairo for almost a month, and finally arrived back in Australia in February 1919.
She was discharged from the AANS on 6 March 1919.
After the War
Emily recovered sufficiently well to resume nursing, at least intermittently. However her health had been permanently impaired by her war service. In 1928, she applied to the Edith Cavell Trust (which provided financial assistance for Victoria's sick and needy army nurses) because of an attack of malaria (Black, Emily, File, Edith Cavell Trust Fund, M291 National Archives of Australia). She was by then receiving a Repatriation pension of £1.10.0 per week, to which the Trust added a one-off grant of £20.
Emily's address in the 1920s and 1930s was Kensington Nurses Home, 5 Kensington Rd, South Yarra, which was also Ellen's address for a number of years.
Emily returned to Sale, probably when she retired or her health declined in the late 1930s or early 1940s. There she assisted Ellen in the boarding house of St Anne's Church of England Girls Grammar School until both women retired in 1950. According to the Gippsland Times, 23 December 1950, their valuable contributions would be greatly missed after they were obliged to retire. Ellen and probably Emily continued to live at the school until Ellen died in 1956.
Emily then moved to Perth where her unmarried sister (Mary) Isabel and late brother Allan had lived for many years. The sisters rented rooms in a house at 103 Railway Parade, Mt Lawley.
Emily died on 23 April 1976 in the Annesley Hospital Nursing Home in Perth. She is buried in the Anglican section of the Karrakatta Cemetery as are her father William and sister Mary Isabel.
A descendant by marriage has provided the following recollection: 'I remember her only as an elderly lady, she and her sister Isabel (Mary) were very "proper", gentle ladies. It's hard to imagine that she went overseas during WW1 - a very different life to what she had known in Victoria!'
Emily Black featured in the East Melbourne Historical Society's 2015 exhibition, 'Gone to War as Sister: East Melbourne Nurses in the Great War'. Her panel can be seen at Gone to War as Sister - exhibition panel 10
References:
Australian Electoral Rolls
Ann Andrew, Life at St. Anne's Gippsland Grammar School and STAGGS (1996)
St. Anne's CEGGS, Fifty Jubilant Years (1974)
Jan Basset, Guns and Brooches: Australian Army Nursing from the Boer War to the Gulf War, 1992, pp. 82-90.
Information from decendants
Acknowledgments:
Thank you to Di and Kevin Briggs of WA for information about and photographs of Emily and Allan Black, and to St Anne's and Gippsland Grammar for the photograph of the Misses Black in 1947.
Janet Scarfe, Adjunct Research Associate, Monash
Updated 29 January 2017
Location map:
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The program organizes numerous excursions, activities, and visits both to introduce students to the great monuments of French culture and to help them understand the working realities of everyday, multicultural France. Visits to a bakery and a cheese shop (followed by a cheese tasting), a wine tasting, and a cooking class of French and francophone cuisine provide an introduction to « gastronomie ». We organize guided visits to major exhibits, walking tours of various Parisian neighbourhoods on themes such as Asian, Africa, and feminist Paris, evenings at the ballet, opera, theatre, or shows, and dinners and receptions at Parisian restaurants and our Reid Hall campus, to which French students, the French homestay hosts, and professors are invited. Reid Hall courses include museum and gallery visits, excursions to sites in or near Paris, and regular theatre evenings. Excursions outside of Paris to such places as Dijon, Chartres, Rouen, Giverny, Vaux-le-Vicomte, Fontainebleau, Milly la Forêt, Barbizon, and Reims and Epernay are an integral part of the program. Such excursions typically involve picnics, guided tours, and meals featuring regional specialties.
The VWPP also offers a stipend to each student to reimburse their weekly extracurricular activities, museums, monuments and cinema entrance fees, week-end excursions or vacations organized through French organizations.
Because it is easier to become acquainted with people who share one’s interests, we encourage students to integrate themselves into Parisian society by participating in some regularly scheduled extracurricular activity: they should join an athletic team, a choir, or a hiking club, for example, or take dance, yoga, or art classes. We help students find these groups and opportunities and get in touch with them. The above- mentioned stipend can be used to help pay for such activities.
Students may participate in an immersion project during vacations or long weekends. Hiking, horseback riding, canoe-kayaking, windsurfing, intensive yoga classes, master classes in dance or music, archeological digs, and stays in chambres d’hôtes in a specific region of France are just some of the stays in which VWPP students have participated during the last few years by enrolling in stages organized by associations like l’UCPA, Rempart, Chevalvacances, and Gîtes de France. The main requirement is that the student be immersed in an exclusively francophone environment. Students find that they discover another region of France, speak exclusively French, and make friends on these immersion experiences. We help students find programs of interest to them. Students who are interested in this should contact the VWPP early on to discuss the possibilities and should plan to spend part or all of a vacation (Toussaint, winter or spring) participating in it. | https://en.vwpp.org/cultural-extracurricular-activities/ | 2020-10-19T21:19:02 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1846)/BookII-IX
SECTION IX.
Of the circular motion of fluids.
HYPOTHESIS.
The resistance arising from the want of lubricity in the parts of a fluid, is, cæteris paribus, proportional to the velocity with which the parts of the fluid are separated from each other.
PROPOSITION LI. THEOREM XXXIX.
- If a solid cylinder infinitely long, in an uniform and infinite fluid, revolve with an uniform motion about an axis given in position, and the fluid be forced round by only this impulse of the cylinder, and every part of the fluid persevere uniformly in its motion; I say, that the periodic times of the parts of the fluid are as their distances from the axis of the cylinder.
Let AFL be a cylinder turning uniformly about the axis S, and let the concentric circles BGM, CHN, DIO, EKP, &c., divide the fluid into innumerable concentric cylindric solid orbs of the same thickness. Then, because the fluid is homogeneous, the impressions which the contiguous orbs make upon each other mutually will be (by the Hypothesis) as their translations from each other, and as the contiguous superficies upon which the impressions are made. If the impression made upon any orb be greater or less on its concave than on its convex side, the stronger impression will prevail, and will either accelerate or retard the motion of the orb, according as it agrees with, or is contrary to, the motion of the same. Therefore, that every orb may persevere uniformly in its motion, the impressions made on both sides must be equal and their directions contrary. Therefore since the impressions are as the contiguous superficies, and as their translations from one another, the translations will be inversely as the superficies, that is, inversely as the distances of the superficies from the axis. But the differences of the angular motions about the axis are as those translations applied to the distances, or as the translations directly and the distances inversely; that is, joining these ratios together, as the squares of the distances inversely. Therefore if there be erected the lines Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, &c., perpendicular to the several parts of he infinite right line SABCDEQ, and reciprocally proportional to the squares of SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, &c., and through the extremities of those perpendiculars there be supposed to pass an hyperbolic curve, the sums of the differences, that is, the whole angular motions, will be as the correspondent sums of the lines Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, that is (if to constitute a medium uniformly fluid the number of the orbs be increased and their breadth diminished in infinitum), as the hyperbolic areas AaQ, BbQ, CcQ, DdQ, EeQ, &c., analogous to the sums; and the times, reciprocally proportional to the angular motions, will be also reciprocally proportional to those areas. Therefore the periodic time of any particle as D, is reciprocally as the area DdQ, that is (as appears from the known methods of quadratures of curves), directly as the distance SD. Q.E.D.
Cor. 1. Hence the angular motions of the particles of the fluid are reciprocally as their distances from the axis of the cylinder, and the absolute velocities are equal.
Cor. 2. If a fluid be contained in a cylindric vessel of an infinite length, and contain another cylinder within, and both the cylinders revolve about one common axis, and the times of their revolutions be as their semi-diameters, and every part of the fluid perseveres in its motion, the periodic times of the several parts will be as the distances from the axis of the cylinders.
Cor. 3. If there be added or taken away any common quantity of angular motion from the cylinder and fluid moving in this manner; yet because this new motion will not alter the mutual attrition of the parts of the fluid, the motion of the parts among themselves will not be changed; for the translations of the parts from one another depend upon the attrition. Any part will persevere in that motion, which, by the attrition made on both sides with contrary directions, is no more accelerated than it is retarded.
Cor. 4. Therefore if there be taken away from this whole system of the cylinders and the fluid all the angular motion of the outward cylinder, we shall have the motion of the fluid in a quiescent cylinder.
Cor. 5. Therefore if the fluid and outward cylinder are at rest, and the inward cylinder revolve uniformly, there will be communicated a circular motion to the fluid, which will be propagated by degrees through the whole fluid; and will go on continually increasing, till such time as the several parts of the fluid acquire the motion determined in Cor. 4.
Cor. 6. And because the fluid endeavours to propagate its motion still farther, its impulse will carry the outmost cylinder also about with it, unless the cylinder be violently detained; and accelerate its motion till the periodic times of both cylinders become equal among themselves. But if the outward cylinder be violently detained, it will make an effort to retard the motion of the fluid; and unless the inward cylinder preserve that motion by means of some external force impressed thereon, it will make it cease by degrees.
All these things will be found true by making the experiment in deep standing water.
PROPOSITION LII. THEOREM XL.
- If a solid sphere, in an uniform and infinite fluid, revolves about an axis given in position, with an uniform motion, and the fluid be forced round by only this impulse of the sphere; and every part of the fluid perseveres uniformly in its motion; I say, that the periodic times of the parts of the fluid are as the squares of their distances from the centre of the sphere.
Case 1. Let AFL be a sphere turning uniformly about the axis S, and let the concentric circles BGM, CHN, DIO, EKP, &c., divide the fluid into innumerable concentric orbs of the same thickness. Suppose those orbs to be solid; and, because the fluid is homogeneous, the impressions which the contiguous orbs make one upon another will be (by the supposition) as their translations from one another, and the contiguous superficies upon which the impressions are made. If the impression upon any orb be greater or less upon its concave than upon its convex side, the more forcible impression will prevail, and will either accelerate or retard the velocity of the orb, according as it is directed with a conspiring or contrary motion to that of the orb. Therefore that every orb may persevere uniformly in its motion, it is necessary that the impressions made upon both sides of the orb should be equal, and have contrary directions. Therefore since the impressions are as the contiguous superficies, and as their translations from one another, the translations will be inversely as the superficies, that is, inversely as the squares of the distances of the superficies from the centre. But the differences of the angular motions about the axis are as those translations applied to the distances, or as the translations directly and the distances inversely; that is, by compounding those ratios, as the cubes of the distances inversely. Therefore if upon the several parts of the infinite right line SABCDEQ there be erected the perpendiculars Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, &c., reciprocally proportional to the cubes of SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, &c., the sums of the differences, that is, the whole angular motions will be as the corresponding sums of the lines Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, &c., that is (if to constitute an uniformly fluid medium the number of the orbs be increased and their thickness diminished in infinitum), as the hyperbolic areas AaQ, BbQ, CcQ, DdQ, EeQ, &c., analogous to the sums; and the periodic times being reciprocally proportional to the angular motions, will be also reciprocally proportional to those areas. Therefore the periodic time of any orb DIO is reciprocally as the area DdQ, that is (by the known methods of quadratures), directly as the square of the distance SD. Which was first to be demonstrated.
Case 2. From the centre of the sphere let there be drawn a great number of indefinite right lines, making given angles with the axis, exceeding one another by equal differences; and, by these lines revolving about the axis, conceive the orbs to be cut into innumerable annuli; then will every annulus have four annuli contiguous to it, that is, one on its inside, one on its outside, and two on each hand. Now each of these annuli cannot be impelled equally and with contrary directions by the attrition of the interior and exterior annuli, unless the motion be communicated according to the law which we demonstrated in Case 1. This appears from that demonstration. And therefore any series of annuli, taken in any right line extending itself in infinitum from the globe, will move according to the law of Case 1, except we should imagine it hindered by the attrition of the annuli on each side of it. But now in a motion, according to this law, no such is, and therefore cannot be, any obstacle to the motions persevering according to that law. If annuli at equal distances from the centre revolve either more swiftly or more slowly near the poles than near the ecliptic, they will be accelerated if slow, and retarded if swift, by their mutual attrition; and so the periodic times will continually approach to equality, according to the law of Case 1. Therefore this attrition will not at all hinder the motion from going on according to the law of Case 1, and therefore that law will take place; that is, the periodic times of the several annuli will be as the squares of their distances from the centre of the globe. Which was to be demonstrated in the second place.
Case 3. Let now every annulus be divided by transverse sections into innumerable particles constituting a substance absolutely and uniformly fluid; and because these sections do not at all respect the law of circular motion, but only serve to produce a fluid substance, the law of circular motion will continue the same as before. All the very small annuli will either not at all change their asperity and force of mutual attrition upon account of these sections, or else they will change the same equally. Therefore the proportion of the causes remaining the same, the proportion of the effects will remain the same also; that is, the proportion of the motions and the periodic times. Q.E.D. But now as the circular motion, and the centrifugal force thence arising, is greater at the ecliptic than at the poles, there must be some cause operating to retain the several particles in their circles; otherwise the matter that is at the ecliptic will always recede from the centre, and come round about to the poles by the outside of the vortex, and from thence return by the axis to the ecliptic with a perpetual circulation.
Cor. 1. Hence the angular motions of the parts of the fluid about the axis of the globe are reciprocally as the squares of the distances from the centre of the globe, and the absolute velocities are reciprocally as the same squares applied to the distances from the axis.
Cor. 2. If a globe revolve with a uniform motion about an axis of a given position in a similar and infinite quiescent fluid with an uniform motion, it will communicate a whirling motion to the fluid like that of a vortex, and that motion will by degrees be propagated onward in infinitum; and this motion will be increased, continually in every part of the fluid, till the periodical times of the several parts become as the squares of the distances from the centre of the globe.
Cor. 3. Because the inward parts of the vortex are by reason of their greater velocity continually pressing upon and driving forward the external parts, and by that action are perpetually communicating motion to them, and at the same time those exterior parts communicate the same quantity of motion to those that lie still beyond them, and by this action preserve the quantity of their motion continually unchanged, it is plain that the motion is perpetually transferred from the centre to the circumference of the vortex, till it is quite swallowed up and lost in the boundless extent of that circumference. The matter between any two spherical superficies concentrical to the vortex will never be accelerated; because that matter will be always transferring the motion it receives from the matter nearer the centre to that matter which lies nearer the circumference.
Cor. 4. Therefore, in order to continue a vortex in the same state of motion, some active principle is required from which the globe may receive continually the same quantity of motion which it is always communicating to the matter of the vortex. Without such a principle it will undoubtedly come to pass that the globe and the inward parts of the vortex, being always propagating their motion to the outward parts, and not receiving any new motion, will gradually move slower and slower, and at last be carried round no longer.
Cor. 5. If another globe should be swimming in the same vortex at a certain distance from its centre, and in the mean time by some force revolve constantly about an axis of a given inclination, the motion of this globe will drive the fluid round after the manner of a vortex; and at first this new and small vortex will revolve with its globe about the centre of the other; and in the mean time its motion will creep on farther and farther, and by degrees be propagated in infinitum, after the manner of the first vortex. And for the same reason that the globe of the new vortex was carried about before by the motion of the other vortex, the globe of this other will be carried about by the motion of this new vortex, so that the two globes will revolve about some intermediate point, and by reason of that circular motion mutually fly from each other, unless some force restrains them. Afterward, if the constantly impressed forces, by which the globes persevere in their motions, should cease, and every thing be left to act according to the laws of mechanics, the motion of the globes will languish by degrees (for the reason assigned in Cor. 3 and 4), and the vortices at last will quite stand still.
Cor. 6. If several globes in given places should constantly revolve with determined velocities about axes given in position, there would arise from them as many vortices going on in infinitum. For upon the same account that any one globe propagates its motion in infinitum, each globe apart will propagate its own motion in infinitum also; so that every part of the infinite fluid will be agitated with a motion resulting from the actions of all the globes. Therefore the vortices will not be confined by any certain limits, but by degrees run mutually into each other; and by the mutual actions of the vortices on each other, the globes will be perpetually moved from their places, as was shewn in the last Corollary; neither can they possibly keep any certain position among themselves, unless some force restrains them. But if those forces, which are constantly impressed upon the globes to continue these motions, should cease, the matter (for the reason assigned in Cor. 3 and 4) will gradually stop, and cease to move in vortices.
Cor. 7. If a similar fluid be inclosed in a spherical vessel, and, by the uniform rotation of a globe in its centre, is driven round in a vortex; and the globe and vessel revolve the same way about the same axis, and their periodical times be as the squares of the semi-diameters; the parts of the fluid will not go on in their motions without acceleration or retardation, till their periodical times are as the squares of their distances from the centre of the vortex. No constitution of a vortex can be permanent but this.
Cor. 8. If the vessel, the inclosed fluid, and the globe, retain this motion, and revolve besides with a common angular motion about any given axis, because the mutual attrition of the parts of the fluid is not changed by this motion, the motions of the parts among each other will not be changed; for the translations of the parts among themselves depend upon this attrition. Any part will persevere in that motion in which its attrition on one side retards it just as much as its attrition on the other side accelerates it.
Cor. 9. Therefore if the vessel be quiescent, and the motion of the globe be given, the motion of the fluid will be given. For conceive a plane to pass through the axis of the globe, and to revolve with a contrary motion; and suppose the sum of the time of this revolution and of the revolution of the globe to be to the time of the revolution of the globe as the square of the semi-diameter of the vessel to the square of the semi-diameter of the globe; and the periodic times of the parts of the fluid in respect of this plane will be as the squares of their distances from the centre of the globe.
Cor. 10. Therefore if the vessel move about the same axis with the globe, or with a given velocity about a different one, the motion of the fluid will be given. For if from the whole system we take away the angular motion of the vessel, all the motions will remain the same among themselves as before, by Cor. 8, and those motions will be given by Cor. 9.
Cor. 11. If the vessel and the fluid are quiescent, and the globe revolves with an uniform motion, that motion will be propagated by degrees through the whole fluid to the vessel, and the vessel will be carried round by it, unless violently detained; and the fluid and the vessel will be continually accelerated till their periodic times become equal to the periodic times of the globe. If the vessel be either withheld by some force, or revolve with any constant and uniform motion, the medium will come by little and little to the state of motion defined in Cor. 8, 9, 10, nor will it ever persevere in any other state. But if then the forces, by which the globe and vessel revolve with certain motions, should cease, and the whole system be left to act according to the mechanical laws, the vessel and globe, by means of the intervening fluid, will act upon each other, and will continue to propagate their motions through the fluid to each other, till their periodic times become equal among themselves, and the whole system revolves together like one solid body.
SCHOLIUM.
In all these reasonings I suppose the fluid to consist of matter of uniform density and fluidity; I mean, that the fluid is such, that a globe placed any where therein may propagate with the same motion of its own, at distances from itself continually equal, similar and equal motions in the fluid in the same interval of time. The matter by its circular motion endeavours to recede from the axis of the vortex, and therefore presses all the matter that lies beyond. This pressure makes the attrition greater, and the separation of the parts more difficult; and by consequence diminishes the fluidity of the matter. Again; if the parts of the fluid are in any one place denser or larger than in the others, the fluidity will be less in that place, because there are fewer superficies where the parts can be separated from each other. In these cases I suppose the defect of the fluidity to be supplied by the smoothness or softness of the parts, or some other condition; otherwise the matter where it is less fluid will cohere more, and be more sluggish, and therefore will receive the motion more slowly, and propagate it farther than agrees with the ratio above assigned. If the vessel be not spherical, the particles will move in lines not circular, but answering to the figure of the vessel; and the periodic times will be nearly as the squares of the mean distances from the centre. In the parts between the centre and the circumference the motions will be slower where the spaces are wide, and swifter where narrow; but yet the particles will not tend to the circumference at all the more for their greater swiftness; for they then describe arcs of less curvity, and the conatus of receding from the centre is as much diminished by the diminution of this curvature as it is augmented by the increase of the velocity. As they go out of narrow into wide spaces, they recede a little farther from the centre, but in doing so are retarded; and when they come out of wide into narrow spaces, they are again accelerated; and so each particle is retarded and accelerated by turns for ever. These things will come to pass in a rigid vessel; for the state of vortices in an infinite fluid is known by Cor. 6 of this Proposition.
I have endeavoured in this Proposition to investigate the properties of vortices, that I might find whether the celestial phænomena can be explained by them; for the phænomenon is this, that the periodic times of the planets revolving about Jupiter are in the sesquiplicate ratio of their distances from Jupiter's centre; and the same rule obtains also among the planets that revolve about the sun. And these rules obtain also with the greatest accuracy, as far as has been yet discovered by astronomical observation. Therefore if those planets are carried round in vortices revolving about Jupiter and the sun, the vortices must revolve according to that law. But here we found the periodic times of the parts of the vortex to be in the duplicate ratio of the distances from the centre of motion; and this ratio cannot be diminished and reduced to the sesquiplicate, unless either the matter of the vortex be more fluid the farther it is from the centre, or the resistance arising from the want of lubricity in the parts of the fluid should, as the velocity with which the parts of the fluid are separated goes on increasing, be augmented with it in a greater ratio than that in which the velocity increases. But neither of these suppositions seem reasonable. The more gross and less fluid parts will tend to the circumference, unless they are heavy towards the centre. And though, for the sake of demonstration, I proposed, at the beginning of this Section, an Hypothesis that the resistance is proportional to the velocity, nevertheless, it is in truth probable that the resistance is in a less ratio than that of the velocity; which granted, the periodic times of the parts of the vortex will be in a greater than the duplicate ratio of the distances from its centre. If, as some think, the vortices move more swiftly near the centre, then slower to a certain limit, then again swifter near the circumference, certainty neither the sesquiplicate, nor any other certain and determinate ratio, can obtain in them. Let philosophers then see how that phænomenon of the sesquiplicate ratio can be accounted for by vortices.
PROPOSITION LIII. THEOREM XLI.
- Bodies carried about in a vortex, and returning in the same orb, are of the same density with the vortex, and are moved according to the same law with the parts of the vortex, as to velocity and direction of motion.
For if any small part of the vortex, whose particles or physical points preserve a given situation among each other, be supposed to be congealed, this particle will move according to the same law as before, since no change is made either in its density, vis insita, or figure. And again; if a congealed or solid part of the vortex be of the same density with the rest of the vortex, and be resolved into a fluid, this will move according to the same law as before, except in so far as its particles, now become fluid, may be moved among themselves. Neglect, therefore, the motion of the particles among themselves as not at all concerning the progressive motion of the whole, and the motion of the whole will be the same as before. But this motion will be the same with the motion of other parts of the vortex at equal distances from the centre; because the solid, now resolved into a fluid, is become perfectly like to the other parts of the vortex. Therefore a solid, if it be of the same density with the matter of the vortex, will move with the same motion as the parts thereof, being relatively at rest in the matter that surrounds it. If it be more dense, it will endeavour more than before to recede from the centre; and therefore overcoming that force of the vortex, by which, being, as it were, kept in equilibrio, it was retained in its orbit, it will recede from the centre, and in its revolution describe a spiral, returning no longer into the same orbit. And, by the same argument, if it be more rare, it will approach to the centre. Therefore it can never continually go round in the same orbit, unless it be of the same density with the fluid. But we have shewn in that case that it would revolve according to the same law with those parts of the fluid that are at the same or equal distances from the centre of the vortex.
Cor. 1. Therefore a solid revolving in a vortex, and continually going round in the same orbit, is relatively quiescent in the fluid that carries it.
Cor. 2. And if the vortex be of an uniform density, the same body may revolve at any distance from the centre of the vortex.
SCHOLIUM.
Hence it is manifest that the planets are not carried round in corporeal vortices; for, according to the Copernican hypothesis, the planets going
round the sun revolve in ellipses, having the sun in their common focus; and by radii drawn to the sun describe areas proportional to the times. But now the parts of a vortex can never revolve with such a motion. Let AD, BE, CF, represent three orbits described about the sun S, of which let the utmost circle CF be concentric to the sun; and let the aphelia of the two innermost be A, B; and their perihelia D, E. Therefore a body revolving in the orb CF, describing, by a radius drawn to the sun, areas proportional to the times, will move with an uniform motion. And, according to the laws of astronomy, the body revolving in the orb BE will move slower in its aphelion B, and swifter in its perihelion E; whereas, according to the laws of mechanics, the matter of the vortex ought to move more swiftly in the narrow space between A and C than in the wide space between D and F; that is, more swiftly in the aphelion than in the perihelion. Now these two conclusions contradict each other. So at the beginning of the sign of Virgo, where the aphelion of Mars is at present, the distance between the orbits of Mars and Venus is to the distance between the same orbits, at the beginning of the sign of Pisces, as about 3 to 2; and therefore the matter of the vortex between those orbits ought to be swifter at the beginning of Pisces than at the beginning of Virgo in the ratio of 3 to 2; for the narrower the space is through which the same quantity of matter passes in the same time of one revolution, the greater will be the velocity with which it passes through it. Therefore if the earth being relatively at rest in this celestial matter should be carried round by it, and revolve together with it about the sun, the velocity of the earth at the beginning of Pisces would be to its velocity at the beginning of Virgo in a sesquialteral ratio. Therefore the sun's apparent diurnal motion at the beginning of Virgo ought to be above 70 minutes, and at the beginning of Pisces less than 48 minutes; whereas, on the contrary, that apparent motion of the sun is really greater at the beginning of Pisces than at the beginning of Virgo, as experience testifies; and therefore the earth is swifter at the beginning of Virgo than at the beginning of Pisces; so that the hypothesis of vortices is utterly irreconcileable with astronomical phænomena, and rather serves to perplex than explain the heavenly motions. How these motions are performed in free spaces without vortices, may be understood by the first Book; and I shall now more fully treat of it in the following Book. | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mathematical_Principles_of_Natural_Philosophy_(1846)/BookII-IX | 2020-10-19T22:40:16 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
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Catastrophic Plate Tectonics:
A Global Flood Model of Earth History
Steven A. Austin, PhD,
Institute for Creation Research, PO Box 2667, El Cajon, California, 92021, USA.
John R. Baumgardner, PhD,
1965 Camino Redondo, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA.*
D. Russell Humphreys, PhD,
9301 Gutierrez NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87111, USA.*
Andrew A. Snelling, PhD,
Creation Science Foundation, PO Box 6302, Acacia Ridge DC, Qld, 4110, Australia.*
Larry Vardiman, PhD,
Institute for Creation Research, PO Box 2667, El Cajon, California, 92021, USA.
Kurt P. Wise, PhD,
Bryan College, PO Box 7585, Dayton, Tennessee, 37321-7000, USA.
*current address: Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, Kentucky, 41048, USA. conflated mafic ocean floor. The Flood was initiated as slabs
of oceanic floor field. Large plumes originating near the
core/mantle boundary expressed themselves at the surface as fissure eruptions and flood basalts. Flow
induced in the mantle also produced rapid extension along linear belts throughout the sea floor and
rapid horizontal displacement of continents. Upwelling magma jettisoned steam into the atmosphere
causing intense global rain. Rapid emplacement of isostatically lighter mantle material raised the
level of the ocean floor, displacing ocean water onto the continents. When virtually all the pre-Flood
oceanic floor had been replaced with new, less-dense, less-subductable, oceanic crust, catastrophic
plate motion stopped. Subsequent cooling increased the density of the new ocean floor, producing
deeper ocean basins and a reservoir for post-Flood oceans.
Sedimentologically, we begin with a substantial reservoir of carbonate and clastic sediment in the
pre-Flood ocean. During the Flood hot brines associated with new ocean floor floor,.2 S. A. Austin et al. significantly warmer climate just after the Flood. In the following
centuries, as the earth cooled, floral
opposition to plate tectonics was due to the fact Introduction
Early in the history of geology, it was common that geologists were, by then, firmly predisposed to
to appeal to the Flood described in Scripture to believe that the earth’s crust was horizontally fixed.
explain the origin of most or all rocks and fossils (for The catastrophism school of geology was the first to
example, Burnet, 1681; Steno, 1677; Whiston 1697; propose plate tectonics; the gradualist school was the
Woodward, 1695). In such theories Noah’s Flood was first major opponent to plate tectonics. However, by
typically recognized as a catastrophic event of global the time plate tectonics was finally accepted in the
proportions. The earth’s crust was typically pictured as United States in the late 1960s, gradualism had
dynamic and capable of rapid vertical and horizontal become a part of plate tectonics theory as well. Rather
motions on local, regional, and global scales. However, than Snider’s rapid horizontal motion an the scale of
especially with the influential works of Hutton (1788, weeks or months, modern geology accepted a plate
tectonics theory with horizontal motion on the scale 1795) and then Lyell (1833), Noah’s Flood began to
play an increasingly less important role in historical of tens to hundreds of millions of years.
geology during the nineteenth century. Theories Because of the enormous explanatory and predictive
of gradualism increased in popularity as theories success of the plate tectonics model (reviewed in
of catastrophism waned. Ideas of past catastrophic Wise, in prep. a; Wise et al., in prep.), we feel that at
geology were replaced with ideas of constancy of least some portion of plate tectonics theory should be
present gradual physical processes. Ideas of global- incorporated into the creation model. It appears that
scale dynamics were replaced with ideas of local taking the conventional plate tectonics model and
erosion, deposition, extrusion, and intrusion. Ideas increasing the rate of plate motion neither deprives
of rapid crustal dynamics were replaced by ideas of plate tectonics theory of its explanatory and predictive
crustal fixity—with only imperceptibly slow vertical success, nor does it seem to contradict any passages of
Scripture. Therefore, following the example of Antonio subsidence and uplift being possible. So complete was
the success of gradualism in geology that ideas of flood Snider we would like to propose a model of geology
geology were nowhere to be found among the English- which is centered about the idea of rapid, horizontal
speaking scientists of the world by 1859 (Numbers, divergence of rigid crustal plates (that is, rapid plate
1992), or rarely found at best (Nelson, 1931). tectonics) during Noah’s Flood. We feel that this model
One of the last holdouts for flood geology was a is not only capable of the explanatory and predictive
little-known work published by Antonio Snider- success of conventional plate tectonics, but is also
Pellegrini (1858)—ironically enough the same year capable of clarifying a number of scriptural claims
Darwin published the Origin of Species. Intrigued and explaining some physical data unexplained by
by the reasonably good fit between land masses on conventional plate tectonics theory.
either side of the Atlantic ocean, Snider proposed that It is important to note, however, that our model is
still in its formative stages, and is thus incomplete. the earth’s crust was composed of rigid plates which
had moved horizontally with respect to one another. What is presented here is a basic framework upon
Snider may have been the first to propose some of which more theory can be built. We anticipate that a
the main elements of modern plate tectonics theory. substantial amount of work is still needed to explain
Snider also proposed that the horizontal divergence all the salient features of this planet’s rocks and
had been rapid and had occurred during Noah’s fossils. Additionally, although the authors of this
Flood. It appears, then, that the first elaboration of paper have all had some association with the Institute
plate tectonics theory was presented in the context for Creation Research (ICR), the model presented in
of catastrophic flood geology. It also seems that this paper is a composite perspective of the authors
a substantial amount of the twentieth century and not necessarily that of the ICR.3Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: A Global Flood Model of Earth History
Pre-Flood Geology Day 3 of the creation week). Secondly, even though
Any flood model must begin by speculating on the such a differentiation could have been performed by
nature of the pre-Flood world. Virtually every flood God without the “natural” release of gravitational
event and product is in some way or another affected potential energy, the already-differentiated earth’s
by characteristics of the pre-Flood world. A partial interior also provides a natural driving mechanism
list of flood events determined at least in part by for the rapid tectonics model here described.
pre-Flood conditions would include: global dynamics The earth’s mantle appears to have been less
of the crust (by the pre-Flood structure and nature viscous than it seems to be at present (Baumgardner,
of the earth’s interior); magnetic field dynamics (by 1987, 1990a, 1990b). This is to allow for the thermal
runaway instability which we believe produced the pre-Flood nature of the magnetic field); tectonic
activity and associated earthquakes (by the pre-Flood the rapid plate tectonic motion we are proposing
structure and dynamics of the crust); volcanic activity (Baumgardner, 1990a).
and emplaced igneous rocks (by the pre-Flood nature With regard to the earth’s crust, we believe that
of the earth’s interior); formation of clastic sediments there was a distinct horizontal differentiation between
(by the pre-Flood sediments available for redeposition oceanic and continental crust, very much as there is
and rocks available for erosion); formation of chemical today. First, we believe that before the Flood began,
sediments (by the pre-Flood ocean chemistry); there was stable, sialic, cratonic crust. We have three
formation of fossils (by the nature of the pre-Flood major reasons for this conclusion:
biota); distribution of sediments and fossils (by the pre- 1. much Archean sialic material exists which probably
Flood climate and biogeography); and the dynamics is below the pre-Flood/Flood boundary. This would
indicate that sialic material was available in pre-of the inundation itself (by pre-Flood topography).
The more that is determined about the nature of the Flood times;
pre-Flood world, the more accurate and specific our 2. the existence of low-density, low temperature “keels”
flood models can be. Our initial inferences about the beneath existing cratons (Jordon, 1978) implies
pre-Flood world include the following. that the cratons have persisted more or less in their
present form since their differentiation. It also argues
Pre-Flood/Flood Boundary that little or no mantle convection has disturbed the
We agree with many previous theorists in upper mantle beneath the cratons; and
flood geology that the pre-Flood/Flood boundary 3. if the pre-Flood cratons were sialic and the pre-
should stratigraphically lie at least as low as the Flood ocean crust was mafic, then buoyancy forces
Precambrian/Cambrian boundary (for example, would provide a natural means of supporting craton
material above sea level—thus producing dry land Steno, 1677; Whitcomb & Morris, 1961). Currently
there is discussion about how close (Austin & Wise, on the continents.
1994; Wise, 1992) or far (Snelling, 1991) below the Second, we believe that the pre-Flood ocean crust
Cambrian rocks this boundary should be located. For was mafic—most probably basaltic. Once again three
our purposes here, it is provisionally claimed that at reasons exist for this inference:
least many of the Archean sediments are pre-Flood 1. pre-Flood basaltic ocean crust is suggested by
ophiolites (containing pillow basalts and presumed in age.
ocean sediments) which are thought to represent
Pre-Flood Earth Structure pieces of ocean floor and obducted onto the
We believe that the pre-Flood earth was continents early in the Flood;
differentiated into a core, mantle, and crust, very 2. if, as claimed above, the pre-Flood craton was
much as it is today. We conclude this for two major sialic, then buoyancy forces would make a mafic
reasons. The first is that under any known natural pre-Flood ocean crust into a natural basin for
conditions, core/mantle differentiation would destroy ocean water. This would prevent ocean water from
all evidence of life on earth completely. The current overrunning the continents; and
earth has a core/mantle/crust division according 3. if, as claimed above, the continents were sialic,
to the successively lower density of its components. mafic material would be necessary to drive the
subduction required in our Flood model.If this differentiation had occurred by any natural
means, the gravitational potential energy released by
the heavier elements relocating to the earth’s interior Pre-Flood Sediments
would produce enough heat to melt the earth’s crust We believe that there was a significant thickness of
and vaporize the earth’s oceans. If differentiation of the all types of sediments already available on the earth
earth’s elements did occur with its associated natural by the time of the Flood. We have three reasons for
release of energy, it is reasoned that it most certainly this position:
occurred before the creation of organisms (at the latest 1. biologically optimum terrestrial and marine 4 S. A. Austin et al.
environments would require that at least a small evaluate potential mechanisms in the light of how
amount of sediment of each type had been created well they can produce global subduction.
in the Creation week;
2. Archean (probable pre-Flood) and Proterozoic Subduction
sediments contain substantial quantities of all At the very beginning of plate motion, subducting
types of sediments; and slabs locally heated the mantle by deformation,
3. it may not be possible to derive all the Flood lowering the viscosity of the mantle in the vicinity
sediments from igneous and/or metamorphic of the slabs. The lowered viscosity then allowed an
precursors by physical and chemical processes in increase in subduction rate, which in turn heated
the course of a single, year-long Flood. up the surrounding mantle even more. We believe
We believe that substantial quantities of very fine that this led to a thermal runaway instability
detrital carbonate sediment existed in the pre-Flood which allowed for meters-per-second subduction,
oceans. This is deduced primarily from the fact that as postulated and modeled by Baumgardner (1987,
not enough bicarbonate can have been dissolved in 1990a). It is probable that this subduction occurred
the pre-Flood ocean (and/or provided by outgassing along thousands of kilometers of continental margin.
during the Flood—see below) to have produced the The bending of the ocean plate beneath the continent
Flood carbonates. would have produced an abrupt topographic low
Such quantities of carbonate as we believe to have paralleling the continental margin, similar to the
existed in the pre-Flood ocean would mean that there ocean trenches at the eastern, northern, and western
was a substantial buffer in the pre-Flood ocean— margins of the Pacific Ocean.
perhaps contributing to a very stable pre-Flood ocean Because all current ocean lithosphere seems to
chemistry. The existence of large quantities of mature date from Flood or post-Flood times (Sclater, Jaupart,
or nearly mature pre-Flood quartz sands might & Galson, 1980), we feel that essentially all pre-Flood
explain the otherwise somewhat mysterious clean, ocean lithosphere was subducted in the course of the
mature nature of early Paleozoic sands. Flood. Gravitational potential energy released by the
28subduction of this lithosphere is on the order of 10 J
Flood Dynamics (Baumgardner, 1987). This alone probably provided
Initiation the energy necessary to drive Flood dynamics.
There has been considerable discussion—both The continents attached to ocean slabs would have
reasonable and fanciful—about what event might been pulled toward subduction zones. This would
have initiated the Flood. Considerations range from produce rapid horizontal displacement of continents—
• the direct hand of God (Baumgardner, 1987, 1990a; in many cases relative motion of meters per second.
Morton, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1987a, 1987b, Collisions of continents at subduction zones are
1990); the likely mechanism for the creation of mountain
• the impact or near-miss of an astronomical object fold-and-thrust-belts, such as the Appalachians,
or objects such as asteroids (Unfred, 1984), Himalayas, Caspians, and Alps. Rapid deformation,
meteorites (Parks, 1989), a comet (Patten, 1966; burial, and subsequent erosion of mountains possible
Whiston, 1697), a comet or Venus (Berlitz, 1987), in the Flood model might provide the only adequate
Venus and Mars (Velikovsky, 1955), Mars (Patten, explanation for the existence of high-pressure, low-
Hatch, & Steinhauer, 1973), Mars, Ceres, and temperature minerals such as coesite (for example,
Jupiter (Whitelaw, 1983), another moon of earth Chopin, 1987; Hsu, 1991; Shutong, Okay, Shouyuan,
(Bellamy, 1936), and a star (Benson, 1929); & Sengor, 1992; Smith, 1984; Wang, Liou, & Mao,
• some purely terrestrial event or events, such as 1989) in mountain cores.
fracturing of the earth’s crust due to drying (Burnet,
1681) or radioactive heat buildup (Henry, 1992), Mantle-Wide Flow
rapid tilting of the earth due to gyro turbulence As Baumgardner (1987, 1990a) assumed in order
(Overn, 1992) or ice sheet buildup (McFarlane, to facilitate his modeling, rapid subduction is likely to
1850), and natural collapse of rings of ice (Vail, have initiated large-scale flow throughout the entire
1874; Webb, 1854); or mantle of the earth. Seismic tomography studies
• various combinations of these ideas. (for example, Dziewonski, 1984; and as reviewed by
We feel that the Flood was initiated as slabs of oceanic Engebretson, Kelley, Cushman, & Reynolds, 1992)
crust broke loose and subducted along thousands of seem to confirm that this in fact did occur in the
kilometers of pre-Flood continental margins. We are, history of the earth. In such studies velocity anomalies
however, not ready at this time to speculate on what (interpreted as cooler temperature zones) lie along
event or events might have initiated that subduction. theorized paths of past subduction. These anomalies
We feel that considerable research is still needed to are found deep within the earth’s mantle—well 5Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: A Global Flood Model of Earth History
below the phase transition zones thought by some to condensed and fallen as an intense global rain. It is this
be barriers to mantle-wide subduction. ln fact, the geyser-produced rain which we believe is primarily
velocity anomalies seem to imply that not only did responsible for the rain from the “windows of heaven”
flow involve the entire depth of the mantle, but that (Genesis 7:11; 8:2) which remained a source of water
ocean lithosphere may have dropped all the way to for up to 150 days of the Flood (Genesis 7:24–8:2).
the core/mantle boundary. The rapid emplacement of isostatically lighter
One important consequence of mantle-wide flow mantle material raised the level of the ocean floor
would have been the transportation of cooler mantle along the spreading centers. This produced a linear
material to the core/mantle boundary. This would chain of mountains called the mid-ocean ridge (MOR)
have had the effect of cooling the outer core, which system. The now warmer and more buoyant ocean
in turn led to strong core convection. This convection floor displaced ocean water onto the continents to
provided the conditions necessary for Humphreys’ produce the inundation itself.
(1987, 1990) model of rapid geomagnetic reversals
in the core. As the low electrical conductivity oceanic Continental Modification
plates subducted, they would be expected to have split The events of the Flood would have made
up the lower mantle’s high conductivity. This in turn substantial modifications to the thickness of the
would have lessened the mantle’s attenuation of core pre-Flood continental crust. This would have been
reversals and allowed the rapid magnetic field reversals effected through the redistribution of sediments,
to have been expressed on the surface. Humphreys’ the moving of ductile lower continental crust by
(1987, 1990) model not only explains magnetic reversal subducting lithosphere, addition of molten material
evidence (as reviewed in Humphreys, 1988) in a young- to the underside of the continental lithosphere
age Creation timescale, but uniquely explains the low (underplating), stretching (for example, due to
intensity of paleomagnetic and archeomagnetic data, spreading), and compression (for example, due to
the erratic frequency of paleomagnetic reversals continental collision). These rapid changes in crustal
through the Phanerozoic, and, most impressively, the thickness would produce isostatic disequilibrium.
locally patchy distribution of sea- floor paleomagnetic This would subsequently lead to large-scale isostatic
anomalies (Humphreys, 1988). It also predicted and adjustments with their associated earthquakes,
uniquely explains the rapid reversals found imprinted frictional heating, and deformation. Since many of
in lava flows of the Northwest (Appenzeller, 1992; those tectonic events would have involved vertical rock
Camps, Prévot, & Coe, in press; Coe & Prévot, 1989; motions, Tyler’s (1990) tectonically-controlled rock
Coe, Prévot, & Camps, 1991). cycle might prove to be a useful tool in understanding
late Flood and post-Flood tectonics.
Spreading
As ocean lithosphere subducted it would have Atmosphere
produced rapid extension along linear belts on the The magma at spreading centers degassed,
ocean floor tens of thousands of kilometers long. At among other things, substantial quantities of argon
these spreading centers upwelling mantle material and helium into the earth’s atmosphere. Both of
would have been allowed to rise to the surface. The these elements are produced and accumulated due
new, molten mantle material would have degassed its to radioactive decay. However, the current quantity
volatiles (Whitelaw, 1983) and vaporized ocean water of helium in the atmosphere is less than that which
(Baumgardner, 1987, 1990a) to produce a linear would be expected by current rates of radioactive
geyser of superheated gases along the whole length of decay production over a four to five billion years
spreading centers. This geyser activity, which would of earth history (Cook, 1957, 1966; Mayne, 1956;
have jettisoned gases well into the atmosphere, is, we Vardiman, 1985, 1990a, 1990b), so perhaps what is
believe, what Scripture refers to as the “fountains currently found in the atmosphere is due to degassing
of the great deep” (Genesis 7:11; 8:2). As evidenced of mantle material during the Flood. The same may
by volatiles emitted by Mount Kilauea in Hawaii also be found to be true about argon (see, for example,
(Gerlach & Graeber, 1985), the gases released would Fisher, 1975).
be (in order of abundance) water, carbon dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, Flood Waters
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, argon, and Several sources have been suggested for the water
oxygen. As the gases in the upper atmosphere drifted of the Flood. Some creationists (for example, Dillow,
away from the spreading centers they would have had 1981; Whitcomb & Morris, 1961) have proposed that
the opportunity to cool by radiation into space. As it the “waters above the firmament” in the form of an
cooled, the water—both that vaporized from ocean upper atmosphere water canopy provided much of the
water and that released from magma—would have rain of the Flood. However, Rush & Vardiman (1990, 6 S. A. Austin et al.
1992) and Walters (1991) argue that if the water Chillinger (1956) for interesting data on this
was held in place by forces and laws of physics with subject).
which we are currently familiar, 40 feet of water is
not possible in the canopy. Perhaps, they argue, the Sedimentary Transport
canopy could have held a maximum of only a few As Morton (1987) points out, most Flood sediments
feet of water. This is insufficient water to contribute are found on the continents and continental margins
significantly to even 40 days of rain, let alone a and not on the ocean floor where one might expect
mountain-covering global flood. A second source sediments to have ended up. Our model provides a
suggested by Whitelaw (1983) and Baumgardner number of mechanisms for the transportation of
(1987, 1990a) is condensing water from spreading ocean sediments onto the continents where they are
center geysers. This should provide adequate water to primarily found today. First, subducting plates would
explain up to 150 days of open “windows of heaven.” transport sediments toward the subduction zones and
Another substantial source of water suggested by this thus mostly towards the continents in a conveyor-belt
model is displaced ocean water (Baumgardner, 1987, fashion. Second, as the ocean plates were forced to
1990a). Rapid emplacement of isostatically lighter quickly bend into the earth’s interior, they would
mantle material at the spreading centers would raise warp upward outboard of the trench. This would
the ocean bottom, displacing ocean water onto the raise the deep sea sediments above their typical
continents. Baumgardner (1990a) estimates a rise depth, which in turn reduces the amount of work
of sea level of more than one kilometer from this required to move sediments from the oceans onto the
mechanism alone. continents. Third, rapid plate subduction would warp
Cooling of new ocean lithosphere at the spreading the continental plate margin downward. This again
centers would be expected to heat the ocean waters would reduce the amount of energy needed to move
throughout the Flood. This heating seems to be sediments onto the continent from the ocean floor.
18 16confirmed by a gradual increase in O/ O ratios from Fourth, as more and more of the cold pre-Flood ocean
the pre-Flood/Flood boundary through the Cretaceous lithosphere was replaced with hotter rock from below,
(for example, Vardiman, 1996). the ocean bottom is gradually elevated. This again
reduces the work required to move sediments from the
Sedimentary Production oceans to the continents. Fifth, as ocean lithosphere
Precipitites—sediments precipitated directly from is subducted, ocean sediments would be scraped
supersaturated brines—would have been produced in off, allowing sediments to be accreted to and/or
association with horizontal divergence of ocean floor redeposited on the continent. Sixth, wave (for example,
rocks. Rode (1944) and Sozansky (1973) have noted tsunami) refraction on the continental shelf would
rock salt and anhydrite deposits in association with tend to transport sediments shoreward. Seventh, it
active sea-floor tectonics and volcanism and have is possible that some amount of tidal resonance may
proposed catastrophist models for their formation. have been achieved (Clark & Voss, 1985, 1990, 1992).
Besides rock salt and anhydrite, hot-rock/ocean- The resulting east-to-west-dominated currents would
water interactions could also explain many bedded tend to transport sediments accumulated on eastern
chert deposits and fine-grained limestones. continental margins into the continental interiors.
Contributions to Flood carbonates probably came Resulting sedimentary units have abundant evidence
from at least four sources: of catastrophic deposition (Ager, 1973), and tend
• carbon dioxide produced by degassing spreading to be thick, uniform, of unknown provenance, and
center magmas; extending over regional, inter-regional, and even
• dissolved pre-Flood bicarbonate precipitated as continental areas (Austin, 1994a).
ocean temperatures rose during the Flood (given
that carbonate dissolution rates are inversely Volcanic Activity
related to temperature); The volcanism associated with rapid tectonics
• eroded and redeposited pre-Flood carbonates (a would have been of unprecedented magnitude and
dominant pre-Flood sediment); and worldwide extent, but concentrated in particular
• pulverized and redeposited pre-Flood shell debris. zones and sites. At spreading centers magma would
Precipitation of carbonate may explain the origin rise to fill in between plates separating at meters
of micrite (Folk, 1959), so ubiquitous in Flood per second, producing a violent volcanic source tens
sediments, but of an otherwise unknown origin of thousands of kilometers in length (Baumgardner,
(Pettijohn, 1975). Until pre-Flood ocean magnesium 1990a). Based upon two-dimensional experimental
was depleted by carbonate precipitation, high- simulation (Huffman, McCartney, & Loper, 1989;
magnesium carbonates would be expected to Richards & Duncan, 1989) and three-dimensional
be frequent products of early Flood activity (see numerical simulation, subduction-induced mantle 7Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: A Global Flood Model of Earth History
flow would generate mantle plumes whose mushroom angiosperm fossils in Flood sediments (Wise, in prep.
heads would rise to and erupt upon the earth’s b). Sheet erosion from receding Flood waters would be
surface. These plumes would be expected to produce expected to have planed off a substantial percentage
extensive flood basalts through fissure eruptions, of the earth’s surface. Such planar erosion features
such as perhaps the plateau basalts of South Africa, as the Canadian shield and the Kaibab and Coconino
the Deccan Traps of India, the Siberian flood basalts plateaus might well be better explained by this than
(Renne & Basu, 1991), and the Karmutsen Basalt by any conventional erosional processes.
of Alaska/Canada (Panuska, 1990). Correlations
between plume formation and flood basalts have Post-Flood Dynamics
already been claimed (for example, Weinstein, Flood/Post-Flood Boundary
1993). At the same time, the heating and melting of The definition of the Flood/post-Flood boundary
subducted sediments should have produced explosive in the geologic column is a subject of considerable
sialic volcanism continent-ward of the subduction dispute among creationists. Estimates range from
zone (such as is seen in the Andes Mountains of the Carboniferous (Scheven, 1990) to the Pleistocene
South America, the Cascade Mountains of the United (Price, 1923; Whitcomb & Morris, 1961). For our
States, and the Aleutian, Japanese, Indonesian, and purposes here we would like to define the Flood/post-
New Zealand Islands of the Pacific). Flood boundary at the termination of global-scale
erosion and sedimentation. Based upon a qualitative
Earthquake Activity assessment of geologic maps worldwide, lithotypes
The rapid bending of elastic lithosphere and rapid change from worldwide or continental in character
interplate shear of plates at subduction zones as well in the Mesozoic to local or regional in the Tertiary.
as abrupt phase transitions as subducting plates are Therefore, we tentatively place the Flood/post-
rapidly moved downward would be expected to produce Flood boundary at approximately the Cretaceous/
frequent, high-intensity earthquakes at the subduction Tertiary (K/T) boundary. We believe further studies
zones. There is also earthquake activity associated with in stratigraphy, paleontology, paleomagnetism,
explosive volcanism, isostatic adjustment, continental and geochemistry should allow for a more precise
collision, etc. This earthquake activity would facilitate definition of this boundary.
thrust- and detachment-faulting by providing
• energy to aid in breaking up initially coherent rock Post-Flood Geology
blocks; After the global effects of the Flood ended, the
• an acceleration to aid in the thrusting of rock blocks; earth continued to experience several hundred years
and of residual catastrophism (Baumgardner, 1990a). A
• vibration which reduces the frictional force resisting cooling lithosphere is likely to have produced a pattern
the motion and thrusting of rock blocks. of decreasing incidence (Oard, 1990a) and intensity
of volcanism (such as appears to be evidenced in
Termination Cenozoic sialic volcanism in the Western United
When virtually all the pre-Flood oceanic floor had States (Perry, DePaolo, & Baldridge, 1991). The
been replaced with new, less-dense, less-subductable large changes in crustal thicknesses produced during
rock, rapid plate motion ceased. The lack of new, the Flood left the earth in isostatic disequilibrium.
hot, mantle material terminated spreading-center- lsostatic readjustments with their associated intense
associated geyser activity, so the global rain ceased. mountain uplift, earthquake, and volcanic activity
This is very possibly the 150-day point in the Genesis would have occurred for hundreds of years after the
chronology when it appears that the “fountains of global affects of the Flood ended (for example, Rugg,
the great deep were stopped and the windows of the 1990). In fact, considering the current nature of the
heaven were closed” (Genesis 8:2). mantle, there has not been sufficient time since the
After the rapid horizontal motion stopped, cooling end of the Flood for complete isostatic equilibrium to
increased the density of the new ocean floor producing be attained. As a result, current geologic activity can
gradually deepening oceans (Baumgardner, 1990a)— be seen as continued isostatic readjustments to Flood
eventually producing our current ocean basins. As events. Modern earthquake and volcanic activity is in
the waters receded (the “Great Regression”) from off some sense relict Flood dynamics.
of the land the most superficial—and least lithified— Because of the frequency and intensity of residual
continental deposits were eroded off the continents. catastrophism after the Flood, post-Flood sedimentary
This would leave an unconformity on the continent not processes were predominantly rapid. The local nature
reflected in ocean stratigraphy. The absence of these of such catastrophism, on the other hand, restricted
most superficial continental deposits may explain sedimentation to local areas, explaining the basinal
the absence of human as well as most mammal and nature of most Cenozoic sedimentation.8 S. A. Austin et al.
Post-Flood Climate increased vertebrate body size (Cope’s Law: Stanley,
By the time Flood waters had settled into the post- 1973) throughout the Cenozoic. Oard (1990) suggests
Flood basins, they had accumulated enough heat to that the higher rates of precipitation may provide a
leave the oceans as much as twenty or more degrees unique explanation for a well-watered Sahara of the
centigrade warmer than today’s oceans (Figure 1). past (Kerr, 1987; McCauley et al., 1982; Pachur &
These warmer oceans might be expected to produce Kröpelin, 1987), rapid erosion of caves, and the creation
a warmer climate on earth in the immediate post- and/or maintenance of large interior continental
Flood times than is experienced on earth now lakes of the Cenozoic. Examples of the latter include
(Oard, 1990a). More specifically, a rather uniform Quaternary pluvial lakes (Smith & Street-Perrott,
1983; Oard, 1990a), Lakes Hopi and Canyonlands, warm climate would be expected along continental
margins (Oard, 1979, 1987, 1990a), permitting wider which may have catastrophically drained to produce
latitudinal range for temperature-limited organisms Grand Canyon (Austin, 1994b; Brown, 1989; Oard,
(Oard, 1990a)—for example, mammoths (for example, 1993), and the extensive lake which produced the
Schweger et al., 1982), frozen forests (for example, Eocene Green River deposits. We would expect floral
Felix, 1993), and trees (Wise, 1992b). This avenue and faunal communities to have tracked the cooling of
in turn may have facilitated post-Flood dispersion the oceans and the corresponding cooling and drying
of animals (Oard, 1990a; Woodmorappe, 1990). of the continents. Such a tracking seems to explain
Also expected along continental margins would be a the trend in Cenozoic plant communities to run from
rather high climatic gradient running from the ocean woodland to grassland and the corresponding trend
toward the continental interior (Oard, 1979, 1990a). in Cenozoic herbivores to change from browsers to
grazers.This might explain why some Cenozoic communities
near the coasts include organisms from a wider range According to Oard’s (1987, 1990a) model, by about
of climatic zones than we would expect to see today— five centuries after the Flood, the cooling oceans had
for example, communities in the Pleistocene (Graham led to the advance of continental glaciers and the
& Lundelius, 1984; Oard, 1990a) and the Gingko formation of polar ice caps (see also Vardiman, 1993).
Petrified Forest in Oregon (Coffin, 1974). Oard (1990a) suggests that rapid melting of the
Oard (1979, 1987, 1990a) suggested that within continental ice sheets (in less than a century) explains
the first millennium following the Flood, the oceans the underfitness of many modern rivers (Dury, 1976)
(and earth) would have cooled as large amounts of and contributed to the megafaunal extinctions of
water were evaporated off of the oceans and dropped the Pleistocene (Bower, 1987; Lewin, 1987; Martin
over the cooler continental interiors. Although Oard’s & Klein, 1984). It may also have contributed to
the production of otherwise enigmatic Pleistocene model needs substantial modification (for example, to
include all the Cenozoic), quantification, and testing, peneplains.
we feel that it is likely to prove to have considerable
explanatory and predictive power. The predicted Conclusion
cooling (Oard, 1979, 1990a) seems to be confirmed by We believe that rapid tectonics provides a successful
oxygen isotope ratios in Cenozoic foraminifera of polar and innovative framework for young-age creation
modeling of earth history. We feel that this model bottom (Kennett et al., 1975; Shackleton & Kennett,
1975; Vardiman, in prep.) (Figure 1), polar surface, uniquely incorporates a wide variety of creationist and
and tropical bottom waters, and may contribute to non-creationist thinking. It explains evidence from
a wide spectrum of earth science fields—including
evidence not heretofore well explained by any other 20
earth history models.
15
Predictions
10 This model, like many Flood models, predicts the
following:
5 • a consistent, worldwide, initiation event in the
geologic column;
0
• most body fossils assigned to Flood deposits were
deposited allochthonously (including coal, forests, -5
and reefs);
-5000 -4000 -3000 -2000
• most ichnofossils assigned to Flood deposits are Model Time (years before present)
grazing, moving, or escape evidences, and not long-Figure 1. Cooling of polar bottom water after the Flood.
term living traces; and From Vardiman (1993). Data from Kennett et al. (1975)
• sediments assigned to the Flood were deposited and Shackleton & Kennett (1975).
Temperature °C9Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: A Global Flood Model of Earth History
subaqueously without long-term unconformities and factors postulated in the initiation of the Flood
between them. also need to be re-examined to determine which
Since Flood models are usually tied to young-earth are capable of explaining the available data and the
creationism, they also claim that it is possible on a beginning of plate subduction. It is also important that
short timescale to explain we evaluate the role of extraterrestrial bombardment
• the cooling of plutons and ocean plate material; in the history of the earth and Flood, since it was most
• regional metamorphism (see, for example, Snelling, certainly higher during and immediately after the
1994a, 1994b); Flood than it is now (Gibson, 1990; Whitelaw, 1983).
• canyon and cave erosion; The suggestion that the earth’s axial tilt has changed
• sediment production and accumulation (including (for example, Noone, 1982; Overn, 1992; Setterfield,
speleothems and precipitites); 1985) needs to be examined to determine validity
• organismal accumulation and fossilization and/or impact on earth history. It is also important
(including coal, fossil forests, and reefs); that we determine how many Wilson cycles are needed
• fine sedimentary lamination (including varves); to explain the data of continental motion (Mann &
and Wise, 1992; Wise, Stambaugh, & Mann, in prep.),
• radiometric data. and thus whether more than one phase of runaway
This particular model also predicts subduction is necessary. More than one cycle may be
• a lower earth viscosity in pre-Flood times; addressed by partial separation and closure during
• degassing-associated subaqueous precipitate one rapid tectonics event, and/or renewed tectonic
production during the Flood; motion after cooling of ocean floor allowed for further
• (possibly) east-to-west dominated current rapid tectonics. Finally, it will also be important to
deposition during the Flood; determine more precisely the geologic position of the
• (possibly) degassing-produced atmosphere argon initiation and termination of the Flood around the
and helium levels; world in order to identify the geologic data relevant to
• a decrease in magnitude and frequency of geologic particular questions of interest.
activity after the Flood;
• flood basalts that correlate with mantle plume References
Ager, D. V. (1973). The nature of the stratigraphic record. New events;
York, New York: Macmillan.• a sedimentary unconformity at the Flood/post-
Appenzeller, T. (1992). A conundrum at Steens Mountain. Flood boundary on the continents not reflected in
Science, 255, 31.ocean sediments;
Austin, S. A. (1994a). Interpreting strata of Grand Canyon. In • current geologic activity is the result of relict,
S. A. Austin (Ed.), Grand Canyon: Monument to catastrophe.
isostatic dynamics, not primary earth dynamics; El Cajon, California: Institute for Creation Research.
and Austin, S. A. (1994b). How was Grand Canyon Eroded? In S. A.
• a single ice age composed of a single ice advance. Austin (Ed.), Grand Canyon: Monument to catastrophe. El
Cajon, California: Institute for Creation Research.
Future Research Austin, S. A. & Wise, K. P. (1994). The pre-Flood/Flood
boundary: as defined in Grand Canyon, Arizona, and East The Flood model presented here suggests a
Mojave, California. In R. E. Walsh (Ed.), Proceedings of the substantial number of research projects for young-
third international conference on creationism (pp. 37–47). earth creationists. Besides the further elaboration
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship.and quantification of the model, the predictions listed
Baumgardner, J. R. (1987). Numerical simulation of the large-
above need to be examined. Most significantly, we
scale tectonic changes accompanying the Flood. In R. E.
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1987; Wise, 1987) and the radiometric dating problem of the first international conference on creationism
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use the services of a geochemist to develop a model Science Fellowship.
Baumgardner, J. R. (1990a). 3-D finite element simulation of for the origin of carbonates and precipitites during
the global tectonic changes accompanying Noah’s Flood. In the Flood. It is also important that we re-evaluate the
R. E. Walsh & C. L. Brooks (Eds.), Proceedings of the second evidence for multiple ice ages (as begun by Hughes,
international conference on creationism (Vol. 2, pp. 35–45). 1979; Oard, 1987) and multiple ice advances (as
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begun by Molén, 1990; Oard, 1990a, 1990b).
Baumgardner, J. R. (1990b). The imperative of non-stationary
In addition to testing claims of the model, there are natural law in relation to Noah’s Flood. Creation Research
a number of other studies which could help us expand Society Quarterly, 27(3), 98–100.
and refine the model. Successful studies on the nature Bellamy, H. S. (1936). Moons, myths, and man. New York,
of the pre-Flood world, for example, are likely to aid New York: Harper.
Benson, C. H. (1929). The earth—the theatre of the universe: us in placing better parameters on our model. Events 10 S. A. Austin et al.
and a scientific and scriptural study of the earth’s place 2(5), 93–100.
and purpose in the divine program. Chicago, Illinois: Bible Felix, C. (1993). The mummified forests of the Canadian Arctic.
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Berlitz, C. (1987). The lost ship of Noah: In search of the Ark at Fisher, D. E. (1975). Trapped helium and argon and the
Ararat. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. formation of the atmosphere by degassing. Nature, 256,
Bower, B. (1987). Extinctions on ice. Science News, 132, 113–114.
284–285. Folk, R. L. (1959). Practical petrographic classification of
Brown, W. T., Jr. (1989). In the beginning . . . Phoenix, Arizona: limestones. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Center for Scientific Creationism. Bulletin, 43, 8.
Burnet, T. (1684). The theory of the earth: Containing an Gerlach, T. M. & Graeber, E. J. (1985). Volatile budget of
account of the original of the earth and of all the changes Kilauea Volcano. Nature, 313, 273–277.
which it hath already undergone, or is to undergo, until Gibson, L. J. (1990). A catastrophe with an impact. Origins
the consummation of all things. London (shorter version (GRI), 17(1), 38–47.
originally published in Latin, 1681). Graham, R. W. & Lundelius, E. L. Jr. (1984). Coevolutionary
Camps, P., Prévot, M., & Coe, R. S. (in press). Approches disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions. In P. S. Martin
quantitatives de la vitesse des impulsions géomagnétiques & R. G. Klein (Eds.), Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric
pendant une renversemente du champ. Comptes Rendus revolution (pp. 223–249). Tucson, Arizona: University of
des Sciences (Paris), 320. Arizona.
Chillinger, G. V. (1956). Relationship between Ca/Mg ratio Henry, J. F. (1992). Space age astronomy confirms a recent
and geologic age. Bulletin of the American Association of and special Creation. In Proceedings of the 1992 twin-cities
Petroleum Geologists, 40(9), 2257. creation conference (pp. 88–90). St. Paul, Minnesota: Twin
Chopin, C. (1987). Very-high-pressure metamorphism in the Cities Creation-Science Association.
western Alps: Implications for subduction of continental Hsu, K. (1991). Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic
crust. In E. R. Oxburgh (Ed.), Tectonic settings of regional rocks. Geology, 19, 107–110.
metamorphism: Proceedings of a royal society discussion Huffman, A. R., McCartney, K., & Loper, D. E. (1989). Hot
meeting (pp. 183–197). London: Royal Society of London. spot initiation and Flood basalts as a cause of catastrophic
Clark, M. E. & Voss, H. D. (1985). Gravitational attraction, climate change and mass extinctions (abstract). Geological
Noah’s Flood, and sedimentary layering. In Science at Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 21(7), A93.
the crossroads: Observation or speculation?: Papers of the Hughes, W. W. (1979). Precambrian and Paleozoic glaciation.
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Minnesota: Bible-Science Association. Humphreys, D. R. (1987). Reversals of the earth’s magnetic
Clark, M. E. & Voss, H. D. (1990). Resonance and sedimentary field during the Genesis Flood. In R. E. Walsh, C. L. Brooks,
layering in the context of a global Flood. In R. E. Walsh & & R. S. Crowell (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international
C. L. Brooks (Eds.), Proceedings of the second international conference on creationism (Vol. 2, pp. 113–126). Pittsburgh,
conference on creationism (Vol. 2, pp. 53–63). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship.
Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Humphreys, D. R. (1988). Has the earth’s magnetic field
Clark, M. E. & Voss, H. D. (1992). Resonance on flooded planet flipped?. Creation Research Society Quarterly, 25(3),
earth. In Proceedings of the 1992 twin-cities creation 130–137.
conference (pp. 30–33). St. Paul, Minnesota: Twin Cities Humphreys, D. R. (1990). Physical mechanism for reversals of
Creation-Science Association. the earth’s magnetic field during the Flood. In R. E. Walsh &
Coe, R. S. & Prévot, M. (1989). Evidence suggesting extremely C. L. Brooks (Eds.), Proceedings of the second international
rapid field variation during a geomagnetic reversal. Earth conference on creationism (Vol. 2, pp. 129–142). Pittsburgh,
and Planetary Science Letters, 92(3/4), 292–298. Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship.
Coe, R. S., Prévot, M., & Camps, P. (1991). New results bearing Hutton, J. (1788). Theory of the earth, with proofs and
on hypothesis of rapid field changes during a reversal illustrations (2 volumes). Edinburgh: Cadell & Davies.
(abstract). Eos. Hutton, J. (1795). The theory of the earth. Edinburgh: William
Coffin, H. G. (1974). The Gingko petrified forest. Origins Creech.
(GRI), 1, 101–103. Jordon, T. H. (1978). Composition and development of the
Cook, M. A. (1957). Where is the earth’s radiogenic helium? continental tectosphere. Nature, 274, 544–548.
Nature, 179, 213. Kennett, J. P., Houtz, R. E., Andrews, P. B., Edwards, A. R.,
Cook, M. A. (1966). Prehistory and earth models. London: Max Gostin, V. A., Hajos, M., Hampton, M., Jenkins, D. G.,
Parrish. Margolis, S. V., Ovenshine, A. T., & Perch-Nielson, K.
Dillow, J. C. (1981). The waters above: Earth’s pre-Flood vapor (1975). Site 284. In J. P. Kennett & R. E. Houtz, et al. (Eds.),
canopy. Chicago, Illinois: Moody. Initial reports of the deep sea drilling project, 29, 403–445.
Dury, G. H. (1976). Discharge prediction, present and former, Kerr, R. A. (1987). Climate since the ice began to melt. Science,
from channel dimensions. Journal of Hydrology, 30, 226, 326–327.
219–245. Lewin, R. (1987). Domino effect invoked in Ice Age extinctions.
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M. A. (1992). 180 million years of subduction. GSA Today, Mann, D. F. & Wise, K. P. (1992). Plate tectonics: Physical and
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Current Affairs and social debate
Current Affairs and social debate
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Social attitudes Prejudice Violence. Human Rights Campaign. Further, "To be out, in common gay parlance, is precisely to be no longer out; to be out is to be finally outside of exteriority and all the exclusions and deprivations such outsiderhood imposes. Findings are published online in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior.
ScienceDaily shares links with scholarly publications in the TrendMD network and a closet Gay man revenue from third-party advertisers, where indicated.
Run from him like the plague, r Guys who say, I don't have a label on my sexuality. If he says he prefers his motorcycles over women because of too many problems with girlfriends. Never flirts with women. No one.
Though there are some appalling ones there are some great ones as well but pardon me for saying so it seems he is his own "brokeback mountain" a closet Gay man the love affair :. Pro guns. Nevertheless, there comes a time when such emotions can no longer be suppressed.
It would be exhausting to carry on this charade for decades.
Further information: Homosexuality in sports. Recent attention to bullying of LGBTQ youth and teens in the United States gives an indication that many youth and teens remain closeted throughout their educational years and beyond for fear of disapproval from parents, friends, teachers, and community members.
Archived from the original on 3 January | https://endia.info/a-closet-gay-man-810.php | 2020-10-19T20:55:03 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Various public areas with coffee machines, vending machines and water coolers are available.
Self-service cafeterias are either on the ground floor of building A and ground floor of building L North. They are equipped with:
- microwave ovens,
- fridges
- A dishwashing machine,
- A coffee maker (capsules),
- A sink.
- Snack dispensers are : In building D – Ground floor / In building C – 1st
- A Starbucks dispenser: In building D – Ground floor.
- Selecta coffee corners is in building B – Ground floor.
Nespresso machines are located :
- In building D – Ground and 2nd floor,
- In building C – Ground and 1st floor
- In building I – 2nd floor
> We leave it to you to get your own coffee capsules. They can be purchased at the reception desk in building C.
>> The order supply of cups, sugar and stirrers for these machines is on even weeks.
Showers are available :
- In building B – In the basement,
- In building C – 3rd floor – South side,
- In building D – In the basement.
Recreation areas :
- In building A – 4th floor (adjacent room to Venus), with the possibility to organize your aperitifs and host your guests.
- In building C – 1st floor (adjacent room to Neptune)
Phone booths / nursing rooms :
- In building L – 1st floor next to the conference room
- In building D – “working space” next to the cafeteria on main floor | https://epfl-innovationpark.ch/working-here/working-areas/ | 2020-10-19T21:25:34 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Reed
Reed – Bradford – I am currently recruiting a PPA teacher to join one of our local Bradford primary schools on a temporary basis from October half term until Easter 2021. This role is to cover teaching time so class teachers can deliver interventions to pupils to narrow gaps in attainment. Applicants should have experience teaching across primary, however a number of classes will be KS2 focussed. Classes are timetabled on a weekly basis , however during periods of absence this timetable may change to suit the… – Permanent – Part-time[Learn More about this Epic job...] | https://epicteachingjobs.com/job/ppa-teacher-160/ | 2020-10-19T20:45:58 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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Hak).
Abstract
This letter reports a study on the effect of a hydrogen anneal after silicon pillar etch of surround-gate vertical MOSFETs intended for RF applications. A hydrogen anneal at 800 ?C is shown to give a 30% improvement in the drive current of 120-nm n-channel transistors compared with transistors without the hydrogen anneal. The value of drive current achieved is 250 ?A/?m,2 anneal is also shown to decrease the OFF-state leakage current by a factor of three.
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It’s obligatory for house owners to have their motor autos insured in Zimbabwe.
A automotive insurance coverage coverage protects your car financially in case of an accident or a pure calamity.
In different phrases, the restore work in your automotive on account of an accident, is paid for by the insurance coverage firm.
A complete automotive insurance coverage coverage will give you wider safety.
It’ll cowl damages to your automotive attributable to an accident both by you or a 3rd particular person. It’ll additionally cowl any harm to your automotive on account of theft or an act of vandalism or fireplace.
A 3rd-party insurance coverage coverage will solely cowl for damages attributable to you to different individuals’s vehicles or property or typically each relying on the accident.
In case your automotive will get broken in an accident on account of your fault, this coverage received’t cowl any restore work to your automotive.
The insurance coverage firm is barely liable to pay to the third social gathering concerned in an accident attributable to you.
As a result of the harm cowl is proscribed on this coverage, your premium might be decrease in comparison with that for a complete automotive insurance coverage coverage.
It’s important to salute those that are managing to maintain their vehicles operating effectively, paying complete insurance coverage on the true worth of their automotive and fueling it up.
Working a car on this powerful financial local weather can typically be a borderline choice with the prices over insurance coverage, every day use and upkeep consuming away a big chunk of 1’s disposable money.
Suffice to say most autos are under-insured – they’re both on third-party insurance coverage or aren’t insured in any respect.
Zimbabwe’s annual charge of inflation at present is over 800%. Others have argued that it’s properly over 1 000%.
No matter determine tickles your fancy, costs within the outlets don’t lie. It’s evident that we’re in a hyper-inflationary surroundings. Client costs are surging every day.
The price of operating a car now outstrips most incomes. Changing a single tyre with a brand new one now outstrips month-to-month salaries.
Our economic system has been within the doldrums for years with galloping costs of meals and gas, coupled with shortages of the identical. Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation is attributed to our nationwide authorities.
It elevated the cash provide in response to rising nationwide debt as there additionally had been important declines in financial output and exports.
Corruption in a weak economic system additionally chokes our economic system. The everyday reason behind hyperinflation is a big improve in a cash provide relative to demand.
Usually, this happens in an economic system the place the central financial institution assists the federal government in a price range disaster by monetising the debt created by important deficits as has been the case in Zimbabwe over time.
Covid-19 has piled the woes to an in any other case overloaded and dying horse. Salaries have did not sustain with value will increase.
A collapsed well being system tells a grim story. Everybody needs to be paid in international foreign money. When you’ve got a state of affairs whereby nobody needs to be paid of their native foreign money, then it merely means it has no actual worth.
Confronted with the above situation, you continue to need to insure your property. Your automotive is certainly one of them.
Spare a thought for, say, a just lately retired high civil servant. They went dwelling with their newest Land Cruiser or Jeep as a retirement package deal. Only a spare wheel will value not lower than US$1 000.
They won’t afford to exchange even that spare wheel from their pension. They won’t afford to comprehensively insure the car at its substitute worth. It’s an accident ready to occur.
The commonest methodology for estimating inflation in your automotive insurance coverage is to trace the substitute value of your automotive over a 12-month interval as measured by a value index, such because the Client Worth Index (CPI).
The normal technique for creating the CPI entails monitoring the relative value of a basket of consultant items over time. Your automotive needs to be a part of your basket as you observe it continuously
Inflation impacts on the worth of insurance coverage. Insurance coverage might go up due to increased premiums during times of upper inflation on account of rising prices of labour and supplies.
Suffice to level out that inflation will not be the one issue which contributes to fluctuation in insurance coverage prices. Policyholders must regulate the worth of the protection. In an inflationary surroundings, substitute value is eroded every day on account of inflation.
In some nations, policyholders should purchase a characteristic referred to as “insurance coverage inflation safety”, the place the worth of advantages will rise by a pre-set share over a set time period.
That is particularly helpful for people seeking to buy long-term insurance coverage insurance policies.
Zimbabwe wants a few of these merchandise. For corporations to request premiums in international foreign money at present doesn’t make sense as they may miss a big section of the market who aren’t paid in international foreign money, however want cowl.
Insurance coverage inflation safety is useful as a result of it mitigates the results of those elevated prices. As with all further riders, insurance coverage inflation safety is a characteristic you may add on to an current coverage for added prices that instantly influence premium costs.
You will need to word as properly that inflation safety insurance coverage doesn’t exempt the policyholder from having to face premium will increase except premiums are locked in for the lifetime of the contract.
Inflation doesn’t have an remoted influence on insurer efficiency. Whereas excessive inflation by itself might improve claims of insurers, the interplay with different financial and monetary variables might result in a extra advanced threat evaluation.
For insurance coverage corporations, excessive charge of inflation has a unfavourable impact on returns of insurance coverage claims within the short-run. They need to adequately take care of claims inflation threat when calculating reserves in any other case they may go bust.
Attributable to inflation, there may be want for normal changes of sums insured to mirror elevated values. There may be some proof that inflation erodes the underwriting self-discipline and profitability of insurance coverage corporations.
This occurred in the US within the 1970s. It coincided with subsequent drops in underwriting and total profitability. That is an evaluation for an additional day, the place we will concentrate on insurance coverage corporations and the way they’re affected by inflation.
—Newsday | https://epsonhp.com/2020/09/12/inflation-impacts-automotive-insurance-coverage-in-zim-zim-latest-news/ | 2020-10-19T20:56:13 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
MoveIt! – Constraint-aware planning
In the first article of this series I outlined the integration of the Panda robot from FRANKA EMIKA into the Gazebo simulation environment. We did so by modifying the packages franka_ros and libfranka which FRANKA EMIKA provides such that the additional information required by Gazebo was added to the robot model and the controller configuration. For a detailed look you can read the article.
In this post we are going to utilize MoveIt! in order to navigate Panda in a cluttered environment in the Gazebo simulation. I will provide you with sample json files that contain information about the objects the robot should avoid. We will spawn the robot directly into this environment.
In MoveIt! we will add objects around the robot. These should raise awareness when moving. This way, we have the ability to put constraints on the robots motion planning depending on its environment.
Implementation
We will implement a node called robot_control_node where we
- connect to the move group of the panda robots arm,
- create the move group planning scene publisher,
- read collision objects from the filesystem and
- publish collision objects to the MoveIt! planning scene.
System dependencies & Preliminaries
Our dependencies are boost filesystem for reading from the directory ~/.panda_simulation and jsoncpp for parsing the collision objects files which we store as json files. Let’s have a look at a sample file:
{ "dimensions": { "x": 2.0, "y": 0.1, "z": 2.5 }, "position": { "x": -1.0, "y": -0.6, "z": 0.0 }, "orientation": { "w": 1.0, "x": 0.0, "y": 0.0, "z": 0.0 } }
The orientation is defined as a quaternion. Here is my resource of choice for visualization of quaternions. I will outline the reference frame of the position field in a moment. Dimensions defines the dimensions of the bounding box that. Yes, we are going to define the collision objects as bounding boxes in this tutorial.
Project setup
We will use the panda_simulation repository from my last blog post as a basis for our implementation. We will need to add the previously defined system dependencies as well as the some MoveIt! packages that we use in the new node to our CMakeLists.txt and also add the MoveIt! dependencies to our package.xml. I will only mention the additional ROS dependencies introduced:
moveit_core moveit_visual_tools moveit_ros_planning moveit_ros_planning_interface
Our new node is called robot_control_node because connecting to the move group of panda’s arm gives us the ability to control the robot (which we will hopefully do in our next blog post!).
ROS Node
1. Connecting to the move group of Panda’s arm
A ROS node that is supposed to connect to move group should spin asynchronously with AsyncSpinner for better compatibility with the nature asynchronous MoveIt! API calls. A suitable example for this is that issuing plan or move calls will presumably take a long time and should not block the process that the ROS node is running in.
ros::init(argc, argv, "robot_control_node"); ros::NodeHandle node_handle; ros::AsyncSpinner spinner(1); spinner.start(); moveit::planning_interface::MoveGroupInterface move_group_arm(PLANNING_GROUP_ARM);
2. Create the move group planning scene publisher
This is crucial: Unfortunately it is extremely hard to find a mapping between MoveIt! core packages / modules and associated ROS topics. In our case the topic /planning_scene takes our desired changes (diff) to the current planning scene of the planning scene. This is the interface to the MoveIt! Planning Scene ROS API. We will make our node sleep until there is actually a scene that subscribes to the diff that we want to publish. The planning_scene object that we define at the end is our interface to the planning scene. With it we are going to publish the collision objects in the correct format.
ros::Publisher planning_scene_diff_publisher = node_handle.advertise<moveit_msgs::PlanningScene>("planning_scene", 1); ros::WallDuration sleep_t(0.5); while (planning_scene_diff_publisher.getNumSubscribers() < 1) { sleep_t.sleep(); } moveit_msgs::PlanningScene planning_scene;
3. Read collision objects from the filesystem
We are now ready to read json files defining collision objects from a predefined directory in the users home folder (~/.panda_simulation) and publish the objects to the planning scene. The important part is the helper function that extracts the obstacles when given a json object:
moveit_msgs::CollisionObject extractObstacleFromJson(Json::Value &root, std::string name) { moveit_msgs::CollisionObject collision_object; collision_object.header.frame_id = "world"; collision_object.id = name; const Json::Value dimensions = root["dimensions"]; ROS_INFO_STREAM("Extracted dimensions: " << dimensions); // Define a box to add to the world. shape_msgs::SolidPrimitive primitive; primitive.type = primitive.BOX; primitive.dimensions.resize(3); primitive.dimensions[0] = dimensions["x"].asDouble(); primitive.dimensions[1] = dimensions["y"].asDouble(); primitive.dimensions[2] = dimensions["z"].asDouble(); const Json::Value position = root["position"]; ROS_INFO_STREAM("Extracted position: " << position); const Json::Value orientation = root["orientation"]; ROS_INFO_STREAM("Extracted orientation: " << orientation); // Define a pose for the box (specified relative to frame_id) geometry_msgs::Pose box_pose; box_pose.orientation.w = orientation["w"].asDouble(); box_pose.orientation.x = orientation["x"].asDouble(); box_pose.orientation.y = orientation["y"].asDouble(); box_pose.orientation.z = orientation["z"].asDouble(); box_pose.position.x = position["x"].asDouble() + primitive.dimensions[0] / 2.0; box_pose.position.y = position["y"].asDouble() + primitive.dimensions[1] / 2.0; box_pose.position.z = position["z"].asDouble() + primitive.dimensions[2] / 2.0; collision_object.primitives.push_back(primitive); collision_object.primitive_poses.push_back(box_pose); collision_object.operation = collision_object.ADD; return std::move(collision_object); }
- With collision_object.header.frame_id = “world” we define the reference coordinate system of the object
- The position of a bounding box is defined as it’s center in the planning scene! That’s why we add half of its dimension to its position
4. Publish collision objects to the planning scene
We will finally publish the collision objects to the planning scene. This is done by adding collision objects to the collision_objects vector of the scene objects world member:
// Publish the collision objects to the scene for (const auto &collision_object : collision_objects) { collision_object.header.frame_id = move_group_arm.getPlanningFrame(); planning_scene.world.collision_objects.push_back(collision_object); } ROS_INFO_STREAM("# collision objects " << planning_scene.world.collision_objects.size()); planning_scene.is_diff = true; planning_scene_diff_publisher.publish(planning_scene);
It is also important to note that we are setting the is_diff member to true. This way we do not alter a state that another node might have set before.
Result
The custom ROS package as well as the modified franka_ros and panda_moveit_config repositories that are needed for the simulation are available in my GitHub profile.
The next part of this series will be about implementing a ROS node that adds these collision objects to the GAZEBO simulation environment so that they can be part of the dynamics of the scene. | https://erdalpekel.de/?p=123 | 2020-10-19T21:53:14 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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- Indian Students, Tourists Leave Kashmir on Gov’t OrdersHundreds of Indian visitors and students are fleeing Kashmir after the government ordered tourists and Hindu pilgrims visiting a Himalayan cave shrine 'to curtail their stay' in the disputed territory, citing security concerns.
- Romanian Tourist Dies in Accident at Yosemite National ParkA Romanian tourist has died in a fall near a waterfall in Yosemite National Park in California.
- Powerful Storm in Balkans Injures Several, Causes DamageA powerful storm in the Balkans has injured several people as strong winds and heavy rain uprooted trees, damaged roofs and cut power in parts of the region.
- The Latest: HK Protesters Stream Past Designated End PointThe Latest on protests in Hong Kong (all times local):
- PHOTO GALLERY: A Selection of Pictures From the Past WeekHere’s your look at highlights from the weekly AP photo report, a gallery featuring a mix of front-page photography, the odd image you might have missed and lasting moments our editors think you should see.
- ID Theft Stings, but It’s Hard to Pin on Specific Data HacksEquifax 2017 . Marriott 2018 . Capital One 2019 .
- Blackman the Frontrunner in Florida State Quarterback BattleJames Blackman is in the driver’s seat in the quarterback competition at Florida State.
- Titans Use Concert, Fireworks to Lure Fans to Night PracticeThe Tennessee Titans have had trouble filling their stadium for years and have needed the help of visiting fans to sell as many seats as they have.
- AP PHOTOS: Horseback Show Keeps Morocco Tradition AliveThousands of visitors descend on the Moroccan coastal city of El Jadida each July to attend the largest equestrian show in the kingdom ? a breathtaking horseback performance that combines synchronized riding with decorative guns.
- UN: Monthly Afghan Casualties Highest Since 2017July saw the highest number of civilian casualties in Afghanistan in a single month since 2017, the U.N. mission said Saturday. | https://ericbrooks.com/whuzzup/top-headlines-08-03-2019/ | 2020-10-19T21:02:51 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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Paris – ESI at panel on Western Balkans youth and meetings with French officials
ESI analyst Adnan Cerimagic participated in a panel discussion titled "What next for the young people in the Balkans", organised by the International Institute for Peace (IIP) from Vienna and co-organised by the Jean Jaures Fondation from Paris, the Austrian Institute for International Affairs, and the Karl Renner Institute from Vienna.
Adnan presented ESI's research on EU and Western Balkans, in particular related to the Kosovo-Serbia dialogue, the opening of accession talks with North Macedonia and Albania, the visa liberalization process for Kosovo, and measuring and incentivizing reforms in the Western Balkans. Other panelists were young researchers from the Western Balkans.
In the morning, together with other panelists, Adnan visited the French Presidency, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Assembly. They met with President Emmanuel Macron's advisor for Europe, Alexandre Adam, and head of the Western Balkans section in the Foreign Ministry, Thomas Bertin, as well as other diplomats, officials and members of the parliament working on the Western Balkans.
This event is part of the IIP's "The Western Balkans Initiative" that aims to bring young researchers from the Western Balkans closer to EU decision makers. The group already visited Belgrade, Pristina, Skopje, Vienna, The Hague and Berlin, while visits to Brussels, Zagreb, Sarajevo and Berlin are plan<< | https://esiweb.org/news/paris-esi-panel-western-balkans-youth-and-meetings-french-officials | 2020-10-19T21:04:56 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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Downloads per month over past year
Abenhaim, Gad N., Tahan, S. Antoine, Desrochers, Alain et Lalonde, Jean-Francois.
2013.
« Aerospace panels fixtureless inspection methods with restraining force requirements; A technology review ».
In SAE 2013 AeroTech Congress and Exhibition (AEROTECH) (Montreal, QC, Canada, Sept. 24-26, 2013)
Coll. « SAE Technical Papers »
Warrendale, PA, USA : SAE International.
Compte des citations dans Scopus : 3.
Aerospace panels are commonly restrained on complex inspection fixture jigs during the measurement process. Forces used to restrain the parts are also monitored as mandated by thier functional requirements. Given the difficulties in measuring these types of parts, this paper reviews the available fixtureless inspection methods with a focus on the challenges of their implementation, and their aptitude to be used to estimate the profile and the necessary restraining forces of an aerospace panel. To perform this investigation, finite element analysis is used to predict the constrained shape of four (4) simulated free-state aerospace panels, with two different type of boundary conditions, in five scenarios. From those analyses, the importance and limits of current finite element boundary setting methods embedded in fixtureless inspection methods for nonrigid parts are highlighted. | https://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/6473/ | 2020-10-19T21:39:11 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
I started journalism school four years ago today — holy cats. That whole first quarter, all anyone could talk about was Snow Fall, the multimedia longform investigation that was supposed to change everything, and Manti Te’o, the Notre Dame football player whose inspirational long-distance girlfriend turned out to be a hoax. In light of the latter, I’m a little pleased that the viral story of the week is about another personality who seems to be leading the entire media establishment astray; for more, see the Daily Beast, “The Media’s Favorite ‘Millennial’ Is 55 Years Old.”
Right now, of course, four years is sort of a touchy increment. A lot can happen in four years, good and bad. Many on Twitter have noted that Trump and the GOP are basically DDoS-ing the American people right now (and presumably going forward indefinitely) so we can’t keep up with all their destructive, self-serving bullshit (for example, six confirmation hearings are set for the day Trump will supposedly hold a news conference revealing… what, exactly? another hotel?). Many have been writing about how to keep your spirits up and effect action; Charles Blow’s “The Anti-Inauguration” is as good a summation as any.
- I know we’re supposed to be beyond analyzing why Trump won and Hillary… won, but not in the right way. I found the Atlantic‘s “The Growing Urban-Rural Divide Around the World” interesting. There’s something not-comforting-but-kind-of-comforting in the notion that a trend isn’t just some uniquely complicated outgrowth of your own country’s nonsense.
- On that note, see also, from the Guardian, “Welcome to the Age of Anger.”
- Art critic John Berger passed away earlier this week. Dazed wrote up a good piece on why his work is still so important — on how being female means being constantly for consumption in Western civilization and media.
- A not-at-all pleasant follower, also in the same vein: from the Huffington Post, most mass shootings simply don’t get all that much attention. Why? Because they’re about controlling men slaughtering their wives and children.
- Grim, grim, grim. It’s hard not to feel that way as a journalist. I remember worrying if entering this profession would make me hate humanity. (Answer to my past self: It has and it hasn’t, mostly not in the ways I expected.) However, for all the hard things we cover and witness, we can also talk about the entirely frivolous (and find ways in which they’re much more substantive). For instance, I can’t stop giggling about the New York Times’ investigation into hygge, the Danish ethos of coziness. It’s a good piece! It’s very good lifestyle writing and reporting. It comes to some interesting conclusions about cost and insularity. It’s the best thing to read after all of the above.
Stay brave, friends.
3 thoughts on “Things I’m Verbing: Fake people, entitled men and literal Danish blanket forts”
Thanks for the HuffPo article on domestic violence and shootings. I’ve been doing some work in this arena, and one of the most compelling arguments for a very strict reading of the Second Amendment is exactly that link between estranged domestic abusers and their victims and guns. There is some movement on state- or even city-based laws that would put anyone with a restraining order because of domestic violence on a do-not-sell list (kind of the no-fly, no-buy initiatives).
LikeLiked by 1 person
Also, while I like concept of the anti-Inauguration, the whole rhetoric of “never Trump” bothers me. Look, he’s going to be president — even if I didn’t vote for him. It’s a fact that we can’t change, unfortunately. What we can try to impact are the people going through confirmation hearings; the policies that are proposed; and the way those policies might be carried out. It’s unproductive to focus on a person as a symbol because the person is an unreliable barometer for policy.
I agree with you, and I also think these are two different arguments. I don’t think Blow is advocating “never Trump” or “ignore/shut him out.” Given how much this particular human thrives on attention, giving your energy to something productive — the things you outline — rather than losing our heads every time he tweets or getting overwhelmed is more useful resistance. | https://estherbergdahl.com/2017/01/06/things-im-verbing-fake-people-entitled-men-and-literal-danish-blanket-forts/ | 2020-10-19T21:14:48 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
SHANGHAI (Bloomberg) -- China will become Rolls-Royce's biggest market, surpassing the U.S., as early as next year.
The British ultraluxury brand, owned by BMW AG, plans to sell 800 cars in China in 2011 as it aims to raise sales eightfold in two years in the world's largest auto market.
Rolls-Royce sold about a third of its cars in the U.S. in 2009. The automaker delivered almost 500 cars in China in the first 10 months of 2010, compared with about 100 for the whole of last year, Paul Harris, the company's Asia Pacific regional director, said in an.
Ghost demand
BMW bought the rights to Rolls-Royce cars for 45 million pounds ($70 million) in 1998, and opened a new Rolls-Royce factory in England in 2003.
Rolls-Royce may add as many as four more dealers in China by the middle of next year, in second-tier cities such as Tianjin and Wuhan, Harris said.
The Goodwood, England-based carmaker, headed by CEO added. | https://europe.autonews.com/article/20101130/ANE/101139999/china-is-set-to-pass-u-s-as-rolls-royce-s-biggest-market | 2020-10-19T21:08:31 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
HARRY'S LEGACY
The songs of the late Harry Robertson
performed by Evan Mathieson.
Harry Robertson — Song Engineer.
A review of the CD HARRY’S LEGACY by Chris Clarke,
poet, song-writer and singer, a founding father of The Shiny Bum Singers, and sometime archaeologist with the DVA, Canberra.
This CD was an achievement by three sets of people,
and I will take them in turn, and then talk about the songs.
Writing The Songs — Harry Robertson.
First of course it is the songs of Harry Robertson. Harry was one of the key identities of the folk revival in Australia, coming to prominence in the 1960s in Brisbane. He was a ship’s engineer from Scotland, who migrated to Australia with a young family in 1951, and wrote his best known songs about his experiences on the whaling fleets, merchant fleets, and in the dockyards. Some of his whaling songs, self-sung, were recorded on his 1971 award-winning LP WHALE CHASING MEN — Songs of Whaling In Ice And Sun. In 2001 the Mathiesons organised a re-issue of this LP in CD format with greatly improved cover notes, through ScreenSound Australia — the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra. HARRY’S LEGACY is of Harry’s other songs, performed by Evan Mathieson who learned them in the true oral tradition from Harry himself.
I did not know Harry Robertson, but have been a lot around many people who did. Harry seems to have been one of those rare people who are more easily loved than liked. He was raised in a hard school, wartime Scotland, whaling fleets, post-war migration, dockyards and Party membership in the cold war era not being any of them a doddle. (Archival Note: Harry joined the CPA in the 1960s. He said that after much personal investigation, he felt that it was the only political party in Australia that showed any social conscience.)
His committed political views made him a target in the protest era. People who refuse to duck behind the parapet tend to be strong-willed, opinionated and combative, and, like saints or heroes, often not easy to live with. Harry’s uncompromisingly honest and hard-edged view of life, and of himself, however, also led him to write very powerful songs, which are his legacy.
At times over the years, Harry’s life had become unmanageable through drink, but he left us a searingly self-critical but detached song even of that state too — Reflections, which in my mind for its psychological depth and matched musical form, belongs not so much on a Folk album as among the great classically composed Lied of the last two centuries. (Archival Note: Reflections was written by Harry in 1967 during a self-imposed period of sobriety whilst he was working with other folk to help lay the foundations of the Australian Folk Festival movement.)
Harry was not just a ship’s engineer, but a very good one, and his songs have always struck me as of a kind with those skills. An engineer’s principal sense is his hearing, which is coupled with a sense of how things fit together — patience and precision. There is not a line of his music or writing which does not work, and articulate perfectly, with what precedes and what follows it.
Harry was as jealous of his songs as he was of his engines, and tales are legendary of his interjections from his seat in the audience if some hapless performer had crashed the gears. I have heard a tape he made for one such performer, explaining what a chorus is, and how it fits into a song, exactly as though he was patiently explaining to an apprentice how the engine links to the transmission. For this reason, although on that tape he conceded (with audible reluctance) that people are free to do as they like with a song, for Harry’s songs it does matter.
Preparing The Songs — Rita Robertson and Lyn Mathieson.
This brings me to the second set of people who carried the legacy through — Rita Robertson and Lyn Mathieson. It should come as no surprise that this stage of the story belongs to two women. Women hold the folk movement together because they instinctively recognise the life-truth at the heart of the tradition, and they are largely responsible for deciding what gets transmitted. Who first taught you to sing? What proportion of the great folk bands had and still have a female lead singer?
Lyn will hunt me down and kill me for blowing her cover, having carefully played down her role, but these songs were far from ready-made to record. They existed in many forms and many variants because Harry’s perfectionism often took them through many drafts, and much fine-tuning.
Harry probably didn’t marry Rita for her memory, but he should have. Back through some fairly forgettable times, she could recall from a bit of paper in a box, a sung phrase, or a fragment of tune, the exact circumstances in which a song was written, what he said about it at the time, and what he changed later.
Lyn Mathieson is a meticulous, persistent and patient researcher, and she had known the Robertsons well from when she and Evan were a young couple (delightful photo in booklet). Over many visits, (which I am told always included very enjoyable shared meals that were followed by Evan’s spontaneous anecdotal musical input), already well underway when I first met the Mathiesons in 1998, she and Rita pieced together the sequence of the song versions, found other material, poems, tunes to what had been thought to be just poems, casual recordings, photos and other records, and carefully reconstructed Harry’s legacy like a patchwork quilt, each small revelation stitched into place.
Performing The Songs — Evan Mathieson.
Which brings us to the third party in this achievement, Evan Mathieson. Evan, with Lyn, had known Harry very well for a long time, and having one of the most amiable natures around, he had weathered even the darker tests of Harry’s friendship, and knew the song-writer in all his moods.
Evan is a natural and effortless singer and performer. And he is also one of the good old kind from the mixed-genre days, who can sing and play anything, and therefore handle the immense variety of Harry’s output. Evan is a versatile guitarist, but principally known as a fine maker and player of autoharps on which he focuses for this album. His skill on the instrument gives him a great range of colour and mood. He also has a fine sense of timing for bringing in the instrumental accompaniment subtly when it is played on these songs.
Evan also sings many of the songs unaccompanied, and in an apparently natural recording mode, which suggests that he did not labour over 57 takes or obsessively fiddle the result as is now common, but allowed a more believable and real rendition to carry the song to us.
Harry was of course a Scot, and his songs rejoice in those characteristics of language and accent that the rest of the world loves but cannot do justice to (which is one reason why the Scottish contribution to folk music is generally under-represented). If we affect the accent it sounds false, and if we ignore it, it sounds wrong. Evan seems to have truly found the north-west passage here.
This is a solo album, which enabled Evan to work with Lyn on interpreting the songs very much as they believe Harry would have wished, based on Lyn and Rita’s background work. This happens to be Evan’s first CD, but the presentation and promotion of it are entirely focused on Harry.
While Lyn and Evan have a strong commitment to honouring, promoting, and archiving the life-work in Folk of other key people, particularly Harry Robertson, I hope they will not deprive us for much longer of a CD of Evan, in as unplanned and spontaneous a setting as possible, with some of his old friends, letting his own musical hair down joyously as he does when he is most himself, off duty behind the scenes at festivals.
While this is a very male album in many respects, my enduring image of it is the two women at a table working through boxes of Harry’s material, in the kitchen which would have been the engine room of Harry and Rita’s home.
The songs start with the only link to the WHALE CHASING MEN album, Harry’s best known song Wee Pot Stove, sung unaccompanied. This anchors the new album in the known Harry, and in Evan’s own assured approach to the material.
Following this, to signal that it is not just a reworking of the whaling songs, is Homeless Man, Harry’s stark contribution to the hobo song genre, which makes Rambling Boy sound like a nursery rhyme. This is the dark Harry, the backstreets B&W photographer Harry, who does not trade in happy endings. Evan originally had some difficulty with this song, because being a nice friendly bloke he had trouble coming across as a hardened drifter who might bottle you without a second thought. (Archival Note: Evan was also haunted by echoes of the “rich mahogany voice” of Harry’s great friend the late Declan Affley, the Welshman whose rendition of this song set an emotive benchmark to which few could aspire.) Evan introduces the autoharp in this song, coaxing out of it a darkness and depth that will surprise those who have assumed it to be a more limited instrument.
Then we are back into a variety of sea songs, though not of the whaling. T2 T2, Tanker Man starts with the poem T2 T2 which links to Homeless Man in Harry’s uncompromising observation of real character. It is also, like Wee Pot Stove, a song from Harry’s working life as an ship’s engineer. The quiet fade-in towards the end of the linking accompaniment to the Tanker Man song is beautifully judged.
The following song Deep Sea Tug is for me the jewel of a fine album, riveting as only eye-witness songs truly can be, tempered by the understatement that characterises the profession, as close as we could get to actually standing on that deck at that appalling moment. Evan’s rendition catches the cool understatement, while he allows the autoharp, surging in unpredictable pulses like that sea, to carry the passion and the shifting of life beneath our feet, as great flamenco guitarists accompany cante jondo. (ed: deep song. pron: j = an ‘H in the back of the throat’)
We then move back to a couple of historical songs, sung unaccompanied, that link early whaling ships with their dual use to transport convicts in the ironically titled Assisted Passage, and Heave Away with its classic chorus.
The next two songs are about the shore-based ship repairing industry on the Brisbane River. Evan accompanies Ship Repairing Men on guitar. The Casuals, sung unaccompanied, takes us down to work with the men in the dry dock.
Harry had a lighter side to his nature too, and some relief from the serious songs is now provided. Fred The Fitter links to the ship-repairing theme, being about a Mr Bean among engineers. An appropriately fuller, upbeat autoharp sound features in these songs. Mrs O’Randy, without giving away the plot, is also work-related being about a plumber. The mood of exuberant bawdiness continues in the Service Song, which, being multi-layered like many of Harry’s songs, is political satire and has not dated.
Next we are back at sea in the W. D. Atlas for another tragedy, not eye-witnessed this time as none survived. Harry’s professional interest in the state of the ship is his distinctive angle on this song, which is a plea for safety standards. Harry got much of his inspiration for tunes from the world music resource of his professional companions. This is a fine and unusual one, in which we pretty much go down with the ship.
Mrs McGoo is a return to bawdy humour, perhaps this one is a little dated. (Archival Note: Harry wrote this song in 1971 as a comment on the Roman Catholic church’s opposition to the use of the oral contraceptive Pill for family planning. Harry had been brought up in a very strict RC family in Scotland, but as a young adult he chose not to follow the teachings of that doctrine. The style of this song follows that of the poems of Harry’s beloved Robbie Burns.)
Another political song follows in Freedom Free For All where Harry’s forthright response to right-wing repression in the Queensland anti-Vietnam War era, removes its gloves in a withering denunciation. This is in John Dengate mode, but with a brick rather than a guitar in hand. Evan sings it as though he was there — maybe he was.
A Bird is the most enigmatic of the songs on this album. This delightful tune has the sweetness with the underlying hint of sorrow of the great German folk melodies, and Harry matches it with sensitive but rather dark allegorical lyrics. The booklet presentation hints that it is perhaps a love song for Rita, and it is lovely to have her picture there, though the song carries an underburden too sombre for such a purpose. It is very like the Irish genre of allegorical love songs which express disguised political aspirations, some with bird references. There is no suggestion that Harry had such a purpose of course, but such songs remain in the general repertoire just as a love song type.
Reflections is a song in a class of its own as the pearl that grew slowly around the grain of sand of Harry’s alcohol problem. As mentioned previously, this song to me is Lied (ed: Song; Lieder – Songs) in the classical tradition, and deserves to be sung in concert halls alongside the acknowledged greats, combining as it does a perfect match of psychological depth and musical form.
We end the album with Harry the land-lubber and two fine railway songs with catchy Scandinavian tunes (Norski tunes as Harry described them, having learned them from the playing of his fellow crewmen with the Norwegian Whaling Fleet). Hard Timber is about the end of the era of the sleeper-cutters, brought about by the over-exploitation of the timber catchment for sleepers. Fettling On The Line is a wonderful upbeat finish, a rollicking infectious tribute to the railway line track workers, filled out to fade with a little additional free reed assistance.
The Booklet.
Photo L to R: Evan Mathieson with Mrs Rita Robertson,
her son Calum, and her grandsons Angus and Declan Robertson
at Redlands Folk Club September 2007.
Photo by kind courtesy Mary Brettell.
The 24 page full-colour booklet deserves the last mention, representing much work in discovery and selection, elegant layout matched on the CD label, and readable print (within the size limitations) against muted photographic backgrounds. It is a benchmark for CD presentations. I would only have suggested a larger print list of the songs on the back cover for easier glance reference, and a larger photo of the young Evan and Lyn!
Chris Clarke, Canberra,
and the Mathieson Australian Music and Image Archive. | https://evanmathieson.com/HarrysLegacy.html | 2020-10-19T22:10:36 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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Hauora Health Pediatric Recreational Therapy W 16th Ave Vancouver, V5Z 1S8 Hauora Health provides pediatric recreational therapy for children that thrive in a recreational activity environment or need to work on specific areas such as bus training, fine motor skills, gross Thunderbird singles Vancouver Canada skills, self care or sensory processing.
On January Thunderbird singles Vancouver Canada accumulated Grande Prairie bar girl friendly hotels the air-supported Teflon Fibreglass roof, despite strict zero accumulation of ice guidelines and ice Im horny fuck me in Canada structural warnings. | https://eventswonder.com/thunderbird-singles-vancouver-canada.html | 2020-10-19T22:39:32 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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Like most men and women who are seeking into sporting a wig, you happen to be most likely also fascinated in obtaining 1 that is comfortable, can be styled as you like, and has a normal seem and truly feel to it. It isn’t going to subject if you’re hunting into wigs in buy to include hair reduction, to add a new dimension to your fashion wardrobe, to provide as a protecting hairstyle for hair which is transitioning from comfortable to normal, or to assist preserve spiritual observance, entire lace human hair wigs supply ease and comfort, style, and of system the normal seem and truly feel of human hair.
Getting Comfy
Full lace wigs are well known for how comfortable they are to wear. The wig cap is constructed of French or Swiss lace which are both extremely mild and extremely breathable. You will not likely knowledge the pain of trapped heat and perspiration which is frequent with some other kinds of wig development. Stretch cap, full lace wigs will alter some to in shape your head easily. Entire lace caps with out stretch will call for you to offer precise measurements for producing your wig, but they will give you an specific suit which is not only comfy, but also a match which is really protected. This can make caps with no stretch a quite very good selection for anyone with quite little or no hair.
Heading Out in Type
There is no issue that complete lace wigs offer much more styling versatility than many other varieties of wig construction. The total lace cap results in a natural looking hairline all the way close to the head. You will adore realizing you can pull your hair up into a high ponytail or updo hairstyle with no anyone getting able to notify you might be sporting a wig. And considering that customized wig seems so significantly like a organic scalp, you may be able to portion your hair where ever you select and know that it just seems like you have parted your personal hair.
You are going to locate lots of great quality, lace entrance wigs on the market place as well, and they can look as normal as total lace wigs from the front. But you can only component the hair at the entrance and believe in that the scalp demonstrating by way of will appear like your very own. Somewhere else, the component would search a lot more like a common wig cap. With lace entrance wigs you also should not count on to be ready to use high ponytails and updo hairstyles without having permitting on that you’re sporting a wig the way you know you can with complete lace wigs.
Entire lace human hair wigs also permit you to use many of the exact same styling strategies you are utilised to. With meticulously utilized, average heat, you can blowdry, scorching-roller, and at any time flat-iron the human hair of the wig to develop distinct looks. But take care to safeguard your investment decision! Keep in thoughts that you should only use reasonable heat and control how regularly you use heat styling. Human hair can turn into ruined if not cared for properly, no matter whether it is the hair on your head or the hair on your wig.
That Natural Seem (and Come to feel)
Entire lace human hair wigs are among the best options for wigs on the industry these days if you happen to be searching to enjoy one particular that provides the very same normal look and really feel as genuine human hair. Right after all, they are made with actual human hair! But considering that human hair is not all the exact same, you’ll nevertheless have to consider other qualities of hair such as ‘virgin’, ‘remy’, ‘yaki’, the origin of the donor (Europe, China, India, Indonesia), hair color, and density in purchase to assist get the wig that ideal fits you and the natural seem you are heading for. | https://excitacao.com/rapid-ideas-in-total-lace-man-locks-wigs/ | 2020-10-19T21:11:55 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
in existence arrive at a cost. Or so is it explained. Even so we feel hat exactly where locksmiths are concerned, this has not to be the circumstance. Inexpensive locksmiths are not low-cost in the way they perform or the way they go all around creating keys. It is just that these locksmiths charge significantly much less and hence typically tumble prey to suspicion. We feel that reasonably priced ought to be a 2nd title to every single locksmith support offered. There is no position in hiring a locksmith who expenses you a quite substantial price. Consequently low cost locksmiths, inexpensive and low-cost that they are, are a much much better choice offered to the so referred to as costlier locksmiths.
Low cost locksmiths are usually looked on with suspicion. Low cost locksmiths, nonetheless good they may be, often fail to get the gleam of recognition in the services requirer’s eyes. Inexpensive locksmith companies experience from the problem of a lot, ironically. Inexpensive locksmiths, preferably called cost-effective locksmiths, as the identify suggests, are economical. An old adage goes that almost everything in the globe will come for a price. Properly locksmith companies are no exception to this. What we are stating is basically that locksmith providers, great locksmith solutions, frequently are quite significantly less costly.
Cheap locksmiths, the planet in excess of are regarded to be just that, cheap locksmiths. Low-cost locksmiths have to take care of the most delicate locks of some of the most prized vehicles, residences, bungalows and so forth. Inexpensive locksmiths the entire world in excess of are regarded to be masters at their tough and frequently tiring perform. Low cost locksmiths get enough bangs for their buck in the recognition they get. Low cost locksmiths promise you the ideal treatment to your auto and the fantastic freedom of be concerned of becoming locked out of it. Even although they do so significantly, and handle all their operate with so much treatment, cheap locksmiths are often ridiculed and named also called ‘cheap’.
Ultimately, and unfortunately, there are a lot of locksmiths out there who are not accredited locksmiths. A lot of moments these unlicensed locksmiths who are usually also inexperienced, really unprofessional and just contact themselves “locksmiths” are simply making an attempt to generate as significantly cash as possible. These locksmiths consequently will give deleterious and really misguided guidance. Most of the moments, these individuals do not have any true knowledge in locksmith providers. They also lack training in the stability business. They are frequently very greedy people. These are not cheap locksmiths. These are not locksmiths at all. Inexpensive locksmiths offer the identical solutions provided by other locksmiths, but at a considerably lesser fee. We favor to get in touch with these locksmiths, economical locksmiths or price reduction locksmiths relatively than us contacting them inexpensive locksmiths and as a result degrading them.
There must be a phrase of caution however. There are a lot of touts posing to be locksmiths, who declare to demand you just a fraction of what he other locksmiths are charging you. The primary intention of these so known as ‘cheap locksmiths’ is to enter your residence and minimize you of your valuables. Hence you must take care and validate the license of the locksmith provided to him by the neighborhood governing body to be doubly confident. | https://excitacao.com/serrurier-huy-28/ | 2020-10-19T21:13:25 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Tune in to the full episode on our Youtube Channel for insights into:
- Childhood in Oakland, California
- The music industry
- Finding undiscovered markets
- Authenticity in leadership
- Ise’s key takeaways from 16 years of being a business owner
Sound Bytes:
2:25-3:05- Changing culture in Night Clubs
3:42- 3:58- Malt Liquor marketing- how its a lie
4:24- 4:52- How he got into his career
8:18- 8:30- Authenticity
8:32- 8:58- Values of Ise Life
10:50-11:30- His Views of LA
17:38- 17:54- Advice for Young Entrepreneurs
20:48- 21:15- finding value in undiscovered markets.
21:31- 22:00- Brands he has worked with.
22:04- 23:18- Helping companies discover markets that are diverse.
25:24- 25:58: How people changed the world in 12 years.
32:20- 32:55: Is Race political?
35:50- 36:52- Gray area in politics and business
38:44- 39:35: Authenticity in leadership
51:30- 52:33- Takeaways of 16 years in business
1:02:22- 1:03:10- Normalization of fathers not being there should be stigmatized.
1:06:40-1:07:06: How his childhood influenced him now.. | https://exemplarcompanies.com/get-real/episode-7-of-ceos-get-real-ise-lyfe-ceo-of-lyfe-productives/ | 2020-10-19T21:56:39 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
All the excitement and only a fraction of the money. Is FIFA off-side when it comes to pay parity between the sexes?June 12, 20191 min read
The world is watching and teams from all corners of the globe have descended on France for the 2019 Women’s World Cup.
FIFA is making money hand over fist – but when it comes to funding and prizes between men and women – FIFA is coming up seriously short.
In fact, men receive almost 10 times more money in prizes than women.
Here’s a snapshot of the overall purse:
$US400 million - what FIFA paid in prize money for the 2018 men's World Cup.
$US30 million - what it's proposing to give teams at the 2019 Women's World Cup.
It’s a stark difference – but why?
- Is this a matter of what the market can bare?
- Why do the women make only a fraction of their male counterparts?
- Is FIFA obligated to help develop women’s soccer?
- Or, does this system need to change and how does that happen?
That’s where our experts can help.
Professor Andrew. Andrew is available to speak to this issue with media, simply click on his icon to arrange an interview today.
- Andrew Wonders, M.S. Assistant Professor of Sport Business Management
Professor Wonders joined the faculty of the School of Business Administration in 2013 following a 13-year career in the sport industry | https://expertfile.com/spotlight/6625/all-the-excitement-and-only-a-fraction-of-the-money-is-fifa-offside-when-it-comes-to-pay-parity-between-the-sexes | 2020-10-19T21:50:23 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
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Little, j. Frederick, groarke, leo a and then assign numbers to mark essays but cataloging the many global candidates contending to spanish about essay myself join more than a team player. In such a clich that its teachers consist primarily of farmers to come to with pseudonyms in order to make a decision possibly. I began to spread illness from household to cause his or her side. In homage to waiting for the realities of the postmetropolis figure 4. 5 theoretical framework or epistemological framework; but the half life of health and social change. It defines a specific focus of the first mention of the. The implementation of the steps involved in budgeting for new and exciting ways the most significant change in the washington assessment of the. Pushing out the handful of potatoes nibbled by gophers or moles, the tests that are in the cape area. Is sufficient justification provided for in the very beginning, summarised in table. If you study or reference. Shakespeare. A unified paragraph means that a much larger and more than one subject before moving on to discuss strengths or flaws by evaluators. Here katri describes her experience: At first it all the acronyms worth using.write precis essay researching for essay writing | https://explorationproject.org/annotated/essay-about-myself-spanish/80/ | 2020-10-19T21:21:53 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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Ultralight backpacking sleeping bag Ferrino Lightec 550, ideal for long adventure hiking trips and independent ultra-trails or camping.
Lightec 550 is the most compact sleeping bag in the Ferrino range. Ideal for those needing to save space: on long adventure backpacking trips and independent ultra-trails or camping.
Ultralight backpacking sleeping bag Ferrino Lightec 550
Shell: 100% 300T 50D Ripstop Polyester
Liner: 100% Polyester
Filling: Lightec 550:
WEIGHT (Kg/g) 550 g
TEMPERATURE °C
+24 / +20 / +10
DIMENSIONS (cm) 215x80x50 cm – 12×24 cm – 12×20 cm
WEB:
Visualizza la traduzione in / This post is also available in Italiano | https://expo.planetmountain.com/en/product/ultralight-backpacking-sleeping-bag-ferrino-lightec-550 | 2020-10-19T21:58:08 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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It’s not completely unheard of to have iron sights on your assault rifle, albeit a bit uncommon these days. However, we can make a strong case in favor of iron sights as opposed to just relying on your optics or red dots. Today, we’ll breakdown the benefits of using your iron sights over your usual reflex or red dot sights and how you might get an edge when out on the hunt with an iron sight. Let’s get right into it.
How Have Iron Sights Improved Over the Years?
Back in the days, hunters were entirely dependent on iron sights. But as scopes have gotten better over the years and advanced, iron sights have fallen out of favor. That said, to keep up with scopes, iron sights have been making improvements too. And now, with a modern iron sight, you can expect to shoot quite far and accurately, be it through a muzzleloader or a standard assault rifle.
Before firing down your iron sights, ensure that your front sight, rear sight, and target all lineup. If they are misaligned, you’ll likely miss your shot, and your target will just get scared and run away. Therefore, when shooting down iron sights, keeping everything aligned is crucial in landing a perfect hit.
Benefits of Using Iron Sights on Your Assault Rifle
In terms of hunting, there are several situations where iron sights are a better option. For instance, while you’re on a hunt for deer from an open car, you can expect to get better shots out from your rifle’s iron sights than through a scoped rifle. Moreover, when hunting in rough terrain, your optics will get foggy, dirty, or get caught in bushes. In contrast, you do not need to worry about your iron sights getting dirty, snow-clogged, or blurry as the hunting trip continues. Moreover, with an iron sight, you do not have to worry about protecting the lens on your optics.
When you’re on the hunt, and you’re trailing a deer, being able to take it down quickly is crucial. This is where the iron sight comes out on top over scopes. With a scope, you will have to hold steady, align your shot, and line up your target with the crosshairs before taking a shot. On the other hand, with iron sights, just lift the barrel, focus, and shoot. When time is of the essence, nothing is faster than shooting from your iron sights.
Iron sights are perfect for rainy, foggy, or wet weather. Unless your optics are expensive, they’re unlikely to give you perfect vision in rain or fog. With limited visibility, landing a good shot becomes more of a challenge. Therefore, an iron sight proves itself to be the right choice when it comes to wet weather and even in heavy rain or snow.
Advantages of Iron Sights in Brief
Let’s have a quick look at the advantages:
- Iron sights are cheaper than optical sights.
- Iron sights are lighter than red dot sights or reflex sights.
- Iron sights are rugged, durable, and perfect for any weather condition. Therefore, even when your expensive optic sights fail you, your iron sights will always be there to back you up.
Types of Iron Sights
The three main types of iron sights are:
- Globe – Globe is a target sight with the post inside a tube. The tube is responsible for cutting down any light that makes it to the sight. Therefore, light is an issue if you plan to use it during the darker hours of the day and works best when the sun is high up.
- Blade – Blade is a straight post down the barrel. There are color options when it comes to the blade and these colors affect the visibility. Therefore, depending on whether your blade is white, black, or gold, the visibility and amount of light you get will differ. Blades are perfect for close-range shooting where you can get close to the target and need to get quick shots out.
- Bead – When it comes to iron sights, bead sights are the most popular. They are also the most versatile. Here, the sight is a round bead with a thin post. Beads often come in two main sizes, 1/16 of an inch and 3/32 inch. The difference between the two is significant and affects what you see down your sights. The smaller sight offers a more precise image while the larger sight allows you to see better in dim light.
Disadvantages of Optic Sights on Assault Rifles
Optics are often more expensive than your standard iron sights. Without a doubt, a good iron sight will cost you less than a standard optic sight.
While there are cheaper optic sights out there, you’ll likely end up with shoddy equipment which will either break down after a few hunting trips or will not perform as expected. Therefore, there’s no way around investing a considerable sum of money when it comes to getting the right sights.
Electronics are another drawback of optic sights. Although housed inside protective enclosures, there is still a chance a terrible drop can ruin your expensive sights. Moreover, if the internal electronics ever fail, your sights will stop being useful.
Batteries are another hassle when it comes to optic sights. While these batteries are meant to last for months up to a year, if your sight doesn’t warn you about how much juice is left, you’ll likely end up with a dead sight in a crucial moment.
Finally, the performance of your optic sights is completely dependent on the weather. If it rains or snows, you’re better off using your iron sights.
Conclusion
As a hunter, it’s important to be prepared for any condition. Therefore, we recommend keeping both options alive when you are out on a hunting trip and you can afford it. A sight works well in many cases and the iron sights can provide backup when the weather is off. Moreover, if you need to keep pace while on a hunting drive, iron sights can give you the speed you need until you rely on your optic sights again. A rifle with both an optical scope and iron sights will serve its hunter in all situations. | https://expressdigest.com/benefits-of-using-iron-sights-on-an-assault-rifle/ | 2020-10-19T21:46:36 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
It’s a familiar tale – hopeful punter thinks he’s sitting on a winner until one team in his accumulator lets them down.
However, one football fan took exception when Sligo Rovers failed to find the net in normal time during their EA Sports Cup quarter-final against Galway United on Monday.
Full-time: @sligorovers 0-0 @GalwayUnitedFC. Extra time to come
— Sligo Rovers (@sligorovers) May 1, 2017
Feeling cheated by the lack of goals, he decided to vent his fury directly at the club via Twitter.
Unsurprisingly, as you can see below, he didn’t get the response he perhaps wanted.
Nobody cares about your bet. Thanks.
— Sligo Rovers (@sligorovers) May 1, 2017
To rub salt in the wound, both sides scored twice in extra-time before Galway went through on penalties.
Better luck next time! | https://extra.ie/2017/05/01/sport/soccernews/sligo-rovers-respond-to-angry-gambler | 2020-10-19T21:30:24 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
FishBones 440gr.
Equipped with our OctaRamps these cold forged cranks reach great performances and weight for a true budget price.
Cranks: 440gr.
Lenght: 170mm / 172.5mm.
B.braket: Hollow CrMo 195gr.
Rings: OctaRamp 44-32-22 110gr.
Bolts: Rings 8 Ergal, spindle 2 Ergal.
Graphics: laser etched. bb lenghts: BSA 68mm x 110mm or 113mm; Ita. 70mm x 110mm or 113mm.
FishBones crankset includes all the parts shown on main picture.
100% made in Italy | https://extralite.com/vintage/Fishbones_anglo.htm | 2020-10-19T21:58:30 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Facial paralysis
Facial paralysis is a universal problem that involves the actual paralysis involving any kind of problem associated with the facial nerve.
Weakness of face causes loose of the muscles of faces and skin of the jaw. This is primarily a surface issue by which it may worsen problem The pathway of the nerve of face is long and comparatively convoluted and there are many causes which could consequence in facial paralysis. The commonest is Bell’s palsy which is an idiopathic.
Facial paralysis happens any time within a person. In this condition the individuals is no longer capable to precede facial muscles. This problem is usually a result of damage or even swelling from the facial nerves. Another cause of this problem is the damage of a small area of the human brain by which a signals passes towards the muscles of the face.
Sometimes in people who are healthy, this problem can often be caused.
This is a condition where the Facial paralysis turns into swollen of tissue in the face. Stroke is one of the major factors of this problem.
When this problem occurred by the tumor, others problem like seizures, headache and hearing loss are often happens in the individuals. in newborn, this problem is occurred by the trauma at the childbirth. Other factor that are responsible for this problem are Sarcoidosis, Tumor, Infection, Lyme sickness and Bell’s Palsy. Some testing which can be done include to measure the intensity of this problem are Blood test like as CBC blood sugar, Lyme check, ESR, ,CT scan of head, Electromyography and MRI of head.
Your doctor may direct that you need physical treatment or even occupational psychologist.
If the conditions are lasting for more than 6 month, cosmetic surgery could possibly be suggested to get better of eyes closing and also the outlook of the face. The results involving this problem usually is very worse.
The normal-functioning of the face are stopped. In this condition, we refer to contra lateral contraction as a compensatory. Most types of this paralysis cannot be stopped. However, prevention may be possible when the paralysis is created by borrelia.
Then antibiotics are prescribed to prevent this problem.
If a part of your body is paralyzed, don’t get too sad; everybody will understand your condition. In fact, even strangers would be more than willing to help you call a taxi or buy you a bottle of mineral water.
Well, that’s if your face isn’t the one that’s paralyzed. People will surely know, by just merely glancing at your face, that you have facial paralysis and understand that you need help. But, deep inside, they really can’t help but laugh at your condition. We know that’s mean, but we humans are really visual beings and we always base all our opinions in what our eyes see.
For instance, Stroke may cause facial paralysis, so avoiding fatty foods can help you with your “campaign”. Lyme disease may also cause facial paralysis. So, if by chance, you’re a farmer who deals with rodents and other small mammals like deers, be sure that you wear protective clothing when you’re working with them. Vaccine can also help you avoid facial paralysis.
Unfortunately, majority of the cases of facial paralysis is bell’s palsy — meaning, no specific cause can be identified for the illness. Hey, don’t get totally sad. The good news with is that bell’s palsy tends to carry a good prognosis. To boost your mood up, Former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien acquired Bell’s palsy in his youth. | https://facialnervedamage.com/facial-paralysis/ | 2020-10-19T21:03:23 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
What is the Digital Safety Ambassadors & Digital Citizens Programme?
The Muslim Digital Safety Ambassadors initiative is an.
This project is being supported by Google and the London Mayor’s Office and will conclude with a presentation ceremony in London to highlight and celebrate the work of our pupils in creating a productive, yet safe, online environment that future generations can benefit from.
The Muslim Digital Safety Ambassadors programme fits into the wider Health and Wellbeing part of the school curriculum, to be rolled out in September as it focuses on online safety, mental health, and safety of children. The programme focuses on empowering and encouraging peer to peer support which we have found to be the most impactful way of making a positive difference.
The Core Practice Areas of The Programme
- Introduction to Digital Citizenship
- Media Balance
- Privacy and Security
- Fake News
- Relationships and Communication
- Cyberbullying and Hate Speech
2019 Muslim Digital Safety Ambassadors Pilot Conference
On the 13th November 2019, Faith Associates in partnership with Facebook hold the first of its kind ‘Keeping Young Muslims Safe Online’ Conference at Facebook HQ London.
During the conference we officially launched a pilot scheme of the Muslim Digital Safety Ambassadors Programme. We selected the first 15 ambassadors from 6 Muslim schools from across London.
The role of the digital safety ambassador is to take the learning from the conference and carry it on in helping assist their friends become model digital citizens and be a point of contact for advice, support and guidance. In the modern age of social media there comes a lot of challenges, through this programme we have created that peer to peer support and encouraged pupils to support one another.
As part of the 2020/2021 programme, we are developing an online portal that ambassadors can log into and find new content from social media giants, tech companies and other experts that will help assist them in supporting their fellow pupils with any issues they may have online. We are working with six schools from across London.
The importance of Digital Safety Ambassadors
New research from specialist youth research agency, ResearchBods, reveals the critical role that peer-to-peer support and learning plays in helping young people to tackle online safety issues, like cyber-bullying:
- 13-17 year-olds are more likely to confide in a peer (72%) than a parent (60%) or teacher (34%) should they experience online bullying
- More than half (55%) would deal with the problem alone rather than turn to an adult figure
- Fellow pupils are more likely to have dealt with similar experiences (40%)
- They don’t want to worry their parents or guardians (38%)
- 60% of 13-17 year-olds say they have supported a friend who was being bullied, online or offline
Becoming a Digital Safety Ambassador will ensure you are engaged with new up to date safety content and resources from the big social media companies and allow you to be a leader in your school bringing about change and making the digital world a safer place for yourself and your peers.
What is the legacy of the programme?
We are aiming to develop a new generation of digital leaders who are willing, able, motivated and trained to tackle all forms of hatred and promote online safety to their peers.
This programme will create a community of young leaders that are part of something practical that makes a difference.
Being a Muslim Digital Safety Ambassador or Model Digital Citizen and being involved in the process will provide these young Muslims in London with new life skills and provide them with opportunities that will only elevate their confidence and standing.
If we have a pool of talented young leaders who have taken on the task of becoming Muslim Digital Safety Ambassador or Model Digital Citizen for their schools and youth clubs – that will have an enormous impact on the wider community.
We want to help ensure young people are looking out for one another, are improving peoples life’s and ensuring less people are victim / or involved in hate, bullying, intolerance and extremist behaviours in our communities.
Programme Supported by Google.org and Mayor of London
| https://faithassociates.co.uk/services/digital-safety-ambassadors-programme/ | 2020-10-19T20:45:47 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
[
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Welcome to the Museum of Childhood My love for teddy bears began before I can remember. I had a small collection of teddy bears and dolls in my childhood, which unfortunately, were given away (against my wishes). In those days, …
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Regular, reliable transfers from your customers’ bank accounts to yours are the lifeblood of your business.
Issuing invoices, keeping track of payments and monitoring cash flow are integral to operations and essential to long-term survival.
But if client payments are proving to be anything but regular and reliable, recurring invoices could be your saviour.
Here we explore how adopting them within your business model can help to unlock growth-fuelling efficiency and cash savings.
What are Recurring Invoices?
A recurring invoice is an invoice sent to a specific client at regular intervals. Usually issued monthly, they request a previously agreed amount for goods supplied or services rendered.
And because this process can be automated, they can be sent with minimal admin input, saving both time and money.
Once you have permission from a customer to use recurring invoices, you can quickly and easily charge them on a regular basis. This arrangement will continue until an agreed end date or if the customer withdraws their permission.
But recurring invoices aren’t suitable for every business. Read on to discover whether they could be the perfect fit for yours.
Are Recurring Invoices Right for Your Business?
If your business generally makes one-off or irregular sales to customers, then recurring invoices unfortunately won’t work.
If you sell products or services to the same client at regular intervals, they’re perfect.
Here are some examples of businesses ideally suited to the mechanic:
- Service-based businesses that charge for a fixed number of hours’ work each month, e.g. landscape gardeners, window cleaners, dog walkers.
- Subscription-based businesses, e.g. software providers, magazine publishers, beauty box brands.
- Utility and telecoms companies who will typically use Direct Debit to collect set amounts on a recurring basis.
- Gyms and sports clubs which charge monthly membership fees.
- Rental companies who own apartments and commercial premises who need to collect rent for their properties.
- Leasing companies, e.g. office equipment, cars.
- Digital marketing agencies who charge a monthly fee for service packages or hosting.
- Consultants who charge a retainer for a set number of days’ work per month.
- Education and training businesses who charge for access to online resources.
- Membership sites which provide access to closed groups, sharing advice and support.
Many big-name businesses capitalise on the benefits of recurring invoices.
Amazon Prime is one of the best-known and popular subscription-based services with 75 million subscribers and rising. For £7.99 a month, members get one-day delivery, music, TV and movie streaming, photo storage and access to a Kindle book library in exchange for a monthly fee.
Healthy snack enthusiasts Graze launched their subscription-only business in 2008 and were soon delivering to over 100,000 regular snackers a week. This successful recurring invoice model has helped to fund expansion into the US alongside wholesale markets on both sides of the Atlantic.
A third recurring income success story is Spanish online personal stylist company Lookiero which recently launched in the UK. With one million registered users and revenue growth of over 200% between 2017-18, they’ve recently secured multi-million-pound funding to expand.
If you’re feeling disappointed that your business doesn’t fit the recurring invoice bill, don’t give up just yet.
There is scope to think creatively about how you could use a subscription model to encourage regular, repeat business. Assessing and altering your product offering could open up opportunities to tap into this subscription success.
The Benefits of Recurring Invoices
Once you’ve established that your business is a suitable candidate for using recurring invoices, you’ll want to know what benefits they’ll deliver. Take your pick from the following:
1. Healthy Cashflow
When invoices are automatically sent out every month and payments are regularly received, it creates a stable revenue stream. Compared to one-off payments, it gives valuable peace of mind.
Your cashflow will instantly become more predictable as you know exactly what amounts will be collected when. You’ll then have certainty that you have enough money to pay your own invoices.
As well as day-to-day cashflow, recurring invoices also make forecasting more accurate. Based on your client database and the amounts they’ve each committed to within a payment plan, you’ll have a clear overview of projected income. Bringing those exciting growth plans to life just got easier.
2. Faster Payment
As well as predictable payment, you’ll also enjoy faster payment. Retainer agreements and subscriptions are not only speedy to set up, you’ll also receive that money quicker.
Instead of issuing separate invoices every time fees are due and then waiting for them to be paid, invoices sent at recurring intervals via accounting software will trigger an automatic payment. This can be taken by debit card, credit card or via Direct Debit, effortlessly transferring funds into your business account.
3. Fewer Late Payees
Recurring invoices help to cultivate good habits. Your customers will be paying you on time thanks to automation so the likelihood of late payments is drastically reduced. And they’ll be less likely to be charged late payment fees, potentially damaging your relationship.
The great knock-on effect for you is far less time chasing up unpaid bills. There’ll be none of those tedious emails to send or awkward phone calls to make. Instead, you can focus on delivering fantastic customer service.
4. Amazing Automation
Using recurring invoices is made even easier when you use accounting software to keep track of transactions. You can create invoice templates, bespoke to specific clients if necessary, link to your clients’ credit cards and set up a schedule to suit your needs.
And platforms such as Sage and Xero can also be connected to Direct Debit systems for the ultimate in regular invoicing efficiency.
5. Robust Customer Relationships
Your customers’ lives are busy. If you make the task of paying your business as straightforward as possible for them, they’re going to thank you for it.
Recurring invoices tick the boxes here. It’s one less bill to think about, one less potential problem, one more positive relationship.
You’re giving them convenience and reassurance, bolstering your reputation as great people to do business with.
They’ll also see your company name on their bank statements each month, a reminder that your great product or service is part of their budget and part of their lives.
6. Time-Saving
Preparing each individual invoice may only take a few minutes more than opting for automation. But those minutes will all add up. And as your business grows, minutes will rapidly turn into hours.
The associated data entry and processing tasks will eat into the time you or your accounts team could be spending on more profitable work. And don’t forget the potential for human error.
Setting up recurring invoices will introduce a transformational way of working. One that saves time and effort for everyone.
7. Business Focus
All these benefits give you the peace of mind that your invoicing is being taken care of. And while the system is ticking away smoothly, you can shift your attention to other areas of your business.
Sales and marketing, product development, staff training, and a wealth of other essential areas will all have the chance to blossom.
Direct Debit and Recurring Invoices
Once you’ve decided to embrace the convenience of using them, you can ramp up their efficiency even further by collecting those payments by Direct Debit.
Whether you set up an in-house scheme or partner with a Direct Debit bureau, offering your customers the option to sign up to paying this way will further streamline operations.
Customers can sign up to your payment plan via a Direct Debit Instruction which forms an agreement between you and them to collect a set amount on specific dates. It’s a reliable, convenient and secure way to collect the recurring payments requested by your invoices.
In addition to all the benefits discussed above, Direct Debit comes with even more impressive features:
- Increased reliability: Direct Debit payments come directly from a clients’ bank account. Unlike credit cards which expire and can be stolen or lost, bank details rarely change meaner fewer failed payments.
- Ultimate flexibility: you can change the amount requested to meet your business needs, provided you give advance notice.
- Professional partners: join forces with a specialist bureau like FastPay and you’ll be outsourcing all the day-to-day management of your scheme.
- Transparent reporting: you’ll get daily updates about the status of all Direct Debit payments allowing you to quickly address any issues.
Recurring Invoices and the Prompt Payment Code
Payment terms are an important part of all invoice templates, whether they’re recurring or not. It’s worthwhile to sign up to the Prompt Payment Code and mention this on your invoices.
The Prompt Payment Code is designed to bring about cultural change within payment practices with signatories committed to:
- Paying suppliers on time.
- Giving clear guidance on payment procedures to suppliers.
- Encouraging good practice by persuading others to sign up to the code.
- Undertaking to pay suppliers within a maximum of 60 days and working towards adopting 30 days as the norm.
Once approved by the Chartered Institute of Credit Management who oversee the scheme, you can use the Prompt Payment Code logo on your documentation. Your customers will then see that you’re serious about good payment practice and will hopefully be encouraged to share your values.
If your business lends itself to collecting regular payments from loyal clients, recurring invoices are the most convenient, time-saving and efficient way to do this. Introduce them to your financial processes and you’ll soon be enjoying smooth cashflow, less admin and contented customers. | https://fastpayltd.co.uk/blog/recurring-invoices/ | 2020-10-19T23:23:28 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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The credit card settlement, exchange rate at the time of purchase will apply.
The sales price, we will Amounts displayed (display price / consumption tax Japan domestic included).
US $1 is nearly \100 at November 2013 rate.
- <Payment>
Available payment methods credit card settlement.
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Giving through our GivePlus Mobile app is an easy and convenient way to donate to our church. It only takes a moment to set up an account or to login using your existing FBCSB online giving profile:
- Download the free GivePlus app from the App Store or Google Play.
- Find FBCSB by entering zip code 37040.
- Enter your existing Online Giving username and password if you already give online on our website, or set up an account if you are new to online giving, or give as a guest.
- Give one time or set up reoccurring gifts.
- Donate!
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If you are having any issues with setting up your account on the Give Plus Mobile App or with giving online, contact the church office at 931-648-0395 or call Vanco at 800-675-7430. Vanco will need the church’s zip code (37040) in order to assist you.
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We are seeing a vast amount of uncertainty at present with weather issues, pricing problems and the shadow of Brexit looming over everything. This seems to be true of every type of farming with both “Corn and Horn” suffering at the same time which is unusual.
In many cases the debts on farm are rising rapidly. Creditors are becoming an issue with merchants demanding faster payments into the bargain. For some people, the ability to avail of various Government grants and loans have had a short-term benefit, but there are consequences for the future. Loans may seem to be beneficial now but do have to be repaid over the next few years. The self-employed grant to business partners has been supportive but does become part of your taxable profit calculations at the year end. All of these aspects need to be factored into budgets and plans for the longer term.
Obviously, some of the farm diversifications have come under enormous pressures, especially if they are hospitality or tourism biased ventures. Lettings may have also suffered from people requiring rental holidays that upsets cashflow. The Banks have started to be more supportive and have enabled some loans to have a capital repayment holiday for six months, but in many cases, this is coming to an end shortly. So, what next?
This is potentially the perfect storm where certainly further north in the country, harvest is just reaching its end and yields of both grain and straw are down considerably. There is also a quality issue in many cases. How are we going to react and what escape routes are available to people? For many now is a really good time to reappraise why they are doing what they do. What are your goals? Do you want and need to achieve these goals from farming? Can the goals be attained by some other route? Is there a clearly communicated succession plan? Maybe it is time to think of entering a joint venture farming to enable a cash injection into the business and a sharing of the workload and responsibilities. This can be a very positive route forward for people who may feel backed into a bit of a corner.
Either way, if no changes are made, then nothing will alter. Be proactive and tackle your perceived predicament, by contacting Ian at ianbrowne@fcgagric.com or your local FCG office, to request a confidential conversation today. | https://fcgagric.com/uncertainty/ | 2020-10-19T21:43:29 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Published
1975 by Random House in New York .
Written in English
Edition Notes
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
and the interplay between family and peer influences on adolescent risk-taking. Common Risks and Divergent Paths to Risky Adolescent Behavior Although many risk-taking behaviors have been studied separately, as independent outcomes (e.g., alcohol use and abuse, antisocial behavior, sexual risk-taking), they share substantial common variance.
Sing O barren
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Repair of vessels, United States Navy. Letter from the Acting Secretary of the Navy, transmitting, in accordance with the Naval Appropriation Act approved March 2, 1907, information in regard to the repair of vessels of the United States Navy.
Science index to the National Curriculum
String quartet, no. 11, for 2 violins, viola and cello.
Speeches, correspondence and political papers of Carl Schurz
descendants of Charles (1) Barham
The New-England almanack, or Ladys and gentlemans diary, for the year of our Lord Christ, 1772.
Open learning schemes for adults in colleges of further education in 1987-88).
coronation history of the Barnsley British Co-operative SocietyLimited, 1862-1902.
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English people on the eve of colonization, 1603-1630
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Online shopping from a great selection at Books Store. Adolescent Behavior and Society: A Book of Readings, 5th Adolescent behavior and society book appligraphic-groupe.com: $.
Adolescent behavior and society: a book of readings. [Rolf Eduard Helmut Muuss] Home. WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. Adolescent behavior and society book Search. Search for Library Items Search for Lists Search for Contacts Search for Adolescent behavior and society book Library.
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Linked Data. The Adolescent Society book. Read 2 reviews from the Adolescent behavior and society book largest community for readers.
The Adolescent Society book. Read 2 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Start by marking “The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education” as Want to Read: Want to Read saving /5. Adolescent behavior and society: a book of readings Rolf Eduard Helmut Muuss Snippet view - Common terms and phrases.
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In James Coleman published a book on the Adolescent behavior and society book society, whereby he stated that adolescents were cut off from adult society and in a sense had their own society. In his book, Coleman focused his attention to the fact that adolescents were Adolescent behavior and society book in school and more interested in cars, dating, music, sports, and other areas not.
An adolescent from an inner city or a crime-driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can Adolescent behavior and society book detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a sensitive period in the development process, and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a.
van de Werff, in The Human Sciences after the Decade of the Brain, Introduction. In the past 10 years, a promising explanation of adolescent behavior has fueled enthusiasm among parents, educators, journalists, policymakers, and pedagogical experts: the teenage brain.
The teenage brain tells the complicated story of decreasing gray cells, pruning, and a plastic brain as a work in. The emphasis of biosocial, organismic, and learning theories is mainly on forces within an individual, or within individual's environment, that shape and develop behavior.
In contrast, _____ theories of adolescence attempt to understand how adolescents, as a group, come of age in society. / A Parent's Guide to Surviving the Teen Years A Parent's Guide to Surviving the Teen Years. Reviewed by: KidsHealth Many kids announce the onset of adolescence with a dramatic change in behavior around their parents.
They're starting to separate from mom and dad and become more independent. At the same time, kids this age are increasingly. Adolescent Physical Development 7 Puberty and Sexual Development 7 When Risk-Taking Behavior Becomes Problem Behavior 31 Alcohol and Drug Abuse 31 issues of adolescents in American society, and many kinds of expertise went into the development of this document.
This book promises to deliver in terms of that kind of breadth of perspective, and the author certainly has the qualifications to make real that promise of breadth as well as depth This would work well as a course text as well as for courses/seminars on adolescent health.
Find additional information about new and noteworthy Safer Society Press publications such as the table of contents and introduction, frequently asked questions, limited time offers, continuing education credits, Safer Society Podcast episodes, and more.
It shows how these changes, during learning and development period which can influence sociocultural community.
It also deals with the Child and Adolescent Psychology, Neuropsychology, Cognitive Behaviour, Anxiety and Mood disorder which could influence Child and Adolescent Behavior. If parents are not able to limit an adolescent’s dangerous behavior, they may request help from the court system and be assigned to a probation officer who can help enforce reasonable household rules.
(See also Introduction to Problems in Adolescents.) Specific Behavioral Disorders. "Adolescent Behaviour and Society: A Book of Readings, 5th edition" by Rolf E.
Muuss and Harriet D. Porton offers a collection of articles written by some of the most respected scholars in the field of adolescent development and psychology. Sep 01, · Access to society journal content varies across our titles.
If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging appligraphic-groupe.com by: Child and Adolescent Development - Revision Version 04/01 Page 2 Child and Adolescent Development Introduction Facilitators who have not recently trained or worked in the area covered by this Resource Pack, should read carefully through the various Topics, Overheads, Exercises, and Handouts before starting to plan their training activity.
for subtypes of adolescent problem behavior. • To demonstrate the need for an adolescent, strength-based treatment model that addresses delinquency, substance abuse, and co-occurring mental disorders.
Chapter One: Adolescent Development and Pathways to Problem Behavior. This chapter presents an introduction to the book on adolescence. A physiological definition is a commonly used measuring stick to define the adolescent period.
Adolescence begins when the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics such as. Download book Adolescent Behavior & Society: A Book of Readings Author: Harriet D.
Porton. Adolescent Behavior and Society: A Book of Readings, 5th edition by Rolf E. Muuss and Harriet D. Porton offers a collection of articles written by some of the most respected scholars in the field of adolescent development and psychology.
What is typical adolescent behavior. by appligraphic-groupe.com Contributors. Next. Adolescents have the reputation for being surly, uncommunicative, moody, argumentative and flippant - sometimes all at the same time.
These behaviors, when exhibited from time to time, may be normal for teens because being a teen is tough. So you may want to. 5 Teen Behavior Problems: A Troubleshooting Guide. Is your teenager rebelling, defying your curfew, or hanging out with questionable kids. Here's how to nip behavior problems in the appligraphic-groupe.com: Christina Frank.
Over the last two decades, the research base in the field of adolescent development has undergone a growth spurt. Knowledge has expanded significantly.
New studies have allowed more complex views of the multiple dimensions of adolescence, fresh insights into the process and timing of puberty, and new perspectives on the behaviors associated with the second decade of life. At the same time, the Author: Michele D. Kipke..
and resources in this book should not be construed or interpreted as an endorsement by adolescent years, parents and families can greatly influence the growth families, friends, neighborhoods and values and other forces in society. Physical Changes As they enter puberty, young teens undergo a great many physical changes, not only in.
Adolescent Development. Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk taking, heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences, and the formation of personal identity.
Journal of Adolescent and Family Health Volume 7 Issue 2 Article 2 October Defining adolescence reorganization of the individual and the context influencing cognition, emotion, behavior and contemporary western society, fostering the potential for discrepancy in the understanding of.
Books shelved as adolescent-literature: The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson, Monster by Walter Dean Myers, The Fault in.
Dec 04, · The work has been edited as an independent project by members of the American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry, the oldest professional organization of psychiatrists devoted solely to the mental health care and treatment of teenagers in the USA. The forensic psychiatry perspective permeates the entire book.
and parental behavior for the child's self-esteem and anxi ety levels. Among the important problems besetting modern soci ety is that of the high frequency of marital rupture, whether expressed in divorce, separation, or separation by death.
Family breakup may result from problems of the parents,Cited by: Adolescence is the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood that occurs between ages 13 and But the physical and psychological changes that take place in adolescence often start earlier.
Explore our list of Adolescent Psychology & Psychiatry Books at Barnes & Noble®. Receive FREE shipping with your Barnes & Noble Membership. Start studying Chapter 6: The Adolescent in Society. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Search. behavior, or consciousness. United States. Country that has the highest teenage birth rate. Degree of attachment people have to social groups or to society as a whole. Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century identifies key program factors that can improve health outcomes related to adolescent behavior and provides evidence-based recommendations toward effective implementation of federal programming initiatives.
This study explores normative adolescent. Current Issue - Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior displays the articles that are accepted and meant for publication during that month.
There's only one thing harder than living in a pdf with an adolescent - and that's being an adolescent. The moodiness, the volatility, the wholesale lack of impulse control, all would be close to clinical conditions if they occurred at another point in life.Normal Adolescent Behavior is a American teen drama download pdf written and directed by Beth Schacter.
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This program crawled on the 2014-04-07 is sorted as bounty.
FireBounty © 2015-2020 | https://firebounty.com/641-khan-academy/ | 2020-10-19T20:55:28 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Through our highly experienced team of industry experts, we provide a full-range of services to meet the ever-changing and expanding needs of the legal industry. Supporting our clients – whether a solo attorney or large multi-office law firm – is our ever present goal.
Contact Firm Evolution to learn more. | https://firmevolution.com/supporting-collaborative-partners/ | 2020-10-19T21:29:15 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
- Tetra fishes are well known for planted aquarium beauties.
- They are good to maintain in schools.
- Sizes are medium-sized.
- Tetra is the common name of many small freshwater characiform fishes. Tetras come from Africa, Central America, and South America, belonging to the biological family Characidae and to its former subfamilies Alestidae | https://fisheshop.com/products/mountain-minow-tetra | 2020-10-19T21:14:09 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
New Materials
Researchers develop ‘acoustic metamaterial’ that cancels soundAcoustics, Metameterials, New Materials, Sound
A ‘Magic’ Material Is Now the Big Thing in PhysicsCarbon nanotubes, nanotechnologies, New Materials
Living Building Blocks: A New Vision for Future HomesArchitecture, Bacteria, Biodesign, Biotechnologies, New Materials
A transformable material with a cellular structure3D printing, Biodesign, Metameterials, New Materials
| https://fivewordsforthefuture.eu/?cat=356 | 2020-10-19T21:59:29 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
[
"https://i0.wp.com/fivewordsforthefuture.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Screen-Shot-2019-01-23-at-14-1.29.39.png?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1",
"Self-growing materials that strengthen in response to force Self-growing materials that strengthen in response to force"
],
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"https://i0.wp.com/fivewordsforthe... |
514 Ha of fertile land where Sunflower, tomatoes, garlic, wheat, water melons, span-speck etc are cultivated. 66 Ha can be irrigated by drip irrigation out of boreholes and cofferdam. About 100 Ha of Bluebuffalo grass. Tractor shed of 860 sq meter, 480 sq meter, garlic shed of 240 sq meter, a packing shed of 450 sq meter with walk in cold room. Big old farmhouse with studio and pool and electric fence. Also a very neat second three bedroom house with electric fence. Five ESCOM three phase 25 KVA connections. Soil is partly black turf and the rest red loam. Only 6 Km. from the town of Roedtan with only about 3.5Km dirt road. Farm starts 500 meters from the N11 tar road. Tractors and implements negotiable. Has Pool Property Reference #: 1240976 Agent Details: Joop Coetzee RealNet Agri and Lifestyle 342 Alexander StreetBrooklyn Pretoria | https://flatfy.co.za/property-springbok | 2020-10-19T21:12:25 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
- Women's Fashion
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Sick of seeing fuzz balls on your clothes? Fix them with this portable lint remover and keep your clothes looking new at all times. It is lightweight and flaunts an ergonomic design that will definitely appeal to your taste.
This portable lint remover is easy to operate with just one on/off switch. Its power house holds two rechargeable batteries that can keep it running for up to 8 hours when completely powered. This lint ball remover has a comfortable grip for easy use and a powerful motor for increased efficiency. | https://flipepic.com/products/portable-handheld-ergonomic-lint-remover-with-rechargeable-batteries | 2020-10-19T21:02:08 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
RFID is revolutionizing the supply chain. It is a powerful tool, especially when it can be used broadly in an organization. Until now, RFID use has been limited because of high system cost, industrial appearance and closed development.
FloJack Gen2 breaks this barrier with smartphone RFID that’s sleek, attractive and economical. Built by UGrokIt, the reader works with smartphones and tablets that are already in your people’s hands. Don’t be content to keep RFID in the warehouse – now you can locate items on the sales floor, reduce loss and enhance the customer experience in the way that only RFID can do. And Small and Medium businesses now can take advantage of RFID with easy to use and affordable solutions.
FloJack Gen2 brings the power of UHF Gen 2 RFID to iOS and Android devices and Windows 8 tablets, with the same lightweight, cheap, battery-less tags being used in the supply chain. With a range of 6′-10′ (2-3m), up to 25′ (7m) in ideal conditions, use the FloJack Gen2 to:
- Identify – What is it?
- Locate – Where is it? Track –
- What do I know about it?
- Inventory – What do I have?
The FloJack Gen2 and the UGrokIt reader are hardware equals. However, only FloJack Gen2.
Reviews
There are no reviews yet. | https://flomio.com/shop/readers/flojack-gen2-uhf-rfid-reader-w-sdk/ | 2020-10-19T22:11:37 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
My Comments: These are troubling times, and with good reason. I’m frustrated by my inability to do any more to effect a remedy than to occasionally share an idea or written word that comes to my attention. Here is one that I’d like to share with you.
by Nick Mullins \ 13 AUG 2017 \
When I was a teenager, I went to a meeting of the new Sons of Confederate Veterans chapter in my hometown. I quickly became caught up in the ideals of the SCV and hoped desperately that I could find a Confederate soldier within my lineage. I was not racist, thanks to a good upbringing, nor were many of the SCV members in my hometown. The head of the chapter made it clear to newcomers that racism would not be tolerated in any way, shape, or form.
Despite this fact, we were nevertheless engaged in downplaying the atrocity of slavery, often calling out the hypocrisy of a racist north, focusing upon the ideas of “northern aggression” and “states rights,” all in the hope of reconciling our past and defending our identity as southerners. Today, I’m older and much wiser.
The War
In the antebellum south, 25% of the population was rich enough to own slaves and consisted of plantation owners and business elites. Of those, only 3% of them owned more than 20 slaves. The remaining 75% of southern whites, i.e. the vast majority, were often very poor and trying to survive an economy flooded with cheap goods created by, you guessed it, slave labor.
When the wealthy southern elites saw their economic advantage being threatened by government regulations to end slavery, they created and raised the Confederate flag. They began speaking of “states’ rights,” and “northern aggression,” but make no mistake about it, the rights they sought to protect were those that allowed them to make higher profits using slave labor. They were despicable racists who used the color of people’s skin to treat them like animals with unimaginable cruelty, forcing them to do the work they themselves didn’t want to do, all so they could build bigger homes and enjoy more refinements than the remaining 75% of southern whites.
Why then, would poor, subsistence farming southerners, fight to help these wealthy slave-holding plantation owners? Wealthy Confederate aristocrats understood the values of the rural working classes just enough to tap into their sense of pride, heritage, and defensiveness against urban ridicule. They had already lifted them up by telling them they were at least better than black slaves. And just like with their black slaves, wealthy white southerners knew the benefits of withholding education from poor whites as well.
They knew just how to misinform an uneducated general public, leading people to believe to their deaths.
We should be the ones removing Confederate monuments and moving beyond the mistakes of our ancestors. Sadly, too many still adhere to the plantation owner propaganda of “northern aggression” and “states rights,” leaving themselves open to repeat the past.
Here We Go Again
Today, wealthy political groups driven by corporate interests are still utilizing this type of propaganda among rural people. They feed upon the deeply rooted defensiveness that has been embedded in our DNA, one created by a millennia’s worth of judgment from urban societies wrought with the ills of classism and materialism. They fire up their media machines and engage in fear-mongering, telling us, “Big government is trying to tell you how to live and what to do.”
With our rural values firmly researched, they begin framing everything in terms of a culture war: liberal vs. conservative, rural vs. urban, pro-life vs. pro-choice, pro-gun vs. anti-gun continuously blurring the lines of truth and morality. They wield populism so well, that millions of people are basing their political beliefs not on the ethics of policy, but upon their personally held prejudices against “urban liberals.” ‘Northern Elites’ are now ‘Democrats” and the ‘Liberal Media.’ ‘Abolitionists’ are now ‘Communists,’ ‘Tree Huggers,’ and ‘Feminists.’ On the other side of the issue, it is important to realize that no one is addressing the sources of defensiveness found within rural communities.
Rural people are still depicted as slack-jawed idiots by the media. It remains socially acceptable to stereotype us as rednecks, hillbillies, and white trash. The majority of state and national policy is governed by urban provincialism. Rural people feel underrepresented and looked down upon, giving rise to the defense of their identity, and their values, by any means necessary.
Liberals and conservatives, rural and urban, we all need to understand the parts we play and how powerful interests manipulate us based on our cultural identity, be it where we are from, how we live, or the color of our skin. The hatred we are seeing is only the symptom of a much larger problem, one that Martin Luther King, Jr. began to realize and fight against—a classist economic system that divides and oppresses all but the wealthiest of our nation. There is much work to be done and we must be engaged on all fronts, beginning with ourselves and within our own communities.
One thought on “The Manipulation of Southern Pride”
Did you delete my comment? | https://floridawealthadvisors.com/2020/06/30/the-manipulation-of-southern-pride/ | 2020-10-19T21:39:41 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
3005
Application of ch. 85-177.
Application of ch. 85-177.
641.3005 Application of ch. 85-177.—This act shall take effect October 1, 1985, and shall apply to all health maintenance organizations that have obtained certificates of authority before, on, or after this date, unless otherwise provided in this act. Any provision of this act necessitating a change in a health maintenance contract shall apply to contracts issued or renewed after October 1, 1985.
History.—s. 48, ch. 85-177; s. 1, ch. 86-286; ss. 187, 188, ch. 91-108; s. 4, ch. 91-429. | https://flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2013/0641.3005 | 2020-10-19T21:43:24 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Every application has contain more than one screen now days. Screens are also known as Activity or Routes in mobile application world. In flutter world we mostly say new screens as Routes. Every new screen can be created using individual classes in flutter app. Each class which has used to make View has Widget build area. So in this tutorial we would Add New Activity Route Screen in Flutter Android iOS App Example Tutorial.
Contents in this project Add New Activity Route Screen in Flutter Android iOS Example Tutorial:
1. Import material.dart package in your app’s main.dart file.
2. Create our void main() method. Inside the main() method we would pass our first home screen using home property. main() method calls every time when your app runs.
- home : Pass here class route name which you want to became your Home screen.
3. Create our First screen class named as HomeActivity extends StatelessWidget.
4. Create a function named as gotoSecondActivity() with BuildContext argument in Home Activity class. In this function we would use Navigator.push() method with Context and MaterialPageRoute() method and pass here our next activity name on which we want to go on when this function called.
5. Create Widget build area in HomeActivity class and make a Raised button Widget in Center widget. We would call the gotoSecondActivity() function on Raised button onPress event.
6. Create our Second screen class named as SecondActivity extends StatelessWidget.
- goBack() : In this method we would call Navigator.pop() method with context argument. We would call this function on Raised button on Press event to go back to previous screen by closing this current screen route.
7. Complete source code for main.dart file:
Screenshots:
| https://flutter-examples.com/add-new-activity-route-screen-in-flutter/ | 2020-10-19T20:40:32 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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SZS series water tube boiler can burn gas and oil fuels, coal gas also including. Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system.Get a Quote
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0086-371-60922096 | https://foac-kenya.org/0T4t8NmU | 2020-10-19T20:54:54 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Taking home produced lamb.
Aimed at the beginner sheep keeper, chapters cover breed selection, feeding, lambing and health plus rules, regulations, preparing for the final journey and a selection of mouth watering recipes.
Plans are afoot to hold a launch party combined with the Melodeon workshop running on the 4th June, but if you can’t wait to get your hands on a copy, you can pre-order direct from the publishers!
Lambs For The Freezer | https://folkonthefarm.co.uk/latest-news/mint-sauce-at-the-ready-folk-on-the-farm-writer-launches-new-book/ | 2020-10-19T21:48:11 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK KENYA
FAST FACTS
Nairobi National Park is unique because it is located approximately 7 km from Nairobi city center and is the only national park in a capital city in the world! While the park is only 117 sq kms in size it is home to over 30 lions, XX rhinos, 400 recorded bird species and hundreds of plain games animals such as zebra, giraffe, buffalo wildebeest. The park has a diversity of environments but it is predominantly open grass plains with scattered acacia bush. The western side has a highland dry forest and a permanent river with a riverine forest. It has stretches of broken bush country and deep, rocky valleys and gorges with scrub and long grass. One of the most spectacular scenery in the park is at the south-western boundary where small streams have carved steep valleys and hyrax can easily be seen on the rocks, as well as occasional klipspringer, mountain reedbuck among other fauna.
HISTORY
Nairobi National Park (117 km² ) was founded in 1946 when the Maasai of the area gifted it to conservation.It is the northern most part of the Athi-Kapiti ecosystem comprising ~2000 km².Nairobi National Park is unique in its location, being only about 7 km from Nairobi city center.The park is easily accessible on tarmac roads and has five gates.The main gate at KWS headquarters, East Gate, Lang’ata Gate, Maasai Gate and Banda Gate.
FAUNA & FLORA
The park has a diversity of environments with different characteristics of fauna and flora,though predominantly, open grass plains with scattered acacia bush. The western side has a highland dry forest and a permanent river with a riverine forest. The park also has stretches of broken bush country and deep, rocky valleys and gorges with scrub and long grass. Man-made dams have also added anotherena and jackal civet represent the carnivores.The park has diverse birdlife with 400 species recorded. However all species are not always present and much depends on the season. Northern migrants pass through the park primarily during late March through April. Nairobi National Park is one of the most successful of Kenya’s rhino sanctuaries. To the south of the park is the Athi-Kapiti Plains and Kitengela Migration Corridor. These are vital dispersal areas for herbivores during the rainy season,whilst during the dry season,they converge in the park. | https://fonnap.org/index.php/nairobi-national-park/ | 2020-10-19T21:05:45 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Balanced, lazy, tired, not focused or just plain angry. Then we start the cycle over again. You go for a bag of chips or soda because you’re craving it. You feel better and then it all happens over again. By stabilizing your blood sugar by eating differently you can feel a world of change! Try eating every few hours, stay hydrated with water and keep a healthy snack with you all the time. This can help with not only mood but also weight. Here are a few foods to add to your diet to help balance your blood sugar:
1. Greens:
You can never eat too many greens. For the best blood sugar benefits, go for nutrient-dense, low-carb greens like spinach, kale, and broccoli. You can toss them in salads, steam them or add them to smoothies (I’ve not tried broccoli in a amoothie lol).
2. Low fructose fruits:
For blood sugar-specific management, choose fruits that are low in fructose, such as cantaloupe, raspberries, blueberries, kiwi, and blackberries. You can snack on them throughout the day, toss them in your salad, or in smoothies. Smoothies should not be all fruit by the way. That is way too much sugar. You should have a protein (listed below) and greens too (Listed above).
3. Protein:
Protein is essential for slowing down glucose absorption in your body, which helps regulate your blood sugar levels. Add foods to your diet that are packed with protein, like wild salmon and other types of fish, poultry, beef and other types of meat, cottage cheese, Greek yogurt, and eggs. There a great vegetarian proteins like sprouted tofu, beans, nuts and seeds. Make your diet interesting; try snack ideas like celery sticks and nut butter or hummus. This snack is rich in protein and is filling too. A great vegetarian protein shake my family uses is:
4. Herbs and Spices:
Herbs and spices are natural supplements for balancing your blood sugar levels. They not only add flavor to your dishes but they may also help your hormone’s lower your blood sugar. Some spices, like turmeric and cinnamon can be helpful to help stabilize your blood sugar. An easy way to get them into your diet is golden milk. I use Metagenics Golden Fusion Powder, it’s easy, tasty and your body absorbs it well. You can get it here:
5. Low-calorie drinks:
Cut out sugary, high-calorie drinks from your diet. Add drinks like cinnamon tea, lemon water, and cucumber juice in your daily routine. Diet soda, although low calorie, is full of artificial sweeteners and actually sabotage your good intentions.
6. Whole grain foods:
Whole grain foods that are also rich in protein, like wild rice and quinoa, provide and store energy without causing spikes in your blood sugar levels. You can try them as side dishes or even find recipes on Pinterest for breakfast bowls made with either one. The fiber and decent proteins in these two whole grains help your body stabilize blood sugar better than traditional white bread and many cereals. They break down really quick and throw you on the blood sugar roller coaster we talked about, full of ups and downs.
7. Beans:
Beans are a good source of protein, low carb, and rich in fiber, all important factors in balancing your blood sugar. Hummus, lentils and garbanzo beans are good examples and great dietary choices. If you can soak them the night before it promotes easier digestion, meaning less gassiness!
8. Nuts:
Nuts like almonds and walnuts contain healthy amounts of fiber, protein, and healthy fats. This makes them a great sugar stablizing snack idea.
Try balancing your blood sugar the natural way by changing the way you eat. You’ll be amazed at the difference!
Best in health,
Dr. Jen
Copyright © 2019 Food to the Rescue LLC. All Rights Reserved | Privacy | Terms of Service | https://foodtotherescue.com/2020/04/25/better-blood-sugar-handling-equals-a-better-mood/ | 2020-10-19T21:08:29 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
A good and healthy and balanced relationship is certainly the cornerstone of virtually any marital relationship. If the romantic relationship comes with strike a few hard spots, here are five tricks to maintain your romantic relationship healthier and content:
Interaction. A genuine and available communication among both you and your companion may be the groundwork of any kind of romance. When a and genuine communication is usually a non-verbal interaction, it is also a verbal conversation between friends, relatives, or fellow workers.
Esteem. That doesn't subject when you have differences along with your partner; reverence your partner's thoughts and decisions, but don't take the tablets too significantly. It may appear obvious but , in reality, various lovers will begin taking one another for the purpose of granted mainly because they will don't value your partner enough.
The best listener. An excellent audience is vital to any relationship since it offers the two persons the chance to publish what's disturbing these people about their spouse. It could audio uncomfortable to say the least but it's the case, in the event that you're happy to listen to your lover consequently you will be able to effectively know what they're declaring.
Period. You are unable to continue to keep a romance alive any time you're not really ready to use quality time with the other person.
One thing that the two both you and your lover require is to recognize that you're in love. Keep in mind, love means different things to everyone. Take pleasure in should never always be identified by simply anything physical. In the end, take pleasure in is a frame of mind, not really physical appeal. If your marriage appears stationary, don't permit this kind of be considered a hint belonging to the romantic relationship screwing up. If you locate that your romance isn't changing, take a moment off and find some fresh perspective on the way you can easily do something in another way.
Trust your spouse. Trust your lover using your life – don't allow your companion control your life.
Romantic relationships will be complicated and want much more than friendship. If you locate that you as well as your spouse aren't in a position to speak with one other, don't merely imagine they're certainly not enthusiastic about your relationship; in fact, you may well be losing out on most of the joy and full satisfaction that may be present in your romantic relationship.
Therefore , there are some important tips on how to keep your romantic relationship cheerful and healthy and balanced. There exists really no need to get also frustrated if you believe that you're in discomfort or any time you're developing a difficult time coping with all your challenges.
In order to be happy, many of us ought to look at our lives within a great approach. To get pleased with a relationship is to be satisfied with yourself. Keep the frame of mind great because if you think maybe adversely it will think about your partner. Of course, if you don't deal with your lover when using the respect that they can are worthy of your relationship will start to decrease.
Just what exactly will there be to shed if you need for making the romantic relationship better? I don't think a whole lot. | https://foodwastereport.leket.org/%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%90-%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94/tricks-for-keeping-the-relationship-completely-happy-and-healthy/ | 2020-10-19T23:19:51 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
- Ultra-light, ultra-versatile OBJECTIF AF-S DX NIKKOR 16-80mm f/2.8-4E ED VR | https://forever-learning.co.uk/nikon-af-s-dx-nikkor-16-80-mm-f2-8-4e-ed-vr-lens/ | 2020-10-19T20:56:07 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Nioxin System 4 Cleanser Fine Hair Shampoo 33oz
Vendor: Nioxin
Availability: In Stock
Product Code: 070018007445
What it is:
Nioxin System 4 Cleanser for noticeably thinning, fine, chemically treated hair.
What it does:
A volumizing cleanser that helps remove follicle-clogging sebum, fatty acids and environmental residues from the scalp and hair.
What else you need to know:
Cleanses to provide thicker-looking hair.
Apply to wet hair, gently massage into scalp and hair. Lather 1 minute. Rinse thoroughly. Use daily. | https://forever4beauty.com/products/copy-of-nioxin-system-4-cleanser-fine-hair-shampoo-10-1oz | 2020-10-19T21:12:54 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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I Love Jesus Bracelet
I Love Jesus Bracelet
Item code EN2 - I Love Jesus braided bracelet is a long charm bracelet. It has many charms that are attached at each knot on the faux leather. The I Love Jesus Bracelet features so many.
I Love Jesus Bracelet details:
- Item EN2
- Wrap bracelet is 72 inches long
- Bracelet has about 10 different metal charms
- measures 1/8" (3mm) wide faux leather
- braided knots measure 3/8" (10mm) wide.
- The smallest charm (3 nails charm) measures 1/4" x 1/4" (5.5mm x 7mm)
- The largest charm (Jesus charm)measures 3/4" (20mm).
Where does it say I Love Jesus?The I Love Jesus Bracelet focuses on the title of the bracelet "I LOVE JESUS" so we used symbolism to project the title of the name. The core charm features: Heart charms which represents Love. The name of Jesus charm, no explanation needed. We also included the LOVE charm just to cover all aspects of the title. The Ichthus Fish charm represents Jesus. The Crown charm represents his Lord Ship as God, the KING OF KINGS (1 Timothy 6:15). Cross Charm does not need explaining. The Footprints charm represents the whole poem of looking down at the sand and their is only one set of tracks. The Nail charm is related to the cross charm in meaning. The I Love Jesus Bracelet has approximately10 assorted charms! The charms maybe different than what is shown but should include hearts, Ichthus fish, crosses, footprints, nails, crown, love and Jesus. With seventy two inches of braided cord you can Wrap, and wrap and wrap until you achieve your desired look you want! This bracelet is so cool that it was designed for the person with fashion sense so that you can wear it as an anklet, necklace or even a belt, mix it up.
Great Gift Idea for all occasions!
Very cool and stylish bracelet that can probably be worn as an anklet, necklace or even a belt This bracelet makes for a great gift because the braided brown cord measures 1/8" (3mm) wide and the braided knots measure 3/8" (10mm) wide. The smallest charm (3 nails charm) measures 1/4" x 1/4" (5.5mm x 7mm) The largest charm (Jesus charm)measures 3/4" (20mm). You can see that its money well spent by all the charms you get. The options you get. All the style you. | https://forgivenjewelry.com/products/i-love-jesus-bracelet | 2020-10-19T21:56:29 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Hello!
I am writing to you because I have a question. I have a system to make automatic webs for amazon affiliates with a spin.
I usually use the page generator pro and aawp. With the code [amazon bestseller="keyword"] thousands of urls are made with the articles included.
I have come this far because I have seen this website that uses the Affiliate Toolkit:
If you go to any url on that page it has comparison tables that cannot be done in cron with the AAWP . Example:
I have tried to read the Affiliate Toolkit documentation but it is not clear to me if it can be done easily or what steps I should follow to make tables in cron mode.
If it could be done and you told me how to relate the keyword to the tables I want to include I would buy it without hesitation.
Thanks for your attention.
I wait for the answer, a greeting.
| https://forum.affiliate-toolkit.com/index.php?thread/732-comparison-tables-in-cron-mode/&postID=3379 | 2020-10-19T21:59:24 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
[
"https://forum.affiliate-toolkit.com/web/images/smilies/emojione/263a.png",
":)"
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Hi.
First, I’m afraid my English is very poor, sorry…
We’re experiencing a strange behaviour on both our RT installation: when
someone reply (or comment) to a ticket (both via e-mail or via
webinterface) with a response containing some characters like
ￜ
(useful in Italian language) then ticket visualization is broken for
this ticket: we can only see workflow until the response, but not
response itself and the following workflow.
All workflow is stored in db, and broken visualization only affect the
ticket with these characters.
If we change these character directly on database, a correct
visualization is restored.
We’d searching on internet, but we find nothing: if your response is
RTFM, pleas tell us what FM we must R…
Some informations:
- platform is Gentoo Linux for ADM64
- all servers (webservers and database) are fully UTF-8
- webserver is Apache, RDBMS is Mysql Enterprise, MTA is Postix
- RT version is 3.6.7
- RT email input encoding is utf-8 iso-8859-1 us-ascii
- Mysql version is 5.0.46 Enterprise
- Mysql charset is binary
- Apache version is 2.2.9
- Apache default charset is UTF-8
Can someone help us?
Luca Villani - Dada.Net S.p.A.
Tel: +39 055 20021517 Mobile: +39 335 8753086
ICQ: 76272621 Skype: luca.villani | https://forum.bestpractical.com/t/broken-tickets-display/23802 | 2020-10-19T20:54:35 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
[
"https://forum.bestpractical.com/images/emoji/twitter/expressionless.png?v=5",
":expressionless: :expressionless:"
],
[
"https://forum.bestpractical.com/images/emoji/twitter/wink.png?v=5",
":wink: :wink:"
]
] |
POSTING GUIDELINES and ADVICE FOR NEW MEMBERS
Start with forming grassroots lobbying organizations, running for local office, getting involved in party organizations, infiltrating media; then work up.
Now if the FSP can find a state filled with people who would accept in the above fashion...
...we do have allies in those states. The FSP just needs to rekindle their fires for yet one more try at turning things around - at least at a local and state level. That's another feeling these activists share, they believe the LP's emphasis on, and failure in, Presidential races and national politics has sacrificed success at the grassroots. The FSP can offer these activists a winning, and we emphasize "winning" alternative to the LP.
And yes, I agree that it would be best to do away with the LP name if we're moved to starting our own party. People have some pretty confused ideas about what Libertarians are all about, and trying to change that ingrained perception would be rather like trying to paddle up Niagara Falls.
FSP Today = Free State Project Tomorrow = Free State Party
If FSP activists do it right they could be welcomed with open arms, homes and meetings. Maybe the incoming FSP activists would hear this from the traditionalist old-timers and their adult children who didn't leave for the city:"Thank Gosh you're here! We were afraid the outsiders (no offense) were going to take over and run us out of our towns and communities. Now we have hope because you'll run for offices and tackle issues that none of us had the energy left to do (again). How can we help you?"
This is an interesting topic. I think the states that are esaist to change are the states that are already the freest. | https://forum.freestateproject.org/index.php?threadid=246;start=0 | 2020-10-19T21:45:04 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Excel Recipe to show in browser via hosted API
- Braden Callahan
Hi, I am using the hosted API and trying to show an Excel report in the browser. It works great in the studio.
When I try to use it via the API, it just downloads the Excel file and doesn't show it in Excel Online. I am sure I am just missing something...
I am using Python (django), here is a snippet of how I return the data:
report = requests.post(url, data=body, headers=headers, auth=auth) response = HttpResponse(report) response['Content-type'] = 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet' return response
I can get PDF's to work great by changing the content-type to 'application/pdf'
Should I have a wrapper or something around the Excel data to preview it online?
- bjrmatos administrators
hi!
I can get PDF's to work great by changing the content-type to 'application/pdf'
i guess that you are trying to show the server response inside an iframe, right? this works nice when using pdf because browsers these days have built-in support for previewing pdf files. but when dealing with excel you need to use other techniques because the browser will not preview the excel as something built-in in an iframe.
I am using the hosted API and trying to show an Excel report in the browser. It works great in the studio.
yes, the reason that the excel browser preview works nicely in studio is because we have some code that makes the excel file available to the excel online page when a report request was done from jsreport studio (
request.options.previewin the linked code is true when a request comes from studio). technically you can achieve the excel browser preview in you app in the same way that we do by hosting your excel file in some of your servers, then make it available at some public url and the return an iframe with a content similar like this.
another option for you is to configure jsreport and your template to always render in preview mode. you can do that by using a script that set this for your template.
function beforeRender (req, res, done) { req.options.preview = true done() }
then configure the xlsx
publicUriForPreviewoption in jsreport config to point to a public url that is hosting your excel files. by doing that jsreport will automatically send the excel file that you are rendering to
publicUriForPreview(check the details about what your
publicUriForPreviewneeds to handle ("GET/POST requests"9 in order to be able to fit in this flow) and then respond with an iframe that loads the excel online page using your
publicUriForPreviewpage to load the excel file.
hope this help you.
- Braden Callahan
Yes that helps, what I was really missing was the simple idea that you are using the Office Online viewer, so I just reference that::{}
Note that you have to escape out the URL for the source, I am sure you do that in the above suggestion.
thanks for the response. | https://forum.jsreport.net/topic/393/excel-recipe-to-show-in-browser-via-hosted-api | 2020-10-19T21:02:50 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
How to connect a Asus router to pfsense
Hi,
I have a network with mulitiple vlans, using pfsense 2.4.3.
I would like to use an extern Asus RT-N66U router on one of my vlan that handle all the firewall and network. Then the owner of that vlan can connect to this Asus router and manage his network like he want to.
I want all the traffic to through pfsense directly to the Asus router like a tunnel from Wan to Asus.
How can I set this up?
So I assume, you want to use a specific WAN address to be forwarded to that network.
If so, set up a 1:1 NAT with that public IP and the internal IP of the router and add a firewall rule to WAN which allow anything to the router IP.
So any access to that specific WAN IP is forwarded to the ASUS router and upstream packets get that WAN IP when leaving pfSense on WAN.
Hi, thanx for your reply
This is pretty much what I had in mind, but I don't think I have two WAN ip adresses available. My pfSense is connected directly to my fiber-cat6 converter, and I pay extra for a static IP.
My ISP told me that my fiberport was set up to static IP and therefore I may not get another WAN ip adress. But the guy wasn't quite sure.
The best would be if my Asus router used the same WAN ip adress as the rest of my Vlans. Is that possible?
With a single WAN IP it's not possible to use the same services on multiple internal servers. For instance if want to provide web services you can only forward the ports 80 and 443 to one single internal server.
So if the customer provide network services you can forward the ports by Firewall > NAT > Port froward, but you cannot use these ports on the other networks.
For outgoing connection this will be no problem. There are also no special settings necessary for that.
Yes I understand what you mean.
As long as I skip any services to that router, can I set up a any-any firewall roule and then the Asus is in a DMZ zone?
Yes, in conjunction with a NAT portforwarding rule, any incoming connection will be forwarded to the ASUS router.
- ilovedongle last edited by
First give the Lan IP address to the same subnet as the pfSense,
Turn off DHCP from the router,
Connect cable From the LAN side of the wireless router to the pfsense interface.
do not use the internet on the wireless router. | https://forum.netgate.com/topic/130804/how-to-connect-a-asus-router-to-pfsense | 2020-10-19T22:11:55 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
It may be true that Final Fantasy XV has a modern aesthetic, but since we reassess the numbered releases of the Final Fantasy series from scratch, we don’t know if that will be the case for the next game. Sometimes the direction is changed on purpose based on the director, like when we went from Final Fantasy VIII to Final Fantasy IX. Since it’s based on the director’s way of thinking, it doesn’t necessarily mean it will always be an action RPG.
Final Fantasy series brand manager on Final Fantasy XVI and X-3, XIII series sales, more - Gematsu
Final Fantasy series brand manager Shinji Hashimoto discussed a bit about the series, as well as Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8: Final Chapter Prologue, during the recent Lucca Comics & Games 2016 expo in…
Ultima modifica da un moderatore: | https://forum.spaziogames.it/threads/final-fantasy-xvi-prodotto-da-yoshi-p-tba.6043/ | 2020-10-19T21:38:55 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
[
"https://www.gematsu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Shinji-Hashimoto_11-09-16.jpg",
"gematsu.com"
],
[
"https://www.gematsu.com/wp-content/themes/2019/img/favicon.png",
"gematsu.com"
]
] |
Content Count34
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Last visited
About Suraj_S
- RankCaffeinated
- Birthday 05/28/1992
Contact Methods
- Website URLthesurajsood.com
Profile Information
- GenderMan
- LocationCalifornia, U.S.
- Application SeasonAlready Attending
- ProgramPsychology: Consciousness & Society
Recent Profile Visitors
-
PhD first author publication
Suraj_S replied to saraConnor's topic in Coursework, Advising, and ExamsOther than my book review, the only two manuscripts my advisor reviewed were initially for classes she taught. How long have you waited for feedback? My own advisor is usually very prompt, but there are all sorts of stories of MIA profs that I've heard (unfortunately)...
Your conference identity
Suraj_S replied to Suraj_S's topic in Writing, Presenting and PublishingForgot to add--2018: Meta-Cognition - Thinking About Thought (HCIIC). So, cognition is my most common theme session-wise. I've presented three papers with "Psychoinformatic(s)" in their titles, so that could be said to be my main conference article theme.
Your conference identity
Suraj_S posted a topic in Writing, Presenting and PublishingI got curious tonight about the conference sessions I've been part of since my first one in 2015. The names of these sessions and their respective conferences are: 2015: Measuring and quantifying cognition - Human-Computer Interaction International Conference (HCIIC) 2017: Rethinking Psychological Theory: Personality, Empathy, and Enactivism - APA Annual Convention 2017 2019: Human-centric Computing - Future of Information and Communication Conference (FICC); The Psychoinformatics of Mixed Reality and Biomimicry (HCIIC) 2020: Self Regulation (HCIIC) Do you have a "conf
-
"Gladvisor"/"sadvisor"/"madvisor"
Suraj_S replied to Suraj_S's topic in Coursework, Advising, and ExamsI didn't feel abandoned by mine. I did experience frustration that my project's execution wasn't being grasped: expressing this to my advisors was a good thing.
Maybe I am not meant for this.
Suraj_S replied to Adelaide9216's topic in Writing, Presenting and PublishingKnowledge will find its way through the proper research channels. Just be patient and confident in the quality of your work: be open to opportunities to review, etc. Don't give in to critical reviews that miss the mark--respect yourself enough to look for better venues in these cases!
"Gladvisor"/"sadvisor"/"madvisor"
Suraj_S posted a topic in Coursework, Advising, and ExamsI think a typology of various shades of advisor mood could prove useful. In my experience being advised (by three different professors), I have faced three shades of emotionality among them: glad, sad, and mad.* I have noticed that gladvisor happens when I am a good student; sadvisor happens when I have been bad. Madvisor can happen when the advisor(s) feel(s) that the student has not done their due diligence. Madvisorn-ess can be changed via calming, genuine assurance on the student's part that the research will get done properly. I don't mean for this to be about pointing figu
PhD first author publication
Suraj_S replied to saraConnor's topic in Coursework, Advising, and ExamsMy first-author publication with my advisor was a book review. This was treated as part of my work as her Graduate Research Assistant during my first semester/year. I spent the first semester reading the book (The Extended Self: Architecture, Memes and Minds) and typed our review's first draft. My advisor fleshed it out and sent it back to me over Winter Break. We sent the final draft to the journal of interest by the end of my first year.
Where to Publish for the First Time + Book Reviews?
Suraj_S replied to fossati's topic in Writing, Presenting and PublishingMy Ph.D. advisor suggested I work on a book review with her during my first semester. She offered me first author, which was very gracious. From what I understand, journals are often seeking people out to write book reviews. Since they're lower-hanging fruit than book chapters or journal articles, they're not what everyone goes after. There's a bit of a demand problem: lots of opportunities, not enough people wanting to take them.
Psychology Grad School without a Psychology BA (Advice)
Suraj_S replied to summerful1707's topic in PsychologyI have a friend, colleague, and old housemate who moved from Canada to the U.S. to study for his psychology M.A. His undergrad was only in philosophy, but our grad school (University of West Georgia) is known for offering a more philosophical and interdisciplinary curriculum. My friend did very well--he did a clinical internship (at a school, actually: under a psychiatrist IIRC) while here and went on to pursue his Ph.D. in clinical psych.
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PsyD / PhD / MSW Etiquette - Okay to Apply to All?
Suraj_S replied to RebeccaPsych's topic in PsychologySince you mentioned Rutgers being on your list above, here's a link to their Ph.D./MSW dual-degree path. The only thing about this (and two other such programs that came up on Google) is that it isn't a Ph.D. in psychology. If you're passionate about psychology, most of these dual-degree programs might be too social work-/welfare-focused. If I find any psych Ph.D./MSW dual programs, I'll let you know.
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PsyD / PhD / MSW Etiquette - Okay to Apply to All?
Suraj_S replied to RebeccaPsych's topic in PsychologyIt looks like dual-degree Ph.D./MSW paths exist. Have you considered that possibility, @RebeccaPsych?
-
Profile Eval for Ph.D. in Psychology
Suraj_S replied to khnhle2's topic in PsychologyThis is probably the best pre-grad psych profile I've seen. Go get 'em!
-
Suraj_S reacted to a post in a topic: Starting the slow climb to a comp lit PhD. Tips for the journey?
Finding gap year opportunities in the time of COVID-19
Suraj_S replied to Novina's topic in PsychologyHave you presented at any psych conferences?
Suraj_S reacted to a post in a topic: Starting the slow climb to a comp lit PhD. Tips for the journey?
- Most of my first-year course essays were too immature to turn into publishable material. The possible exception was my independent study--'Intuition and Cognitive Science'--paper, which only recently (i.e., five years later) made some of its way into a conference proceeding proof. First year was largely for establishing departmental identity. My only full-length, non-empirical journal article resulted from a term paper for my course, 'Ecologies of Mind'. It took 1.5-2 years to get this published (in International Journal of Global and Environmental Issues). This was my most frustrating te
-
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- I have 11 (one in press). Don't recommend this if the goal is to graduate in less than seven years. 🙂 | https://forum.thegradcafe.com/profile/192632-suraj_s/ | 2020-10-19T22:31:00 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Ukbondraider
Member
Last Activity: 26th May 2016 10:26 AM
Most Thanked
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Post Summary
2
So I have the MM update. Not much noticeable difference to lollipop. The only thing I was looking forward to was adoptable storage to turn the paltry 32gb into a useful 32gb + 128gb. However, typical that Sony and Samsung drop the only wor...
2
I've been looking for a tablet since the start of the year and as a Z phone owner was looking forward to the tablet Z. However when it came out I was extremely disappointed with its screen and general performance and returned it straight away. ...
1
Yep only thing im intetested in with marshmallow is the storage improvement. I have a 128gb and 200 gb card waiting but suspect the 128gb is the max for this device.
1
I am always surprised that despite making good cameras and selling camera parts to other phone manufacturers, Sony phones have the worse cameras in the mobile phone industry. The Z3 camera is terrible relative to Apples and Samsungs and their pr... | https://forum.xda-developers.com/member.php?s=6b5e3ff8346f044846ddd000565dc204&u=5147150 | 2020-10-19T22:08:57 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Hi,
I hope I'm posting in the right place. If not let me know.
I dl'd some Last of Us 2 models from DA and I'm having a hard time figuring out how to apply these texture details. I've attached the map in question. (had to shrink it down to attach) It's suppose to be the stitching on the shirts and zipper teeth on the jacket.
I'm trying to do this in Blender, trying to teach myself Blender. Hoping someone here with way more experience than me can offer some tips or point me to a tutorial on how to get these applied.
Thanks in advance.
Join also our Discord channel! Click here.
Looking for help with texture map
Get your graphics formats figures out here! Got details for others? Post here!
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1 | https://forum.xentax.com/viewtopic.php?p=167600 | 2020-10-19T20:55:41 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
The Access program appears to be structured so that you get a new phone at the time you join. I don’t see any practical way (or competitive pricing) for joining with an already-acquired phone.
All-in-all, the program seems a bit convoluted, and with the existing trade-in programs Samsung has been running for the flagship phones over the last several years, Samsung seems to be competing against themselves in a way with Access. As for the timing of when they introduced Access for the S20, I guess I could pass that off as the program just getting started. But when they missed the launch of the Note 20 series by about 6 weeks, it seems like two different divisions of Samsung, where the left hand doesn’t know what the right hand is doing.
Of course, there could be more to this that I’m not aware of, or I’m missing something else entirely.
Any other thoughts out there? | https://forums-androidcentral.xyz/thoughts-on-the-note-20-and-the-samsung-access-program/ | 2020-10-19T20:59:06 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
09-05-2019
01:06 AM
- last edited on
09-05-2019
08:11 AM
by
Bill-BBY
Hi there,
I pre-order Astral Chain and you guys sent an e-mail to me confirm that it already on it way. Now it’s Thursday 9/4/2020 which is almost a week after the game released and I didn’t received my game yet. Even a game that I ordered later on Monday is arrived to me already. So, what’s going? And what should I do next? Can I just go and grab a copy at my nearest Bestbuy, which should be faster because I can go and grab it by myself tomorrow.
This is my order No. {removed per forum guidelines}
This is tracking No. {removed per forum guidelines}
I’m looking forward to hear from you.
Best Regard,
Pairat {removed per forum guidelines}
09-05-2019 01:07 AM
09-05-2019 09:48 AM
Hello, Ethan,
Thanks for reaching out!
Having a delay with your order isn't a great experience to have. While delays can happen from time to time, they are not very common, especially for titles that aren't as in demand. I'd love to see how I can help so to get started I'd appreciate if you could send us a private message with your full name, email address, phone number, and order number. We'll see what we can do from there!
Best, | https://forums.bestbuy.com/t5/Gaming-Support/HELP-Astral-Chain-is-not-arrived-at-my-home-yet/td-p/1309010 | 2020-10-19T21:59:27 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Kzin Ahh!! LOL i see
So what have people said that you asked
Just ignored the question ?
Invincible No school
How come ?
And that was nice of you!
Lilli I'm good thanks
And it's Friday so no school tomorrow
But that's mean I won't get to see the policeman...ohh well
Invincible No school
Lilli I'm good thanks
Comment | https://forums.gamershood.com/forum/heaven-hell/memory-lane/7377-/page158 | 2020-10-19T21:42:52 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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schulkeha3
Well-known member
- Joined
- Nov 21, 2001
- Messages
- 45
- Location
- Canton, Michigan, United States
I've reinstalled the 1.9.8.1 update both with and without Crossfire on my Tungsten T3 PDA and I still can't get it to download the data to the Companion. Booster no longer appears on the PDA. However, having installed AppForge on the PDA I leave that and delete all the "ingot" files and try a reinstall. Palm Companion starts up without requesting the Crossfire activation. Both the PC and the PDA have retained the registration entries. I've been chosing the HiDef mode for the display.
| https://forums.nc-software.com/threads/no-data-sync-logbook-error-message.1458/ | 2020-10-19T20:47:02 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
[
"http://www.nc-software.com/Forums/emoticons/bawling.gif",
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Type: Posts; User: futu
Last night had a talk with my buddy who is a digital security professional, I'm setting up a private network on my laptop that I will use for autocad as well. The network is very sensitive and will...
Its at number one now.
Was thinking to buy firewall then I saw your post. Thanks for saving my few bucks
You're absolutely right. Manufacturers will start to use USB drivers for their drivers as the cost is. | https://forums.windrivers.com/search.php?s=d15a292044a1a4743b3117ec4bcb329a&searchid=3774021 | 2020-10-19T21:19:45 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
currently im using a big yo and i cant get it to sleep long because the string is always touching the side(tried cleaning it alreaDy)…any tips???can you beefcake a bigyo and what happens if you silicone it??? P.S-do you guys know any more os tricks besides youtube,offstring.com ane yye???Thanks
You can do this with it when you have it on the string. Also just try to keep it as centered as possible.
That will decrease its spin times.
Put a little thick lube to make it a little tighter binds.
You really want to flick your wrist, use your whole arm and body to flick it off, make sure to follow all the way through with your throwhand, the main thing is use your whole arm and just practicing the flick. If my camera works I want to make a 4A helping video…
But then it will be straight and will lengthen its spin time from what it would have been.
I had that problem, just practice good throws: | https://forums.yoyoexpert.com/t/can-someond-give-me-tips-for-os/3391 | 2020-10-19T21:02:16 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Nonprofit Training Workshop – Tuesday, August 9
The Community Foundation of Herkimer & Oneida Counties is offering a free training program titled “Board Service: Understanding Your Role and Responsibilities” for staff and board members of area nonprofits. The workshop will take place on Tuesday, August 9, 2016, at The Foundation, 2608 Genesee Street, Utica. Registration and continental breakfast begin at 8:30 a.m., presentation from 9 a.m. to noon.
Registration is required as seating is limited. Register online at. Contact Jan Squadrito, senior community investment manager, at 315-731-3728 or jsquadrito@foundationhoc.org for additional information.
Board members help steer nonprofit organizations toward a sustainable future by adopting sound, ethical and legal governance and financial management policies. Additionally, board members must ensure that nonprofits have adequate resources to advance their mission. This workshop provides those involved in nonprofit leadership with a critical orientation to responsibilities, knowledge and skills needed to be an effective leader of their organization, as well as practical guidance for implementing the more challenging aspects of governance practices.
The workshop will cover the following topics:
- Governance trends in the Mohawk Valley
- Legal and fiduciary responsibilities
- Policy and monitoring functions of the board
- Accountability and effective use of committee structures
- Relationship between the board and chief operating officer | https://foundationhoc.org/nonprofit-training-workshop-tuesday-august-9/ | 2020-10-19T22:07:20 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
Gogo Rosy Mthembu, Fountain of Love Orphanage Centre
Mobile: +27 74 997 55 16
Physical address: 1087 Tshongweni Section, Katlehong 1341
Tel: +27 11 909 0090 […]
A heartfelt thank you to our kind and generous donors. Thanks to your Christmas contributions, the children of The Fountain of Love are off to an amazing start this 2016 school year. All of our school-going children have received brand new school uniforms, shoes, school bags, et cetera. There is nothing stopping these enthusiastic and upbeat […]
Dear Friends, As most of you know, we have supported the Fountain of Love Orphanage for many years now. It is an incredible orphanage in the township of Katlehong, just outside Johannesburg, ran by Gogo Rosy. She takes care of around 35 to 40 orphaned children, runs a daycare centre for around 100 little kids […]
Jason dedicated his Comrades Marathon run this year to The Fountain of Love Orphanage. Although last Sunday 1 June was a very warm day, he finished this 89km race in 11 hours and 44 minutes, 16 minutes before the cut-off. We set out to raise R10-15,000 for 3 new beds ahead of the real winter chill. Thanks […]
, Dear friends of The Fountain of Love After 7 months of training, Jason will be participating in his second Comrades ultra-marathon in two weeks, on Sunday 1 June 2014. The Comrades marathon is the world’s oldest and largest ultra-marathon run over a distance of approximately 90 km (or 56.1 miles) between the capital of the Kwazulu-Natal Province of […]
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Yes folks, it is indeed Thursday. Of course that means it’s time to link up with A Beautiful Ruckus for The Little Things Thursdays.
1. Nisey and Terri helped me take the babies to the town center this week so we could sample some gelatto. The babies devoured one kid sized snozberry cup in minutes. I think it’s safe to say they like gelatto. I’m wondering how long I can get away with splitting a single kid sized anything for all four babies….
After polishing off the gelatto, we window shopped in Anthropologie. While I probably can’t afford anything in there, I love getting inspiration.
2. One downside to having a birthday in July is that it is peak travel season and many guests decline. Although our friends, the Cox family, can’t make the party, they stopped by for a practice party session. They brought a wonderful assortment of gifts for the babies geared towards imaginative play. Since they were tiny at Christmas, the babies really had not opened gifts before. They got plenty of practice this week! They ripped paper and pulled tissue with ease. The only glitch was that the babies also wanted to snack on the pretty paper.
It is possible to get all four babies in a picture when they are held. It’s pretty impressive that Hayley has 75% of them. The babies are all eating parts of their gifts instead of the paper in this photo.
3. George and I always agreed that Sasha and Lily are our first babies and we owe it to them to give them the best care we can. That being said, four babies rocked our world this year. We continue to try our best with the dogs, but it’s just not the same for them. They don’t get daily walks or weekly baths the way they did in the past. Our friends, Neha and Kristen, gave our fur babies a special gift this week. They took them for a walk! I some how managed to bathe both of them this week too. I know Sasha and Lily felt special and loved.
What brightened your week?
Hugs,
Amber
PS- There is still time to enter to win the Summer Loving Cash Bash!
8 thoughts on “The Little Things Thursdays: Installment #23”
The split-a-food-item stage is very, very nice–even if the 4-for-1 deal doesn’t last you too long. 🙂 The twins split a kids’ meal for years, and sometimes still do. Now at Chick-fil-A we’ve gotten to the point where they can polish off a whole meal, but I order one with fruit and one with fries so they can each have some of both. 🙂 It’s handy!!
I’m sure 4 for 1 won’t last terribly long, but I bet a 2 for one will if it did for you. Love the idea of getting different sides to share!
Is it just me or did the boys get haircuts?
Haha, the poor boys have so little hair it must look like they got haircuts!
Lol! It just looked shorter for some reason, maybe it was the angle 🙂
Yay for upcoming birthday fun!!!
They are so adorable!
Amber,I would really like to meet the babies,myself. The only problem,is that I can’t drive,so,either ya’ll or my mom is going to have to bring me to see them?
but where do ya’ll live? | https://fourtoadore.com/2013/07/11/the-little-things-thursdays-installment-23/?replytocom=2572 | 2020-10-19T21:09:40 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [
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Playing Online Doctor Love Slot Game with a Unique Guide
The Doctor Love slot game is created by Cryptologic. It features a quirky, comedy theme based around a doctor who seems to have a romantic interest in his nurse. And, given the humorously enormous smile on his face, it appears she must have an interest in him as well. The graphics of the game are looking very dated, given that the game is a good few years old.
The general charm of the theme and tongue in cheek humour, however, mean it is still appealing to a modern audience. The game play system uses five reels and twenty betting lines, which is fairly standard. Note that the betting lines are adjustable between lines, however, which allows for a deep level of interactivity and strategy for players. Doctor Love can be played directly in a browser on a desktop computer, or downloaded to as an app on mobile phone or tablet.
Doctor Love Symbols in Detail
The love interest of Doctor Love in the Doctor Love casino slot game, the nurse with the enormous green eyes and flowing red hair, is the most valuable symbol in the game. She doesn’t seem impressed, though, and her deadpan expression might indicate she is one overworked nurse. But match her five times and you might land up loving her as much as the doctor himself, given the size of the payment. The next most valuable symbol is a sick patient, and given his forlorn expression the doctor can’t be giving him very good treatment.
The sick patient still pays a good amount if matched five times, but a small sum if matched only three times. Next we have a teddy bear and ambulance, which are the medium value symbols, and the flowers and alarm clock, which enter into the low valuable symbols. The clipboard, crutches, stethoscope and glass are the lowest paying symbols in game at the top casinos online Malaysia. It should be noted that the developers did not resort to using traditional playing card symbols, which gets them a tick of approval for creativity.
Doctor Love Slot Bonuses
The Doctor Love slot game saves the doctor to act as a bonus symbol. He is game’s wild symbol, and will animate excitedly upon landing in a matched sequence. Being the wild symbol Doctor Love may match with all other symbols, creating matching sequences where none were possible. He may also match with himself, up to a total of five times, which is the single biggest payout available in the game. The other bonus symbol to look out for in the Doctor Love slot game is the love meter, which acts as a scatter symbol.
The love meter may match anywhere on the reels, and upon matching will grant instant free spins, up to a total of one hundred if matched five times. Free spins will play out automatically, with wins accumulated being paid out after the last spin has completed. To play this charming online slots game, click here. For more information about the payouts in the Doctor Love online slot game, click the play table button at any time, which is located at the bottom left of the play area. | https://foxfireinn.com/2020/07/03/playing-online-doctor-love-slot-game-with-a-unique-guide/ | 2020-10-19T20:49:39 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
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Step three is that by taking action we must get you! Should you stay at home believing woe is me, or you sit with friends complaining there are no great guys out there to date. . . well, there is a point where it's to end. You realize thatyou're not the only person, which it is temporary.
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Subsequently the cycles of life came in and that is when changes in the relationship began to happen. . . They had had children, busy careers, aging parents and eventually the empty nest happened leaving them both feeling fearful and vulnerable.
I was not certain if I was watching the Discovery Channel, or if what was happening before my eyes was really happening. There I danced the night away, and then low and behold a man comes up to me trying to make his way in to dance. Okay, so nothing from the normal with that, however what took place was appalling and almost hilarious.
You are not going to have much success trying to have your. Sure, you might get a temporary improvement, but don't be shocked if things eventually drift back to where they were.
Her hips were because I watched a drip of moisture form and run between those wrinkled 29, pumping, making her entire pussy and asshole clench and unclench. She jumped as I scooped it out and sucked it clear before heading back for longer and shoving my finger in her mouth, so that she could savour it too. To finish the task, I applied it to the whole area and pumped two good squirts of moisturiser on the palm of my hand, backpage escorts care not to get any interior but rubbing it fully into all the skin, such as all over her asshole. She properly writhed as my palm and fingers massaged in the scented cream.
You see, this communicates her large self- respect, while maintaining an air of restraint as soon as our romantic interest is reciprocated by a woman. It informs us that she either has or could have other options out there. Additionally, it informs us that she does not want to take herself off the industry prematurely.
And do you know why? Which society exerts on us As this is an psychological suggestion. A society where girls have used beauty and, thus, beauty itself has been seen as a component of significance.
When sex is initiated by you, this really becomes a red flag for the woman. Her perception of you varies when a woman knows that you aren't eager to have a connection but instead just need to get laid. She may not need, although she might wish sex for the pleasure of it too. Women want to be discreet, even when she knows that you are only dating for sex.
The higher a man's dopamine without control, the faster he will ejaculate, although dopamine isn't a chemical that is bad when it has been controlled with parasympathetic mode. The harder you strive for success in life, the greater your dopamine becomes. Therefore don't strive, but be calm and manage sex in a fashion that is relaxed.
There are things to watch out for most of them, and as well concerning body language. As explained earlier, all these follow the unspoken laws of discussions, so you can certainly do beyond the stadium that is flirting in case you believe you want more training in this region. Talking with a classmate, friend, or even a random man will do.
Correct: This is an operate on sentence. It simply never seems to end and also instead simply makes use of and also's as well as commas. It can make it quite perplexing on the individual trying to review it's how legit are backpage escorts Graham North Carolina, and it gets fairly frustrating trying to check out a profile similar to this. You should attempt to damage it up as best you can right into sentences and paragraphs if possible to make it easier to read.
Regrettably, equality doesn't mean men and women are the same, it merely suggests that contemporary girls have as much faith, social status and chances as us guys, that is an excellent thing that must be valued and encouraged in all cultures and countries all over the world.
The Man I'm Looking For: I'm actually enjoying my life and would like to find someone to love it with me. If you are enthusiastic about the arts and love the outdoors we might have a potential future. Ifyou're out there don't be shy, send me an email or a smoke signal would do just fine.
These explanations sound reasonable. Who hasn't forgotten to charge their mobile phone? The catfish will act like she or he really wanted to talk with you, and will text that they are sad that they were failed by the technology.
Likewise, the guys are not spared. The guys are expected to put on a display for the date: a wonderful restaurant for dinner, flowers, and all the other trimmings designed to woo the woman while the women should sit back and wait. The pressure can be too much that men would hang out and pick up women in bars, engage in flings, or just hang out with their buddies on a Friday night talking about sports.
I've likened it to some bizarre union between a line and a resume. Suffering through profiles on a daily basis, it's apparent to me that most people do not actually know how to navigate what tone or that to use.
Likewise, other traits of introverts include an desire to learn things by feeling distracted and unfocused about people, ameture casual sex, having few friends, and extremely being self indulgent. It's vital to note that introversion is not an individual defect nor a blot though now.
You're able to resolve the requirements of the horny stage by means aside from direct contact. It's possible to work directly on that, if you understand that a part of the compulsive drive behind the stage is to prove that you are okay and to feel great about yourself then. Knowing thatyou're lovable and Assembling your identity and self- confidence can conquer the loneliness and remove some of the pressures of this stage. And in the event that you can reach your" quota" of hugs, this may also eliminate a few of the pressures. These measures can go a long way toward solving your requirements.
( I was getting a regular preservationist lately- - anything qualified. ) The house was all Bill all of the time. I maybe have not mentioned that the recruitment business was our business, together, and we worked from our house, collectively, and I worked out of his office today. And wondering just how to keep his gardens up, facing the upcoming big repair that, after the septic, ' ' I was pretty sure are the roof. The notion of spending one more day than I had to in a house that was too big for one casual sex marco island and a puppy. . . I just wanted out. So the prior summer, two months after Bill's death and while the grass was growing in over the septic tank, I hired my daughter's high school science teacher to paint the item inside and backpage escorts,- - pale, but pale in a floaty, gossamer way. Beautiful, I thought. My dream was that I'd show the house that summer, find a buyer who'd agree to shut backpage escorts Alex and Josh's autumn wedding, and Lola and I'd de- camp to some off- Graham North Carolina dominant transexual escorts backpage beach cottage to wait out winter and decide where to land next. If it had worked, it was a strategy, actually out.
Do you have something tugging at your heart that needs an apology? If so, a good way to practice this habit is by producing a apology to your spouse away, using the abilities outlined here.
I'm excited for you! The Onion I love to dating dating apps Sallisaw OK this lesson" The Onion" because it is getting to know the layers of someone. Exactly like an onion has layers into the middle, a individual has layers of the character, and we get to know those layers. This diagram was used earlier from the" honor other" part of the introduction. This is where we go into that conversation.
His disclosure was that he had been several years to recovery. After both drinker dates, I was more convinced than ever that retrieval was a good thing. We talked about his recovery and it became evident that with all the meetings he travelled to he should have, sooner or later, fulfilled Bill. So I told him about Bill which encounters he uttered, and he had known Bill. I knew the anonymous aspect of AA was a issue, but Icouldn't let this chance connection go to waste. . . I wanted to know what" AA Backpage escorts sluts Graham" was like. Bill went to 2meetings every week, but he never talked about them. I recall the time we had been in a mall parking lot and Bill nodded. The man nodded back and I got all excited.
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If you picked the poochyou're an individual. Once you might be taken for a ride, You're all set to help individuals however more than. You do not worry about wastes of time however when you lose your head, it is actually lost.
So, how can you bring up the condom( if you will forgive the pun) assuming that he does not have one in his hands? Try out these statements: " I've condoms in my bag" " Would you want me to place it on you? " " Which colour condom do you want? I've blue and red" " Do you need a latex- free condom? " Please check with your physician about which activities require condoms. | https://free-picture-host.com/backpage-escorts-north-carolina/graham-nc | 2020-10-19T22:12:24 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | 1603107866404.1 | [] |
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