Split (1)

train · 21.3k rows

Unnamed: 0 int64 0 21.3k	Chapter stringclasses 230 values	Section stringlengths 5 670 ⌀	Subsection stringlengths 1 120 ⌀	Subsubsection stringclasses 689 values	Text stringlengths 1 4.39k ⌀	row_counts int64 6 6	Screening float64 0 0.98	Diagnosis float64 0 0.99	Staging float64 0 0.99	Treatment float64 0 0.99	Prognosis float64 0 0.99	Follow-up float64 0 0.99	max_value float64 0 0.99	classs int64 1 6
300	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	Diagnostic Imaging Issues in Pregnancy and Lactation	nan nan	(3,7). Yang et al. (2) documented that a malignancy was visualized in 18 of 20 patients (90%) with breast cancer despite the breast density issue. The lactating patient can improve the quality of the mammographic study by emp- tying her breast either by nursing or pumping immediately prior to the study. In general, mam...	6	0.005	0.06	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.06	2
301	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	Tissue Biopsy in the Pregnant and Lactating Patient	nan nan	Percutaneous biopsy has become the standard of care for tissue diagnosis of any breast mass or imaging abnormality in any patient. Surgical incisional or excisional biopsy for diagnosis necessitates an incision and there is a potential need to return for additional surgery if the biopsy reveals malignancy. Each operati...	6	0.01	0.095	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.04	0.095	2
302	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	Tissue Biopsy in the Pregnant and Lactating Patient	nan nan	For many years, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was thought to be the best method of percutaneous tis- sue diagnosis. In the pregnant or lactating patient, the hormone-mediated hyperproliferation of ductal cells can, however, result in a false-positive diagnosis in the hands of an inexperienced cytopathologist (10...	6	0.095	0.08	0.06	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.095	1
303	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Inflammatory and Infectious Problems in Pregnancy	nan nan	Breast milk represents a lactose-rich culture medium and, thus, inflammatory or infectious problems remain the most common issues for the pregnant patient (12). Milk stasis, or poor emptying of milk from the breast, results from ineffec- tive suckling, restriction of frequency of feeds, or blockage of milk ducts (13). ...	6	0.05	0.08	0.09	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.09	3
304	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Inflammatory and Infectious Problems in Pregnancy	nan nan	age, low parity, difficulty breast-feeding, or employment outside the home (15). It is most important to continue the expression of breast milk to allow for complete empty- ing of the breast and symptom relief. Education concern- ing proper emptying, positioning of the infant, and nipple hygiene should be a key compone...	6	0.09	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.05	0.04	0.09	1
305	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Inflammatory and Infectious Problems in Pregnancy	nan nan	A breast abscess will not resolve with antibiotics alone, however, and further intervention is necessary. Ultrasound will help differentiate mastitis from a breast abscess. Repeated aspiration can be successful and it can avoid a disfiguring incision and drainage (16). Aspirate cultures should be taken to ensure approp...	6	0.09	0.085	0.075	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.09	1
306	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Management of Breast Masses in Pregnancy and Lactation	nan nan	Lactating adenomas are the most common cause of breast masses in this patient population and may arise sec- ondary to hormones associated with pregnancy and lacta- tion and are thought to be related to tubular adenomas, fibroadenomas, or hyperplasia (17). Biopsy can determine if a mass is a true lactating adenoma or is...	6	0	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.06	0.09	0.09	6
307	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Management of Breast Masses in Pregnancy and Lactation	nan nan	Galactoceles are milk-filled cysts, which are thought to occur because of ductal obstruction during lactation. These usually present as tender masses; ultrasound can differenti- ate a galactocele from a solid mass. Asymptomatic patients can safely be observed. Local breast care, including ice packs and breast support, ...	6	0.09	0.085	0.075	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.09	1
308	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Management of Breast Masses in Pregnancy and Lactation	nan nan	MANAGEMENT SUMMARY	6	0.09	0.1	0.085	0.075	0.06	0.04	0.1	2
309	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Bloody nipple discharge can occur as a result of the epi- thelial proliferation and new capillary formation that occurs during the second and third trimesters (12). A careful clini- cal breast examination should be performed to identify if the discharge is from a single duct or multiple ducts as multiple-duct discharge...	6	0.09	0.085	0.075	0.065	0.045	0.035	0.09	1
310	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Loibl S, von Minckwitz G, Gwyn K, et al. Breast carcinoma during preg- nancy. International recommendations from an expert meeting. Cancer 2006;106:237–246.	6	0.005	0.098	0.098	0.098	0.098	0.098	0.098	2
311	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Yang WT, Dryden MJ, Gwyn K, et al. Imaging of breast cancer diagnosed and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy. Radiology 2006;239: 52–60.	6	0.01	0.08	0.07	0.04	0.09	0.08	0.09	5
312	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Ahn B, Kim HH, Moon WK, et al. Pregnancy- and lactation-associated breast cancer: mammographic and sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med 2003;22:491–497.	6	0.005	0.08	0.06	0.09	0.08	0.07	0.09	4
313	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Streffer C, Shore R, Kinermann G, et al. Biologic effects after prenatal irra- diation (embryo and fetus). A report of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2003;33:205–206.	6	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	1
314	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Son EJ, Oh KK, Kim EK. Pregnancy-associated breast disease: radiologic features and diagnostic dilemmas. Yonsei Med J 2006;47:34–42.	6	0.01	0.095	0.08	0.1	0.09	0.09	0.1	4
315	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Swinford AE, Adler DD, Garver KA. Mammographic appearance of the breasts during pregnancy and lactation: false assumptions. Acad Radiol 1998;5:467–472.	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
316	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Talele AC, Slantez PJ, Edminster WB, et al. The lactating breast: MRI find- ings and literature review. Breast J 2003;9:237–240.	6	0.01	0.05	0.08	0.06	0.01	0.01	0.08	3
317	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Kanal E. Pregnancy and the safety of magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 1994;2:309–317.	6	0.005	0.08	0.06	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	2
318	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Finley JL, Silverman JF, Lannin DR. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of breast masses in pregnant and lactating women. Diagn Cytopathol 1989;5:255–260.	6	0.003	0.074	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	3
319	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Schackmuth EM, Harlow CL, Norton LW. Milk fistula: a complication after core biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993;161:961–962.	6	0	0.05	0	0	0.05	0	0.05	2
320	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Scott-Conner CEH, Schorr SJ. The diagnosis and management of breast problems during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Surg 1995;170:401–405.	6	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.08	0.01	0.01	0.08	4
321	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	World Health Organization. Mastitis: causes and management. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/FCH/CAH/00.13; 2000.	6	0.095	0.87005	0.62005	0.43075	0.37005	0.025	0.87005	2
322	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Branch-Elliman W, Golen T, Gold H, et al. Risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus postpartum breast abscess. Clin Inf Dis 2012;54(1):71–77.	6	0.098	0.096	0.093	0.095	0.097	0.095	0.098	1
323	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Slavin JC, Billson VR, Ostor AG. Nodular breast lesions during pregnancy and lactation. Histopathology 1993;22:481–485.	6	0	0	0	0	0.075	0	0.075	5
324	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Baker TP, Lenert JT, Parker J, et al. Lactating adenoma: a diagnosis of exclusion. Breast J 2001;7:354–357.	6	0.098	0.096	0.095	0.098	0.098	0.098	0.098	1
325	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Lucy JJ. Spontaneous infarction of the breast. J Clin Pathol 1975;28:937–943.	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
326	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Collins JC, Liao S, Wile AG. Surgical management of breast masses in preg- nant women. J Reprod Med 1995;40:785–788.	6	0.002	0.003	0.006	0.01	0.01	0.001	0.01	4
327	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Simmons R, Adamovich T, Brennan M, et al. Nonsurgical evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge. Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10(2):113–116.	6	0.005	0.09	0.08	0.07	0.04	0.08	0.09	2
328	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	CLINICAL PROBLEMS	Bloody Nipple Discharge	nan nan	Benign proliferation of the glandular tissue of the male breast constitutes the histologic hallmark of gynecomastia, which, if sufficiently great, appears clinically as palpable or visual enlargement of the breast. This condition, which is exceedingly common, may (a) be a sign of a serious under- lying pathologic condi...	6	0.09	0.085	0.075	0.065	0.045	0.035	0.09	1
329	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PREVALENCE	null	nan nan	Breast glandular proliferation commonly occurs in infancy, during puberty, and in older age. It has been estimated that between 60% and 90% of infants exhibit the transient devel- opment of palpable breast tissue owing to estrogenic stimu- lation from the maternal–placental–fetal unit. This stimulus for breast growth c...	6	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	1
330	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	the influence of estrogens, the ducts elongate and branch, the ductal epithelium becomes hyperplastic, the periductal fibroblasts proliferate, and the vascularity increases. This histologic picture is found early in the course of gyneco- mastia and is often referred to as the florid stage. Acinar development is not see...	6	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.09	1
331	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	In men, the testes secrete 95% of the testosterone, 15% of the estradiol, and less than 5% of the estrone produced daily. Most of the circulating estrogens are derived from the extraglandular conversion of estrogen precursors by extragonadal tissues, including the liver, skin, fat, muscle, bone, and kidney (Fig. 8-2). ...	6	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.06	1
332	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	63	6	0.025	0.018	0.047	0.039	0.033	0.025	0.047	3
333	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	(Adapted from Braunstein GD. Pubertal 70	6	0.095	0.1	0.08	0.06	0.04	0.02	0.1	2
334	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	gynecomastia. In: Lifshitz F, ed. Pediatric	6	0.01	0.095	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.04	0.095	2
335	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	endocrinology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 60	6	0.095	0.087	0.1	0.092	0.093	0.094	0.1	3
336	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	1996:197–205, with permission.)	6	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.09	2
337	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	40	6	0.05	0.09	0.08	0.1	0.07	0.06	0.1	4
338	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	30	6	0.015	0.02	0.04	0.01	0.07	0.008	0.07	5
339	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	20	6	0.01	0.035	0.04	0.08	0.07	0.09	0.09	6
340	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	0	6	0.1	0.95	0.8	0.75	0.6	0.45	0.95	2
341	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	Age (y)	6	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.1	0.1	6
342	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	FIGURE 8-2 Pathways of estrogen and androgen production, action, and metabo- lism, and pathologic and physiologic changes that alter the pathways. (Adapted from Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1229–1237, with permission.)	6	0.06	0.04	0.05	0.08	0.07	0.09	0.09	6
343	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	action. A similar sequence of events occurs after the binding of estradiol or estrone to the estrogen receptor (5).	6	0.09	0.1	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.04	0.1	2
344	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PATHOGENESIS	null	nan nan	an individual’s breast tissue to estrogen or androgen action may predispose some persons to development of gyneco- mastia even in the presence of apparently normal concentra- tions of estrogens and androgens.	6	0.09	0.085	0.07	0.065	0.04	0.03	0.09	1
345	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS	null	nan nan	tumors (3%), secondary hypogonadism (2%), hyperthyroid- ism (1.5%), or renal disease (1%) (2). For most pathologic conditions, alterations in the balance between estrogen and androgen levels or action occur through several of the pathophysiologic mechanisms outlined in Table 8-1 and Figure 8-2. One of the best examples...	6	0.09	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.07	0.09	0.09	1
346	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS	null	nan nan	the pathophysiology of gynecomastia associated with each of the conditions listed in Tables 8-1 and 8-2, the reader is referred to several reviews (2,3,5,7–15).	6	0.09	0.1	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.09	0.1	2
347	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	Gynecomastia must be differentiated from other con- ditions that cause breast enlargement. Although neu- rofibromas, dermoid cysts, lipomas, hematomas, and lymphangiomas may enlarge portions of the breast, these abnormalities are usually easily distinguished from gyneco- mastia on historical or clinical grounds. The tw...	6	0.09	0.1	0.075	0.06	0.04	0.025	0.1	2
348	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	The breasts are examined while the patient is lying on the back with hands behind the head. The examiner places a thumb on one side of the breast and the second finger on the other side. The fingers are then gradually brought together without more than superficial pressure being applied to the skin. Patients with gynec...	6	0.095	0.087	0.063	0.042	0.031	0.021	0.095	1
349	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	Differentiation of gynecomastia from breast carcinoma usually can be accomplished through careful physical exam- ination. Carcinoma of the breast in men is usually eccentric in location and unilateral (rather than subareolar and bilat- eral) and is hard or firm, whereas gynecomastia tends to be rubbery to firm in textu...	6	0.006	0.034	0.01	0.01	0.034	0.01	0.034	2
350	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	FIGURE 8-3 Differentiation of gynecomastia from pseudogynecomastia and other disorders by physical examination. (From Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1229–1237, with permission.)	6	0.06	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.06	1
351	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	Measure Serum hCG, LH, T, E2	6	0.015	0.034	0.067	0.089	0.091	0.098	0.098	6
352	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	FIGURE 8-4 Algorithm providing interpretation of serum hormone levels and recommen- dations for further evaluation of patients with gynecomastia. CT, computed tomography; E2, estradiol; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; LH, luteinizing hormone; MRI, magnetic reso- nance imaging; NI, normal; T, testosterone; T4, thyrox...	6	0.07	0.06	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.07	0.09	4
353	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	the latter, may point to the underlying cause. A history of weight loss, tachycardia, tremulousness, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, and hyperdefecation, with or without the pres- ence of a goiter, raises the possibility of hyperthyroidism. The patient should be evaluated for the signs and symptoms of hypogonadism, incl...	6	0.09	0.085	0.075	0.065	0.1	0.095	0.1	5
354	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	The next step depends on the results of the clinical evalua- tion. If any of the drugs listed in Table 8-2 have been ingested, they should be discontinued and the patient reexamined in 1 month. If the drug was the inciting agent, then a decrease in breast pain and tenderness should occur during that time. If the patien...	6	0.095	0.075	0.08	0.09	0.085	0.09	0.095	1
355	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	The algorithm outlined in Figure 8-4 can be used to discern the underlying abnormality, if any, that is respon- sible for the breast enlargement (6). An elevated level of hCG in the serum indicates the presence of a testicular or nongonadal germ cell tumor or, rarely, a nontrophoblastic neoplasm that secretes the hormo...	6	0.05	0.09	0.07	0.1	0.08	0.09	0.1	4
356	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	If an elevated serum estradiol level is found along with	6	0.09	0.085	0.07	0.065	0.1	0.095	0.1	5
357	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	EVALUATION	null	nan nan	adrenal glands appear normal, the increased estradiol level is probably caused by enhanced extraglandular aromatiza- tion of estrogen precursors to estrogens. In this situation, estrone levels are often relatively higher than estradiol con- centrations. Finally, if all of these endocrine measurements are normal, the pa...	6	0.01	0.095	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.04	0.095	2
358	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PREVENTION	null	nan nan	Two situations exist in which gynecomastia can be pre- vented. The first is in patients who require a medication. Avoidance of the drugs listed in Table 8-2 decreases the risk for drug-induced breast stimulation. Also, not all the thera- peutic agents in the drug groups listed in the table cause	6	0.09	0.1	0.075	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.1	2
359	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	PREVENTION	null	nan nan	gynecomastia to the same extent. For example, when consid- ering the use of a calcium channel blocker in an older man, the clinician should remember that nifedipine has been associated with the highest frequency of gynecomastia, fol- lowed by verapamil, with diltiazem having the lowest asso- ciation (7,14). Among the m...	6	0.09	0.085	0.06	0.08	0.095	0.085	0.095	5
360	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Discontinuation of the offending drug or correction of the underlying condition that altered the estrogen–androgen balance results in regression of gynecomastia in recent- onset breast growth. As was noted, histologic studies of the breast tissue from men with gynecomastia have shown a marked duct epithelial cell proli...	6	0.09	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.09	1
361	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	or embarrassment sufficient to interfere with the patient’s normal daily activities. The objectives of surgery are to flat- ten the chest, eliminate the inframammary fold, align the two nipple-areola complexes, and conceal or contain the scars (25). Surgical removal of the breast glandular and stro- mal tissue has been...	6	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.08	6
362	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	high frequency of spontaneous regression, the decision of when to treat is often difficult. It is also difficult to assess the use of most medications that have been tried, given the small sample sizes and nonblinded, uncontrolled designs of most studies. Nevertheless, with the exception of early pubertal gynecomastia ...	6	0.09	0.085	0.075	0.1	0.095	0.09	0.1	4
363	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Testosterone administration has not been shown to be more effective than placebo in patients with pubertal or idiopathic gynecomastia and it carries the risk of exacer- bating the condition by being aromatized to estradiol (15). Micronized testosterone has, however, been shown in a double-blind, placebo-controlled tria...	6	0.09	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.05	0.04	0.09	1
364	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	The three antiestrogens that have been tested are clo- miphene citrate, tamoxifen, and raloxifene. Response rates of 36% to 95% have been reported for clomiphene citrate, but two of the three systematic studies indicate that less than one-half of patients had a decrease in breast volume of 20% or more or were satisfied...	6	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.04	1
365	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	The aromatase inhibitor testolactone has been given to a small number of patients with pubertal gynecomastia for up to 6 months at a dose of 450 mg/day orally without side effects (29). The authors of this uncontrolled study report a decrease in breast size after 2 months of therapy, but insuf- ficient data currently e...	6	0.01	0.03	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.01	0.09	5
366	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	MANAGEMENT SUMMARY	6	0.05	0.09	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.01	0.09	2
367	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Braunstein GD. Pubertal gynecomastia. In: Lifshitz F, ed. Pediatric endocri- nology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1996:197–205.	6	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.09	2
368	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 1993;328:490–495.	6	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.09	4
369	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Kanhai RCJ, Hage JJ, van Diest PJ, et al. Short-term and long-term histo- logic effects of castration and estrogen treatment on breast tissue of 14 male-to-female transsexuals in comparison with two chemically castrated men. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:74.	6	0.005	0.09	0.08	0.06	0.03	0.01	0.09	2
370	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Somboonporn W, Davis SR. Testosterone effects on the breast: implica- tions for testosterone therapy for women. Endocr Rev 2004;25:374–388.	6	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	1
371	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Bulard J, Mowszowicz I, Schaison G. Increased aromatase activity in pubic skin fibroblasts from patients with isolated gynecomastia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:618–623.	6	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	1
372	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Thompson DF, Carter JR. Drug-induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy	6	0.025	0.037	0.041	0.068	0.059	0.041	0.068	4
373	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	1993;13: 37–45.	6	0.02	0.06	0.08	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.08	3
374	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Reiter EO, Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. In: Pescovitz OH, Eugster EA, eds. Pediatric endocrinology: mechanisms, manifestations, and manage- ment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004:349–359.	6	0.01	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.09	0.08	0.09	5
375	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Braunstein GD. Aromatase and gynecomastia. Endocr Relat Cancer	6	0.025	0.0375	0.01875	0.04375	0.0625	0.0375	0.0625	5
376	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	1999;6:315–324.	6	0.08	0.07	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	1
377	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1229–1237.	6	0.08	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	1
378	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Satoh T, Fujita KI, Munakata H, et al. Studies on the interactions between drugs and estrogen: analytical method for prediction system of gyne- comastia induced by drugs on the inhibitory metabolism of estradiol using Escherichia coli coexpressing human CYP3A4 with human NADPH- cytochrome P450 reductase. Anal Biochem 2...	6	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	1
379	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Satoh T, Munakata H, Fujita K, et al. Studies on the interactions between drug and estrogen. II. On the inhibitory effect of 29 drugs reported to induce gynecomastia on the oxidation of estradiol at C-2 or C-17. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26: 695–700.	6	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.09	2
380	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Deepinder F, Braunstein GD. Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence- based review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012;11:779–795.	6	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	2
381	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Treves N. Gynecomastia. The origins of mammary swelling in the male: an analysis of 406 patients with breast hypertrophy, 525 with testicular tumors, and 13 with adrenal neoplasms. Cancer 1958;11:1083–1102.	6	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.1	0.09	0.08	0.1	4
382	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Olsson HL, Bladstrom A, Alm P. Male gynecomastia and risk for malignant tumours—a cohort study. BMC Cancer 2002;2:26.	6	0.001	0.005	0.003	0.094	0.087	0.009	0.094	4
383	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Brinton LA. Breast cancer risk among patients with Klinefelter syndrome.	6	0.015	0.023	0.047	0.068	0.092	0.087	0.092	5
384	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Bowers SP, Pearlman NW, McIntyre RC Jr, et al. Cost-effective management of gynecomastia. Am J Surg 1998;176:638–641.	6	0.025	0.05	0.075	0.05	0.025	0.05	0.075	3
385	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Zannad F, McMurray JV, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Eng J Med 2011;364:11–21.	6	0.005	0.09	0.08	0.07	0.09	0.08	0.09	2
386	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Saltzstein D, Sieber P, Morris T, et al. Prevention and management of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia and breast pain: randomized endo- crinologic and clinical studies with tamoxifen and anastrozole. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005;8:75–83.	6	0.09	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	2
387	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Perdona S, Autorino R, De Placido S, et al. Efficacy of tamoxifen and radio- therapy for prevention and treatment of gynaecomastia and breast pain caused by bicalutamide in prostate cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2005;6:295–300.	6	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	1
388	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Nicolis GL, Modlinger RS, Gabrilove JL. A study of the histopathology of human gynecomastia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971;32:173–178.	6	0.05	0.06	0.04	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.09	6
389	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Cordova A, Moschella F. Algorithm for clinical evaluation and surgical treatment of gynaecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;61:41–49.	6	0.005	0.03	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.01	0.09	5
390	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Gruntmanis U, Braunstein GD. Treatment of gynecomastia. Curr Opin Invest Drug 2001;2:643–649.	6	0.005	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	4
391	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Lawrence SE, Faught KA, Vethamuthu J, et al. Beneficial effects of raloxi- fene and tamoxifen in the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr 2004;145:71–76.	6	0.098	0.093	0.095	0.096	0.097	0.095	0.098	1
392	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Hanavadi S, Banerjee D, Monypenny IJ, et al. The role of tamoxifen in the management of gynaecomastia. Breast 2006;15:276–280.	6	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	1
393	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Zachmann M, Eiholzer U, Muritano M, et al. Treatment of pubertal gyn- aecomastia with testolactone. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1986;279(Suppl): 218–226.	6	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.05	1
394	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	Plourde PV, Reiter EO, Jou HC, et al. Safety and efficacy of anastrozole for the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4428–4433.	6	0.01	0.05	0.07	0.06	0.08	0.09	0.09	6
395	Management of Disorders of the Ductal System and Infections	TREATMENT	null	nan nan	C H A P T E R 9	6	0.05	0.075	0.08	0.1	0.06	0.04	0.1	4
396	Pathology of Benign Breast	null	null	nan nan	Disorders	6	0.085	0.092	0.076	0.081	0.083	0.084	0.092	2
397	Pathology of Benign Breast	null	null	nan nan	Laura C. Collins and Stuart J. Schnitt	6	0.09	0.1	0.085	0.075	0.06	0.04	0.1	2
398	Pathology of Benign Breast	CHAPTER CONTENTS	null	nan nan	Nonproliferative Lesions Proliferative Lesions without Atypia Atypical Hyperplasias	6	0.09	0.085	0.075	0.065	0.1	0.095	0.1	5
399	Pathology of Benign Breast	CHAPTER CONTENTS	null	nan nan	Adenomas of the Nipple Syringomatous Adenoma of the Nipple Intraductal Papillomas	6	0.085	0.092	0.076	0.081	0.083	0.084	0.092	2

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.