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[Question] [ I have designed a group of medieval towns located on a valley, all of them connected by a navigable river wich ends on a big waterfall. There are some elevators at the side of the waterfall that connect two ports, one on the top and one on the bottom. The port on the bottom is the only one who could be a...
[Question] [ **Closed.** This question is [off-topic](/help/closed-questions). It is not currently accepting answers. --- This question does not appear to be about **worldbuilding**, within the scope defined in the [help center](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help). Closed 6 years ago. [Improve this que...
[Question] [ I want to build a planet (or satellite) that: * **is smaller than Earth,** * **has a thicker atmosphere than Earth** but breathable, * has neither intense volcanism, nor any extreme condition of that sort that would increase atmosphere density, * revolves around a binary star similar to [BY Draconis](htt...
[Question] [ Suppose there is a planet where intelligent life (with intelligence approximately same as that of a being of the human species, say) exists. However, due to certain conditions (such as, for example, a sun which gives out light mostly in the IR spectrum), these beings have eyes that see "heat" (in the for...
[Question] [ Humans wear gloves to protect our hands from dangerous or just unpleasant substances, in exchange for some decrease in sensitivity (and sometimes also dexterity, depending on how thick the gloves are). Now, consider an elephant. It manipulates things with the tip of its trunk... which it also uses to bre...
[Question] [ With current (early-21st century) technology and science level, suppose that a new fruit is discovered on some island. This fruit is imported and marketed around the world. Unknown to anyone, this fruit extends the life span of those who consume it. The more regularly you eat this fruit, the longer your ...
[Question] [ A sentient species of water-dwelling aliens achieve space-flight. Their living quarters contain water [no free gases]. They have evolved over millions of years to regulate their buoyancy at will. **Question** Will they be able to withstand much higher acceleration than an air-dweller. **Reason for quest...
[Question] [ I'm wondering if Earth would try to keep any colonies we put on other celestial bodies in this solar system to be economically dependent on the mother planet. Greater distances make 'ruling' more difficult and makes it easier for the ruled to feel the distant government is out of touch with their realit...
[Question] [ Assuming that a vampire expends as much energy as a human of similar size how much blood would they need to consume a day? My naive estimate is 2500 calories a day, there are (apparently) about 9 calories per ounce of blood, thus they need about 7 litres a day, but I don't know enough about biology and ...
[Question] [ Looking for a ballpark estimate of the wattage of a pulse laser that would do a similar amount of damage as a .22 LR round. Something farmers would use for pest control. This is for flavor in a far-future story, so doesn’t have to be super accurate. (Edited) E.g. The raccoon was back again. The farmer gr...
[Question] [ We are in the future in northern North America (U.S or Canada). The land has "risen" (or more accurately, filled in) with several hundred feet of earth and sand and silt so that a modern city will show only the tops of skyscrapers emerging from the otherwise-even land. The question is what might have cau...
[Question] [ Every culture has its myths and myths always fit in with the culture they belong to. From the Native Americans and their stories of respecting nature to the blood and brutal of the Aztecs. If I had the myths of Chinese mythology in the Norse world it would feel off. Needless to say the myths a culture h...
[Question] [ ### Context In the arms race of survival many animals have developed ways of evading predators, but the animal I am interested in for this question would be the tiger moth. So basically these guys jam bat echolocation through their wing flapping patterns, this causes the bat to get mixed signals and be c...
[Question] [ **Imagine**: A Kardashev Type I civilization mainly resides on a planet analogous to Earth, with one moon, analogous to Earth's moon. Eventually, the society grows so complex that machines filling space becomes a serious problem: the world's growing population needs food more than it needs machinery, but...
[Question] [ The consensus ([1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna#Timing_and_possible_causes), [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event#Overkill_hypothesis)) is that the reason most continents have relatively few large animals compared to Africa is that humans, even stone age humans, were a...
[Question] [ I am toying with a scenario in a RPG where *the catastrophe* has happen (financial desaster, meteorite hit whatever) which has wiped out large parts of humanity and caused a complete breakdown of civilisation. In the course people who have been overspecialized must now learn to improvise and learn genera...
[Question] [ **Closed.** This question is [off-topic](/help/closed-questions). It is not currently accepting answers. --- You are asking questions about a story set in a world instead of about building a world. For more information, see [Why is my question "Too Story Based" and how do I get it opened?](https://w...
[Question] [ The day on Earth begins as normal. People go to school, go to work, eat ice cream; nothing is amiss. Then, without warning, the sky seems to break open in a cacophony and flashing lights, and one-million unrelated people from around the globe find themselves falling upwards and into it. When they are abl...
[Question] [ In Pokemon, each individual Pokemon “evolves” into a new stage of its evolution. A lot people claim that this can be explained using mere metamorphosis, but there are no mammals that go through such complex metamorphosis. Using Earth-like biology how can I explain how so many animal kinds (from canines ...
[Question] [ A small creature I have in mind is highly toxic and constantly glows as a distinctly visible warning to everything else at night. It would use other warning methods but they're not really visible in the dark and is only active at night due to its nocturnal nature. It is an insectivore scale-less reptile ...
[Question] [ In my world, dragons are big, and require lots of energy just to support their massive bodies and huge brains - and of course, to fly, using enormous oversized wings. Rather than causing mass extinctions when they have breakfast, I want my dragons to gain part or all of their energy needs by other means....
[Question] [ **This question asks for hard science.** All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this requirement might be removed. See [the tag description](/tags/hard-science/info) for more information. Note...
[Question] [ While trying to figure out a way that individuals could own spacecraft in my sci-fi setting without having access to things that could double as weapons of mass destruction, I settled on the widespread adoption of civilian solar sails, or more specifically, photon-particle sails. It has quite a few advan...
[Question] [ The year is 3030 and the robots (who have replaced humanity as the dominant intelligent beings on Earth) have decided to build a Dyson sphere around the sun. They're planning on disassembling Venus for materials and building a sphere with a radius a bit less than the orbital radius of the planet they're ...
[Question] [ For some reasons, Stack Exchange became its own country and decides to use its reputation system as the official currency. What would be the advantages and the disadvantages of such a system in comparison with current monetary systems? [Answer] Your question is similar to [this real-world one](https:...
[Question] [ For the sake of the question, assume conditions are Earth-like in all manners other than those which would be required to spur the development of such a plant. I want the plant to gestate in the digestive tract and slowly kill the 'infected' by sucking the nutrients from them (like a tape worm). When sai...
[Question] [ Parasitoid wasps are kind of a nightmarish bug: they lay eggs in their target, usually a caterpillar; the eggs hatch and the larvae grow inside the body of the target, feeding on non essential tissue so not to kill it, then they get out of the body of the caterpillar and make a cocoon in which they mutat...
[Question] [ If an average human is 5'10" (1.8m), when scaled to be roughly 50 ft (15 m) how much food would it need to remain healthy? Let's also assume there are three types of this giant; carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous. What would be the dietary requirements of each? [Answer] The giant is 8.6 times tal...
[Question] [ # Question The alien want to make some new virus (or editing the gene of existing virus) to increase human death rate, and they don't want human to know the virus has been edited. I have read some similar conspiracy theory, such as the [SARS conspiracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theor...
[Question] [ I've spent time hand-drawing, and then scanning, and colorizing a world map using Paint.Net. The map uses a rectangular projection (something like an Equirectangular, Plate Caree, or Behrmann Projection). I'd like to take this map and project it onto a globe like Google Earth: I'd like to be able to rota...
[Question] [ One day, you suddenly get superpowers! Whoo-hoo, you can speed up or slow down the flow of time for yourself. This means you can run faster than a jet, right? So you decide to test it out. You go out to some deserted spot and start speeding up. You start running, and as you go faster, you start to notice...
[Question] [ **This question asks for hard science.** All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this requirement might be removed. See [the tag description](/tags/hard-science/info) for more information. In m...
[Question] [ What I mean is most (all?) eusocial species are tiny (ants, social bees, termites, and even mole-rats). I know that my father (who is a biologist) told me that the reason most massive animals (like orangutans, tigers, bears, great white sharks, basking sharks, and blue whales) are solitary is because whe...
[Question] [ I'm creating an rpg medieval setting, and I want it to feel pretty real. Castles make fun locales, so I'm trying to figure out how many castles I can plausibly cram into a 5,000 mi² region. The region is presided over by a Duke-like figure, who likely has some number of lesser lords underneath them. I a...
[Question] [ I'm trying to build a world that has the setting of medieval or middle-ages fantasy. Stuff like adventurer guild and so on is also implemented alongside the usual mercenary and freelance knight. One of the problems I'm facing is their lodging. I know that there were inns in the medieval era. But I am aim...
[Question] [ So let's say it's a big planet, like a Jupiter. Not talking about our Solar System. This is hypothetical. But say a Jupiter-esque planet in a solar system suddenly disappears. And by disappears I mean just that. It's there one moment and gone the next. No large chunks spiraling out to hit other planets. ...
[Question] [ I have asked multiple questions about [giant caterpillars](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/217348/feasibility-of-giant-caterpillar-archetypes), now it's time to account for their evolutions. Sure, giant flowers could and probably would exist in Alendyias; an [Engorger](https://worldbuil...
[Question] [ [Animated creatures generally have four fingers (including thumbs).](https://news.avclub.com/here-s-why-cartoon-characters-only-have-4-fingers-1798259730) In a real-world context what physical possible consequences would result in having only four (or 8) fingers? Physiologically, what tasks (if any) woul...
[Question] [ On the planet of the Aves, birds have evolved to dominate the Earth instead of mammals. Of the thousands of species in this world, both on the [ground](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/51622/planet-of-the-aves-quadrabirds) and in the [water](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questi...
[Question] [ ## Some Background The government is very good at catching people. Even the few who can keep away from them are forced into a life of running. Many years ago, a teleporter named [Dave](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/40907/how-can-we-catch-a-teleporter) was discovered and [successfully ...
[Question] [ Imagine a tidally locked gas giant moon, which is otherwise earth-like. One side of the moon will have a huge planet constantly hovering in the sky (24 hour day/night cycle with a Jupiter-sized primary works out to about 30° angular diameter) Questions: 1. Will the "Jupiter" be always fully visible durin...
[Question] [ To give a bit of background and ground the question in context: I'm concerned with the technology level from prehistory to Renaissance, or thereabouts. Analogous to Earth history, the 'normal' land-based species have already developed fully-rigged, square-masted ships. However I also have an amphibious s...
[Question] [ In the event that both planets of a binary planet system were life supporting, and both ended up developing a sapient, tool using species, at what technological level would they be able to start effectively talking to each other? Now when I say "effectively communicate" I mean at what point would it be r...
[Question] [ Take Charles Stross’s *Laundry* stories as an exemplar for this modern day approach that makes explicit the analogy between computer geeks and fantasy mages. If P = NP then magic is possible. Here’s a passage for bringing the reader up to speed in one of the later *Laundry* novels: > > I’m actually a sp...
[Question] [ Meaning, cause a seemingly normal winter to suddenly take a turn within hours or a day/two into a completely frozen territory? From what I've read, abrupt climate change happens from ocean currents. Would dramatically shifting the weather happen due to maybe a giant glacier melting up north? **I know the...
[Question] [ After reading the following question about [anti-gravity](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/183939/how-to-realistically-explain-antigravitation), I wondered what the largest hollow structure you can make in space is. None of the questions about hollow earth seem to answer this. To put it ...
[Question] [ Imagine a planet that's identical in pretty much every aspect (including Homo Sapiens) to our own current Earth, with only a single exception - the continental crust has, for whatever reason, much less iron in it. What's in the core/mantle is not all that important, as long as it provides the conditions ...
[Question] [ So I've got this civilization that doesn't have electricity, but *does* have municipal power distribution via compressed air lines. Now, you can do a lot of useful things with compressed air. Even in the real world, compressed-air tools are fairly common. You can even use it for heating, via vortex tubes...
[Question] [ [Wind instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument)--such as flutes, [panpipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flute), and even [glass bottles](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2o8ZnG19rV4)--are able to create sounds due to air being blown over the top of or into an opening on a given ins...
[Question] [ In a setting I am presently working on, I have envisioned a world similar to [![Star Wars' Takodana](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FccjM.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FccjM.jpg) Star Wars' Takodana, in that its water is mainly in the form of large rivers, or smaller seas (I generally picture it being all r...
[Question] [ Today you hear [allot](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/allot) of people talking about loophole abuse and ways to meet the letter of a law without the spirit of it. In truth as I understand it that isn't always the case, and common law already has a good degree of concepts that are designed to avoid bla...
[Question] [ **This question asks for hard science.** All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this requirement might be removed. See [the tag description](/tags/hard-science/info) for more information. A ke...
[Question] [ Imagine that we live in a setting where there are [**a trillion humans**](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/10388/how-long-will-it-take-human-population-to-exceed-one-trillion/10394#10394) (see linked question). A bit crowded, I know. Further imagine that at least the entire energy output...
[Question] [ In a hypothetical futuristic society that blends arcane magic with science, humanity has spread across the galaxy. FTL drives exist, but they are relatively slow and must exit at the outer edge of a gravity well and crawl towards their destination. Interstellar travel is slow, and trade takes place in ti...
[Question] [ In my world, the main "evil" race lives in a labyrinth like rock formation. They use a method of magic that gives them a hive mind advantage, so they all know how to move around within it. My question is, are there any notable real world geographical formations that could potentially work for this? If no...
[Question] [ **Closed.** This question is [off-topic](/help/closed-questions). It is not currently accepting answers. --- You are asking questions about a story set in a world instead of about building a world. For more information, see [Why is my question "Too Story Based" and how do I get it opened?](https://w...
[Question] [ In many fantasy worlds, there is a "common" language spoken by the majority of all races. While there can be some dwarfs who reject to speak common and speak only dwarf, in many worlds these are a minority. **Setup:** I have generic medieval world, where there are elves, dwarfs, hobbits, trolls and human...
[Question] [ (First question I've ever asked here, don't be too harsh on me, please!) Suppose you have a *kitsune* (Ahri from *League of Legends* is a perfect example of what I have in mind), who loves to roam near human cities – more specifically, the story is set in Russia. She has visible, non-human features: her ...
[Question] [ For my setting, I wanted my people to have entirely no concept of sexism whatsoever. To facilitate this, I have made it so that the females of my race are broad-shouldered and generally flat-chested, having the same upper body strength as males. The only way to tell they were female would be if they remo...
[Question] [ Thanks to the recent discovery of [handwavium](http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/190691-new-diamond-nanothreads-could-be-the-key-material-for-building-a-space-elevator) [‡](http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HandWave) filaments that can in principle be extruded to any length, we will be able to ...
[Question] [ The largest self-powered vehicle in the world is the [NASA crawler-transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler-transporter), a 2700 ton machine designed to transport the Space Shuttle a short distance and in a straight line. [![crawler-transporter carrying a space shuttle](https://i.stack.imgur.co...
[Question] [ With today's technologies firing a gun inside a spacecraft could be catastrophic, [although not certain](https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/4617/could-a-gun-fired-inside-the-iss-rupture-it) it's widely agreed that firing weapons inside the space stations is very risky. Assuming space travel was mu...
[Question] [ **This question already has answers here**: [What should architecture of an Imperial capital be like in order to accommodate differing people of differing sizes?](/questions/9507/what-should-architecture-of-an-imperial-capital-be-like-in-order-to-accommodate) (3 answers) Closed 6 years ago. More s...
[Question] [ As previously noted, magic would most likely be able to be studied by the scientific method. Indeed, science would likely at least try to understand magic, if not incorporate it. My question is, what would prevent scientists from studying magic? Namely, I imagine that, for one reason or another, scientis...
[Question] [ I've always found animal intelligence to be fascinating, particularly that of the cephalopods, some of which show some pretty remarkable talents for tool usage, mimicry, and pattern recognition. [Apparently](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus#Intelligence): > > Two-thirds of an octopus's neurons are ...
[Question] [ Earth is destroyed in explosive fashion by an unknown force. How does this affect the rest of the Solar System? Does sudden absence of that mass affect the orbits of the other planets at all? Let's say that the moon is relatively unscathed in that it missed some of the major chunks expelled out in the in...
[Question] [ The game [Rodina](http://store.steampowered.com/app/314230) features four planets, all with different colored skies. For some reason, the sun is a different color from each planet's surface (use [this guide](http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=298884536) for reference). The four planets...
[Question] [ Yes, magic means I can say 'make it so' and it is. But I see too many options and not sure which ones would make more sense. I'm picking one idea that I've never seen in a book. So a Magivore is an animal that 'eats' magic to survive. (I'm thinking of things like Chemovore? Thermovores) In this particul...
[Question] [ I've been collaborating with someone on a new version of a planetary classification system for our sci-fi settings and I had an idea recently. From looking at a phase diagram for nitrogen, it should be possible for a world to exist which could have liquid nitrogen on its surface in equilibrium with a nit...
[Question] [ What would the consequences be of a high number of solar systems being within close proximity to one another? I'm mainly interested in the consequences for life on multiple planets. When I say 'close proximity' I mean the stars all being between 1000-100,000 AU apart from one another, and roughly all bei...
[Question] [ I'm currently writing a narrative and hoping to include a world which is home to a sea of some form of 'nasty' substance (doesn't have to be acid). The varieties of inhabitants of this world have evolved mostly on the lands and eventually built their cities right up to the shorelines of this acidic sea. ...
[Question] [ If humans were to vanish completely from the Earth rapture-style, other primates would possibly slowly evolve and eventually take our place (in a few million years?), since they have both the basic cognitive architecture and similar manipulators that could evolve to allow finer motor control more easily,...
[Question] [ In the limit, **how small can a brain get and still host an identifiably human-like consciousness**? Obviously, they can be smaller than an adult human's, since children (with smaller brain volumes) and patients who lost upwards of half their brain exhibit behavior that we would consider conscious and re...
[Question] [ Imagine that a group of [Inuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit) from Greenland settled in Antarctica; let's say on the Antarctic peninsula, if there is no better place in Antarctica. Could they survive there with their traditional lifestyle, i.e. hunting and fishing without access to any modern tec...
[Question] [ The [black death](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death) wiped out anywhere between 20% and 50% of the human population, and so without it obviously the world population would be billions more than it is now. What I'm more interested in is how else history would be different without it, some notable r...
[Question] [ One science fiction short story I read (I don't remember the title or author, sorry!) featured some small creatures (unnamed) that were formed from metal, with the argument that "just like life developed on Earth with a carbon base, why shouldn't life be able to form elsewhere, with a metal base?" **Is t...
[Question] [ **This question asks for hard science.** All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this requirement might be removed. See [the tag description](/tags/hard-science/info) for more information. The ...
[Question] [ I want a world in which animals roam the wilderness on four legs, yet at least some of them are able to do the kind of carrying and fine handling of objects done by humans. The planet is superficially similar to Earth, but it is not Earth, and there are no humans around (at least not yet; who knows what ...
[Question] [ In the real world — I am from Europe — I often hear and participate in discussions about how printing a paper 2 Euro note would have an impact on micro-economy, i.e. how it would make people less psychologically prone to spend such a hypothetical note instead of the equally-valued real coin. For referenc...
[Question] [ What scientifically, socially and logically plausible mechanisms allow two (or more) sapient **land-based** species (either closely placed on the phylogenetic tree, such as *Homo sapiens* and *Homo neanderthalensis*, or only distantly related) to develop and deploy tool-use on the same world in a similar...
[Question] [ The thing about organics is that they can very precisely build themselves up, from a molecular level. They can take various, otherwise useless stuff like goethite and chitin and, through the power of engineering, turn it into one of the strongest biogenic materials to date. So, graphene is this wunder má...
[Question] [ Could a moon or planet with otherwise no atmosphere maintain gas pockets in sufficiently deep craters, and could it be habitable by humans without pressure or space suits? I found this similar question [Would oxygen pool in sink holes if the upper atmosphere was helium, hydrogen and methane?](https://wor...
[Question] [ Winter is finally upon us! With winter comes a delightful break from the year-round torment of bugs flying your face. Winter is cold - as a result, you can peacefully breathe the winter air without having to worry about inhaling swarms of bugs. Then the thought occurred to me: # Could there be a world wi...
[Question] [ The song *Diggy Diggy Hole* makes some questionable assertions about dwarven anatomy. Specifically: > > Born underground > > > **Suckled from a teat of stone** > > > Raised in the dark > > > The safety of our mountain home > > > **Skin made of iron** > > > **Steel in our bones** > > > To dig...
[Question] [ **Idea** Is the following alternate history setup conceivable: * Central Mexico has been converted to Buddhism by missionaries arriving from East Asia or South-East Asia hundreds of years before European conquistadors arrive. * By the time of European conquest of the Caribian, Central Mexico is organized...
[Question] [ **This question asks for hard science.** All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this requirement might be removed. See [the tag description](/tags/hard-science/info) for more information. **Th...
[Question] [ **This question asks for hard science.** All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this requirement might be removed. See [the tag description](/tags/hard-science/info) for more information. In m...
[Question] [ Undoubtedly, one of mythology's most iconic creatures is the centaur, a human being with his or her waist glued to the torso of a horse. For this post, we are avoiding the question of how evolutionarily feasible such a creature would be because if we were to talk about that, we'd be here ***forever!*** F...
[Question] [ Nagas are a half-human half-snake hybrid, similar to centaurs in that the beast has a human torso and a snake lower body. [This question](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/39912/if-a-naga-was-7-tall-how-long-would-it-be) provides an overview of probable physical characteristics of this cr...
[Question] [ Background: I'm writing a nomadic society that lives in the shadow of their planet's rings. These rings are as wide as possible to grant them the biggest shadow. The planet has an incredibly long year to give them time to travel as the shadow moves. I know some have already asked what the sky looks like ...
[Question] [ **This question asks for hard science.** All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this requirement might be removed. See [the tag description](/tags/hard-science/info) for more information. I've...
[Question] [ Comics are full of superheros with super strength. These heroes punch through walls, lift and throw tanks, and wrestle with buildings. But that's superhero physics. The fact is that without leverage, you'll likely knock yourself back from a significantly strong wall before you break it - it weighs more t...
[Question] [ I'm designing a town in the Ozark mountain range circa 1871, and am unsure what population size to give it. > > River Bend is an isolated town in the Ozark highlands of Arkansas founded in 1845 on the promise of mining lead, zinc, and iron. The town made a modest profit until Chuck Goodnight hit diamond...
[Question] [ Would a world be able to sustain a constant low pressure area such that there would be a constant wind from one side to the other? Imagine that on one side of the world is a desert with some rocky mountains (presumably the source of the sand), over which lies the high pressure area. To the East is a liq...
[Question] [ I am trying to make a space based strategy game, in which different factions try to take over all the planets in a solar system. The first step anyone should take to take over a planet would be to destroy any spaceships (and surface-to-space defense installations) defending it, after this, an attacker m...
[Question] [ How do I figure out the population numbers in my various kingdoms? I've seen the population growth tables for the entire world showing how the population grew and died off over time (yes Genghis, I'm talking about you). But how do I figure out the number of people in my various kingdoms. I can't just say...
[Question] [ We've all seen those awesome video games and movies and comics where people throw "*Hadokens*" and "*Hamehameha*" around like it's nothing. It's flashy, does a ludicrous amount of damage (including the surrounding landscape), and usually produces massive amounts of light. It's also often referred to as c...
[Question] [ **This question asks for hard science.** All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this requirement might be removed. See [the tag description](/tags/hard-science/info) for more information. This...
[Question] [ I realize that [evolutionary linguistics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics) comprises an entire sub-field of study, but I figure I can narrow it down a bit for this question. In [How long will it take to form a new dialect and language in underground steampunk London?](https://worldb...
[Question] [ Let's say there exists an Earth-like exoplanet which orbits a normal star, with a similar process regarding the evolution of life on earth, yet the star became a red giant during said evolution. Assuming the exoplanet was in the goldilocks zone during and after the transition from normal star to red gia...