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Blast furnace.
Main inputs Main outputs 1 tonne steel 2.3 tonne CO2* * Source: Energy Transitions Commission.
Waste gases.
Slag • Coke is made by heating metallurgical coal at high temperatures in a coke oven in the absence of oxygen.
• Sinter accounts for about 70 to 90% of the metals loaded into the blast furnace and is produced from a mixture of iron ores, coal and coke particles. The remaining metal consists of pellets and lump ore.
• The blast furnace converts coke and sinter into hot liquid metal for use in the basic oxygen furnace.
In primary ore production, most of the energy consumed in the steelmaking process comes from removing the oxygen from the iron ore using fossil fuels containing carbon to create iron, emitting CO2 as a by-product.
On average, producing one tonne of primary steel produces 1-2 tonnes of CO2. However, as shown in section 2, we believe it will be possible for primary steel to be produced on a net-zero or even carbon-negative basis by 2050.
ArcelorMittal had 47* blast furnaces across the world and produced 80% of our total steel output from these furnaces in 2020.
Appendix.
A. How steel is made today *The 2020 BF footprint presented above includes 7 BFs at ArcelorMittal USA’s operations: Indiana Harbor East (1), Indiana Harbour West (2), Burns Harbor (2), and Cleveland (2); and 4 BFs at Acciaierie d’Italia (ex ArcelorMittal Italia), (to be deconsolidated as from 2Q 2021 onwards). On December 9, 2020, ArcelorMittal completed the sale of ArcelorMittal USA’s operations.
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• The quality of secondary steel produced by the.
EAF route is primarily limited by the quality of the metallic raw materials used in steelmaking, which in turn is affected by the availability of high-quality scrap. Due to limited availability of scrap, it is most efficient to make lower grades of steel in an EAF, which have fewer constraints on impurities.
• EAFs can also use DRI (made by separating iron and oxygen using natural gas). Steel made using this route can reach the qualities obtained by an integrated steel plant, since DRI has fewer impurities than scrap steel.
Electric arc furnace steelmaking CO2 CO2.
Scrap Direct reduced iron.
Iron ore.
Electric arc furnace Electric arc furnace.
Main inputs Main inputs Main outputs Main outputs 1 tonne steel 1.5 tonne CO2*
Slag.
Natural gas 1 tonne steel 0.4 tonne CO2*
Slag.
Electricity * Source: Energy Transitions Commission • Most electric arc furnaces (EAFs) use scrap steel to make recycled (secondary) steel.
• As a result, the process mainly involves melting scrap steel using electricity rather than separating iron from oxygen.
• Direct CO2 emissions are mainly associated with the consumption of the carbon electrodes and indirect CO2 emissions are produced from the carbon intensity of the electricity grid.
• Slag is also a by-product of EAF steelmaking.
Remelting scrap steel at the end of its life to produce new steel requires less energy as most of the metal in the scrap is already in the form of iron. While energy is required to rearrange the chemistry of the new steel, there is no need for significant energy to remove the oxygen. Creating secondary steel via an electric arc furnace, emits less than 0.1 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of steel when clean electricity is used.
ArcelorMittal had 32* electric arc furnaces around the world and, in 2020, we produced 20% of our steel from these furnaces.
Appendix.
A. How steel is made today *The 2020 EAF footprint in 2020 includes 2 EAFs at Coatesville and Steelton (part of the ArcelorMittal USA sale in 2020).
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Circular carbon Circular carbon energy sources include bio-based and plastic wastes from municipal and industrial sources and agricultural and forestry residues. The term may also refer to the reuse of carbon in circular flows throughout the economy, for example, in the production of plastics made from waste carbon.
Circular steel (also Secondary steel)
Steel produced from recycled end-of-life steel.
Coal The primary fuel used by integrated iron and steel producers.
Coke A form of carbonised coal burned in blast furnaces to reduce sinter, iron ore pellets or other iron-bearing materials to molten iron.
Coke ovens Ovens where coke is produced. Coal is usually dropped into the ovens through openings in the roof, and heated by gas burning in flues in the walls between ovens within the coke oven battery. After heating for about 18 hours, the end doors are removed and a ram pushes the coke into a quenching car for cooling before delivery to the blast furnace.
Crude steel Steel in the first solid state after melting, suitable for further processing or for sale. Synonymous with raw steel.
Direct reduction A family of processes for making iron from ore without exceeding the melting temperature. No blast furnace is needed.
Electric arc furnace An electric arc furnace is used to melt steel scrap or direct reduced iron.
Basic oxygen steelmaking The process whereby hot metal and steel scrap are charged into a basic oxygen furnace (BOF). High purity oxygen is then blown into the metal bath, combining with carbon and other elements to reduce the impurities in the molten charge and convert it into steel.
Blast furnace (BF) A large cylindrical structure into which iron ore is combined with coke and limestone to produce molten iron.
Carbon leakage Carbon leakage refers to the situation that may occur if businesses transfer production to other countries with laxer emission constraints in response to policies that impose climate-related costs.
CCU (Carbon Capture and Utilisation)
Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) is the process of capturing CO2 to be recycled for further usage. CCU differs from Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in that CCU does not aim nor result in permanent geological storage of carbon dioxide. Instead, CCU aims to convert the captured carbon dioxide into more valuable substances or products; such as plastics, concrete or biofuel; while retaining the carbon-neutrality of the production processes.
CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage)
Carbon capture and storage (also carbon capture and sequestration and carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere. The aim is to prevent the release of large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere. While CO2 has been injected into geological formations for several decades to increase oil recovery, long-term storage of CO2 is still a relatively new concept.
Appendix.
B. Glossary.
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ResponsibleSteel™ ResponsibleSteel™ is a global multi-stakeholder certification programme. The certification process aims to align with the Codes of Good Practice from ISEAL. ISEAL is a global membership organisation focused on credible sustainability standards.
Science-Based Targets Science-based targets are goals developed by a business to provide it with a clear route to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An emissions reduction target is ‘science-based’ if it is developed in line with the scale of reductions required to keep global warming below 2°C from pre-industrial levels.
Sintering A process which combines ores too fine for efficient blast furnace use with flux stone. The mixture is heated to form lumps, which allow better draught in the blast furnace.
Sponge iron (see also Direct Reduced Iron)
Direct reduction of iron is the removal of oxygen from iron ore or other iron bearing materials in the solid state, i.e. without melting, as in the blast furnace.
Steelanol The process for ethanol production that makes use of a technology, whereby gases produced during the chemistry of steel production are fermented by microbes that secrete ethanol.
TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures)
TCFD was established in 2015 by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) as a means of coordinating disclosures among companies impacted by climate change. It is a set of voluntary climate-related financial risk disclosures that can be adopted by companies to inform investors and other members of the public about the risks they face related to climate change.
Green hydrogen Green hydrogen is made by using clean electricity from renewable energy technologies to electrolyse water, separating the hydrogen atom within it from its molecular twin oxygen. Contrast with blue hydrogen, made from natural gas in the process of steam methane reformation, with the resulting emissions curtailed through carbon capture and storage, and grey hydrogen, produced using fossil fuels such as natural gas. Grey hydrogen accounts for roughly 95% of the hydrogen produced in the world today.
Green steel Green steel is a certification programme that quantifies the CO2 emissions savings made thanks to the decarbonisation projects rolled out by ArcelorMittal. Starting in 2021, customers will be able to buy green steel based on verified emissions compared with a 2018 baseline.
Iron ore The primary raw material in the manufacture of steel made up of iron and oxygen.
Limestone Used by the steel industry to remove impurities from the iron made in blast furnaces. Magnesium-containing limestone, called dolomite, is also sometimes used in the purifying process.
NDC (also INDC) Nationally Determined Contributions (also Intended Nationally Determined Contributions)
NDCs are national climate plans highlighting climate actions, including climate related targets, policies and measures that governments aim to implement in response to the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change. So far, 192 countries have submitted NDCs.
Pellets An enriched form of iron ore shaped into small balls.
Pig iron High carbon iron made by the reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace.
Appendix.
B. Glossary.
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Benchmark indicator CA 100+ assessment, March 2021.
ArcelorMittal self-assessment, July 2021.
Explanation Reference in this report, section:
Indicator 1.
Net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
In September 2020, ArcelorMittal made a commitment to achieve carbon-neutral steelmaking by 2050 1,2.
Indicator 2.
Long-term (2036-2050) greenhouse gas reduction targets.
ArcelorMittal’s net-zero target covers 95% of its greenhouse gas emissions from steelmaking 2.
Indicator 3.
Medium term (2026-2035) greenhouse gas reduction targets.
ArcelorMittal has provided 2030 and 2035 targets for its global operations. We believe these are in line with the IEA Net-zero 2050 scenario for steels.
2.
Indicator 4.
Short term (2026-2035) greenhouse gas reduction targets.
ArcelorMittal has provided a 2030 target for CO2 emissions reduction 2.
Indicator 5.
Decarbonisation strategy.
ArcelorMittal has outlined its a decarbonisation strategy and roadmap to meet its medium and long-term CO2 targets and quantified the reductions from different sources.
2.
Indicator 6.
Capital stock alignment.