playlist stringclasses 160
values | file_name stringlengths 9 102 | content stringlengths 29 329k |
|---|---|---|
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | MegaR6_Boosting.txt | The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: Good morning, eve... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | MegaR5_Support_Vector_Machines.txt | The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: Hope everyone had... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | MegaR3_Games_Minimax_AlphaBeta.txt | The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: Today we're going... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 12a_Neural_Nets.txt | The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or to view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at fsae@mit.edu. PATRICK WINSTON: It was ... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 10_Introduction_to_Learning_Nearest_Neighbors.txt | PROF. PATRICK WINSTON: Well that's the Kodo Drummers. They're a group of about 30 or 40 Japanese people who live in a village on some island off the coast of Japan, and preserve traditional Japanese music. It's an unusual semi communal group. They generally run about 10 kilometers before breakfast, which is served at 5... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 14_Learning_Sparse_Spaces_Phonology.txt | PATRICK WINSTON: So today we're gonna talk about a few miracles of learning in the context of the theme that we're developing here in the class. We started off with a discussion of some basic methods. We talked about nearest neighbors. And we talked about identification trees. And those are kind of basic things that ha... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 17_Learning_Boosting.txt | PATRICK WINSTON: We've now almost completed our journey. This will be it for talking about several kinds of learning-- the venerable kind, that's the nearest neighbors and identification tree types of learning. Still useful, still the right thing to do if there's no reason not to do the simple thing. Then we have the b... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 5_Search_Optimal_Branch_and_Bound_A.txt | PROFESSOR: It was written about Route 66, which used to be the main highway between Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California. Very famous highway because anybody who wanted to go across country always took route 66 because it was the shortest way to go. And the question is, how do you find the shortest path? Not j... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 11_Learning_Identification_Trees_Disorder.txt | PATRICK WINSTON: Ladies and gentlemen, the Romanian national anthem. I did not ask you to stand, because I didn't play it as a symbol of Romanian national identity. But rather, to celebrate the end of the Cold War, which occurred about the time that you were born. Before that, no one came to MIT from Eastern Europe. Bu... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 19_Architectures_GPS_SOAR_Subsumption_Society_of_Mind.txt | PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE]. "Thus Spake Zarathustra" was made famous and popular by 2001. And that is music played at this magic moment when some primate suddenly gets an idea, presumably one of our ancestors. So how do we explain all that? We've got all of the ingredients on the table. And today I want to talk about vario... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 7_Constraints_Interpreting_Line_Drawings.txt | PATRICK WINSTON: Many of you, maybe most of you, will never have to work another search problem by hand in your natural life. Others will want to take another run at it on the final. I've been much criticized for this way of doing grading in the class. But the way I look at it is that the relationship between students ... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 4_Search_DepthFirst_Hill_Climbing_Beam.txt | PATRICK WINSTON: Today we're going to be talking about Search. I know you're going to turn blue with yet another lecture on Search. Those of you who are taking computer science subjects, you've probably seen in 601. You'll see it again as theory course. But we're going to do it for a little different purpose. I want yo... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 12b_Deep_Neural_Nets.txt | The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or to view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. [MUSIC PLAYING] PATRICK H... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | MegaR4_Neural_Nets.txt | The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: Today we are intr... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 18_Representations_Classes_Trajectories_Transitions.txt | PATRICK WINSTON: We might wonder a little bit about the nature of human intelligence, and we might reflect a little bit on the kind of intelligence we've been talking about in the past few weeks. It's been an intelligence of sorts. Those programs, support vector machines, boosting, they can do really smart things. But ... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | MegaR1_RuleBased_Systems.txt | The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. MARK SEIFTER: Hi, everyone. ... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 8_Constraints_Search_Domain_Reduction.txt | PATRICK WINSTON: It's too bad, in a way, that we can't paint everything black, because this map coloring problem sure would be a lot easier. So I don't know what we're going to do about that. How long is this going to take? Here's what we're going to do. We're going to wait till either all the laptops are closed, or th... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 22_Probabilistic_Inference_II.txt | PROFESSOR PATRICK WINSTON: I was in Washington for most of the week prospecting for gold. Another byproduct of that was that I forgot to arrange a substitute Bob Berwick for the Thursday recitations. I shall probably go to hell for this. In any event, we have many explanations, none of them good. But today we'll try to... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | MegaR7_Near_Misses_Arch_Learning.txt | The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: Here we have a ne... |
MIT_6034_Artificial_Intelligence_Fall_2010 | 3_Reasoning_Goal_Trees_and_RuleBased_Expert_Systems.txt | PROFESSOR PATRICK WINSTON: Ladies and gentlemen, the engineers drinking song. Back in the day, I've drunk quite a lot to that song. And as drinking songs go, it's not bad. I caution you, however, before playing this song in the presence of small children, audition it first. Some of the verses are sufficiently gross as ... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | What_is_Behavioral_Parent_Training_Part_15.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So the gold standard intervention for disruptive behavior disorders is a parenting intervention called behavioral parent training, or BPT. So behavioral parent training really focuses first on strengthening the attachment between caregivers and kids. Because one thing that we know is that ... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | How_Can_Caregivers_Support_Childrens_Mental_Health_Treatment_Part_12.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So caregivers play a really important role when their kids are in therapy. So of course, not only just logistically making sure that kids can get to therapy, that they're connected with a therapist that they feel really positively about. But of course, parents play an enormous role in chil... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | How_Does_the_Mental_Health_of_a_Parent_Affect_Their_Children_Part_19.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: We know that the resilience of kids or their ability to overcome adversity and hardship depends on the ability of caregivers to provide consistent safety and support. So that means that parent well-being is critical to the health of child and teen well-being. So during the COVID-19 pandemi... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | What_Types_of_Therapy_are_Effective_for_Youth_Anxiety_Part_11.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So the gold standard evidence-based type of psychotherapy for youth anxiety is called cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT. So CBT focuses on teaching children and teens to understand the connections between their thoughts, their feelings, and their behaviors. So what we know is that the wa... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | When_to_Refer_Patients_to_a_Mental_Health_Specialist_Part_4.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA LEE: So the way that we think about a child's level of difficulty throughout the week gives us a really good sense of when we might need a specialist referral. So there are many kids who come in, and they're talking to their pediatrician, and they're reporting sort of low-level symptoms, so what w... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | What_is_Parental_Burnout_Part_20.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA LEE: So parental burnout refers to a sense of overwhelming mental, emotional, and physical exhaustion from the demands of being a parent. So it's often associated for parents with these feelings of anxiety, stress, sometimes resentment, and overwhelm just from managing the day-to-day responsibilit... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | What_Behavioral_Therapies_Can_Help_Children_with_ADHD_Part_17.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: In regards to behavioral interventions for ADHD, these often focus on behavioral parent training, or teaching parents to increase structure and predictability at home, strengthen the parent-child relationship, motivate kids towards more positive behaviors, and then reduce and manage any mi... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | How_Can_Parents_Engage_in_SelfCare_to_Avoid_Burnout_Part_21.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] SPEAKER: One thing I'll say is that it's really difficult for parents to engage in self-care. Parents put so much pressure on themselves to be really good parents. It's coming from such a loving and good place. But that also means that they can be highly self-critical. Parents are really good at saying,... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | What_Types_of_Therapy_Are_Effective_for_Youth_Depression_Part_10.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So the gold standard evidence based-type of psychotherapy for youth depression is a type of therapy called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or CBT. So CBT focuses on the connections between our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. So this idea that the way we think about a situation strongly inf... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | What_are_the_Drivers_of_Mental_Health_Challenges_in_Young_People_Part_2.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So for children and teens, life has been tremendously stressful over the past three years. So driven by the effects of the global pandemic, we've seen children and teens' natural routines be completely thrown up in the air. So now we're not able to go to school the way we used to. We're no... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | Children_and_Adolescents_at_Risk_for_Depression_and_Anxiety_Part_7.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA LEE: The children and teens who are at particular risk for developing anxiety or depression symptoms are those who are coming from underrepresented or minority groups. So these are the children and teens who are at higher risk for things like racism, discrimination, rejection, or victimization. So... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | How_Do_Children_with_ADHD_Present_Part_16.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, commonly referred to as ADHD, is a neurodevelopmental disorder where children or teens have difficulty with a number of areas of their lives. So it could be that they're having difficulty paying attention, difficulty sitting still or managing th... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | How_Does_Depression_Present_Differently_in_Children_and_Adults_Part_6.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So depression can look differently in children and teens than it does in adults. So often for us as adults when we think about the word "depression," we think about being sad, withdrawn, kind of keeping to ourselves and feeling really low. But oftentimes in children and teens, what you're ... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | What_are_the_Barriers_to_Accessing_Mental_Health_Treatment_Part_5.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So there are a number of barriers to accessing mental health care for children and teens. So first, just starting with the practical barriers, there's always the issue of cost and financial means for families. Not everyone has insurance coverage that covers mental health services. Then, of... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | What_is_Resilience_and_Why_is_it_Important_to_Mental_Health_Part_18.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA LEE: So resilience refers to an individual's ability to overcome hardship and stress that they may experience in their life. Resilience typically results when our protective factors enable us to bounce back from hardship, and they outweigh whatever the stresses that we experience from that hardshi... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | How_are_Youth_Screened_for_Anxiety_Part_9.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So when screening children and teens for anxiety, it helps to start with a well-established and broadband kind of measure. So something like the Pediatric Symptom Checklist, was help assess difficulties in a wide range of areas. So the PSC is great because you can look at our kids and teen... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | How_Common_are_Mental_Health_Issues_in_Children_and_Adolescents_Part_1.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So mental health issues in children and adolescents are, unfortunately, more common than we'd like them to be. So in any given year, about one in five children or teens meets criteria for an emotional or behavioral health disorder. So this would include things like anxiety, depression, dis... |
Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health | How_are_Disruptive_Behavior_Disorders_Diagnosed_Part_14.txt | [MUSIC PLAYING] ERICA H. LEE: So of course, we want to look at a child's age and stage. So where are they versus where would we expect them to be developmentally. So some of these behaviors like throwing frequent tantrums, getting really angry, saying no or having a hard time following rules or following directions, th... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_15_Demise_of_the_Neoconservative_Dream_From_Afghanistan_to_Iraq.txt | - So today, we're starting in part three of the course which I call the end of the end of history. And the end of the end of history harken back to the book, "The End of History" that we talked about earlier. What was this idea that democracy and liberal institutions and market capitalism had come to the world to stay,... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_14_911_and_the_Global_War_on_Terror.txt | - Okay, let's go down memory lane. - The topic today is an adversary that poses a threat, serious threat to the security of the United States of America. This adversary is one of the world's last bastions of central planning, governs by dictating five-year plans. With single capital, it attempts to impose its command a... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_16_Denouement_of_Humanitarian_Intervention.txt | - Good morning, everybody. So today's lecture is called The Denouement of Humanitarian Intervention, and it's mainly gonna be focused on Libya, though we'll see, we'll look elsewhere in the Arab Spring as well. Let's start at the end, though. This is Libya late last year. - So that was the situation in late 2018. If an... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_13_The_International_Criminal_Court_and_the_Responsibility_to_Protect.txt | - We're gonna continue with the part two of the course on the new or emerging global order after the end of the Cold War. We've spent two lectures on democracy, and particularly the enormous promise that democracy seemed to offer, which was sort of, for which the South African transition was something of a poster child... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_19_Crisis_Crash_and_Response.txt | - So, today, we're talking about crisis, crash and response. So just to remind us of where we were in September of 2008. - [Narrator] This is gonna be one of the watershed days in financial markets history. - [Narrator] It was a manic Monday in the financial markets. The Dow tumbled more than 500 points after two pilla... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_5_The_Resurgent_Right_in_the_West.txt | - Okay, so today, we're talking about the resurgent right in the West. Let's get fix our intuitions with a little walk down memory lane. - [Ronald Reagan] In Chicago, they found a woman who holds the record. She used 80 names, 30 addresses, 15 telephone numbers to collect food stamps, social security, veteran's benefit... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_11_Democracys_Fourth_Wave_South_Africa_Northern_Ireland_and_the_Middle_East.txt | - So, in the last several lectures, we've been looking at the combined effects of the disappearance of communism as a viable alternative, both in practice and in the imagination of mainstream political thinking as a serious economic alternative to capitalism on the one hand, and then on the other, the effects of the de... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_23_Building_Blocks_of_Distributive_Politics.txt | - So we're now on the, into the fifth part of the course called, what is to be done? And I want to just begin by talking about the key features of the politics of insecurity, some of which we addressed earlier in the course and some in the last two lectures. But they really shape the landscape on which we have to think... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_12_Business_and_Democratic_Reform_A_Case_Study_of_South_Africa.txt | - So today we're gonna talk about what I advertised on last Thursday as the backstory behind the South African transition. Or at least part of the backstory that involved business. And this is the first of several classes in the second half of the course where we gonna turn the lights up on business. We talked a lot ab... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_9_Privatizing_Government_II_Prisons_and_the_Military.txt | - Today we're going to continue talking about Privitization of core government functions. And our central focus is going to be on prisons and the military. I'm gonna start just by revisiting the basic outlook of privatizing government that became so powerful in the early post-Cold War years. We'll then focus first on p... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_20_Fallout_The_Housing_Crisis_and_its_Aftermath.txt | - Okay, good morning, everybody. Today, we are going to talk about the housing crisis and its aftermath, which could've been subtitled the tragedy of errors. And we're gonna work our way through the various errors and the tragedy of it over the next hour or so. I want to start with President Clinton speaking in the Eas... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_7_Shifting_Goalposts_The_AntiTax_Movement.txt | - Let's start with The Daily Show. (fanfare) (audience applauding) - You're here! - Good to be with you. - The evil Grover Norquist. - Sweetie pie. - There you go, "Debacle." So listen, you've come up with the pledge. Here's where you seem to have stepped in it. You came up with this pledge that you don't want people t... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_3_Advent_of_a_Unipolar_World_NATO_and_EU_Expansion.txt | - Today, we're gonna be talking about the international architecture of what I'm calling the early post-Cold War world, and by early, I'm really focusing on the time from the collapse of communism until the financial crisis of 2008 because we're gonna see that that ushered in pretty big structural changes, both within ... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_25_Tough_Nuts_Education_and_Health_Insurance.txt | - So today we're going to talk about two what I'm calling tough nuts, education and healthcare, but I want to just begin by taking stock of where we were before we went on the break. - Right now, the human worker does $50,000 worth of work in a factory. That income is taxed. If the robot comes in to do the same thing, ... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_21_Backlash_2016_and_Beyond.txt | - Today we're launching into pod four of the course, The Politics of Insecurity. And that's gonna preoccupy us in the next two lectures. Let's start by going back a few years, before the real backlash starts in. This is 2011. - Today is the Tea Party movement's biggest day. It's the day people are most frustrated with ... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_22_Political_Sources_of_Populism_Misdiagnosing_Democracys_Ills.txt | - Good morning, everybody. (students chattering) So we talked about the economic demographic and social sources of populism last time. And today, we're gonna zero in on the political sources that interact with them and produce the kind of politics that we have all been experiencing since 2016. - The leaders to the US, ... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_6_Reorienting_the_Left_New_Democrats_New_Labour_and_Europes_Social_Democrats.txt | - I started the lecture last Thursday by playing a clip of Michael Foot making fun of Sir Keith Joseph who had been the intellectual architect of Thatcherism. With his conjurer's trick, and said at the end of the day that the joke was on Michael Foot, because he thought Thatcher would be a flash in the pan, and she wen... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_2_From_Soviet_Communism_to_Russian_Gangster_Capitalism.txt | - So, in the interests of, again, both taking some people down memory lane and recreating where we're coming from for those who are too young to have experienced it, let's go back to August 19 of 1991 in Moscow. - [Reporter] Mingling with the rush hour traffic, Red Army armored personnel carriers on the streets of Mosc... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_10_Money_in_Politics.txt | - So, today we're gonna talk about money in politics. - [Obama] Last week the Supreme Court reversed a century of law that I believe will open the floodgates for special interests, including foreign corporations, to spend without limit in our elections. (audience applauds) Including foreign corporations, to spend witho... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_8_Privatizing_Government_I_Utilities_Eminent_Domain_and_Local_Government.txt | - Okay, let's get to work. - We want to turn now to the issue of eminent domain, which is being debated right here in New Hampshire. And Josh McElveen is the political director and the anchor of WMURTV. Josh? - Thank you, David. And good evening, candidates. Mr. Trump, you have said, quote, "I love eminent domain", whi... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_1_Introduction_to_Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World.txt | - Hello everybody and welcome. How is everybody today? Great. Well, I'm delighted to have the opportunity to be giving the DeVane Lectures. And the DeVane Lectures, as you can tell, from looking around you double as being a regular Yale course for credit that students can take for credit and lectures that are open to t... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_24_Unemployment_Reemployment_Income_Security.txt | - Today we're gonna talk about Unemployment, Reemployment, and Income Security, or income insecurity as the case might be. So, let's start with some something to get our attention focused on that question. - [Narrator] We're hauling 20,000 pounds of freight down the Florida Turnpike in a self-driving, robotic truck. It... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_26_Agendas_for_Democratic_Reform.txt | - Hello and good morning everybody. - [Students] Good morning. - Today our agenda is going to be threefold. I'm going to review some of the central themes of the course to begin with, then I'm gonna talk about four paths not taken as a way of, rather than giving a mechanical summary of the previous 25 lectures, to pick... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_18_Political_Limits_of_Business_The_IsraelPalestine_Case.txt | - Okay so today we're gonna talk about the Israel-Palestine case that we made at the School of Management. And this is in many ways complementary to the South African study that we talked about earlier in the semester. - Distinguished participants, I would like to welcome very cordially President Shimon Peres, Presiden... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_17_Filling_the_Void_China_in_Africa.txt | - Good morning everybody. So most of you know that Christina Seyfried is the head teaching fellow in the course. But what you don't know about her is that she's writing a dissertation, she's an advanced graduate student in political science writing a dissertation about China in Africa. And has spent much of the last tw... |
Power_and_Politics_in_Todays_World | Lecture_4_Fusing_Capitalist_Economics_with_Communist_Politics_China_and_Vietnam.txt | - So today's agenda, we're gonna start with why am I talking China and Vietnam. We're then gonna talk about reform in China in the period leading up to the 4th of June, 1989 which is the Tiananmen Square massacre. We'll then talk about Tiananmen in the 1990s that will lead us into a discussion of what I'm calling the s... |
Microeconomics | Lecture19_Producer_Surplus.txt | Now, let us move to the Producer Surplus. Producer surplus of a seller in a transaction is the difference between the price he gets in the market and the minimum price he is willing to receive for that product. So, producer surplus of a seller in a transaction is the difference between the price he gets in the market ... |
Microeconomics | Lecture55_Utility_Maximization_tangency_criterion.txt | Now, let us interpret what does it mean, we did it mathematically, what does it mean? This is the point. Of course, this is bad drawing, but this is the point. What is the special property of this point? It is tangent. Point of tangency; in other word if we get the slope of indifference curve at this point. It is equal... |
Microeconomics | Lecture58_Example_Revisited.txt | So now let us begin with the problem, where we have utility function as x plus 2y ok. This is the utility function, what i am saying that this problem is from a 2-good world ok. So, on x axis the quantity of first good is given in x and quantity of second good in y ok. The idea is to maximise this utility, maximise thi... |
Microeconomics | Lecture91_Returns_to_Scale_through_Graphs.txt | Now, as we are talking about graphs, let us use these graphs to also understand constant returns to scale, increasing return to scale and decreasing returns to scale. Here we have again we are drawing an isoquant on y-axis, we have K and on x-axis we have L and here we have one isoquant fine. And let us say we take thi... |
Microeconomics | Lecture53_Summary.txt | So, we will come back to these the uses of these assumptions and these axioms, but before that I just want to summarize that what we have learned through these axioms through these properties. So, the first we learned rationality, rationality axioms - completeness, reflexivity and transitivity. These three we have lear... |
Microeconomics | Lecture67_Giffen_Good.txt | So let me say here just the repetition, normal, inferior. Let us say we are talking about price of good 1 has gone up substitution, income these are the effects and overall. When P 1 goes up subs because of substitution effect x 1 will. Come down. Come down. And for income also because of income effect it will come dow... |
Microeconomics | Lecture92_Cost_in_Long_Run.txt | So, cost of course, we can talk about cost in two different settings. We have already learned about short run and long run what do we mean by short run? changing at least one input. At least one input cannot be varied. Varied. Cannot be changed and what do we mean by long run? All the input. All the inputs can be; Vari... |
Microeconomics | Lecture03_Allocation_Command_Market_and_Mixed_Economy.txt | When you do not have unlimited amount of everything, unlimited amount of resource to produce unlimited amount of all the goods that you desire, you will have to make a choice, what to produce? In what quantity you should produce a particular good. So, that leads to our next term and that is allocation. So, what do we m... |
Microeconomics | Lecture51_Marginal_Rate_of_Substitution_MRS.txt | The second way to look at it let us say, let us take again little different example then tea and cola, what I have again if I go back to the Island and now let us say that we have mango on that Island; mango and coconut, and there is no other good. Now let us say its Robinson fine, and let us take a bundle here when he... |
Microeconomics | Lecture24_Elastic_Inelastic_and_Unit_elastic_Demand.txt | Now I gave you the definition of price elasticity of demand, when do you think the demand is elastic enough? And when do you think the demand is not elastic enough or in other words, inelastic that is the opposite of elastic? sir when we have many substitutes. No, I am not talking about the factors affecting the price ... |
Microeconomics | Lecture22_Implications_of_Market_Equilibrium.txt | One property I can say of this market equilibrium it maximizes the gain to the society. Mind you one thing you should always keep in mind that this scenario is valid only when you have large number of buyers and large number of sellers. Later on, we will learn this thing in a more technical way in more concrete manner;... |
Microeconomics | Lecture87_Economic_Terminology_Opportunity_Cost.txt | Now, we are going to talk about some economic terminology before we move to another topic. So, the first is we are going to talk about opportunity cost and also sunk cost. Opportunity cost is the value of best alternative foregone. Foregone. Let us take it is not very clear from the definition but let us take some exam... |
Microeconomics | Lecture78_Average_and_Marginal_Product_of_Labour_APL_MPL.txt | So, now let us take numerical example, what we have here is let say capital as we have fixed at 5. And here we have labour and, here we have output. So, let say let us take some example, labour is 0, it is possible that to produce something, but we will take that here in this example when labour is 0 output is also 0. ... |
Microeconomics | Lecture62_An_Example_with_Quasi_Linear_Preferences.txt | Now, I am going to give you another problem where we will use mathematical, some mathematical concept that we have learned to solve, that one is also difficult. Now, we are talk, going to talk about something called quasi linear preferences, let us say in 2 good world, preference is called quasi linear if utility funct... |
Microeconomics | Lecture05_Rationality_Self_Interest_and_Optimization.txt | Let us endow our individual with 2 properties. The first is rationality, and the second is self-interest. It is not exactly endowment; it is like if we want to study individual systematically then we say that the individual is rational. Let us say if someone is acting irrationally. Someone is acting very, very irration... |
Microeconomics | Lecture25_Perfectly_Elastic_and_Perfectly_Inelastic_Demand.txt | We looked at elastic zone of the demand curve, inelastic zone of the demand curve, and in the middle, we get a point where demand is unit elastic that is what we have discussed. Now, let us discuss the 2 extreme cases, the one extreme case is perfectly elastic, what it means is that you change price by tiny bit amount,... |
Microeconomics | Lecture07_Introduction_to_Demand_Supply.txt | Welcome again to NPTEL lectures on microeconomics. Today we are going to discuss demand, supply and market equilibrium. I will begin with a simple story. A very simple story, a short story and then I will talk about some facts. And we will discuss why do we observe such kind of things in our society in our economy. So,... |
Microeconomics | Lecture54_Utility_Maximization.txt | So, far we have been talking about different building blocks of consumer theory or consumer behaviour. We started with consumption set. We started with consumption set then; we talked about feasible set or affordable set, from there we moved to preference to describe taste and liking of an individual. And what we did? ... |
Microeconomics | Lecture26_More_on_Elasticity.txt | Now, what we have done is we have studied price elasticity of demand. Similarly, one can study price elasticity of supply. And what is price elasticity of supply? Again, remember what is elasticity basically? Proportional response It measures the proportional responsiveness of one variable with respect to proportional ... |
Microeconomics | Lecture31_Incidence_of_Tax_Four_Extremes.txt | Now, we already have learned the concept of elasticity. Now, I am going to talk about certain extreme scenario and I will let you to interpret what happens in the middle cases. Now, I would say in all these cases just it does not matter whether it is imposed on buyer or it is imposed on seller, but just to understand l... |
Microeconomics | Lecture11_Factors_Affecting_Demand.txt | Factors affecting the demand function. Can you think of any factor that affect the demand function? Some we have already covered, some we have covered in today’s class. The first session we have covered, can you think of some of the factors? Income income. Income how does it impact, what happens? Income increases deman... |
Microeconomics | Lecture41_Preferences_as_a_Mathematical_Construct.txt | We talked about three properties and those three properties were completeness, reflexivity and transitivity, and what did we say that if our preference satisfies these three properties then we can talk about our choice, our selection of a particular bundle of good in consistent fashion. And I had also given you an exam... |
Microeconomics | Lecture46_Properties_of_Preferences_Continuity.txt | Now, as we have seen that when we have finite number of consumption bundle in the consumption set, it is very easy to rank, we do not need any more we can rank them. But what we have remember go back to your, the definition of the properties of consumption set. What does it imply? That consumption set would have infini... |
Microeconomics | Lecture34_Budget_Line_and_Budget_Set.txt | So, we talked about 4 basic building blocks of consumer theory we talked about consumption set or choice set that is all about what you can conceive in your mind. It is not limited by any of the constraints that you face, it is all about what you can conceive in your mind and whatever bundle or coming that is bundle is... |
Microeconomics | Lecture61_Perfect_Complements.txt | So, the example I just gave had 2 goods, they are perfect substitute for each other and what does it mean when I say they are perfect substitute for each other. It simply means that 2 goods are that, that 2 goods are perfect substitute for a consumer. Of course, we should not forget that we are talking about a particul... |
Microeconomics | Lecture79_More_on_APL_and_MPL.txt | Ok let us take this graph again on y axis we have and on x axis we have labour input and of course, we are taking capital as fixed. So, we are not putting capital on any axis; so, what we have here is that output is going up as labour is increasing till this point and then its starts decreasing. That is why when we say... |
Microeconomics | Lecture14_Factors_Affecting_Supply.txt | Let us look at the factors affecting the supply curve. We have learned what do we mean by supply curve. Supply curve, just to remind you that supply curve is a curve that gives the combination of market price and at that price seller’s willingness to supply certain quantity of good. So, now let us look at the factors a... |
Microeconomics | Lecture90_Diminishing_Marginal_Product_Vs_DMRTS.txt | So, we studied about diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution and we also studied diminishing marginal product. So, let us see do not get confused between these 2 terms, because it is very easy to get confused. So, let us look at graph, and try to understand how these 2 things are different. So, first, let m... |
Microeconomics | Lecture94_Cost_Minimization_Few_Examples.txt | So, now let us solve some mathematical we have looked at it graphically, some problem we will solve graphically and then we will derive the mathematical way to solve this cost minimization problem. What we have done? Let us say where production technology is, let us say production technology is given by Y or Q that is ... |
Microeconomics | Lecture71_An_Application_Subsidy_Vs_Direct_Benefit_Transfer.txt | Now let us that is the last topic in the consumption theory. Let us do an application a simple application. See in the budget our finance minister announced that slowly at least for some particular goods government would move from specific subsidy to keys cash transfer. Ok and Bihar government is already doing it for s... |
Microeconomics | Lecture84_Elasticity_of_Substitution.txt | Now, what we have is the elasticity of substitution? What we have done; let us look at MRTS. What is a MRTS? MRTS is basically slope of isoquant and this is MPL divided by MPK. Although, we have not done, but look at this isoquant; when you want to produce we will do this in more detail later on that the concept that I... |
Microeconomics | Lecture35_Factors_Affecting_the_Budget_Line.txt | The example that I just gave you there also budget line you know is combination of 2 straight lines, but its it is not always true that the budget line is a line, it can be a curve. So, in that case we call it a budget curve rather than budget line for example, the price of coconut is changing with each unit of coconut... |
Microeconomics | Lecture98_Cost_in_Short_Run_TC_FC_and_VC.txt | What we are going to do now? For time being, we are going to move from long-run to short-run cost curves in short-run and how short-run is different from long-run. Sir at least one of the variables does not change. One of the inputs. Input varies input. One of the inputs cannot be varied and so far, we have been talkin... |
Microeconomics | Lecture96_More_on_Cost_Minimization.txt | So, we saw these three examples and what we try to do, we try to calculate the minimum cost to produce Q amount of output, given the price of 1 unit of capital is r and price of 1 unit of labour is w and of course not just 1 unit, it is 1 unit per unit of time. It can be per day per hour, just we have to be consistent ... |
Microeconomics | Intro_An_Introduction_to_Microeconomics_Prof_Vimal_Kumar.txt | welcome to this lecture on microeconomics my name is doctor vimal kumar and i am an associate professor of economics at iit kanpur we are going to study what is microeconomics in this introductory video i will talk about three basic issues first what is microeconomics second why study microeconomics and third how are w... |
Microeconomics | Lecture48_Indifference_Curve.txt | So, what we are getting or let us say by if we abuse this notation little bit what we can say that indifference set is given by x 1 plus x 2 is equal to k. All the bundles which if we add the quantity of good 1 and good 2 we get k would be on the same indifference curve. If we change the value of k we will get a differ... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.