guid stringlengths 32 32 | question stringlengths 17 440 | answer stringlengths 1 613 | question_category stringclasses 7
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d5d9304c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The veins of what thing, that needs male hormones to function properly, form a network – the prostatic venous plexus. | Prostate | text | [] | [
{
"text": "To function properly, the prostate needs male hormones ( androgens ), which are responsible for male sex characteristics. The main male hormone is testosterone, which is produced mainly by the testicles. It is dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, that predominantly regulates the p... |
d5d9306a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Mutations in what genes cause MTDP? | HADHA and HADHB | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The genetics of mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency is based on mutations in the HADHA and HADHB genes which cause this disorder. These genes each provide instructions for making part of an enzyme complex called mitochondrial trifunctional protein."
},
{
"text": "Mitochondrial trif... |
d5d9315a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | An intestinal gland is a gland found in between what, which are small finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine, in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine? | Villi | text | [] | [
{
"text": "H&E stain. In histology, an intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberkühn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in between villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (or colon)."
},
{
"text": "Section of duodenum of cat. X 60. Intestinal villi (singular... |
d5d931c80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | ABCC11 and ABCC1 are both names of what? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Most human characteristics are controlled by multiple genes ( polygenes ); ABCC11 is a peculiar example of a gene with unambiguous phenotypes that is controlled by a SNP. Additionally, it is considered a pleiotropic gene. World map of the distribution of the A allele of the single nucleotide polymorp... |
d5d931f00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | ABCC6, ABCC11 and ABCC1 are all names of what? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Most human characteristics are controlled by multiple genes ( polygenes ); ABCC11 is a peculiar example of a gene with unambiguous phenotypes that is controlled by a SNP. Additionally, it is considered a pleiotropic gene. World map of the distribution of the A allele of the single nucleotide polymorp... |
d5d932180dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are reproductive cells called in for people who have a clitoris? | Egg cells | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The clitoris ( / ˈklɪtərɪs / ( listen) or / klɪˈtɔːrɪs / ( listen)) is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals. In humans, the visible portion – the glans – is at the front junction of the labia minora (inner lips), above the opening of the urethra."
}... |
d5d932900dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Pulmonary and testicular are both types of what? | Veins | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It is a paired vein, each one supplying an ovary."
},
{
"text": "Pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood f... |
d5d932b80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Vesical, pulmonary and testicular are all types of what? | Veins | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It is a paired vein, each one supplying an ovary."
},
{
"text": "Pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood f... |
d5d932e00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The Dmanisi skull 4 dated 1.8 Ma are what species' remains that had Homo ergaster dated 1.9 MA? | H. erectus. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The oldest known human skeletal remains outside of Africa are from Dmanisi, Georgia ( Dmanisi skull 4 ), and are dated to 1.8 Ma. These remains are classified as Homo erectus georgicus ."
},
{
"text": "The earliest known evidence for African H. erectus, dubbed Homo ergaster, is a single occip... |
d5d933080dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Claudius Galenus (c. 130–200 AD), known as Galen of Pergamum, was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of what, which the nervous system detects environmental changes that impact? | The body | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago."
},
{
"text": "Claudius Galenus (c. 130–200 AD), known as Galen... |
d5d9333a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Radial collateral and annular are both types of what? | Ligaments | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The radial collateral ligament of the thumb extends from the first metacarpal head to the proximal phalanx of the thumb. It is located on the radial side of the joint and is weaker than the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb."
},
{
"text": "the annular ligament (AL), from the posterior to... |
d5d933620dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Dorsal radiocarpal, radial collateral and annular are all types of what? | Ligaments | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Its fibers run medially and inferiorly to form a distal attachment at the dorsal surfaces of the scaphoid (navicular bone of the hand), lunate, and triquetral . The fibres of the dorsal radiocarpal ligament blend with those of the dorsal intercarpal ligament ."
},
{
"text": "The radial collat... |
d5d9338a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The dCAs9-VPR system is used as a what, which are considered to have positive control over gene expression? | Activator | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The dCAs9-VPR system is used as an activator by targeting it to the promoter of a gene upstream of the coding region. A study used various sgRNAs to target different portions of the gene, finding that the dCas9-VPR activator can act as an activator or a repressor, depending on the location it binds."... |
d5d933a80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium are also known as muscle fibers? | A muscle fascicle. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A muscle fascicle is a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue. Myocytes are grouped into muscle fascicles by enveloping perimysium connective tissue."
},
{
"text": "A skeletal muscle is made up of multiple bundles of muscle fascicles of muscle c... |
d5d933d00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The type of muscle made up of multiple bundles of muscle fascicles of muscle cells known as muscle fibers is under what type of control? | Conscious control. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Smooth muscle or \"involuntary muscle\" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector pili in the skin (in which it controls erection of body hair). Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscl... |
d5d934480dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | S4 supplies many muscles, either directly or through what, a type of which is dorsal scapular, originating from S4? | Nerves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It contributes to the phrenic nerve, long thoracic nerve, and dorsal scapular nerve before joining cervical spinal nerve 6 to form the upper trunk, a trunk of the brachial plexus, which then forms the lateral cord, and finally the musculocutaneous nerve ."
},
{
"text": "It originates from the... |
d5d934700dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | C4 contributes some sensory fibers to the supraclavicular what, a type of which is dorsal scapular, responsible for sensation from the skin above the clavicle? | Nerves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It contributes to the phrenic nerve, long thoracic nerve, and dorsal scapular nerve before joining cervical spinal nerve 6 to form the upper trunk, a trunk of the brachial plexus, which then forms the lateral cord, and finally the musculocutaneous nerve ."
},
{
"text": "It also provides motor... |
d5d934980dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The lesser splanchnic and greater splanchnic nerve are both examples of what? | Nerves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The lesser splanchnic nerve modulates the activity of the enteric nervous system of the midgut . The least splanchnic nerve travels into the abdomen. Its fibers synapse in the renal ganglia ."
},
{
"text": "However, they are part of the preaortic ganglia. Sympathetic input to the gut comes fr... |
d5d934e80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Inferior turbinated and ethmoid are both types of what? | Bones | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone ( vertical plate) is a thin, flattened lamina, polygonal in form, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and assists in forming the septum of the nose; it is generally deflected a little to one or other side."
},
{
"text": "T... |
d5d935100dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Lacrimal, inferior turbinated and ethmoid are all types of what? | Bones | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone ( vertical plate) is a thin, flattened lamina, polygonal in form, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and assists in forming the septum of the nose; it is generally deflected a little to one or other side."
},
{
"text": "T... |
d5d935560dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | SP1 and TFIIB are both types of what? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1* is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters."
},
{
"text": "It is encoded by the TFIIB gene, and is ... |
d5d935880dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In the biological context of organisms ' production of what, which SP1 and TFIIB are examples of, products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus? | Gene | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1* is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters."
},
{
"text": "It is encoded by the TFIIB gene, and is ... |
d5d935b00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | When the palatine raphe is absent, the fibers of the two muscles are then what? | Continuous | text | [] | [
{
"text": "This median raphé is sometimes absent; the fibers of the two muscles are then continuous. An area of herniation of the sublingual gland, blood vessels, or fat, may be present, with studies reporting this in 10-50% of people. The mylohyoid elevates the hyoid and the tongue. This is particularly import... |
d5d935d80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The fibers that curve backwards to be inserted into the palatine raphe are prolonged by what? | By means of an aponeurosis to the pharyngeal spine on the basilar part of the occipital bone | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The palatine raphe (or median raphe or median palatine raphe) is a raphe running across the palate, from the palatine uvula to the incisive papilla . \"Anatomy diagram: 05287.011-1\"."
},
{
"text": "The muscle is divided into four parts: A pterygopharyngeal, buccopharyngeal, mylopharyngeal an... |
d5d936000dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What molecule may contain plasmids and/or genomes? | DNA molecules might contain plasmids and/or genomes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukary... |
d5d936280dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Histone methylation is a principal epigenetic modification of chromatin that determines the expression of what, examples of which are H3F3A and H3F3B? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Histone methylation is a principal epigenetic modification of chromatin that determines gene expression, genomic stability, stem cell maturation, cell lineage development, genetic imprinting, DNA methylation, and cell mitosis. Front view of the human enzyme Histone Lysine N-Methyltransferase, H3 lysi... |
d5d936500dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The protein that in humans is encoded by the H3F3A and H3F3B genes is one of how many sequence variants in mammalian cells? | Seven | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Histone H3.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H3F3A and H3F3B genes. It plays an essential role in maintaining genome integrity during mammalian development. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes."
}... |
d5d936780dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The posterior division of the what, whose muscles are a group of muscles defined by their location to the occiput, and the medial branches of the posterior division of the second and third cervical nerves are sometimes joined by communicating loops to form the posterior cervical plexus? | Suboccipital | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Suboccipital muscles. The suboccipital muscles are a group of muscles defined by their location to the occiput. Suboccipital muscles are located below the occipital bone. These are four paired muscles on the underside of the occipital bone; the two straight muscles ( rectus) and the two oblique muscl... |
d5d936c80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Ileal and ileocolic are both types of what? | Arteries | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Loop of small intestine showing distribution of intestinal arteries. The ileal arteries are branches of the superior mesenteric artery which supply blood to the ileum . This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it."
},
{
"text": "The ileocolic artery is... |
d5d936e60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Appendicular, ileal and ileocolic are all types of what? | Arteries | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Loop of small intestine showing distribution of intestinal arteries. The ileal arteries are branches of the superior mesenteric artery which supply blood to the ileum . This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it."
},
{
"text": "The ileocolic artery is... |
d5d9370e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The term what, the main parts of which are the root, body and epithelium, applies to many intromittent organs, but not to all? | Penis | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The main parts are the root (radix); the body (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis including the shaft skin and the foreskin (prepuce) covering the glans penis. The body of the penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and corpus spongiosum between the... |
d5d937360dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Human what, the main parts of which are the root, body and epithelium, vary in size on a number of measures, including length and circumference when flaccid and erect? | Penises | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The main parts are the root (radix); the body (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis including the shaft skin and the foreskin (prepuce) covering the glans penis. The body of the penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and corpus spongiosum between the... |
d5d9375e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Ankle and metatarsophalangeal are both types of what? | Joints | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The joint between the tibia and fibula above and the tarsus below is referred to as the ankle joint . In humans the largest bone in the tarsus is the calcaneus, which is the weight-bearing bone within the heel of the foot."
},
{
"text": "The metatarsophalangeal joints ( MTP joints) are the jo... |
d5d937860dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In humans the largest bone in the tarsus is the calcaneus, which is the weight-bearing bone within the heel of the what, the arch of which is formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones? | Foot | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The joint between the tibia and fibula above and the tarsus below is referred to as the ankle joint . In humans the largest bone in the tarsus is the calcaneus, which is the weight-bearing bone within the heel of the foot."
},
{
"text": "The arches of the foot, formed by the tarsal and metata... |
d5d937ae0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What purpose does the third eyelid of Cats, Camels, and other animals and the plica semilunaris of conjunctiva in humans serve. | Keeping the eye moist and preserving vision. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The plica semilunaris of conjunctiva is a vestigial remnant of a nictitating membrane in humans. The nictitating membranes in cats and dogs do not have many muscle fibers, so they are not usually visible; chronic visibility should be taken as a sign of poor condition or ill health."
},
{
"tex... |
d5d937d60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far is removed from what body part as treatment for frenulum breve? | Genital frenectomy is performed to remove the frenulum from the penis. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The frenular artery, a branch of the dorsal artery, may be severed, causing significant bleeding. A frenectomy can be performed to remove the frenulum from the penis, which is a treatment for frenulum breve or frenular chordee. This is a form of genital frenectomy. The frenulum may be cut when a male... |
d5d937fe0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Where is the largest serotonergic nucleus found? | midline of the brainstem | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The dorsal raphe is the largest serotonergic nucleus and provides a substantial proportion of the serotonin innervation to the forebrain. Serotonergic neurons are found throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus and tend to be larger than other cells."
},
{
"text": "The dorsal raphe nucleus is locat... |
d5d9381c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What type of subdivisions does the largest serotonergic nucleus have? | rostral and caudal | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The dorsal raphe is the largest serotonergic nucleus and provides a substantial proportion of the serotonin innervation to the forebrain. Serotonergic neurons are found throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus and tend to be larger than other cells."
},
{
"text": "The dorsal raphe nucleus is locat... |
d5d9386c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What fact does the nutcracker syndrome derive its name from and what does it result from? | The nutcracker syndrome results from compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, the name derives from the fact that, in the sagittal plane and/or transverse plane, the SMA and AA (with some imagination) appear to be a nutcracker crushing a nut (the renal vein). | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The nutcracker syndrome results from compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. The nutcracker syndrome ( NCS) results most commonly from the compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta (AA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), a... |
d5d938940dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How long are the periods when multiple sheets not just at the poles wax and wane? | Glacial periods of ice sheets waxing and waning last less than 1 million years. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "These two climate states last for millions of years and should not be confused with glacial and interglacial periods, which occur as alternate phases within an Icehouse period, and tend to last less than 1 million years."
},
{
"text": "An \"icehouse Earth\" is a period in which the Earth has ... |
d5d938bc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the thoracoacromial artery and which tissue does it pierce? | The thoracoacromial artery ( acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk that arises from the second part of the axillary artery, and it pierces the coracoclavicular fascia. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Projecting forward to the upper border of the Pectoralis minor, it pierces the coracoclavicular fascia and divides into four branches—pectoral, acromial, clavicular, and deltoid."
},
{
"text": "The thoracoacromial artery ( acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk that arises fr... |
d5d938da0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is a branch of the vagus nerve or a reflex contraction of the back of the throat? | Pharyngeal. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "(Pharyngeal visible at center right.) The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, the principal motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve ."
},
{
"text": "The pharyngeal r... |
d5d9390c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat or an opening of the auditory tube? | Pharyngeal. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat whereas laryngeal spasm is a reflex contraction of the vocal cords, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, the back of the tongue, the area around the tonsils, the uvula, and the back of the throat."
},
{
... |
d5d939340dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart that the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into? | The inferior vena cava. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "On the right, the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly. On the left, they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. By contrast, all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava."
},
... |
d5d9395c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Where does the mesonephric duct end in and which male urogenital structures arise from it? | Male urogenital structures that arise from the mesonephric duct include the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. It ends in an epithelial elevation, the sinus tubercle, on the ventral part of the cloaca between the orifices of the mesonephric ducts. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The mesonephric ducts end in an epithelial elevation, the sinus tubercle, on the ventral part of the cloaca between the orifices of the mesonephric ducts. At a later stage the sinus tubercle opens in the middle, connecting the paramesonephric ducts with the cloaca."
},
{
"text": "The mesoneph... |
d5d93a240dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The Paraná River and Amapa are both in names of what? | Biodiversity Corridors. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Paraná River Biodiversity Corridor aims to promote integrated environmental management between the conservation units in the Brazilian portion of the Paraná River basin, in the Guarani Aquifer recharge area. It maintains an interface with the Trinational Biodiversity Corridor."
},
{
"text... |
d5d93a4c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Trinational and Amapa are both names of what? | Biodiversity Corridors. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Paraná River Biodiversity Corridor aims to promote integrated environmental management between the conservation units in the Brazilian portion of the Paraná River basin, in the Guarani Aquifer recharge area. It maintains an interface with the Trinational Biodiversity Corridor."
},
{
"text... |
d5d93a6a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | RAD markers a polylinker both deal with what? | DNA. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers are a type of genetic marker which are useful for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolution. The use of RAD markers for genetic mapping is often called RAD mapping."
},
{
"text": "A multiple cloning s... |
d5d93a920dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A multiple cloning site and restriction recognition sites both are located where? | DNA. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Restriction sites, or restriction recognition sites, are located on a DNA molecule containing specific (4-8 base pairs in length) sequences of nucleotides, which are recognized by restriction enzymes."
},
{
"text": "A multiple cloning site ( MCS ), also called a polylinker, is a short segment... |
d5d93aba0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are both trigeminal and optic? | Nerves. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The ophthalmic nerve ( V1) is one of three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It has three branches that provide sensory innervation to the eye, skin of the upper face and anterior scalp. Oblique section through the cavernous sinus."
},
{
"text": "The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye ... |
d5d93b140dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the spotted tilapia and how is the amount of care given to the eggs by it affect the size of the egg? | The spotted tilapia ( Pelmatolapia mariae ), also known as the spotted mangrove cichlid or black mangrove cichlid, is a species of fish of the cichlid family. They are monogamous fish who engage in biparental care, and research has found that the size of the eggs tend to increase with the amount of parental care. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Spotted tilapia are monogamous fish who engage in biparental care, and research has found that the size of the eggs tend to increase with the amount of parental care. The males and females both have very specific roles in parenting and work together to ensure the well being of their offspring."
},
... |
d5d93b3c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Where are the nephron and vasa recta located? | The kidney. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Within the nephron of the kidney, the descending limb of loop of Henle is the portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle . The permeability is as follows:"
},
{
"text": "The vasa recta of the kidney, ( vasa rectae renis) are the straight arterioles, and the s... |
d5d93b8c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the name of both the suture formed from the fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull and the sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus ), within the human head? | Sagittal. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The sagittal suture is formed from the fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. It has a varied and irregular shape which arises during development. The pattern is different between the inside and the outside."
},
{
"text": "The superior sagittal sinus (als... |
d5d93bdc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A new definition of what recognized a mutualistic relationship where animals and humans who have influence on their care and reproduction gain benefits? | Domestication | text | [] | [
{
"text": "All past definitions of domestication have included a relationship between humans with plants and animals, but their differences lay in who was considered as the lead partner in the relationship. This new definition recognizes a mutualistic relationship in which both partners gain benefits."
},
{... |
d5d93c7c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The what type of cruciate ligaments of the knee are strong rounded bands that keep the tibia from slipping forward out from under the femur? | Cranial | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The cranial cruciate ligament prevents the tibia from slipping forward out from under the femur. Stifle injuries are one of the most common causes of lameness in rear limbs in dogs, and cruciate ligament injuries are the most common lesion in the stifle joint."
},
{
"text": "The cruciate liga... |
d5d93ccc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which of the four major hormones of the menstrual cycle peaks during the third of fourth day of mensuration? | FSH | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Usually, the amount of FSH in the body peaks during the third or fourth day of menstruation. All but one of the follicles dies off. The one that is left releases even more estrogen. Once again, the lining of the uterus thickens. Near the end of the stage, a woman's estrogen levels peak."
},
{
... |
d5d93cf40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The two passages in the anterior abdominal wall of humans and animals are what type of long, tunnel like foramen? | Inguinal canals | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The inguinal canals are the two passages in the anterior abdominal wall of humans and animals which in males convey the spermatic cords and in females the round ligament of the uterus. The inguinal canals are larger and more prominent in males. There is one inguinal canal on each side of the midline ... |
d5d93d260dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What enzyme that is encoded by the LOX gene in humans is located on chromosome 5 q23.3-31.2 | Lysyl oxidase | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans, the LOX gene is located on chromosome 5 q23.3-31.2. The DNA sequence encodes a polypeptide of 417 amino acids, the first 21 residues of which constitute a signal peptide, with a weight of approximately 32 kDa."
},
{
"text": "Not to be confused with Lipoxygenase. Lysyl oxidase ( LOX... |
d5d93d760dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What condition of the largest part of the large intestine results in a colon that is up to five meters longer than normal and typically has no major direct health consequences? | Redundant colon | text | [] | [
{
"text": "One variation on the normal anatomy of the colon occurs when extra loops form, resulting in a colon that is up to five metres longer than normal. This condition, referred to as redundant colon, typically has no direct major health consequences, though rarely volvulus occurs, resulting in obstruction ... |
d5d93d9e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What region of the cerebral cortex defined by its cytoarchitecture is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46? | Brodmann area 45 | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells . A number of important Brodmann areas have been marked out on this diagram."
},
{
"text": "Brodmann area 45 ( BA45 ), ... |
d5d93dee0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How much of the liver's mass is made up of cells with round nuclei with dispersed chromatin and prominent nucleoli? | 80% of the liver's mass is made up of hepatocytes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Hepatocyte nuclei are round with dispersed chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Anisokaryosis (or variation in the size of the nuclei) is common and often reflects tetraploidy and other degrees of polyploidy, a normal feature of 30-40% of hepatocytes in the adult human liver. Binucleate cells are also c... |
d5d93e160dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Of the cells that make up 80% of the liver's mass, about how many of them have polyploidy? | 30-40% of hepatocytes in the adult human liver display polyploidy. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Hepatocyte nuclei are round with dispersed chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Anisokaryosis (or variation in the size of the nuclei) is common and often reflects tetraploidy and other degrees of polyploidy, a normal feature of 30-40% of hepatocytes in the adult human liver. Binucleate cells are also c... |
d5d93e3e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How is the spread of cancer determined in the part of the human body that is home to the 20 to 49 nodes whose purpose is to drain lymph? | Surgical removal and examination is how the spread of cancer in the lymph node area of the armpit is measured. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A positive axillary lymph node is a lymph node in the area of the armpit ( axilla) to which cancer has spread. This spread is determined by surgically removing some of the lymph nodes and examining them under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present."
},
{
"text": "The axillary ly... |
d5d93e980dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The system that gives the superior oblique its actions, causing depression of the eyeball, translates to what word in Latin? | Trochlea, which means "pulley" in Latin. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Trochlea means “pulley” in Latin; the fourth nerve is named after this structure. In order to understand the actions of the superior oblique muscle, it is useful to imagine the eyeball as a sphere that is constrained—like the trackball of a computer mouse—in such a way that only certain rotational mo... |
d5d93ee80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which has a larger difference between genders: the pelvis or the femoral artery? | The pelvis has a larger difference between genders. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The iliac crests are higher and more pronounced in males, making the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow than in females. The male sacrum is long, narrow, more straight, and has a pronounced sacral promontory. The female sacrum is shorter, wider, more curved posteriorly, and has a less pronounce... |
d5d93f100dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | For humans, approximately how many base pairs are in the set of genes that includes coding and noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA? | The human genome includes over 3 billion base pairs. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics . An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male. (The mitochondrial chromosome is not shown.)"
},... |
d5d93f380dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How would the work of the international collective of academic and research institutes with expertise in genomes abbreviated as GRC be organized for humans? | The genome is organized into 22 paired chromosomes, termed autosomes, plus the 23rd pair of sex chromosomes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Genome Reference Consortium ( GRC) is an international collective of academic and research institutes with expertise in genome mapping, sequencing, and informatics, formed to improve the representation of reference genomes."
},
{
"text": "The total length of the human reference genome, th... |
d5d93f600dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Would Haplogroup R* Y-DNA be older or younger than R0a? | It would be older. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "R0a is believed to have evolved in Ice Age oases in South Arabia around 22,000 years ago. The subclade would then have spread from there with the onset of the Late Glacial period circa 15,000 ybp. Haplogroup R0 has been found in around 55% of osteological remains belonging to the Eneolithic Trypillia... |
d5d93f7e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the former name of the system that impacts smooth muscle and glands and is a division of the nervous system that works with the central nervous system to provide innervation to muscles? | The vegetative nervous system | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The autonomic nervous system ( ANS ), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs."
},
{
"text": "Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to mai... |
d5d93fa60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Intracellular calcium can be stored in which organelle that resembles the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | The endoplasmic reticulum | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The thinner projections, running horizontally between two terminal cisternae are the longitudinal sections of the SR. The sarcoplasmic reticulum ( SR) is a membrane -bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is t... |
d5d93fce0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Does the subparabrachial nucleus or a perivascular space have more names? | The subparabrachial nucleus has more names. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The subparabrachial nucleus, also known as the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and diffuse reticular nucleus, is one of the three parabrachial nuclei between the midbrain and the pons. The subparabrachial nucleus regulates the breathing rate."
},
{
"text": "A perivascular space, also known as a Virchow... |
d5d93ff60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In what area of the body could you find pulmonary consolidation and pleural thickening? | You would find it in the lungs. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A pulmonary consolidation is a region of normally compressible lung tissue that has filled with liquid instead of air. The condition is marked by induration (swelling or hardening of normally soft tissue) of a normally aerated lung."
},
{
"text": "Pleural thickening is an increase in the bulk... |
d5d9401e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Would you find the labia or vocal cords higher on a human body? | The vocal cords are higher. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans, there are two pairs of labia: the labia majora (or the outer labia) are larger and fattier, while the labia minora are folds of skin between the outer labia. The labia surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and the urethra ."
},
{
"text": "Open when breath... |
d5d9406e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Who are the only members of the group of vertebrate animals with ear ossicles that do not bear live young? | All mammals, expect for monotremes, bear live young. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Mammals have three little bones in their inner ear, the ear ossicles. The ear ossicles are bones which were, long ago, part of the lower jaw in early proto-mammals. There are quite a number of other features, particularly in the skull and limbs, so that it is usually possible to identify and describe... |
d5d940a00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What distinctive bone structure do the class of animals characterized by fur or hair and very precise temperature regulation possess in their inner ear? | Mammals have three little bones in their inner ear, the ear ossicles. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Mammals have three little bones in their inner ear, the ear ossicles. The ear ossicles are bones which were, long ago, part of the lower jaw in early proto-mammals. There are quite a number of other features, particularly in the skull and limbs, so that it is usually possible to identify and describe... |
d5d940c80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What gene resides on chromosome 9 and is a tumor suppressor gene? | CDKN2A | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The CDKN2A gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9p21 and contains 8 exons. This gene encodes two proteins, p16 and p14ARF, which are transcribed from the same second and third exons but alternative first exons: p16 from exon 1α and ARF from exon 1β."
},
{
"text": "Cyclin-dependent kinase ... |
d5d940e60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What Gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9p21 and is in a region that is frequently mutated, deleted, or disregulated? | CDKN2A | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The CDKN2A gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9p21 and contains 8 exons. This gene encodes two proteins, p16 and p14ARF, which are transcribed from the same second and third exons but alternative first exons: p16 from exon 1α and ARF from exon 1β."
},
{
"text": "Cyclin-dependent kinase ... |
d5d941360dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What two things can proteins affect in medicine? | Protein deficiency can lead to an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism along causing a protein kinase-R | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Protein C deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (relative risk 8–10), whereas no association with arterial thrombotic disease has been found. Protein C is vitamin K-dependent. Patients with Protein C deficiency are at an increased risk of developing skin necro... |
d5d9415e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What type of veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated and helps the coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique through them? | cardiac veins | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique cardiac veins. It also receives blood from the left marginal vein and the left posterior ventricular vein. It drains into the right atrium."
},
{
"text": "Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart ... |
d5d941860dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What helps the coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique through them and drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated | cardiac veins | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique cardiac veins. It also receives blood from the left marginal vein and the left posterior ventricular vein. It drains into the right atrium."
},
{
"text": "Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart ... |
d5d941b80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What within the annelids, as with the arthropods, the body wall, nervous system, kidneys, muscles and body cavity are generally segmented that in animals typically falls into three types? | segmentation | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Segmented animals are those considered to have organs that were repeated, or to have a body composed of self-similar units, but usually it is the parts of an organism that are referred to as being segmented. Segmentation in animals typically falls into three types, characteristic of different arthrop... |
d5d941e00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What first cyclopentanoid monoterpene alkaloid to be discovered is a cat attractant? | Actinidine is a cat attractant | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Actinidine is a cat attractant, with effects like those of nepetalactone, the active compound found in catnip."
},
{
"text": "Actinidine is an iridoid produced in nature by a wide variety of plants and animals. It was the first cyclopentanoid monoterpene alkaloid to be discovered."
}
] |
d5d942080dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The Sachs–Wolfe effect and Lambda are both used to refer to what? | Radiation. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Sachs–Wolfe effect, named after Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe, is a property of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), in which photons from the CMB are gravitationally redshifted, causing the CMB spectrum to appear uneven."
},
{
"text": "The terms μ and λ are originated f... |
d5d942580dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The castle situated in the commune of Beynac-et-Cazenac has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since what year? | The Château de Beynac has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1944. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Château de Beynac is a castle situated in the commune of Beynac-et-Cazenac, in the Dordogne département of France. The castle is one of the best-preserved and best known in the region."
},
{
"text": "The Château de Beynac has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of ... |
d5d9429e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Whitehead Light on Muscle Ridge Channel is one of how many active lights in the the state of Maine? | 57 | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Whitehead Light is a lighthouse on Whitehead Island, on Muscle Ridge Channel, in the southwestern entrance to Penobscot Bay, Maine. It is in the town of St.George."
},
{
"text": "This is a list of all lighthouses in the U.S. state of Maine as identified by the United States Coast Guard.[1] Th... |
d5d942c60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Worship of an Apis what, the motif of which is dominant in protodynastic Egypt, experienced by ancient Egyptians as holy, has been known since the First Dynasty in Memphis? | Bull | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The ancient Egyptian Bull (hieroglyph), Gardiner sign listed no. E1, is the representation of the common bull. The bull motif is dominant in protodynastic times (see Bull Palette ), and also has prominence in the early dynastic Egypt, famously on the Narmer Palette ."
},
{
"text": "Worship of... |
d5d942ee0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The box that has a 6 bp region centered around the -10 position and an 8-12 bp sequence around the -35 region that are both conserved is a bacterial homolog of what? | TATA box | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In molecular biology, the TATA box (also called the Goldberg-Hogness box) is a sequence of DNA found in the core promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes. The bacterial homolog of the TATA box is called the Pribnow box which has a shorter consensus sequence ."
},
{
"text": "In bacte... |
d5d9433e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | V. mandarinia is a species in what genus that can be distinguished between true and false by the form of their head? | Vespa. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "V. mandarinia is a species in the genus Vespa, which comprises all true hornets. Along with seven other species, V. mandarinia is a part of the V. tropica species group, defined by the single notch located on the apical margin of the seventh gastral sternum of the male. The most closely related speci... |
d5d9438e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | CNoPR and Canadien National are both what? | Railways | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Canadian Northern Pacific Railway (CNoPR) was an historic Canadian railway with a main line running between the Alberta – British Columbia border and Vancouver, British Columbia. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR)."
},
{
"text": "The Canadian National... |
d5d943ac0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) and how can the depolarization be measured? | Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) is a scientific technique used to measure dielectric properties of materials. It can be used to measure the thermally stimulated depolarization of molecules within a material. This depolarization can be measured if the material is sandwiched between two ohmic electrode... | text | [] | [
{
"text": "This depolarization can be measured if the material is sandwiched between two ohmic electrodes and the current is measured on warming. As the material depolarizes, charges are pulled to (or pushed away from) the electrodes which causes a current through the measuring device."
},
{
"text": "Th... |
d5d943d40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The person who became leader of the Abbasid army and defeated the Umayyads at Battle of the Zab in 750, died in what year? | Abu Muslim died in 755. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani ( Persian: ابومسلم عبدالرحمان بن مسلم خراسانی ) or Behzādān Pour Vandād Hormozd (بهزادان پور ونداد هرمزد) born 718/19 or 723/27, died in 755), was a Persian general in service of the Abbasid dynasty, who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Uma... |
d5d943fc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Courantia Lem. Echeveria is a part of what large genus that has flowers on short stalks (cymes) arising from compact rosettes of succulent fleshy, often brightly coloured leaves? | Echeveria. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Echeveria is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, native to semi-desert areas of Central America, Mexico and northwestern South America. Plants may be evergreen or deciduous. Flowers on short stalks (cymes) arise from compact rosettes of succulent fleshy, often brightly colou... |
d5d944240dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What large bird with long legs, mainly white plumage, with black on the bird's wings uses urohidrosis as a cooling mechanism? | The Stork (White Stork). | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The white stork ( Ciconia ciconia) is a large bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. Its plumage is mainly white, with black on the bird's wings. Adults have long red legs and long pointed red beaks, and measure on average 100–115 cm (39–45 in) from beak tip to end of tail, with a 155–215 cm (61–85 in... |
d5d944560dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | AIM-9 and 9K32 Strela-2 are both types of what? | Missiles | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The 9K32 Strela-2 ( Russian: Cтрела, \"arrow\"; NATO reporting name SA-7 Grail) is a light-weight, shoulder-fired, surface-to-air missile (or MANPADS) system. It is designed to target aircraft at low altitudes, with passive infrared homing guidance and destroy them with a high explosive warhead ."
... |
d5d9447e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What type of compound, which shares a word with prismatic uniform polyhedron, is a figure that is composed of several polyhedra sharing a common centre? | Polyhedral | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A pentagrammic antiprism is made of two regular pentagrams and 10 equilateral triangles. In geometry, a prismatic uniform polyhedron is a uniform polyhedron with dihedral symmetry. They exist in two infinite families, the uniform prisms and the uniform antiprisms. All have their vertices in parallel ... |
d5d944a60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | When did George Washington finish making the Potomac River navigable? | Never. He died before the project could be completed in 1830's. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Lock 1 of the Patowmack Canal. Rounded pebbles and sand fill lock for stabilization. The lock is a total of 18 feet (5 m) deep. Few ventures were dearer to George Washington than his plan to make the Potomac River navigable as far as the Ohio River Valley."
},
{
"text": "Attempts to make the ... |
d5d944ce0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | One study found 205 possible closed-basin lakes in craters on where, which Hellas Planitia is a plain on? | Mars | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The crater depth is 7,152 m (23,465 ft) below the standard topographic datum of Mars. Hellas Planitia / ˈhɛləs pləˈnɪʃiə / is a plain located within the huge, roughly circular impact basin Hellas located in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. Hellas is the third- or fourth-largest known impac... |
d5d945d20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the capital of the state where most German wine is produced? | Mainz is the capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, the state where most German wine is produced. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Approximately 60 percent of German wine production is from the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate, where 6 of the 13 regions ( Anbaugebiete) for quality wine are situated. Germany has about 103,000 hectares (252,000 acres or 1,030 square kilometers) of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vi... |
d5d946220dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor would most likely be studied by whom: a Hydrologist or a Geologist? | A hydrologist | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. The process of determining a specific date (in years or some other unit of time) for an archaeological, geological or paleontological site or artifact. A sudden discontinuity of ground, such as fault of great thickness, bed or lentil of... |
d5d9464a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Ocmulgee and St. Croix are both names of what? | Rivers | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The first major landmark along US 319/US 441/SR 31 is the Jacksonville Ferry Bridge over the Ocmulgee River at the Coffee–Telfair county line, then the routes curve from northwest to northeast as they enter Jacksonville itself, where the road has a signalized intersection with SR 117."
},
{
"... |
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