10 Maximum Minimum Average -2 -2 -6 -4 -4 -12 -6 -6 -18","type":"Table"},{"left":80,"top":210,"width":267,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: Provision of Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":234,"width":247,"height":86,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Water quality measurement was carried out in situ and ex situ (BTKL laboratory Palembang). Physical parameters being determined were temperature whereas chemical parameters were pH, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate and Fe. Coliform was the only biological parameter being identified. All measurements were done twice at low and high tide events.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":321,"width":246,"height":148,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Conclusion on water quality status was confirmed according to Storet method by comparing water quality data with quality standard threshold provisioned by Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003 and South Sumatera Governor no. 16/2005. Class of water quality status was determined based on classification system by US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). According to the system, water quality was divided into 4 classes (Table 2). Scoring on water quality was made based on measurement results on physical, chemical and biological properties as depicted in Table 3.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":482,"width":145,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"RESULT AND DISCUSSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":494,"width":247,"height":37,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Water quality concern with its properties, organisms contained and other components confined. Water quality determine quantitatively using several","type":"Text"},{"left":309,"top":234,"width":246,"height":62,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"parameters including temperature, pH, salinity, DO, OD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate, Fe and Coliform . Result of samples measurement compare with water quality threshold for water taken from river provisioned by authority was displayed on figures below.","type":"Text"},{"left":309,"top":308,"width":104,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Average Temperature","type":"Section header"},{"left":309,"top":327,"width":246,"height":139,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Average temperature detected on the water during high tide was between 30.25 - 32.55 ° C whereas during low tide was between 30.55 - 33.2 ° C. Aquatic organism is able to survive only within certain temperature range. If water temperature goes too far from forbearance range, it can compromise the ability of organism to survive. Sunlight radiation is the main factor that influence water temperature. Significant contribution also provided by rock, sand and mud condition at the tidal zone. Temperature in 7 locations of research at high and low tide are represent on Figure 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":309,"top":466,"width":246,"height":51,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"According to quality threshold provided by Governor’s provision no. 16/2005, water temperature on high and low tide at Muliasari Village still fulfill temperature range between 25 ° C - 35 ° C as required.","type":"Text"},{"left":65,"top":666,"width":487,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 2. Result of water temperature measurement on high and low tide atMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"42","type":"Page footer"},{"left":179,"top":212,"width":241,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 3. TSSanalysis result on soils at high and low tide","type":"Text"},{"left":128,"top":359,"width":361,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 4. Result of pH measurement on water at high and low tide, Muliasari Village","type":"Caption"},{"left":95,"top":505,"width":426,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 5. Salinity measurement result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":76,"top":652,"width":447,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 6. Laboratory analysis result of DOat high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"43","type":"Page footer"},{"left":104,"top":212,"width":392,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 7. BOD analysis result at high and low tide of MuliasariVillageTanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":102,"top":371,"width":395,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 8. COD analysis result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":96,"top":530,"width":408,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 9. Result ofammonia analysis at high and low tideMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":665,"width":393,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 10. Result on Phosphate analysis of water from Muliasari Village at high and low tide","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"44","type":"Page footer"},{"left":140,"top":212,"width":318,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 11. Fe analysis result of water at high and low tide Muliasari Village","type":"Text"},{"left":101,"top":361,"width":396,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 12. Coliformresult of analysis on water samples at high and low tide, Muliasari Village","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":386,"width":105,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Total Suspended Solid","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":404,"width":249,"height":127,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Total suspended solid related to water turbidity which comprise of mud, fine sand and microorganism. Result of TSS measurement is display on Figure 3. Average value obtained for this parameter is 30 - 130 mg/L at high tide and 20 - 170 mg/L at low tide. Highest value of TSS at high tide was found at station 2 (SPD canal at Tertiary 2) and lowest value was detected at station 1 (Primary channel). At low tide, highest TSS value was found at station 1 (Primary channel) whereas lowest TSS was found out at station 5 (SPD canal at Tertiary 6).","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":531,"width":249,"height":152,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"High TSS value correspond to human activities such as farming, livestock, toilet and bathing. Increase of turbidity in water are directly influenced by high TSS contained. Suspended matters contaminated causedturbid water [3]. Suspended matters can be organic such as biomass, microorganism and inorganic such as clay and dust [4]. Turbidity due to high TSS might hampered sunlight penetration which is important for metabolism of organisms. Result of TSS measurement also appears that at high tide, station 2 - 5 does not meet quality threshold approved as well as station 1 - 3 at low tide. The allowed threshold approved according to authority is 50 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":695,"width":62,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Acidity (pH)","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":714,"width":248,"height":36,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Average value of pH measured at tidal zone is 3.15- 3.52 at high tide and 3.15-3.55 at low tide. The result shows no significance different of pH during high and low tide.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":386,"width":249,"height":99,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"pH value obtained both at high and low tide show water in this area is acid. The existence of dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonate ions create acid condition in the body of water [5]. Carbon dioxide and carbonate ions are well known as acid forming chemical species. It chemical interaction with water could create acid compound such as H 2 CO 3 . Acidity of water can be decreased if the amount of these species in water is reduced.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":485,"width":249,"height":75,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Threshold value for pH of water according to governor’s provision is between 6 - 9. By this rule, water at all station where samples acquired does not meet acidity allowed. Environmental management certainly needed to overcome this situation and make water in the area can be used safely.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":573,"width":35,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Salinity","type":"Section header"},{"left":306,"top":592,"width":249,"height":50,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Salinity is a measure of salt content in water. Samples taken from station 1 through 7 shows salinity as depicted on Figure 5. Average value of salinity found at 1.3 - 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":643,"width":249,"height":73,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Salinity shows a slight different between high and low tide. Salinity increase when salt water from ocean approaches land at high tide. At low tide, sea water was pulled and caused to decrease salinity. Water pool in pond at TC 2 and TC 6 shows same value of salinity. This certainly due to no sea water influence affect salinity.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":729,"width":113,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dissolved Oxygen (DO)","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"45","type":"Page footer"},{"left":44,"top":90,"width":249,"height":51,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 6 shows laboratory analysis result of dissolve oxygen (DO) water samples from all station. At high tide, DO has average 4.15 - 5.5 mg/L whereas at low tide it has between 3.65 to 5.35 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":141,"width":249,"height":148,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Samples water from high tide shows slightly higher DO than at low tide. Water circulation from ocean at high tide contribute to increase DO of water. Lower DO at low tide might cause by addition of organic and inorganic materials from shore whilst water amount is decrease. Dry season also gave contribution to lowering DO at low tide. Fallen leaf and branches from plant certainly increase contamination of water by organic matters hence decrease dissolved oxygen [1]. Dissolved oxygen is important for organism metabolism. Minimum requirement according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is 6. According to this rule, all station has DO value below threshold approved.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":302,"width":168,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":320,"width":249,"height":62,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Result from laboratory analysis on BOD shows that at high tide samples has value between 1.95 to 58.2 mg/L whereas at low tide 1.89 to 40.25 mg/L. It appears from Figure 7 that samples from high tide has higher BOD than from low tide.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":382,"width":249,"height":152,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Organic materials decompose biologically in water by microorganism in the present of oxygen supply. Large amount of BOD concentration means high amount of organic wastes need to be decomposed by microorganism [6]. Some samples show higher than other on its BOD indicate the existence ofhighly decomposition process by bacteria while other is relatively low. According to data displayed at high tide, station 2 - 7 has BOD value higher than threshold approved by authority while at low tide station 1 - 3 shows same result. The threshold value maximum for biological oxygen demand according to Governor’s provision is 2 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":546,"width":165,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":565,"width":249,"height":86,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the capacity of water to use up oxygen during decomposition of organic matter and oxidation of inorganic substances such as ammonia and nitrite. COD value obtained from laboratory analysis at high tide is between 7 to 172.5 mg/L while at low tide between 6 to 127.5 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":651,"width":249,"height":113,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"High COD value indicate large amount of waste water with organic content from settlement has been discharged into the tidal zone. This domestic waste usually discarded via drainage which flow to the river and eventually came to the shore. Agricultural activity in addition to settlement also gave contribution to highly COD detected [7].As can be seen on Figure 8, High COD value which proved do not meet standard assigned by Governor’s provision are station 2 - 7 at high tide and","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":90,"width":249,"height":26,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"station 1 - 3 at low tide. COD according to the provision should have maximum value at 10 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":129,"width":46,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Ammonia","type":"Section header"},{"left":306,"top":147,"width":249,"height":99,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Average value of ammonia content in the water samples as depicted on Figure 9 are 0.155 to 0.4 mg/L at high tide and 0.16 to 0.45 mg/L at low tide. The highest sources of ammonia are nature origin; from decomposing biomass and from the excreta of humans and animals. Man-made sources also available and give contribution such as the use of fertilizers and waste disposal sites or industrial processes.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":246,"width":249,"height":173,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Environment assessment at the location confirmed that excessive use of fertilizer and domestic waste from near-by settlement influenced ammonia concentration in the water. Linier correlation between high concentration of ammonia and intense activity from agriculture using fertilizers and settlement without waste management had been reported [5]. Poor drainage and sanitation is also give rise of ammonia in water environment. Standard quality threshold for ammonia according to the rule is 0.5 mg/L maximum, hence the water still meet the criteria required. Fertilizer and domestic waste although gave rise on ammonia level, still can be tolerate by environment. Caution certainly must be applied due to ammonia level just slightly below maximum level approved by authority.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":432,"width":49,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Phosphate","type":"Section header"},{"left":306,"top":450,"width":249,"height":62,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analysis of Phosphate on the water samples conducted at laboratory gave average result 0.1605 to 0.1935 mg/L at high tide and 0.1575 to 0.183 mg/L at low tide. The result as displayed on Figure 10 is slightly different between one sample’s station to another.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":512,"width":249,"height":99,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Phosphate is ions form of phosphorus, an element largely found naturally in rock and other mineral deposits. There are three different form of Phosphate: orthophosphate, metaphosphate and organically bound Phosphate. Orthophosphate in addition to natural processes also can be produced from man-influenced sources such as sewage treatment, agricultural sites and application of particular fertilizer [8].","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":611,"width":249,"height":111,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Phosphate is ionic compound which practically soluble in water environment. It is harmless except if it exists in very high level. At high concentration Phosphate can caused digestive problem to human and animal. Water quality threshold approved for Phosphate content is 0.2 mg/L maximum. Result from samples analysis shows maximum for high tide is 0.1935 and low tide 0.183 mg/L. By this condition, all station still fulfill requirement as class I water for daily utilization.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":735,"width":42,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Iron (Fe)","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"46","type":"Page footer"},{"left":44,"top":90,"width":249,"height":74,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Laboratory analysis carried out to determine Fe obtained 0.155 to 0.325 mg/L at high tide and 0.185 to 0.31 mg/L at low tide. Iron dissolved in water in two different ion form: Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ or commonly known as Ferro and Ferri ions. Its form depends on acidity of water and availability of oxygen.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":164,"width":249,"height":114,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"` At pH 7.5 - 7.7, Ferri ions is oxidized and form chemical bond with hydroxide to produced Fe(OH) 3 which is insoluble and precipitated at the bottom in reddish color. Insoluble iron deuce can only be found in anaerobic and acid water [5]. Iron content > 1.0 mg/L in water environment is hazardous for aquatic organism live [5]. Water quality threshold for iron in water is 0.3 mg/L which is not fulfill by sample water from station 1 at high tide and station 4 and 5 at low tide.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":291,"width":41,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Coliform","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":310,"width":249,"height":61,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Coliform bacteria are indicator organism for the presence of pathogens in the water sample. According to laboratory resultobtained, maximum content of Coliform in the water samples are 1.1 at high tide and 2.25 at low tide per 100 mL water.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":372,"width":249,"height":160,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Most of stations where samples were taken showed no Coliform found in the water. Samples which were detected Coliform is Station 3, 4 and 5 in a very small number. Generally, Coliform is settled in the bottom of water. Affected by water flow in and out at tidal event, the bacteria appeared to be hard to grow optimally hence almost none was found. Coliforms are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes. They come into the water via runoff from poor drainage through river and increase especially at dry season [9]. Maximum 100 per mL water is still tolerate according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 for class I water.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":545,"width":248,"height":24,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to Storet method","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":576,"width":249,"height":86,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Status on water quality at Muliasari village was determined according to Storet method. The method is carried out by comparing analysis result and quality threshold approved by Governor’s provision no 16/2005. Score acquired by Storet method is -27 for high tide and 27 for low tide indicate water is moderately polluted and categorized as class C water.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":674,"width":79,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":687,"width":248,"height":24,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the findings of this study the following conclusions can be drawn:","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":712,"width":249,"height":36,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1. Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to The Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is moderately polluted and can be classified into C class.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":90,"width":248,"height":61,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"2. Several parameters do not meet threshold allowed i.e. pH, DO, BOD and COD while others such as ammonia, Fe, Phosphate and Coliform has value slightly below maximum value allowed by the authority.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":152,"width":249,"height":49,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"3. It is necessary for residents in the research location to increase their awareness on waste domestic management as well as agricultural to maintain and monitor water quality.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":214,"width":78,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"REFERENCES","type":"Section header"},{"left":306,"top":226,"width":249,"height":25,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[1] W.A. Wardhana, DampakPencemaranLingkungan , Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta, 2004.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":251,"width":249,"height":51,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[2] A. Chinyama, Sustainable Sanitation Systems for Low Income Urban Areas-A Case of the City of Bulowayo, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth ,50-52:233 - 238, 2012.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":302,"width":248,"height":49,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[3] Fisesa. E.D., I. Setyobudiandi dan M. Krisanti. 2014. Kondisi Perairan dan Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobenthos di Sungai Belumai, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Depik. 3 (1):","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":352,"width":249,"height":36,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1-9. [4] Manik, Karden Eddy Sontang. PengelolaanLingkunganHidup. Djambatan. 2009.","type":"Table"},{"left":306,"top":389,"width":248,"height":36,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[5] H. Effendi, Telaahkualitas air: Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta, 2003.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":426,"width":248,"height":37,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[6] Yuliastuti, E. 2011. Kajian Kualitas Air Sungai Nginro dalam Upaya Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Tesis. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":463,"width":249,"height":75,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[7] A.B. Supangat, PengaruhberbagaiPenggunaanLahanTerhadapKuali tas Air Sungai dikawasanHutanPinus di Gombong, Kebumen, Jawa Tengah. JurnalPenelitianHutandanKonservasiAlam. Vol.5. No.3. pp 267 - 276, 2008.","type":"Table"},{"left":306,"top":539,"width":248,"height":75,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[8] J.R. Casali, J.Gimenez, J.Diez, J.D.C. Alvarez- Moros, M. de Lersundi, M.A.Goni, Y.Campo, R. Chahor, J. Gastesi, Lopez,Sediment production and water quality of watersheds with contrasting land use in Navarre (Spain) . Agricultural Water Management, 97 pp.1683 - 1694, 2010.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":614,"width":249,"height":64,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[9] Feliatra, Sebaran Bakteri Eschericia coli di PerairanMuara Sungai Bantan Tengah Bengkalis Riau. FakultasPerikanandanKelautan, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru. JurusanBiogen. Vol 1, hal 178 - 181, 2002.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":678,"width":249,"height":37,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"10. Peraturan Gubernur Sumatera Selatan Nomor 16 Tahun 2005 Tentang Peruntukan Air dan Baku Mutu Air Sungai.","type":"List item"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 329,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 227,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 88,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 88,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 118,\n \"width\": 499,\n \"height\": 27,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Study on Quality of Water from Various Resources of Tidal Zonetaken on Dry Season at Muliasari Village Tanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 157,\n \"width\": 317,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Indah Hamida 1 , Robiyanto Hendro Susanto 2 , PoedjiLoekitowati Hariani 3 *\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 181,\n \"width\": 476,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1 Student at Environmental Management Program, Graduate Program, UniversitasSriwijaya, Padang Selasa, Bukit Besar Palembang, 30139\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 193,\n \"width\": 335,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"2 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, UniversitasSriwijaya, InderalayaOganIlir, 30662\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 204,\n \"width\": 348,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"3 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science,UniversitasSriwijaya,Inderalaya, OganIlir, 30662\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 175,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"* Corresponding Author: pujilukitowati@yahoo.com\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 262,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Abstract\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 288,\n \"width\": 519,\n \"height\": 151,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Contamination by organic matters, nutrient, pathogenic bacteria, micro pollutant and detergent/surfactant caused quality decrease of water in tidal zone. This study was aimed to evaluate quality of various water resources and to elaborate correlation between tidal environment condition and water resources quality at Muliasari village district of Tanjung Lago. Water sample was taken by purposive sampling method. Analysis result using Storet method showed average value of several parameters at high tide are: temperature 31.37 ° C;TSS 74.28 mg/L;pH 3.38; salinity 1.82; DO 5.05 mg/L; BOD 32.51 mg/L; COD 98.5 mg/L; ammonia 0.29 mg/L; phosphate 0.1690 mg/L; Fe 0.272 mg/L and Coliform 0.31/100 mg/L. At low tide these parameters had values for temperature 27.13 ° C; TSS 67.14 mg/L; pH 3.38; salinity 1.7; DO 4.86 mg/L; BOD 14.13 mg/L; COD 43.71; ammonia 0.244 mg/L; phosphate 0.1695 mg/L; Fe 0.232 mg/L and Coliform 0.32/100 mg/L. According to Governor’s provision no.16/2005 on water quality standard, water from various resources of Muliasari village were moderately polluted. Domestic waste water management is needed at this area followed by training and enhance occupant’s awareness to maintain hygiene and environment quality. Monitoring effort is also necessary on water resources quality for at least once every 6 months.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 451,\n \"width\": 192,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: Water quality, tidal zone, domestic waste\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 476,\n \"width\": 111,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Abstrak (Indonesian)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 466,\n \"top\": 476,\n \"width\": 61,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article Info\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 501,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 148,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Air yang terkontaminasibahanorganik, nutrient, bakteripatogen, mikro polutan dan detergen/ surfaktan menyebabkan menurunnya kualitas suatu perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kualitas berbagai sumber air, mengkaji hubungan kualitas lingkungan daerah pasang surut terhadap kualitas berbagai sumber air di desa Muliasari Kecamatan Tanjung Lago. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei. Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air di desa Muliasari berdasarkan analisis dengan menggunakan metode storetmaka diperoleh nilai rata-rata suhu pasang (31,37 0 C) surut (27,13 0 C). TSS pasang (74,28 mg/L) surut (67,14 mg/L). pH pasang (3,38) surut (3,38). Salinitas pasang (1,82) surut (1,7). DO pasang (5,05 mg/L) surut (4,86 mg/L). BOD pasang (32,51 mg/L) surut (14,13 mg/L). COD pasang (98,5 mg/L) surut (43,71 mg/L). Amonia pasang (0,29 mg/L) surut (0,244 mg/L). Fosfat pasang (0,1690 mg/L) surut (0,1695 mg/L). Fe pasang (0,272 mg/L) surut (0,232 mg/L). Coliform pasang (0,31/100\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 650,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"mg/L) surut (0,32/100 mg/L). Status mutu air di desa Muliasari berdasarkanPeraturanGubernurSumsel No.16 Th. 2005 tentang baku mutu air masuk dalam kategori cemar sedang. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut maka perlu adanya pengelolaan limbah domestic, sosialisasi dan pelatihan kesadaran masyarakat untuk menjaga kebersihan, dan upaya pemantauan kualitas air sungai paling sedikit 1 kali dalamsetiap 6 bulan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 724,\n \"width\": 185,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: kualitas air, pasangsurut, limbahdomestik\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 466,\n \"top\": 501,\n \"width\": 101,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Received 4 March 2017 Received in revised 19 May 2017 Accepted 2 June 2017 Available online 15 June 2017\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"40\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 95,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 103,\n \"width\": 239,\n \"height\": 110,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Water is the most important environmental component for human life. It is needed by mostly living organism on its living process on earth [1]. Poor quality of water can trigger many problems to human. Clean and provide in enough quantity of water on the other hand are something to be expected by community to fulfill daily needed and other activities. Among the activities need enough clean water are manufactures, city sanitation and crops fields.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 240,\n \"height\": 210,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Low quality of water caused decrease in life support of environment and ecosystem to human and other creatures in the area. It will affect directly to the safety and healthstatus especially for human being. Low quality of water also reduced productivity, decrease its capacity to provide resources and eventually decrease the ability of natural to provide resources. Contamination by organic matters, nutrient, pathogenic bacteria, micro pollutant and detergent/surfactant came from domestic waste are believe to be responsible for dropping quality of water [2]. In order to evaluate the quality of water from various resources and its correlation to tidal zone environmental condition, research was conducted at Muliasari village of Tanjung Lago district. This study was aimed to provide insight and new approach of environmental management in the area to fulfill domestic needed on water.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 437,\n \"width\": 156,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"MATERIALS AND METHODS\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 449,\n \"width\": 239,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Research was conducted on May until July 2016 at Primary channels, Secondary channel SPD, Tertiary channel and pond located at Muliasari Village. Samples\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 316,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 239,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"were taken from 7 different stations at the village namely; station 1 (primary channel), station 2 (SPD canal at tertiary channel 2), station 3 (tertiary channel 2), station 4 (pond at tertiary channel 2), station 5 (SPD canal at tertiary channel 6), station 6 (tertiary channel 6) and station (pond at tertiary channel 6).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 318,\n \"top\": 365,\n \"width\": 235,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 1. Research location maps at Muliasari Village Tanjung Lago District (Source:Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Banyuasin Districts, 2014)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 316,\n \"top\": 410,\n \"width\": 239,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Data was gathered by using survey method combined with chemical analysis in laboratory. Water sample was taken by purposing sampling method i.e. sample location was picked up intentionally. Research station and location coordinate point were depicted on Table 1:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 511,\n \"width\": 413,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 1 Stations and research location coordinate point at Muliasari village Tanjung Lago district\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 530,\n \"width\": 374,\n \"height\": 225,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Station Position Latitude (South) Longitude (East) Station 1(Primary channel) 2 0 39’59.3” 104 0 44’08.6” Station 2(SPD canal at TC 2) 2 0 38’37.3” 104 0 44’32.9” Station 3(Tertiary channel 2) 2 0 38’22.4” 104 0 44’31.1” Station 4(Pond at TC 2) 2 0 38’36.9” 104 0 44’35.4” Station 5(SPD canal at TC 6) 2 0 38’07.1” 104 0 44’29.2” Station 6(Tertiary channel 6) 2 0 38’14.3” 104 0 44’30.5” Station 7(Pond at TC 6) 2 0 38’11.2” 104 0 44.30.1” Table 2. Classification of water quality according to Storet method No Class Score Status Remark 1 Class A 0 Very good Fulfill threshold 2 Class B -1 s/d -10 Good Lightly polluted 3 Class C -11 s/d -30 Moderate Moderately polluted 4 Class D ≥ -30 Bad Heavily polluted Source: Provision of Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"41\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 357,\n \"height\": 119,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 3Scoring system to determined water quality status Sample amount Score Parameter physic chemistry biology < 10 Maximum Minimum Average -1 -1 -3 -2 -2 -6 -3 -3 -9 >10 Maximum Minimum Average -2 -2 -6 -4 -4 -12 -6 -6 -18\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 80,\n \"top\": 210,\n \"width\": 267,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: Provision of Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 234,\n \"width\": 247,\n \"height\": 86,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Water quality measurement was carried out in situ and ex situ (BTKL laboratory Palembang). Physical parameters being determined were temperature whereas chemical parameters were pH, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate and Fe. Coliform was the only biological parameter being identified. All measurements were done twice at low and high tide events.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 321,\n \"width\": 246,\n \"height\": 148,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Conclusion on water quality status was confirmed according to Storet method by comparing water quality data with quality standard threshold provisioned by Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003 and South Sumatera Governor no. 16/2005. Class of water quality status was determined based on classification system by US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). According to the system, water quality was divided into 4 classes (Table 2). Scoring on water quality was made based on measurement results on physical, chemical and biological properties as depicted in Table 3.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 482,\n \"width\": 145,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"RESULT AND DISCUSSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 494,\n \"width\": 247,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Water quality concern with its properties, organisms contained and other components confined. Water quality determine quantitatively using several\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 309,\n \"top\": 234,\n \"width\": 246,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"parameters including temperature, pH, salinity, DO, OD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate, Fe and Coliform . Result of samples measurement compare with water quality threshold for water taken from river provisioned by authority was displayed on figures below.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 309,\n \"top\": 308,\n \"width\": 104,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Average Temperature\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 309,\n \"top\": 327,\n \"width\": 246,\n \"height\": 139,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Average temperature detected on the water during high tide was between 30.25 - 32.55 ° C whereas during low tide was between 30.55 - 33.2 ° C. Aquatic organism is able to survive only within certain temperature range. If water temperature goes too far from forbearance range, it can compromise the ability of organism to survive. Sunlight radiation is the main factor that influence water temperature. Significant contribution also provided by rock, sand and mud condition at the tidal zone. Temperature in 7 locations of research at high and low tide are represent on Figure 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 309,\n \"top\": 466,\n \"width\": 246,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"According to quality threshold provided by Governor’s provision no. 16/2005, water temperature on high and low tide at Muliasari Village still fulfill temperature range between 25 ° C - 35 ° C as required.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 65,\n \"top\": 666,\n \"width\": 487,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 2. Result of water temperature measurement on high and low tide atMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"42\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 212,\n \"width\": 241,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 3. TSSanalysis result on soils at high and low tide\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 128,\n \"top\": 359,\n \"width\": 361,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 4. Result of pH measurement on water at high and low tide, Muliasari Village\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 505,\n \"width\": 426,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 5. Salinity measurement result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 76,\n \"top\": 652,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 6. Laboratory analysis result of DOat high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"43\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 212,\n \"width\": 392,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 7. BOD analysis result at high and low tide of MuliasariVillageTanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 102,\n \"top\": 371,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 8. COD analysis result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 96,\n \"top\": 530,\n \"width\": 408,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 9. Result ofammonia analysis at high and low tideMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 665,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 10. Result on Phosphate analysis of water from Muliasari Village at high and low tide\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"44\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 140,\n \"top\": 212,\n \"width\": 318,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 11. Fe analysis result of water at high and low tide Muliasari Village\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 101,\n \"top\": 361,\n \"width\": 396,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 12. Coliformresult of analysis on water samples at high and low tide, Muliasari Village\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 386,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Total Suspended Solid\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 404,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 127,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Total suspended solid related to water turbidity which comprise of mud, fine sand and microorganism. Result of TSS measurement is display on Figure 3. Average value obtained for this parameter is 30 - 130 mg/L at high tide and 20 - 170 mg/L at low tide. Highest value of TSS at high tide was found at station 2 (SPD canal at Tertiary 2) and lowest value was detected at station 1 (Primary channel). At low tide, highest TSS value was found at station 1 (Primary channel) whereas lowest TSS was found out at station 5 (SPD canal at Tertiary 6).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 152,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"High TSS value correspond to human activities such as farming, livestock, toilet and bathing. Increase of turbidity in water are directly influenced by high TSS contained. Suspended matters contaminated causedturbid water [3]. Suspended matters can be organic such as biomass, microorganism and inorganic such as clay and dust [4]. Turbidity due to high TSS might hampered sunlight penetration which is important for metabolism of organisms. Result of TSS measurement also appears that at high tide, station 2 - 5 does not meet quality threshold approved as well as station 1 - 3 at low tide. The allowed threshold approved according to authority is 50 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 695,\n \"width\": 62,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Acidity (pH)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 714,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Average value of pH measured at tidal zone is 3.15- 3.52 at high tide and 3.15-3.55 at low tide. The result shows no significance different of pH during high and low tide.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 386,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"pH value obtained both at high and low tide show water in this area is acid. The existence of dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonate ions create acid condition in the body of water [5]. Carbon dioxide and carbonate ions are well known as acid forming chemical species. It chemical interaction with water could create acid compound such as H 2 CO 3 . Acidity of water can be decreased if the amount of these species in water is reduced.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 485,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 75,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Threshold value for pH of water according to governor’s provision is between 6 - 9. By this rule, water at all station where samples acquired does not meet acidity allowed. Environmental management certainly needed to overcome this situation and make water in the area can be used safely.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 573,\n \"width\": 35,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Salinity\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 592,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 50,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Salinity is a measure of salt content in water. Samples taken from station 1 through 7 shows salinity as depicted on Figure 5. Average value of salinity found at 1.3 - 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 643,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 73,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Salinity shows a slight different between high and low tide. Salinity increase when salt water from ocean approaches land at high tide. At low tide, sea water was pulled and caused to decrease salinity. Water pool in pond at TC 2 and TC 6 shows same value of salinity. This certainly due to no sea water influence affect salinity.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 729,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dissolved Oxygen (DO)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"45\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 6 shows laboratory analysis result of dissolve oxygen (DO) water samples from all station. At high tide, DO has average 4.15 - 5.5 mg/L whereas at low tide it has between 3.65 to 5.35 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 141,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 148,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Samples water from high tide shows slightly higher DO than at low tide. Water circulation from ocean at high tide contribute to increase DO of water. Lower DO at low tide might cause by addition of organic and inorganic materials from shore whilst water amount is decrease. Dry season also gave contribution to lowering DO at low tide. Fallen leaf and branches from plant certainly increase contamination of water by organic matters hence decrease dissolved oxygen [1]. Dissolved oxygen is important for organism metabolism. Minimum requirement according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is 6. According to this rule, all station has DO value below threshold approved.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 302,\n \"width\": 168,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 320,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Result from laboratory analysis on BOD shows that at high tide samples has value between 1.95 to 58.2 mg/L whereas at low tide 1.89 to 40.25 mg/L. It appears from Figure 7 that samples from high tide has higher BOD than from low tide.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 382,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 152,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Organic materials decompose biologically in water by microorganism in the present of oxygen supply. Large amount of BOD concentration means high amount of organic wastes need to be decomposed by microorganism [6]. Some samples show higher than other on its BOD indicate the existence ofhighly decomposition process by bacteria while other is relatively low. According to data displayed at high tide, station 2 - 7 has BOD value higher than threshold approved by authority while at low tide station 1 - 3 shows same result. The threshold value maximum for biological oxygen demand according to Governor’s provision is 2 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 165,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 565,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 86,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the capacity of water to use up oxygen during decomposition of organic matter and oxidation of inorganic substances such as ammonia and nitrite. COD value obtained from laboratory analysis at high tide is between 7 to 172.5 mg/L while at low tide between 6 to 127.5 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 651,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"High COD value indicate large amount of waste water with organic content from settlement has been discharged into the tidal zone. This domestic waste usually discarded via drainage which flow to the river and eventually came to the shore. Agricultural activity in addition to settlement also gave contribution to highly COD detected [7].As can be seen on Figure 8, High COD value which proved do not meet standard assigned by Governor’s provision are station 2 - 7 at high tide and\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"station 1 - 3 at low tide. COD according to the provision should have maximum value at 10 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 129,\n \"width\": 46,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Ammonia\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 147,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Average value of ammonia content in the water samples as depicted on Figure 9 are 0.155 to 0.4 mg/L at high tide and 0.16 to 0.45 mg/L at low tide. The highest sources of ammonia are nature origin; from decomposing biomass and from the excreta of humans and animals. Man-made sources also available and give contribution such as the use of fertilizers and waste disposal sites or industrial processes.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 246,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 173,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Environment assessment at the location confirmed that excessive use of fertilizer and domestic waste from near-by settlement influenced ammonia concentration in the water. Linier correlation between high concentration of ammonia and intense activity from agriculture using fertilizers and settlement without waste management had been reported [5]. Poor drainage and sanitation is also give rise of ammonia in water environment. Standard quality threshold for ammonia according to the rule is 0.5 mg/L maximum, hence the water still meet the criteria required. Fertilizer and domestic waste although gave rise on ammonia level, still can be tolerate by environment. Caution certainly must be applied due to ammonia level just slightly below maximum level approved by authority.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 432,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Phosphate\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 450,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analysis of Phosphate on the water samples conducted at laboratory gave average result 0.1605 to 0.1935 mg/L at high tide and 0.1575 to 0.183 mg/L at low tide. The result as displayed on Figure 10 is slightly different between one sample’s station to another.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 512,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Phosphate is ions form of phosphorus, an element largely found naturally in rock and other mineral deposits. There are three different form of Phosphate: orthophosphate, metaphosphate and organically bound Phosphate. Orthophosphate in addition to natural processes also can be produced from man-influenced sources such as sewage treatment, agricultural sites and application of particular fertilizer [8].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 611,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 111,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Phosphate is ionic compound which practically soluble in water environment. It is harmless except if it exists in very high level. At high concentration Phosphate can caused digestive problem to human and animal. Water quality threshold approved for Phosphate content is 0.2 mg/L maximum. Result from samples analysis shows maximum for high tide is 0.1935 and low tide 0.183 mg/L. By this condition, all station still fulfill requirement as class I water for daily utilization.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 42,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Iron (Fe)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"46\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Laboratory analysis carried out to determine Fe obtained 0.155 to 0.325 mg/L at high tide and 0.185 to 0.31 mg/L at low tide. Iron dissolved in water in two different ion form: Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ or commonly known as Ferro and Ferri ions. Its form depends on acidity of water and availability of oxygen.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 164,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 114,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"` At pH 7.5 - 7.7, Ferri ions is oxidized and form chemical bond with hydroxide to produced Fe(OH) 3 which is insoluble and precipitated at the bottom in reddish color. Insoluble iron deuce can only be found in anaerobic and acid water [5]. Iron content > 1.0 mg/L in water environment is hazardous for aquatic organism live [5]. Water quality threshold for iron in water is 0.3 mg/L which is not fulfill by sample water from station 1 at high tide and station 4 and 5 at low tide.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 291,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Coliform\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 310,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Coliform bacteria are indicator organism for the presence of pathogens in the water sample. According to laboratory resultobtained, maximum content of Coliform in the water samples are 1.1 at high tide and 2.25 at low tide per 100 mL water.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 372,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 160,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Most of stations where samples were taken showed no Coliform found in the water. Samples which were detected Coliform is Station 3, 4 and 5 in a very small number. Generally, Coliform is settled in the bottom of water. Affected by water flow in and out at tidal event, the bacteria appeared to be hard to grow optimally hence almost none was found. Coliforms are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes. They come into the water via runoff from poor drainage through river and increase especially at dry season [9]. Maximum 100 per mL water is still tolerate according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 for class I water.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 545,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to Storet method\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 576,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 86,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Status on water quality at Muliasari village was determined according to Storet method. The method is carried out by comparing analysis result and quality threshold approved by Governor’s provision no 16/2005. Score acquired by Storet method is -27 for high tide and 27 for low tide indicate water is moderately polluted and categorized as class C water.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 674,\n \"width\": 79,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 687,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the findings of this study the following conclusions can be drawn:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 712,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1. Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to The Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is moderately polluted and can be classified into C class.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"2. Several parameters do not meet threshold allowed i.e. pH, DO, BOD and COD while others such as ammonia, Fe, Phosphate and Coliform has value slightly below maximum value allowed by the authority.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 152,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 49,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"3. It is necessary for residents in the research location to increase their awareness on waste domestic management as well as agricultural to maintain and monitor water quality.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 78,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"REFERENCES\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 226,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[1] W.A. Wardhana, DampakPencemaranLingkungan , Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta, 2004.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 251,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[2] A. Chinyama, Sustainable Sanitation Systems for Low Income Urban Areas-A Case of the City of Bulowayo, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth ,50-52:233 - 238, 2012.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 302,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 49,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[3] Fisesa. E.D., I. Setyobudiandi dan M. Krisanti. 2014. Kondisi Perairan dan Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobenthos di Sungai Belumai, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Depik. 3 (1):\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 352,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1-9. [4] Manik, Karden Eddy Sontang. PengelolaanLingkunganHidup. Djambatan. 2009.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 389,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[5] H. Effendi, Telaahkualitas air: Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta, 2003.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 426,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[6] Yuliastuti, E. 2011. Kajian Kualitas Air Sungai Nginro dalam Upaya Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Tesis. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 463,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 75,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[7] A.B. Supangat, PengaruhberbagaiPenggunaanLahanTerhadapKuali tas Air Sungai dikawasanHutanPinus di Gombong, Kebumen, Jawa Tengah. JurnalPenelitianHutandanKonservasiAlam. Vol.5. No.3. pp 267 - 276, 2008.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 539,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 75,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[8] J.R. Casali, J.Gimenez, J.Diez, J.D.C. Alvarez- Moros, M. de Lersundi, M.A.Goni, Y.Campo, R. Chahor, J. Gastesi, Lopez,Sediment production and water quality of watersheds with contrasting land use in Navarre (Spain) . Agricultural Water Management, 97 pp.1683 - 1694, 2010.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 614,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 64,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[9] Feliatra, Sebaran Bakteri Eschericia coli di PerairanMuara Sungai Bantan Tengah Bengkalis Riau. FakultasPerikanandanKelautan, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru. JurusanBiogen. Vol 1, hal 178 - 181, 2002.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 678,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"10. Peraturan Gubernur Sumatera Selatan Nomor 16 Tahun 2005 Tentang Peruntukan Air dan Baku Mutu Air Sungai.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":192,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"088e147a-70f2-dbb9-dea3-5438aaaa6d09"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://lpppipublishing.com/index.php/ijessm/article/download/200/178"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":176,"top":40,"width":296,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM)","type":"Title"},{"left":229,"top":68,"width":188,"height":26,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"e-ISSN : 2775-4154 Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023","type":"Text"},{"left":142,"top":94,"width":362,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The International Journal of Education, Social Studies, and Management (IJESSM) is published 3 times a year ( February, Juny, November ).","type":"Text"},{"left":141,"top":124,"width":325,"height":13,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Focus : Education, Social, Economy, Management, And Culture.","type":"List item"},{"left":141,"top":139,"width":292,"height":13,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"LINK : http://lpppipublishing.com/index.php/ijessm","type":"Text"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"106","type":"Page footer"},{"left":104,"top":179,"width":391,"height":34,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analysis Of The Application Of The Full Costing Method In Calculating The Cost Of Goods Produced (Cogs) Caftan","type":"Text"},{"left":147,"top":213,"width":309,"height":34,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"For Determining Selling Prices (Case Study On Caftan Production At Viahijab Store)","type":"Text"},{"left":195,"top":260,"width":209,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dwi Candrika 1 , Iskandar Ali Alam 2 1,2 Bandar Lampung University, Indonesia","type":"Text"},{"left":98,"top":334,"width":76,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ARTICLE INFO","type":"Section header"},{"left":104,"top":346,"width":64,"height":25,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article history: Received","type":"Text"},{"left":95,"top":371,"width":82,"height":62,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"22 December 2023 Revised 07 January 2024 Accepted 20 January 2024","type":"Table"},{"left":316,"top":290,"width":64,"height":13,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ABSTRACT","type":"Section header"},{"left":100,"top":304,"width":408,"height":225,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"This research was carried out to analyze the application of the full costing method in calculating the cost of produced (COGS) of caftans for determining selling prices. This research was carried out at the Viahijab Store using qualitative analysis techniques, where data has collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies. From the results of research that has carried out, the calculation of the cost of produced (COGS) and selling price using company calculations produces lower prices when compared to using the full costing method. Where the results of selling price calculations using the company method produce Rp. 186,540.3 per Caftan, while the calculation results from full costing are Rp. 200,040.3 per piece, this shows a difference of Rp. 13,500 per piece of Caftan. This is due to the difference in cost between the company method and the full costing method. Keywords Cost of Goods Produced, Full Costing, Selling Price Doi 10.52121/ijessm.v3i3.200 Corresponding Author :","type":"Table"},{"left":190,"top":511,"width":141,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"dwi.20011204@student.ubl.ac.id","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":546,"width":105,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"INTRODUCTION","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":563,"width":429,"height":100,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Caftan products are an important part of the clothing industry that has unique characteristics and aesthetic values. Caftan products have gained significant popularity among consumers looking for a comfortable and exclusive style. In the context of increasingly fierce competition in the clothing market, determining selling prices accurately is a critical element that has a significant impact on the success of companies in this sector.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":666,"width":428,"height":83,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Determining the right selling price involves a deep understanding of the cost of producing caftans. Selling price has a key role in influencing consumer purchasing decisions. Factors such as product quality, brand perception, and price balance are the main determinants in choosing or not a product by consumers. This is because accurate selling price calculations are very","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"107","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":65,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"important to achieve optimal profits and maintain competitiveness in the market. Based on Mulyadi's (2012) narrative, as quoted by (Siregar, 2020), determining the method of calculating production costs is a method to identify cost components and combine them into overall production costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":154,"width":429,"height":151,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculating production costs is an important task for enterprises to dig up the overall costs required in the process of producing goods or providing services. Operational effectiveness is key to competing in a competitive market. For this reason, setting a balanced COGS and fair selling price, which is not below or above market standards, is a strategic step. The calculation of this production cost involves several elements, including the cost of raw materials, workers' salaries, and other indirect costs (Lestari et al., 2019). Based on Haryono's (2005) narration, as quoted by (Cahyani, 2019), production costs involve all expenses needed to create manufactured products.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":308,"width":428,"height":152,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The determination of the sales price of a product is closely related to how accurately the COGS calculation is carried out to identify errors that can have an impact on the sales price itself (Bintang Komara, 2016). Selling prices and production costs that are set too expensive or cheap can have significant consequences, especially on large-scale production. Inaccuracies in the calculation of production costs and pricing for sales can cause adverse financial impacts and the potential loss of clients becomes a risk, given that production costs directly affect the determination of the selling price of products. (Nadia Astuti et al., 2020).","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":463,"width":429,"height":151,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"In an effort to calculate and minimize potential errors when estimating COGS, it is better for the company to implement a comprehensive cost calculation system, especially by applying the full costing method. Based on quotes (Fadli & Rizka ramayanti, 2020) according to V. Wiratna Sujarweni (2019), the full costing method refers to the calculation strategy used to determine the cost of goods products. This approach involves the inclusion of all production costs, both variable and fixed, into the calculation of costs for the goods being produced. This procedure involves allocating all production costs to a product, including variable costs as well as fixed costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":617,"width":428,"height":117,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the description above, the focus of this research is focused on 3 main questions, namely: first, How does Viahijab Store carry out COGS calculations and determine product selling prices? Second, How does Viahijab Store calculate COGS by utilizing the full costing method? Third, how does the comparison occur between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store when using the method /company approach and calculation using full costing method/approach?.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"108","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":429,"height":99,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The objectives of this research are: (1) To understand how Viahijab Store calculates COGS and determines the selling price of its products. (2) To understand how to determine COGS of Viahijab Store when applying a full costing approach. (3) To analyze the comparison that occurs between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store using the company's method and the calculation using the full costing method.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":205,"width":138,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"RESEARCH METHODE","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":222,"width":429,"height":117,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"This study was conducted at Viahijab Store located in Bandar Lampung, using a qualitative approach. In accordance with the view (Sugiyono, 2018), qualitative methods are rooted in the philosophy of postpositivism to examine the natural conditions of the object of study, with researchers trying to describe in detail the actual situation based on collected data and in-depth analysis of the object under study. And this research is sourced from primary data and secondary data.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":342,"width":429,"height":186,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Primary data is information obtained directly from the source by conducting direct interaction between researchers and informants. The primary data applied to this study was by conducting direct interviews with the owner of ViahijabStore. Conversely, secondary data is indirect information obtained through intermediaries such as the internet, books, journals, and other media. Secondary data are used to provide additional information and context regarding the problem in the study. Caftans were sampled in this study. The duration of the data in this study is one year, where the focus is on calculating the cost of goods produced by the Viahijab Store during the period. To collect data on this study, the techniques chosen include observation, interviews, and literature studies.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":531,"width":429,"height":100,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The data analysis method consists of pre-field, during field, and post-field analysis, which is carried out in three stages. The initial stage involves reducing data to facilitate accurate and detailed data collection and recording. The second stage involves presenting the data in the form of an essential and informative short narrative. The final stage is to draw conclusions and verify the data that has been collected with existing data from the field.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":650,"width":166,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"RESULT AND DISCUSSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":667,"width":309,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced \"Viahijab Store\"","type":"Text"},{"left":114,"top":684,"width":385,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The costs incurred by Viahijab Store in producing caftans are as follows:","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":701,"width":125,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Cost of Raw Materials","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":717,"width":429,"height":32,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The cost of raw materials is a crucial element in the calculation of COGS. It covers the entire cost associated with the acquisition of materials necessary for","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"109","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":65,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"production, which includes logistical costs such as shipping and storage, taxes associated with purchasing, and all other costs directly related to the purchase of such raw materials. The following are the details of the Cost of Raw Materials obtained from Viahijab Store:","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":154,"width":428,"height":121,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 1. Production Raw Material Cost of 8,000 Pcs Caftan for a Year No. Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) 1 Fabric (2,5 Cm) 8.000 Pcs 29.000 580.000 2 Bead 8.000 Pcs 25.000 200.000 3 Zipper 8.000 Pcs 5.000 40.000 4 Yarn 8.000 Pcs 3.000 24.000 Total Amount 844.000","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":276,"width":282,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":302,"width":428,"height":32,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"By referring to table 1 Raw Material Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.844,000,000","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":337,"width":108,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Direct Labor Costs","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":353,"width":428,"height":117,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"These direct labor costs generally include wages or salaries paid to workers whose duties are specific to the production process, such as machine operators, assembly workers, and sewing workers in the case of textile production. Effective management of these direct labor costs is important for companies to maintain operational efficiency and product price competitiveness. Here is a breakdown of direct labor costs obtained from Viahijab Store:","type":"Text"},{"left":93,"top":473,"width":407,"height":59,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 2. Direct Labor Costs No. Description Unit Price (Rp) Total 1 Direct Labor Cost 8.000 35.000 280.000.000","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":547,"width":254,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed from primary data Viahijab Store","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":574,"width":429,"height":31,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the table of Direct Labor Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.280,000,000.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":608,"width":164,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Factory Overhead Cost (FOC)","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":624,"width":429,"height":117,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"FOC typically covers costs such as building rent or amortization, utilities such as electricity and water, equipment and machine maintenance, and salaries of support staff not directly involved in the manufacture of the product. These costs contribute to the company's ability to maintain production capacity and product quality, as well as support functions such as managing, research and development, and plant safety. Below is a breakdown of Factory Overhead Costs obtained from Viahijab Store:","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"110","type":"Page footer"},{"left":276,"top":85,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 3.","type":"Section header"},{"left":198,"top":100,"width":203,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Factory Overhaed Cost For One Year","type":"Caption"},{"left":88,"top":115,"width":414,"height":153,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"No. Description Total (Rp) 1 Factory Rent 60.000.000 2 Machine Depreciation 9.702.000 3 Freight Cost 600.000 4 Packaging 2.400.000 5 Label 2.400.000 6 Utilities (electricity, Water) 8.000.000 7 Indirect Labor Cost 36.000.000 8 Auxiliary Materials 500.000 Total Amount 119.602.000","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":269,"width":261,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":296,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the Factory Overhead Cost table, the total cost obtained is Rp.119,602,000.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":330,"width":261,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":346,"width":428,"height":152,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Bastian Bustami and Nurlela (2010), with reference to research (Wardoyo, 2016), explained that COGS involves the entire cost of production, including factory overhead, direct labor costs, and direct costs of raw materials. COGS is an important metric that helps companies to set appropriate selling prices, monitor production efficiency, and manage profit margins. Precise calculation of cost of goods produced allows companies to identify potential cost savings, evaluate product performance, and make strategic decisions based on accurate cost information. The following are the details of the calculation of cost of goods produced:","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":501,"width":417,"height":136,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 4. Cost of Goods Produced Calculation According to Viahijab Store Description Total (Rp) Direct Labor Cost 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Cost 119.602.000 Raw Material Cost 844.000.000 Total Cost 1.243.602.000 Production Amount 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 155.450,25","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":638,"width":282,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":665,"width":428,"height":48,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"From the COGS calculation table above, the total cost recorded was Rp.1,243,602,000 for the production of 8000 pcs of caftan. Therefore, the average cost of goods produced per caftan can be calculated as Rp.155,450.25.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"111","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":85,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS) using the Full Costing Method","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":119,"width":428,"height":168,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Mulyadi (2005), as quoted in (Maghfirah & BZ, 2016), elaborated on the production costing approach known as full costing involving the allocation of overall production costs, including direct labor costs, raw material costs, and factory overhead costs consisting of variable and fixed elements. The full costing method is an accounting method that allocates all product costs, both direct and indirect costs, into product costs consisting of direct raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, both fixed and variable. In other words, this method takes into account the entire cost of production in setting the selling price of a product. The elements of calculating COGS Kaftan at Viahijab Store include:","type":"Text"},{"left":276,"top":290,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 5.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":304,"width":430,"height":368,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan at Viahijab Store using Full Costing Method in 2023 No Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) Cost of Production Raw Materials 1. Fabric(2.5 cm) 8.000 pcs 29.000 580.000.000 2. Bead 8.000 pcs 25.000 200.000.000 3. Zipper 8.000 pcs 5.000 40.000.000 Total Cost of Production Raw Materials 820.000.000 Direct Labor Costs 1. Direct Labor 8.000 35.000 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Costs 1. Factory Rent 60.000.000 2. Depreciation Machine 9.702.000 3. Freight Cost 600.000 4. Packaging 2.400.000 5. Label 2.400.000 6. Machine Maintenance 10.000.000 7. Helper Materials 24.500.000 8. Utilities (water,electricity) 8.000.000 9. Labor (Store Employees) 36.000.000 Total Number of FOC 233.602.000 Production Quantity (pcs) 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 166.700,25","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":673,"width":263,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":700,"width":429,"height":48,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the table 5, the calculation of the cost of raw materials for making 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp.820,000,000 where to make caftans only cloth, mote, and zippers while yarn will later be classified into auxiliary costs. Then,","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"112","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":99,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"the total cost for direct labor is Rp.280,000,000. For direct labor calculations, there is no difference between calculations made by Viahijab Store and the full costing method. Furthermore, from the calculation of overhead costs above amounted to Rp.233,602,000.The total costs accumulated in the table above reached Rp.1,243,602,000 for the manufacture of 8000 pcs of caftans. Thus, the average production cost per caftan can be calculated at Rp.155,450.25.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":188,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analysis of Cost of Goods Produced between Company Calculation and Calculation using Full Costing method","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":222,"width":429,"height":48,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Below is explained the comparison in calculating the cost of goods produced by caftans between Viahijab Store and the company, and based on the use of the full costing method:","type":"Text"},{"left":276,"top":273,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 6.","type":"Text"},{"left":97,"top":290,"width":405,"height":30,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Comparison of Cost of Goods Produced According to Viahijab Store with Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced based on Full Costing method","type":"Text"},{"left":115,"top":324,"width":380,"height":59,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) UMKM Full Costing Metodh Caftan 155.450,25 . 166.700,25 11.250","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":384,"width":282,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":409,"width":429,"height":117,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The table provided shows that the application of the full costing method by \"Viahijab Store\" leads to a higher calculation of cost of goods produced. This happens because the cost of maintaining the machine is included in the calculation of the plant's overhead costs. Although it causes COGS calculated by the full costing method to be higher than the company's calculation, the full costing method provides a more comprehensive and accurate picture of all production costs involved during the production cycle.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":529,"width":429,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Inaccuracy in allocating factory overhead costs has a direct impact on the accuracy of COGS calculations. COGS calculated by the company's internal methods is lower than it should be because not all machine maintenance costs are included in factory overhead costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":598,"width":429,"height":134,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"In the full costing method, every cost associated with the production of caftans is taken into account in detail. Although this method may result in a higher cost of goods figure, the resulting calculation is considered more accurate because it covers all cost components, including the cost of maintaining the machine. Full costing involves all activities related to the production process into the calculation of cost of goods produced, inaccurate allocation of factory overhead costs in the company's method results in lower COGS, due to lack of calculation of machine maintenance costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":735,"width":240,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation in Selling Price Determination","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"113","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":429,"height":65,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Halim and Supomo (2005) as quoted in (Putro & Roni, 2022), which states that selling price refers to total costs, involving production costs, marketing costs, and administrative and general costs, plus the profit (markup) desired by the company.","type":"Text"},{"left":276,"top":154,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 7.","type":"Text"},{"left":96,"top":171,"width":406,"height":170,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Viahijab Store Selling Price with Company Method and Full Costing Method Description Price (Rp) Company Method Full Costing Metodh Production Cost (COGS/Year) 1.243.602.000 1.333.602.000 Expected Percentage 20% 20% 248.720.400 266.720.400 Total Sale Price 1.492.322.400 1.600.322.400 Total Production 8.000 8.000 Selling Price/Pcs 186.540,3 200.040,3","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":342,"width":263,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":367,"width":429,"height":134,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"From the information presented in the table 7, it can be seen that the total revenue from Caftan sales using the company's internal method reached Rp. 1,492,322,400, with a sales value per unit of caftan of Rp. 186,540.3.While the total value of Caftan sales calculated by applying the full costing method is Rp. 1,600,322,400, with the price per unit for each Caftan set at Rp. 200,040.3. The price of each unit is generated by adding a profit margin of 20%, according to the profit target set by the company, into the total cost of production, and then dividing this amount by the total units produced.","type":"Text"},{"left":276,"top":504,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 8.","type":"Text"},{"left":97,"top":521,"width":404,"height":79,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Comparison of selling prices between the company's method and the full costing method Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) Company Metodh Full Costing Metodh Caftan Rp.186.540,3 Rp. 200.040,3 Rp.13.500","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":601,"width":155,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed by the author","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":630,"width":428,"height":117,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the information presented in the table 8, it can be seen that the figure resulting from the calculation of the company's method for the cost of goods produced shows a lower value compared to the figure produced from the full costing method. The reason for this difference is that the full costing method incorporates all cost elements, including direct and indirect costs, into its calculations. Based on the full costing method, the total cost of production for 8,000 pieces of Caftan is Rp. 1,333,602,000. Conversely, with the company's","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"114","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"method, the cost of goods produced for the same amount is calculated to be Rp. 1,243,602,000.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":120,"width":428,"height":100,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The difference that appears in the calculation of cost of goods produced between the method used by the company and the full costing method comes from the allocation of BOP. In the application of the full costing method, all factory overhead costs, including machine maintenance costs, are calculated in detail. Meanwhile, the calculations made by the company do not include the cost of maintaining the machine in the calculation of their overhead costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":223,"width":429,"height":151,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The difference in calculating the cost of goods produced between the approach taken by the company and that taken by the full costing method affects the determination of selling prices. This is illustrated in Table 12. which shows a comparison of selling prices. The table shows that the price per unit of Caftan calculated by the company's method is around Rp. 186,540.3, while the full costing method gives a figure of Rp. 200,040.3 per unit, with a difference of around Rp. 13,500. This significant difference indicates that the application of calculating the cost of goods produced with the full costing method can contribute to improving the company's business performance.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":393,"width":92,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":410,"width":428,"height":340,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the results of the Analysis of the Application of the Full Costing Method in the Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan for Determining Selling Prices at the Viahijab Store, the researcher concluded among others: 1. Viahijab Store calculates production costs and sets its selling price with a simple approach. Production costs taken in the calculation include raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs. Despite this, the company has not fully complied with the principles of cost accounting in calculating factory overhead costs. 2. The use of the full costing method in calculating COGS by Viahijab Store can contribute to optimizing company profits. This is because the full costing method is more accurate and thorough so that it reflects the actual cost of calculating production costs. 3. The application of the full costing method in calculating COGS results in higher production costs compared to the company method caused by differences in factory overhead costs. In the full costing method, all components of factory overhead costs are included in the calculation of cost of goods produced. Meanwhile, in the method applied by the company, there is no accuracy in calculating factory overhead costs. Therefore, there are differences in the calculation results that arise due to differences in the distribution of factory overhead costs. According to the calculation of the full costing method, the cost of goods produced by 8,000 pcs of Caftan is Rp. 200,040.3, while with the","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"115","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"method carried out by the company, the cost of goods produced of 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp. 186,540.3.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":137,"width":82,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"REFERENCES","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":154,"width":422,"height":82,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Bintang Komara, A. S. (2016). Analisis Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Dengan Metode Full Costing Sebagai Dasar Penetapan Harga Jual Pada Cv Salwa Meubel. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Ekonomi, 5. Https://Doi.Org/10.1023/A:1024787231063 Cahyani, G. F. N. (2019). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada","type":"Text"},{"left":113,"top":239,"width":394,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pabrik Tahu “Sari Langgeng” Kutoarjo Dengan Metode Full Costing.","type":"List item"},{"left":113,"top":256,"width":81,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Akuntansi , 2 , 6.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":274,"width":423,"height":48,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Fadli, I., & Rizka ramayanti. (2020). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Berdasarkan Metode Full Costing ( Studi Kasus Pada UKM Digital Printing Prabu ). Jurnal Akuntansi Kajian Ilmiah Akuntansi (JAK) ,","type":"List item"},{"left":113,"top":325,"width":286,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"7 (2), 148 – 161. https://doi.org/10.30656/jak.v7i2.2211","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":342,"width":423,"height":66,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Lestari, A., Rosita, S. I., & Marlina, T. (2019). Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Penetapan Harga Jual. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan , 7 (1), 173 – 178. https://doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v7i1.210.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":411,"width":423,"height":48,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Maghfirah, M., & BZ, F. S. (2016). Analysis of the calculation of cost of goods produced by applying the full costing method to MSMEs in Banda Aceh City. Scientific Journal of Accounting Economics Students (JIMEKA), 1(2),","type":"List item"},{"left":114,"top":462,"width":12,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":479,"width":428,"height":49,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Nadia Astuti, Suherman, A., & Eriswanto, E. (2020). Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Menentukan Harga Pokok Produksi. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomika, 10(2), 214 – 220.","type":"List item"},{"left":114,"top":531,"width":229,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Https://Doi.Org/10.37859/Jae.V10i2.2058","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":548,"width":423,"height":65,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Putro, H. K., & Roni, M. (2022). Penentuan Harga Jual Khusus dengan Menggunakan Metode Full Costing (Studi Kasus pada Pabrik Tahu Sumberejo). Musyarakah: Journal of Sharia Economic (MJSE) , 2 (1), 54 – 61. https://doi.org/10.24269/mjse.v2i1.5669","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":617,"width":423,"height":48,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Siregar, R. C. (2020). Analisis Harga Pokok Produksi Menggunakan Metode Full Costing Dalam Penentuan Harga Jual Kotak (Studi Kasus PT. Citra Prima Lestari).","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":668,"width":393,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Sugiyono. (2018). Prof. Dr. Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif,","type":"Text"},{"left":114,"top":685,"width":398,"height":31,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kualitatif, Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Prof. Dr. Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":719,"width":429,"height":32,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Wardoyo, D. U. (2016). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Dan Penentuan Harga Jual Atas Produk (Studi Kasus Pada PT Dasa Windu","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"116","type":"Page footer"},{"left":114,"top":86,"width":399,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Agung). Jurnal Riset Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT ,","type":"Text"},{"left":114,"top":103,"width":285,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1 (2), 183 – 190. https://doi.org/10.36226/jrmb.v1i2.23","type":"Text"},{"left":246,"top":133,"width":106,"height":29,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Copyright Holder : © Dwi. (2023).","type":"Text"},{"left":160,"top":163,"width":279,"height":43,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"First Publication Right : © International Journal of Education, Social Studies, and Management (IJESSM)This article","type":"Text"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 176,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 296,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM)\",\n \"type\": \"Title\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 229,\n \"top\": 68,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"e-ISSN : 2775-4154 Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 142,\n \"top\": 94,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The International Journal of Education, Social Studies, and Management (IJESSM) is published 3 times a year ( February, Juny, November ).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 124,\n \"width\": 325,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Focus : Education, Social, Economy, Management, And Culture.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 139,\n \"width\": 292,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"LINK : http://lpppipublishing.com/index.php/ijessm\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"106\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 179,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analysis Of The Application Of The Full Costing Method In Calculating The Cost Of Goods Produced (Cogs) Caftan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 213,\n \"width\": 309,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"For Determining Selling Prices (Case Study On Caftan Production At Viahijab Store)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 195,\n \"top\": 260,\n \"width\": 209,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dwi Candrika 1 , Iskandar Ali Alam 2 1,2 Bandar Lampung University, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 98,\n \"top\": 334,\n \"width\": 76,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ARTICLE INFO\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 346,\n \"width\": 64,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article history: Received\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 371,\n \"width\": 82,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"22 December 2023 Revised 07 January 2024 Accepted 20 January 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 316,\n \"top\": 290,\n \"width\": 64,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 304,\n \"width\": 408,\n \"height\": 225,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"This research was carried out to analyze the application of the full costing method in calculating the cost of produced (COGS) of caftans for determining selling prices. This research was carried out at the Viahijab Store using qualitative analysis techniques, where data has collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies. From the results of research that has carried out, the calculation of the cost of produced (COGS) and selling price using company calculations produces lower prices when compared to using the full costing method. Where the results of selling price calculations using the company method produce Rp. 186,540.3 per Caftan, while the calculation results from full costing are Rp. 200,040.3 per piece, this shows a difference of Rp. 13,500 per piece of Caftan. This is due to the difference in cost between the company method and the full costing method. Keywords Cost of Goods Produced, Full Costing, Selling Price Doi 10.52121/ijessm.v3i3.200 Corresponding Author :\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 190,\n \"top\": 511,\n \"width\": 141,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"dwi.20011204@student.ubl.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 563,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 100,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Caftan products are an important part of the clothing industry that has unique characteristics and aesthetic values. Caftan products have gained significant popularity among consumers looking for a comfortable and exclusive style. In the context of increasingly fierce competition in the clothing market, determining selling prices accurately is a critical element that has a significant impact on the success of companies in this sector.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 666,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 83,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Determining the right selling price involves a deep understanding of the cost of producing caftans. Selling price has a key role in influencing consumer purchasing decisions. Factors such as product quality, brand perception, and price balance are the main determinants in choosing or not a product by consumers. This is because accurate selling price calculations are very\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"107\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"important to achieve optimal profits and maintain competitiveness in the market. Based on Mulyadi's (2012) narrative, as quoted by (Siregar, 2020), determining the method of calculating production costs is a method to identify cost components and combine them into overall production costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 151,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculating production costs is an important task for enterprises to dig up the overall costs required in the process of producing goods or providing services. Operational effectiveness is key to competing in a competitive market. For this reason, setting a balanced COGS and fair selling price, which is not below or above market standards, is a strategic step. The calculation of this production cost involves several elements, including the cost of raw materials, workers' salaries, and other indirect costs (Lestari et al., 2019). Based on Haryono's (2005) narration, as quoted by (Cahyani, 2019), production costs involve all expenses needed to create manufactured products.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 308,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 152,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The determination of the sales price of a product is closely related to how accurately the COGS calculation is carried out to identify errors that can have an impact on the sales price itself (Bintang Komara, 2016). Selling prices and production costs that are set too expensive or cheap can have significant consequences, especially on large-scale production. Inaccuracies in the calculation of production costs and pricing for sales can cause adverse financial impacts and the potential loss of clients becomes a risk, given that production costs directly affect the determination of the selling price of products. (Nadia Astuti et al., 2020).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 463,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 151,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"In an effort to calculate and minimize potential errors when estimating COGS, it is better for the company to implement a comprehensive cost calculation system, especially by applying the full costing method. Based on quotes (Fadli & Rizka ramayanti, 2020) according to V. Wiratna Sujarweni (2019), the full costing method refers to the calculation strategy used to determine the cost of goods products. This approach involves the inclusion of all production costs, both variable and fixed, into the calculation of costs for the goods being produced. This procedure involves allocating all production costs to a product, including variable costs as well as fixed costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 617,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the description above, the focus of this research is focused on 3 main questions, namely: first, How does Viahijab Store carry out COGS calculations and determine product selling prices? Second, How does Viahijab Store calculate COGS by utilizing the full costing method? Third, how does the comparison occur between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store when using the method /company approach and calculation using full costing method/approach?.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"108\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The objectives of this research are: (1) To understand how Viahijab Store calculates COGS and determines the selling price of its products. (2) To understand how to determine COGS of Viahijab Store when applying a full costing approach. (3) To analyze the comparison that occurs between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store using the company's method and the calculation using the full costing method.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 205,\n \"width\": 138,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"RESEARCH METHODE\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"This study was conducted at Viahijab Store located in Bandar Lampung, using a qualitative approach. In accordance with the view (Sugiyono, 2018), qualitative methods are rooted in the philosophy of postpositivism to examine the natural conditions of the object of study, with researchers trying to describe in detail the actual situation based on collected data and in-depth analysis of the object under study. And this research is sourced from primary data and secondary data.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 342,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 186,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Primary data is information obtained directly from the source by conducting direct interaction between researchers and informants. The primary data applied to this study was by conducting direct interviews with the owner of ViahijabStore. Conversely, secondary data is indirect information obtained through intermediaries such as the internet, books, journals, and other media. Secondary data are used to provide additional information and context regarding the problem in the study. Caftans were sampled in this study. The duration of the data in this study is one year, where the focus is on calculating the cost of goods produced by the Viahijab Store during the period. To collect data on this study, the techniques chosen include observation, interviews, and literature studies.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 100,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The data analysis method consists of pre-field, during field, and post-field analysis, which is carried out in three stages. The initial stage involves reducing data to facilitate accurate and detailed data collection and recording. The second stage involves presenting the data in the form of an essential and informative short narrative. The final stage is to draw conclusions and verify the data that has been collected with existing data from the field.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 650,\n \"width\": 166,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"RESULT AND DISCUSSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 667,\n \"width\": 309,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced \\\"Viahijab Store\\\"\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 684,\n \"width\": 385,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The costs incurred by Viahijab Store in producing caftans are as follows:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 701,\n \"width\": 125,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Cost of Raw Materials\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 717,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The cost of raw materials is a crucial element in the calculation of COGS. It covers the entire cost associated with the acquisition of materials necessary for\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"109\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"production, which includes logistical costs such as shipping and storage, taxes associated with purchasing, and all other costs directly related to the purchase of such raw materials. The following are the details of the Cost of Raw Materials obtained from Viahijab Store:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 121,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Production Raw Material Cost of 8,000 Pcs Caftan for a Year No. Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) 1 Fabric (2,5 Cm) 8.000 Pcs 29.000 580.000 2 Bead 8.000 Pcs 25.000 200.000 3 Zipper 8.000 Pcs 5.000 40.000 4 Yarn 8.000 Pcs 3.000 24.000 Total Amount 844.000\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 276,\n \"width\": 282,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 302,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"By referring to table 1 Raw Material Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.844,000,000\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 108,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Direct Labor Costs\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 353,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"These direct labor costs generally include wages or salaries paid to workers whose duties are specific to the production process, such as machine operators, assembly workers, and sewing workers in the case of textile production. Effective management of these direct labor costs is important for companies to maintain operational efficiency and product price competitiveness. Here is a breakdown of direct labor costs obtained from Viahijab Store:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 473,\n \"width\": 407,\n \"height\": 59,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 2. Direct Labor Costs No. Description Unit Price (Rp) Total 1 Direct Labor Cost 8.000 35.000 280.000.000\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 547,\n \"width\": 254,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed from primary data Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 574,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the table of Direct Labor Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.280,000,000.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 608,\n \"width\": 164,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Factory Overhead Cost (FOC)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 624,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"FOC typically covers costs such as building rent or amortization, utilities such as electricity and water, equipment and machine maintenance, and salaries of support staff not directly involved in the manufacture of the product. These costs contribute to the company's ability to maintain production capacity and product quality, as well as support functions such as managing, research and development, and plant safety. Below is a breakdown of Factory Overhead Costs obtained from Viahijab Store:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"110\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 85,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 3.\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 198,\n \"top\": 100,\n \"width\": 203,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Factory Overhaed Cost For One Year\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 115,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 153,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"No. Description Total (Rp) 1 Factory Rent 60.000.000 2 Machine Depreciation 9.702.000 3 Freight Cost 600.000 4 Packaging 2.400.000 5 Label 2.400.000 6 Utilities (electricity, Water) 8.000.000 7 Indirect Labor Cost 36.000.000 8 Auxiliary Materials 500.000 Total Amount 119.602.000\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 269,\n \"width\": 261,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 296,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the Factory Overhead Cost table, the total cost obtained is Rp.119,602,000.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 330,\n \"width\": 261,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 346,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 152,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Bastian Bustami and Nurlela (2010), with reference to research (Wardoyo, 2016), explained that COGS involves the entire cost of production, including factory overhead, direct labor costs, and direct costs of raw materials. COGS is an important metric that helps companies to set appropriate selling prices, monitor production efficiency, and manage profit margins. Precise calculation of cost of goods produced allows companies to identify potential cost savings, evaluate product performance, and make strategic decisions based on accurate cost information. The following are the details of the calculation of cost of goods produced:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 501,\n \"width\": 417,\n \"height\": 136,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 4. Cost of Goods Produced Calculation According to Viahijab Store Description Total (Rp) Direct Labor Cost 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Cost 119.602.000 Raw Material Cost 844.000.000 Total Cost 1.243.602.000 Production Amount 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 155.450,25\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 638,\n \"width\": 282,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 665,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"From the COGS calculation table above, the total cost recorded was Rp.1,243,602,000 for the production of 8000 pcs of caftan. Therefore, the average cost of goods produced per caftan can be calculated as Rp.155,450.25.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"111\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 85,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS) using the Full Costing Method\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 119,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 168,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Mulyadi (2005), as quoted in (Maghfirah & BZ, 2016), elaborated on the production costing approach known as full costing involving the allocation of overall production costs, including direct labor costs, raw material costs, and factory overhead costs consisting of variable and fixed elements. The full costing method is an accounting method that allocates all product costs, both direct and indirect costs, into product costs consisting of direct raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, both fixed and variable. In other words, this method takes into account the entire cost of production in setting the selling price of a product. The elements of calculating COGS Kaftan at Viahijab Store include:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 290,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 5.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 304,\n \"width\": 430,\n \"height\": 368,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan at Viahijab Store using Full Costing Method in 2023 No Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) Cost of Production Raw Materials 1. Fabric(2.5 cm) 8.000 pcs 29.000 580.000.000 2. Bead 8.000 pcs 25.000 200.000.000 3. Zipper 8.000 pcs 5.000 40.000.000 Total Cost of Production Raw Materials 820.000.000 Direct Labor Costs 1. Direct Labor 8.000 35.000 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Costs 1. Factory Rent 60.000.000 2. Depreciation Machine 9.702.000 3. Freight Cost 600.000 4. Packaging 2.400.000 5. Label 2.400.000 6. Machine Maintenance 10.000.000 7. Helper Materials 24.500.000 8. Utilities (water,electricity) 8.000.000 9. Labor (Store Employees) 36.000.000 Total Number of FOC 233.602.000 Production Quantity (pcs) 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 166.700,25\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 673,\n \"width\": 263,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 700,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the table 5, the calculation of the cost of raw materials for making 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp.820,000,000 where to make caftans only cloth, mote, and zippers while yarn will later be classified into auxiliary costs. Then,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"112\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"the total cost for direct labor is Rp.280,000,000. For direct labor calculations, there is no difference between calculations made by Viahijab Store and the full costing method. Furthermore, from the calculation of overhead costs above amounted to Rp.233,602,000.The total costs accumulated in the table above reached Rp.1,243,602,000 for the manufacture of 8000 pcs of caftans. Thus, the average production cost per caftan can be calculated at Rp.155,450.25.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 188,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analysis of Cost of Goods Produced between Company Calculation and Calculation using Full Costing method\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Below is explained the comparison in calculating the cost of goods produced by caftans between Viahijab Store and the company, and based on the use of the full costing method:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 273,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 6.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 97,\n \"top\": 290,\n \"width\": 405,\n \"height\": 30,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Comparison of Cost of Goods Produced According to Viahijab Store with Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced based on Full Costing method\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 324,\n \"width\": 380,\n \"height\": 59,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) UMKM Full Costing Metodh Caftan 155.450,25 . 166.700,25 11.250\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 384,\n \"width\": 282,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 409,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The table provided shows that the application of the full costing method by \\\"Viahijab Store\\\" leads to a higher calculation of cost of goods produced. This happens because the cost of maintaining the machine is included in the calculation of the plant's overhead costs. Although it causes COGS calculated by the full costing method to be higher than the company's calculation, the full costing method provides a more comprehensive and accurate picture of all production costs involved during the production cycle.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Inaccuracy in allocating factory overhead costs has a direct impact on the accuracy of COGS calculations. COGS calculated by the company's internal methods is lower than it should be because not all machine maintenance costs are included in factory overhead costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 598,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 134,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"In the full costing method, every cost associated with the production of caftans is taken into account in detail. Although this method may result in a higher cost of goods figure, the resulting calculation is considered more accurate because it covers all cost components, including the cost of maintaining the machine. Full costing involves all activities related to the production process into the calculation of cost of goods produced, inaccurate allocation of factory overhead costs in the company's method results in lower COGS, due to lack of calculation of machine maintenance costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 240,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation in Selling Price Determination\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"113\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Halim and Supomo (2005) as quoted in (Putro & Roni, 2022), which states that selling price refers to total costs, involving production costs, marketing costs, and administrative and general costs, plus the profit (markup) desired by the company.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 7.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 96,\n \"top\": 171,\n \"width\": 406,\n \"height\": 170,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Viahijab Store Selling Price with Company Method and Full Costing Method Description Price (Rp) Company Method Full Costing Metodh Production Cost (COGS/Year) 1.243.602.000 1.333.602.000 Expected Percentage 20% 20% 248.720.400 266.720.400 Total Sale Price 1.492.322.400 1.600.322.400 Total Production 8.000 8.000 Selling Price/Pcs 186.540,3 200.040,3\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 342,\n \"width\": 263,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 367,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 134,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"From the information presented in the table 7, it can be seen that the total revenue from Caftan sales using the company's internal method reached Rp. 1,492,322,400, with a sales value per unit of caftan of Rp. 186,540.3.While the total value of Caftan sales calculated by applying the full costing method is Rp. 1,600,322,400, with the price per unit for each Caftan set at Rp. 200,040.3. The price of each unit is generated by adding a profit margin of 20%, according to the profit target set by the company, into the total cost of production, and then dividing this amount by the total units produced.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 504,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 8.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 97,\n \"top\": 521,\n \"width\": 404,\n \"height\": 79,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Comparison of selling prices between the company's method and the full costing method Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) Company Metodh Full Costing Metodh Caftan Rp.186.540,3 Rp. 200.040,3 Rp.13.500\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 601,\n \"width\": 155,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed by the author\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 630,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the information presented in the table 8, it can be seen that the figure resulting from the calculation of the company's method for the cost of goods produced shows a lower value compared to the figure produced from the full costing method. The reason for this difference is that the full costing method incorporates all cost elements, including direct and indirect costs, into its calculations. Based on the full costing method, the total cost of production for 8,000 pieces of Caftan is Rp. 1,333,602,000. Conversely, with the company's\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"114\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"method, the cost of goods produced for the same amount is calculated to be Rp. 1,243,602,000.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 120,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 100,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The difference that appears in the calculation of cost of goods produced between the method used by the company and the full costing method comes from the allocation of BOP. In the application of the full costing method, all factory overhead costs, including machine maintenance costs, are calculated in detail. Meanwhile, the calculations made by the company do not include the cost of maintaining the machine in the calculation of their overhead costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 223,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 151,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The difference in calculating the cost of goods produced between the approach taken by the company and that taken by the full costing method affects the determination of selling prices. This is illustrated in Table 12. which shows a comparison of selling prices. The table shows that the price per unit of Caftan calculated by the company's method is around Rp. 186,540.3, while the full costing method gives a figure of Rp. 200,040.3 per unit, with a difference of around Rp. 13,500. This significant difference indicates that the application of calculating the cost of goods produced with the full costing method can contribute to improving the company's business performance.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 393,\n \"width\": 92,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 410,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 340,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the results of the Analysis of the Application of the Full Costing Method in the Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan for Determining Selling Prices at the Viahijab Store, the researcher concluded among others: 1. Viahijab Store calculates production costs and sets its selling price with a simple approach. Production costs taken in the calculation include raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs. Despite this, the company has not fully complied with the principles of cost accounting in calculating factory overhead costs. 2. The use of the full costing method in calculating COGS by Viahijab Store can contribute to optimizing company profits. This is because the full costing method is more accurate and thorough so that it reflects the actual cost of calculating production costs. 3. The application of the full costing method in calculating COGS results in higher production costs compared to the company method caused by differences in factory overhead costs. In the full costing method, all components of factory overhead costs are included in the calculation of cost of goods produced. Meanwhile, in the method applied by the company, there is no accuracy in calculating factory overhead costs. Therefore, there are differences in the calculation results that arise due to differences in the distribution of factory overhead costs. According to the calculation of the full costing method, the cost of goods produced by 8,000 pcs of Caftan is Rp. 200,040.3, while with the\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"115\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"method carried out by the company, the cost of goods produced of 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp. 186,540.3.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 82,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"REFERENCES\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 422,\n \"height\": 82,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Bintang Komara, A. S. (2016). Analisis Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Dengan Metode Full Costing Sebagai Dasar Penetapan Harga Jual Pada Cv Salwa Meubel. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Ekonomi, 5. Https://Doi.Org/10.1023/A:1024787231063 Cahyani, G. F. N. (2019). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 239,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pabrik Tahu “Sari Langgeng” Kutoarjo Dengan Metode Full Costing.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 256,\n \"width\": 81,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Akuntansi , 2 , 6.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 274,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Fadli, I., & Rizka ramayanti. (2020). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Berdasarkan Metode Full Costing ( Studi Kasus Pada UKM Digital Printing Prabu ). Jurnal Akuntansi Kajian Ilmiah Akuntansi (JAK) ,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 325,\n \"width\": 286,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"7 (2), 148 – 161. https://doi.org/10.30656/jak.v7i2.2211\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 342,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Lestari, A., Rosita, S. I., & Marlina, T. (2019). Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Penetapan Harga Jual. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan , 7 (1), 173 – 178. https://doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v7i1.210.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 411,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Maghfirah, M., & BZ, F. S. (2016). Analysis of the calculation of cost of goods produced by applying the full costing method to MSMEs in Banda Aceh City. Scientific Journal of Accounting Economics Students (JIMEKA), 1(2),\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 462,\n \"width\": 12,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 479,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 49,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Nadia Astuti, Suherman, A., & Eriswanto, E. (2020). Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Menentukan Harga Pokok Produksi. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomika, 10(2), 214 – 220.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 229,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Https://Doi.Org/10.37859/Jae.V10i2.2058\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 548,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Putro, H. K., & Roni, M. (2022). Penentuan Harga Jual Khusus dengan Menggunakan Metode Full Costing (Studi Kasus pada Pabrik Tahu Sumberejo). Musyarakah: Journal of Sharia Economic (MJSE) , 2 (1), 54 – 61. https://doi.org/10.24269/mjse.v2i1.5669\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 617,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Siregar, R. C. (2020). Analisis Harga Pokok Produksi Menggunakan Metode Full Costing Dalam Penentuan Harga Jual Kotak (Studi Kasus PT. Citra Prima Lestari).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 668,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Sugiyono. (2018). Prof. Dr. Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 685,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kualitatif, Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Prof. Dr. Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 719,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Wardoyo, D. U. (2016). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Dan Penentuan Harga Jual Atas Produk (Studi Kasus Pada PT Dasa Windu\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"116\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 399,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Agung). Jurnal Riset Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT ,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 103,\n \"width\": 285,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1 (2), 183 – 190. https://doi.org/10.36226/jrmb.v1i2.23\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 246,\n \"top\": 133,\n \"width\": 106,\n \"height\": 29,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Copyright Holder : © Dwi. (2023).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 160,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"First Publication Right : © International Journal of Education, Social Studies, and Management (IJESSM)This article\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":193,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"a7e60bba-1448-6d69-2bf4-02764f1f25a2"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling/article/download/2200/1074"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":77,"top":778,"width":460,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"P-ISSN 2614- 7343 │E -ISSN 2621-5128 │ No.5 (1) Dec 2021 │ https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 73","type":"Page footer"},{"left":108,"top":125,"width":407,"height":27,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song","type":"List item"},{"left":130,"top":168,"width":362,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1 Yuneva Syukur, 2 Melati, 3 Elva Utami, 4 Siti Masitah and 5 Febrilia Syarayani","type":"Text"},{"left":87,"top":195,"width":446,"height":23,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"English Language Education Department Faculty Of Teacher Training And Education University Of Prof. Dr. Hazairin, SH Bengkulu","type":"Text"},{"left":203,"top":221,"width":211,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Corresponding author: mamyuneva@gmail.com","type":"Text"},{"left":97,"top":246,"width":423,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Received on October 27 th , Revised on November 8 th , will be published on December, 30 th 2021","type":"Text"},{"left":275,"top":276,"width":68,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ABSTRACT","type":"Section header"},{"left":99,"top":304,"width":414,"height":149,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The aim of this research was to know the causes of pronunciation errors made by the students and whether the method of learning English pronunciation using song can improve the student’s pronouncing English words at SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. The informants in this research were students from X IPS 1 Data collection is done by interview and questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed by reduction of data, presentation of data, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that most of the students of X IPS 1 are more interested and understanding if learning English pronunciation using songs because they can follow a native speaker to say English words correctly. The cause error of their English pronunciation is a lack of their confidence when they speak English and the media can also be an easy or difficult factor for students to learn English pronunciation. It can be concluded that is the right media for students English pronunciation.","type":"Text"},{"left":99,"top":469,"width":216,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Keywords: Pronunciation, English words, Song","type":"Text"},{"left":84,"top":494,"width":5,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":".","type":"Text"},{"left":281,"top":506,"width":57,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ABSTRAK","type":"Section header"},{"left":99,"top":531,"width":414,"height":174,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab kesalahan pengucapan yang dilakukan oleh siswa dan apakah metode pembelajaran pengucapan bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan lagu dapat meningkatkan pengucapan kata-kata bahasa Inggris siswa di SMAN 8 Bengkulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X IPS 1. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan kuesioner. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar siswa kelas X IPS 1 lebih tertarik dan memahami jika belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris menggunakan lagu karena mereka dapat mengikuti penutur asli untuk mengucapkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris dengan benar. Penyebab kesalahan pengucapan bahasa Inggris mereka adalah kurangnya kepercayaan diri mereka ketika mereka berbicara bahasa Inggris dan media juga dapat menjadi faktor mudah atau sulitnya siswa untuk belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa media yang tepat untuk pengucapan bahasa Inggris siswa.","type":"Text"},{"left":99,"top":721,"width":237,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kata kunci : Pengucapan, kata bahasa Inggris, Lagu","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":461,"height":22,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 74 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":102,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"INTRODUCTION","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":96,"width":462,"height":93,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"When we speak a foreign language, our muscles may not be well developed for that language, and we will find pronunciation more difficult. By practicing the foreign language pronunciation, our muscles develop and pronunciation increases. As well as creating correct vowel and consonant sounds using the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips, there are other important aspects of pronunciation, including : Word stress is the emphasis on certain syllables in a word, Sentence stress is the emphasis on certain words in a sentence, link is combining certain words, and Intonation is up and down of our voices as we speak.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":192,"width":462,"height":121,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Wibowo (2001) states language is a meaningful and articulated sound symbol system ( produced by utterance ) which is arbitrary and conventional in nature, which used as a tool to communicate by a group of people to produce feelings and thoughts. Scientific studies of language are called linguistics. English is one of foreign languages used by many countries and English has become an international language. English is taught from elementary to university and also is one of the compulsory subjects. Therefore the goverment provides a curriculum as a guide for English teachers in the teaching and learning process. Pronunciation is the way in which a language is spoken, if pronounce is to make the sound of a word. Speakers of different languages tend to develop different muscles of the mouth for pronunciation.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":316,"width":462,"height":122,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The song is an excellent ‘tool’ to help students learning English pronunciation, more specifically song can motivate students during learning English pronunciation. It can also be said that songs are an important part of learning English because the song can make students more sensitive with sound and the song also can make the class more interesting and lively. When students like song, they will be happy and enthusiastic to learn English pronunciation. There is almost no time limit in using the song as a medium to learning English pronunciation, that students can use song in learning English pronunciation whenever they want, both in the classroom and outside the classroom. Naturally, they are accustomed to saying English words by singing.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":438,"width":465,"height":165,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"As the researcher’s experience and observation in teaching experience at SMAN 8 Bengkulu English lessons are subjects that are not liked by most students. Because students not understand what the meaning of many vocabularies in English and most of students in X IIS 1 SMAN 8 are difficult to pronounce English words correctly. When they took practice score of speaking with me, almost of them got the score under the KKM (75). So, the pronunciation of students' English words not optimal. The researcher choose song in the research because songs and music almost always contain lots of vocabulary, phrases, and expressions. And also the English singer is a native speaker of English. From the background of the research, the problems can be arranged as follows a) What type of song can make students’ pronounce English words better by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?, b) What causes pronunciation errors made by students in English pronunciation skills by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?”","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":606,"width":462,"height":80,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pronunciation is a person's ability about how one understands the sound system and has an impact on one's speech which will directly affect meaning or meaning if in the context of the English language. In English, different sounds will mean different meanings, moreover different writing, and will greatly affect oral communication (Oxford Dictionary 2008). In this case, teacher decides what alternative strategy he or she chooses in teaching English Pronunciation to get a maximum result.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":689,"width":462,"height":80,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Moreover, the most important thing of the teaching and learning process is the understanding of the students about the lesson. Cameron (2001) says that “it is a crucial thing for teacher to take the responsibility for checking whether their pupils understand the language being used and the purpose of activities being carried out”. In this case, the teacher should let the students know that they are studying about pronunciation and they are expected to be able to pronounce English words correctly","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 75 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":462,"height":94,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"surrounded by songs. From these songs we can learn many things, for example we can get more new words, and we can also learn how words are spoken. Songs are a good source for teaching English because students will be easier to learn English words English teachers can be using the song as a medium to teach English. A song containing authentic language is easily obtainable, provides vocabulary, grammar, and cultural aspects and is fun for the students. They can provide valuable speaking, listening, and language practice in and out of the classroom.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":178,"width":462,"height":122,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"There are many reasons why teenagers’ songs are good for English pronunciation. It has many contributions in pronunciation teaching. For example; 1) Kramer states that songs are good for English teaching because songs are funny. They promote mimics, gestures, etc, and are associated with meaning. They are good to introduce suprasegmental phonetics. Students play a participative role. They can be applied to comprehension stages (listening) or production (singing). There are songs for all ages and levels. Students can learn English very easily through echoic memory; 2)Songs can add feeling and rhythm to language practice that might otherwise be flat. “they also help and remember things more easily and draw more deeply into a lesson.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":302,"width":465,"height":108,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"From the statements above, we know that song is interesting and funny. As we see, most teenagers like something funny. The song will make them interested in the process of learning English pronunciation. Indonesian has some differences from English in pronunciation. In our language, there is no difference between writing and sound. But we find it different in English. Sometimes we sound differently from the writing. For example, the word here is pronounced / hi:∂ /; however, in Indonesian, we pronounce / here /. It is not denied that students often make mistakes in learning foreign language; however, doing such mistakes is a part of learning the language itself.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":413,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Interference could come from the lack of experience in the certain speech sound of the target language that does not exist in the first language and the speech sound itself is specifically different in term of sound production. That is why in an attempt to pronounce the target language.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":482,"width":102,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"METHODOLOGY","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":496,"width":462,"height":38,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method. This research used descriptive qualitative method to answer the objective of study that is to describe what song can make pronunciation students better.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":537,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Qualitative descriptive research is one of the types of research included in the type of qualitative research. While the purpose of this study is to reveal events or facts, circumstances, phenomena, variables and circumstances that occur during the research by presenting what actually happened.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":592,"width":462,"height":25,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"In this qualitative research, the subject in this research are students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The researcher took 20 from 35 students as a respondents.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":620,"width":462,"height":93,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The most important data source in this research are the result of interview with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu and questionnaires about students’ pronunciation lesson. Data collection techniques in this research are interview, questionnaires, and documentation. Interview According to Zuldafrial and Muhammad Born (2012) interview are conversation with a specific purpose. Interview were conducted in detail to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. Interview were conducted with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":716,"width":462,"height":53,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"According to Sugiyono (2011) questionnaire is a data collection technique that is done by giving a set of questions or written statements to the respondent to be answered. This method is used to get answers to a number of questions or statements that will be filled by respondents.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 76 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":166,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":96,"width":462,"height":31,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The questionnaire used to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. The following table was specification of questionnaire.","type":"Text"},{"left":204,"top":137,"width":200,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 1. Specification of Questionnaire","type":"Text"},{"left":175,"top":177,"width":269,"height":116,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"No Indicator Item no 1. Stress 15, 19 2. Intonation 14, 20 3. Accuracy 2,17 4. Fluency 16, 19 5. Type of song 5, 6, 7 6. Causes pronunciation errors 8, 9,12, 13 7. Song media 1, 3, 4, 10, 16","type":"Table"},{"left":128,"top":301,"width":9,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":".","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":322,"width":462,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Data analysis in this research was conducted interactively and take place continuously until finished. That is, in data analysis researcher are directly involved inexplaining and concluding the data obtained by linking the theories used.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":363,"width":462,"height":79,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The last stage which contains the decision making process that leads to the answers of the research questions raised and reveals the “what” and “how” of the research findings. R esearcher analyzed the data to get percentage of the how much students learning english pronounciation using song.This study collected data with a variety of techniques, including interview and questionnaire. Interview were conducted to obtain data directly from the object. Meanwhile, the questionnaire was conducted in this study as a data reinforcement.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":445,"width":464,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The interview technique is carried out by first determining the sources in accordance with the research questions. In this research the respondents were students of X IIS 1 SMAN8. The total respondents taken by the interview technique in this study were 20 respondents.","type":"Text"},{"left":231,"top":507,"width":142,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 2. Results of Interview","type":"Caption"},{"left":117,"top":528,"width":356,"height":98,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"No Questions Total Respondents 1 Is learning English pronunciation difficult for you ? 20 Is it important that we can speak English? 20 3 How much your confidence to speak an English words? 20 4 How you do to make it easier to learn English pronunciation? 20 5 Do you think that the song can make you easier to learn English pronunciation? 20","type":"Table"},{"left":71,"top":651,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"In this research the respondents in the interview data collection were students of X IIS 1. The total number of respondents taken by the interview technique in this research were 20 respondents. Based on table 2 above, the result of the interview about pronunciation are 10 of 20 the students think that learning English pronunciation is not difficult to learn,","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":706,"width":368,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"4 students think it is difficult thing and 6 others think it is not too difficult.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":720,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Then 9 of 20 the students stated that listening English songs can make it easier to learn English pronunciation, 3 students thought listening English songs and watching English movies was the easiest way, while others were playing games, singing while reading the lyrics, and study diligently. Therefore 90% of the students agree that the song can make","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 77 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"learning English pronunciation more easy.When they were interviewed about self-confidence to speak English only 10% of the students had great confidence, 25% felt confidence, 30% felt quite confidence and 35% a little confidence. So, about the importance of learning English pronunciation then can speak English 75% felt important and 25% felt very important.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":137,"width":462,"height":94,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The population in this study totaled 35 students of X IIS 1, while the number of respondents taken into the sample were 20 respondents, consisting of 5 boys and 15 girls.Questionnaire are also used to collect data during the research. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and was given to students through Google forms. Researcher used this technique to determine student’ responses to the use of song in learning English pronunciation. The following summarizes the result of the questionnaire based on the Table 3. specification of questionnaire is as follows :","type":"Text"},{"left":223,"top":247,"width":179,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 3. Result from Questionnaires","type":"Caption"},{"left":157,"top":281,"width":279,"height":245,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"No Indicator Item no Frequency 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 18 18 Intonation 14 20 19 17 Accuracy 2 17 15 19 Fluency 16 19 18 18 2 Type of Song Pop 5 18 Jazz 6 9 Rock 7 7 3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 6 3 18 12 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 20 16 17 18 18","type":"Table"},{"left":71,"top":544,"width":462,"height":25,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"After analyzing those data, to know the frequency of data it is calculated using percentage formula.","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":572,"width":289,"height":169,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 4. Percentage No Indicator Item Percentage 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 90% 90% Intonation 14 20 95% 85% Accuracy 2 17 75% 95% Fluency 16 19 90% 90% 2 Type of Song Pop 5 90% Jazz 6 45% Rock 7 35%","type":"Table"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 78 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":149,"top":82,"width":274,"height":107,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 30% 15% 90% 60% 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 100% 80% 85% 90% 90%","type":"Table"},{"left":71,"top":214,"width":462,"height":80,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The highest answers which is contained 100% percentage in the number 1 with the “yes” answer of the statement, and then all students agree that they listen the English song to improve their English pronunciation.The lowest percentage of “yes” answer of the statement contained in the number 9 which is 15% with the statement “i feel learning English pronunciation is too difficult” its mean learning English pronunciation is not difficult for them especially with a fun method.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":297,"width":462,"height":135,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Most of students read the lyrics when they listen to English song at 75%, so can make them easier and more interested in learning English pronunciation using song media. They want to have the accuracy of speaking English like a native speaker but they feel insecure when they have to speak English in front of their friends. So, song is the right media for them to learn English pronunciation because in the statements they agree that learning English pronunciation through songs can clarify the intonation, stress, and fluency of their English pronunciation. Students actually like pronunciation lessons with using song because students can speak English correctly like a native speaker to say word by word. The percentage of songs as can increase their pronunciation to is 90%, so it can be explained by the results of the quistionnaires that the song is the right media for learning English pronunciation.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":432,"width":462,"height":97,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"This research is about using song media to improve the students’ pronunciation of English words. This research used descriptive qualitative research. This section is intended to analyze the results based on related theories. All data collected from research instruments provide information about research findings. Type of song can make students’ pronouncing English words better When asked about. the type of song, 90% of them like the pop genre of a song than jazz and rock genres. So 18 of 20 students are more interested to listen and sing a pop song than jazz and rock. Just 9 students like jazz songs and 7 students like rock songs.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":531,"width":462,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.","type":"Text"},{"left":227,"top":768,"width":150,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Chart 1. Pronunciation Errors","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 79 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":462,"height":80,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The song as a media can attract students’ interest in learning English pronunciation, based on number 1 of quistionnaires that students listen to English song to increase their English pronunciation with 100% percentage. What makes this research different from the previous research is using the song., Muawanah (2017) used Drama Performance to know what the vowels mispronounced, and Yun (2016) used recorded tape to know pronunciation errors made in pronouncing the consonant, vowel, and diphthong.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":165,"width":462,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":247,"width":88,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":268,"width":462,"height":39,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"This strategy can help the students easier, more enjoyable, and faster ways to improve their English pronunciation better. It can be concluded that song is the right media for students learn how to pronounce English.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":337,"width":84,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"REFERENCES","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":365,"width":456,"height":38,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Alex Sudrajat. 2016. An Analysis of English Pronunciation based on Student Speech Community at English Study Program. Final Project of English Education Department in University of lampung.","type":"List item"},{"left":71,"top":406,"width":457,"height":94,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Ali Mustadi. 2013. Communicative Competence Based Language Teaching: An English Course Design for Primary Teacher Education . Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Aries Hadi Sutopo. 2003. Multimedia Interaktif dengan Flash. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Arikunto, S 2003. Procedure Penelitian , Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Arsyad, Azhar. 2006. Media Pembelajaran . Jakarta: PT Rja Grafindo Persada. Cameron, Lyne. 2001. Teaching languages to young Learners . London: Cambridge University Press. GroupLtd.","type":"List item"},{"left":71,"top":503,"width":459,"height":24,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Celce-Murcia, M. 2006. Teaching English asa Second or Foreign Language . 3rd ed. Singapore: Heinle& Heinle.","type":"List item"},{"left":71,"top":530,"width":457,"height":25,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Fraser, H. 2001. Teaching pronunciation: A handbook for teachers and trainers. Canberra: Departemen of Education Training and Youth Affairs.","type":"List item"},{"left":71,"top":558,"width":395,"height":25,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Harmer, J. 2000. The Practice of English language Teaching. London:Longman Mukhtar. 2013. Metode Praktis Penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif . Jakarta: Referensi","type":"Text"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 778,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"P-ISSN 2614- 7343 │E -ISSN 2621-5128 │ No.5 (1) Dec 2021 │ https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 73\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 108,\n \"top\": 125,\n \"width\": 407,\n \"height\": 27,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 130,\n \"top\": 168,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1 Yuneva Syukur, 2 Melati, 3 Elva Utami, 4 Siti Masitah and 5 Febrilia Syarayani\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 87,\n \"top\": 195,\n \"width\": 446,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"English Language Education Department Faculty Of Teacher Training And Education University Of Prof. Dr. Hazairin, SH Bengkulu\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 203,\n \"top\": 221,\n \"width\": 211,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Corresponding author: mamyuneva@gmail.com\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 97,\n \"top\": 246,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Received on October 27 th , Revised on November 8 th , will be published on December, 30 th 2021\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 275,\n \"top\": 276,\n \"width\": 68,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 304,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 149,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The aim of this research was to know the causes of pronunciation errors made by the students and whether the method of learning English pronunciation using song can improve the student’s pronouncing English words at SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. The informants in this research were students from X IPS 1 Data collection is done by interview and questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed by reduction of data, presentation of data, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that most of the students of X IPS 1 are more interested and understanding if learning English pronunciation using songs because they can follow a native speaker to say English words correctly. The cause error of their English pronunciation is a lack of their confidence when they speak English and the media can also be an easy or difficult factor for students to learn English pronunciation. It can be concluded that is the right media for students English pronunciation.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 469,\n \"width\": 216,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: Pronunciation, English words, Song\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 84,\n \"top\": 494,\n \"width\": 5,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \".\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 281,\n \"top\": 506,\n \"width\": 57,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRAK\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 174,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab kesalahan pengucapan yang dilakukan oleh siswa dan apakah metode pembelajaran pengucapan bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan lagu dapat meningkatkan pengucapan kata-kata bahasa Inggris siswa di SMAN 8 Bengkulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X IPS 1. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan kuesioner. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar siswa kelas X IPS 1 lebih tertarik dan memahami jika belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris menggunakan lagu karena mereka dapat mengikuti penutur asli untuk mengucapkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris dengan benar. Penyebab kesalahan pengucapan bahasa Inggris mereka adalah kurangnya kepercayaan diri mereka ketika mereka berbicara bahasa Inggris dan media juga dapat menjadi faktor mudah atau sulitnya siswa untuk belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa media yang tepat untuk pengucapan bahasa Inggris siswa.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 721,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kata kunci : Pengucapan, kata bahasa Inggris, Lagu\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 461,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 74 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 102,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 96,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 93,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"When we speak a foreign language, our muscles may not be well developed for that language, and we will find pronunciation more difficult. By practicing the foreign language pronunciation, our muscles develop and pronunciation increases. As well as creating correct vowel and consonant sounds using the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips, there are other important aspects of pronunciation, including : Word stress is the emphasis on certain syllables in a word, Sentence stress is the emphasis on certain words in a sentence, link is combining certain words, and Intonation is up and down of our voices as we speak.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 192,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 121,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Wibowo (2001) states language is a meaningful and articulated sound symbol system ( produced by utterance ) which is arbitrary and conventional in nature, which used as a tool to communicate by a group of people to produce feelings and thoughts. Scientific studies of language are called linguistics. English is one of foreign languages used by many countries and English has become an international language. English is taught from elementary to university and also is one of the compulsory subjects. Therefore the goverment provides a curriculum as a guide for English teachers in the teaching and learning process. Pronunciation is the way in which a language is spoken, if pronounce is to make the sound of a word. Speakers of different languages tend to develop different muscles of the mouth for pronunciation.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 316,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 122,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The song is an excellent ‘tool’ to help students learning English pronunciation, more specifically song can motivate students during learning English pronunciation. It can also be said that songs are an important part of learning English because the song can make students more sensitive with sound and the song also can make the class more interesting and lively. When students like song, they will be happy and enthusiastic to learn English pronunciation. There is almost no time limit in using the song as a medium to learning English pronunciation, that students can use song in learning English pronunciation whenever they want, both in the classroom and outside the classroom. Naturally, they are accustomed to saying English words by singing.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 438,\n \"width\": 465,\n \"height\": 165,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"As the researcher’s experience and observation in teaching experience at SMAN 8 Bengkulu English lessons are subjects that are not liked by most students. Because students not understand what the meaning of many vocabularies in English and most of students in X IIS 1 SMAN 8 are difficult to pronounce English words correctly. When they took practice score of speaking with me, almost of them got the score under the KKM (75). So, the pronunciation of students' English words not optimal. The researcher choose song in the research because songs and music almost always contain lots of vocabulary, phrases, and expressions. And also the English singer is a native speaker of English. From the background of the research, the problems can be arranged as follows a) What type of song can make students’ pronounce English words better by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?, b) What causes pronunciation errors made by students in English pronunciation skills by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?”\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 606,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pronunciation is a person's ability about how one understands the sound system and has an impact on one's speech which will directly affect meaning or meaning if in the context of the English language. In English, different sounds will mean different meanings, moreover different writing, and will greatly affect oral communication (Oxford Dictionary 2008). In this case, teacher decides what alternative strategy he or she chooses in teaching English Pronunciation to get a maximum result.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 689,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Moreover, the most important thing of the teaching and learning process is the understanding of the students about the lesson. Cameron (2001) says that “it is a crucial thing for teacher to take the responsibility for checking whether their pupils understand the language being used and the purpose of activities being carried out”. In this case, the teacher should let the students know that they are studying about pronunciation and they are expected to be able to pronounce English words correctly\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 75 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 94,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"surrounded by songs. From these songs we can learn many things, for example we can get more new words, and we can also learn how words are spoken. Songs are a good source for teaching English because students will be easier to learn English words English teachers can be using the song as a medium to teach English. A song containing authentic language is easily obtainable, provides vocabulary, grammar, and cultural aspects and is fun for the students. They can provide valuable speaking, listening, and language practice in and out of the classroom.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 178,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 122,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"There are many reasons why teenagers’ songs are good for English pronunciation. It has many contributions in pronunciation teaching. For example; 1) Kramer states that songs are good for English teaching because songs are funny. They promote mimics, gestures, etc, and are associated with meaning. They are good to introduce suprasegmental phonetics. Students play a participative role. They can be applied to comprehension stages (listening) or production (singing). There are songs for all ages and levels. Students can learn English very easily through echoic memory; 2)Songs can add feeling and rhythm to language practice that might otherwise be flat. “they also help and remember things more easily and draw more deeply into a lesson.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 302,\n \"width\": 465,\n \"height\": 108,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"From the statements above, we know that song is interesting and funny. As we see, most teenagers like something funny. The song will make them interested in the process of learning English pronunciation. Indonesian has some differences from English in pronunciation. In our language, there is no difference between writing and sound. But we find it different in English. Sometimes we sound differently from the writing. For example, the word here is pronounced / hi:∂ /; however, in Indonesian, we pronounce / here /. It is not denied that students often make mistakes in learning foreign language; however, doing such mistakes is a part of learning the language itself.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 413,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Interference could come from the lack of experience in the certain speech sound of the target language that does not exist in the first language and the speech sound itself is specifically different in term of sound production. That is why in an attempt to pronounce the target language.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 482,\n \"width\": 102,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"METHODOLOGY\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 496,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method. This research used descriptive qualitative method to answer the objective of study that is to describe what song can make pronunciation students better.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 537,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Qualitative descriptive research is one of the types of research included in the type of qualitative research. While the purpose of this study is to reveal events or facts, circumstances, phenomena, variables and circumstances that occur during the research by presenting what actually happened.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 592,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"In this qualitative research, the subject in this research are students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The researcher took 20 from 35 students as a respondents.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 620,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 93,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The most important data source in this research are the result of interview with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu and questionnaires about students’ pronunciation lesson. Data collection techniques in this research are interview, questionnaires, and documentation. Interview According to Zuldafrial and Muhammad Born (2012) interview are conversation with a specific purpose. Interview were conducted in detail to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. Interview were conducted with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 716,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 53,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"According to Sugiyono (2011) questionnaire is a data collection technique that is done by giving a set of questions or written statements to the respondent to be answered. This method is used to get answers to a number of questions or statements that will be filled by respondents.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 76 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 166,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 96,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The questionnaire used to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. The following table was specification of questionnaire.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 204,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 200,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Specification of Questionnaire\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 175,\n \"top\": 177,\n \"width\": 269,\n \"height\": 116,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"No Indicator Item no 1. Stress 15, 19 2. Intonation 14, 20 3. Accuracy 2,17 4. Fluency 16, 19 5. Type of song 5, 6, 7 6. Causes pronunciation errors 8, 9,12, 13 7. Song media 1, 3, 4, 10, 16\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 128,\n \"top\": 301,\n \"width\": 9,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \".\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 322,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Data analysis in this research was conducted interactively and take place continuously until finished. That is, in data analysis researcher are directly involved inexplaining and concluding the data obtained by linking the theories used.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 363,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 79,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The last stage which contains the decision making process that leads to the answers of the research questions raised and reveals the “what” and “how” of the research findings. R esearcher analyzed the data to get percentage of the how much students learning english pronounciation using song.This study collected data with a variety of techniques, including interview and questionnaire. Interview were conducted to obtain data directly from the object. Meanwhile, the questionnaire was conducted in this study as a data reinforcement.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 445,\n \"width\": 464,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The interview technique is carried out by first determining the sources in accordance with the research questions. In this research the respondents were students of X IIS 1 SMAN8. The total respondents taken by the interview technique in this study were 20 respondents.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 231,\n \"top\": 507,\n \"width\": 142,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 2. Results of Interview\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 117,\n \"top\": 528,\n \"width\": 356,\n \"height\": 98,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"No Questions Total Respondents 1 Is learning English pronunciation difficult for you ? 20 Is it important that we can speak English? 20 3 How much your confidence to speak an English words? 20 4 How you do to make it easier to learn English pronunciation? 20 5 Do you think that the song can make you easier to learn English pronunciation? 20\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 651,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"In this research the respondents in the interview data collection were students of X IIS 1. The total number of respondents taken by the interview technique in this research were 20 respondents. Based on table 2 above, the result of the interview about pronunciation are 10 of 20 the students think that learning English pronunciation is not difficult to learn,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 706,\n \"width\": 368,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"4 students think it is difficult thing and 6 others think it is not too difficult.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 720,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Then 9 of 20 the students stated that listening English songs can make it easier to learn English pronunciation, 3 students thought listening English songs and watching English movies was the easiest way, while others were playing games, singing while reading the lyrics, and study diligently. Therefore 90% of the students agree that the song can make\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 77 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"learning English pronunciation more easy.When they were interviewed about self-confidence to speak English only 10% of the students had great confidence, 25% felt confidence, 30% felt quite confidence and 35% a little confidence. So, about the importance of learning English pronunciation then can speak English 75% felt important and 25% felt very important.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 94,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The population in this study totaled 35 students of X IIS 1, while the number of respondents taken into the sample were 20 respondents, consisting of 5 boys and 15 girls.Questionnaire are also used to collect data during the research. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and was given to students through Google forms. Researcher used this technique to determine student’ responses to the use of song in learning English pronunciation. The following summarizes the result of the questionnaire based on the Table 3. specification of questionnaire is as follows :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 223,\n \"top\": 247,\n \"width\": 179,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 3. Result from Questionnaires\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 157,\n \"top\": 281,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 245,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"No Indicator Item no Frequency 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 18 18 Intonation 14 20 19 17 Accuracy 2 17 15 19 Fluency 16 19 18 18 2 Type of Song Pop 5 18 Jazz 6 9 Rock 7 7 3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 6 3 18 12 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 20 16 17 18 18\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 544,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"After analyzing those data, to know the frequency of data it is calculated using percentage formula.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 572,\n \"width\": 289,\n \"height\": 169,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 4. Percentage No Indicator Item Percentage 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 90% 90% Intonation 14 20 95% 85% Accuracy 2 17 75% 95% Fluency 16 19 90% 90% 2 Type of Song Pop 5 90% Jazz 6 45% Rock 7 35%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 78 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 149,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 274,\n \"height\": 107,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 30% 15% 90% 60% 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 100% 80% 85% 90% 90%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The highest answers which is contained 100% percentage in the number 1 with the “yes” answer of the statement, and then all students agree that they listen the English song to improve their English pronunciation.The lowest percentage of “yes” answer of the statement contained in the number 9 which is 15% with the statement “i feel learning English pronunciation is too difficult” its mean learning English pronunciation is not difficult for them especially with a fun method.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 297,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 135,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Most of students read the lyrics when they listen to English song at 75%, so can make them easier and more interested in learning English pronunciation using song media. They want to have the accuracy of speaking English like a native speaker but they feel insecure when they have to speak English in front of their friends. So, song is the right media for them to learn English pronunciation because in the statements they agree that learning English pronunciation through songs can clarify the intonation, stress, and fluency of their English pronunciation. Students actually like pronunciation lessons with using song because students can speak English correctly like a native speaker to say word by word. The percentage of songs as can increase their pronunciation to is 90%, so it can be explained by the results of the quistionnaires that the song is the right media for learning English pronunciation.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 432,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 97,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"This research is about using song media to improve the students’ pronunciation of English words. This research used descriptive qualitative research. This section is intended to analyze the results based on related theories. All data collected from research instruments provide information about research findings. Type of song can make students’ pronouncing English words better When asked about. the type of song, 90% of them like the pop genre of a song than jazz and rock genres. So 18 of 20 students are more interested to listen and sing a pop song than jazz and rock. Just 9 students like jazz songs and 7 students like rock songs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 227,\n \"top\": 768,\n \"width\": 150,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Chart 1. Pronunciation Errors\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 79 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The song as a media can attract students’ interest in learning English pronunciation, based on number 1 of quistionnaires that students listen to English song to increase their English pronunciation with 100% percentage. What makes this research different from the previous research is using the song., Muawanah (2017) used Drama Performance to know what the vowels mispronounced, and Yun (2016) used recorded tape to know pronunciation errors made in pronouncing the consonant, vowel, and diphthong.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 247,\n \"width\": 88,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 268,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"This strategy can help the students easier, more enjoyable, and faster ways to improve their English pronunciation better. It can be concluded that song is the right media for students learn how to pronounce English.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"REFERENCES\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 365,\n \"width\": 456,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Alex Sudrajat. 2016. An Analysis of English Pronunciation based on Student Speech Community at English Study Program. Final Project of English Education Department in University of lampung.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 406,\n \"width\": 457,\n \"height\": 94,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Ali Mustadi. 2013. Communicative Competence Based Language Teaching: An English Course Design for Primary Teacher Education . Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Aries Hadi Sutopo. 2003. Multimedia Interaktif dengan Flash. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Arikunto, S 2003. Procedure Penelitian , Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Arsyad, Azhar. 2006. Media Pembelajaran . Jakarta: PT Rja Grafindo Persada. Cameron, Lyne. 2001. Teaching languages to young Learners . London: Cambridge University Press. GroupLtd.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 459,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Celce-Murcia, M. 2006. Teaching English asa Second or Foreign Language . 3rd ed. Singapore: Heinle& Heinle.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 530,\n \"width\": 457,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Fraser, H. 2001. Teaching pronunciation: A handbook for teachers and trainers. Canberra: Departemen of Education Training and Youth Affairs.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 558,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Harmer, J. 2000. The Practice of English language Teaching. London:Longman Mukhtar. 2013. Metode Praktis Penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif . Jakarta: Referensi\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":194,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"5fd4fdba-113f-44c3-6332-f4a53aab77b8"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://riset.unisma.ac.id/index.php/JICE/article/download/19936/15652"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":307,"top":735,"width":13,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"98","type":"Page footer"},{"left":114,"top":102,"width":400,"height":51,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"THE EFFECT OF OVERLOAD ON THE DESIGN OF LIFE OF ROAD PAVEMENT (CASE STUDY: KOTI ROAD, JAYAPURA CITY)","type":"Title"},{"left":126,"top":166,"width":369,"height":23,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Kurnia Hadi Putra 1 , Ita Suhermin Ingsih 2 , Theresia Maria Candra Agusdini 3 , Mila Kusuma Wardani 4 , Felicia Tria Nuciferani 5 , Muhammad Exchel Cakra Putra 6","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":195,"width":388,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1,3,4,5,6 Civil Engineering Department, Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, Indonesia","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":207,"width":330,"height":34,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2 Civil Engineering Department, University of Islam Malang, Malang Indonesia e-mail: kurnia_putra@itats.ac.id","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":265,"width":56,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ABSTRACT","type":"Section header"},{"left":126,"top":277,"width":393,"height":166,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The roads hold a vital role in the transportation system in the Province of Papua, especially in the Jayapura area. However, real road conditions often experience a decrease in performance (damage) due to construction failures or deviant utilization. On Koti Road in Jayapura, sometimes vehicles passing it do not match the maximum permissible load. Consequently, excessive loading on the pavement can directly affect the design life of a road section. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the percentages of actual overload on each vehicle class, the increase in the cumulative VDF value, and the decrease in the design life on Koti Road, Jayapura. The research results indicated that the actual overload on Koti Road, Jayapura, obtained 81.06% for group 6a, 43.13% for group 6b, and 40.42% for group 7a. According to the Bina Marga method (1987), the cumulative VDF value increased by 133.8% due to actual excessive load in the field, while based on the NAASRA method (2004), it was 121.2%. In terms of the actual overload effects, the design life decreased by 9,273 years, or 46,365%, from the 20-year design life using the Bina Marga (1987) method, while based on the NAASRA (2004) method, the decrease in design life was 8.7898 years, or 43.949%, from the 20-year life plan.","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":456,"width":396,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Keywords: Importance Performance Analysis, Facility Feasibility, Field Show Terminal","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":492,"width":79,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Introduction","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":504,"width":416,"height":106,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Roads are land transportation infrastructure covering all parts of the road, including buildings and equipment intended for modes of transportation, which are on the ground, below the ground, and above the water, except for railroads, lorry roads, and cable roads. Road highway moments often have damage in a relatively very short time (early damage)[1][2] for both newly constructed roads and newly repaired roads (overlays) [3][4][5][6]. Some research results have done the main cause of road damage are execution quality, drainage, and from a vehicle load that exceeds the provisions (overloading) [7][8][9][10]. The ability of a road pavement structure will experience a decrease in the function of the structure and this decrease will be proportional to the increasing age of the pavement and the increasing traffic load that passes on the road.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":611,"width":415,"height":95,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"At the location under review, the traffic load is quite heavy and allows vehicles to experience overloading [11][12][13] which can result in road damage and reduce the design life of the road. Through this research, it is hoped that the authors will find out the value of the reduced design life [14][15][16] so that they can provide solutions for road damage that occurs. The area under review is Koti Road with a 2/2 UD road type and the function of a Secondary Artery Road which is an important road section in the business and industrial area. This resulted in heavy/large vehicles crossing the road so that the road conditions suffered road damage [17]. Vehicles that pass through Koti Road and are stuck in traffic jams will certainly burden the road.","type":"Text"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":307,"top":735,"width":13,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"99","type":"Page footer"},{"left":106,"top":90,"width":61,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Methods","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":101,"width":415,"height":24,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Steps in analyzing the Effect of Overload on the Planned Life of Road Paving on Jl. Koti Kota Jayapura is as follows:","type":"List item"},{"left":256,"top":466,"width":115,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 1 . Step of Research","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":495,"width":85,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2.1. Research sites","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":507,"width":416,"height":77,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The location of the study area is needed to collect some information about the area and environment where or the location of the research. For this reason, data collection is made directly or indirectly. What is meant by direct data collection is observation and direct measurement carried out in the field. And what is meant indirect data collection is data collection from agencies or officials related to the procurement of data to help fulfill and complete the data. Data collection at the location on Jalan Koti, Jayapura City.","type":"Text"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"100","type":"Page footer"},{"left":242,"top":248,"width":143,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 2. Research Location Map","type":"Caption"},{"left":106,"top":272,"width":134,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2.2. Data collection technique","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":284,"width":415,"height":34,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"A study requires several sources of data to be used as material for analysis in completing a study. In this study, there were 2 sources of data, namely primary data and secondary data. For the primary data itself in the form of:","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":319,"width":395,"height":24,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Road width and length data. The results of observations in the field obtained a road length of 1400 m and a width of 8 m (2/2 UD).","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":343,"width":316,"height":13,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" LHR survey at the study site with an interval of 15 minutes for 24 hours.","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":356,"width":157,"height":13,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Damaged Road Condition Survey.","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":369,"width":395,"height":24,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Documentation of the area that is reviewed when large vehicles pass and when there is a traffic jam caused by an anchored ship.","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":394,"width":156,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"As for secondary data in the form of:","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":405,"width":258,"height":13,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Vehicle weight data obtained from PT. Pelindo 4 Jayapura.","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":418,"width":327,"height":13,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Location images obtained via the internet or more details via Google maps.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":431,"width":127,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2.3. Data analysis technique","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":443,"width":416,"height":51,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Data processing for this research is the analytical method using the 1987 Bina Marga method. Data analysis is one of the factors that influence the success of research. Correct data analysis, using a method of calculating the correct data, will produce results that can be accounted for. The stages of data analysis for this study are as follows:","type":"Text"},{"left":133,"top":494,"width":382,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Calculating the percentage of actual overload on each vehicle using the equation:","type":"List item"},{"left":166,"top":511,"width":298,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Persentase 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = x 100% ..................(1)","type":"Table"},{"left":133,"top":537,"width":389,"height":26,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Calculating the increase in the value of VDF due to overloading uses the equation from Highways:","type":"List item"},{"left":166,"top":567,"width":296,"height":66,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Single Axis = ( ) ........................................................................ (2) Double Axis = 0,086 ( ) ...........................................................(3) Triple Axis = 0,031 ( ) ...............................................................(4)","type":"Table"},{"left":146,"top":646,"width":376,"height":25,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Calculating the magnitude of the increase in the VDF value due to overloading using the equation from NAASRA[5]:","type":"Text"},{"left":165,"top":684,"width":312,"height":39,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Single Axis, Single Wheel = ( ) ...................................................(5) Single Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) ......................................................(6)","type":"Table"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"101","type":"Page footer"},{"left":165,"top":93,"width":324,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Double Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) .......................................................(7)","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":117,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"After the normal VDF and VDF values due to overload are obtained, proceed with finding the cumulative VDF value using the following equation.","type":"Text"},{"left":161,"top":150,"width":310,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"VDF Cumulative = Total 𝑛 per Yearx 𝑉𝐷𝐹 n ...........................................(8)","type":"Text"},{"left":133,"top":171,"width":315,"height":13,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Calculating the value of the decline in the design life using the equation:","type":"List item"},{"left":166,"top":188,"width":323,"height":16,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"𝑅𝑙 = 100[1 − , ] .....................................................................................(9)","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":252,"width":119,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Result and Discussion","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":264,"width":415,"height":37,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3.1 Daily Traffic Volume and Traffic Growth Factor Daily traffic volume uses data in 2022 obtained from survey results and for daily traffic volume in 2022 as follows.","type":"List item"},{"left":145,"top":311,"width":329,"height":189,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 1. Traffic Volumes No Vehicle Class LHR 2022 (Vehicle/day) Number of Vehicles Per Year (2022) 1 Type 1 17979 6562335 2 Type 2 5314 1939610 3 Type 3 1509 550785 4 Type 4 334 121910 5 Type 5a 12 4380 6 Type 5b 10 3650 7 Type 6a 429 156585 8 Type 6b 205 74825 9 Type 7a 240 87600 10 Type 7b 0 0 11 Type 7c 0 0 Total 26032 9953010","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":521,"width":415,"height":25,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The traffic growth factor for Jalan Koti, Jayapura is taken from the 2017 Pavement Design Manual, which is equal to 4.75%.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":560,"width":200,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3.2 Data on Number of Overloaded Vehicles","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":572,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vehicle weight data were obtained from PT. Pelindo 4, Jayapura City, Papua Province. The number of overloaded vehicles can be seen as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":601,"width":365,"height":128,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 2. Number of Overloaded Vehicles No. Vehicle Number of Overloaded Vehicles per day (2022) Number of Overloaded Vehicles per year (2022) 1 Type 6a 351 128115 2 Type 6b 91 33215 3 Type 7a 97 35405 3.3 Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) 3.3.1 Bina Marga Method 1987","type":"Table"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"102","type":"Page footer"},{"left":106,"top":90,"width":412,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The cumulative VDF calculation recapitulation under normal conditions based on Bina Marga (1987) can be seen in Table 3 as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":136,"top":125,"width":356,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 3. Analysis VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Table"},{"left":149,"top":149,"width":336,"height":188,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2177 34088,5545 7 Type 6b 74825 24.141 1.806.350.325 8 Type 7a 87600 27.416 240164,16 9 Type 7b 0 39.088 0 10 Type 7c 0 41.479 0 Total 604353,9695","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":351,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The recapitulation of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987) can be seen in Table 5 as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":150,"top":387,"width":327,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 5 VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Text"},{"left":141,"top":405,"width":349,"height":159,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year VDF overload VDF Cumulative overload 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 2.3379 305717,9775 7 Type 6b 74825 10.1233 436696,1105 8 Type 7a 87600 10.6772 521124,078 9 Type 7b 0 3.9088 0 10 Type 7c 0 4.1479 0 Total 1413004,389","type":"Table"},{"left":126,"top":577,"width":359,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"From the previous calculations Table 4 and Table 5 the following results are obtained.","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":597,"width":267,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 604353,9695 VDF cumulative condition due to overload = 1413004,389","type":"Table"},{"left":126,"top":630,"width":275,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Based on the analysis, the increase in VDF is obtained as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":650,"width":340,"height":35,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 1413004,389 - 604353,9695 = 808650,4195","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":695,"width":300,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"103","type":"Page footer"},{"left":152,"top":90,"width":340,"height":54,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , 𝑥100% = 133,8%","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":155,"width":415,"height":47,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 133.8%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":227,"width":139,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3.3.2 NAASRA (2004) Method","type":"Section header"},{"left":126,"top":239,"width":372,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation under normal conditions based on NAASRA","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":250,"width":171,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"(2004) can be seen in Table 6 as follows.","type":"List item"},{"left":159,"top":271,"width":306,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 6. VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on NAASRA (2004)","type":"Text"},{"left":147,"top":294,"width":337,"height":163,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2738 42872,973 7 Type 6b 74825 3.0391 227400,657 8 Type 7a 87600 5.4073 473679.48 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 928533,683","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":471,"width":415,"height":22,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004) can be seen in Table 7 on the following page.","type":"Text"},{"left":150,"top":503,"width":325,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 7. VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on NAASRA (2004)","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":525,"width":338,"height":200,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 2.2163 291736,3605 7 Type 6b 74825 12.7444 549762.197 8 Type 7a 87600 21.0592 1027835 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 2053914,131 From the previous calculations, the following results were obtained. Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 928533,683","type":"Table"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"104","type":"Page footer"},{"left":146,"top":90,"width":180,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"VDF cumulative condition due to overload","type":"Text"},{"left":343,"top":90,"width":70,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"= 2053914,131","type":"Table"},{"left":146,"top":101,"width":340,"height":35,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The analysis obtained an increase in VDF as follows VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 2053914,131 – 928533,683 = 1125380,448","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":149,"width":310,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"So the percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":152,"top":173,"width":340,"height":54,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , x100% = 121,2%","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":227,"width":415,"height":46,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 121.2%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":287,"width":114,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. Decreasing Plan Age","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":299,"width":139,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4.1 Bina Marga 1987 Method","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":311,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The plan age used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of plan age in the 1st to 20th years, the cumulative ESAL is calculated first at the end of the plan life.","type":"Text"},{"left":132,"top":347,"width":363,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 8. Percentage of Planned Age in Normal Condition Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Text"},{"left":181,"top":366,"width":270,"height":317,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 302176,9848 96,812 2 9479721,941 617951,9338 93,481 3 9479721,941 947936,7556 90 4 9479721,941 1292770,894 86,363 5 9479721,941 1653122,569 82,561 6 9479721,941 2029690.07 78,589 7 9479721,941 2423203,108 74,438 8 9479721,941 2834424,232 70,1 9 9479721,941 3264150,307 65,567 10 9479721,941 3713214,056 60,83 11 9479721,941 4182485,673 55,88 12 9479721,941 4672874,513 50,707 13 9479721,941 5185330,851 45.301 14 9479721,941 5720847,724 39,652 15 9479721,941 6280462,857 33,748 16 9479721,941 6865260.67 27.58 17 9479721,941 7476374,385 21.133 18 9479721,941 8114988,217 14,396 19 9479721,941 8782339,671 7.3566 20 9479721,941 9479721,941 0","type":"Table"},{"left":141,"top":703,"width":342,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 9. Percentage of Planned Lifetime of Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Caption"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"105","type":"Page footer"},{"left":162,"top":91,"width":311,"height":317,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 706502,1945 92,547 2 9479721,941 1444796,988 84,759 3 9479721,941 2216315,047 76,62 4 9479721,941 3022551,418 68,116 5 9479721,941 3865068,427 59,228 6 9479721,941 4745498,7 49,941 7 9479721,941 5665548,336 40,235 8 9479721,941 6627000,206 30,093 9 9479721,941 7631717,41 19,494 10 9479721,941 8681646,888 8.4188 11 9479721,941 9778823,192 -3.1552 12 9479721,941 10925372,43 -15.25 13 9479721,941 12123516,38 -27,889 14 9479721,941 13375576,82 -41,097 15 9479721,941 14683979.97 -54,899 16 9479721,941 16051261,26 -69,322 17 9479721,941 17480070,21 -84,394 18 9479721,941 18973175,57 -100.14 19 9479721,941 20533470,66 -116.6 20 9479721,941 22163979.03 -133.8","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":424,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987), can be seen in Figure 2 as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":151,"top":646,"width":352,"height":11,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 2. Comparison of Depreciation of Planned Age Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Caption"},{"left":106,"top":675,"width":130,"height":11,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4.2 NAASRA (2004) Method","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":687,"width":415,"height":47,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The design life used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of the design life in years 1 to 20, the cumulative ESAL at the end of the design life is calculated with a DD value of 0.5 as suggested by AASHTO (1993), which is between 0.3 -0.7 and the DL value is used 1 according to the number of lanes for each lane so the calculation is as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":185,"top":461,"width":279,"height":171,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 P er ce nt ag e of P la nn ed L if et im e % year Kondisi Normal Normal Condition","type":"Picture"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"106","type":"Page footer"},{"left":138,"top":102,"width":348,"height":11,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 10. Percentage of Planned Age Normal Condition Based on NAASRA (2004)","type":"Text"},{"left":148,"top":121,"width":332,"height":610,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 464266,8415 96.81239 2 14564711.36 949425,6909 93.48133 3 14564711.36 1456416,688 90.00037 4 14564711.36 1986222,281 86.36278 5 14564711.36 2539869,125 82.56149 6 14564711.36 3118430,077 78.58914 7 14564711.36 3723026,272 74.43804 8 14564711.36 4354829,296 70.10013 9 14564711.36 5015063,456 65.56702 10 14564711.36 5705008,153 60.82993 11 14564711.36 6426000,361 55.87966 12 14564711.36 7179437,219 50.70663 13 14564711.36 7966778,735 45.30081 14 14564711.36 8789550,62 39.65173 15 14564711.36 9649347,239 33.74845 16 14564711.36 10547834,71 27.57951 17 14564711.36 11486754,11 21.13298 18 14564711.36 12467924.89 14.39635 19 14564711.36 13493248,35 7.356569 20 14564711.36 14564711.36 0 Table 11. Percentage of Design Life Due to Actual Overload NAASRA (2004) YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 1026957,066 92,949 2 14564711.36 2100127,199 855.807 3 14564711.36 3221589,988 778.809 4 14564711.36 4393518,603 698.345 5 14564711.36 5618184,006 614.261 6 14564711.36 6897959,352 526.392 7 14564711.36 8235324,588 43,457 8 14564711.36 9632871.26 338.616 9 14564711.36 11093307,53 238.343 10 14564711.36 12619463,44 133.559 11 14564711.36 14214296,36 240.592 12 14564711.36 15880896,76 -903.681 13 14564711.36 17622494,18 -209.945 14 14564711.36 19442463,48 -334.902 15 14564711.36 21344331,4 -465.483 16 14564711.36 23331783,38 -60,1939 17 14564711.36 25408670,7 -744.537","type":"Table"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"107","type":"Page footer"},{"left":162,"top":91,"width":304,"height":55,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 18 14564711.36 27579017,95 -893.551 19 14564711.36 29847030,82 -104,927 20 14564711.36 32217104,27 -121.2","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":160,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004), can be seen in Figure 3 as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":163,"top":403,"width":325,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 3. Comparison of Decrease in Planned Age Based on NAASRA (2004)","type":"Caption"},{"left":106,"top":426,"width":76,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"5. Conclusions","type":"Section header"},{"left":127,"top":438,"width":394,"height":106,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The actual percentage of overload on the Koti road, Jayapura was obtained for class 6a of 81.06%, class 6b of 43.13%, and class 7a of 40.42%. Actual overload in the field can result in an increase in the cumulative VDF value, based on the Bina Marga (1987) method, an increase in cumulative VDF due to actual overload in the field is 133.8%, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) it is 121.2%. Decreasing of the design life due to actual overload in the field, based on the method of Highways (1987) obtained a decrease in the design life of 9.273 years or a decrease of 46.365% from the design life of 20 years, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) a decrease in the design life of 8.7898 years was obtained. decreased by 43.949% from the planned age of 20 years.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":569,"width":51,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"References","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":587,"width":415,"height":25,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[1] S. P. Hadiwardoyo, “Evaluation of the addition of short coconut fibers on the characteristics of asphalt mixtures,” vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 63–74, 2013.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":613,"width":415,"height":38,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[2] S. Bhandari, X. Luo, and F. 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Samad, “Overdimensi Dan Overloading Lalu Lintas Kendaraan Angkutan Barang Melalui Suatu Uji Penimbangan Kendaraan Bermotor Di Maccopa Kabupaten Maros Overdimension,” 2019.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":440,"width":415,"height":38,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[13] Y. Chen et al. , “Investigating factors affecting road freight overloading through the integrated use of BLR and CART: A case study in China,” Transport , vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 236–246, 2020, doi: 10.3846/transport.2020.12635.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":479,"width":416,"height":77,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[14] A. Sandhyavitri, I. Talha, M. Fauzi, and ..., “Managing construction risks of the toll road project in Indonesia,” International Journal on … . researchgate.net, 2017. [Online]. 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Jiao, “Development of polyurethane-based solid-solid phase change materials for cooling asphalt pavements,” Energy Build. , vol. 259, p. 111873, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111873.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":622,"width":416,"height":50,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[17] O. E. Gungor and I. L. Al-Qadi, “All for one: Centralized optimization of truck platoons to improve roadway infrastructure sustainability,” Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. , vol. 114, no. January, pp. 84–98, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2020.02.002.","type":"List item"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"109","type":"Page footer"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 307,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"98\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 102,\n \"width\": 400,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"THE EFFECT OF OVERLOAD ON THE DESIGN OF LIFE OF ROAD PAVEMENT (CASE STUDY: KOTI ROAD, JAYAPURA CITY)\",\n \"type\": \"Title\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 166,\n \"width\": 369,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Kurnia Hadi Putra 1 , Ita Suhermin Ingsih 2 , Theresia Maria Candra Agusdini 3 , Mila Kusuma Wardani 4 , Felicia Tria Nuciferani 5 , Muhammad Exchel Cakra Putra 6\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 195,\n \"width\": 388,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1,3,4,5,6 Civil Engineering Department, Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 207,\n \"width\": 330,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2 Civil Engineering Department, University of Islam Malang, Malang Indonesia e-mail: kurnia_putra@itats.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 265,\n \"width\": 56,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 277,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 166,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The roads hold a vital role in the transportation system in the Province of Papua, especially in the Jayapura area. However, real road conditions often experience a decrease in performance (damage) due to construction failures or deviant utilization. On Koti Road in Jayapura, sometimes vehicles passing it do not match the maximum permissible load. Consequently, excessive loading on the pavement can directly affect the design life of a road section. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the percentages of actual overload on each vehicle class, the increase in the cumulative VDF value, and the decrease in the design life on Koti Road, Jayapura. The research results indicated that the actual overload on Koti Road, Jayapura, obtained 81.06% for group 6a, 43.13% for group 6b, and 40.42% for group 7a. According to the Bina Marga method (1987), the cumulative VDF value increased by 133.8% due to actual excessive load in the field, while based on the NAASRA method (2004), it was 121.2%. In terms of the actual overload effects, the design life decreased by 9,273 years, or 46,365%, from the 20-year design life using the Bina Marga (1987) method, while based on the NAASRA (2004) method, the decrease in design life was 8.7898 years, or 43.949%, from the 20-year life plan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 456,\n \"width\": 396,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: Importance Performance Analysis, Facility Feasibility, Field Show Terminal\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 492,\n \"width\": 79,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Introduction\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 504,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 106,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Roads are land transportation infrastructure covering all parts of the road, including buildings and equipment intended for modes of transportation, which are on the ground, below the ground, and above the water, except for railroads, lorry roads, and cable roads. Road highway moments often have damage in a relatively very short time (early damage)[1][2] for both newly constructed roads and newly repaired roads (overlays) [3][4][5][6]. Some research results have done the main cause of road damage are execution quality, drainage, and from a vehicle load that exceeds the provisions (overloading) [7][8][9][10]. The ability of a road pavement structure will experience a decrease in the function of the structure and this decrease will be proportional to the increasing age of the pavement and the increasing traffic load that passes on the road.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 611,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 95,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"At the location under review, the traffic load is quite heavy and allows vehicles to experience overloading [11][12][13] which can result in road damage and reduce the design life of the road. Through this research, it is hoped that the authors will find out the value of the reduced design life [14][15][16] so that they can provide solutions for road damage that occurs. The area under review is Koti Road with a 2/2 UD road type and the function of a Secondary Artery Road which is an important road section in the business and industrial area. This resulted in heavy/large vehicles crossing the road so that the road conditions suffered road damage [17]. Vehicles that pass through Koti Road and are stuck in traffic jams will certainly burden the road.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 307,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"99\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 61,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Methods\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 101,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Steps in analyzing the Effect of Overload on the Planned Life of Road Paving on Jl. Koti Kota Jayapura is as follows:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 256,\n \"top\": 466,\n \"width\": 115,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 1 . Step of Research\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 495,\n \"width\": 85,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2.1. Research sites\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 507,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 77,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The location of the study area is needed to collect some information about the area and environment where or the location of the research. For this reason, data collection is made directly or indirectly. What is meant by direct data collection is observation and direct measurement carried out in the field. And what is meant indirect data collection is data collection from agencies or officials related to the procurement of data to help fulfill and complete the data. Data collection at the location on Jalan Koti, Jayapura City.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"100\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 242,\n \"top\": 248,\n \"width\": 143,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 2. Research Location Map\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 272,\n \"width\": 134,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2.2. Data collection technique\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 284,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"A study requires several sources of data to be used as material for analysis in completing a study. In this study, there were 2 sources of data, namely primary data and secondary data. For the primary data itself in the form of:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 319,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Road width and length data. The results of observations in the field obtained a road length of 1400 m and a width of 8 m (2/2 UD).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 343,\n \"width\": 316,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" LHR survey at the study site with an interval of 15 minutes for 24 hours.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 356,\n \"width\": 157,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Damaged Road Condition Survey.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 369,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Documentation of the area that is reviewed when large vehicles pass and when there is a traffic jam caused by an anchored ship.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 394,\n \"width\": 156,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"As for secondary data in the form of:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 405,\n \"width\": 258,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Vehicle weight data obtained from PT. Pelindo 4 Jayapura.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 418,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Location images obtained via the internet or more details via Google maps.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 431,\n \"width\": 127,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2.3. Data analysis technique\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 443,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Data processing for this research is the analytical method using the 1987 Bina Marga method. Data analysis is one of the factors that influence the success of research. Correct data analysis, using a method of calculating the correct data, will produce results that can be accounted for. The stages of data analysis for this study are as follows:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 133,\n \"top\": 494,\n \"width\": 382,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Calculating the percentage of actual overload on each vehicle using the equation:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 511,\n \"width\": 298,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Persentase 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = x 100% ..................(1)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 133,\n \"top\": 537,\n \"width\": 389,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Calculating the increase in the value of VDF due to overloading uses the equation from Highways:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 567,\n \"width\": 296,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Single Axis = ( ) ........................................................................ (2) Double Axis = 0,086 ( ) ...........................................................(3) Triple Axis = 0,031 ( ) ...............................................................(4)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 646,\n \"width\": 376,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Calculating the magnitude of the increase in the VDF value due to overloading using the equation from NAASRA[5]:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 165,\n \"top\": 684,\n \"width\": 312,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Single Axis, Single Wheel = ( ) ...................................................(5) Single Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) ......................................................(6)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"101\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 165,\n \"top\": 93,\n \"width\": 324,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Double Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) .......................................................(7)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 117,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"After the normal VDF and VDF values due to overload are obtained, proceed with finding the cumulative VDF value using the following equation.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 161,\n \"top\": 150,\n \"width\": 310,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"VDF Cumulative = Total 𝑛 per Yearx 𝑉𝐷𝐹 n ...........................................(8)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 133,\n \"top\": 171,\n \"width\": 315,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Calculating the value of the decline in the design life using the equation:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 188,\n \"width\": 323,\n \"height\": 16,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"𝑅𝑙 = 100[1 − , ] .....................................................................................(9)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 252,\n \"width\": 119,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Result and Discussion\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 264,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3.1 Daily Traffic Volume and Traffic Growth Factor Daily traffic volume uses data in 2022 obtained from survey results and for daily traffic volume in 2022 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 145,\n \"top\": 311,\n \"width\": 329,\n \"height\": 189,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Traffic Volumes No Vehicle Class LHR 2022 (Vehicle/day) Number of Vehicles Per Year (2022) 1 Type 1 17979 6562335 2 Type 2 5314 1939610 3 Type 3 1509 550785 4 Type 4 334 121910 5 Type 5a 12 4380 6 Type 5b 10 3650 7 Type 6a 429 156585 8 Type 6b 205 74825 9 Type 7a 240 87600 10 Type 7b 0 0 11 Type 7c 0 0 Total 26032 9953010\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 521,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The traffic growth factor for Jalan Koti, Jayapura is taken from the 2017 Pavement Design Manual, which is equal to 4.75%.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 560,\n \"width\": 200,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3.2 Data on Number of Overloaded Vehicles\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 572,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vehicle weight data were obtained from PT. Pelindo 4, Jayapura City, Papua Province. The number of overloaded vehicles can be seen as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 601,\n \"width\": 365,\n \"height\": 128,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 2. Number of Overloaded Vehicles No. Vehicle Number of Overloaded Vehicles per day (2022) Number of Overloaded Vehicles per year (2022) 1 Type 6a 351 128115 2 Type 6b 91 33215 3 Type 7a 97 35405 3.3 Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) 3.3.1 Bina Marga Method 1987\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"102\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 412,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The cumulative VDF calculation recapitulation under normal conditions based on Bina Marga (1987) can be seen in Table 3 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 136,\n \"top\": 125,\n \"width\": 356,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 3. Analysis VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 149,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 336,\n \"height\": 188,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2177 34088,5545 7 Type 6b 74825 24.141 1.806.350.325 8 Type 7a 87600 27.416 240164,16 9 Type 7b 0 39.088 0 10 Type 7c 0 41.479 0 Total 604353,9695\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 351,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The recapitulation of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987) can be seen in Table 5 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 150,\n \"top\": 387,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 5 VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 405,\n \"width\": 349,\n \"height\": 159,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year VDF overload VDF Cumulative overload 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 2.3379 305717,9775 7 Type 6b 74825 10.1233 436696,1105 8 Type 7a 87600 10.6772 521124,078 9 Type 7b 0 3.9088 0 10 Type 7c 0 4.1479 0 Total 1413004,389\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 577,\n \"width\": 359,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"From the previous calculations Table 4 and Table 5 the following results are obtained.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 597,\n \"width\": 267,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 604353,9695 VDF cumulative condition due to overload = 1413004,389\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 630,\n \"width\": 275,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Based on the analysis, the increase in VDF is obtained as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 650,\n \"width\": 340,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 1413004,389 - 604353,9695 = 808650,4195\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 695,\n \"width\": 300,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"103\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 152,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 340,\n \"height\": 54,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , 𝑥100% = 133,8%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 155,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 47,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 133.8%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 227,\n \"width\": 139,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3.3.2 NAASRA (2004) Method\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 239,\n \"width\": 372,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation under normal conditions based on NAASRA\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 250,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"(2004) can be seen in Table 6 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 159,\n \"top\": 271,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 6. VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on NAASRA (2004)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 294,\n \"width\": 337,\n \"height\": 163,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2738 42872,973 7 Type 6b 74825 3.0391 227400,657 8 Type 7a 87600 5.4073 473679.48 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 928533,683\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 471,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004) can be seen in Table 7 on the following page.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 150,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 325,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 7. VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on NAASRA (2004)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 525,\n \"width\": 338,\n \"height\": 200,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 2.2163 291736,3605 7 Type 6b 74825 12.7444 549762.197 8 Type 7a 87600 21.0592 1027835 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 2053914,131 From the previous calculations, the following results were obtained. Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 928533,683\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"104\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 180,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"VDF cumulative condition due to overload\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 343,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 70,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"= 2053914,131\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 101,\n \"width\": 340,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The analysis obtained an increase in VDF as follows VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 2053914,131 – 928533,683 = 1125380,448\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 310,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"So the percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 152,\n \"top\": 173,\n \"width\": 340,\n \"height\": 54,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , x100% = 121,2%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 227,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 46,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 121.2%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 287,\n \"width\": 114,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. Decreasing Plan Age\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 299,\n \"width\": 139,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4.1 Bina Marga 1987 Method\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 311,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The plan age used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of plan age in the 1st to 20th years, the cumulative ESAL is calculated first at the end of the plan life.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 132,\n \"top\": 347,\n \"width\": 363,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 8. Percentage of Planned Age in Normal Condition Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 181,\n \"top\": 366,\n \"width\": 270,\n \"height\": 317,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 302176,9848 96,812 2 9479721,941 617951,9338 93,481 3 9479721,941 947936,7556 90 4 9479721,941 1292770,894 86,363 5 9479721,941 1653122,569 82,561 6 9479721,941 2029690.07 78,589 7 9479721,941 2423203,108 74,438 8 9479721,941 2834424,232 70,1 9 9479721,941 3264150,307 65,567 10 9479721,941 3713214,056 60,83 11 9479721,941 4182485,673 55,88 12 9479721,941 4672874,513 50,707 13 9479721,941 5185330,851 45.301 14 9479721,941 5720847,724 39,652 15 9479721,941 6280462,857 33,748 16 9479721,941 6865260.67 27.58 17 9479721,941 7476374,385 21.133 18 9479721,941 8114988,217 14,396 19 9479721,941 8782339,671 7.3566 20 9479721,941 9479721,941 0\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 703,\n \"width\": 342,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 9. Percentage of Planned Lifetime of Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"105\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 162,\n \"top\": 91,\n \"width\": 311,\n \"height\": 317,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 706502,1945 92,547 2 9479721,941 1444796,988 84,759 3 9479721,941 2216315,047 76,62 4 9479721,941 3022551,418 68,116 5 9479721,941 3865068,427 59,228 6 9479721,941 4745498,7 49,941 7 9479721,941 5665548,336 40,235 8 9479721,941 6627000,206 30,093 9 9479721,941 7631717,41 19,494 10 9479721,941 8681646,888 8.4188 11 9479721,941 9778823,192 -3.1552 12 9479721,941 10925372,43 -15.25 13 9479721,941 12123516,38 -27,889 14 9479721,941 13375576,82 -41,097 15 9479721,941 14683979.97 -54,899 16 9479721,941 16051261,26 -69,322 17 9479721,941 17480070,21 -84,394 18 9479721,941 18973175,57 -100.14 19 9479721,941 20533470,66 -116.6 20 9479721,941 22163979.03 -133.8\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 424,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987), can be seen in Figure 2 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 151,\n \"top\": 646,\n \"width\": 352,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 2. Comparison of Depreciation of Planned Age Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 675,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4.2 NAASRA (2004) Method\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 687,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 47,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The design life used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of the design life in years 1 to 20, the cumulative ESAL at the end of the design life is calculated with a DD value of 0.5 as suggested by AASHTO (1993), which is between 0.3 -0.7 and the DL value is used 1 according to the number of lanes for each lane so the calculation is as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 185,\n \"top\": 461,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 171,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 P er ce nt ag e of P la nn ed L if et im e % year Kondisi Normal Normal Condition\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"106\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 102,\n \"width\": 348,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 10. Percentage of Planned Age Normal Condition Based on NAASRA (2004)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 121,\n \"width\": 332,\n \"height\": 610,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 464266,8415 96.81239 2 14564711.36 949425,6909 93.48133 3 14564711.36 1456416,688 90.00037 4 14564711.36 1986222,281 86.36278 5 14564711.36 2539869,125 82.56149 6 14564711.36 3118430,077 78.58914 7 14564711.36 3723026,272 74.43804 8 14564711.36 4354829,296 70.10013 9 14564711.36 5015063,456 65.56702 10 14564711.36 5705008,153 60.82993 11 14564711.36 6426000,361 55.87966 12 14564711.36 7179437,219 50.70663 13 14564711.36 7966778,735 45.30081 14 14564711.36 8789550,62 39.65173 15 14564711.36 9649347,239 33.74845 16 14564711.36 10547834,71 27.57951 17 14564711.36 11486754,11 21.13298 18 14564711.36 12467924.89 14.39635 19 14564711.36 13493248,35 7.356569 20 14564711.36 14564711.36 0 Table 11. Percentage of Design Life Due to Actual Overload NAASRA (2004) YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 1026957,066 92,949 2 14564711.36 2100127,199 855.807 3 14564711.36 3221589,988 778.809 4 14564711.36 4393518,603 698.345 5 14564711.36 5618184,006 614.261 6 14564711.36 6897959,352 526.392 7 14564711.36 8235324,588 43,457 8 14564711.36 9632871.26 338.616 9 14564711.36 11093307,53 238.343 10 14564711.36 12619463,44 133.559 11 14564711.36 14214296,36 240.592 12 14564711.36 15880896,76 -903.681 13 14564711.36 17622494,18 -209.945 14 14564711.36 19442463,48 -334.902 15 14564711.36 21344331,4 -465.483 16 14564711.36 23331783,38 -60,1939 17 14564711.36 25408670,7 -744.537\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"107\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 162,\n \"top\": 91,\n \"width\": 304,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 18 14564711.36 27579017,95 -893.551 19 14564711.36 29847030,82 -104,927 20 14564711.36 32217104,27 -121.2\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 160,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004), can be seen in Figure 3 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 163,\n \"top\": 403,\n \"width\": 325,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 3. Comparison of Decrease in Planned Age Based on NAASRA (2004)\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 426,\n \"width\": 76,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"5. Conclusions\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 127,\n \"top\": 438,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 106,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The actual percentage of overload on the Koti road, Jayapura was obtained for class 6a of 81.06%, class 6b of 43.13%, and class 7a of 40.42%. Actual overload in the field can result in an increase in the cumulative VDF value, based on the Bina Marga (1987) method, an increase in cumulative VDF due to actual overload in the field is 133.8%, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) it is 121.2%. Decreasing of the design life due to actual overload in the field, based on the method of Highways (1987) obtained a decrease in the design life of 9.273 years or a decrease of 46.365% from the design life of 20 years, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) a decrease in the design life of 8.7898 years was obtained. decreased by 43.949% from the planned age of 20 years.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 569,\n \"width\": 51,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"References\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 587,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[1] S. P. Hadiwardoyo, “Evaluation of the addition of short coconut fibers on the characteristics of asphalt mixtures,” vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 63–74, 2013.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 613,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[2] S. Bhandari, X. Luo, and F. Wang, “Understanding the effects of structural factors and traffic loading on flexible pavement performance,” Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol. , vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 258–272, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijtst.2022.02.004.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 652,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[3] R. A. Saputro, “Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Lentur Pada Ruas Jalan Raya Krikilan Drioyorejo,” pp. 1–11, 2021, [Online]. Available: http://repository.untag- sby.ac.id/id/eprint/10488%0Ahttp://repository.untag-sby.ac.id/10488/3/BAB 2.pdf\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 690,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[4] E. Rizkiawan, A. Setiawan, and S. J. Legowo, “Perencanaan Tebal Lapis Tambah ( Overlay ) Metode Pd T-05-2005-B Dan Metode SDPJL Pada Ruas Jalan,” E-Jurnal MatriksTeknik Sipil. Univ. Sebel. Maret. Surakarta. , pp. 623–631, 2017.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 171,\n \"top\": 199,\n \"width\": 311,\n \"height\": 192,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 P er se nt as e U m u r R en ca na % Tahun Ke - Kondisi Normal Akibah Muatan Berlebih Aktual Normal Condt. Due to Actual Overload Years To-\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"108\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[5] D. Wahyudi, P. Pratomo, and H. Ali, “Analisis Perencanaan Tebal Lapis Tambah ( overlay ) Cara Lenduntan Balik Dengan Metode Pd T-05-2005-B dan Pedoman Interim No . 002 / P / BM / 2011 B,” Jrsdd , vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 137–152, 2016.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 129,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 50,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[6] S. Sudarno, L. Fadhilah, A. Afif, S. Nurobingatun, H. Hariyadi, and A. Mufid, “Analisis Tebal Perkerasan Jalan Raya Magelang-Purworejo Km 8 Sampai Km 9 Menggunakan Metode Bina Marga 1987,” Rev. Civ. Eng. , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 41–46, 2018, doi: 10.31002/rice.v2i1.689.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 181,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[7] H. Wen, Y. Du, Z. Chen, and S. Zhao, “Analysis of Factors Contributing to the Injury Severity of Overloaded-Truck-Related Crashes on Mountainous Highways in China,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health , vol. 19, no. 7, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19074244.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 219,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[8] I. K. Umar and S. Bashir, “Investigation of the factors contributing to truck driver’s involvement in an injury accident,” Pamukkale Univ. J. Eng. Sci. , vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 402–408, 2020, doi: 10.5505/pajes.2019.65391.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 258,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[9] V. Dobromirov, U. Meike, S. Evtiukov, and O. Bardyshev, “Safety of transporting granular road construction materials in urban environment,” Transp. Res. Procedia , vol. 50, pp. 86–95, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.10.011.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 297,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[10] P. Delhomme and A. Gheorghiu, “Perceived stress, mental health, organizational factors, and self-reported risky driving behaviors among truck drivers circulating in France,” J. Safety Res. , vol. 79, pp. 341–351, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.10.001.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 336,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 64,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[11] G. I. Simanjuntak, A. Pramusetyo, B. Riyanto, and Supriyono, “Analisis Pengaruh Muatan Lebih (Overloading) Terhadap Kinerja Jalan dan Umur Rencana Perkerasan Lentur (Studi Kasus Ruas Jalan Raya Pringsurat, Ambarawa-Magelang),” J. Karya Tek. Sipil. Univ. Diponegoro. Semarang , vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 539 – 551, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkts/index\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 401,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[12] H. Samad, “Overdimensi Dan Overloading Lalu Lintas Kendaraan Angkutan Barang Melalui Suatu Uji Penimbangan Kendaraan Bermotor Di Maccopa Kabupaten Maros Overdimension,” 2019.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 440,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[13] Y. Chen et al. , “Investigating factors affecting road freight overloading through the integrated use of BLR and CART: A case study in China,” Transport , vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 236–246, 2020, doi: 10.3846/transport.2020.12635.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 479,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 77,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[14] A. Sandhyavitri, I. Talha, M. Fauzi, and ..., “Managing construction risks of the toll road project in Indonesia,” International Journal on … . researchgate.net, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ari-Sandhyavitri- 3/publication/320748595_Managing_Construction_Risks_of_the_Toll_Road_Projec t_in_Indonesia/links/5a7e8ec1a6fdcc0d4ba834d6/Managing-Construction-Risks-of- the-Toll-Road-Project-in-Indonesia.pdf\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 557,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[15] A. Sha et al. , “Advances and development trends in eco-friendly pavements,” J. Road Eng. , vol. 1, no. October, pp. 1–42, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jreng.2021.12.002.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 583,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[16] A. Sha, J. Zhang, M. Jia, W. Jiang, and W. Jiao, “Development of polyurethane-based solid-solid phase change materials for cooling asphalt pavements,” Energy Build. , vol. 259, p. 111873, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111873.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 622,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 50,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[17] O. E. Gungor and I. L. Al-Qadi, “All for one: Centralized optimization of truck platoons to improve roadway infrastructure sustainability,” Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. , vol. 114, no. January, pp. 84–98, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2020.02.002.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"109\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":195,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"8f442cbe-560f-3a2f-a1fe-732fb43dc970"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"http://journal.unublitar.ac.id/ilkomnika/index.php/ilkomnika/article/download/16/6"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":85,"top":38,"width":254,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":453,"top":38,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":49,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"30","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":788,"width":213,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"https://doi.org/10.28926/ilkomnika.v1i2.16","type":"Page footer"},{"left":366,"top":788,"width":183,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://journal.unublitar.ac.id/ilkomnika","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":94,"width":436,"height":34,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Scalable Business Process Model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren berbasis Production Rule Cellular Automata","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":143,"width":282,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Siti Muslihaeny 1,* , Muhammad Ainul Yaqin 2 , Syahiduz Zaman 3","type":"Text"},{"left":87,"top":166,"width":327,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Jurusan Teknik Informatika, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Indonesia","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":174,"width":160,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1 heny.rr@yahoo.com, 2 yaqinov@gmail.com","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":186,"width":86,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"* corresponding author","type":"Picture"},{"left":267,"top":537,"width":96,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"PENDAHULUAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":551,"width":443,"height":218,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Proses bisnis merupakan salah satu elemen penting dari sebuah enterprise . Semakin baik proses bisnis maka semakin baik pula enterprise tersebut [1]. Peningkatan kapasitas produksi dalam enterprise dapat menjadi penyebab peningkatan proses produksi dan proses bisnis. Peningkatan kapasistas produksi dan proses bisnis dapat diprediksi menggunakan simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Namun, simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis harus disesuaikan kembali dengan kebutuhan enterprise . Contoh kebutuhan enterprise yang menjadi pemicu tumbuhnya proses bisnis pada studi kasus Pondok Pesantren yaitu pertambahan jumlah santri dan kurikulum, sehingga memicu adanya penambahan kelas, penambahan jam mata pelajaran dan lain sebagainya. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana membuat pola dan mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata serta menghitung keakuratan pola pertumbuhan tersebut . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan apabila proses bisnis tersebut scalable , artinya proses bisnis yang memiliki kemampuan untuk tumbuh. Rumus yang digunakan untuk mengukur proses bisnis scalable dengan perhitungan scalability . Nilai scalability sendiri dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Nilai","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":232,"width":78,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"A R T I K E L I N F O","type":"Picture"},{"left":227,"top":232,"width":54,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"A B S T R A K","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":262,"width":45,"height":6,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Article history","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":272,"width":89,"height":26,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Diterima: 15 Oktober 2019 Direvisi: 5 November 2019 Diterbitkan: 30 Desember 2019","type":"Table"},{"left":227,"top":261,"width":294,"height":262,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasi scalable business process model dari ERP Pondok Pesantren guna mendapatkan variasi proses bisnis yang mungkin terjadi menggunakan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata . Inputan untuk sistem ini adalah model proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yang dimodelkan menggunakan Petri net berupa file PNML. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah scalability . Scalability / skalabilitas adalah potensi proses bisnis untuk tumbuh atau kemampuan pertumbuhan dari proses bisnis. Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis terjadi pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Syarat untuk dapat terjadi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis yaitu complexity model A harus lebih kecil daripada model B. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan secara random dengan dua pembobotan yaitu secara percabangan dan sequence . Pertumbuhan berhenti jika scalabiltiy pada nilai “>=0” dan “<1” Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu melakukan simulasi pertumbuhan pada file PNML yang ditandai dengan nilai recent scalability lebih kecil dibandingkan scalability awal. Kemudian output sistem adalah file PNML hasil dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan pertumbuhan elemen baru. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian dari segi nilai scalability , penelitian terbukti berhasil dengan fakta penurunan nilai scalability .","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":330,"width":32,"height":6,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Keywords","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":340,"width":103,"height":56,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Proses Bisnis Pondok Pesantren Model Petri Net Control Flow Complexity Scalability, Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisni Production Rule Cellular Automata.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":251,"height":8,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"31","type":"Page header"},{"left":206,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":73,"width":443,"height":108,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"skala didapatkan dari hasil perhitungan beberapa parameter yaitu jumlah elemen model proses bisnis dan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) [2]. Selanjutnya, model proses yang scalable akan disimulasikan pertumbuhannya menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Nantinya simulasi pertumbuhan yang dilakukan pada model proses bisnis dimodelkan dengan Petri net, karena pemodelan menggunakan Petri net lebih sederhana dibandingkan dengan pemodelan lain . Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini adalah mengetahui variasi proses bisnis mungkin terjadi dari berbagai kemungkinan.","type":"Text"},{"left":270,"top":184,"width":91,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"KAJIAN TEORI","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":198,"width":248,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":211,"width":443,"height":163,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Menurut Wijaya dan Darudito, Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) merupakan singkatan dari tiga elemen kata yaitu Enterprise (Perusahaan), Resource (Sumber Daya) dan Planning (Perencanaan) [3]. Arti luas pengertian ERP sendiri merupakan konsep untuk merencanakan dan mengelola sumber daya perusahaan. Keuntungan dari ERP yaitu paket program terintegrasi dan multifungsi yang dirancang untuk melayani berbagai fungsi di dalam perusahaan sehingga pekerjaan lebih efisien dan menghasilkan nilai tambah bagi semua pihak ( stakeholder ). Pondok pesantren merupakan salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam subkultural Indonesia. Pondok pesantren dapat dianalogikan sebagai enterprise , oleh karena itu proses bisnis yang terdapat pada pondok pesantren membutuhkan adanya perencanaan yang baik dan tepat sehingga untuk mengelolanya diperlukan ERP. ERP Pondok Pesantren membutuhkan pemodelan yang berguna untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana alur sistem pada pondok tersebut [4].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":391,"width":130,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pemodelan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":405,"width":441,"height":204,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pemodelan proses bisnis atau business process model (BPM) merupakan diagram umum yang mewakili urutan kegiatan. Menurut Puspa Dewi, pemodelan proses bisnis merupakan cara untuk mendesain, menganalisa dan memahami proses bisnis. Hal ini memberikan manfaat untuk enterperise memahami proses bisnis, mengidentifikasi masalah yang mungkin terjadi, mendokumentasi sehingga dapat mengkomunikasikan ke stakeholder [5]. Salah satu pemodelan proses bisnis yang digunakan untuk memodelkan proses bisnis adalah Petri net. Petri net adalah bahasa grafis dan matematis untuk pemodelan dan menganalisis proses bisnis. Menurut Anggrainingsih (2004), Petri net dibuat oleh ilmuan bernama Carl Adam Petri tahun 1962 sebagai alat pemodelan yaitu: place, transition dan arc [6]. Arc sebagai penghubung antara place dan transition. Place digambarkan dengan bentuk bulat yang merepresentasikan kondisi yang harus dipenuhi. Transition digambarkan dengan kotak presegi menggambarkan suatu peristiwa ( event ) atau tindakan. Sebuah transition memiliki input dan output places yang merepresentasikan pre-condition dan post-condition dari event . Place , transition dan arc dinotasikan dalam Gambar 1.","type":"Text"},{"left":251,"top":643,"width":110,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 1 Notasi Petri net","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":669,"width":130,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":683,"width":441,"height":79,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Skalabilitas proses bisnis atau scalability adalah efisiensi menangani pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang semakin kompleks dengan pertimbangan dapat meminimalisir biaya yang akan dikeluarkan serta meningkatkan kinerja dari hasil analisis proses bisnis. Scalability dapat diukur dengan meibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity , behavioral similarity , skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen dalam proses bisnis [2].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"32","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":252,"height":8,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":453,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":221,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":75,"width":191,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":89,"width":443,"height":232,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis membantu enterperise dengan melakukan analisa dan pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai proses bisnis. Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah optimasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja dan pengurangan biaya selaras dengan semakin kompleksnya proses bisnis. Simulasi terkait dengan scalability yaitu menghitung skala dari proses bisnis yang akan disimulasi. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis digunakan untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis agar menghasilkan variasi proses bisnis dengan berbagai kemungkinan. Simulasi pertumbuhan membutuhkan beberapa aturan dan kriteria untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis. Salah satu teori yang sering digunakan oleh beberapa peneliti yaitu L-System untuk simulasi pertumbuhan tanaman [7]. Simulasi pertumbuhan dimungkinkan dapat direpresentasikan ke dalam simulasi pertumbuhan suatu graph. Namun, sebelum adanya teori L-System terdapat teori Automata yang dalam cakupannya terdapat Production Rule Cellular Automata yang nantinya akan digunakan pada penelitian ini. Production Rule Cellular Automata merupakan bagian di dalam Cellular Automata. Cellular Automata adalah model diskrit pada ilmu komputer, matematika, fisika, ilmu kompleksitas, biologi teoritis dan pemodelan Cellular Automata juga disebut runag cellular , tessellation automata , struktur homogen, struktur cellular , struktur tesselation dan array yang berulang-ulang [8].","type":"Text"},{"left":287,"top":337,"width":56,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"METODE","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":351,"width":92,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Desain Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":365,"width":442,"height":52,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Aplikasi yang akan dibangun adalah aplikasi untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model yang artinya proses bisnis yang ditumbuhkan harus scalable . Proses bisnis yang scalable artinya proses bisnis yang terukur serta dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus scalability .","type":"Text"},{"left":242,"top":663,"width":125,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 2. Prosedur Penelitian","type":"Caption"},{"left":85,"top":690,"width":443,"height":66,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Kemudian, proses bisnis yang scalable disimulasikan pertumbuhannya yang dapat menghasilkan beberapa variasi proses bisnis dari berbagai kemungkinan. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Production Rule Cellular Automata . Adapun prosedur penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana pelaksanaan penelitian. Prosedur penelitian digambarkan secara umum seperti pada Gambar 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":251,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"33","type":"Page header"},{"left":206,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":74,"width":190,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Model Proses Bisnis dengan Petri net","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":435,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data proses bisnis yakni seperti workflow .pnml yang digambarkan dengan Petri net. Berikut salah satu data pemodelan proses bisnis dengan Petri net ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 3.","type":"Text"},{"left":217,"top":341,"width":175,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 3. Proses bisnis Akademik Modern","type":"Caption"},{"left":85,"top":367,"width":124,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Perhitungan Scalability","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":380,"width":435,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan melibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen model proses bisnis.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":429,"width":191,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":443,"width":436,"height":66,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Terdapat beberapa syarat yang harus ada dalam mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis yaitu proses bisnis yang scalable. Algoritma yang diusulkan untuk simulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan adalah proses bisnis awal dan scalability matriks. Algoritma diatas mengadopsi dari Production Rule Cellular Automata [3].","type":"Text"},{"left":202,"top":754,"width":206,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 4. Algoritma Mapping model proses bisnis","type":"Caption"},{"left":85,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"34","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":252,"height":8,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":221,"top":40,"width":306,"height":18,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":89,"width":155,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Mapping Model Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":103,"width":442,"height":52,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Mapping model proses bisnis berguna untuk mengetahui elemen baru setelah simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Hal ini dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan proses bisnis awal dengan proses bisnis yang baru. Pemetaan proses bisnis masih dilakukan secara manual, maka diusulkan algoritma seperti Gambar 4.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":172,"width":308,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Penamaan Model Proses Bisnis dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":185,"width":442,"height":25,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Penamaan pada model proses bisnis yang dimaksudkan adalah penamaan elemen baru pada model proses bisnis dari hasil simulasi pertumbuhan.","type":"Text"},{"left":271,"top":228,"width":88,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"PEMBAHASAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":242,"width":250,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Perhitungan Structural dan Behavioral Similarity","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":255,"width":443,"height":79,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Model PNML yang digunakan sebagai data uji merupakan proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yaitu: Mahasiswa, Modern, Salaf dan Tahfidz. Data tersebut akan dijadikan masukan untuk dilakukan proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity . Perhitungan perhitungan structural maupun behavioral menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":345,"width":130,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":359,"width":442,"height":107,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Skalabilitas proses bisnis adalah perhitungan dengan mencari nilai scalability daari dua model proses bisnis yang dibandingkan. Nilai scalability diukur dengan beberapa parameter diantaranya: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, complexity dan jumlah elemen. Sebelum dilakukan perhitungan scalability, dilakukan perhitungan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) pada masing-masing model PNML. Perhitungan CFC adalah menghitung jumlah logika AND- split dan XOR- split yang ada di dalam model PNML. Perhitungan Control Flow Complexity yang mana akan ditunjukkan pada kode program berikut ini:","type":"Text"},{"left":90,"top":476,"width":82,"height":26,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"int xorSplit = 0; int andSplit = 0; int sequence = 0;","type":"Text"},{"left":91,"top":512,"width":269,"height":8,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"for (int i = 0; i < Model[0].length; i++) { int xor = 0;","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":531,"width":365,"height":200,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"int and = 0; for (int j = 0; j < Model[1].length; j++) { if (Model[i][j] == 2) { xor += 1; } if (Model[j][i] == 1) { and += 1; } } if (xor >= 2) { xorSplit += xor; } if (and >= 2) { andSplit += 1; } } if (((xorSplit == 0) & (andSplit == 0))) { sequence = 1; } System.out.println(\"---------------------------- \"); CFC1 = xorSplit + andSplit + sequence; System.out.println(\"CFC = \" + CFC1); System.out.println(\"---------------------------- \");","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":251,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"35","type":"Page header"},{"left":206,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":73,"width":446,"height":39,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Perhitungan scalability ditangani oleh method skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22). Berikut kode sumber yang digunakan untuk menghitung nilai scalability pada dua model PNML yang ditunjukkan pada kode program di bawah ini:","type":"Text"},{"left":90,"top":129,"width":422,"height":62,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"public double skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22) { System.out.println(\"Skalabilitas\"); double SkalaA = jumlahNode1 * CFC1; double SkalaB = jumlahNode2 * CFC2; double SkalaFix = SkalaA / SkalaB; double scalability = 1 - (SkalaFix * rata2); System.out.println(\"Scalability of Two Model=\" + scalability); return scalability; }","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":215,"width":191,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":228,"width":443,"height":218,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada aplikasi ini menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Langkah untuk simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini sebagai berikut: Pertama, meng- input- kan dua data uji dari tipe pondok yang berbeda dengan bagian yang sama. Misal: Proses Bisnis Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dibandingkan dengan Proses Bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B. Kedua, menghitung structural dan behavioral similarity dari kedua model PNML tersebut. Ketiga, menghitung nilai scalability dari kedua input -an model PNML. Jika nilai scalability yang ditemukan pada perhitungan pertama adalah “ >= 0” dan “< 1” maka dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Tetapi penulis membuat syarat tambahan yaitu jika scalability pada iterasi ke-0 atau scalability awal bernilai “<0.1”, maka simulasi pertumbuhan tidak terjadi. Terdapat kriteria dalam menentukan input -an A dan input -an B. Input -an A harus mempunyai nilai complexity yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan input -an B. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang dimaksud adalah dengan menumbuhkan tiga elemen / node pada model PNML input -an A. Tiga node tersebut yaitu: arc , place dan transisi. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan dengan dua pembobotan pada proses simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini yaitu:","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":449,"width":419,"height":39,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1. Pembobotan percabangan Pembobotan percabangan yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model Petri net cenderung ke arah percabangan","type":"List item"},{"left":103,"top":490,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"2. Pembobotan Sequence","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":505,"width":401,"height":38,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pembobotan sequence yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model PNML cenderung ke arah sequence / tanpa adanya percabangan dalam penumbuhan elemen baru.","type":"Text"},{"left":204,"top":752,"width":240,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 5. Output dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"36","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":252,"height":8,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":453,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":221,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":75,"width":438,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Hasil dari pertumbuhan model proses bisnis dengan adanya elemen baru yaitu place , transisi dan arc yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 6. Berdasarkan Gambar 6 di atas, file Petri net hasil dari pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang mana terdapat elemen baru setelah dilakukannya simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Elemen baru pada pemodelan Petri net ditandai dengan penomoran bewarna merah.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":159,"width":264,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pengujian Sistem pada Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":172,"width":439,"height":39,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Nilai scalability pada bagian Akademik. Berikut ditemukan nilai scalability dari perbandingan model PNML dari bagian Akademik yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel di bawah ini:","type":"Text"},{"left":157,"top":213,"width":301,"height":118,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Tabel 1. Perbandingan Nilai Scalability Akademik Model B Akademik Akademik Akademik Akademik Model A Tahfidz Modern Salaf Mahasiswa Akademik 0.0 0.48605105 0.58109385 0.60040077 Tahfidz 5 8 6 Akademik - 0.0 0.56588114 0.56370029 Modern 7 3 Akademik - - 0.0 0.20896176 Salaf 5 Akademik - - - 0.0","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":347,"width":439,"height":135,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Dari Tabel 1 di atas, didapatkan variasi nilai scalability dengan membandingkan dua model PNML dari bagian Akademik. Jika complexity input -an A > input -an B, maka tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Begitu juga sebaliknya, jika complexity input -an A < input -an B, maka dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Namun, jika pada tabel di atas terdapat kolom yang isinya tanda “-” artinya perbandingan antar dua model PNML menghasilkan nilai scalability tetapi tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Jika membandingkan input -an A dan input -an B dengan model PNML yang sama, maka nilai scalability akan otomatis bernilai nol. Berikut ditunjukkan hasil simulasi pertumbuhan dari Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dan Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B pada Tabel 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":88,"top":485,"width":440,"height":273,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Menurut Tabel 2, simulasi pertumbuhan percobaan pertama dan kedua pada pembobotan percabangan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Sedangkan pada pembobotan sequence , percobaan pertama dan kedua mendapatkan hasil iterasi dan nilai minimum scalability yang sama. Dilakukan juga simulasi pertumbuhan dengan pola AND, artinya percabangan yang lebih ke arah logika AND dan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Seperti yang telah dipaparkan, nilai scalability awal pada perbandingan proses bisnis Akademik Modern dan proses bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa adalah 0.486051055, maka simulasi pertumbuhan dapat terjadi. Simulasi pertumbuhan dilakukan dengan pembobotan pada percabangan dan sequence . Hasil simulasi pertumbuhan pada pembobotan percabangan dan sequence akan mendapatkan iterasi berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Oleh karena itu, hasil simulasi pada percobaan pertama, kedua dan seterusnya akan berbeda. Namun, tidak menutup kemungkinan mendapatkan nilai iterasi yang sama. Nilai scalability terus mengalami penurunan seiring dengan bertambahnya iterasi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis. Iterasi pertumbuhan menyebabkan scalability bernilai “>=0”, artinya nilai scalability tidak sampai bernilai minus. Namun, pada iterasi terakhir, scalability dapat bernilai minus karena pada iterasi sebelumnya scalability terindentifikasi bernilai “>=0” dan akan berlanjut pertumbuhannya. Hal ini menyebabkan scalability pada iterasi terakhir bernilai minus. Sehingga, nilai scalability minimum terletak pada iterasi sebelum iterasi terakhir.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":251,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"37","type":"Page header"},{"left":206,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Page header"},{"left":158,"top":93,"width":306,"height":9,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Tabel 2. Simulasi Pertumbuhan Akademik Modern & Akademik Mahasiswa","type":"Text"},{"left":264,"top":598,"width":84,"height":11,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"KESIMPULAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":612,"width":442,"height":149,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity . Terbukti bahwa keempat algoritma tersebut dapat melakukan perhitungan mencari kemiripan model PNML pada proses bisnis Pondok Pesantren Salaf Anwarul Huda Malang (tipe pondok salaf ), Pondok Pesantren Modern Ar- Rifaie 1 Gondanglegi (tipe pondok modern ), Pondok Pesantren Mahasiswa Syai Urrifa’ Malang (tipe pondok mahasiswa) dan Pondok Pesantren Ar-Rohmah Malang (tipe pondok tahfidz ). Selanjutnya, dilakukan perhitungan scalability dengan menggunakan beberapa parameter yaitu: similarity workflow , jumlah elemen proses bisnis, complexity dan skala proses bisnis. Nilai scalability digunakan untuk untuk menentukan pola pertumbuhan","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"38","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":252,"height":8,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":221,"top":40,"width":306,"height":18,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":75,"width":442,"height":204,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"proses bisnis. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan dengan dua pendekatan yaitu: secara sequence dan percabangan. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan menerapkan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata untuk menumbuhkan beberapa elemen pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Dilakukan pembobotan atau mengukur ketepatan pola pada saat proses simulasi pertumbuhan pada dua pendekatan percabangan dan sequence . Hasil dari kedua pembobotan akan berpengaruh pada iterasi yang dihasilkan. Meskipun dilakukan berulang kali percobaan simulasi pertumbuhan dengan masing-masing pembobotan, hasil simulasi akan terus berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi scalability terbukti berhasil karena adanya penurunan nilai scalability dan perhitungan standart deviasi menghasilkan rata-rata dengan nilai “<0.2”. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi similarity , hasil yang didapatkan belum maksimal karena adanya pertumbuhan random , sehingga rata-rata nilai similarity setelah simulasi “<0.5”. Terbukti berhasil apabila nilai similarity setelah simulasi > sebelum simulasi pertumbuhan.","type":"Text"},{"left":280,"top":296,"width":72,"height":11,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"REFERENSI","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":309,"width":438,"height":21,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[1] M. M. Essam and S. L. Mansar, “Toward a Software Framework for Automatic Business Process Redesign,” in Ain Shams University , Egypt, 2011.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":331,"width":438,"height":22,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[2] M. Ainul, C. Fauzan, R. Sarno and Wahyu, “Scalability Measurement of Business Process Model Using Business Processes Similarity and Complexity,” 2016.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":355,"width":438,"height":21,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[3] S. F. Wijaya and S. Darudito, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) & Solusi Bisnis, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2009.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":377,"width":438,"height":22,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[4] M. P. Fajarivan, “Integrasi Sistem Keuangan pada Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren Tipe Pondok D Menggunakan Services Oriented Architecture,” Malang, 2017.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":400,"width":438,"height":23,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[5] L. Puspa Dewi, U. Indahyati and Y. Hari S, “Pemodelan Proses Bisnis Menggunakan Activity Diagram UML dan BPMN,” 2010.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":423,"width":438,"height":35,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[6] A. d. Rini, “Analsisis Dan Verifikasi Workflow Menggunakan Petri (Studi kasus: Proses Bisnis di Universitas Sebelas Maret),” in Senimar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan 2014 , 2014.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":459,"width":438,"height":33,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[7] Suhartono, Intergration of Artifial Neural Network Into Genetic L-System Programming Based Plant Modeling Environment with Mathematica, Jakarta Pusat: Kementrian Agama Republik Indonesia, 2012.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":493,"width":438,"height":22,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[8] S. Wolfram, “Statistical Mechanics of Cellular Automata,” Vols. Vol. 55, No. 23, no. The Institute for Advanced Study, 1983.","type":"List item"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 254,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 453,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 49,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"30\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 788,\n \"width\": 213,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"https://doi.org/10.28926/ilkomnika.v1i2.16\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 366,\n \"top\": 788,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://journal.unublitar.ac.id/ilkomnika\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 94,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Scalable Business Process Model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren berbasis Production Rule Cellular Automata\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 143,\n \"width\": 282,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Siti Muslihaeny 1,* , Muhammad Ainul Yaqin 2 , Syahiduz Zaman 3\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 87,\n \"top\": 166,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Jurusan Teknik Informatika, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 174,\n \"width\": 160,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1 heny.rr@yahoo.com, 2 yaqinov@gmail.com\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 186,\n \"width\": 86,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"* corresponding author\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 537,\n \"width\": 96,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"PENDAHULUAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 551,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 218,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Proses bisnis merupakan salah satu elemen penting dari sebuah enterprise . Semakin baik proses bisnis maka semakin baik pula enterprise tersebut [1]. Peningkatan kapasitas produksi dalam enterprise dapat menjadi penyebab peningkatan proses produksi dan proses bisnis. Peningkatan kapasistas produksi dan proses bisnis dapat diprediksi menggunakan simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Namun, simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis harus disesuaikan kembali dengan kebutuhan enterprise . Contoh kebutuhan enterprise yang menjadi pemicu tumbuhnya proses bisnis pada studi kasus Pondok Pesantren yaitu pertambahan jumlah santri dan kurikulum, sehingga memicu adanya penambahan kelas, penambahan jam mata pelajaran dan lain sebagainya. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana membuat pola dan mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata serta menghitung keakuratan pola pertumbuhan tersebut . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan apabila proses bisnis tersebut scalable , artinya proses bisnis yang memiliki kemampuan untuk tumbuh. Rumus yang digunakan untuk mengukur proses bisnis scalable dengan perhitungan scalability . Nilai scalability sendiri dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Nilai\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 232,\n \"width\": 78,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"A R T I K E L I N F O\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 227,\n \"top\": 232,\n \"width\": 54,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"A B S T R A K\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 262,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Article history\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 272,\n \"width\": 89,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Diterima: 15 Oktober 2019 Direvisi: 5 November 2019 Diterbitkan: 30 Desember 2019\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 227,\n \"top\": 261,\n \"width\": 294,\n \"height\": 262,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasi scalable business process model dari ERP Pondok Pesantren guna mendapatkan variasi proses bisnis yang mungkin terjadi menggunakan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata . Inputan untuk sistem ini adalah model proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yang dimodelkan menggunakan Petri net berupa file PNML. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah scalability . Scalability / skalabilitas adalah potensi proses bisnis untuk tumbuh atau kemampuan pertumbuhan dari proses bisnis. Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis terjadi pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Syarat untuk dapat terjadi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis yaitu complexity model A harus lebih kecil daripada model B. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan secara random dengan dua pembobotan yaitu secara percabangan dan sequence . Pertumbuhan berhenti jika scalabiltiy pada nilai “>=0” dan “<1” Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu melakukan simulasi pertumbuhan pada file PNML yang ditandai dengan nilai recent scalability lebih kecil dibandingkan scalability awal. Kemudian output sistem adalah file PNML hasil dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan pertumbuhan elemen baru. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian dari segi nilai scalability , penelitian terbukti berhasil dengan fakta penurunan nilai scalability .\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 330,\n \"width\": 32,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Keywords\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 340,\n \"width\": 103,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Proses Bisnis Pondok Pesantren Model Petri Net Control Flow Complexity Scalability, Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisni Production Rule Cellular Automata.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 251,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"31\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 206,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 73,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 108,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"skala didapatkan dari hasil perhitungan beberapa parameter yaitu jumlah elemen model proses bisnis dan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) [2]. Selanjutnya, model proses yang scalable akan disimulasikan pertumbuhannya menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Nantinya simulasi pertumbuhan yang dilakukan pada model proses bisnis dimodelkan dengan Petri net, karena pemodelan menggunakan Petri net lebih sederhana dibandingkan dengan pemodelan lain . Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini adalah mengetahui variasi proses bisnis mungkin terjadi dari berbagai kemungkinan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 270,\n \"top\": 184,\n \"width\": 91,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"KAJIAN TEORI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 198,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 211,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 163,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Wijaya dan Darudito, Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) merupakan singkatan dari tiga elemen kata yaitu Enterprise (Perusahaan), Resource (Sumber Daya) dan Planning (Perencanaan) [3]. Arti luas pengertian ERP sendiri merupakan konsep untuk merencanakan dan mengelola sumber daya perusahaan. Keuntungan dari ERP yaitu paket program terintegrasi dan multifungsi yang dirancang untuk melayani berbagai fungsi di dalam perusahaan sehingga pekerjaan lebih efisien dan menghasilkan nilai tambah bagi semua pihak ( stakeholder ). Pondok pesantren merupakan salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam subkultural Indonesia. Pondok pesantren dapat dianalogikan sebagai enterprise , oleh karena itu proses bisnis yang terdapat pada pondok pesantren membutuhkan adanya perencanaan yang baik dan tepat sehingga untuk mengelolanya diperlukan ERP. ERP Pondok Pesantren membutuhkan pemodelan yang berguna untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana alur sistem pada pondok tersebut [4].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 391,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pemodelan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 405,\n \"width\": 441,\n \"height\": 204,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pemodelan proses bisnis atau business process model (BPM) merupakan diagram umum yang mewakili urutan kegiatan. Menurut Puspa Dewi, pemodelan proses bisnis merupakan cara untuk mendesain, menganalisa dan memahami proses bisnis. Hal ini memberikan manfaat untuk enterperise memahami proses bisnis, mengidentifikasi masalah yang mungkin terjadi, mendokumentasi sehingga dapat mengkomunikasikan ke stakeholder [5]. Salah satu pemodelan proses bisnis yang digunakan untuk memodelkan proses bisnis adalah Petri net. Petri net adalah bahasa grafis dan matematis untuk pemodelan dan menganalisis proses bisnis. Menurut Anggrainingsih (2004), Petri net dibuat oleh ilmuan bernama Carl Adam Petri tahun 1962 sebagai alat pemodelan yaitu: place, transition dan arc [6]. Arc sebagai penghubung antara place dan transition. Place digambarkan dengan bentuk bulat yang merepresentasikan kondisi yang harus dipenuhi. Transition digambarkan dengan kotak presegi menggambarkan suatu peristiwa ( event ) atau tindakan. Sebuah transition memiliki input dan output places yang merepresentasikan pre-condition dan post-condition dari event . Place , transition dan arc dinotasikan dalam Gambar 1.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 251,\n \"top\": 643,\n \"width\": 110,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 1 Notasi Petri net\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 669,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 683,\n \"width\": 441,\n \"height\": 79,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Skalabilitas proses bisnis atau scalability adalah efisiensi menangani pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang semakin kompleks dengan pertimbangan dapat meminimalisir biaya yang akan dikeluarkan serta meningkatkan kinerja dari hasil analisis proses bisnis. Scalability dapat diukur dengan meibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity , behavioral similarity , skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen dalam proses bisnis [2].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"32\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 453,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 221,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 75,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 89,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 232,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis membantu enterperise dengan melakukan analisa dan pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai proses bisnis. Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah optimasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja dan pengurangan biaya selaras dengan semakin kompleksnya proses bisnis. Simulasi terkait dengan scalability yaitu menghitung skala dari proses bisnis yang akan disimulasi. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis digunakan untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis agar menghasilkan variasi proses bisnis dengan berbagai kemungkinan. Simulasi pertumbuhan membutuhkan beberapa aturan dan kriteria untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis. Salah satu teori yang sering digunakan oleh beberapa peneliti yaitu L-System untuk simulasi pertumbuhan tanaman [7]. Simulasi pertumbuhan dimungkinkan dapat direpresentasikan ke dalam simulasi pertumbuhan suatu graph. Namun, sebelum adanya teori L-System terdapat teori Automata yang dalam cakupannya terdapat Production Rule Cellular Automata yang nantinya akan digunakan pada penelitian ini. Production Rule Cellular Automata merupakan bagian di dalam Cellular Automata. Cellular Automata adalah model diskrit pada ilmu komputer, matematika, fisika, ilmu kompleksitas, biologi teoritis dan pemodelan Cellular Automata juga disebut runag cellular , tessellation automata , struktur homogen, struktur cellular , struktur tesselation dan array yang berulang-ulang [8].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 287,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 56,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"METODE\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 351,\n \"width\": 92,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Desain Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 365,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Aplikasi yang akan dibangun adalah aplikasi untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model yang artinya proses bisnis yang ditumbuhkan harus scalable . Proses bisnis yang scalable artinya proses bisnis yang terukur serta dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus scalability .\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 242,\n \"top\": 663,\n \"width\": 125,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 2. Prosedur Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 690,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Kemudian, proses bisnis yang scalable disimulasikan pertumbuhannya yang dapat menghasilkan beberapa variasi proses bisnis dari berbagai kemungkinan. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Production Rule Cellular Automata . Adapun prosedur penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana pelaksanaan penelitian. Prosedur penelitian digambarkan secara umum seperti pada Gambar 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 251,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"33\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 206,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 74,\n \"width\": 190,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Model Proses Bisnis dengan Petri net\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 435,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data proses bisnis yakni seperti workflow .pnml yang digambarkan dengan Petri net. Berikut salah satu data pemodelan proses bisnis dengan Petri net ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 3.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 217,\n \"top\": 341,\n \"width\": 175,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 3. Proses bisnis Akademik Modern\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 367,\n \"width\": 124,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Perhitungan Scalability\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 380,\n \"width\": 435,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan melibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen model proses bisnis.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 429,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 443,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Terdapat beberapa syarat yang harus ada dalam mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis yaitu proses bisnis yang scalable. Algoritma yang diusulkan untuk simulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan adalah proses bisnis awal dan scalability matriks. Algoritma diatas mengadopsi dari Production Rule Cellular Automata [3].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 202,\n \"top\": 754,\n \"width\": 206,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 4. Algoritma Mapping model proses bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"34\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 221,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 18,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 89,\n \"width\": 155,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Mapping Model Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 103,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Mapping model proses bisnis berguna untuk mengetahui elemen baru setelah simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Hal ini dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan proses bisnis awal dengan proses bisnis yang baru. Pemetaan proses bisnis masih dilakukan secara manual, maka diusulkan algoritma seperti Gambar 4.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 172,\n \"width\": 308,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Penamaan Model Proses Bisnis dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 185,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Penamaan pada model proses bisnis yang dimaksudkan adalah penamaan elemen baru pada model proses bisnis dari hasil simulasi pertumbuhan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 271,\n \"top\": 228,\n \"width\": 88,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"PEMBAHASAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 242,\n \"width\": 250,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Perhitungan Structural dan Behavioral Similarity\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 255,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 79,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Model PNML yang digunakan sebagai data uji merupakan proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yaitu: Mahasiswa, Modern, Salaf dan Tahfidz. Data tersebut akan dijadikan masukan untuk dilakukan proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity . Perhitungan perhitungan structural maupun behavioral menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 345,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 359,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 107,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Skalabilitas proses bisnis adalah perhitungan dengan mencari nilai scalability daari dua model proses bisnis yang dibandingkan. Nilai scalability diukur dengan beberapa parameter diantaranya: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, complexity dan jumlah elemen. Sebelum dilakukan perhitungan scalability, dilakukan perhitungan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) pada masing-masing model PNML. Perhitungan CFC adalah menghitung jumlah logika AND- split dan XOR- split yang ada di dalam model PNML. Perhitungan Control Flow Complexity yang mana akan ditunjukkan pada kode program berikut ini:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 90,\n \"top\": 476,\n \"width\": 82,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"int xorSplit = 0; int andSplit = 0; int sequence = 0;\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 91,\n \"top\": 512,\n \"width\": 269,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"for (int i = 0; i < Model[0].length; i++) { int xor = 0;\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 365,\n \"height\": 200,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"int and = 0; for (int j = 0; j < Model[1].length; j++) { if (Model[i][j] == 2) { xor += 1; } if (Model[j][i] == 1) { and += 1; } } if (xor >= 2) { xorSplit += xor; } if (and >= 2) { andSplit += 1; } } if (((xorSplit == 0) & (andSplit == 0))) { sequence = 1; } System.out.println(\\\"---------------------------- \\\"); CFC1 = xorSplit + andSplit + sequence; System.out.println(\\\"CFC = \\\" + CFC1); System.out.println(\\\"---------------------------- \\\");\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 251,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"35\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 206,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 73,\n \"width\": 446,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Perhitungan scalability ditangani oleh method skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22). Berikut kode sumber yang digunakan untuk menghitung nilai scalability pada dua model PNML yang ditunjukkan pada kode program di bawah ini:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 90,\n \"top\": 129,\n \"width\": 422,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"public double skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22) { System.out.println(\\\"Skalabilitas\\\"); double SkalaA = jumlahNode1 * CFC1; double SkalaB = jumlahNode2 * CFC2; double SkalaFix = SkalaA / SkalaB; double scalability = 1 - (SkalaFix * rata2); System.out.println(\\\"Scalability of Two Model=\\\" + scalability); return scalability; }\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 215,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 228,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 218,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada aplikasi ini menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Langkah untuk simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini sebagai berikut: Pertama, meng- input- kan dua data uji dari tipe pondok yang berbeda dengan bagian yang sama. Misal: Proses Bisnis Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dibandingkan dengan Proses Bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B. Kedua, menghitung structural dan behavioral similarity dari kedua model PNML tersebut. Ketiga, menghitung nilai scalability dari kedua input -an model PNML. Jika nilai scalability yang ditemukan pada perhitungan pertama adalah “ >= 0” dan “< 1” maka dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Tetapi penulis membuat syarat tambahan yaitu jika scalability pada iterasi ke-0 atau scalability awal bernilai “<0.1”, maka simulasi pertumbuhan tidak terjadi. Terdapat kriteria dalam menentukan input -an A dan input -an B. Input -an A harus mempunyai nilai complexity yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan input -an B. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang dimaksud adalah dengan menumbuhkan tiga elemen / node pada model PNML input -an A. Tiga node tersebut yaitu: arc , place dan transisi. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan dengan dua pembobotan pada proses simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini yaitu:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 449,\n \"width\": 419,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1. Pembobotan percabangan Pembobotan percabangan yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model Petri net cenderung ke arah percabangan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 490,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"2. Pembobotan Sequence\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 505,\n \"width\": 401,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pembobotan sequence yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model PNML cenderung ke arah sequence / tanpa adanya percabangan dalam penumbuhan elemen baru.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 204,\n \"top\": 752,\n \"width\": 240,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 5. Output dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"36\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 453,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 221,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 75,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Hasil dari pertumbuhan model proses bisnis dengan adanya elemen baru yaitu place , transisi dan arc yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 6. Berdasarkan Gambar 6 di atas, file Petri net hasil dari pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang mana terdapat elemen baru setelah dilakukannya simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Elemen baru pada pemodelan Petri net ditandai dengan penomoran bewarna merah.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 159,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pengujian Sistem pada Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 172,\n \"width\": 439,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Nilai scalability pada bagian Akademik. Berikut ditemukan nilai scalability dari perbandingan model PNML dari bagian Akademik yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel di bawah ini:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 157,\n \"top\": 213,\n \"width\": 301,\n \"height\": 118,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 1. Perbandingan Nilai Scalability Akademik Model B Akademik Akademik Akademik Akademik Model A Tahfidz Modern Salaf Mahasiswa Akademik 0.0 0.48605105 0.58109385 0.60040077 Tahfidz 5 8 6 Akademik - 0.0 0.56588114 0.56370029 Modern 7 3 Akademik - - 0.0 0.20896176 Salaf 5 Akademik - - - 0.0\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 347,\n \"width\": 439,\n \"height\": 135,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Dari Tabel 1 di atas, didapatkan variasi nilai scalability dengan membandingkan dua model PNML dari bagian Akademik. Jika complexity input -an A > input -an B, maka tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Begitu juga sebaliknya, jika complexity input -an A < input -an B, maka dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Namun, jika pada tabel di atas terdapat kolom yang isinya tanda “-” artinya perbandingan antar dua model PNML menghasilkan nilai scalability tetapi tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Jika membandingkan input -an A dan input -an B dengan model PNML yang sama, maka nilai scalability akan otomatis bernilai nol. Berikut ditunjukkan hasil simulasi pertumbuhan dari Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dan Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B pada Tabel 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 485,\n \"width\": 440,\n \"height\": 273,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Tabel 2, simulasi pertumbuhan percobaan pertama dan kedua pada pembobotan percabangan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Sedangkan pada pembobotan sequence , percobaan pertama dan kedua mendapatkan hasil iterasi dan nilai minimum scalability yang sama. Dilakukan juga simulasi pertumbuhan dengan pola AND, artinya percabangan yang lebih ke arah logika AND dan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Seperti yang telah dipaparkan, nilai scalability awal pada perbandingan proses bisnis Akademik Modern dan proses bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa adalah 0.486051055, maka simulasi pertumbuhan dapat terjadi. Simulasi pertumbuhan dilakukan dengan pembobotan pada percabangan dan sequence . Hasil simulasi pertumbuhan pada pembobotan percabangan dan sequence akan mendapatkan iterasi berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Oleh karena itu, hasil simulasi pada percobaan pertama, kedua dan seterusnya akan berbeda. Namun, tidak menutup kemungkinan mendapatkan nilai iterasi yang sama. Nilai scalability terus mengalami penurunan seiring dengan bertambahnya iterasi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis. Iterasi pertumbuhan menyebabkan scalability bernilai “>=0”, artinya nilai scalability tidak sampai bernilai minus. Namun, pada iterasi terakhir, scalability dapat bernilai minus karena pada iterasi sebelumnya scalability terindentifikasi bernilai “>=0” dan akan berlanjut pertumbuhannya. Hal ini menyebabkan scalability pada iterasi terakhir bernilai minus. Sehingga, nilai scalability minimum terletak pada iterasi sebelum iterasi terakhir.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 251,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"37\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 206,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 158,\n \"top\": 93,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 2. Simulasi Pertumbuhan Akademik Modern & Akademik Mahasiswa\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 264,\n \"top\": 598,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"KESIMPULAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 612,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 149,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity . Terbukti bahwa keempat algoritma tersebut dapat melakukan perhitungan mencari kemiripan model PNML pada proses bisnis Pondok Pesantren Salaf Anwarul Huda Malang (tipe pondok salaf ), Pondok Pesantren Modern Ar- Rifaie 1 Gondanglegi (tipe pondok modern ), Pondok Pesantren Mahasiswa Syai Urrifa’ Malang (tipe pondok mahasiswa) dan Pondok Pesantren Ar-Rohmah Malang (tipe pondok tahfidz ). Selanjutnya, dilakukan perhitungan scalability dengan menggunakan beberapa parameter yaitu: similarity workflow , jumlah elemen proses bisnis, complexity dan skala proses bisnis. Nilai scalability digunakan untuk untuk menentukan pola pertumbuhan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 221,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 18,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 75,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 204,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"proses bisnis. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan dengan dua pendekatan yaitu: secara sequence dan percabangan. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan menerapkan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata untuk menumbuhkan beberapa elemen pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Dilakukan pembobotan atau mengukur ketepatan pola pada saat proses simulasi pertumbuhan pada dua pendekatan percabangan dan sequence . Hasil dari kedua pembobotan akan berpengaruh pada iterasi yang dihasilkan. Meskipun dilakukan berulang kali percobaan simulasi pertumbuhan dengan masing-masing pembobotan, hasil simulasi akan terus berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi scalability terbukti berhasil karena adanya penurunan nilai scalability dan perhitungan standart deviasi menghasilkan rata-rata dengan nilai “<0.2”. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi similarity , hasil yang didapatkan belum maksimal karena adanya pertumbuhan random , sehingga rata-rata nilai similarity setelah simulasi “<0.5”. Terbukti berhasil apabila nilai similarity setelah simulasi > sebelum simulasi pertumbuhan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 280,\n \"top\": 296,\n \"width\": 72,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"REFERENSI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 309,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[1] M. M. Essam and S. L. Mansar, “Toward a Software Framework for Automatic Business Process Redesign,” in Ain Shams University , Egypt, 2011.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 331,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[2] M. Ainul, C. Fauzan, R. Sarno and Wahyu, “Scalability Measurement of Business Process Model Using Business Processes Similarity and Complexity,” 2016.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 355,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[3] S. F. Wijaya and S. Darudito, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) & Solusi Bisnis, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2009.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 377,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[4] M. P. Fajarivan, “Integrasi Sistem Keuangan pada Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren Tipe Pondok D Menggunakan Services Oriented Architecture,” Malang, 2017.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 400,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[5] L. Puspa Dewi, U. Indahyati and Y. Hari S, “Pemodelan Proses Bisnis Menggunakan Activity Diagram UML dan BPMN,” 2010.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 423,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[6] A. d. Rini, “Analsisis Dan Verifikasi Workflow Menggunakan Petri (Studi kasus: Proses Bisnis di Universitas Sebelas Maret),” in Senimar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan 2014 , 2014.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 459,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[7] Suhartono, Intergration of Artifial Neural Network Into Genetic L-System Programming Based Plant Modeling Environment with Mathematica, Jakarta Pusat: Kementrian Agama Republik Indonesia, 2012.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 493,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[8] S. Wolfram, “Statistical Mechanics of Cellular Automata,” Vols. Vol. 55, No. 23, no. The Institute for Advanced Study, 1983.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":196,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"356b4fce-3808-2720-e63b-ddeda7e28dd5"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt/article/download/1272/1021"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1177","type":"Page footer"},{"left":86,"top":114,"width":427,"height":51,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid-19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan","type":"Section header"},{"left":179,"top":181,"width":240,"height":22,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas HKBP Nommensen","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":219,"width":205,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT","type":"Section header"},{"left":77,"top":337,"width":50,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Keywords:","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":240,"width":443,"height":262,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Covid-19, Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Background: WHO in February 2020 officially announced the name of the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Laboratory tests are used to determine the degree of severity so that appropriate treatment will be carried out. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in COVID-19 patients at Hermina Hospital Medan Method: This research is an observational correlation analytic study with a cross-sectional approach conducted at Hermina Hospital Medan against 54 research samples. Results: From this study it is known that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who came to Hermina Medan Hospital were in the age group of 41-50 years and were female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest was 46.50, and the average was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12. The results showed that there was a correlation between NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Conclusion: A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength, so it can be concluded that the use of ESR to replace ESR value as a biomarker in COVID-19 patients is less precise.","type":"Text"},{"left":223,"top":514,"width":298,"height":22,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Copyright © 2022 Jurnal Eduhealth.All rights reserved is Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial","type":"Text"},{"left":350,"top":539,"width":168,"height":23,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)","type":"Table"},{"left":72,"top":595,"width":123,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1. INTRODUCTION","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":607,"width":454,"height":124,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"In December 2019 a case of pneumonia of unknown cause appeared and was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China with an unknown source of disease transmission. It is suspected that it came from bats sold at a fish market in the Wuhan area. The transmission of this disease increased rapidly from the period December 31 2019 to January 3 2020, as evidenced by the reported 44 cases suspected of being caused by this mysterious pneumonia. In a short period of time the disease has spread to various other countries such as Thailand, Japan and South Korea and almost all continents. 1 WHO in 2020 officially announced the name for the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. 1","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":734,"width":454,"height":23,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"COVID-19 is a disease with a fast course and worsening that can occur suddenly, this contributes to an increase in patient mortality. Patients who have a history of previous illnesses or","type":"Text"},{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1178","type":"Page footer"},{"left":72,"top":113,"width":454,"height":48,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thyroid disease, dementia, and pulmonary disease are associated with severe symptoms that appear in patients with COVID-19. 2 So it is very important to provide prompt assistance with early diagnosis and proper supervision. in COVID-19 patients.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":163,"width":454,"height":99,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Laboratory tests are used to determine the severity so that the right treatment will be carried out. Laboratory investigations that are often used to help the patient's condition include hematological examination, kidney function tests, blood gas analysis, hemostasis, lactate, procalcitonin and D-dimer levels. 1 A combination of laboratory tests is often used to determine the prognosis and degree of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. The combination used is the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), C-reactive Protein (CRP), and D-dimer. In several studies, the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was also included as a biomarker in COVID-19. However, there is still little data on ESR in COVID-19.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":265,"width":454,"height":48,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"In many cases of COVID-19, an increase in the number of leukocytes and the neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio was found, as well as a decrease in the proportion of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. These biomarkers can also be used to predict severity, treatment and prognosis in COVID- 19 patients. 3","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":315,"width":454,"height":61,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The results of these laboratory tests still need to be studied further because there are still many uncertain hypotheses about the NLR and ESR laboratory results used to assess the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. So the authors feel the need to conduct research that aims to determine the correlation between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in patients with COVID-19.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":391,"width":71,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"2. METHOD","type":"Section header"},{"left":247,"top":660,"width":137,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Figure 1. Research procedure","type":"Caption"},{"left":72,"top":686,"width":87,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Research variable","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":698,"width":454,"height":23,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The independent variable in this study was the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR). The variable that was tied to this study was the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).","type":"Text"},{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1179","type":"Page footer"},{"left":72,"top":113,"width":279,"height":111,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Load Concept Figure 2. load Concept","type":"Picture"},{"left":224,"top":239,"width":150,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 1. Operational Definition","type":"Section header"},{"left":491,"top":265,"width":25,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Data","type":"Picture"},{"left":72,"top":368,"width":40,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"analysis","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":380,"width":454,"height":74,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The collected data will be collected and then analyzed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). Descriptive data is presented in the frequency distribution table in the form of proportions. Prior to analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed. Hypothesis test using Pearson correlation test. If data is obtained that is not normally distributed and is not homogeneous, then the data is analyzed using the Spearman test. Spearman's bivariate test was used between NLR and ESR.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":469,"width":168,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":482,"width":454,"height":73,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"This research was conducted in the clinical pathology laboratory room, floor 1, Hermina General Hospital, which is located at Jalan Asrama, Sei Sikambing C. II, Kec. Medan Helvetia, Medan City, North Sumatra in September 2021. From data on 81 COVID-19 patients, 54 research samples were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research sample was selected by means of non-probability sampling, namely the consecutive sampling technique. The table below is divided into 2 tables which describe the description of the age and sex of the research subjects.","type":"Text"},{"left":80,"top":253,"width":384,"height":510,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 2. Characteristics of Research Subjects Age N % 11-20 2 3.7 21–30 7 12.96 31–40 12 22.22 41–50 19 35.19 51–60 3 5.56 61–70 7 12.96 71 - 80 4 7.41 Gender N % Man 25 46.23 Not Variable Operational definition Scale 1. Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Comparison of neutrophil and lymphocyte values numeric 2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) the rate at which red blood cells settle in a test tube in mm/hour.","type":"Table"},{"left":118,"top":144,"width":343,"height":183,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"numeric Free Variables:","type":"Picture"},{"left":100,"top":165,"width":117,"height":25,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)","type":"Picture"},{"left":338,"top":143,"width":107,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Dependent variable:","type":"Text"},{"left":326,"top":164,"width":131,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Erythrocyte Sedimentation","type":"Section header"},{"left":364,"top":178,"width":55,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Rate (ESR)","type":"Table"},{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1180","type":"Page footer"},{"left":113,"top":113,"width":329,"height":27,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Woman 29 53.77 Total 54 100","type":"Table"},{"left":72,"top":160,"width":172,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Description of NLR and ESR values","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":173,"width":384,"height":74,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 3 shows a description of the NLR and ESR values obtained. Table 3. Description of NLR and ESR values Variable Minimum Maximum Means Standard Deviation NLR 1.40 46.50 12.9156 11.61638 ESR 10.00 92.00 51.1296 22.75053","type":"Table"},{"left":72,"top":251,"width":454,"height":35,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Based on table 4.2, it can be seen that the minimum NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital is 1.40 and the maximum NLR score is 46.50. With a minimum ESR value of 10.00 and a maximum ESR value of 92.00.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":301,"width":140,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Correlation of NLR and ESR","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":314,"width":454,"height":22,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 4 shows the correlation of NLR and ESR values in 54 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Hospital Medan.","type":"Text"},{"left":117,"top":342,"width":365,"height":142,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 4. Correlation of NLR & ESR NLR ESR NLR Pearson correlation 1 .354** Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54 ESR Pearson correlation .354** 1 Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54","type":"Table"},{"left":117,"top":493,"width":249,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"**. Significant correlation at the level of 0.01 (2-tailed).","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":525,"width":454,"height":35,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Based on the results of a bivariate analysis of the correlation between NLR values and ESR in patients who were confirmed to have COVID-19, it was found that there was a correlation between NLR values and CRP (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354)","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":575,"width":52,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Discussion","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":588,"width":454,"height":99,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"This research was conducted using secondary data from 54 research samples that met the criteria and exclusion criteria. This research aims to determine the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital in 2021. The characteristics of patients with confirmed COVID-19 in this study were assessed based on age and gender. Based on the age in this study, of the 54 confirmed COVID-19 patients at Hermina Medan Hospital, the majority were aged 41-50 years with a total of 19 people (35.59%). Based on gender, this study found 25 men (46.23%) and 29 men (53.77%) women who had confirmed COVID-19. A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":702,"width":105,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"4. CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":714,"width":454,"height":48,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"A study has been conducted on the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital with the conclusion that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who come to Hermina Medan Hospital are in the age group of 41-50 years and are female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest","type":"Text"},{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1181","type":"Page footer"},{"left":72,"top":113,"width":454,"height":48,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"was 46.50, and the mean was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12 The results showed a correlation between the NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Based on the results In this research, there are several suggestions given as follows:","type":"Text"},{"left":275,"top":176,"width":47,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Reference","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":189,"width":450,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Herikurniawan, dkk. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Saat Ini. J Penyakit Dalam Indonesia. 2020;7(1):45–67.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":214,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"2. Taj S, Kashif A, Fatima SA, Imran S, Lone A, Ahmed Q. Peran Parameter Hematologi dalam Stratifikasi Keparahan Penyakit COVID-19. Ann Medi Surg. 2021;62:68–72.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":239,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"3. Duz ME, Balci A, tingkat Menekse E.D-dimer dan tingkat keparahan COVID-19. Klin Calisma Res Artik. 2020;68(4):353-360.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":265,"width":450,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"4. Silva LHAC, Carvalho DCM, Lima E de A, Galvao JGFM, Silva JS de F, Neto JM de S, dkk. Neutrofil dan COVID-19: Jalan sejauh ini. Int Immunofarmakol. 2021;90:2-7.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":290,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"5. Yuliana. Penyakit Virus Corona (COVID-19); Sebuah Literatur Tinjauan. Wellness Heal Mag J. 2020;2(1):187–92.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":315,"width":447,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"6. Peta Risiko [Internet]. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2021. Tersedia dari: https://covid19.go.id/peta- risiko","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":341,"width":450,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"7. Singhal T. Review Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). India J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281–286.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":353,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"8. Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Penularan, pencegahan, dan potensi peluang terapeutik. Klinik Chim Acta. 2020;508:254–66.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":378,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"9. Sheeren MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Rabeea S. Infeksi COVID-19: Asal, penularan, dan karakteristik virus korona manusia. J Adv Res. 2020; 24:91–98.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":404,"width":450,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"10. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, dkk. Virologi, Epidemiologi, Patogenesis, dan Pengendalian COVID-19. Virus J. 2020;12(4):2-17.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":429,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"11. Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, dkk. Epidemiologi dan informasi klinis tentang COVID-19. Eur J Clin Mikrobiol Menginfeksi Dis. 2020;","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":454,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"12. Chatterjee SK, Saha S, Munoz MNM. Patogenesis Molekuler, Imunopatogenesis, dan Strategi Terapi Baru Melawan COVID-19. Biosci Mol Depan. 2020;7:1-11.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":480,"width":450,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"13. Haque SM, Ashwaq O, Sarief A, Mohamed AKAJ. Ulasan komprehensif tentang SARS-CoV-2. Virol masa depan. 2020;15(9):625–648.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":505,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"14. Lee C, Choi WJ. Gambaran umum patogenesis inflamasi COVID-19 dari perspektif terapeutik. Res Farmasi. 2021;44:99–116.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":530,"width":450,"height":36,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"15. Menjadirnstein RR. Pola Aktivasi Reseptor Bawaan yang Melibatkan Sinergisme TLR dan NLR dalam Badai Sitokin COVID-19, ALI/ARDS, dan Sepsis: Tinjauan dan Pembuatan Model Prediksi Baru dan Saran Terapi. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2–44.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":568,"width":450,"height":36,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"16. Paz LO, Capodanno D, Montalescot G, Angiolillo DJ. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019–Trombosis dan Koagulopati Terkait: Tinjauan Karakteristik Patofisiologis dan Implikasinya untuk Manajemen Antitrombotik. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:1–24.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":606,"width":450,"height":35,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"17. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, dkk. Karakteristik dan Hasil dari 21 Pasien Sakit Kritis Dengan COVID-19 di Negara Bagian Washington. JAMA- J. 2020;323(16):1612–1614.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":644,"width":330,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"18. Hall J, Hall M. Guyton dan Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14t","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":657,"width":450,"height":35,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"19. Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19): Tinjauan Sistematis Temuan Pencitraan pada 919 Pasien. Pencitraan Kardiopulm. 2020;215(1):87–93.","type":"List item"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1177\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 86,\n \"top\": 114,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid-19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 181,\n \"width\": 240,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas HKBP Nommensen\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 219,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 50,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Keywords:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 240,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 262,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Covid-19, Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Background: WHO in February 2020 officially announced the name of the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Laboratory tests are used to determine the degree of severity so that appropriate treatment will be carried out. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in COVID-19 patients at Hermina Hospital Medan Method: This research is an observational correlation analytic study with a cross-sectional approach conducted at Hermina Hospital Medan against 54 research samples. Results: From this study it is known that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who came to Hermina Medan Hospital were in the age group of 41-50 years and were female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest was 46.50, and the average was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12. The results showed that there was a correlation between NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Conclusion: A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength, so it can be concluded that the use of ESR to replace ESR value as a biomarker in COVID-19 patients is less precise.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 223,\n \"top\": 514,\n \"width\": 298,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Copyright © 2022 Jurnal Eduhealth.All rights reserved is Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 350,\n \"top\": 539,\n \"width\": 168,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 595,\n \"width\": 123,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1. INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 607,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 124,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"In December 2019 a case of pneumonia of unknown cause appeared and was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China with an unknown source of disease transmission. It is suspected that it came from bats sold at a fish market in the Wuhan area. The transmission of this disease increased rapidly from the period December 31 2019 to January 3 2020, as evidenced by the reported 44 cases suspected of being caused by this mysterious pneumonia. In a short period of time the disease has spread to various other countries such as Thailand, Japan and South Korea and almost all continents. 1 WHO in 2020 officially announced the name for the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. 1\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 734,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"COVID-19 is a disease with a fast course and worsening that can occur suddenly, this contributes to an increase in patient mortality. Patients who have a history of previous illnesses or\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1178\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thyroid disease, dementia, and pulmonary disease are associated with severe symptoms that appear in patients with COVID-19. 2 So it is very important to provide prompt assistance with early diagnosis and proper supervision. in COVID-19 patients.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Laboratory tests are used to determine the severity so that the right treatment will be carried out. Laboratory investigations that are often used to help the patient's condition include hematological examination, kidney function tests, blood gas analysis, hemostasis, lactate, procalcitonin and D-dimer levels. 1 A combination of laboratory tests is often used to determine the prognosis and degree of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. The combination used is the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), C-reactive Protein (CRP), and D-dimer. In several studies, the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was also included as a biomarker in COVID-19. However, there is still little data on ESR in COVID-19.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 265,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"In many cases of COVID-19, an increase in the number of leukocytes and the neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio was found, as well as a decrease in the proportion of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. These biomarkers can also be used to predict severity, treatment and prognosis in COVID- 19 patients. 3\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 315,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The results of these laboratory tests still need to be studied further because there are still many uncertain hypotheses about the NLR and ESR laboratory results used to assess the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. So the authors feel the need to conduct research that aims to determine the correlation between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in patients with COVID-19.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 391,\n \"width\": 71,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"2. METHOD\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 247,\n \"top\": 660,\n \"width\": 137,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Figure 1. Research procedure\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 686,\n \"width\": 87,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Research variable\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 698,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The independent variable in this study was the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR). The variable that was tied to this study was the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1179\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 111,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Load Concept Figure 2. load Concept\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 224,\n \"top\": 239,\n \"width\": 150,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Operational Definition\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 491,\n \"top\": 265,\n \"width\": 25,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Data\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 368,\n \"width\": 40,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"analysis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 380,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The collected data will be collected and then analyzed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). Descriptive data is presented in the frequency distribution table in the form of proportions. Prior to analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed. Hypothesis test using Pearson correlation test. If data is obtained that is not normally distributed and is not homogeneous, then the data is analyzed using the Spearman test. Spearman's bivariate test was used between NLR and ESR.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 469,\n \"width\": 168,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 482,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 73,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"This research was conducted in the clinical pathology laboratory room, floor 1, Hermina General Hospital, which is located at Jalan Asrama, Sei Sikambing C. II, Kec. Medan Helvetia, Medan City, North Sumatra in September 2021. From data on 81 COVID-19 patients, 54 research samples were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research sample was selected by means of non-probability sampling, namely the consecutive sampling technique. The table below is divided into 2 tables which describe the description of the age and sex of the research subjects.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 80,\n \"top\": 253,\n \"width\": 384,\n \"height\": 510,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 2. Characteristics of Research Subjects Age N % 11-20 2 3.7 21–30 7 12.96 31–40 12 22.22 41–50 19 35.19 51–60 3 5.56 61–70 7 12.96 71 - 80 4 7.41 Gender N % Man 25 46.23 Not Variable Operational definition Scale 1. Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Comparison of neutrophil and lymphocyte values numeric 2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) the rate at which red blood cells settle in a test tube in mm/hour.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 118,\n \"top\": 144,\n \"width\": 343,\n \"height\": 183,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"numeric Free Variables:\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 117,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 338,\n \"top\": 143,\n \"width\": 107,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Dependent variable:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 326,\n \"top\": 164,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Erythrocyte Sedimentation\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 364,\n \"top\": 178,\n \"width\": 55,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Rate (ESR)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1180\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 329,\n \"height\": 27,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Woman 29 53.77 Total 54 100\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 160,\n \"width\": 172,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Description of NLR and ESR values\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 173,\n \"width\": 384,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 3 shows a description of the NLR and ESR values obtained. Table 3. Description of NLR and ESR values Variable Minimum Maximum Means Standard Deviation NLR 1.40 46.50 12.9156 11.61638 ESR 10.00 92.00 51.1296 22.75053\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 251,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Based on table 4.2, it can be seen that the minimum NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital is 1.40 and the maximum NLR score is 46.50. With a minimum ESR value of 10.00 and a maximum ESR value of 92.00.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 301,\n \"width\": 140,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Correlation of NLR and ESR\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 314,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 4 shows the correlation of NLR and ESR values in 54 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Hospital Medan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 117,\n \"top\": 342,\n \"width\": 365,\n \"height\": 142,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 4. Correlation of NLR & ESR NLR ESR NLR Pearson correlation 1 .354** Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54 ESR Pearson correlation .354** 1 Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 117,\n \"top\": 493,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"**. Significant correlation at the level of 0.01 (2-tailed).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 525,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Based on the results of a bivariate analysis of the correlation between NLR values and ESR in patients who were confirmed to have COVID-19, it was found that there was a correlation between NLR values and CRP (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 575,\n \"width\": 52,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Discussion\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 588,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"This research was conducted using secondary data from 54 research samples that met the criteria and exclusion criteria. This research aims to determine the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital in 2021. The characteristics of patients with confirmed COVID-19 in this study were assessed based on age and gender. Based on the age in this study, of the 54 confirmed COVID-19 patients at Hermina Medan Hospital, the majority were aged 41-50 years with a total of 19 people (35.59%). Based on gender, this study found 25 men (46.23%) and 29 men (53.77%) women who had confirmed COVID-19. A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 702,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"4. CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 714,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"A study has been conducted on the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital with the conclusion that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who come to Hermina Medan Hospital are in the age group of 41-50 years and are female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1181\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"was 46.50, and the mean was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12 The results showed a correlation between the NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Based on the results In this research, there are several suggestions given as follows:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 275,\n \"top\": 176,\n \"width\": 47,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Reference\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 189,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Herikurniawan, dkk. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Saat Ini. J Penyakit Dalam Indonesia. 2020;7(1):45–67.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"2. Taj S, Kashif A, Fatima SA, Imran S, Lone A, Ahmed Q. Peran Parameter Hematologi dalam Stratifikasi Keparahan Penyakit COVID-19. Ann Medi Surg. 2021;62:68–72.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 239,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"3. Duz ME, Balci A, tingkat Menekse E.D-dimer dan tingkat keparahan COVID-19. Klin Calisma Res Artik. 2020;68(4):353-360.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 265,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"4. Silva LHAC, Carvalho DCM, Lima E de A, Galvao JGFM, Silva JS de F, Neto JM de S, dkk. Neutrofil dan COVID-19: Jalan sejauh ini. Int Immunofarmakol. 2021;90:2-7.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 290,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"5. Yuliana. Penyakit Virus Corona (COVID-19); Sebuah Literatur Tinjauan. Wellness Heal Mag J. 2020;2(1):187–92.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 315,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"6. Peta Risiko [Internet]. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2021. Tersedia dari: https://covid19.go.id/peta- risiko\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 341,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"7. Singhal T. Review Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). India J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281–286.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 353,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"8. Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Penularan, pencegahan, dan potensi peluang terapeutik. Klinik Chim Acta. 2020;508:254–66.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 378,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"9. Sheeren MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Rabeea S. Infeksi COVID-19: Asal, penularan, dan karakteristik virus korona manusia. J Adv Res. 2020; 24:91–98.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 404,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"10. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, dkk. Virologi, Epidemiologi, Patogenesis, dan Pengendalian COVID-19. Virus J. 2020;12(4):2-17.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 429,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"11. Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, dkk. Epidemiologi dan informasi klinis tentang COVID-19. Eur J Clin Mikrobiol Menginfeksi Dis. 2020;\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 454,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"12. Chatterjee SK, Saha S, Munoz MNM. Patogenesis Molekuler, Imunopatogenesis, dan Strategi Terapi Baru Melawan COVID-19. Biosci Mol Depan. 2020;7:1-11.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 480,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"13. Haque SM, Ashwaq O, Sarief A, Mohamed AKAJ. Ulasan komprehensif tentang SARS-CoV-2. Virol masa depan. 2020;15(9):625–648.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 505,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"14. Lee C, Choi WJ. Gambaran umum patogenesis inflamasi COVID-19 dari perspektif terapeutik. Res Farmasi. 2021;44:99–116.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 530,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"15. Menjadirnstein RR. Pola Aktivasi Reseptor Bawaan yang Melibatkan Sinergisme TLR dan NLR dalam Badai Sitokin COVID-19, ALI/ARDS, dan Sepsis: Tinjauan dan Pembuatan Model Prediksi Baru dan Saran Terapi. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2–44.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 568,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"16. Paz LO, Capodanno D, Montalescot G, Angiolillo DJ. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019–Trombosis dan Koagulopati Terkait: Tinjauan Karakteristik Patofisiologis dan Implikasinya untuk Manajemen Antitrombotik. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:1–24.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 606,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"17. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, dkk. Karakteristik dan Hasil dari 21 Pasien Sakit Kritis Dengan COVID-19 di Negara Bagian Washington. JAMA- J. 2020;323(16):1612–1614.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 644,\n \"width\": 330,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"18. Hall J, Hall M. Guyton dan Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14t\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 657,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"19. Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19): Tinjauan Sistematis Temuan Pencitraan pada 919 Pasien. Pencitraan Kardiopulm. 2020;215(1):87–93.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":197,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"381fbfa0-3066-b77e-34d5-57c212afea80"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://bajangjournal.com/index.php/JIRK/article/download/8050/6269"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"513 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":414,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"BUDAYA ORGANISASI SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR DI PT. PRIMAYUDHA MANDIRIJAYA, BOYOLALI","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":151,"width":218,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Oleh Faiz Deaky Febrianto 1 , Sutarto Wijono 2","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":180,"width":461,"height":42,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1,2 Program Studi S1 Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga Email: 1 Faizdeaky99@gmail.com , 2 Sutarto.wijono@uksw.edu","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":237,"width":111,"height":56,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Article History: Received: 17-06-2024 Revised: 22-06-2024 Accepted: 03-07-2024","type":"Text"},{"left":270,"top":237,"width":280,"height":332,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the role of organizational culture as a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. This research employs a quantitative research method. The study was conducted on production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya in Boyolali. The population of the study amounted to 1236 individuals, with a sample size of 93 individuals determined using random sampling techniques and the Slovin formula. The research instrument was an organizational culture scale adapted from the scale developed by Denison in Nisa (2021), based on four aspects of organizational culture, with a reliability value of 0.948 and validity index values ranging from 0.469 to 0.684. Additionally, an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scale developed by Organ in Dewi (2021) was used, based on five aspects of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), with a reliability value of 0.828 and validity index values ranging from 0.406 to 0.500. Hypothesis testing yielded results of R 2 = 0.684; p < 0.05. These findings indicate that organizational culture (X) is a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (Y) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":307,"width":62,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Keywords:","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":321,"width":136,"height":43,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Organizational Culture; Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":584,"width":91,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"PENDAHULUAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":598,"width":473,"height":140,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Saat ini persaingan dalam berbagai kegiatan industri dipicu oleh kemajuan teknologi khususnya dalam memasuki era new normal pihak managemen perusahaan berusaha agar tetap bisa survive bahkan berkembang lebih maju. Menurut Tamsah & Nurung (2022) sumber daya manusia merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi seluruh kegiatan organisasi. Pada era new normal semua perusahaan dituntut agar dapat menghadapi persaingan yang kompetitif dengan memaksimalkan peran sumber daya yang mereka miliki. Demikian juga dengan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, khususnya karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya juga harus berperan aktif dalam melakukan pekerjaannya demi menjaga eksistensi perusahaannya. Bagian produksi merupakan bagian yang vital dalam sebuah perusahaan dimana para karyawan memiliki tugas dan tanggung","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"514 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":106,"width":473,"height":619,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"jawab untuk menjalankan mesin yang berhubungan dengan proses produksi serta mencapai target kerja yang sudah ditentukan. Dalam upaya mempertahankan eksistensi perusahaannya karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya diharapkan memiliki inisiatif untuk bekerja melebihi standar kerja yang telah ditetapkan tanpa mengarapkan imbalan, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya atau bisa disebut dengan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini didukung oleh pernyataan dari Aly (dalam Arumi et al., (2019) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang bertujuan menguntungkan perusahaan secara efektif. Perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dinilai menjadi poin penting yang memengaruhi efektifitas sebuah perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya. Maka dari itu penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya merupakan salah satu produsen dan eksportir pemintalan benang kualitas di Indonesia yang terletak di desa Ngadirojo Kecamatan Ampel Boyolali. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki berbagai macam divisi, setiap divisi pada perusahaan ini memiliki perilaku, tingkat loyalitas dan kepedulian yang berbeda terhadap perusahaannya. Hasil temuan pada 06 Februari 2023 pada 25 karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha didapati terdapat 5 karyawan yang menganggap bahwa mereka mendapatkan perilaku saling organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) selama bekerja di perusahaan tersebut, dimana rekan kerjanya secara sukarela akan membantu karyawan lainnya ketika mesin yang dioperasikan salah satu rekannya mengalami masalah. Sementara, ada 4 karyawan menganggap bahwa setiap karyawan menunjukkan kemauan kerja yang kuat dan memiliki tanggung jawab dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya. Ada 4 karyawan lainnya menjelaskan bahwa ketika mereka mengalami masalah kekurangan karyawan, maka karyawan lainnya dengan sukarela mengoperasikan lebih banyak mesin setiap orangnya tanpa harus menunggu perintah dari atasannya sehingga kegiatan produksi dapat berjalan dengan normal. Tetapi ternyata, ada 6 karyawan lainnya mengeluh karena mereka mendapati beberapa rekan kerjanya kurang peduli walaupun temannya membutuhkan bantuan serta kesulitan dalam pekerjaannya. Sementara, 6 karyawan lainnya menyatakan bahwa masih terdapat beberapa karyawan yang sering terlambat dan sering absen kerja sehingga membebani mereka karena harus mengoperasikan lebih dari satu mesin. Atas dasar beberapa fenomena tersebut dapat diduga ada masalah terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dilakukan pada bagian produksi di perusahaan tersebut . Seperti yang dikemukakan Robbins & Judge (2013) bahwa kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai bila anggota tidak hanya menjalankan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya saling memberi bantuan kepada rekan kerja yang mengalami kesulitan (altruism), saling memberikan masukan ketika rekan kerja mendapatkan masalah dalam lingkungan kerjannya (courtesy) , dapat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan kerjanya (sportmanship) , berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan organisasi (civic virtue) , dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik serta memberikan layanan secara maksimal (conscientiousnes) . Adanya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) seperti contoh diatas memiliki dampak positif pada organisasi, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"515 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":473,"height":338,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"organisasi dalam mencapai tujuannya secara efektif dan efisien. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif. Pernyataan tersebut didukung riset yang dilakukan oleh Suwibawa (2018) yang menemukan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif pada hasil kerja pegawai dimana ketika tingkat organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tinggi, semakin tinggi juga kinerja karyawannya. Menurut Robbins & Judge (2013) kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai apabila anggota tidak hanya mengerjakan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya keinginan menjalin kerja sama, saling memberi bantuan, menyampaikan masukan, mempunyai peran aktif, memberikan layanan maksimal, dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik sehingga dapat memberikan dampak positif bagi suatu organisasi. Ferdus & Kabir (2018) juga menemukan bahwa makin baik sebuah organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) maka akan memberikan peningkatan kepuasan kerja dan hasil kerja pegawai, maka makin besar kepuasan kerjanya yang dialami pegawai akan bisa menaikan kinerjanya. Robbins (2006) mengemukakan beberapa contoh perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diantaranya saling membantu tanpa menunggu perintah atasan, sukarela melaksanakan pekerjaan atas keinginannya sendiri, mencegah konflik dalam bekerja, menjaga properti perusahaan, menghargai aturan yang diberlakukan pada organisasi, dapat menempatkan diri pada kondisi yang kurang nyaman ataupun mengasyikkan saat bekerja serta menggunakan waktu dalam bekerja sebaik-baiknya. Selain itu terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengungkapkan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif bagi sebuah organisasi. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Bolino (2013) menyatakan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif pada karyawan seperti stres kerja dan peran yang kurang efektif.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":447,"width":473,"height":281,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Hasil temuan Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) menyatakan terdapat dua faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yaitu faktor eksternal maupun internal individu tersebut. Faktor Internal mencakup kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan dan komitmen organisasi. Faktor eksternal mencakup kepercayaan kepada pimpinan, gaya kepemimpinan, serta budaya organisasi. Dari beberapa faktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut terdapat faktor budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami secara bersama dan dijadikan sebagai pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasinya. Dengan adanya budaya organisasi yang kuat dapat memberikan pemahaman yang jelas mengenai bagaimana tata cara dalam menyelesaikan suatu urusan serta berperilaku dalam lingkungan pekerjaannya. Dari faktor tersebut kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Amanda (2017) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai (Values), berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Budaya organisasi yang baik akan membantu para anggotanya dalam berperilaku serta mengatasi masalah yang ada dalam lingkungan organisasinya sesuai nilai-nilai yang perusahaan tetapkan. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya mengindikasikan","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"516 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":106,"width":473,"height":197,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"besarnya loyalitas serta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, hal tersebut dapat memberikan arahan yang baik munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB (Setyawan & Sriathi, 2020). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan dapat menilai budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi sehingga dapat mengarahkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut muncul serta cenderung meningkat. Maka dari itu penulis menganggap penelitian mengenai budaya organisasi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya penting untuk dilakukan dikarenakan budaya organisasi merupakan karakteristik yang berpengaruh terhadap berbagai aspek yang ada dalam organisasi khususnya pengaruhnya terhadap perlaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang nantinya akan menimbulkan dampak positif bagi keberlangsungan suatu perusahaan.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":303,"width":473,"height":282,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Terdapat beberapa hasil penelitian yang mengungkapkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal itu ditunjukkan dari beberapa penelitian, seperti penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Husodo (2018) budaya organisasi mempunyai pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Mahayasa (2018) budaya organisasional terhadap OCB perawat di RSU swasta tipe C Kota Denpasar, diperkuat oleh penelitian Ningsih (2020) secara secara signifikan budaya organisasi mempengaruhi OCB pada pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Budaya organisasi yang baik memberikan sumbangan dalam memengaruhi perilaku anggotanya dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Budaya organisasi kuat dapat dilihat dari besarnya loyalitas beserta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, indikasi tersebut membuat mereka akan berusaha meningkatkan kinerjanya, melakukan pekerjaan melebihi standar kerjanya yang mana hal itu sebagai salah satu perilaku OCB. Sehingga ketika terdapat budaya organisasi yang kuat bisa memberi pengaruh munculnya tingkah laku OCB. Sebaliknya, riset yang dilakukan Baihaqi (2021) berjudul “Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Sebagai Variabel Intervening” mengungkapkan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak mempengaruhi OCB. Melalui hasil signifikansi 0,436 > 0,05 dugaan kelima (H5) dalam penelitian yang menunjukkan budaya organisasi memberi pengaruhnya signifikan terhadap OCB ditolak, hasil ini mengartikan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak memberi pengaruh terhadap OCB.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":585,"width":473,"height":140,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Melalui penemuan para peneliti tersebut, penulis tertarikan melaksanakan penelitian terkait budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dikarenakan terdapat hasil yang bertentangan sehingga penulis masih menganggap penelitian terkait budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) bisa diteliti kembali. Dengan alasan bahwasanya penelitian yang dilakukan penulis mempunyai perbedaan terhadap penelitiaan sebelumnya seperti tempat pengambilan data, penggunaan sampel serta definisi yang digunakan dalam membuat alat ukur penelitian. Hal berikut didukung dengan perbedaan penelitian yang dilaksanakan oleh Husodo (2018) dimana tempat pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada PT. Jatim Indo Lestari menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 53 yang terdiri dari divisi teknisi,","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"517 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":473,"height":113,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"helper dan staff, serta variabel budaya organisasi menggunakan definisi dari Robbins (2006) yang memiliki tujuh karakteristik sedangkan penelitian penulis menggunakan definisi dari Denison (1990). Penulis juga berkeyakinan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dimiliki oleh perusahaan serta untuk menciptakannya dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi yang kuat dan baik. Sehingga, penulis tertarik meneliti kembali penelitian dengan judul Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pada karyawan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":222,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Apakah budaya organisasi menjadi prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya?","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":250,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tujuannya dari pelaksanaan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":306,"width":101,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"LANDASAN TEORI","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":320,"width":263,"height":15,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"A. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":334,"width":437,"height":127,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Definisi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (1988) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan suatu wujud perilaku inisiatif karyawan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan efektivitas organisasi tanpa didasari pengharapan imbalan. Upaya perilaku karyawan tersebut muncul atas keingginan sendiri, sehingga hal tersebut tidak berhubungan dengan hukuman ataupun penghargaan dari organisasi. Robbins (2008) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebagai perilaku dimana karyawan bekerja melebihi standar kerjanya sehingga dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi perusahaannya.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":461,"width":436,"height":56,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan berbagai penjelasan tokoh tersebut, penulis memilih teori yang disampaikam oleh Organ (1988) dikarenakan temuan fenomena yang ada pada bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya sesuai dengan yang dikemukakan Organ (1988).","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":517,"width":298,"height":15,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Aspek Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":531,"width":336,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Organ (1988) memaparkan terdapat lima aspek pada OCB, yaitu :","type":"Text"},{"left":148,"top":546,"width":64,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Altruism","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":560,"width":64,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Courtesy","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":574,"width":91,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"c. Sportmanship","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":588,"width":77,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"d. Civic virtue","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":602,"width":105,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"e. Conscientiousnes","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":616,"width":436,"height":56,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Faktor yang Memengaruhi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan dua faktor yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap OCB yaitu faktor dari luar dan faktor dari dalam individu. Berikut penjelasan lebih spesifik kedua faktor OCB:","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":672,"width":99,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Faktor Internal","type":"List item"},{"left":166,"top":686,"width":391,"height":42,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Kepribadian, adanya perbedaan karakter masing masing individu di lingkungan organisasi mengakibatkan banyak variasi peran yang akan menimbulkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"518 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":399,"top":753,"width":128,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Table"},{"left":138,"top":106,"width":391,"height":57,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Motivasi, kesediaan individu dalam melakukan sesuatu hal demi tercapainya target organisasi sesuai dengan persyaratan organisasi serta dilakukan sesuai kemampuan usaha yang dimilikinya guna mendapatkan sejumlah kepuasan individu.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":163,"width":391,"height":56,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Kepuasan kerja, merupakan segala hal yang didapatkan karyawan dan dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi karyawan seperti pemberian gaji, pemberian fasilitas yang memadai, kesempatan dipromosikan, serta relasi yang baik antar karyawan.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":219,"width":391,"height":56,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. Komitmen organisasi, berkaitan dengan keinginan karyawan untuk tetap mempertahankan keanggotaanya dalam sebuah organisasi sehingga karyawan bersedia untuk bekerja dengan maksimal demi mencapai tujuan organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":275,"width":391,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"5. Moral karyawan, berkaitan dengan tanggung jawab individu dalam melakukan tindakan baik bagi organisasi atau lingkungan masyarakat sekitar.","type":"List item"},{"left":120,"top":317,"width":106,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Faktor Eksternal","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":332,"width":392,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Moral Gaya kepemimpinan, suatu tindakan atau sikap pimpinan yang mampu untuk memberikan pengaruh bawahannya demi meraih tujuan beserta target organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":374,"width":391,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Kepercayaan kepada atasan atau pimpinan, terdapat kepercayaan ataupun rasa percaya yang dipunyai individu terhadap atasannya akan menimbulkan kondisi positif bagi organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":416,"width":391,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Budaya organisasi, kepercayaan yang diartikan serta pahami secara bersama dan dijadikan pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":458,"width":141,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"B. Budaya Organisasi","type":"Section header"},{"left":93,"top":472,"width":178,"height":15,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Definisi Budaya Organisasi","type":"List item"},{"left":93,"top":486,"width":437,"height":85,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Denison (1990) mendefinisikan budaya organisasi sebagai suatu nilai, keyakinan serta prinsip yang jadi landasan bagi sistem manajemen organisasi, dan serangkaian praktik manajemen maupun tingkah laku secara baik. Berdasarkan Robbins dan Judge (2015) budaya organisasi yaitu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami dengan makna yang sama oleh anggotanya sebagai pedoman anggota organisasinya untuk bertindak maupun berkomunikasi dalam lingkup organisasi","type":"Text"},{"left":93,"top":571,"width":169,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Aspek Budaya Organisasi","type":"List item"},{"left":120,"top":585,"width":386,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Denison (1995) mengemukakan terdapat 4 aspek budaya organisasi, yaitu","type":"Text"},{"left":119,"top":599,"width":154,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Keterlibatan (involvement)","type":"List item"},{"left":119,"top":613,"width":146,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Konsistensi (concistency)","type":"List item"},{"left":119,"top":627,"width":155,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"c. Adaptabilitas (adaptibility)","type":"List item"},{"left":119,"top":641,"width":88,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"d. Misi (mission)","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":655,"width":472,"height":28,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"C. Dinamika Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":683,"width":472,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Setiap perusahaan memerlukan SDM yang baik agar suatu perusahaan dapat bersaing dan bisa berjalan sesuai dengan tujuannya, dimana salah satu poin SDM yang dibutuhkan yaitu SDM yang mempunyai perilaku keanggotaan organisasi atau organizational citizenship","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"519 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":473,"height":394,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"behavior (OCB) yang baik. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang ditunjukkan individu pada sebuah organisasi yang secara sukarela mengerjakan tugas melebihi standar kerjanya demi keberlangsungan organisasi tersebut sehingga organisasi akan diuntungkan bila mempunyai karyawan yang mempunyai perilaku OCB yang tinggi. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), salah satunya adalah budaya organisasi. Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan beberapa faktor-faktor yang dapat memberi pengaruh organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) salah satunya budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan sebuah norma-norma yang dimiliki sebuah organisasi yang dipahami dan diikuti para anggotanya sebagai acuan dalam berperilaku, dimana norma-norma tersebut berbeda pada setiap organisasi. Budaya organisasi sebagai suatu peran yang mempunyai pengaruh penting pada setiap aspek kehidupan kerja dalam suatu organisasi. Menurut Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Denison (1995) membagi aspek budaya organisasi menjadi empat yaitu melibatkan anggotanya untuk mempunyai rasa memiliki terhadap tugas serta mempunyai tanggung jawab atas pekerjaannya (involvement), menanaman suatu sistem kepercayaan pada anggotanya (consistency) , kemampuan untuk tanggap dengan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya (adaptability) , kemampuan memahami apa yang perusahaan butuhkan pada masa mendatang (mission). Keempat aspek menurut Denison tersebut dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), diantaranya bekerja melebihi deskripsi pekerjaannya dengan sukarela karena anggotanya memiliki rasa tanggung jawab akan pekerjaannya, memiliki kepercayaan yang sama dengan anggota lainnya mengenai aturan-aturan yang berlaku, memiliki rasa tanggap akan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya, serta memahami tujuan organisasinya. Dari keempat aspek menurut Denison (1995) diatas, kita bisa melihat bahwa involvement, consistency, adaptability, dan mission dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":517,"width":122,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"METODE PENELITIAN Variabel Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":121,"top":546,"width":279,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, adalah :","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":560,"width":437,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Variabel independen atau bebas (X) dalam penelitian ini adalah Budaya Organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":588,"width":437,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Variabel dependen atau terikat (Y) dalam penelitiain ini adalah Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":616,"width":117,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Populasi dan Sampel","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":630,"width":119,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Populasi Penelitian","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":644,"width":436,"height":70,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Sugiyono (2007) mendefinisikan populasi yaitu area generalisasi yang terjadi dari subjek ataupun objek sesuai dengan kualitas serta karakteristik yang ditentukan peneliti untuk dipelajari sehingga nantinya dapat diambil kesimpulannya. Dalam pelaksanaan penelitian ini, populasi merupakan karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan jumlah populasi 1236 karyawan.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":714,"width":113,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Sampel Penelitian","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"520 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":92,"top":106,"width":438,"height":141,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Menurut Sugiyono (2017) sampel merupakan bagian dari jumlah dan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi tersebut. Adapun teknik sampling yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini menggunakan simple random sampling. Simple random sampling merupakan teknik pengambilan sampel dari populasi yang dilakukan secara acak tanpa memperhatikan strata yang terdapat pada populasi (Sugiyono, 2017). Dalam penelitian ini penulis mempersempit populasi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya yang berjumlah 1236 karyawan dengan menghitung ukuran sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin menurut Sugiyono (2017) dengan alpha 10 %, sebagai berikut : Rumus Slovin :","type":"Text"},{"left":92,"top":248,"width":437,"height":97,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"𝑛 𝑁 1 + 𝑁𝑒 2 Keterangan : n = ukuran sampel N = ukuran populasi e = kelonggaran kesalahan maksimal yang dapat ditolerir dalam penentuan sampel (10%)","type":"Text"},{"left":92,"top":345,"width":203,"height":42,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"𝑛 1236 1 + 1236 ∗ 0,1 2 n = 92,52 dibulatkan menjadi 93 orang.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":387,"width":115,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Alat Ukur Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":401,"width":473,"height":127,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan skala Likert. Skala Likert berarti skala yang memiliki gradiasi sangat positif hingga negatif (Sugiyono, 2007). Aitem- aitem yang terdapat dalam skala ini merupakan susunan pernyataan dari variabel budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mencakup empat opsi jawaban, yakni SS (sangat sesuai), S (sesuai), TS (tidak sesuai), STS (sangat tidak sesuai). Skala yang ditampilkan berbentuk pernyataan favorable dan unfavorable . Skor yang diberi memiliki pergerakan dari satu hingga empat. Bobot penilaiannya bagi pernyataan favorable yakni, SS = 4, S = 3, TS = 2, STS = 1. Sementara, bobot penilaian bagi pernyataan unfavorable yakni: SS = 1, S = 2, TS = 3, STS = 4.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":528,"width":117,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Teknik Analisis Data","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":542,"width":473,"height":113,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji analisis linearitas sederhana. Uji linear sederhana bertujuan untuk menguji sejauh mana variabel dependen (X) dalam mempengaruhi variabel dependen (Y). Faktor penyebab disebut dengan variabel X sedangkan variabel respon disebut dengan variabel Y. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah budaya organisasi (X) sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) (Y). Keseluruhan analisis data dalam penelitian ini dikerjakan dengan bantuan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23. Berikut ini adalah beberapa langkah analisis yang dilakukan :","type":"Text"},{"left":93,"top":655,"width":106,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Uji Instrumen","type":"Section header"},{"left":119,"top":669,"width":410,"height":42,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Uji Diskriminasi Aitem Aitem dianggap layak digunakan dalam penelitian atau valid jika didapatkan nilai corrected item-total correlation diatas 0,3.","type":"List item"},{"left":119,"top":711,"width":95,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Uji Reliabilitas","type":"List item"},{"left":165,"top":725,"width":365,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Uji reliabilitas yaitu instrumen guna melakukan pengukuran kuesioner","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"521 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":148,"top":109,"width":409,"height":56,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"yang merupakan indikator dari variable yang akan diteliti. Kuesioner dinyatakan reliabel bila jawaban individu kepada pernyataan cenderung sama ataupun stabil dalam waktu yang lama. Instrumen pengukuran dinyatakan reliabel (layak) bila Cronbach’s alpha > 0,7.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":165,"width":199,"height":15,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Uji Analisis Statistik Deskriptif","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":180,"width":436,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":208,"width":126,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Uji Asumsi Klasik","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":222,"width":95,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Uji Normalitas","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":236,"width":411,"height":98,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Uji normalitas guna mengujikan apakah pada model regresi, variabel independen serta dependen berdistribusikan normal ataupun tidak. Model regresi yang baik mempunyai distribusi data secara normal ataupun dekat dengan normal yakni distribusi tidak ada penyimpangan ke kiri ataupun ke kanan. Pengujian normalitas menggunakan pengujian One Kolmogorov-Smirnov dalam program SPSS. Dua variabel dinyatakan berdistribusikan normal bila nilai sig. > 0,05.","type":"Text"},{"left":147,"top":334,"width":89,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Uji Linearitas","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":349,"width":411,"height":70,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05.","type":"Text"},{"left":147,"top":419,"width":139,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"c. Uji Heteroskedastisitas","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":433,"width":409,"height":56,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Model regresi yang baik bermakna yang homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Untuk mencari apakah terdapatnya heterokedastisitas, bisa mempergunakan pengujian glejser, Hasil dikatakan signifikan bila nilai signifikannya sig > 0.05.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":489,"width":100,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. Uji Hipotesis","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":503,"width":437,"height":42,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dalam pengujian hipotesis digunakan untuk menentukan apakah budaya organisasi merupakan prediktor organization citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat dilakukan menggunakan program Windows SPSS Statistic 23.0 .","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":546,"width":411,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":574,"width":411,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":616,"width":348,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Orientasi Kancah Penelitian dan Pengumpulan Data Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":644,"width":473,"height":56,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Penelitian ini dilakukan pada karyawan bagian Produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara membagikan kuesioner berupa angket kepada para karyawan bagian produksi shift pagi dan siang pada tanggal 24 Oktober 2023 hingga tanggal 28 Oktober 2023.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":700,"width":119,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Partisipan Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":121,"top":714,"width":436,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan populasi","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"522 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":106,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"sebanyak 1236 orang. Dikarenakan jumlah populasi terlalu besar penulis menggunakan teknik simpel random sampling dengan rumus Slovin , sehingga didapatkan jumlah responden sebanyak 93 karyawan.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":149,"width":90,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Hasil Penelitian","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":163,"width":210,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Diskriminasi Item dan Reliabilitas","type":"Text"},{"left":166,"top":191,"width":254,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 1. Diskriminasi Item Budaya Organisasi","type":"Section header"},{"left":62,"top":214,"width":462,"height":496,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted X01 107,57 119,552 ,580 . ,946 X02 107,68 118,460 ,607 . ,946 X03 107,57 120,204 ,524 . ,947 X04 107,68 118,677 ,590 . ,946 X05 107,51 118,057 ,601 . ,946 X06 107,88 117,062 ,617 . ,946 X07 107,60 119,916 ,574 . ,946 X08 107,59 120,418 ,544 . ,946 X09 107,42 119,855 ,536 . ,946 X10 107,52 120,035 ,547 . ,946 X11 107,63 120,952 ,563 . ,946 X12 107,30 119,821 ,549 . ,946 X13 107,67 121,225 ,515 . ,947 X14 107,45 121,033 ,469 . ,947 X15 107,49 121,861 ,485 . ,947 X16 107,67 119,290 ,592 . ,946 X17 107,37 121,474 ,484 . ,947 X18 107,68 120,786 ,572 . ,946 X19 107,68 117,917 ,594 . ,946 X20 107,51 117,514 ,642 . ,946","type":"Table"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"523 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":456,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel 3 diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel budaya organisasi diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,469 sampai 0,684.","type":"Text"},{"left":154,"top":512,"width":332,"height":69,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 2. Reliabilitas Budaya Organisasi Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,948 ,948 35","type":"Table"},{"left":103,"top":587,"width":455,"height":42,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,948 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala budaya organisasi ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.","type":"Text"},{"left":128,"top":629,"width":387,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 3. Diskriminasi Item Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)","type":"Text"},{"left":62,"top":109,"width":481,"height":617,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"X21 107,60 121,416 ,541 . ,946 X22 107,37 119,865 ,610 . ,946 X23 107,66 119,967 ,570 . ,946 X24 107,56 119,140 ,631 . ,946 X25 107,90 116,414 ,622 . ,946 X26 107,53 120,187 ,590 . ,946 X27 107,40 119,547 ,575 . ,946 X28 107,58 122,333 ,520 . ,947 X29 107,60 121,829 ,530 . ,947 X30 107,41 119,940 ,622 . ,946 X31 107,35 119,101 ,677 . ,945 X32 107,55 121,424 ,547 . ,946 X33 107,59 120,701 ,543 . ,946 X34 107,41 118,636 ,684 . ,945 X35 107,54 120,990 ,550 . ,946 Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Y01 43,86 16,165 ,458 ,471 ,807","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"524 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":443,"width":455,"height":70,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,406 sampai 0,500.","type":"Text"},{"left":118,"top":513,"width":350,"height":74,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 4. Reliabilitas Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,820 ,828 15","type":"Table"},{"left":75,"top":596,"width":455,"height":42,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,828 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":638,"width":202,"height":14,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Hasil Analisis Statistik Deskriptif","type":"Section header"},{"left":75,"top":652,"width":454,"height":56,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya, berikut analisis data dari variabel budaya organisasi dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) :","type":"Text"},{"left":90,"top":106,"width":431,"height":313,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Y02 44,00 16,739 ,475 ,662 ,808 Y03 43,96 16,694 ,438 ,297 ,809 Y04 43,89 15,836 ,406 ,563 ,812 Y05 44,02 16,478 ,450 ,523 ,808 Y06 44,09 16,340 ,409 ,343 ,811 Y07 43,89 16,314 ,418 ,291 ,810 Y08 43,95 16,443 ,500 ,546 ,806 Y09 44,06 15,691 ,420 ,337 ,812 Y10 44,15 16,303 ,463 ,385 ,807 Y11 44,11 16,358 ,447 ,346 ,808 Y12 43,92 15,853 ,447 ,603 ,808 Y13 43,90 16,414 ,443 ,489 ,809 Y14 44,00 16,761 ,433 ,480 ,810 Y15 43,70 16,017 ,423 ,357 ,810","type":"Table"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"525 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Page footer"},{"left":204,"top":109,"width":235,"height":14,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 5. Hasil Analilsis Statistik Deskriptif","type":"Section header"},{"left":96,"top":142,"width":452,"height":108,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Budaya Organisasi 93 77,00 134,00 110,7204 11,26206 Organizational Citizenship Behavior 93 33,00 56,00 47,1075 4,29728 Valid N (listwise) 93","type":"Table"},{"left":103,"top":268,"width":455,"height":71,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan data analisis deskriptif diatas menunjukkan bahwa jawaban minimal variabel budaya organisasi dengan nilai 77, maksimal 134, mean 110,7204 dan standar deviasi (SD) 11,26206. Sedangkan untuk variabel organizational citizenship behavior menunjukkan nilai minimal sebesar 33, maksimal 56, mean 47,1075 dan standar deviasi (SD) 4,29728.","type":"Text"},{"left":109,"top":339,"width":425,"height":102,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 6. Hasil Kategorisasi Budaya Organisasi No. Interval Kategori Frekuensi Persentase (%) Mean 1 X (>) 140,7 Sangat tinggi 0 0% 110,7204 2 105,5 (< X ≤) 140,7 Tinggi 60 64,5% 3 70,3 (<X≤) 105,5 Rendah 33 35,5% 4 X (≤) 70,3 Sangat rendah 0 0%","type":"Table"},{"left":103,"top":445,"width":455,"height":84,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan tabel diatas, hasil kategorisasi variabel budaya organisasi pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menunjukkan bahwa, karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki tingkat budaya organisasi dengan kategorisasi rendah sebanyak 33 orang (35,5%), sedangkan kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 60 orang (64,5%). Berarti, tingkat budaya organisasi pada responden dalam penelitian ini mayoritas dan rata rata tergolong dalam kategori tinggi.","type":"Text"},{"left":122,"top":529,"width":399,"height":98,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 7. Hasil Kategorisasi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) No. Interval Kategori Frekuensi Persentase (%) Mean 1 X (>) 48,3 Sangat tinggi 35 37,6 47,1075 2 44,5 (< X ≤) 48, Tinggi 30 32,3 3 40,7 (<X≤) 44,5 Rendah 23 24,7 4 X (≤) 40,7 Sangat rendah 5 5,4","type":"Table"},{"left":103,"top":641,"width":455,"height":84,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan tabel diatas, hasil kategorisasi variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menunjukkan bahwa, karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki tingkat budaya organisasi dengan kategorisasi sangat rendah sebanyak 5 orang (5,4%), pada kategorisasi rendah sebanyak 23 orang (24,7%), sedangkan kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 30 orang (32,3%), dan kategorisasi sangat tinggi sebanyak 35 orang (37,6%).","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"526 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":106,"width":454,"height":28,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berarti, tingkat budaya organisasi pada responden dalam penelitian ini mayoritas tergolong dalam kategori sangat tinggi dan ratra-rata tergolong dalam kategori tinggi.","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":134,"width":243,"height":14,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Uji One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test","type":"Section header"},{"left":153,"top":149,"width":280,"height":14,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 8. Uji One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test","type":"Text"},{"left":88,"top":163,"width":408,"height":164,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Budaya Organisasi Organizational Citizenship Behavior N 93 93 Normal Parameters a,b Mean 110,7204 47,1075 Std. Deviation 11,26206 4,29728 Most Extreme Differences Absolute ,092 ,086 Positive ,092 ,086 Negative -,091 -,065 Test Statistic ,092 ,086 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,051 c ,090 c","type":"Table"},{"left":75,"top":329,"width":455,"height":141,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Model regresi yang baik mempunyai distribusi data secara normal ataupun dekat dengan normal yakni distribusi tidak ada penyimpangan ke kiri ataupun ke kanan. Dua variabel dinyatakan berdistribusikan normal bila nilai signifikansinya lebih besar dari 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian One Kolmogorov-Smirnov menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas, didapatkan nilai signifikansi variabel budaya organisasi (X) sebesar 0,051 (p>0,05) dan nilai signifikansi organizational citizenship behavior (Y) sebesar 0,090 (p>0,05). Dengan hasil nilai signifikansi lebih dari 0,05 pada variabel budaya organisasi (X) dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (Y) maka dapat dikatakan seluruh data dari semua aspek budaya organisasi dan organizational citizenship behavior berdistribusi normal.","type":"Text"},{"left":60,"top":470,"width":467,"height":167,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. Uji Linearitas Tabel 9. Uji Linearitas Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Organizational Citizenship Behavior * Budaya Organisasi Between Groups (Combined) 1307,214 23 56,835 10,012 ,000 Linearity 1161,705 1 1161,705 204,635 ,000 Deviation from Linearity 145,509 22 6,614 1,165 ,307 Within Groups 391,711 69 5,677 Total 1698,925 92","type":"Table"},{"left":75,"top":638,"width":455,"height":98,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil dari uji liearitas dengan menggunakan test for linearity dengan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diperoleh nilai Deviation from Linearity sebesar 0,307 (p>0,05), maka dapat disimpulkan ada hubungan yang linear secara signifikan","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"527 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Page footer"},{"left":103,"top":109,"width":377,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"antara budaya organisasi (X) dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y).","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":123,"width":149,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"5. Uji Heteroskedastisitas","type":"Text"},{"left":229,"top":137,"width":184,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 10. Uji Heteroskedastisitas","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":261,"width":455,"height":70,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil pengujian glejser menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas didapatkan nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,536 > 0,05. Model regresi dikatakan baik jika nilai sig. > 0,05 yang memiliki arti homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Dari hasil diatas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terjadi gejala heterokedastisitas dalam penelitian ini.","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":331,"width":156,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"6. Uji Linearitas Sederhana","type":"Section header"},{"left":88,"top":345,"width":468,"height":124,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 11. Uji Linearitas Sederhana Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000 a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior","type":"Table"},{"left":103,"top":490,"width":455,"height":70,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linier sederhana menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas diperoleh nilai konstan dari Unstandardized Coefficients sebesar 12,172. Nilai dari Unstandardized Coefficients ini merupakan nilai Konstanta yang memiliki arti bahwa apabila tidak ada budaya organisasi (X) maka nilai konstan organizational citizenship behavior (Y) adalah sebesar 12,172.","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":560,"width":455,"height":57,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b = Angka koefisien regresi, dimana pada tabel diatas diperoleh hasil sebesar 0,316. Angka ini memiliki arti bahwa setiap penambahan 1% peningkatan budaya organisasi (X), maka organizational citizenship behavior (Y) akan meningkat sebesar 0,316.","type":"Text"},{"left":139,"top":617,"width":231,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Sehingga persamaan regresi sebagai adalah :","type":"Text"},{"left":88,"top":157,"width":412,"height":575,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Y = 12,172 + 0,316 X Tabel 12. Uji R Square Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 ,827 a ,684 ,680 2,430 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardize d Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 2,773 1,816 1,527 ,130 Budaya Organisasi -,010 ,016 -,065 -,622 ,536","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"528 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":106,"width":455,"height":57,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil dari tabel uji regresi didapatkan nilai R square atau R 2 sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.","type":"Text"},{"left":60,"top":163,"width":408,"height":118,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"7. Uji Hipotesis Tabel 13. Uji Hipotesis Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 1161,705 1 1161,705 196,782 ,000 b Residual 537,220 91 5,904 Total 1698,925 92","type":"Table"},{"left":60,"top":282,"width":306,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior b. Predictors: (Constant), Budaya Organisasi","type":"Text"},{"left":93,"top":325,"width":427,"height":14,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.","type":"List item"},{"left":93,"top":339,"width":437,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.","type":"List item"},{"left":75,"top":367,"width":455,"height":56,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan output hasil perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas didapatkan nilai sigifikansi (sig.) variabel budaya organisasi (X) sebesar 0,000 < 0,05 atau p<0.05 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa “Ada Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y)”.","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":423,"width":379,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"8. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t) Tabel 14. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t)","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":593,"width":473,"height":70,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan output perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas diketahui nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028. Jika nilai t hitung > t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t < 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y). Sebaliknya jika t hitung < t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t > 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan tidak ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y).","type":"Text"},{"left":111,"top":663,"width":227,"height":70,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Rumus mencari t tabel : Nilai a/2 = 0,025 Derajad kebebasan (df) = n – 2 = 93 – 2 = 91 Nilai t tabel = 1,990 Nilai t hitung = 14,028 > 1,990","type":"Text"},{"left":60,"top":476,"width":467,"height":94,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000","type":"Table"},{"left":60,"top":571,"width":306,"height":14,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"529 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dikarenakan nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028 lebih besar dari t tabel sebesar 1,990, maka dapat disimpulkan budaya organisasi memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y). Pembahasan","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":165,"width":476,"height":310,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan melalui hasil analisis regresi linier yaitu R 2 = 0,684;p<0.05. Hasil temuan tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa kemungkinan. Pertama, sebagian karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi menjadi pedoman mereka untuk dapat melakukan tugas dan tanggung jawab dalam mencapai organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Kedua , sebagian karyawan menganggap bahwa budaya organisasi memiliki nilai-nilai yang dapat membuat mereka bekerja dengan meningkatkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan tersebut didukung penelitian Amanda (2017) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai ( Values) , berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya dapat memberikan arahan munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan dari para ahli tersebut juga didukung dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ningsih (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi berpengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di Puskesmas Bromo yang menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":475,"width":473,"height":211,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi berdasarkan data Model Summary didapatkan nilai R Square sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Hal ini menunjukkan meskipun sebagian besar organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dipengaruhi budaya organisasi, namun masih ada faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi munculnya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) terdapat faktor - faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) baik dari faktor internal seperti kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan, komitmen organisasi maupun dari faktor eksternal seperti moral gaya kepemimpinan, kepercayaan kepada atasan dan budaya organisasi. Hasil ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan budaya organisasi terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebesar 48,6% di Dinas Penanaman Modal dan PTSP Kabupaten Bandung, sedangkan 51,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":686,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Menurut Organ (1988) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kondisi awal yang memicu munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan paham budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"530 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":106,"width":473,"height":71,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi dan dapat mengarahkan meningkatya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Sehingga diharapkan budaya organisasi yang diterapkan mampu memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan bagi perusahaan melalui organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada setiap karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":177,"width":473,"height":112,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskrptif pada kedua variabel dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 60 orang (64,5%) dan kategori rendah sebanyak 33 orang (35,5%). Sedangkan pada variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dengan kategorisasi sangat tinggi sebesar 35 orang (37,5%), kategorisasi tinggi sebesar 30 orang (32,3%), rendah sebesar 23 orang (24,7%), dan sangat rendah sebesar 5 orang (5,4%).","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":289,"width":473,"height":99,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan kategorisasi pada data budaya organisasi dengan nilai mean sebesar 110,7204, dimana angka tersebut masuk dalam kategorisari tinggi. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki budaya organisasi yang tinggi. Sedangkan untuk organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) menunjukkan nilai mean sebesar 47,1075, dimana angka tersebut berada dalam kategorisasi tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tinggi.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":402,"width":79,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"KESIMPULAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":416,"width":473,"height":70,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi (X) merupakan prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (Y) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Dimana semakin baik budaya organisasi dalam sebuah perusahaan dapat meningkatkan serta memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":500,"width":40,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"SARAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":515,"width":106,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Bagi Perusahaan","type":"Section header"},{"left":75,"top":529,"width":455,"height":70,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Pihak perusahaan khususnya pada bagian HRD dapat memberikan pemahaman lebih dalam mengenai budaya organisasinya kepada karyawan untuk meningkatkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sehingga dapat muncul dan berkembang dengan baik. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi, konsultasi dan atau pelatihan dalam mengembangkan budaya organisasi.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":599,"width":98,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Bagi Karyawan","type":"List item"},{"left":75,"top":613,"width":457,"height":56,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Bagi karyawan diharapkan untuk dapat mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi sebagai dasar mereka bekerja untuk mengembangkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi atau konsultasi dengan sesama rekan kerjanya serta atasan mereka.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":669,"width":148,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Bagi Peneliti Selanjutnya","type":"List item"},{"left":75,"top":683,"width":454,"height":42,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat membuat penelitian dengan menambah variabel tipe kepribadian dan faktor demografi. Dengan memperluas tempat penelitian misalnya di Perusahaan swasta yang mempunya karyawan diatas 2000 orang. Swasta","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"531 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":132,"height":28,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"atau bumn. Kelemahan Penelitian TA","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":137,"width":473,"height":113,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dalam penelitian ini juga terdapat beberapa kelemahan diantaranya terdapat kebijakan perusahaan yang membagi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menjadi tiga Shift, dikarenakan keterbatasan waktu yang penulis miliki, kuesioner hanya dibagikan pada karyawan bagian produksi shift 1 & 2 di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor budaya organisasi saja, masih terdapat beberapa faktor lainnya yang bisa mempengaruhi organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":264,"width":105,"height":14,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"DAFTAR PUSTAKA","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":278,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[1] Amanda, E. A., Budiwibowo, S., & Amah, N. (2017). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di PDAM Tirta Taman Sari Kota Madiun. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Pendidikan , 6 (1), 1 – 12. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.25273/jap.v6i1.1289","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":320,"width":473,"height":57,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[2] Arumi, M. S., Aldrin, N., & Murti, T. R. (2019). 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Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":475,"width":473,"height":56,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[5] Baihaqi, I., & Saifudin. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Karyawan, Transformasional dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan OCB sebagai Variabel Intervening. Journal of Management , 2 (1), 10 – 22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22373/jimebis.v2i1.191","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":531,"width":473,"height":43,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[6] Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., Turnley, W. H., & Harvey, J. (2013). Exploring The Dark Side of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 34 , 542 – 559. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1847","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":574,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[7] Denison, D. R., & Haaland, S. (1990). Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. The Academy of Management Review , 16 (1), 205 – 227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/258613","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":616,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[8] Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness. Organization Science , 6 (2), 204 – 223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":658,"width":472,"height":42,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[9] Dewi, L. R. (2021). Hubungan Tingkat Kepuasan Kerja terhadap OCB (Organizational Citizenship Behavior) pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang) . Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":700,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[10] Ferdus, Z., & Kabir, T. (2018). Effect of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on OCB: Study on Private Banks in Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences , 8 (2),","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"532 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":106,"width":437,"height":42,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"57 – 69. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331111886_Effect_of_Job_Satisfaction_an d_Organizational_Commitment_on_OCB_Study_on_Private_Banks_in_Bangladesh","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":149,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[11] Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 . Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":177,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[12] Husodo, Y. R. P. (2018). The Influence of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable at PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Agora , 6 (1), 1 – 8. http://publication.petra.ac.id/index.php/manajemen- bisnis/article/view/6475","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":233,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[13] Lestari, M. R., & Sujono, F. K. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Dan Iklim Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Madani, 3 (1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1353/jmbm.v3i1.544","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":275,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[14] Mahayasa, I. G. A., Sintaasih, D. K., & Putra, M. S. (2018). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Komitmen Organisasional dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior Perawat. Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan , 12 (1), 71 – 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/MATRIK:JMBK.2018.v12.i01.p08","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":332,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[15] Ningsih, E. K. (2020). Pengaruh Komitmen, Kompetensi, dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizhenship Behaviour (OCB) Pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Jurnal Riset Manajemen & Bisnis (JRMB) , 1 (5), 75 – 88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30743/jrmb.v5i1.2582","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":388,"width":473,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[16] Nisa, A. K. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi terhadap Komitmen Organisasi pada Organisasi IKAMIA (Ikatan Alumni MI Al-Islah) di Dusun Pedurungan Glagah [Skripsi. Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang]. http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/id/eprint/27665","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":444,"width":472,"height":42,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[17] Oemar, Y. (2013). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Kemampuan Kerja dan Komitmen Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Pegawai pada BAPPEDA Kota Pekanbaru.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":472,"width":444,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen , 11 , 65 – 76. https://jurnaljam.ub.ac.id/index.php/jam/article/view/496","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":500,"width":472,"height":29,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[18] Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Solider Syndrome . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":529,"width":429,"height":14,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[19] Robbins, S., & Judge, T. A. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi . Jakarta: Salemba Empat.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":543,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[20] Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., & Boyle, M. (2013). Organisational Behaviour . Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":571,"width":472,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[21] Robbins, S. P. (2006). Perilaku Organisasi (10th ed.). Jakarta: PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":599,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[22] Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2015). Behavior of Organizational (16th ed.). Jakarta: Salemba Empat.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":627,"width":472,"height":42,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[23] Setyawan, I. P. G. A., & Sriathi, A. A. A. (2020). Peran Komitmen Organisasional Memediasi Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":655,"width":444,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"E-Jurnal Manajemen , 9 (8), 2976 – 2997. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/EJMUNUD.2020.v09.i08.p05","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":683,"width":327,"height":14,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[24] Sugiyono. (2007). Kualitataif dan R&D . Bandung: Alfabeta.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":697,"width":471,"height":14,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[25] Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D . Bandung: Alfabeta.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":711,"width":472,"height":14,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[26] Suwibawa, A., Agung, A. A. P., & Sapta, I. K. S. (2018). Effect of Organizational Culture","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"533 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Page footer"},{"left":113,"top":109,"width":445,"height":42,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"and Organizational Commitment to Employee Performance through Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as Intervening Variables (Study on Bappeda Litbang Provinsi Bali). International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review , 9 (08),","type":"Text"},{"left":113,"top":151,"width":414,"height":14,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"20997 – 21013. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/582","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":165,"width":473,"height":29,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[27] Tamsah, H., & Nurung, J. (2021). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia . Solok: Mitra Cendekia Utama.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":194,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[28] Titisari, P. (2014). Peranan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan . Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"534 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":399,"top":753,"width":128,"height":14,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Table"},{"left":189,"top":219,"width":208,"height":14,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"HALAMAN INI SENGAJA DIKOSONGKAN","type":"Section header"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"513 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"BUDAYA ORGANISASI SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR DI PT. PRIMAYUDHA MANDIRIJAYA, BOYOLALI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 151,\n \"width\": 218,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Oleh Faiz Deaky Febrianto 1 , Sutarto Wijono 2\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 180,\n \"width\": 461,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1,2 Program Studi S1 Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga Email: 1 Faizdeaky99@gmail.com , 2 Sutarto.wijono@uksw.edu\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 111,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Article History: Received: 17-06-2024 Revised: 22-06-2024 Accepted: 03-07-2024\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 270,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 280,\n \"height\": 332,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the role of organizational culture as a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. This research employs a quantitative research method. The study was conducted on production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya in Boyolali. The population of the study amounted to 1236 individuals, with a sample size of 93 individuals determined using random sampling techniques and the Slovin formula. The research instrument was an organizational culture scale adapted from the scale developed by Denison in Nisa (2021), based on four aspects of organizational culture, with a reliability value of 0.948 and validity index values ranging from 0.469 to 0.684. Additionally, an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scale developed by Organ in Dewi (2021) was used, based on five aspects of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), with a reliability value of 0.828 and validity index values ranging from 0.406 to 0.500. Hypothesis testing yielded results of R 2 = 0.684; p < 0.05. These findings indicate that organizational culture (X) is a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (Y) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 307,\n \"width\": 62,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Keywords:\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 321,\n \"width\": 136,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Organizational Culture; Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 584,\n \"width\": 91,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"PENDAHULUAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 598,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 140,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Saat ini persaingan dalam berbagai kegiatan industri dipicu oleh kemajuan teknologi khususnya dalam memasuki era new normal pihak managemen perusahaan berusaha agar tetap bisa survive bahkan berkembang lebih maju. Menurut Tamsah & Nurung (2022) sumber daya manusia merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi seluruh kegiatan organisasi. Pada era new normal semua perusahaan dituntut agar dapat menghadapi persaingan yang kompetitif dengan memaksimalkan peran sumber daya yang mereka miliki. Demikian juga dengan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, khususnya karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya juga harus berperan aktif dalam melakukan pekerjaannya demi menjaga eksistensi perusahaannya. Bagian produksi merupakan bagian yang vital dalam sebuah perusahaan dimana para karyawan memiliki tugas dan tanggung\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"514 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 619,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"jawab untuk menjalankan mesin yang berhubungan dengan proses produksi serta mencapai target kerja yang sudah ditentukan. Dalam upaya mempertahankan eksistensi perusahaannya karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya diharapkan memiliki inisiatif untuk bekerja melebihi standar kerja yang telah ditetapkan tanpa mengarapkan imbalan, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya atau bisa disebut dengan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini didukung oleh pernyataan dari Aly (dalam Arumi et al., (2019) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang bertujuan menguntungkan perusahaan secara efektif. Perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dinilai menjadi poin penting yang memengaruhi efektifitas sebuah perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya. Maka dari itu penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya merupakan salah satu produsen dan eksportir pemintalan benang kualitas di Indonesia yang terletak di desa Ngadirojo Kecamatan Ampel Boyolali. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki berbagai macam divisi, setiap divisi pada perusahaan ini memiliki perilaku, tingkat loyalitas dan kepedulian yang berbeda terhadap perusahaannya. Hasil temuan pada 06 Februari 2023 pada 25 karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha didapati terdapat 5 karyawan yang menganggap bahwa mereka mendapatkan perilaku saling organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) selama bekerja di perusahaan tersebut, dimana rekan kerjanya secara sukarela akan membantu karyawan lainnya ketika mesin yang dioperasikan salah satu rekannya mengalami masalah. Sementara, ada 4 karyawan menganggap bahwa setiap karyawan menunjukkan kemauan kerja yang kuat dan memiliki tanggung jawab dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya. Ada 4 karyawan lainnya menjelaskan bahwa ketika mereka mengalami masalah kekurangan karyawan, maka karyawan lainnya dengan sukarela mengoperasikan lebih banyak mesin setiap orangnya tanpa harus menunggu perintah dari atasannya sehingga kegiatan produksi dapat berjalan dengan normal. Tetapi ternyata, ada 6 karyawan lainnya mengeluh karena mereka mendapati beberapa rekan kerjanya kurang peduli walaupun temannya membutuhkan bantuan serta kesulitan dalam pekerjaannya. Sementara, 6 karyawan lainnya menyatakan bahwa masih terdapat beberapa karyawan yang sering terlambat dan sering absen kerja sehingga membebani mereka karena harus mengoperasikan lebih dari satu mesin. Atas dasar beberapa fenomena tersebut dapat diduga ada masalah terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dilakukan pada bagian produksi di perusahaan tersebut . Seperti yang dikemukakan Robbins & Judge (2013) bahwa kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai bila anggota tidak hanya menjalankan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya saling memberi bantuan kepada rekan kerja yang mengalami kesulitan (altruism), saling memberikan masukan ketika rekan kerja mendapatkan masalah dalam lingkungan kerjannya (courtesy) , dapat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan kerjanya (sportmanship) , berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan organisasi (civic virtue) , dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik serta memberikan layanan secara maksimal (conscientiousnes) . Adanya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) seperti contoh diatas memiliki dampak positif pada organisasi, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"515 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 338,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"organisasi dalam mencapai tujuannya secara efektif dan efisien. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif. Pernyataan tersebut didukung riset yang dilakukan oleh Suwibawa (2018) yang menemukan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif pada hasil kerja pegawai dimana ketika tingkat organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tinggi, semakin tinggi juga kinerja karyawannya. Menurut Robbins & Judge (2013) kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai apabila anggota tidak hanya mengerjakan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya keinginan menjalin kerja sama, saling memberi bantuan, menyampaikan masukan, mempunyai peran aktif, memberikan layanan maksimal, dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik sehingga dapat memberikan dampak positif bagi suatu organisasi. Ferdus & Kabir (2018) juga menemukan bahwa makin baik sebuah organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) maka akan memberikan peningkatan kepuasan kerja dan hasil kerja pegawai, maka makin besar kepuasan kerjanya yang dialami pegawai akan bisa menaikan kinerjanya. Robbins (2006) mengemukakan beberapa contoh perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diantaranya saling membantu tanpa menunggu perintah atasan, sukarela melaksanakan pekerjaan atas keinginannya sendiri, mencegah konflik dalam bekerja, menjaga properti perusahaan, menghargai aturan yang diberlakukan pada organisasi, dapat menempatkan diri pada kondisi yang kurang nyaman ataupun mengasyikkan saat bekerja serta menggunakan waktu dalam bekerja sebaik-baiknya. Selain itu terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengungkapkan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif bagi sebuah organisasi. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Bolino (2013) menyatakan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif pada karyawan seperti stres kerja dan peran yang kurang efektif.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 447,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 281,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Hasil temuan Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) menyatakan terdapat dua faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yaitu faktor eksternal maupun internal individu tersebut. Faktor Internal mencakup kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan dan komitmen organisasi. Faktor eksternal mencakup kepercayaan kepada pimpinan, gaya kepemimpinan, serta budaya organisasi. Dari beberapa faktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut terdapat faktor budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami secara bersama dan dijadikan sebagai pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasinya. Dengan adanya budaya organisasi yang kuat dapat memberikan pemahaman yang jelas mengenai bagaimana tata cara dalam menyelesaikan suatu urusan serta berperilaku dalam lingkungan pekerjaannya. Dari faktor tersebut kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Amanda (2017) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai (Values), berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Budaya organisasi yang baik akan membantu para anggotanya dalam berperilaku serta mengatasi masalah yang ada dalam lingkungan organisasinya sesuai nilai-nilai yang perusahaan tetapkan. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya mengindikasikan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"516 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 197,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"besarnya loyalitas serta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, hal tersebut dapat memberikan arahan yang baik munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB (Setyawan & Sriathi, 2020). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan dapat menilai budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi sehingga dapat mengarahkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut muncul serta cenderung meningkat. Maka dari itu penulis menganggap penelitian mengenai budaya organisasi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya penting untuk dilakukan dikarenakan budaya organisasi merupakan karakteristik yang berpengaruh terhadap berbagai aspek yang ada dalam organisasi khususnya pengaruhnya terhadap perlaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang nantinya akan menimbulkan dampak positif bagi keberlangsungan suatu perusahaan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 303,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 282,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Terdapat beberapa hasil penelitian yang mengungkapkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal itu ditunjukkan dari beberapa penelitian, seperti penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Husodo (2018) budaya organisasi mempunyai pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Mahayasa (2018) budaya organisasional terhadap OCB perawat di RSU swasta tipe C Kota Denpasar, diperkuat oleh penelitian Ningsih (2020) secara secara signifikan budaya organisasi mempengaruhi OCB pada pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Budaya organisasi yang baik memberikan sumbangan dalam memengaruhi perilaku anggotanya dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Budaya organisasi kuat dapat dilihat dari besarnya loyalitas beserta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, indikasi tersebut membuat mereka akan berusaha meningkatkan kinerjanya, melakukan pekerjaan melebihi standar kerjanya yang mana hal itu sebagai salah satu perilaku OCB. Sehingga ketika terdapat budaya organisasi yang kuat bisa memberi pengaruh munculnya tingkah laku OCB. Sebaliknya, riset yang dilakukan Baihaqi (2021) berjudul “Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Sebagai Variabel Intervening” mengungkapkan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak mempengaruhi OCB. Melalui hasil signifikansi 0,436 > 0,05 dugaan kelima (H5) dalam penelitian yang menunjukkan budaya organisasi memberi pengaruhnya signifikan terhadap OCB ditolak, hasil ini mengartikan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak memberi pengaruh terhadap OCB.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 585,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 140,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Melalui penemuan para peneliti tersebut, penulis tertarikan melaksanakan penelitian terkait budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dikarenakan terdapat hasil yang bertentangan sehingga penulis masih menganggap penelitian terkait budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) bisa diteliti kembali. Dengan alasan bahwasanya penelitian yang dilakukan penulis mempunyai perbedaan terhadap penelitiaan sebelumnya seperti tempat pengambilan data, penggunaan sampel serta definisi yang digunakan dalam membuat alat ukur penelitian. Hal berikut didukung dengan perbedaan penelitian yang dilaksanakan oleh Husodo (2018) dimana tempat pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada PT. Jatim Indo Lestari menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 53 yang terdiri dari divisi teknisi,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"517 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"helper dan staff, serta variabel budaya organisasi menggunakan definisi dari Robbins (2006) yang memiliki tujuh karakteristik sedangkan penelitian penulis menggunakan definisi dari Denison (1990). Penulis juga berkeyakinan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dimiliki oleh perusahaan serta untuk menciptakannya dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi yang kuat dan baik. Sehingga, penulis tertarik meneliti kembali penelitian dengan judul Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pada karyawan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Apakah budaya organisasi menjadi prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya?\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 250,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tujuannya dari pelaksanaan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 306,\n \"width\": 101,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"LANDASAN TEORI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 320,\n \"width\": 263,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"A. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 334,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 127,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Definisi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (1988) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan suatu wujud perilaku inisiatif karyawan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan efektivitas organisasi tanpa didasari pengharapan imbalan. Upaya perilaku karyawan tersebut muncul atas keingginan sendiri, sehingga hal tersebut tidak berhubungan dengan hukuman ataupun penghargaan dari organisasi. Robbins (2008) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebagai perilaku dimana karyawan bekerja melebihi standar kerjanya sehingga dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi perusahaannya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 461,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan berbagai penjelasan tokoh tersebut, penulis memilih teori yang disampaikam oleh Organ (1988) dikarenakan temuan fenomena yang ada pada bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya sesuai dengan yang dikemukakan Organ (1988).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 517,\n \"width\": 298,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Aspek Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 336,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Organ (1988) memaparkan terdapat lima aspek pada OCB, yaitu :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 64,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Altruism\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 560,\n \"width\": 64,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Courtesy\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 574,\n \"width\": 91,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"c. Sportmanship\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 588,\n \"width\": 77,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"d. Civic virtue\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 602,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"e. Conscientiousnes\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Faktor yang Memengaruhi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan dua faktor yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap OCB yaitu faktor dari luar dan faktor dari dalam individu. Berikut penjelasan lebih spesifik kedua faktor OCB:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 672,\n \"width\": 99,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Faktor Internal\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 686,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Kepribadian, adanya perbedaan karakter masing masing individu di lingkungan organisasi mengakibatkan banyak variasi peran yang akan menimbulkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"518 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 399,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 128,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Motivasi, kesediaan individu dalam melakukan sesuatu hal demi tercapainya target organisasi sesuai dengan persyaratan organisasi serta dilakukan sesuai kemampuan usaha yang dimilikinya guna mendapatkan sejumlah kepuasan individu.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Kepuasan kerja, merupakan segala hal yang didapatkan karyawan dan dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi karyawan seperti pemberian gaji, pemberian fasilitas yang memadai, kesempatan dipromosikan, serta relasi yang baik antar karyawan.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 219,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. Komitmen organisasi, berkaitan dengan keinginan karyawan untuk tetap mempertahankan keanggotaanya dalam sebuah organisasi sehingga karyawan bersedia untuk bekerja dengan maksimal demi mencapai tujuan organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 275,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"5. Moral karyawan, berkaitan dengan tanggung jawab individu dalam melakukan tindakan baik bagi organisasi atau lingkungan masyarakat sekitar.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 120,\n \"top\": 317,\n \"width\": 106,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Faktor Eksternal\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 332,\n \"width\": 392,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Moral Gaya kepemimpinan, suatu tindakan atau sikap pimpinan yang mampu untuk memberikan pengaruh bawahannya demi meraih tujuan beserta target organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 374,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Kepercayaan kepada atasan atau pimpinan, terdapat kepercayaan ataupun rasa percaya yang dipunyai individu terhadap atasannya akan menimbulkan kondisi positif bagi organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 416,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Budaya organisasi, kepercayaan yang diartikan serta pahami secara bersama dan dijadikan pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 458,\n \"width\": 141,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"B. Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 472,\n \"width\": 178,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Definisi Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 486,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 85,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Denison (1990) mendefinisikan budaya organisasi sebagai suatu nilai, keyakinan serta prinsip yang jadi landasan bagi sistem manajemen organisasi, dan serangkaian praktik manajemen maupun tingkah laku secara baik. Berdasarkan Robbins dan Judge (2015) budaya organisasi yaitu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami dengan makna yang sama oleh anggotanya sebagai pedoman anggota organisasinya untuk bertindak maupun berkomunikasi dalam lingkup organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 571,\n \"width\": 169,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Aspek Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 120,\n \"top\": 585,\n \"width\": 386,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Denison (1995) mengemukakan terdapat 4 aspek budaya organisasi, yaitu\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 599,\n \"width\": 154,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Keterlibatan (involvement)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 613,\n \"width\": 146,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Konsistensi (concistency)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 627,\n \"width\": 155,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"c. Adaptabilitas (adaptibility)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 641,\n \"width\": 88,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"d. Misi (mission)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 655,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"C. Dinamika Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 683,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Setiap perusahaan memerlukan SDM yang baik agar suatu perusahaan dapat bersaing dan bisa berjalan sesuai dengan tujuannya, dimana salah satu poin SDM yang dibutuhkan yaitu SDM yang mempunyai perilaku keanggotaan organisasi atau organizational citizenship\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"519 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 394,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"behavior (OCB) yang baik. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang ditunjukkan individu pada sebuah organisasi yang secara sukarela mengerjakan tugas melebihi standar kerjanya demi keberlangsungan organisasi tersebut sehingga organisasi akan diuntungkan bila mempunyai karyawan yang mempunyai perilaku OCB yang tinggi. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), salah satunya adalah budaya organisasi. Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan beberapa faktor-faktor yang dapat memberi pengaruh organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) salah satunya budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan sebuah norma-norma yang dimiliki sebuah organisasi yang dipahami dan diikuti para anggotanya sebagai acuan dalam berperilaku, dimana norma-norma tersebut berbeda pada setiap organisasi. Budaya organisasi sebagai suatu peran yang mempunyai pengaruh penting pada setiap aspek kehidupan kerja dalam suatu organisasi. Menurut Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Denison (1995) membagi aspek budaya organisasi menjadi empat yaitu melibatkan anggotanya untuk mempunyai rasa memiliki terhadap tugas serta mempunyai tanggung jawab atas pekerjaannya (involvement), menanaman suatu sistem kepercayaan pada anggotanya (consistency) , kemampuan untuk tanggap dengan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya (adaptability) , kemampuan memahami apa yang perusahaan butuhkan pada masa mendatang (mission). Keempat aspek menurut Denison tersebut dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), diantaranya bekerja melebihi deskripsi pekerjaannya dengan sukarela karena anggotanya memiliki rasa tanggung jawab akan pekerjaannya, memiliki kepercayaan yang sama dengan anggota lainnya mengenai aturan-aturan yang berlaku, memiliki rasa tanggap akan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya, serta memahami tujuan organisasinya. Dari keempat aspek menurut Denison (1995) diatas, kita bisa melihat bahwa involvement, consistency, adaptability, dan mission dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 517,\n \"width\": 122,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"METODE PENELITIAN Variabel Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, adalah :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 560,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Variabel independen atau bebas (X) dalam penelitian ini adalah Budaya Organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 588,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Variabel dependen atau terikat (Y) dalam penelitiain ini adalah Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 117,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Populasi dan Sampel\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 630,\n \"width\": 119,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Populasi Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 644,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Sugiyono (2007) mendefinisikan populasi yaitu area generalisasi yang terjadi dari subjek ataupun objek sesuai dengan kualitas serta karakteristik yang ditentukan peneliti untuk dipelajari sehingga nantinya dapat diambil kesimpulannya. Dalam pelaksanaan penelitian ini, populasi merupakan karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan jumlah populasi 1236 karyawan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 714,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Sampel Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"520 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 92,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 141,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Sugiyono (2017) sampel merupakan bagian dari jumlah dan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi tersebut. Adapun teknik sampling yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini menggunakan simple random sampling. Simple random sampling merupakan teknik pengambilan sampel dari populasi yang dilakukan secara acak tanpa memperhatikan strata yang terdapat pada populasi (Sugiyono, 2017). Dalam penelitian ini penulis mempersempit populasi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya yang berjumlah 1236 karyawan dengan menghitung ukuran sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin menurut Sugiyono (2017) dengan alpha 10 %, sebagai berikut : Rumus Slovin :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 92,\n \"top\": 248,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 97,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"𝑛 𝑁 1 + 𝑁𝑒 2 Keterangan : n = ukuran sampel N = ukuran populasi e = kelonggaran kesalahan maksimal yang dapat ditolerir dalam penentuan sampel (10%)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 92,\n \"top\": 345,\n \"width\": 203,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"𝑛 1236 1 + 1236 ∗ 0,1 2 n = 92,52 dibulatkan menjadi 93 orang.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 387,\n \"width\": 115,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Alat Ukur Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 401,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 127,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan skala Likert. Skala Likert berarti skala yang memiliki gradiasi sangat positif hingga negatif (Sugiyono, 2007). Aitem- aitem yang terdapat dalam skala ini merupakan susunan pernyataan dari variabel budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mencakup empat opsi jawaban, yakni SS (sangat sesuai), S (sesuai), TS (tidak sesuai), STS (sangat tidak sesuai). Skala yang ditampilkan berbentuk pernyataan favorable dan unfavorable . Skor yang diberi memiliki pergerakan dari satu hingga empat. Bobot penilaiannya bagi pernyataan favorable yakni, SS = 4, S = 3, TS = 2, STS = 1. Sementara, bobot penilaian bagi pernyataan unfavorable yakni: SS = 1, S = 2, TS = 3, STS = 4.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 528,\n \"width\": 117,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Teknik Analisis Data\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 542,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji analisis linearitas sederhana. Uji linear sederhana bertujuan untuk menguji sejauh mana variabel dependen (X) dalam mempengaruhi variabel dependen (Y). Faktor penyebab disebut dengan variabel X sedangkan variabel respon disebut dengan variabel Y. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah budaya organisasi (X) sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) (Y). Keseluruhan analisis data dalam penelitian ini dikerjakan dengan bantuan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23. Berikut ini adalah beberapa langkah analisis yang dilakukan :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 655,\n \"width\": 106,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Uji Instrumen\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 669,\n \"width\": 410,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Uji Diskriminasi Aitem Aitem dianggap layak digunakan dalam penelitian atau valid jika didapatkan nilai corrected item-total correlation diatas 0,3.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 711,\n \"width\": 95,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Uji Reliabilitas\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 165,\n \"top\": 725,\n \"width\": 365,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Uji reliabilitas yaitu instrumen guna melakukan pengukuran kuesioner\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"521 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 409,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"yang merupakan indikator dari variable yang akan diteliti. Kuesioner dinyatakan reliabel bila jawaban individu kepada pernyataan cenderung sama ataupun stabil dalam waktu yang lama. Instrumen pengukuran dinyatakan reliabel (layak) bila Cronbach’s alpha > 0,7.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 199,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Uji Analisis Statistik Deskriptif\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 180,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 208,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Uji Asumsi Klasik\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 95,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Uji Normalitas\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 236,\n \"width\": 411,\n \"height\": 98,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Uji normalitas guna mengujikan apakah pada model regresi, variabel independen serta dependen berdistribusikan normal ataupun tidak. Model regresi yang baik mempunyai distribusi data secara normal ataupun dekat dengan normal yakni distribusi tidak ada penyimpangan ke kiri ataupun ke kanan. Pengujian normalitas menggunakan pengujian One Kolmogorov-Smirnov dalam program SPSS. Dua variabel dinyatakan berdistribusikan normal bila nilai sig. > 0,05.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 334,\n \"width\": 89,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Uji Linearitas\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 349,\n \"width\": 411,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 419,\n \"width\": 139,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"c. Uji Heteroskedastisitas\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 433,\n \"width\": 409,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Model regresi yang baik bermakna yang homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Untuk mencari apakah terdapatnya heterokedastisitas, bisa mempergunakan pengujian glejser, Hasil dikatakan signifikan bila nilai signifikannya sig > 0.05.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 489,\n \"width\": 100,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. Uji Hipotesis\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dalam pengujian hipotesis digunakan untuk menentukan apakah budaya organisasi merupakan prediktor organization citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat dilakukan menggunakan program Windows SPSS Statistic 23.0 .\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 411,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 574,\n \"width\": 411,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 348,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Orientasi Kancah Penelitian dan Pengumpulan Data Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 644,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Penelitian ini dilakukan pada karyawan bagian Produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara membagikan kuesioner berupa angket kepada para karyawan bagian produksi shift pagi dan siang pada tanggal 24 Oktober 2023 hingga tanggal 28 Oktober 2023.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 700,\n \"width\": 119,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Partisipan Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 714,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan populasi\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"522 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"sebanyak 1236 orang. Dikarenakan jumlah populasi terlalu besar penulis menggunakan teknik simpel random sampling dengan rumus Slovin , sehingga didapatkan jumlah responden sebanyak 93 karyawan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 90,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Hasil Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 210,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Diskriminasi Item dan Reliabilitas\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 191,\n \"width\": 254,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 1. Diskriminasi Item Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 62,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 496,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted X01 107,57 119,552 ,580 . ,946 X02 107,68 118,460 ,607 . ,946 X03 107,57 120,204 ,524 . ,947 X04 107,68 118,677 ,590 . ,946 X05 107,51 118,057 ,601 . ,946 X06 107,88 117,062 ,617 . ,946 X07 107,60 119,916 ,574 . ,946 X08 107,59 120,418 ,544 . ,946 X09 107,42 119,855 ,536 . ,946 X10 107,52 120,035 ,547 . ,946 X11 107,63 120,952 ,563 . ,946 X12 107,30 119,821 ,549 . ,946 X13 107,67 121,225 ,515 . ,947 X14 107,45 121,033 ,469 . ,947 X15 107,49 121,861 ,485 . ,947 X16 107,67 119,290 ,592 . ,946 X17 107,37 121,474 ,484 . ,947 X18 107,68 120,786 ,572 . ,946 X19 107,68 117,917 ,594 . ,946 X20 107,51 117,514 ,642 . ,946\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"523 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 456,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel 3 diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel budaya organisasi diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,469 sampai 0,684.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 154,\n \"top\": 512,\n \"width\": 332,\n \"height\": 69,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 2. Reliabilitas Budaya Organisasi Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,948 ,948 35\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 587,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,948 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala budaya organisasi ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 128,\n \"top\": 629,\n \"width\": 387,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 3. Diskriminasi Item Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 62,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 481,\n \"height\": 617,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"X21 107,60 121,416 ,541 . ,946 X22 107,37 119,865 ,610 . ,946 X23 107,66 119,967 ,570 . ,946 X24 107,56 119,140 ,631 . ,946 X25 107,90 116,414 ,622 . ,946 X26 107,53 120,187 ,590 . ,946 X27 107,40 119,547 ,575 . ,946 X28 107,58 122,333 ,520 . ,947 X29 107,60 121,829 ,530 . ,947 X30 107,41 119,940 ,622 . ,946 X31 107,35 119,101 ,677 . ,945 X32 107,55 121,424 ,547 . ,946 X33 107,59 120,701 ,543 . ,946 X34 107,41 118,636 ,684 . ,945 X35 107,54 120,990 ,550 . ,946 Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Y01 43,86 16,165 ,458 ,471 ,807\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"524 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 443,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,406 sampai 0,500.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 118,\n \"top\": 513,\n \"width\": 350,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 4. Reliabilitas Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,820 ,828 15\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 596,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,828 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 638,\n \"width\": 202,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Hasil Analisis Statistik Deskriptif\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 652,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya, berikut analisis data dari variabel budaya organisasi dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 90,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 431,\n \"height\": 313,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Y02 44,00 16,739 ,475 ,662 ,808 Y03 43,96 16,694 ,438 ,297 ,809 Y04 43,89 15,836 ,406 ,563 ,812 Y05 44,02 16,478 ,450 ,523 ,808 Y06 44,09 16,340 ,409 ,343 ,811 Y07 43,89 16,314 ,418 ,291 ,810 Y08 43,95 16,443 ,500 ,546 ,806 Y09 44,06 15,691 ,420 ,337 ,812 Y10 44,15 16,303 ,463 ,385 ,807 Y11 44,11 16,358 ,447 ,346 ,808 Y12 43,92 15,853 ,447 ,603 ,808 Y13 43,90 16,414 ,443 ,489 ,809 Y14 44,00 16,761 ,433 ,480 ,810 Y15 43,70 16,017 ,423 ,357 ,810\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"525 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 204,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 235,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 5. Hasil Analilsis Statistik Deskriptif\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 96,\n \"top\": 142,\n \"width\": 452,\n \"height\": 108,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Budaya Organisasi 93 77,00 134,00 110,7204 11,26206 Organizational Citizenship Behavior 93 33,00 56,00 47,1075 4,29728 Valid N (listwise) 93\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 268,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 71,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan data analisis deskriptif diatas menunjukkan bahwa jawaban minimal variabel budaya organisasi dengan nilai 77, maksimal 134, mean 110,7204 dan standar deviasi (SD) 11,26206. Sedangkan untuk variabel organizational citizenship behavior menunjukkan nilai minimal sebesar 33, maksimal 56, mean 47,1075 dan standar deviasi (SD) 4,29728.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 109,\n \"top\": 339,\n \"width\": 425,\n \"height\": 102,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 6. Hasil Kategorisasi Budaya Organisasi No. Interval Kategori Frekuensi Persentase (%) Mean 1 X (>) 140,7 Sangat tinggi 0 0% 110,7204 2 105,5 (< X ≤) 140,7 Tinggi 60 64,5% 3 70,3 (<X≤) 105,5 Rendah 33 35,5% 4 X (≤) 70,3 Sangat rendah 0 0%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 445,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 84,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan tabel diatas, hasil kategorisasi variabel budaya organisasi pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menunjukkan bahwa, karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki tingkat budaya organisasi dengan kategorisasi rendah sebanyak 33 orang (35,5%), sedangkan kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 60 orang (64,5%). Berarti, tingkat budaya organisasi pada responden dalam penelitian ini mayoritas dan rata rata tergolong dalam kategori tinggi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 122,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 399,\n \"height\": 98,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 7. Hasil Kategorisasi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) No. Interval Kategori Frekuensi Persentase (%) Mean 1 X (>) 48,3 Sangat tinggi 35 37,6 47,1075 2 44,5 (< X ≤) 48, Tinggi 30 32,3 3 40,7 (<X≤) 44,5 Rendah 23 24,7 4 X (≤) 40,7 Sangat rendah 5 5,4\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 641,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 84,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan tabel diatas, hasil kategorisasi variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menunjukkan bahwa, karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki tingkat budaya organisasi dengan kategorisasi sangat rendah sebanyak 5 orang (5,4%), pada kategorisasi rendah sebanyak 23 orang (24,7%), sedangkan kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 30 orang (32,3%), dan kategorisasi sangat tinggi sebanyak 35 orang (37,6%).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"526 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berarti, tingkat budaya organisasi pada responden dalam penelitian ini mayoritas tergolong dalam kategori sangat tinggi dan ratra-rata tergolong dalam kategori tinggi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 134,\n \"width\": 243,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Uji One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 153,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 280,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 8. Uji One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 408,\n \"height\": 164,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Budaya Organisasi Organizational Citizenship Behavior N 93 93 Normal Parameters a,b Mean 110,7204 47,1075 Std. Deviation 11,26206 4,29728 Most Extreme Differences Absolute ,092 ,086 Positive ,092 ,086 Negative -,091 -,065 Test Statistic ,092 ,086 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,051 c ,090 c\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 329,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 141,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Model regresi yang baik mempunyai distribusi data secara normal ataupun dekat dengan normal yakni distribusi tidak ada penyimpangan ke kiri ataupun ke kanan. Dua variabel dinyatakan berdistribusikan normal bila nilai signifikansinya lebih besar dari 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian One Kolmogorov-Smirnov menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas, didapatkan nilai signifikansi variabel budaya organisasi (X) sebesar 0,051 (p>0,05) dan nilai signifikansi organizational citizenship behavior (Y) sebesar 0,090 (p>0,05). Dengan hasil nilai signifikansi lebih dari 0,05 pada variabel budaya organisasi (X) dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (Y) maka dapat dikatakan seluruh data dari semua aspek budaya organisasi dan organizational citizenship behavior berdistribusi normal.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 470,\n \"width\": 467,\n \"height\": 167,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. Uji Linearitas Tabel 9. Uji Linearitas Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Organizational Citizenship Behavior * Budaya Organisasi Between Groups (Combined) 1307,214 23 56,835 10,012 ,000 Linearity 1161,705 1 1161,705 204,635 ,000 Deviation from Linearity 145,509 22 6,614 1,165 ,307 Within Groups 391,711 69 5,677 Total 1698,925 92\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 638,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 98,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil dari uji liearitas dengan menggunakan test for linearity dengan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diperoleh nilai Deviation from Linearity sebesar 0,307 (p>0,05), maka dapat disimpulkan ada hubungan yang linear secara signifikan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"527 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 377,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"antara budaya organisasi (X) dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 123,\n \"width\": 149,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"5. Uji Heteroskedastisitas\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 229,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 184,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 10. Uji Heteroskedastisitas\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 261,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil pengujian glejser menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas didapatkan nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,536 > 0,05. Model regresi dikatakan baik jika nilai sig. > 0,05 yang memiliki arti homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Dari hasil diatas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terjadi gejala heterokedastisitas dalam penelitian ini.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 331,\n \"width\": 156,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"6. Uji Linearitas Sederhana\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 345,\n \"width\": 468,\n \"height\": 124,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 11. Uji Linearitas Sederhana Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000 a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 490,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linier sederhana menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas diperoleh nilai konstan dari Unstandardized Coefficients sebesar 12,172. Nilai dari Unstandardized Coefficients ini merupakan nilai Konstanta yang memiliki arti bahwa apabila tidak ada budaya organisasi (X) maka nilai konstan organizational citizenship behavior (Y) adalah sebesar 12,172.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 560,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b = Angka koefisien regresi, dimana pada tabel diatas diperoleh hasil sebesar 0,316. Angka ini memiliki arti bahwa setiap penambahan 1% peningkatan budaya organisasi (X), maka organizational citizenship behavior (Y) akan meningkat sebesar 0,316.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 139,\n \"top\": 617,\n \"width\": 231,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Sehingga persamaan regresi sebagai adalah :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 157,\n \"width\": 412,\n \"height\": 575,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Y = 12,172 + 0,316 X Tabel 12. Uji R Square Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 ,827 a ,684 ,680 2,430 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardize d Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 2,773 1,816 1,527 ,130 Budaya Organisasi -,010 ,016 -,065 -,622 ,536\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"528 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil dari tabel uji regresi didapatkan nilai R square atau R 2 sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 408,\n \"height\": 118,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"7. Uji Hipotesis Tabel 13. Uji Hipotesis Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 1161,705 1 1161,705 196,782 ,000 b Residual 537,220 91 5,904 Total 1698,925 92\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 282,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior b. Predictors: (Constant), Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 325,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 339,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 367,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan output hasil perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas didapatkan nilai sigifikansi (sig.) variabel budaya organisasi (X) sebesar 0,000 < 0,05 atau p<0.05 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa “Ada Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y)”.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 423,\n \"width\": 379,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"8. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t) Tabel 14. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 593,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan output perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas diketahui nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028. Jika nilai t hitung > t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t < 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y). Sebaliknya jika t hitung < t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t > 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan tidak ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 111,\n \"top\": 663,\n \"width\": 227,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Rumus mencari t tabel : Nilai a/2 = 0,025 Derajad kebebasan (df) = n – 2 = 93 – 2 = 91 Nilai t tabel = 1,990 Nilai t hitung = 14,028 > 1,990\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 476,\n \"width\": 467,\n \"height\": 94,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 571,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"529 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dikarenakan nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028 lebih besar dari t tabel sebesar 1,990, maka dapat disimpulkan budaya organisasi memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y). Pembahasan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 476,\n \"height\": 310,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan melalui hasil analisis regresi linier yaitu R 2 = 0,684;p<0.05. Hasil temuan tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa kemungkinan. Pertama, sebagian karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi menjadi pedoman mereka untuk dapat melakukan tugas dan tanggung jawab dalam mencapai organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Kedua , sebagian karyawan menganggap bahwa budaya organisasi memiliki nilai-nilai yang dapat membuat mereka bekerja dengan meningkatkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan tersebut didukung penelitian Amanda (2017) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai ( Values) , berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya dapat memberikan arahan munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan dari para ahli tersebut juga didukung dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ningsih (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi berpengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di Puskesmas Bromo yang menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 475,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 211,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi berdasarkan data Model Summary didapatkan nilai R Square sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Hal ini menunjukkan meskipun sebagian besar organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dipengaruhi budaya organisasi, namun masih ada faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi munculnya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) terdapat faktor - faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) baik dari faktor internal seperti kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan, komitmen organisasi maupun dari faktor eksternal seperti moral gaya kepemimpinan, kepercayaan kepada atasan dan budaya organisasi. Hasil ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan budaya organisasi terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebesar 48,6% di Dinas Penanaman Modal dan PTSP Kabupaten Bandung, sedangkan 51,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 686,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Organ (1988) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kondisi awal yang memicu munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan paham budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"530 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 71,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi dan dapat mengarahkan meningkatya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Sehingga diharapkan budaya organisasi yang diterapkan mampu memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan bagi perusahaan melalui organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada setiap karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 177,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 112,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskrptif pada kedua variabel dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 60 orang (64,5%) dan kategori rendah sebanyak 33 orang (35,5%). Sedangkan pada variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dengan kategorisasi sangat tinggi sebesar 35 orang (37,5%), kategorisasi tinggi sebesar 30 orang (32,3%), rendah sebesar 23 orang (24,7%), dan sangat rendah sebesar 5 orang (5,4%).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 289,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan kategorisasi pada data budaya organisasi dengan nilai mean sebesar 110,7204, dimana angka tersebut masuk dalam kategorisari tinggi. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki budaya organisasi yang tinggi. Sedangkan untuk organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) menunjukkan nilai mean sebesar 47,1075, dimana angka tersebut berada dalam kategorisasi tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tinggi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 402,\n \"width\": 79,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"KESIMPULAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 416,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi (X) merupakan prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (Y) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Dimana semakin baik budaya organisasi dalam sebuah perusahaan dapat meningkatkan serta memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 500,\n \"width\": 40,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"SARAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 515,\n \"width\": 106,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Bagi Perusahaan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Pihak perusahaan khususnya pada bagian HRD dapat memberikan pemahaman lebih dalam mengenai budaya organisasinya kepada karyawan untuk meningkatkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sehingga dapat muncul dan berkembang dengan baik. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi, konsultasi dan atau pelatihan dalam mengembangkan budaya organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 599,\n \"width\": 98,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Bagi Karyawan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 613,\n \"width\": 457,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Bagi karyawan diharapkan untuk dapat mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi sebagai dasar mereka bekerja untuk mengembangkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi atau konsultasi dengan sesama rekan kerjanya serta atasan mereka.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 669,\n \"width\": 148,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Bagi Peneliti Selanjutnya\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 683,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat membuat penelitian dengan menambah variabel tipe kepribadian dan faktor demografi. Dengan memperluas tempat penelitian misalnya di Perusahaan swasta yang mempunya karyawan diatas 2000 orang. Swasta\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"531 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 132,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"atau bumn. Kelemahan Penelitian TA\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dalam penelitian ini juga terdapat beberapa kelemahan diantaranya terdapat kebijakan perusahaan yang membagi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menjadi tiga Shift, dikarenakan keterbatasan waktu yang penulis miliki, kuesioner hanya dibagikan pada karyawan bagian produksi shift 1 & 2 di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor budaya organisasi saja, masih terdapat beberapa faktor lainnya yang bisa mempengaruhi organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 264,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"DAFTAR PUSTAKA\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 278,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[1] Amanda, E. A., Budiwibowo, S., & Amah, N. (2017). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di PDAM Tirta Taman Sari Kota Madiun. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Pendidikan , 6 (1), 1 – 12. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.25273/jap.v6i1.1289\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 320,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[2] Arumi, M. S., Aldrin, N., & Murti, T. R. (2019). Effect of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Organizational Commitment as a Mediator. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science , 8 (4), 124 – 132. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v8i4.274\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 377,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 84,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[3] Asaolu, O., & Odu P, E. (2019). The Effects of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in the Commercial Banks in Nigeria. Journal of Management Sciences and Technology , 6 (2), 28 – 40. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339900238_THE_EFFECTS_OF_ORGANIZ ATIONAL_CULTURE_ON_ORGANIZATIONAL_CITIZENSHIP_BEHAVIOUR_IN_THE_COM MERCIAL_BANKS_IN_NIGERIA\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 461,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[4] Azwar, S. (2014). Metode Penelitian . Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 475,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[5] Baihaqi, I., & Saifudin. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Karyawan, Transformasional dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan OCB sebagai Variabel Intervening. Journal of Management , 2 (1), 10 – 22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22373/jimebis.v2i1.191\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[6] Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., Turnley, W. H., & Harvey, J. (2013). Exploring The Dark Side of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 34 , 542 – 559. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1847\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 574,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[7] Denison, D. R., & Haaland, S. (1990). Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. The Academy of Management Review , 16 (1), 205 – 227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/258613\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[8] Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness. Organization Science , 6 (2), 204 – 223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 658,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[9] Dewi, L. R. (2021). Hubungan Tingkat Kepuasan Kerja terhadap OCB (Organizational Citizenship Behavior) pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang) . Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 700,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[10] Ferdus, Z., & Kabir, T. (2018). Effect of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on OCB: Study on Private Banks in Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences , 8 (2),\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"532 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"57 – 69. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331111886_Effect_of_Job_Satisfaction_an d_Organizational_Commitment_on_OCB_Study_on_Private_Banks_in_Bangladesh\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[11] Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 . Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 177,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[12] Husodo, Y. R. P. (2018). The Influence of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable at PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Agora , 6 (1), 1 – 8. http://publication.petra.ac.id/index.php/manajemen- bisnis/article/view/6475\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 233,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[13] Lestari, M. R., & Sujono, F. K. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Dan Iklim Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Madani, 3 (1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1353/jmbm.v3i1.544\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 275,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[14] Mahayasa, I. G. A., Sintaasih, D. K., & Putra, M. S. (2018). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Komitmen Organisasional dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior Perawat. Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan , 12 (1), 71 – 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/MATRIK:JMBK.2018.v12.i01.p08\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 332,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[15] Ningsih, E. K. (2020). Pengaruh Komitmen, Kompetensi, dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizhenship Behaviour (OCB) Pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Jurnal Riset Manajemen & Bisnis (JRMB) , 1 (5), 75 – 88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30743/jrmb.v5i1.2582\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 388,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[16] Nisa, A. K. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi terhadap Komitmen Organisasi pada Organisasi IKAMIA (Ikatan Alumni MI Al-Islah) di Dusun Pedurungan Glagah [Skripsi. Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang]. http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/id/eprint/27665\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 444,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[17] Oemar, Y. (2013). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Kemampuan Kerja dan Komitmen Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Pegawai pada BAPPEDA Kota Pekanbaru.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 472,\n \"width\": 444,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen , 11 , 65 – 76. https://jurnaljam.ub.ac.id/index.php/jam/article/view/496\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 500,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 29,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[18] Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Solider Syndrome . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[19] Robbins, S., & Judge, T. A. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi . Jakarta: Salemba Empat.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 543,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[20] Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., & Boyle, M. (2013). Organisational Behaviour . Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 571,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[21] Robbins, S. P. (2006). Perilaku Organisasi (10th ed.). Jakarta: PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 599,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[22] Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2015). Behavior of Organizational (16th ed.). Jakarta: Salemba Empat.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 627,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[23] Setyawan, I. P. G. A., & Sriathi, A. A. A. (2020). Peran Komitmen Organisasional Memediasi Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 655,\n \"width\": 444,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"E-Jurnal Manajemen , 9 (8), 2976 – 2997. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/EJMUNUD.2020.v09.i08.p05\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 683,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[24] Sugiyono. (2007). Kualitataif dan R&D . Bandung: Alfabeta.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 697,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[25] Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D . Bandung: Alfabeta.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 711,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[26] Suwibawa, A., Agung, A. A. P., & Sapta, I. K. S. (2018). Effect of Organizational Culture\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"533 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 445,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"and Organizational Commitment to Employee Performance through Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as Intervening Variables (Study on Bappeda Litbang Provinsi Bali). International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review , 9 (08),\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 151,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"20997 – 21013. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/582\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 29,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[27] Tamsah, H., & Nurung, J. (2021). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia . Solok: Mitra Cendekia Utama.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 194,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[28] Titisari, P. (2014). Peranan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan . Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"534 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 399,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 128,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 189,\n \"top\": 219,\n \"width\": 208,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"HALAMAN INI SENGAJA DIKOSONGKAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":198,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"7528ce46-4da1-459c-7021-35fe13b54399"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://talenta.usu.ac.id/jtk/article/download/1542/1024"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"31","type":"Page footer"},{"left":103,"top":88,"width":407,"height":38,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI PELEPAH DAN CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT: PENGARUH VARIASI KOMPOSISI BAHAN BAKU DAN WAKTU KARBONISASI TERHADAP KUALITAS BRIKET","type":"Section header"},{"left":162,"top":140,"width":288,"height":31,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Iriany, Cindy Carnella * , Cici Novita Sari Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia","type":"Text"},{"left":239,"top":171,"width":136,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"* Email : cindy.carnella@yahoo.com","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":194,"width":34,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Abstrak","type":"Section header"},{"left":121,"top":204,"width":350,"height":195,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Briket adalah produk hasil proses pemadatan residu biomassa yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dan dicetak dengan menggunakan perekat. Briket dari biomassa memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas briket adalah komposisi bahan baku dan waktu karbonisasi. Proses karbonisasi dalam pembuatan briket dapat menambah nilai kalor dan mengurangi asap yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran briket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh variasi komposisi bahan baku pembuatan briket dan waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dan untuk mengetahui karakteristik briket yang dihasilkan. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, tepung kanji, oli bekas, H 2 SO 4 dan Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). Variabel berubah dalam penelitian ini adalah rasio pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, dan 1:8 serta waktu karbonisasi yaitu 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan melakukan proses karbonisasi pada bahan baku, setelah itu arang hasil karbonisasi yang telah halus dicetak menggunakan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku pada perbandingan 1:1. Hasil penelitian terbaik diperoleh pada perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit 1:8 dengan waktu karbonisasi 120 menit, yaitu dengan nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g, kadar air 6%, kadar abu 5,185%, kadar volatile matter 39,226%, kadar fixed carbon 50,169%, kerapatan 0,442 g/cm 3 , laju pembakaran 0,273 g/menit, kekuatan tekan 0,046 N/mm 2 . Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa briket yang dihasilkan memiliki karakteristik yang bagus, struktur yang kuat dan tidak mudah hancur serta tidak berjamur bila disimpan.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":411,"width":327,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kata Kunci : briket, pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, karbonisasi, nilai kalor","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":443,"width":32,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Abstract","type":"Section header"},{"left":121,"top":453,"width":350,"height":184,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Briquette was a product of the compaction process of biomass residue used as fuel and it is formed using binder. Briquette from biomass has a high heating value. The quality of briquettes influenced by raw material composition and the time of carbonization. The carbonization process in the manufacture of briquettes could improve heating value and reduce smoke produced from burning briquette. This research is aim to study the effect of variations in the composition of raw materials and carbonization time on the heating value and the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. The materials used are palm fronds, palm shells, starch, used oil, H 2 SO 4 and Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). The ratios of palm frond and palm shell charcoal in this research is 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6 and 1: 8 with variation of carbonization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes. The research began with the carbonization process of the raw materials. Then charcoal product of carbonization was pressed using an binder starch and used oil as much as 20% based on the weight of raw materials at the ratio of 1: 1. The best quality from this research is obtained at the ratio palm fronds and oil palm shell 1: 8 with carbonization time of 120 minutes, heating value 15107,138 cal/g, moisture content 6%, ash content of 5,185%, volatile matter 39,226%, fixed carbon 70,955%, density 0,442 g/cm 3 , burning rate 0,273 g/min, and compressive strength 0,046 N / mm 2 . The result shows the briquettes produced had a strong structure, it was not easily broken and it was not moldy when stored.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":649,"width":273,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Keywords : briquette, palm fronds, palm shell, carbonization, heating value","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":671,"width":59,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pendahuluan","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":682,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Energi merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi manusia sebagai penyedia kebutuhan seperti pencahayaan dan memasak. Sumber energi yang dibutuhkan saat ini meliputi tenaga air, panas bumi, biomassa, surya, dan angin, telah meningkat selama bertahun-tahun di berbagai negara. Tercatat bahwa energi biomassa sekitar","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":670,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"14% dari total energi dunia dibandingkan batubara (12%), gas alam (15%) dan energi listrik (14%) [13].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":705,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biomassa adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan semua bahan organik yang ada di permukaan bumi seperti halnya kayu, rumput laut, limbah dari kotoran hewan dan lain- lain yang dapat digunakan sebagai energi [3].","type":"List item"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"32","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biomassa bersifat ramah lingkungan, bersih, murah dan berguna sebagai bahan bakar [23].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":110,"width":204,"height":113,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kandungan energi yang ada dalam biomassa cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 4.000-5.000 kkal/kg. Oleh karena itu saat ini sumber energi alternatif dari biomassa sedang banyak diteliti dan dikembangkan karena sifatnya yang mudah diperoleh, dapat diperbaharui secara cepat, dan kandungan energinya yang cukup tinggi [24]. Indonesia diperkirakan memproduksi sekitar 146.700.000 ton biomassa per tahun, setara dengan 470 GJ/tahun [9].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":225,"width":204,"height":101,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biobriket merupakan batangan arang yang terbuat dari arang limbah organik yang telah dicetak sedemikian rupa yang memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi [5]. Biobriket banyak dimanfaatkan di negara-negara Asia bagian selatan seperti Indonesia, India, dan Thailand. Biobriket merupakan salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan limbah guna meningkatkan nilai tambah limbah hasil pertanian [25].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":340,"width":23,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Teori","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":352,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kelapa sawit merupakan bahan lignoselulosa yang kaya karbohidrat dalam bentuk pati dan gula serta mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin [18]. Saat ini Indonesia memiliki potensi besar untuk memanfaatkan produk samping kelapa sawit sebagai sumber energi terbarukan [15].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":432,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kandungan zat-zat nutrisi pelepah dan daun sawit adalah bahan kering 48,78%, protein kasar 5,3%, hemiselulosa 21,1%, selulosa 27,9%, serat kasar 31,09%, abu 4,48%, lignin 16,9% dan silika 0,6% [1].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":490,"width":205,"height":55,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Cangkang kelapa sawit adalah biomassa dengan nilai kalori yang tinggi, biasanya sekitar 3.800 Kcal/kg [14]. Karakteristik fisika dan kimia yang terkandung dalam cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":553,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Tabel 1. Karakteristik Fisika dan Kimia Cangkang Kelapa Sawit [12]","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":577,"width":203,"height":171,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Sifat Parameter Nilai ar db Fisika Kadar abu (%) 6,11 - Kadar air (%) 8,68 Kerapatan (kg/m 3 ) 740 9,24 Porositas (%) 28 650 Kimia C (%) 46,75 49,79 H (%) 5,92 5,56 O (%) 37,97 34,66 N (%) 0,68 0,72 S (%) < 0,08 < 0,08 Cl (ppm) 84 89 Struktur Karbohidrat Hemiselulosa(%) 26,16 Selulosa(%) 6,92 Lignin(%) 53,85 *ar : as received *db : dry basis","type":"Table"},{"left":323,"top":85,"width":204,"height":69,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Proses “ briquetting ” adalah perubahan bentuk secara fisik pada bahan baku yang sebagian besar berasal dari limbah pertanian menjadi briket sebagai bahan bakar dengan proses pemadatan [19]. Proses dasar pembuatan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 1.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":156,"width":204,"height":67,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].","type":"Text"},{"left":331,"top":402,"width":188,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 1. Proses Dasar Pembuatan Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":419,"width":204,"height":67,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":488,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Standar mutu briket arang kayu untuk bahan baku kayu kulit keras, dan batok kelapa/ tempurung kelapa dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":336,"top":529,"width":177,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Tabel 2. Standar Mutu Briket Arang [20]","type":"Text"},{"left":321,"top":541,"width":188,"height":45,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"No. Parameter Kadar 1. Kadar air Maksimal 8% 2. Kadar abu Maksimal 8% 3. Kadar volatile matter Maksimal 15%","type":"Table"},{"left":321,"top":589,"width":207,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"4. Nilai kalori Minimal 5000 kal/g","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":607,"width":205,"height":66,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Karbonisasi adalah proses pemecahan/ peruraian selulosa menjadi karbon pada suhu berkisar 275 o C [18]. Dengan proses karbonisasi, nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dapat mencapai 25-30 MJ/kg, sedangkan proses non karbonisasi hanya menghasilkan nilai kalor sekitar 15 MJ/kg [11].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":676,"width":204,"height":43,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Briket biomassa dapat diproses pada suhu kamar dan tekanan sedang dengan menekan biomassa menggunakan perekat. Perekat dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kategori yaitu [8]:","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":722,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1. Perekat anorganik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":745,"width":166,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"c lay (lempung), getah karet, getah pinus.","type":"Text"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"33","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"2. Perekat organik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya tepung kanji, molase dan parafin.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":139,"width":96,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Metodologi Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":151,"width":205,"height":78,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, aquadest , tepung kanji, oli bekas, asam sulfat (H 2 SO 4 ) dan tri ethyl amine (TEA). Sedangkan peralatan yang digunakan antara lain furnace , ball mill, ayakan, alat pencetak briket ( hydraulic press ), bomb calorimeter , dan","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":231,"width":119,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Selvopulser Testing Machine.","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":243,"width":205,"height":285,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Proses pembuatan arang briket dimulai dengan pemotongan bahan baku pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, setelah itu dimasukkan ke dalam furnace dengan suhu 450 o C selama 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan dilakukan proses karbonisasi. Arang hasil proses karbonisasi kemudian dihaluskan menggunakan ball mill dan diayak menggunakan ayakan 100 mesh . Variasi perbandingan serbuk arang pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; 1:8. Serbuk arang yang telah halus ditimbang dengan berat total 50 g dan disesuaikan dengan perbandingan yang telah ditentukan, setelah itu dicampurkan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku dan perbandingan 1:1. Campuran tersebut dicetak menggunakan alat hydraulic press dengan tekanan kempa sebesar 105 kg/cm 2 . Briket yang sudah dicetak di masukkan ke dalam oven dan dikeringkan selama 3 jam dengan suhu 105 o C. Kualitas briket dari masing-masing perlakuan diuji berdasarkan ASTM dan mengacu kepada SNI 01-6235-2000 yang meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, dan nilai kalori.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":536,"width":27,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Hasil","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":548,"width":205,"height":55,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kadar Air Briket Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3173-03-2003. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar air briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":744,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 2. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Air Briket","type":"Caption"},{"left":323,"top":87,"width":204,"height":216,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 2 terlihat bahwa kadar air briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Hal ini dikarenakan pada proses karbonisasi yang semakin lama terjadi proses penguapan air dan penguraian dari komponen yang terdapat di dalam cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yaitu selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin. Selain itu, arang hasil dari proses karbonisasi mempunyai kemampuan menyerap air yang besar dari udara di sekelilingnya yang dipengaruhi oleh luas permukaan dan pori-pori arang dari briket tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar air pada perbandingan bahan baku 1:2 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 dan 60 menit dan perbandingan 1:4 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 menit masih belum memenuhi SNI (maksimal 8%) [27].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":312,"width":108,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kadar Abu Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":323,"width":205,"height":44,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar abu briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":498,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 3. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Abu Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":527,"width":204,"height":112,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dari gambar 3 terlihat bahwa kadar abu briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Peningkatan kadar abu dipengaruhi oleh waktu karbonisasi. Menurut hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar abu pada briket semakin bertambah karena karbon akan habis terbakar dan menyisakan abu yang merupakan hasil sisa pembakaran [6].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":642,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Merujuk pada tabel 2, maka kandungan abu dalam briket yang dibuat telah memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 8%) [20].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":682,"width":205,"height":55,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kadar Zat Menguap (Volatile Matter) Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar zat menguap dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.","type":"Text"},{"left":95,"top":369,"width":430,"height":371,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"0 2 4 6 8 10 12 30 60 90 120 K a d a r A ir (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 2 4 6 30 60 90 120 K ad ar A b u ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8","type":"Picture"},{"left":126,"top":375,"width":272,"height":249,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C Rasio P:C","type":"Table"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"34","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":207,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 4. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Zat Menguap Briket","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":236,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 4 dapat dilihat bahwa kadar zat menguap briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring","type":"Text"},{"left":258,"top":259,"width":31,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"dengan","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":270,"width":205,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":282,"width":204,"height":66,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Borowski semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar volatil pada briket semakin berkurang. Hal ini dikarenakan pada saat proses karbonisasi, terjadi pelepasan senyawa volatil dalam bentuk gas atau asap sehingga meninggalkan residu gas karbon atau arang [2].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":351,"width":207,"height":181,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar volatile matter pada briket masih belum memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 15%) [20]. Hal ini disebabkan komposisi dari komponen organik biomassa berupa C, H, dan O serta sebagian kecil S dan N yang sangat mempengaruhi karakteristik pembakaran sebagai massa total dari keseluruhan bahan yang berkurang selama pembakaran saat menentukan kadar volatile sehingga kadar volatile pada biomassa semakin meningkat saat dicampurkan dengan biomassa lain. Hal ini juga diperkuat oleh adanya perekat oli bekas yang memiliki komponen zat terbang yang mudah terbakar seperti N 2 , CO dan H 2 O yang menguap saat dilakukan pembakaran.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":541,"width":192,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kadar Karbon Terikat (Fixed Carbon)","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":552,"width":183,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":564,"width":205,"height":32,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar karbon terikat dapat dilihat pada gambar 5.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":736,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 5. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Karbon Terikat Briket","type":"Caption"},{"left":323,"top":87,"width":206,"height":78,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 5 terlihat bahwa kadar fixed carbon briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kadar karbon terikat pada setiap variasi waktu karbonisasi dapat dilihat semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":168,"width":204,"height":112,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Menurut Rustini bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit mampu meningkatkan kadar karbon terikat pada briket yaitu sebesar 5,195% [17]. Peningkatan kadar karbon terikat ini dikarenakan adanya kandungan zat-zat karbohidrat yaitu selulosa pada cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yang merupakan salah satu sumber dari unsur karbon dalam briket. Semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat bahan, maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":283,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Berdasarkan standar mutu SNI dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar fixed carbon pada briket dengan perbandingan bahan baku 1:8 dengan variasi waktu karbonisasi 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan perbandingan 1:6 dengan waktu 120 menit telah memenuhi standar yaitu minimal 65% [27].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":369,"width":120,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kerapatan (Density)","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":381,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D2395-14. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kerapatan dapat dilihat pada gambar 6.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":542,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 6. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kerapatan Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":571,"width":204,"height":113,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 6 dapat dilihat bahwa kerapatan briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Tetapi nilai yang diberikan pada gambar di atas tidak memberikan perbedaan yang terlalu jauh pada pengaruh waktu karbonisasi hal ini dikarenakan kerapatan dari briket ditentukan oleh rasio massa dan volume masing-masing sampel dari briket yang dihasilkan.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":686,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada penelitian ini tekstur arang dari pelepah kelapa sawit yang dihasilkan cenderung lebih halus dan lembut dibandingkan arang cangkang kelapa sawit. Menurut Kahariayadi semakin halus partikel bahan baku briket yang digunakan maka nilai kerapatannya akan semakin tinggi karena ikatan-ikatan antar bahan semakin bagus [7].","type":"List item"},{"left":93,"top":87,"width":431,"height":643,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"0 10 20 30 40 50 30 60 90 120 V o lat il e M at te r (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 60 90 120 F ix e d C a r b o n ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 30 60 90 120 K er ap at an ( g/ cm 3 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8","type":"Picture"},{"left":125,"top":92,"width":36,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Table"},{"left":119,"top":605,"width":39,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Caption"},{"left":368,"top":422,"width":39,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Picture"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"35","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":205,"height":44,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, perbedaan kerapatan briket pada setiap perbandingan bahan baku dengan waktu karbonisasi 0,00028 g/cm 3 atau sekitar 0,028%.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":139,"width":109,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Laju Pembakaran","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":151,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap laju pembakaran dapat dilihat pada gambar 7.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":309,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 7. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Laju Pembakaran Briket","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":337,"width":204,"height":147,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 7 terlihat bahwa laju pembakaran briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran suatu briket adalah kadar karbon terikat yang terkandung pada briket tersebut, dimana semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik [24]. Hal ini dikarenakan semakin banyaknya unsur karbon dalam suatu bahan, maka semakin banyak pula karbon yang bereaksi dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan pembakaran yang semakin baik.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":487,"width":205,"height":89,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Hal yang sama juga telah dilaporkan oleh Martin bahwa salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran adalah komposisi kimia yang terkandung pada bahan baku biomassa berupa kandungan karbon terikat dan zat menguap, sehingga dengan mencampurkan biomassa dapat meningkatkan laju pembakaran [10].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":585,"width":83,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Nilai Kalor","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":596,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D1989-97. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dapat dilihat pada gambar 8.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":749,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 8. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Nilai Kalor Briket","type":"Caption"},{"left":323,"top":87,"width":204,"height":147,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 8 dapat dilihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar air yang dihasilkan akan semakin rendah dan nilai kalor akan semakin tinggi karena kadar air berbanding terbalik terhadap nilai kalor [6]. Hal ini disebabkan oleh nilai kalor yang terkandung pada cangkang kelapa sawit cukup tinggi yaitu 3800 Kcal/kg [14] dan juga dipengaruhi oleh perekat yang digunakan yaitu oli bekas yang memiliki nilai kalor sebesar 45814,74 kJ/kg [26].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":237,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Semakin sempurna proses karbonisasi maka nilai kalor semakin tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena reaksi oksidasi pada proses karbonisasi mampu menghasilkan panas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kalor yang terkandung pada briket telah sesuai dengan standar mutu SNI (≥ 5000 kal/g) [20].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":323,"width":84,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kuat Tekan","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":335,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kekuatan tekan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 9.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":503,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 9. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kuat Tekan Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":532,"width":204,"height":90,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 9 terlihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kekuatan tekan pada briket dipengaruhi oleh campuran bahan baku pada pembuatan briket, semakin banyak jumlah campuran yang digunakan maka kuat tekan briket akan semakin tinggi.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":624,"width":204,"height":101,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Menurut Wijayanti bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit maka kekompakan briket bertambah sehingga keteguhan tekan juga bertambah. Hal ini juga dikarenakan kandungan biomassa pada pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit berupa residu lignoselulosa yang mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin dalam dinding sel kelapa sawit tersebut [25].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":728,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Berdasarkan gambar diatas dapat dilihat bahwa kenaikan kuat tekan briket disebabkan karena variasi perbandingan bahan baku pelepah","type":"Text"},{"left":95,"top":173,"width":189,"height":125,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 30 60 90 120 L aj u P em b ak ar an (g/ m en it ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8","type":"Picture"},{"left":97,"top":180,"width":427,"height":565,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 30 60 90 120 N il a i K a lo r ( k k a l/ g r ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 30 60 90 120 Co m p re ss iv e S tr e n g th (N /m m 2 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 Rasio P:C","type":"Picture"},{"left":126,"top":637,"width":39,"height":8,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Caption"},{"left":371,"top":375,"width":34,"height":7,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Picture"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"36","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":204,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"dan cangkang kelapa sawit yang semakin besar sehingga kandungan lignin dan selulosa semakin tinggi. Kandungan lignin dan selulosa pada cangkang kelapa sawit sebesar 53,85% dan 6,92% dan pelepah kelapa sawit mengandung lignin 23,40% dan selulosa 27,9% [12, 22].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":156,"width":205,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dapat dikatakan bahwa briket belum memenuhi standar yang diterima untuk industri yaitu 0,38 N/mm 2 – 1,0 N/mm 2 [16]. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena briket yang dihasilkan memiliki kerapatan yang cukup rendah sehingga briket akan menjadi lebih rapuh.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":231,"width":54,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kesimpulan","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":243,"width":204,"height":89,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan maka diperoleh briket terbaik dengan kadar air sebesar 6%, kadar abu sebesar 1,105%, kadar volatil sebesar 21,693%, kadar karbon terikat sebesar 50,169%, kerapatan sebesar 0,518 g/cm 3 , Laju pembakaran sebesar 0,273 g/menit, Nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g dan kuat tekan sebesar 0,285 N/mm 2 .","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":347,"width":68,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Daftar Pustaka","type":"Section header"},{"left":87,"top":358,"width":202,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[1] Ardiansyah, Perubahan Kandungan Nutrisi Pelepah dan Daun Sawit Melalui Fermentasi dengan Kapang Phanerocaete Chrysos- porium, Skripsi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Taman Siswa Padang, 2014.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":416,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[2] Borowski. Gabriel dan Jan J. Hycnar, Utilization of Fine Coal Waste as a Fuel Briquettes, International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, Vol 33, ISSN: 1939-2699, p. 194-204, 2013.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":473,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[3] Danjuma. M. N, B. Maiwada dan R. Tukur, Disseminating Biomass Briquetting Technology in Nigeria: A case for Briquettes Production Initiatives in Katsina State, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, (2013), Vol 3, Issue 10, ISSN 2250–2459.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":554,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[4] Ikelle Issie Ikelle dan Ogah Sule Philip Ivoms, Determination of the Heating Ability of Coal and Corn Cob Briquettes, IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, (2014), Vol 7, Issue 2, ISSN: 2278-5736, p. 77-82.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":611,"width":205,"height":90,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[5] Jain. Varun, Rc. Chippa, Pbl. Chaurasia, Harshal Gupta dan Sarvesh Kumar Singh, A Comparative Experimental Investigation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Sawdust and Cattle Manurebriquette, International Journal of Science Engineering And Technology, (2014), Vol 2, Issue 7, ISSN 2348-4098.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":703,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[6] Junary. Erwin, Julham Prasetya dan Netti Herlina, Pengaruh Suhu Dan Waktu","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":727,"width":183,"height":31,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Karbonisasi Terhadap Nilai Kalor Dan Karakteristik Pada Pembuatan Bioarang Berbahan Baku Pelepah Aren (Arenga","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":87,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pinnata), Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol 4, No 2, 2015.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":110,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[7] Kahariayadi. Aloysius, Dina Setyawati, Nurhaida, Farah Diba dan Emi Roslinda, Kualitas Arang Briket Berdasarkan","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":145,"width":183,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Persentase Arang Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) Dan Arang Kayu Laban (Vitex Pubescens Vahl), Jurnal Hutan","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":179,"width":165,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Lestari (2015), Vol 3, No 4, p. 561-568.","type":"Table"},{"left":323,"top":191,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[8] Maharsa. Luthfi dan Muhammad, Pengaruh Variasi Komposisi Campuran Pada","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":214,"width":183,"height":43,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biobriket Kulit Mete Dan Sekam Padi Terhadap Laju Pembakaran, Rotasi Jurnal Teknik Mesin, (2012), Vol 14, No 4, p. 15- 22.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":260,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[9] Mahidin. Asri Gani Dan Khairil, Physical Characterization and Desulfurization of","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":283,"width":183,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biobriquette Using Calcium-Based Adsorbent, Makara Teknologi, 2011, Vol 15, No 2, p. 178-182.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":317,"width":205,"height":78,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[10] Martin. Ogbu Ikechukwu, Enhancing The Properties Of Coal Briquette Using Spear Grass (Imperata Cylindrica) And Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum), Thesis, Department Of Pure And Industrial Chemistry Faculty Of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 2010.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":398,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[11] Ngusale. George K, Yonghao Luo dan Jeremiah K. Kiplagat, Briquette Making In Kenya: Nairobi And Peri-Urban Areas, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2014), Vol 40, Elsevier, p. 749–","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":455,"width":205,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"759. [12] Okoroigwe. Edmund C, Christopher M. Saffron dan Pascal D. Kamdem,","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":490,"width":183,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Characetrization of Palm Kernel Shell for Materials Reinforcement and Water Treatment, Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, (2014), Vol 5(1), Pp 1 – 6. ISSN 2141-6605.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":547,"width":205,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[13] Onchieku. J.M, B.N. Chikamai dan M.S. Rao, Optimum Parameters for the Formulation of Charcoal Briquettes Using Bagasse and Clay as Binder, European Journal of Sustainable Development, (2012), Vol 1, Issue 3, 477-492, ISSN 2239-5938.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":616,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[14] Oyejobi. D, O. T. S. Abdulkadir, I. T. Yusuf dan M. J. Badiru, Effects of Palm Kernel Shells Sizes and Mix Ratios on Lightweight Concrete, Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, (2012), 9 (2).","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":674,"width":204,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[15] Patisarana. Grata Dan Mulfi Hazwi,","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":685,"width":183,"height":44,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Optimalisasi Efisiensi Termis Boiler Menggunakan Serabut Dan Cangkang Sawit Sebagai Bahan Bakar, Jurnal Dinamis, (2012), Vol I, No11, ISSN 0216-7492.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":731,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[16] Prasityousil. Jitthep dan Akarawit Muenjina, Properties of Solid Fuel Briquettes Produced from Rejected Material of Municipal Waste","type":"List item"},{"left":575,"top":842,"width":50,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Ca(OH) 2 2,5 N","type":"Page footer"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"37","type":"Page footer"},{"left":106,"top":87,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Composting, Procedia Environmental Scien- ces 17, 603-610, Elsevier, 2013.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":110,"width":204,"height":44,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[17] Rustini, Pembuatan Briket Arang dari Serbuk Gergajian Kayu Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vr), Skripsi, Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2004.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":156,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[18] Shehu. U, O. Aponbiede, T. Ause dan E.F. Obiodunukwe, Effect of Particle Size on The Properties of Polyester/Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) Particulate Composites, Journal Mater Environment Science, (2014), Vol 52,","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":214,"width":111,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"366-373 ISSN 2028-2508.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":225,"width":205,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[19] Shekhar. Nandini, Popularization of","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":237,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biomass Briquettes A means for Sustainable rural DevelopmentAsian","type":"Table"},{"left":232,"top":248,"width":57,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Journal Of","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":260,"width":183,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Management Research, (2011), Vol 2, Issue","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":271,"width":85,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1, ISSN 2229-3795.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":283,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[20] Standar Nasional Indonesia 01-6235, Briket Arang Kayu, 2000.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":306,"width":207,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[21] Stolarski. Mariusz J, Stefan Szczukowski, Józef Tworkowski, Michal Krzyzaniak, Pawel Gulczynski dan Miroslaw Mleczek, Comparison of Quality and Production Cost of Briquettes Made From Agricultural and Forest Origin Biomass, Renewable Energy,","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":375,"width":143,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"(2013), Vol 57, Elsevier, p. 20-26.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":386,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[22] Syafriuddin dan Rio Hanesya, Perbandingan Penggunaan Energi Alternatif Bahan Bakar Serabut (Fiber) Dan Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Bahan Bakar Batubara Dan Solar Pada Pembangkit Listrik, Prosiding Seminar","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":444,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Nasional Aplikasi Sains & Teknologi, ISSN 1979-911, 2012.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":467,"width":204,"height":43,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[23] Wasekar. Mangesh V dan R.N.Baxi, Failure Analysis of Collar of Biomass Briquetting Machine: A Review, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":513,"width":130,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"(2013), Vol 3, Issue 2, 437-439.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":524,"width":205,"height":55,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[24] Wijaya. Purwita dan Aji Hermawan, Analisis Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Singkong sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Biobriket, Skripsi, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Institut Pertanian Bogor Jawa","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":582,"width":52,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Barat, 2012.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":593,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[25] Wijayanti. Diah Sundari, Karakteristik Briket Arang dari Serbuk Gergaji dengan Penambahan Arang Cangkang Kelapa Sawit, Skripsi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2009.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":651,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[26] Wongkhorsub. C dan N. Chindaprasert, A Comparison of the Use of Pyrolysis Oils in","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":674,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Diesel Engine, Energy and Power Engineering, Vol 5, p. 350-355, 2013.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":697,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[27] Wulandari. Asri Peni, Siti Aliyah Hani Sunarya, Oom Komariah dan Prihadi","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":720,"width":183,"height":32,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Santoso, Study on Briquetting and Optimizing Organic Composition of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L). Gaud) Biomass,","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":754,"width":183,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Journal of Applied Environmental and","type":"Text"},{"left":344,"top":87,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biological Sciences, Vol 5, No 8, ISSN: 2090-4274, p. 1-6, 2015.","type":"Text"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"31\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 88,\n \"width\": 407,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI PELEPAH DAN CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT: PENGARUH VARIASI KOMPOSISI BAHAN BAKU DAN WAKTU KARBONISASI TERHADAP KUALITAS BRIKET\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 162,\n \"top\": 140,\n \"width\": 288,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Iriany, Cindy Carnella * , Cici Novita Sari Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 239,\n \"top\": 171,\n \"width\": 136,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"* Email : cindy.carnella@yahoo.com\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 194,\n \"width\": 34,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Abstrak\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 204,\n \"width\": 350,\n \"height\": 195,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Briket adalah produk hasil proses pemadatan residu biomassa yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dan dicetak dengan menggunakan perekat. Briket dari biomassa memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas briket adalah komposisi bahan baku dan waktu karbonisasi. Proses karbonisasi dalam pembuatan briket dapat menambah nilai kalor dan mengurangi asap yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran briket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh variasi komposisi bahan baku pembuatan briket dan waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dan untuk mengetahui karakteristik briket yang dihasilkan. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, tepung kanji, oli bekas, H 2 SO 4 dan Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). Variabel berubah dalam penelitian ini adalah rasio pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, dan 1:8 serta waktu karbonisasi yaitu 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan melakukan proses karbonisasi pada bahan baku, setelah itu arang hasil karbonisasi yang telah halus dicetak menggunakan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku pada perbandingan 1:1. Hasil penelitian terbaik diperoleh pada perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit 1:8 dengan waktu karbonisasi 120 menit, yaitu dengan nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g, kadar air 6%, kadar abu 5,185%, kadar volatile matter 39,226%, kadar fixed carbon 50,169%, kerapatan 0,442 g/cm 3 , laju pembakaran 0,273 g/menit, kekuatan tekan 0,046 N/mm 2 . Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa briket yang dihasilkan memiliki karakteristik yang bagus, struktur yang kuat dan tidak mudah hancur serta tidak berjamur bila disimpan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 411,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kata Kunci : briket, pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, karbonisasi, nilai kalor\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 443,\n \"width\": 32,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Abstract\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 453,\n \"width\": 350,\n \"height\": 184,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Briquette was a product of the compaction process of biomass residue used as fuel and it is formed using binder. Briquette from biomass has a high heating value. The quality of briquettes influenced by raw material composition and the time of carbonization. The carbonization process in the manufacture of briquettes could improve heating value and reduce smoke produced from burning briquette. This research is aim to study the effect of variations in the composition of raw materials and carbonization time on the heating value and the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. The materials used are palm fronds, palm shells, starch, used oil, H 2 SO 4 and Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). The ratios of palm frond and palm shell charcoal in this research is 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6 and 1: 8 with variation of carbonization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes. The research began with the carbonization process of the raw materials. Then charcoal product of carbonization was pressed using an binder starch and used oil as much as 20% based on the weight of raw materials at the ratio of 1: 1. The best quality from this research is obtained at the ratio palm fronds and oil palm shell 1: 8 with carbonization time of 120 minutes, heating value 15107,138 cal/g, moisture content 6%, ash content of 5,185%, volatile matter 39,226%, fixed carbon 70,955%, density 0,442 g/cm 3 , burning rate 0,273 g/min, and compressive strength 0,046 N / mm 2 . The result shows the briquettes produced had a strong structure, it was not easily broken and it was not moldy when stored.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 649,\n \"width\": 273,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Keywords : briquette, palm fronds, palm shell, carbonization, heating value\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 671,\n \"width\": 59,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pendahuluan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 682,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Energi merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi manusia sebagai penyedia kebutuhan seperti pencahayaan dan memasak. Sumber energi yang dibutuhkan saat ini meliputi tenaga air, panas bumi, biomassa, surya, dan angin, telah meningkat selama bertahun-tahun di berbagai negara. Tercatat bahwa energi biomassa sekitar\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 670,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"14% dari total energi dunia dibandingkan batubara (12%), gas alam (15%) dan energi listrik (14%) [13].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 705,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biomassa adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan semua bahan organik yang ada di permukaan bumi seperti halnya kayu, rumput laut, limbah dari kotoran hewan dan lain- lain yang dapat digunakan sebagai energi [3].\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"32\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biomassa bersifat ramah lingkungan, bersih, murah dan berguna sebagai bahan bakar [23].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 110,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kandungan energi yang ada dalam biomassa cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 4.000-5.000 kkal/kg. Oleh karena itu saat ini sumber energi alternatif dari biomassa sedang banyak diteliti dan dikembangkan karena sifatnya yang mudah diperoleh, dapat diperbaharui secara cepat, dan kandungan energinya yang cukup tinggi [24]. Indonesia diperkirakan memproduksi sekitar 146.700.000 ton biomassa per tahun, setara dengan 470 GJ/tahun [9].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 225,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 101,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biobriket merupakan batangan arang yang terbuat dari arang limbah organik yang telah dicetak sedemikian rupa yang memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi [5]. Biobriket banyak dimanfaatkan di negara-negara Asia bagian selatan seperti Indonesia, India, dan Thailand. Biobriket merupakan salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan limbah guna meningkatkan nilai tambah limbah hasil pertanian [25].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 340,\n \"width\": 23,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Teori\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 352,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kelapa sawit merupakan bahan lignoselulosa yang kaya karbohidrat dalam bentuk pati dan gula serta mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin [18]. Saat ini Indonesia memiliki potensi besar untuk memanfaatkan produk samping kelapa sawit sebagai sumber energi terbarukan [15].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 432,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kandungan zat-zat nutrisi pelepah dan daun sawit adalah bahan kering 48,78%, protein kasar 5,3%, hemiselulosa 21,1%, selulosa 27,9%, serat kasar 31,09%, abu 4,48%, lignin 16,9% dan silika 0,6% [1].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 490,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Cangkang kelapa sawit adalah biomassa dengan nilai kalori yang tinggi, biasanya sekitar 3.800 Kcal/kg [14]. Karakteristik fisika dan kimia yang terkandung dalam cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 553,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 1. Karakteristik Fisika dan Kimia Cangkang Kelapa Sawit [12]\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 577,\n \"width\": 203,\n \"height\": 171,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Sifat Parameter Nilai ar db Fisika Kadar abu (%) 6,11 - Kadar air (%) 8,68 Kerapatan (kg/m 3 ) 740 9,24 Porositas (%) 28 650 Kimia C (%) 46,75 49,79 H (%) 5,92 5,56 O (%) 37,97 34,66 N (%) 0,68 0,72 S (%) < 0,08 < 0,08 Cl (ppm) 84 89 Struktur Karbohidrat Hemiselulosa(%) 26,16 Selulosa(%) 6,92 Lignin(%) 53,85 *ar : as received *db : dry basis\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 85,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 69,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Proses “ briquetting ” adalah perubahan bentuk secara fisik pada bahan baku yang sebagian besar berasal dari limbah pertanian menjadi briket sebagai bahan bakar dengan proses pemadatan [19]. Proses dasar pembuatan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 1.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 156,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 331,\n \"top\": 402,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 1. Proses Dasar Pembuatan Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 419,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 488,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Standar mutu briket arang kayu untuk bahan baku kayu kulit keras, dan batok kelapa/ tempurung kelapa dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 336,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 177,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 2. Standar Mutu Briket Arang [20]\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 321,\n \"top\": 541,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 45,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"No. Parameter Kadar 1. Kadar air Maksimal 8% 2. Kadar abu Maksimal 8% 3. Kadar volatile matter Maksimal 15%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 321,\n \"top\": 589,\n \"width\": 207,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"4. Nilai kalori Minimal 5000 kal/g\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 607,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Karbonisasi adalah proses pemecahan/ peruraian selulosa menjadi karbon pada suhu berkisar 275 o C [18]. Dengan proses karbonisasi, nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dapat mencapai 25-30 MJ/kg, sedangkan proses non karbonisasi hanya menghasilkan nilai kalor sekitar 15 MJ/kg [11].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 676,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Briket biomassa dapat diproses pada suhu kamar dan tekanan sedang dengan menekan biomassa menggunakan perekat. Perekat dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kategori yaitu [8]:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 722,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1. Perekat anorganik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 745,\n \"width\": 166,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"c lay (lempung), getah karet, getah pinus.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"33\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"2. Perekat organik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya tepung kanji, molase dan parafin.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 139,\n \"width\": 96,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Metodologi Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 151,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, aquadest , tepung kanji, oli bekas, asam sulfat (H 2 SO 4 ) dan tri ethyl amine (TEA). Sedangkan peralatan yang digunakan antara lain furnace , ball mill, ayakan, alat pencetak briket ( hydraulic press ), bomb calorimeter , dan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 231,\n \"width\": 119,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Selvopulser Testing Machine.\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 243,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 285,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Proses pembuatan arang briket dimulai dengan pemotongan bahan baku pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, setelah itu dimasukkan ke dalam furnace dengan suhu 450 o C selama 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan dilakukan proses karbonisasi. Arang hasil proses karbonisasi kemudian dihaluskan menggunakan ball mill dan diayak menggunakan ayakan 100 mesh . Variasi perbandingan serbuk arang pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; 1:8. Serbuk arang yang telah halus ditimbang dengan berat total 50 g dan disesuaikan dengan perbandingan yang telah ditentukan, setelah itu dicampurkan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku dan perbandingan 1:1. Campuran tersebut dicetak menggunakan alat hydraulic press dengan tekanan kempa sebesar 105 kg/cm 2 . Briket yang sudah dicetak di masukkan ke dalam oven dan dikeringkan selama 3 jam dengan suhu 105 o C. Kualitas briket dari masing-masing perlakuan diuji berdasarkan ASTM dan mengacu kepada SNI 01-6235-2000 yang meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, dan nilai kalori.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 536,\n \"width\": 27,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Hasil\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 548,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kadar Air Briket Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3173-03-2003. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar air briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 744,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 2. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Air Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 216,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 2 terlihat bahwa kadar air briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Hal ini dikarenakan pada proses karbonisasi yang semakin lama terjadi proses penguapan air dan penguraian dari komponen yang terdapat di dalam cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yaitu selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin. Selain itu, arang hasil dari proses karbonisasi mempunyai kemampuan menyerap air yang besar dari udara di sekelilingnya yang dipengaruhi oleh luas permukaan dan pori-pori arang dari briket tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar air pada perbandingan bahan baku 1:2 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 dan 60 menit dan perbandingan 1:4 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 menit masih belum memenuhi SNI (maksimal 8%) [27].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 312,\n \"width\": 108,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kadar Abu Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 323,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar abu briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 498,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 3. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Abu Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 527,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 112,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dari gambar 3 terlihat bahwa kadar abu briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Peningkatan kadar abu dipengaruhi oleh waktu karbonisasi. Menurut hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar abu pada briket semakin bertambah karena karbon akan habis terbakar dan menyisakan abu yang merupakan hasil sisa pembakaran [6].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 642,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Merujuk pada tabel 2, maka kandungan abu dalam briket yang dibuat telah memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 8%) [20].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 682,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kadar Zat Menguap (Volatile Matter) Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar zat menguap dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 369,\n \"width\": 430,\n \"height\": 371,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"0 2 4 6 8 10 12 30 60 90 120 K a d a r A ir (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 2 4 6 30 60 90 120 K ad ar A b u ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 375,\n \"width\": 272,\n \"height\": 249,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"34\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 207,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 4. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Zat Menguap Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 236,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 4 dapat dilihat bahwa kadar zat menguap briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 258,\n \"top\": 259,\n \"width\": 31,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"dengan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 270,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 282,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Borowski semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar volatil pada briket semakin berkurang. Hal ini dikarenakan pada saat proses karbonisasi, terjadi pelepasan senyawa volatil dalam bentuk gas atau asap sehingga meninggalkan residu gas karbon atau arang [2].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 351,\n \"width\": 207,\n \"height\": 181,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar volatile matter pada briket masih belum memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 15%) [20]. Hal ini disebabkan komposisi dari komponen organik biomassa berupa C, H, dan O serta sebagian kecil S dan N yang sangat mempengaruhi karakteristik pembakaran sebagai massa total dari keseluruhan bahan yang berkurang selama pembakaran saat menentukan kadar volatile sehingga kadar volatile pada biomassa semakin meningkat saat dicampurkan dengan biomassa lain. Hal ini juga diperkuat oleh adanya perekat oli bekas yang memiliki komponen zat terbang yang mudah terbakar seperti N 2 , CO dan H 2 O yang menguap saat dilakukan pembakaran.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 541,\n \"width\": 192,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kadar Karbon Terikat (Fixed Carbon)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 552,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 564,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar karbon terikat dapat dilihat pada gambar 5.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 736,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 5. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Karbon Terikat Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 206,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 5 terlihat bahwa kadar fixed carbon briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kadar karbon terikat pada setiap variasi waktu karbonisasi dapat dilihat semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 168,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 112,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Rustini bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit mampu meningkatkan kadar karbon terikat pada briket yaitu sebesar 5,195% [17]. Peningkatan kadar karbon terikat ini dikarenakan adanya kandungan zat-zat karbohidrat yaitu selulosa pada cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yang merupakan salah satu sumber dari unsur karbon dalam briket. Semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat bahan, maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 283,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan standar mutu SNI dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar fixed carbon pada briket dengan perbandingan bahan baku 1:8 dengan variasi waktu karbonisasi 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan perbandingan 1:6 dengan waktu 120 menit telah memenuhi standar yaitu minimal 65% [27].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 369,\n \"width\": 120,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kerapatan (Density)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 381,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D2395-14. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kerapatan dapat dilihat pada gambar 6.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 542,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 6. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kerapatan Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 571,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 6 dapat dilihat bahwa kerapatan briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Tetapi nilai yang diberikan pada gambar di atas tidak memberikan perbedaan yang terlalu jauh pada pengaruh waktu karbonisasi hal ini dikarenakan kerapatan dari briket ditentukan oleh rasio massa dan volume masing-masing sampel dari briket yang dihasilkan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 686,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada penelitian ini tekstur arang dari pelepah kelapa sawit yang dihasilkan cenderung lebih halus dan lembut dibandingkan arang cangkang kelapa sawit. Menurut Kahariayadi semakin halus partikel bahan baku briket yang digunakan maka nilai kerapatannya akan semakin tinggi karena ikatan-ikatan antar bahan semakin bagus [7].\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 431,\n \"height\": 643,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"0 10 20 30 40 50 30 60 90 120 V o lat il e M at te r (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 60 90 120 F ix e d C a r b o n ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 30 60 90 120 K er ap at an ( g/ cm 3 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 125,\n \"top\": 92,\n \"width\": 36,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 605,\n \"width\": 39,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 368,\n \"top\": 422,\n \"width\": 39,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"35\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, perbedaan kerapatan briket pada setiap perbandingan bahan baku dengan waktu karbonisasi 0,00028 g/cm 3 atau sekitar 0,028%.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 139,\n \"width\": 109,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Laju Pembakaran\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 151,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap laju pembakaran dapat dilihat pada gambar 7.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 309,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 7. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Laju Pembakaran Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 147,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 7 terlihat bahwa laju pembakaran briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran suatu briket adalah kadar karbon terikat yang terkandung pada briket tersebut, dimana semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik [24]. Hal ini dikarenakan semakin banyaknya unsur karbon dalam suatu bahan, maka semakin banyak pula karbon yang bereaksi dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan pembakaran yang semakin baik.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 487,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 89,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Hal yang sama juga telah dilaporkan oleh Martin bahwa salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran adalah komposisi kimia yang terkandung pada bahan baku biomassa berupa kandungan karbon terikat dan zat menguap, sehingga dengan mencampurkan biomassa dapat meningkatkan laju pembakaran [10].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 585,\n \"width\": 83,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Nilai Kalor\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 596,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D1989-97. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dapat dilihat pada gambar 8.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 749,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 8. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Nilai Kalor Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 147,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 8 dapat dilihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar air yang dihasilkan akan semakin rendah dan nilai kalor akan semakin tinggi karena kadar air berbanding terbalik terhadap nilai kalor [6]. Hal ini disebabkan oleh nilai kalor yang terkandung pada cangkang kelapa sawit cukup tinggi yaitu 3800 Kcal/kg [14] dan juga dipengaruhi oleh perekat yang digunakan yaitu oli bekas yang memiliki nilai kalor sebesar 45814,74 kJ/kg [26].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Semakin sempurna proses karbonisasi maka nilai kalor semakin tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena reaksi oksidasi pada proses karbonisasi mampu menghasilkan panas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kalor yang terkandung pada briket telah sesuai dengan standar mutu SNI (≥ 5000 kal/g) [20].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 323,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kuat Tekan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 335,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kekuatan tekan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 9.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 9. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kuat Tekan Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 532,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 90,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 9 terlihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kekuatan tekan pada briket dipengaruhi oleh campuran bahan baku pada pembuatan briket, semakin banyak jumlah campuran yang digunakan maka kuat tekan briket akan semakin tinggi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 624,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 101,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Wijayanti bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit maka kekompakan briket bertambah sehingga keteguhan tekan juga bertambah. Hal ini juga dikarenakan kandungan biomassa pada pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit berupa residu lignoselulosa yang mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin dalam dinding sel kelapa sawit tersebut [25].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 728,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan gambar diatas dapat dilihat bahwa kenaikan kuat tekan briket disebabkan karena variasi perbandingan bahan baku pelepah\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 173,\n \"width\": 189,\n \"height\": 125,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 30 60 90 120 L aj u P em b ak ar an (g/ m en it ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 97,\n \"top\": 180,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 565,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 30 60 90 120 N il a i K a lo r ( k k a l/ g r ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 30 60 90 120 Co m p re ss iv e S tr e n g th (N /m m 2 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 637,\n \"width\": 39,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 371,\n \"top\": 375,\n \"width\": 34,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"36\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"dan cangkang kelapa sawit yang semakin besar sehingga kandungan lignin dan selulosa semakin tinggi. Kandungan lignin dan selulosa pada cangkang kelapa sawit sebesar 53,85% dan 6,92% dan pelepah kelapa sawit mengandung lignin 23,40% dan selulosa 27,9% [12, 22].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 156,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dapat dikatakan bahwa briket belum memenuhi standar yang diterima untuk industri yaitu 0,38 N/mm 2 – 1,0 N/mm 2 [16]. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena briket yang dihasilkan memiliki kerapatan yang cukup rendah sehingga briket akan menjadi lebih rapuh.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 231,\n \"width\": 54,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kesimpulan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 243,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 89,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan maka diperoleh briket terbaik dengan kadar air sebesar 6%, kadar abu sebesar 1,105%, kadar volatil sebesar 21,693%, kadar karbon terikat sebesar 50,169%, kerapatan sebesar 0,518 g/cm 3 , Laju pembakaran sebesar 0,273 g/menit, Nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g dan kuat tekan sebesar 0,285 N/mm 2 .\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 347,\n \"width\": 68,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Daftar Pustaka\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 87,\n \"top\": 358,\n \"width\": 202,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[1] Ardiansyah, Perubahan Kandungan Nutrisi Pelepah dan Daun Sawit Melalui Fermentasi dengan Kapang Phanerocaete Chrysos- porium, Skripsi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Taman Siswa Padang, 2014.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 416,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[2] Borowski. Gabriel dan Jan J. Hycnar, Utilization of Fine Coal Waste as a Fuel Briquettes, International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, Vol 33, ISSN: 1939-2699, p. 194-204, 2013.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 473,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[3] Danjuma. M. N, B. Maiwada dan R. Tukur, Disseminating Biomass Briquetting Technology in Nigeria: A case for Briquettes Production Initiatives in Katsina State, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, (2013), Vol 3, Issue 10, ISSN 2250–2459.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 554,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[4] Ikelle Issie Ikelle dan Ogah Sule Philip Ivoms, Determination of the Heating Ability of Coal and Corn Cob Briquettes, IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, (2014), Vol 7, Issue 2, ISSN: 2278-5736, p. 77-82.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 611,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 90,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[5] Jain. Varun, Rc. Chippa, Pbl. Chaurasia, Harshal Gupta dan Sarvesh Kumar Singh, A Comparative Experimental Investigation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Sawdust and Cattle Manurebriquette, International Journal of Science Engineering And Technology, (2014), Vol 2, Issue 7, ISSN 2348-4098.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 703,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[6] Junary. Erwin, Julham Prasetya dan Netti Herlina, Pengaruh Suhu Dan Waktu\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 727,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Karbonisasi Terhadap Nilai Kalor Dan Karakteristik Pada Pembuatan Bioarang Berbahan Baku Pelepah Aren (Arenga\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pinnata), Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol 4, No 2, 2015.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 110,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[7] Kahariayadi. Aloysius, Dina Setyawati, Nurhaida, Farah Diba dan Emi Roslinda, Kualitas Arang Briket Berdasarkan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 145,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Persentase Arang Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) Dan Arang Kayu Laban (Vitex Pubescens Vahl), Jurnal Hutan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 179,\n \"width\": 165,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Lestari (2015), Vol 3, No 4, p. 561-568.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 191,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[8] Maharsa. Luthfi dan Muhammad, Pengaruh Variasi Komposisi Campuran Pada\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biobriket Kulit Mete Dan Sekam Padi Terhadap Laju Pembakaran, Rotasi Jurnal Teknik Mesin, (2012), Vol 14, No 4, p. 15- 22.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 260,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[9] Mahidin. Asri Gani Dan Khairil, Physical Characterization and Desulfurization of\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 283,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biobriquette Using Calcium-Based Adsorbent, Makara Teknologi, 2011, Vol 15, No 2, p. 178-182.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 317,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[10] Martin. Ogbu Ikechukwu, Enhancing The Properties Of Coal Briquette Using Spear Grass (Imperata Cylindrica) And Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum), Thesis, Department Of Pure And Industrial Chemistry Faculty Of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 2010.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 398,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[11] Ngusale. George K, Yonghao Luo dan Jeremiah K. Kiplagat, Briquette Making In Kenya: Nairobi And Peri-Urban Areas, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2014), Vol 40, Elsevier, p. 749–\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 455,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"759. [12] Okoroigwe. Edmund C, Christopher M. Saffron dan Pascal D. Kamdem,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 490,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Characetrization of Palm Kernel Shell for Materials Reinforcement and Water Treatment, Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, (2014), Vol 5(1), Pp 1 – 6. ISSN 2141-6605.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 547,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[13] Onchieku. J.M, B.N. Chikamai dan M.S. Rao, Optimum Parameters for the Formulation of Charcoal Briquettes Using Bagasse and Clay as Binder, European Journal of Sustainable Development, (2012), Vol 1, Issue 3, 477-492, ISSN 2239-5938.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[14] Oyejobi. D, O. T. S. Abdulkadir, I. T. Yusuf dan M. J. Badiru, Effects of Palm Kernel Shells Sizes and Mix Ratios on Lightweight Concrete, Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, (2012), 9 (2).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 674,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[15] Patisarana. Grata Dan Mulfi Hazwi,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 685,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Optimalisasi Efisiensi Termis Boiler Menggunakan Serabut Dan Cangkang Sawit Sebagai Bahan Bakar, Jurnal Dinamis, (2012), Vol I, No11, ISSN 0216-7492.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 731,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[16] Prasityousil. Jitthep dan Akarawit Muenjina, Properties of Solid Fuel Briquettes Produced from Rejected Material of Municipal Waste\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 575,\n \"top\": 842,\n \"width\": 50,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Ca(OH) 2 2,5 N\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"37\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Composting, Procedia Environmental Scien- ces 17, 603-610, Elsevier, 2013.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 110,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[17] Rustini, Pembuatan Briket Arang dari Serbuk Gergajian Kayu Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vr), Skripsi, Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2004.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 156,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[18] Shehu. U, O. Aponbiede, T. Ause dan E.F. Obiodunukwe, Effect of Particle Size on The Properties of Polyester/Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) Particulate Composites, Journal Mater Environment Science, (2014), Vol 52,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 111,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"366-373 ISSN 2028-2508.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 225,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[19] Shekhar. Nandini, Popularization of\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biomass Briquettes A means for Sustainable rural DevelopmentAsian\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 232,\n \"top\": 248,\n \"width\": 57,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Journal Of\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 260,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Management Research, (2011), Vol 2, Issue\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 271,\n \"width\": 85,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1, ISSN 2229-3795.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 283,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[20] Standar Nasional Indonesia 01-6235, Briket Arang Kayu, 2000.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 306,\n \"width\": 207,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[21] Stolarski. Mariusz J, Stefan Szczukowski, Józef Tworkowski, Michal Krzyzaniak, Pawel Gulczynski dan Miroslaw Mleczek, Comparison of Quality and Production Cost of Briquettes Made From Agricultural and Forest Origin Biomass, Renewable Energy,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 375,\n \"width\": 143,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"(2013), Vol 57, Elsevier, p. 20-26.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 386,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[22] Syafriuddin dan Rio Hanesya, Perbandingan Penggunaan Energi Alternatif Bahan Bakar Serabut (Fiber) Dan Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Bahan Bakar Batubara Dan Solar Pada Pembangkit Listrik, Prosiding Seminar\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 444,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Nasional Aplikasi Sains & Teknologi, ISSN 1979-911, 2012.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 467,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[23] Wasekar. Mangesh V dan R.N.Baxi, Failure Analysis of Collar of Biomass Briquetting Machine: A Review, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 513,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"(2013), Vol 3, Issue 2, 437-439.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 524,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[24] Wijaya. Purwita dan Aji Hermawan, Analisis Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Singkong sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Biobriket, Skripsi, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Institut Pertanian Bogor Jawa\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 582,\n \"width\": 52,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Barat, 2012.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 593,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[25] Wijayanti. Diah Sundari, Karakteristik Briket Arang dari Serbuk Gergaji dengan Penambahan Arang Cangkang Kelapa Sawit, Skripsi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2009.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 651,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[26] Wongkhorsub. C dan N. Chindaprasert, A Comparison of the Use of Pyrolysis Oils in\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 674,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Diesel Engine, Energy and Power Engineering, Vol 5, p. 350-355, 2013.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 697,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[27] Wulandari. Asri Peni, Siti Aliyah Hani Sunarya, Oom Komariah dan Prihadi\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 720,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Santoso, Study on Briquetting and Optimizing Organic Composition of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L). Gaud) Biomass,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 754,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Applied Environmental and\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biological Sciences, Vol 5, No 8, ISSN: 2090-4274, p. 1-6, 2015.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":199,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"d26e6cac-1ec8-2a79-c9ee-6b05b7470cb9"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/aset/article/download/10065/6248"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":0,"top":-1,"width":3,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"I","type":"Page header"},{"left":435,"top":59,"width":62,"height":7,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN: 2086'2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":105,"top":65,"width":143,"height":6,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI","type":"Page header"},{"left":145,"top":124,"width":307,"height":19,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"PENGARUHAUDIT0PERASIONALDANPENGENDALIANINTERN TERHADAP EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI","type":"Section header"},{"left":186,"top":143,"width":232,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"(Survei pada Perusahaan l\\[anufaktur di Tasikmalaya)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":167,"width":23,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Oleh:","type":"Text"},{"left":266,"top":180,"width":73,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"\\Yawan Sukmana","type":"Table"},{"left":265,"top":191,"width":77,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"In'an Hermansl'ah","type":"Text"},{"left":160,"top":200,"width":324,"height":13,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"(Dosen Jurusan Akttntansi Fakultos Ekanimi (Jniversitas Siliwangi Tasikmalaya)","type":"List item"},{"left":266,"top":215,"width":75,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Table"},{"left":134,"top":223,"width":351,"height":19,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":", (Alumni Jurusan Akuntansi Fakullas Ekinomi (Jnit'ersitas Silfuangi Tasilonalaya)","type":"List item"},{"left":107,"top":263,"width":34,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Abstrak","type":"Table"},{"left":108,"top":270,"width":393,"height":24,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Penelitian ini bernrjuan untuk (1) untuk mengetahui hubungan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern (2) untuk mengeOfrri p\"ngu*h AudiI operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial","type":"Text"},{"left":108,"top":292,"width":395,"height":162,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"*uuprn simultan t.r[uJup efisieiri biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasixmalaya' tutetode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis ciengan pendekatan survey'.Alat analisis yang digunakun uaii-ut analisis korelasi untuk melihat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan i.n!.rautiun intern pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya dan dengan regresi linier metode Path Analysis untuk mengetahui pengaruh audit operasional dan pengendalian intemtaik secara parsial maupun ,\".u.u ii.ultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produlsi pada perusahean manufaktur di Tasikmalaya. Dengan taraf signifikansi (cr) yang digunakan sebesar 0'05' hasil fenelitian menunjukkan Uut*u (literdapat trubungan yang kuat antara audit operasional-dengan pengendatian intirn pada p\"ruruhu* minufaktur di Tasikmala>'a; (2) audit operasional .secara parsial berpengaruh ,ignif,Lun terhadap efisiensi bial'a produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya; (3) pengendalian intern secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap. efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalal'4 dan (4) audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi bial''a produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":109,"top":467,"width":326,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Kata Kunci : Audit operasional, Pengendalian intern dan efisiensi bial'a Produksi,","type":"Text"},{"left":109,"top":492,"width":65,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Latar Belakang","type":"Text"},{"left":110,"top":501,"width":394,"height":69,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Lingkungan dunia usaha selalu berubah seirins dengan perkembangan zaman yang terus menerus. Perubahan ini pada akhirnya akan membau'a pengaru-h terhadap kondisi perekonomian Indonesia yang semakin terbuka sehingga menyebabkan semal<in ketatnya persaingan antar badan usaha. Kondisi ini menyebabkan semii penghasil barang dan jasa menghadapi lingkungan yang semakin kompetitif dan menuntt t efisienii tinggi dalam penggunaan sumber daya secara ekonomis.","type":"Text"},{"left":110,"top":568,"width":395,"height":129,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Tuntutan untuk lebih efisien, inovatif dan konsisten dalam melakulian kegiatan merupakan keputusan yang harus dipenuhi. Semua ini alcan tercapai apabila penyimpan-gan- p.nyi.npungun dapat ait.ti, serendah mungkin, dan jika mungkin dapat dihapuskan' Pada momentum inilah peranan internal audit dipirlukan dan diharapkan mampu menjawab setiap permasalahan yang terjadi. Selain melakukarpengau'asan terhadap attivitas yang dilak:ukan oleh personil dalam suatu badan usaha, departemen intemal audit juga diharapkan dapat. memberi rekomendasi utus p.o1,i.pangan yang ^telah dilalcrkan- Departemen internal audit ini haruslah bersifat independen, artinya d-.part.men intemal audit mempunl'ai akses untuk masuk kesemua bidang yang ada dalam usaha tersebut. Independensi ini penting untuk mernbatasi pengaruh departemen lain agar auditor dapat melaksanakin pekerjaann,va secara bebas dan obleltif' Bebas uiiny,u tidak ada paksaan dan tidak ada pengaruh dari piha-k iain dalam melakukan pemeriksaan'","type":"Text"},{"left":111,"top":694,"width":394,"height":39,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Obyektif artinl,a melihat suaru perrnatutun* dengan pikiran lang jemih dan tidak memiliki kepentingan iepihak. Tanpa d.pu.t.r.n intemil iudit dalam satu badan usaha akan *.*urglinfan penyimpan-qun-penyi*pangan semakl: su].it teriihar Kondisi antar personel","type":"Text"},{"left":111,"top":731,"width":361,"height":19,"page_number":1,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"*urprn*d\"rgun ili,ul \"t tt.ti-, ,.rnuki, tinggi dan alliiral a terjadi peng-ee lapan dari dalam'","type":"Text"},{"left":79,"top":49,"width":192,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Wawan Sukmana , Iwan Hermansyah , & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Page header"},{"left":411,"top":49,"width":63,"height":8,"page_number":2,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN:2086-2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":78,"top":108,"width":398,"height":150,"page_number":2,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Di Tasikmalaya saat ini banyak terdapat perusahaan diantara perusahaan manufaktur. Perusahaan yang tergabung dalam industri manufaktur adalah perusahaan yang kegiatannya membeli bahan baku, mengolah bahan baku kemudian menjualnya. Oleh karena inr, perusahaan manufaktur membutuhkan mesin-mesin, peralatan, kendaraan dan lain sebagainl'a yang dibutuhkan untuk memperlancar dan menunjang kelancaran usaha. Seiring dengan perkembangan perusahaan, pihak pemilik perusahaan biasanya tidak terjun langsung dalam aktivitas operasi perusahaan melainkan didelegasikan kepada pihak professional yang dalam hal ini disebut manajemen. Demikian pula halnya dengan industri manufaktur, pihak perusahaan selain pemilik perusahaan tidak terjun langsung menjalankan kegiatan perusahaan tetapi menyerahkan pengelolaannya kepada pihak yang dianggap professional. Tentunya pihak manajemen diharuskan untuk mempertanggungjarvabkan hasil pengolahannya kepada pemilik perusahaan. Salah satu hal yang harus dipertanggungiarvabkan hasil pengelolaannya kepada pemilik perusahaan adalah masalah biaya produksi.","type":"Text"},{"left":73,"top":260,"width":402,"height":401,"page_number":2,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Dalam perusahaan industri, biaya produksi merupakan komponen biaya terbesar yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan, yang mana efisiensi biaya produksi dapat dikatakan efisien apabila perusahaan dapat menghasilkan pendapatan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan. Pada umumnya perusahaan selalu ingin mengefsienkan biaya produksi dalam setiap produksinya agar mencapai laba yang maksimum. Dari laporan laba rugi bahwa, perusahaan dapat dikatakan efisien apabila pendapatan operasi lebih besar dari biaya operasi yang dikeluarkan perusahaan sehingga akan dapat menghasilkan laba. Sebaliknya jika pendapatan operasi lebih kecil dari biaya operasi yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan maka perusahaan mengalami rugi dan tidak efisien dalam mengelola biaya produksi. Jadi, perusahaan manufaktur harus mampu beroperasi secara efisien dan efektif agar dapat bersaing dengan perusahaan lain. Kemampuan bersaing itu antara lain dapat berupa produk yang kompetitif dengan mutu yang baik, yang mana untuk merrghasilkan produk y'ang bermuru tinggi dengan harga yang tetap bersaing, sangat dipengaruhi diantaranya oleh kemampuan perusahaan dalam mengendalikan proses produksinya. Jika perusahaan manilpu mengendalikan proses produksinya secara efisien dan efektif dengan tidak mengurangi mutu produk, maka perusahaan akan dapat bertahan mengh:dapi persaingan yang semakin ketal Salah satu cara untuk menilai efisiensi biaya produksi ini adalah dengaa adanl'a suatu pemeriksaan yang dilakukan seseorang yang independen dan memastikan bahr+'a peneeadalian intern yang berjalan telah sesuai dengan ketetapan manajemen. Pemeriksaan ini dilalq*an oleh pihak intern yang disebut dengan Satuan Pengawasan Intern (SPf. Satuan Pengawasan Intern pada pimpinan adalah suatu fungsi penilaian yang independen yang ada dalam suatu organisasi dengan tujuan untuk menguji dan mengevaluasi kegiatan-kegiatan organisasi yang dilaksanakan. Melalui kegiatan operasional , SPI akan melakukan analisis dan penilaian-penilaian serta memberikan rekomendasi dan saran-saran kepada pihak manajemen. Bagi perusahaan manufaktur audit operasional merupakan kegiatan perusahaan yang sangat penting, yang mana dengan adanya audit operasional pihak manajemen dapat menguliur dan mengevaluasi pihak perusahaan sehingga dapat memberikan inforrnasi yang benar dan objektif bagi manajemen sebagai dasar pengambilan keputusan. Audit operasional merupakan audit atas operasi yang dilaksanakan dari sudut pandang manajemen untuk menilai ekonomi, efuiensi, dan efektivitas dari setiap atau seluruh operasi, terbatas hanya pada keinginan manajemen. Manajemen memerlukan lebih banyak informasi yang relavan atas pelaksanaan operasi mereka dan hasil 1'ang berkaitan dari apa yang dapat ditemukan semata-mata dalam data keuangan. Manajemen mencari lebih banyak informasi untuk mempertimbangkan mutu operasi dan melakukan perbaikan operasional, yang mana kegiatan tersebut harus berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan apa 1'ang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya.","type":"Text"},{"left":73,"top":663,"width":400,"height":68,"page_number":2,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Bagi perusahaan manufaklur bia;'a produksi merupakan biaya yang sangat besar, 1'ang mana dengan adanya audit operasional maka dapat diketahui apakah biaya produksi unruk persediaan bahan baku yang dilakukan dapat menunjang pada efisiensi dan efektivitas pemsahaan. Selain itu dengan adanya pengendalian intem maka pihak perusahaan dapat mengetahui apakah biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan telah efisien sesuai dengan kebutuhan produksi. Denga-n pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern sangatlah penting sehingga diharapkan","type":"Text"},{"left":73,"top":764,"width":191,"height":7,"page_number":2,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol.3, No. I","type":"Text"},{"left":107,"top":58,"width":191,"height":8,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Warvan Sulimana , Iwan Hermansi ah , & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Text"},{"left":438,"top":57,"width":59,"height":7,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN:2086-2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":107,"top":119,"width":394,"height":20,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"efisiensi biaya produksi perusahaan dapat tercapai yaitu kegiatan produksi dari suatu perusahaan telah sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan perusahaan tersebut.","type":"Text"},{"left":107,"top":154,"width":388,"height":20,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Rumusan l\\Iasalah Dalam penelitian ini rumusan masalah yang dapat diungkapkan adalah sebagai berikut :","type":"Text"},{"left":108,"top":174,"width":290,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"l. Bagaimana hubungan audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern?","type":"List item"},{"left":107,"top":185,"width":395,"height":23,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"2. Bagaimana pengaruh audit opersioanal dan pengendalian intern secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi?","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":223,"width":396,"height":157,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Kerangka Pemikiran ' Ag* perusahaan mengetahui aktivitas perusahaan berjalan sesuai dengan tujuan maka manajemen perlu menetapkan audit operasional. Audit operasional menurut Arens & Loebbeacke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 :4) audit operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode operasi suatu organisasi untuk menilai ehsiensi dan efektir itasnva, serta bertujuan menekankan pada efektivitasnya dan efisiensi, dan berorientasi pada kinerja operasi mendatang\". Maka dengan pengertian tersebut yang dijadikan indikatornya yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis, dan efektivitas. Tujuan audit operasional yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dari suatu perusahaan tidak mungkin dapat tercapai bila pengendalian intern tidak dilaksanakan. Adapun tujuan audit operasional menurut Sukrisno Agoes Q04 : 22) yaitu untuk menilai kinerja Qterformance) dari manajemen dan berbagai fungsi dalam perusahaan, untuk menilai efisien dan ekonomi, serta menilai efektivitas perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan oleh top ntanagement.","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":383,"width":398,"height":355,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Dalam pedoman audit operasional atas tugas dan kegiatan unit kerja BPKP INPKP : 2003), ruang lingkup audit operasional meliputi : audit atas pertanggungiawaban keuangan dan keuaran kepada peratu-ran dan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, audit atas kehematan (keekonomisan) dan daya guna (efisiensi), serta audit hasil guna (efektivitas). Sedangkan pelaksana audit operasoinal dapat dilakukan oleh salah satu dari tiga kelompok berikut: (l) internal auditor, (2) Ekstemal auditor, (3) Goverment auditor. Dalam menunjang efisiensi dan efektivitas suatu perusahaan selain iiiperlukan audit operasional juga diperlukan audit intern. Menurut Hiro Tugiman (2002 : 45) mengemukakan tentang pengendalian intern secara umum untuk membedakan berbagai pengawasan dalam organisasi dengan berbagai peogawasan diluar organisasi. Pengawasan internal merupakan seluruh kegiatan yang ditujukan untuk memastikan tercapainya tujuan dan sasaran organisasi. Sedangkan menurut Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia, dalam Standar Professional Akuntan Publik (2009 ) pen-eendalian intern adalah suatu proses yang dijalankan oleh dewan komisaris, manajemen dan personil lain entitas yang didesain untuk memberikan keyakinan memadai tentang pencapaian tiga golongan tujuan berikut ini : (a) Keandalan Pelaporan Keuangan, (b) Efektivitas dan Ehsiensi Operasi, (c) Keparuhan terhadap Hukum dan Peraturan Yang Berlaku. Berdasarkan pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengendalian intern merupakan suatu )'ang dirujukan untuk memastikan tercapai tidaknya tuj.uan dari sasaran organisasi. Dalam pen-eendalian intern hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan menurut Arens (2003 : 413) adalah (l) Lingkungan pengendalian, (2) Penaksiran risiko, (3) Aktivitas pengendalian, (4) Informasi dan komunikasi, dan (5) Pemantauan. Kekuatan pengendalian intern sangat tergantung kepada orang yang melakukannl'a. Sebaik apapun pengendalian intem akan gagal apabila dijalankan oleh orang yang tidak kompeten. Pengendalian intern setiap entitas memiliki keterbatasan. Menurut Mulyadi (2002 : 181) keterbatasan pengendalian intern suatu entitas adalah sebagai berikut : (a) kesalahan dalam pertimbangan, (b) gangguan, (c) pengabaian oleh manajemen, (d) biaya lawan manfaat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa antara audit operasional dan pengendalian intern keduanl'a memiliki hubungan. Menurut Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 766) hubungan antara audit operasional dan peneendalian intern adalah bahwa manajemen membentuk suatu struktur pengendalian intem. untuk membantu mencapai sasaran perusahaan. Sudah tentu, dua sasaran penting semua organisasi adalah efisiensi dan efektif. Berikut tiga hal penting dalam menyusun stmktur pengendalian intern","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":771,"width":188,"height":7,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Akuntansi Rise! Prodi Aliuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. 1","type":"Text"},{"left":486,"top":770,"width":12,"height":8,"page_number":3,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"5t2","type":"Page footer"},{"left":80,"top":53,"width":191,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Wawan Sukmana , hvan Hermansyah , & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Text"},{"left":83,"top":767,"width":190,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I","type":"Page footer"},{"left":411,"top":49,"width":62,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN : 2086 -2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":80,"top":110,"width":398,"height":25,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"yang baik adalah : (a) Keandalan laporan keuangan, (b) ketaatan pada hukum dan peraturan yang sudah ditetapkan, (c) efisiensi dan efektivitas operasi.","type":"Text"},{"left":80,"top":138,"width":397,"height":49,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Kaitan pengendalian intern dengan audit operasional adalah pengendalian intern untuk membantu sasaran perusahaan, sudah te-ntu dua saiaran perusahaan penting s€m,ua organisasi adalah efisiensi dan efektif. Dalam pen)'usunan pengendaiian intern yang baik dapat menjadi bagian audit operasionaljika tujuannya adalah operasi yang efisiendanefektif' -","type":"Text"},{"left":80,"top":185,"width":398,"height":54,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Oengan dijalaniannyu auait operasional dan pengendalian intern diharapkan efisiensi biaya produkii dapit tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengefisiensikan biaya proiulsi. Ntenurui Henr],simamora (tiSS : 300) bahwa efisiensi biaya produksi merupakan perbandingan atas biay'a produksi 1'ang dianggarkan terhadap biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan selama satu peiiode.","type":"Text"},{"left":117,"top":238,"width":361,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Dalam suatu pendekatan audit operasional menurut Sukrisno Agoes (2004- : -175)","type":"Text"},{"left":81,"top":251,"width":397,"height":23,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"pendekatan audit yang biasa dilakukan suatu audit operasional adalah menilai efisiensi, efektivitas dan keekonomisan dari masing-masing fungsi terdapat dalam perusahaan. Menurut Arens (2003 :","type":"Text"},{"left":81,"top":274,"width":397,"height":46,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"391) kendala di dalan suatu organisuri dir*k rdkan untuk mendorong penggunaan-yangefisien atas sumber dayanya, mencakip personil, umtuk mengoptimalkan sasaran perusahaan. Bagian penting dari kenaaii ini adalah infonnasi yang akurat untuk pengambilan keputusan intern. Dari teduaiendapat di atas terlihat bahrva audiioperasional berhubungan dengan pengendalial intern.","type":"Text"},{"left":81,"top":312,"width":397,"height":111,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"' Berdasarkan pendapat-pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengendalian intern kemungkinan menunjang pada tircapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas yang merupi'kan bagian dari audit operasional. Untuk mendukung penyusunan pengendalian intern yang baik maka diper'lukan audit opirasional yang baik. Sasaran yang dicapai dari audit operasional dan pengendalian intern adalah efisiensi Aan efiktivitas dimana hal ini akan mempengaruhi efisiensi Liay-a proautsi perusahaan dan salah satu penilaiannya adalah mengenai biaya sesungguhnya dan bia!,a'1,ang diinggarkan. Berdasarkan kerangka pemikiran di atas, maka hipotesis dalam perrelitian ini dapat dinl'atakan sebagai berikut : . Hipotesis I","type":"Text"},{"left":104,"top":423,"width":298,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":".,Tirdapat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern\".","type":"Text"},{"left":82,"top":435,"width":395,"height":35,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"o Hipotesis 2 ..audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial maupun simultan berpengaruh terhadap efisiensi bial'a produksi.\"","type":"Text"},{"left":82,"top":485,"width":77,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nletode Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":81,"top":493,"width":399,"height":174,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Metode yang dipergunakan dalan penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan ,*uiy. S.a^un[tarr yung tn.nludi objek penelitiannya adalah audit operasional, irengendalian Intern dan eisi\"nti uiaya prldutsi. Dalam penelitian ini mempunyai 3 variabel yutii , audit operasional (Xs), pengendalian intern (Xz) dan efisiensi biaya produksi (Y)' - Dalampenelitian ini'aita yang diperlukan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari kuesione. yung ditujukan kepada responden, dengan skala pengukurannya inten'al. Untul< semua variabei penelitian diperoleh dari data primer dengan menggunakan kuesioner 1'ang diberikan kepada subjek penelitian. Data sekunder diferoleh dan bersumber dari literatur, tarl i ltmiatr 1.ang d'ipublikasikan serta informasi dari instansi yang ada kaitannya dengan penelitian ini. tetnlt penlambilan sampel dilakukan dengan purvosive sampling. Dari Populasi Lerjumlah 17 perusahaan iranufaLtur han1,a 13 perusahaan manufaktur yang bersedia. Pengujian hipotesis digunakan analisis jalur (Path analysis). Analisis jalur digunakan dengan pertimbangan bahu,a pola hubungan antir variable dalam penelitian ini adalah korelatif atau kausalitas, hubungan antar vari;ble adalah linear dan iingkat pengukuran semua variable adalah minimal interval.","type":"Text"},{"left":82,"top":682,"width":398,"height":66,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Hasil Dan Pembahasan Audit Operasional (X1) pada hakil<atnja Audit Operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode ope.asi suatu organisasi untuk menilai efisiensi dan efektivitasnya, dan Lertujuan menekankan iada efektivitasnya dan efisiensi, dan berorientasi pada kinerja operasi masa mendatang.","type":"Text"},{"left":469,"top":765,"width":11,"height":6,"page_number":4,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"513","type":"Page footer"},{"left":104,"top":60,"width":190,"height":8,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Wawan Sukmana, Irvan Hermanslah, & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Page header"},{"left":433,"top":58,"width":59,"height":7,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN:2086-2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":104,"top":119,"width":394,"height":35,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Untuk lebih jelasnya tanggapan responden mengenai audit operasional pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalayi UerO^u*an hasil survei terhadap 13 perusahaan, dapat dilihat dari hasiljawaban atas kuisioner. N{enurut Sugiyono (2007:89) klasifikasi setiap indikator variabel Xr","type":"Text"},{"left":104,"top":154,"width":308,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"(Audit operasional) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :","type":"Text"},{"left":104,"top":166,"width":219,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nilai tertinggi secara keseluruhan : l3 x 5 x 15= 97 5 Nilai terendah secara keseluruhan : 13 x I x 15 = 195","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":192,"width":157,"height":27,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Data terbesar - data terkecil NJI= Jumlah kriteria pertanYaan","type":"Text"},{"left":104,"top":222,"width":242,"height":106,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"97s-195 789=tso Jadi batas intervalnya adalah = -- S = -S Klasifikasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut : Nilai 195 Nilai 352 Nilai 509 Nilai 666 Nilai 823 351 Sangat Tidali Baik 508 Tidak Baik 665 Cukup 822 Baik 979 Sangat Baik","type":"Table"},{"left":105,"top":336,"width":394,"height":47,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Hasil dari penyebaran kuisioner terhadap perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya dan kemudian dibuat skor, maka diperoleh angka total skor sebesar 864, termasuk klasifikasi sangat baik. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa eksistensi audit operasional sangat baik di Perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":105,"top":397,"width":393,"height":55,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Pengendalian Intern (X2) Pengendalian intern dirancang untuli membanfu proses ;-ang dijalanhan oleh manajemen terutama dalim pelaksanaan pengendalian terhadap akriva perusahaa& agar dalam pelaksanaan berjalannya perusahaan t.rrii d.ngu, kebijakan dan prosedur 1'ang telah digariskan dan ditetapkan oleh manajemen.","type":"Text"},{"left":105,"top":451,"width":394,"height":58,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Untuk lebih jelasny'a @iggapan responden mengenai pengendalian intern ?udu perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalala berdasarkan hasil sun'ei terhadap 13 perusahaan, dapat dilihat dari hasil jawaban responden melalui penyebaran kuesioner . Menulit Sugiyono (2007:89) klasilikasi setiap indikator variabel X2 (Pengendalian Intern) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :","type":"Text"},{"left":105,"top":510,"width":214,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nilai tertinggi secara keseluruhan : 13 x 5 x l5= 975","type":"Text"},{"left":105,"top":520,"width":218,"height":13,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nilai terendah secara keseluruhan : li x I x 15: 195","type":"Text"},{"left":107,"top":536,"width":157,"height":27,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Data terbesar - data terkecil NJI = Jumlah kriteria pertanyaan","type":"Text"},{"left":233,"top":566,"width":71,"height":13,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"975 -195 780","type":"Table"},{"left":251,"top":581,"width":18,"height":15,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"55","type":"Picture"},{"left":105,"top":597,"width":242,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Klasifi.kasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut :","type":"Text"},{"left":105,"top":621,"width":72,"height":61,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nilai Nilai Nilai Nilai Nilai 195 352 509 666","type":"Table"},{"left":162,"top":673,"width":14,"height":8,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"823","type":"Picture"},{"left":216,"top":618,"width":98,"height":38,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"351 Sangat Tidak Baik 508 Tidal< Baik 665 Cukup","type":"Table"},{"left":216,"top":657,"width":73,"height":25,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"822 Baik 979 Sangat Baik","type":"Text"},{"left":105,"top":693,"width":393,"height":58,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Unfuk mengetahui interpretasi nilai total jau,aban responden mengenai Pengendalian Intern pada Perusahaan telah disetar kuisic-rner ke perusahaan yangmenjadi subjek penelitia-n,-dan hasilnl;a serelah di scoring memperoi:h :rgka 86-1 termasuk klasifiIiasi sangat baik. Hal ini 1n.nunlrkk* bahwa eksiitensi pengcnn:iian intem di Perusahaan Manufakrur Tasikmalaya termasuk sangat baik","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":770,"width":188,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Alcuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPL Vol. i, No. I","type":"Text"},{"left":487,"top":770,"width":11,"height":6,"page_number":5,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"514","type":"Page footer"},{"left":73,"top":56,"width":191,"height":6,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Wawan Sukmana, Irvan Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Page header"},{"left":405,"top":52,"width":63,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN:2086-2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":73,"top":115,"width":397,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Efisiensi Biaya Prooulai (Y) Tanggapan respondln mengenai efisiensi biaya pada perusahaan manufaktw di Tasikmalaya-beidasartun hasil survei terhadap 13 responden, dapat dilihat dari hasil jarvaban responden melalui penyebaran kuesioner yang terdiri dari Pertan)'aan-pertan)'aan yang-berkaitan dengan efisiensi biaya yang diberikan kepada l3 responden sesuai dengan sampel penelitian yang diambil.","type":"Text"},{"left":73,"top":180,"width":397,"height":25,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Menurut Sugiyono (2007:89) klasifikasi setiap indikator variabel Y (Efisiensi biaya produksi) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:","type":"Text"},{"left":73,"top":206,"width":217,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nilai tertinggi secarakeseluruhan : 13 x 5 x4 =260","type":"Text"},{"left":73,"top":227,"width":210,"height":13,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nilai terendah \\ecara keseluruhan : 13 x I x 4: 52","type":"Text"},{"left":105,"top":253,"width":115,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Data terbesar - data terkecil","type":"Text"},{"left":107,"top":264,"width":163,"height":36,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Junrlah kriteria pertan)'aan 260-52 208","type":"Table"},{"left":73,"top":295,"width":245,"height":34,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jadi batas intervalnya adalah = -------- = -.;- = = +2. 55 Klasifrkasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut :","type":"Text"},{"left":73,"top":328,"width":212,"height":65,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Nilai 13 Nilai 56 Nilai 99 Nilai 142 Nilai 185 55 Sangat Tidak Baik 98 Tidak Baik l4l Cukup 184 Baik","type":"Table"},{"left":187,"top":379,"width":72,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"227 Sangat Baik","type":"Text"},{"left":74,"top":403,"width":397,"height":57,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Dengan demikian bahwa nilai yang diperoleh dari perhitungan terhadap gggapan responden atas efisiensi biaya produksi yang dilakukan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya adalah 224 tsrmasuk tlasifikasi sangat baik. Hal ini menunjuklian ke dalam inten'al berkategori sangat bark yang artinya bahwa tingkat efisiensi bial'a produksi perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sangat baik.","type":"Text"},{"left":74,"top":475,"width":53,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Pembahasan","type":"Section header"},{"left":74,"top":484,"width":398,"height":173,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Hubungan Audit Operasional Dengan Pengendalian Intern pada Perusahaan IUanufaktur di Tasikmalaya Untut< mengetahui hubungan audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya, maka dilakukan uji hipotesis. Di mana hipotesis tersebut adalah \"Terdapat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern\". Untuk menguji hipotesis terse-but dilakukan melalui uji statistik koefisien korelasi. Koefisien korelasi ini akan minentukan tingkat hubungan variabel audit operasional (X1) dengan variabel pengendalian intem (X2) diperoletr nitai korelasi 0,982 yang menunjukkan besarnya hubungan atau korelasi antara auait oi\". ional dan penmgendalian intern. Hal ini berarti bahwa antara Xt (Audit Operasional) dan vaiiabet X2 (Pengendalian Intem) mempunyai hubungan yang positif 1'aitu sebesar 0,982 atai g8,2yo dan memiliki nilai signifikan sebesar 0,000. Karena 0,000 < 0.005 berarti tolak Ho dan terima Ha yang berarti bahrva terdapat hubungan audit operasional dan pengendalian intem secara signifikan. Beidasarkan penjelasan di atas maka dapat disimpuiican bahrva dengan Audit oplrasional yang semakin baik maka akan menunjang pengendalian intern semakin baik pula dan begiru juga sebaliknya.","type":"Text"},{"left":74,"top":668,"width":398,"height":85,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Pengaruh Secara Parsial Audit Operasional terhadap Efisiensi Bial'a Produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalal'a Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dengan menggunakan SPSS. besar pengaruh audit operasional terhadap efisiensi biala produksi koefisien beta (p) arau koefisien standar (itandardized coeficients). Nilai koefisien beta (0) unruk pengaruh audit operasional terhadap ifisiensi biaya rodutsi pada perusahaan manufaLtur adalah sebesar 0.412 dengan nilai sig:rifiIian sebesar 0,01 I lebih ke.it aa.i 0,05 berarti Ha diterima Ho ditolak. Hasil ini dapat diarrikan bahwa","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":769,"width":190,"height":7,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I","type":"Text"},{"left":461,"top":767,"width":11,"height":6,"page_number":6,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"515","type":"Page footer"},{"left":106,"top":59,"width":191,"height":8,"page_number":7,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Wawan Sukmana, hval Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Text"},{"left":437,"top":58,"width":63,"height":8,"page_number":7,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN:2086-2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":106,"top":118,"width":395,"height":91,"page_number":7,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"dengan dijalankannya audit operasional yang baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi dapat tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengefisiensikan biaya produksi. Hal ini relavan dengan tiga tujuan audit operasional yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis dan efektivitas. Serta relavan dengan konsep audit operasional yang di kemukakan oleh Arrens & Loebbeacke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 4) bahwa Audit operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode operasi suatu organisasi untuk menilai efisiensi dan efektivitasnya, dan bertujuan menekankan pada efektivitas dan efisiensi, serta berorientasi pada kinerja operasi masa mendatang.","type":"Text"},{"left":104,"top":222,"width":398,"height":195,"page_number":7,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Pengaruh Secara Parsial Pengendalian Intern terhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dengan menggunakan SPSS, besar pengaruh audit operasional terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi koefisien beta (p) atau koefisien standar (standardized coeficients). Nilai koefisien beta (B) untuk pengaruh pengendalian intem terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur adalah sebesar 0,581 der,gan nilai sigrifikan sebesar 0,046 lebih kecil dari 0,05 berarti Ha diterima Ho ditolak. Hasil analisis tersebut dapat diartikan bahwa pengendalian intern sangat menunjang pada tercapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas. Hal ini relevan dengan konsep tujuan pengendalian intern yang dikemukakan oleh Arens & Loebbecke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003:258) yaitu : l) keandalan laporan keuangan, 2) mendorong efisiensi dan efektivitas operasional, dan 3) ketaatan kepada hukum yang berlaku. Pada poin ke dua jelas dikemukakan bahwa tujuan dari pengendalian intern adalah mendorong ehsiensi dan efektivitas operasional. Untuk tercapainya pengendalian intern maka hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan yaitu lingku ngan pengendalian, penaksiran risiko, aktivitas pengendalian, informasi dan komunikasi, dan pemantauan. Hal ini sasuai dengan penelitian Eka Wati Kurniasih (2007) yang menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang signihkan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi.","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":430,"width":397,"height":101,"page_number":7,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Pengaruh Secara Simultan Audit Operasional dan Pengendalian Intcrn tcrhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi Berdasarkan hasil perhitun gen Path Analysis menggunakan SPSS di peroleh nilai korelasi antara audit operasional dan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sebesar 0,982 dan nilai (R3) sebesar 0,801 artinya bahwa audit operasional dan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sebesar 80,1o/o dan sisanya sebesar 19,9% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern dilakukan dengan baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi menuju semakin baik.","type":"Text"},{"left":102,"top":534,"width":397,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Dari perhitungan SPSS, diperoleh nilai F66\",, sebesar 5,876 dengan kriteria penolakan He, jika F6;6,, ) F,\"b\"l, atau dengan melihat nilai F sig sebesar 0,021 dan nilai ini lebih kecil dari 5oh, maka ini menunjukkan bahwa Audit Operasional dan Pengendalian Intern berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi. Untuk melihat pengaruh langsung dan tidak langsuhg antara variabel, yang disajikan dalam Tabel berikut di bawah ini:","type":"Text"},{"left":102,"top":771,"width":183,"height":7,"page_number":7,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No.","type":"Page footer"},{"left":486,"top":771,"width":11,"height":6,"page_number":7,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"516","type":"Page footer"},{"left":78,"top":112,"width":383,"height":170,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Tabel 5. Pensaruh Lanssuns dan Tidt k Lanssuns Antar Variabel fenelitlan Variabel Pensaruh Lanssung Pengaruh tidak Langsung Jumlah X, (prx,)' (0.412)'? 0,170 (rxzxr) brxr) (pvxr) (0.982) (0.4r2) (0,58 I ) 0,199 Total pengaruh Xr te rhadap Y 0,369 X2 (por)' (0,5 8l )2 0,243 (rxzxr) (pvxr) (pvxz) (0-982) (0.412) (0.581 0,199 Total penqaruh Xr terhadap Y 0.432 Total pensaruh Xr dan Xr terhadap Y 0.801 Penearuh Faklor Residu rr J Y =","type":"Table"},{"left":78,"top":268,"width":379,"height":26,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"(o\"\"r\\: I - 0,801 0,1 99 Total X'. X, dan Y","type":"Table"},{"left":436,"top":284,"width":21,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"1,000","type":"Picture"},{"left":79,"top":52,"width":191,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Wawan Sukmana, ln'an Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Table"},{"left":410,"top":51,"width":63,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN: 2086 -2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":78,"top":113,"width":398,"height":318,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Peneliti Dari hasil analisis berdasarkan Tabel 5 menunjukkan bahwa koefisien korelasi jalur variabel Xr (Audit Operasional) terhadap variabel Y (Efisiensi Biaya Produksi) adalah sebesar 0,4 12, sedangkan koefisien korelasi variabel Xr (Audit Operasional) dengan variabel X2 (Pengendalian Intern) adalah sebesar 0,982 dan untuk koefisien jalur variabel X2 (Pengendalian lntern) terhadap variabel Y (Efisiensi Biaya Produksi) adalah sebesar 0,581. Dengan demikian pengaruh langsung variabel X1 terhadap Y adalah 0,170 sedangkan pengaruh tidak langsung variabel X1 terhadap Y melalui X2 adalah sebesar 0,369, pengaruh langsung X2 terhadap Y adalah sebesar 0,432. Total pengaruh X,, Xz terhadap Y merupakan pengaruh secara simultan antara variabel Xr, X: terhadap Y adalah sebesar 0,801 atau sebesar 80,1%o. Sedangkan faktor residu atau falror lain vang mempengaruhi laba operasi yang tidak masuk dalam variabel penelitian adalah sebesar 0,199 atau sebesar 19,9%.","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":433,"width":400,"height":80,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Faktor lain 1'ang mempengaruhi ehsiensi produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalal'a aCalah peug_sunaiu mesin-mesin yang tidak ketinggalan zaman sehingga dapat menghasilkan produk maksimal. Dengan menghasilkan produk maksimal maka akan terpenuhinya p€sanan yang ditetapkan, hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kehematan terutama pada biaya produksi. Hal ini sesuai dengan yang diungkapkan oleh Rob Raider (2002: 152) yaitu \"suatu kegiatan dikatakan efisien apabila dapat menghasilkan output maksimal dengan sumber dayayang ada atau dengan sumber daya yang nrinimal dengan menghasilkan output tertentu\".","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":527,"width":397,"height":32,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Simpulan Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan, maka dapat dibuat kesimpulan sebagai berikut:","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":559,"width":398,"height":104,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"l. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intem pada perusahaan manufallur di Tasikmalaya. Dengan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara audit oper*oional dengan pengendalian intern maka pelaksanaan audit operasional akan mempen_qaruhi pengendalian intern karena bila pengendalian intern kuat maka akan memudairkan pengauditan sebab risiko audit semakin kecil. 2- Audit operasional secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya. Hasil ini dapat diartikan bahwa dengan adanya audit opersronal dijalanhan dengan baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi dapat tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengehsiensikan biaya produksi. Hal ini relavan dengan tiga","type":"Text"},{"left":95,"top":665,"width":264,"height":10,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"rujuan audit operasional yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis, dan efektivitas.","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":675,"width":398,"height":70,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"3. Pengendalian intern secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya. Hasil ini dapat diartikan bahwa pengendalian inrern sangat menunjane pada tercapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas. Hai ini sesuai dengan konsep tujuan pengendalian intern menurut Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 766), yaitu keandalan laporan keuangan, efisiensi dan efektivitas operasi, dan ketaatan pada hukum dan peraturan yang sudah ditetapkan.","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":768,"width":189,"height":7,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Aliuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I","type":"Text"},{"left":464,"top":766,"width":10,"height":7,"page_number":8,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"5t7","type":"Page footer"},{"left":110,"top":57,"width":190,"height":9,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Wawan Sukmana , Iu'an Hermansl,ah , & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Text"},{"left":439,"top":58,"width":62,"height":8,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN: 2086 - 2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":108,"top":114,"width":395,"height":93,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"4. Audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biava produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya. Hal ini berarti semakin baik audit operasional dan pengendalian intern yang dilakukan maka akan semakin mudah tercapainl'a efisiensi bial'a produksi. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manulaktur di Tasikmalaya adalah adanya penggunaan mesin tidak ketinggalan zaman sehinssa dapat menghasilkan produk maksimal. Dengan produk maksimal akan terpenuhiny'a pesanan )'ang ditetapkan, maka akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kehematan terutama pada bial'a produksi.","type":"Text"},{"left":107,"top":222,"width":395,"height":45,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Saran Beidasarkan simpulan vang telah dikemukakan di atas, penulis mencoba memberikan saran- saran yang diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat baik bagi perusairaan manufaktur maupun bagi penulis selanjutn-v.,a 1,ane akan melaksanakan penelitian yang relevan 1,aitu sebagai berikut:","type":"Text"},{"left":108,"top":264,"width":81,"height":12,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"l). Bagi Perusahaan","type":"List item"},{"left":124,"top":279,"width":377,"height":55,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil anaiisis 1''ang dilihat dari pembahasan, maka dengan adanyapengaruh audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial dan simultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya, maka perusahaan harus tetap mempertahankan dan meningkatkan pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":333,"width":117,"height":12,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"2) Bagi peneliti selanjutnya","type":"List item"},{"left":123,"top":347,"width":377,"height":54,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Bagi peneliti selanjutnl'a yang akan melakukan penelitian yang relavan, disarankan untuk meneliti faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi efisiensi biaya produksi selain audit operasional dan pengendalian intern sebagai perbandingan. Fal,tor lain tersebut misalnya penggunaan mesin-mesin tidak ketinggalan zaman, penetapan pesanan produlg dan kehematan biaya produlcsi.","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":427,"width":395,"height":103,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Daftar Pustaka Amin widjala Tunggal. 2r--'01. .ludir operasional Pengailar. Jaliana : Han'arido Amir Abadi Jusut-. 1001. .ltditittg Pendekaran Terpadu- Edisi Indonesia- Salemba Empa! Jakarta. Arens, and Loebbecke. 1003. .luditing an lruerated Approach, Alih Bahasa Amir Abadi Jusuf. Jakarta : Salemba Empat. Suharsimi Arikunto. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta. Emi Auliyana 2007. Evalttasi Efektiritas Pelal<sanoan Audit Mutu Internal. http//www. Library @unair. ac.id. BPKP. 2003. Pedoman Audit Operasional Atas Tugas dan Kegiatan Unit Kerja BPKP. Jakarta.","type":"Text"},{"left":102,"top":542,"width":394,"height":34,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Eka Wati Kurniasih. 200i . Pengaruh Pengendalian Intern terhadap Efisiensi Pengendalian B i ay a P r o dufu i. hnp',/uurv. Absrtakunikom. ac. id Garisson, Ray H Noreen. 200-i. Akuntansi Manajerial. Alih Bahasa Nuri Hindun Edisi I l. Buku l.","type":"Text"},{"left":102,"top":588,"width":25,"height":8,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Genny","type":"Text"},{"left":102,"top":611,"width":29,"height":19,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Hendry Hansen","type":"Table"},{"left":137,"top":577,"width":99,"height":9,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Salemba Empat : Jakarta.","type":"Text"},{"left":134,"top":585,"width":362,"height":58,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"M. \\'udax'inata. 2002. Pengaruh Pelaksanaan Audit Operasional t er h a d ap T i n gkor E1 e kt iv i t as p e n g e ndal i an P r odulc i. Tasikmalava. Uns il. Simamora. 1999. .4|.utansi ,l{anajemen. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. & Nlorl'en. AIih B;hasa oleh rhomson Learning. 2001. lLtanajemen Bioya Jakarta : Salemba Empat.","type":"Text"},{"left":100,"top":645,"width":393,"height":68,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Hiro Tugiman.2002. srandar Profesional Auditing Internal. yogyakarta. Kanasius Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 2002. Standar Akuntarci Keuangan. Jakarta : Penerbit Salemba Empat. Kusnendi. 2005. Analisis Jalur dan Aplikasi dengan program SPSS dan LISREL 8 Jurusan Pendidikan Ekonomi (JPE). PFIPS : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Bandung. Matz, Usry, dan Hammer. 1999. Akuntarui Biaya. Alih Bahasa Alfosus Sirait dan Herman Wibou'o. Jakarta : PT. Gelora Aksara pratama.","type":"Text"},{"left":100,"top":713,"width":298,"height":13,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"N'lulyadi. 2001. Ak:tnta.,:-cj i:;.:, Edisi Keenam. STIE YKpN. yogl,akarta.","type":"Text"},{"left":135,"top":728,"width":280,"height":10,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"2002. Aua.::n-- Bri.:u Kesaru. Edisi Keenam. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.","type":"Text"},{"left":100,"top":769,"width":188,"height":8,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jurnal Akuntansi Risel Frodi Alu,rLan>i L?1. \\'ol. 3, No. I","type":"Text"},{"left":481,"top":771,"width":11,"height":7,"page_number":9,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"5r8","type":"Page footer"},{"left":78,"top":53,"width":192,"height":6,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Wawan Sukmana, Iwan Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah","type":"Page header"},{"left":411,"top":50,"width":61,"height":8,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"ISSN: 2086-2563","type":"Page header"},{"left":78,"top":109,"width":397,"height":13,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Raider Rob. 2002. Operational review : Macimal Results at Efrsient Cosl. John Willy & Sons.","type":"Text"},{"left":114,"top":126,"width":14,"height":8,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Inc.","type":"Text"},{"left":78,"top":136,"width":263,"height":21,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Sugiyono. 2006. Statistik Untuk Penelitfan. Bandung : Alfabeta Suharsimi, Arikunto. 2005. Metode Penelitian. Tarsito- Bandung.","type":"Text"},{"left":79,"top":155,"width":397,"height":25,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Sukrisno Agoes. 2004. Auditing (Pemerilcsaan Akuntan) oleh Kantor Akuntan Pubtik. Edisi Ketiga. Fakultas Ekonomi Unversitas Indonesia. Jakarta","type":"Text"},{"left":78,"top":181,"width":396,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Yuyun Supiati. 20C5. Pengaruh Audit Operasional terhadap Kineria perusahaan. Tasikmalaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":78,"top":195,"width":359,"height":20,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"SkripsiUnsil. Uma Sekaran .2003. Research Method For Busines, Fourth Edition John Wiley Sons [nc.","type":"Text"},{"left":78,"top":767,"width":184,"height":7,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi LJPI, Vol. 3, No.","type":"Page footer"},{"left":464,"top":765,"width":12,"height":6,"page_number":10,"page_width":611,"page_height":791,"text":"519","type":"Page footer"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 0,\n \"top\": -1,\n \"width\": 3,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"I\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 435,\n \"top\": 59,\n \"width\": 62,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN: 2086'2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 65,\n \"width\": 143,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 145,\n \"top\": 124,\n \"width\": 307,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"PENGARUHAUDIT0PERASIONALDANPENGENDALIANINTERN TERHADAP EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 143,\n \"width\": 232,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"(Survei pada Perusahaan l\\\\[anufaktur di Tasikmalaya)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 167,\n \"width\": 23,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Oleh:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 266,\n \"top\": 180,\n \"width\": 73,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"\\\\Yawan Sukmana\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 265,\n \"top\": 191,\n \"width\": 77,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"In'an Hermansl'ah\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 160,\n \"top\": 200,\n \"width\": 324,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"(Dosen Jurusan Akttntansi Fakultos Ekanimi (Jniversitas Siliwangi Tasikmalaya)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 266,\n \"top\": 215,\n \"width\": 75,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 134,\n \"top\": 223,\n \"width\": 351,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \", (Alumni Jurusan Akuntansi Fakullas Ekinomi (Jnit'ersitas Silfuangi Tasilonalaya)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 107,\n \"top\": 263,\n \"width\": 34,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Abstrak\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 108,\n \"top\": 270,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Penelitian ini bernrjuan untuk (1) untuk mengetahui hubungan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern (2) untuk mengeOfrri p\\\"ngu*h AudiI operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 108,\n \"top\": 292,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 162,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"*uuprn simultan t.r[uJup efisieiri biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasixmalaya' tutetode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis ciengan pendekatan survey'.Alat analisis yang digunakun uaii-ut analisis korelasi untuk melihat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan i.n!.rautiun intern pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya dan dengan regresi linier metode Path Analysis untuk mengetahui pengaruh audit operasional dan pengendalian intemtaik secara parsial maupun ,\\\".u.u ii.ultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produlsi pada perusahean manufaktur di Tasikmalaya. Dengan taraf signifikansi (cr) yang digunakan sebesar 0'05' hasil fenelitian menunjukkan Uut*u (literdapat trubungan yang kuat antara audit operasional-dengan pengendatian intirn pada p\\\"ruruhu* minufaktur di Tasikmala>'a; (2) audit operasional .secara parsial berpengaruh ,ignif,Lun terhadap efisiensi bial'a produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya; (3) pengendalian intern secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap. efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalal'4 dan (4) audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi bial''a produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 109,\n \"top\": 467,\n \"width\": 326,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Kata Kunci : Audit operasional, Pengendalian intern dan efisiensi bial'a Produksi,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 109,\n \"top\": 492,\n \"width\": 65,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Latar Belakang\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 110,\n \"top\": 501,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 69,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Lingkungan dunia usaha selalu berubah seirins dengan perkembangan zaman yang terus menerus. Perubahan ini pada akhirnya akan membau'a pengaru-h terhadap kondisi perekonomian Indonesia yang semakin terbuka sehingga menyebabkan semal<in ketatnya persaingan antar badan usaha. Kondisi ini menyebabkan semii penghasil barang dan jasa menghadapi lingkungan yang semakin kompetitif dan menuntt t efisienii tinggi dalam penggunaan sumber daya secara ekonomis.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 110,\n \"top\": 568,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 129,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Tuntutan untuk lebih efisien, inovatif dan konsisten dalam melakulian kegiatan merupakan keputusan yang harus dipenuhi. Semua ini alcan tercapai apabila penyimpan-gan- p.nyi.npungun dapat ait.ti, serendah mungkin, dan jika mungkin dapat dihapuskan' Pada momentum inilah peranan internal audit dipirlukan dan diharapkan mampu menjawab setiap permasalahan yang terjadi. Selain melakukarpengau'asan terhadap attivitas yang dilak:ukan oleh personil dalam suatu badan usaha, departemen intemal audit juga diharapkan dapat. memberi rekomendasi utus p.o1,i.pangan yang ^telah dilalcrkan- Departemen internal audit ini haruslah bersifat independen, artinya d-.part.men intemal audit mempunl'ai akses untuk masuk kesemua bidang yang ada dalam usaha tersebut. Independensi ini penting untuk mernbatasi pengaruh departemen lain agar auditor dapat melaksanakin pekerjaann,va secara bebas dan obleltif' Bebas uiiny,u tidak ada paksaan dan tidak ada pengaruh dari piha-k iain dalam melakukan pemeriksaan'\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 111,\n \"top\": 694,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Obyektif artinl,a melihat suaru perrnatutun* dengan pikiran lang jemih dan tidak memiliki kepentingan iepihak. Tanpa d.pu.t.r.n intemil iudit dalam satu badan usaha akan *.*urglinfan penyimpan-qun-penyi*pangan semakl: su].it teriihar Kondisi antar personel\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 111,\n \"top\": 731,\n \"width\": 361,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"*urprn*d\\\"rgun ili,ul \\\"t tt.ti-, ,.rnuki, tinggi dan alliiral a terjadi peng-ee lapan dari dalam'\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 49,\n \"width\": 192,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Wawan Sukmana , Iwan Hermansyah , & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 411,\n \"top\": 49,\n \"width\": 63,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN:2086-2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 78,\n \"top\": 108,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 150,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Di Tasikmalaya saat ini banyak terdapat perusahaan diantara perusahaan manufaktur. Perusahaan yang tergabung dalam industri manufaktur adalah perusahaan yang kegiatannya membeli bahan baku, mengolah bahan baku kemudian menjualnya. Oleh karena inr, perusahaan manufaktur membutuhkan mesin-mesin, peralatan, kendaraan dan lain sebagainl'a yang dibutuhkan untuk memperlancar dan menunjang kelancaran usaha. Seiring dengan perkembangan perusahaan, pihak pemilik perusahaan biasanya tidak terjun langsung dalam aktivitas operasi perusahaan melainkan didelegasikan kepada pihak professional yang dalam hal ini disebut manajemen. Demikian pula halnya dengan industri manufaktur, pihak perusahaan selain pemilik perusahaan tidak terjun langsung menjalankan kegiatan perusahaan tetapi menyerahkan pengelolaannya kepada pihak yang dianggap professional. Tentunya pihak manajemen diharuskan untuk mempertanggungjarvabkan hasil pengolahannya kepada pemilik perusahaan. Salah satu hal yang harus dipertanggungiarvabkan hasil pengelolaannya kepada pemilik perusahaan adalah masalah biaya produksi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 260,\n \"width\": 402,\n \"height\": 401,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Dalam perusahaan industri, biaya produksi merupakan komponen biaya terbesar yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan, yang mana efisiensi biaya produksi dapat dikatakan efisien apabila perusahaan dapat menghasilkan pendapatan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan. Pada umumnya perusahaan selalu ingin mengefsienkan biaya produksi dalam setiap produksinya agar mencapai laba yang maksimum. Dari laporan laba rugi bahwa, perusahaan dapat dikatakan efisien apabila pendapatan operasi lebih besar dari biaya operasi yang dikeluarkan perusahaan sehingga akan dapat menghasilkan laba. Sebaliknya jika pendapatan operasi lebih kecil dari biaya operasi yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan maka perusahaan mengalami rugi dan tidak efisien dalam mengelola biaya produksi. Jadi, perusahaan manufaktur harus mampu beroperasi secara efisien dan efektif agar dapat bersaing dengan perusahaan lain. Kemampuan bersaing itu antara lain dapat berupa produk yang kompetitif dengan mutu yang baik, yang mana untuk merrghasilkan produk y'ang bermuru tinggi dengan harga yang tetap bersaing, sangat dipengaruhi diantaranya oleh kemampuan perusahaan dalam mengendalikan proses produksinya. Jika perusahaan manilpu mengendalikan proses produksinya secara efisien dan efektif dengan tidak mengurangi mutu produk, maka perusahaan akan dapat bertahan mengh:dapi persaingan yang semakin ketal Salah satu cara untuk menilai efisiensi biaya produksi ini adalah dengaa adanl'a suatu pemeriksaan yang dilakukan seseorang yang independen dan memastikan bahr+'a peneeadalian intern yang berjalan telah sesuai dengan ketetapan manajemen. Pemeriksaan ini dilalq*an oleh pihak intern yang disebut dengan Satuan Pengawasan Intern (SPf. Satuan Pengawasan Intern pada pimpinan adalah suatu fungsi penilaian yang independen yang ada dalam suatu organisasi dengan tujuan untuk menguji dan mengevaluasi kegiatan-kegiatan organisasi yang dilaksanakan. Melalui kegiatan operasional , SPI akan melakukan analisis dan penilaian-penilaian serta memberikan rekomendasi dan saran-saran kepada pihak manajemen. Bagi perusahaan manufaktur audit operasional merupakan kegiatan perusahaan yang sangat penting, yang mana dengan adanya audit operasional pihak manajemen dapat menguliur dan mengevaluasi pihak perusahaan sehingga dapat memberikan inforrnasi yang benar dan objektif bagi manajemen sebagai dasar pengambilan keputusan. Audit operasional merupakan audit atas operasi yang dilaksanakan dari sudut pandang manajemen untuk menilai ekonomi, efuiensi, dan efektivitas dari setiap atau seluruh operasi, terbatas hanya pada keinginan manajemen. Manajemen memerlukan lebih banyak informasi yang relavan atas pelaksanaan operasi mereka dan hasil 1'ang berkaitan dari apa yang dapat ditemukan semata-mata dalam data keuangan. Manajemen mencari lebih banyak informasi untuk mempertimbangkan mutu operasi dan melakukan perbaikan operasional, yang mana kegiatan tersebut harus berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan apa 1'ang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 663,\n \"width\": 400,\n \"height\": 68,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Bagi perusahaan manufaklur bia;'a produksi merupakan biaya yang sangat besar, 1'ang mana dengan adanya audit operasional maka dapat diketahui apakah biaya produksi unruk persediaan bahan baku yang dilakukan dapat menunjang pada efisiensi dan efektivitas pemsahaan. Selain itu dengan adanya pengendalian intem maka pihak perusahaan dapat mengetahui apakah biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan telah efisien sesuai dengan kebutuhan produksi. Denga-n pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern sangatlah penting sehingga diharapkan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 764,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol.3, No. I\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 107,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Warvan Sulimana , Iwan Hermansi ah , & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 438,\n \"top\": 57,\n \"width\": 59,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN:2086-2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 107,\n \"top\": 119,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"efisiensi biaya produksi perusahaan dapat tercapai yaitu kegiatan produksi dari suatu perusahaan telah sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan perusahaan tersebut.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 107,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 388,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Rumusan l\\\\Iasalah Dalam penelitian ini rumusan masalah yang dapat diungkapkan adalah sebagai berikut :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 108,\n \"top\": 174,\n \"width\": 290,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"l. Bagaimana hubungan audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern?\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 107,\n \"top\": 185,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"2. Bagaimana pengaruh audit opersioanal dan pengendalian intern secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi?\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 223,\n \"width\": 396,\n \"height\": 157,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Kerangka Pemikiran ' Ag* perusahaan mengetahui aktivitas perusahaan berjalan sesuai dengan tujuan maka manajemen perlu menetapkan audit operasional. Audit operasional menurut Arens & Loebbeacke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 :4) audit operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode operasi suatu organisasi untuk menilai ehsiensi dan efektir itasnva, serta bertujuan menekankan pada efektivitasnya dan efisiensi, dan berorientasi pada kinerja operasi mendatang\\\". Maka dengan pengertian tersebut yang dijadikan indikatornya yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis, dan efektivitas. Tujuan audit operasional yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dari suatu perusahaan tidak mungkin dapat tercapai bila pengendalian intern tidak dilaksanakan. Adapun tujuan audit operasional menurut Sukrisno Agoes Q04 : 22) yaitu untuk menilai kinerja Qterformance) dari manajemen dan berbagai fungsi dalam perusahaan, untuk menilai efisien dan ekonomi, serta menilai efektivitas perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan oleh top ntanagement.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 383,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 355,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Dalam pedoman audit operasional atas tugas dan kegiatan unit kerja BPKP INPKP : 2003), ruang lingkup audit operasional meliputi : audit atas pertanggungiawaban keuangan dan keuaran kepada peratu-ran dan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, audit atas kehematan (keekonomisan) dan daya guna (efisiensi), serta audit hasil guna (efektivitas). Sedangkan pelaksana audit operasoinal dapat dilakukan oleh salah satu dari tiga kelompok berikut: (l) internal auditor, (2) Ekstemal auditor, (3) Goverment auditor. Dalam menunjang efisiensi dan efektivitas suatu perusahaan selain iiiperlukan audit operasional juga diperlukan audit intern. Menurut Hiro Tugiman (2002 : 45) mengemukakan tentang pengendalian intern secara umum untuk membedakan berbagai pengawasan dalam organisasi dengan berbagai peogawasan diluar organisasi. Pengawasan internal merupakan seluruh kegiatan yang ditujukan untuk memastikan tercapainya tujuan dan sasaran organisasi. Sedangkan menurut Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia, dalam Standar Professional Akuntan Publik (2009 ) pen-eendalian intern adalah suatu proses yang dijalankan oleh dewan komisaris, manajemen dan personil lain entitas yang didesain untuk memberikan keyakinan memadai tentang pencapaian tiga golongan tujuan berikut ini : (a) Keandalan Pelaporan Keuangan, (b) Efektivitas dan Ehsiensi Operasi, (c) Keparuhan terhadap Hukum dan Peraturan Yang Berlaku. Berdasarkan pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengendalian intern merupakan suatu )'ang dirujukan untuk memastikan tercapai tidaknya tuj.uan dari sasaran organisasi. Dalam pen-eendalian intern hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan menurut Arens (2003 : 413) adalah (l) Lingkungan pengendalian, (2) Penaksiran risiko, (3) Aktivitas pengendalian, (4) Informasi dan komunikasi, dan (5) Pemantauan. Kekuatan pengendalian intern sangat tergantung kepada orang yang melakukannl'a. Sebaik apapun pengendalian intem akan gagal apabila dijalankan oleh orang yang tidak kompeten. Pengendalian intern setiap entitas memiliki keterbatasan. Menurut Mulyadi (2002 : 181) keterbatasan pengendalian intern suatu entitas adalah sebagai berikut : (a) kesalahan dalam pertimbangan, (b) gangguan, (c) pengabaian oleh manajemen, (d) biaya lawan manfaat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa antara audit operasional dan pengendalian intern keduanl'a memiliki hubungan. Menurut Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 766) hubungan antara audit operasional dan peneendalian intern adalah bahwa manajemen membentuk suatu struktur pengendalian intem. untuk membantu mencapai sasaran perusahaan. Sudah tentu, dua sasaran penting semua organisasi adalah efisiensi dan efektif. Berikut tiga hal penting dalam menyusun stmktur pengendalian intern\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jumal Akuntansi Rise! Prodi Aliuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. 1\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 486,\n \"top\": 770,\n \"width\": 12,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"5t2\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 80,\n \"top\": 53,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Wawan Sukmana , hvan Hermansyah , & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 83,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 190,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 411,\n \"top\": 49,\n \"width\": 62,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN : 2086 -2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 80,\n \"top\": 110,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"yang baik adalah : (a) Keandalan laporan keuangan, (b) ketaatan pada hukum dan peraturan yang sudah ditetapkan, (c) efisiensi dan efektivitas operasi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 80,\n \"top\": 138,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 49,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Kaitan pengendalian intern dengan audit operasional adalah pengendalian intern untuk membantu sasaran perusahaan, sudah te-ntu dua saiaran perusahaan penting s€m,ua organisasi adalah efisiensi dan efektif. Dalam pen)'usunan pengendaiian intern yang baik dapat menjadi bagian audit operasionaljika tujuannya adalah operasi yang efisiendanefektif' -\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 80,\n \"top\": 185,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 54,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Oengan dijalaniannyu auait operasional dan pengendalian intern diharapkan efisiensi biaya produkii dapit tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengefisiensikan biaya proiulsi. Ntenurui Henr],simamora (tiSS : 300) bahwa efisiensi biaya produksi merupakan perbandingan atas biay'a produksi 1'ang dianggarkan terhadap biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan selama satu peiiode.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 117,\n \"top\": 238,\n \"width\": 361,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Dalam suatu pendekatan audit operasional menurut Sukrisno Agoes (2004- : -175)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 81,\n \"top\": 251,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"pendekatan audit yang biasa dilakukan suatu audit operasional adalah menilai efisiensi, efektivitas dan keekonomisan dari masing-masing fungsi terdapat dalam perusahaan. Menurut Arens (2003 :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 81,\n \"top\": 274,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 46,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"391) kendala di dalan suatu organisuri dir*k rdkan untuk mendorong penggunaan-yangefisien atas sumber dayanya, mencakip personil, umtuk mengoptimalkan sasaran perusahaan. Bagian penting dari kenaaii ini adalah infonnasi yang akurat untuk pengambilan keputusan intern. Dari teduaiendapat di atas terlihat bahrva audiioperasional berhubungan dengan pengendalial intern.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 81,\n \"top\": 312,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 111,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"' Berdasarkan pendapat-pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengendalian intern kemungkinan menunjang pada tircapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas yang merupi'kan bagian dari audit operasional. Untuk mendukung penyusunan pengendalian intern yang baik maka diper'lukan audit opirasional yang baik. Sasaran yang dicapai dari audit operasional dan pengendalian intern adalah efisiensi Aan efiktivitas dimana hal ini akan mempengaruhi efisiensi Liay-a proautsi perusahaan dan salah satu penilaiannya adalah mengenai biaya sesungguhnya dan bia!,a'1,ang diinggarkan. Berdasarkan kerangka pemikiran di atas, maka hipotesis dalam perrelitian ini dapat dinl'atakan sebagai berikut : . Hipotesis I\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 423,\n \"width\": 298,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \".,Tirdapat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern\\\".\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 82,\n \"top\": 435,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"o Hipotesis 2 ..audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial maupun simultan berpengaruh terhadap efisiensi bial'a produksi.\\\"\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 82,\n \"top\": 485,\n \"width\": 77,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nletode Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 81,\n \"top\": 493,\n \"width\": 399,\n \"height\": 174,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Metode yang dipergunakan dalan penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan ,*uiy. S.a^un[tarr yung tn.nludi objek penelitiannya adalah audit operasional, irengendalian Intern dan eisi\\\"nti uiaya prldutsi. Dalam penelitian ini mempunyai 3 variabel yutii , audit operasional (Xs), pengendalian intern (Xz) dan efisiensi biaya produksi (Y)' - Dalampenelitian ini'aita yang diperlukan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari kuesione. yung ditujukan kepada responden, dengan skala pengukurannya inten'al. Untul< semua variabei penelitian diperoleh dari data primer dengan menggunakan kuesioner 1'ang diberikan kepada subjek penelitian. Data sekunder diferoleh dan bersumber dari literatur, tarl i ltmiatr 1.ang d'ipublikasikan serta informasi dari instansi yang ada kaitannya dengan penelitian ini. tetnlt penlambilan sampel dilakukan dengan purvosive sampling. Dari Populasi Lerjumlah 17 perusahaan iranufaLtur han1,a 13 perusahaan manufaktur yang bersedia. Pengujian hipotesis digunakan analisis jalur (Path analysis). Analisis jalur digunakan dengan pertimbangan bahu,a pola hubungan antir variable dalam penelitian ini adalah korelatif atau kausalitas, hubungan antar vari;ble adalah linear dan iingkat pengukuran semua variable adalah minimal interval.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 82,\n \"top\": 682,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Hasil Dan Pembahasan Audit Operasional (X1) pada hakil<atnja Audit Operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode ope.asi suatu organisasi untuk menilai efisiensi dan efektivitasnya, dan Lertujuan menekankan iada efektivitasnya dan efisiensi, dan berorientasi pada kinerja operasi masa mendatang.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 469,\n \"top\": 765,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"513\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 60,\n \"width\": 190,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Wawan Sukmana, Irvan Hermanslah, & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 433,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 59,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN:2086-2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 119,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Untuk lebih jelasnya tanggapan responden mengenai audit operasional pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalayi UerO^u*an hasil survei terhadap 13 perusahaan, dapat dilihat dari hasiljawaban atas kuisioner. N{enurut Sugiyono (2007:89) klasifikasi setiap indikator variabel Xr\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 308,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"(Audit operasional) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 166,\n \"width\": 219,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nilai tertinggi secara keseluruhan : l3 x 5 x 15= 97 5 Nilai terendah secara keseluruhan : 13 x I x 15 = 195\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 192,\n \"width\": 157,\n \"height\": 27,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Data terbesar - data terkecil NJI= Jumlah kriteria pertanYaan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 242,\n \"height\": 106,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"97s-195 789=tso Jadi batas intervalnya adalah = -- S = -S Klasifikasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut : Nilai 195 Nilai 352 Nilai 509 Nilai 666 Nilai 823 351 Sangat Tidali Baik 508 Tidak Baik 665 Cukup 822 Baik 979 Sangat Baik\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 336,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 47,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Hasil dari penyebaran kuisioner terhadap perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya dan kemudian dibuat skor, maka diperoleh angka total skor sebesar 864, termasuk klasifikasi sangat baik. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa eksistensi audit operasional sangat baik di Perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 397,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Pengendalian Intern (X2) Pengendalian intern dirancang untuli membanfu proses ;-ang dijalanhan oleh manajemen terutama dalim pelaksanaan pengendalian terhadap akriva perusahaa& agar dalam pelaksanaan berjalannya perusahaan t.rrii d.ngu, kebijakan dan prosedur 1'ang telah digariskan dan ditetapkan oleh manajemen.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 451,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Untuk lebih jelasny'a @iggapan responden mengenai pengendalian intern ?udu perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalala berdasarkan hasil sun'ei terhadap 13 perusahaan, dapat dilihat dari hasil jawaban responden melalui penyebaran kuesioner . Menulit Sugiyono (2007:89) klasilikasi setiap indikator variabel X2 (Pengendalian Intern) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 510,\n \"width\": 214,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nilai tertinggi secara keseluruhan : 13 x 5 x l5= 975\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 520,\n \"width\": 218,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nilai terendah secara keseluruhan : li x I x 15: 195\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 107,\n \"top\": 536,\n \"width\": 157,\n \"height\": 27,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Data terbesar - data terkecil NJI = Jumlah kriteria pertanyaan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 233,\n \"top\": 566,\n \"width\": 71,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"975 -195 780\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 251,\n \"top\": 581,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"55\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 597,\n \"width\": 242,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Klasifi.kasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 621,\n \"width\": 72,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nilai Nilai Nilai Nilai Nilai 195 352 509 666\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 162,\n \"top\": 673,\n \"width\": 14,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"823\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 216,\n \"top\": 618,\n \"width\": 98,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"351 Sangat Tidak Baik 508 Tidal< Baik 665 Cukup\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 216,\n \"top\": 657,\n \"width\": 73,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"822 Baik 979 Sangat Baik\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 693,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Unfuk mengetahui interpretasi nilai total jau,aban responden mengenai Pengendalian Intern pada Perusahaan telah disetar kuisic-rner ke perusahaan yangmenjadi subjek penelitia-n,-dan hasilnl;a serelah di scoring memperoi:h :rgka 86-1 termasuk klasifiIiasi sangat baik. Hal ini 1n.nunlrkk* bahwa eksiitensi pengcnn:iian intem di Perusahaan Manufakrur Tasikmalaya termasuk sangat baik\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 770,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jumal Alcuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPL Vol. i, No. I\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 487,\n \"top\": 770,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"514\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 56,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Wawan Sukmana, Irvan Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 405,\n \"top\": 52,\n \"width\": 63,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN:2086-2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 115,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Efisiensi Biaya Prooulai (Y) Tanggapan respondln mengenai efisiensi biaya pada perusahaan manufaktw di Tasikmalaya-beidasartun hasil survei terhadap 13 responden, dapat dilihat dari hasil jarvaban responden melalui penyebaran kuesioner yang terdiri dari Pertan)'aan-pertan)'aan yang-berkaitan dengan efisiensi biaya yang diberikan kepada l3 responden sesuai dengan sampel penelitian yang diambil.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 180,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Sugiyono (2007:89) klasifikasi setiap indikator variabel Y (Efisiensi biaya produksi) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 206,\n \"width\": 217,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nilai tertinggi secarakeseluruhan : 13 x 5 x4 =260\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 227,\n \"width\": 210,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nilai terendah \\\\ecara keseluruhan : 13 x I x 4: 52\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 253,\n \"width\": 115,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Data terbesar - data terkecil\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 107,\n \"top\": 264,\n \"width\": 163,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Junrlah kriteria pertan)'aan 260-52 208\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 295,\n \"width\": 245,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jadi batas intervalnya adalah = -------- = -.;- = = +2. 55 Klasifrkasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 73,\n \"top\": 328,\n \"width\": 212,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Nilai 13 Nilai 56 Nilai 99 Nilai 142 Nilai 185 55 Sangat Tidak Baik 98 Tidak Baik l4l Cukup 184 Baik\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 187,\n \"top\": 379,\n \"width\": 72,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"227 Sangat Baik\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 74,\n \"top\": 403,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Dengan demikian bahwa nilai yang diperoleh dari perhitungan terhadap gggapan responden atas efisiensi biaya produksi yang dilakukan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya adalah 224 tsrmasuk tlasifikasi sangat baik. Hal ini menunjuklian ke dalam inten'al berkategori sangat bark yang artinya bahwa tingkat efisiensi bial'a produksi perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sangat baik.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 74,\n \"top\": 475,\n \"width\": 53,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Pembahasan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 74,\n \"top\": 484,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 173,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Hubungan Audit Operasional Dengan Pengendalian Intern pada Perusahaan IUanufaktur di Tasikmalaya Untut< mengetahui hubungan audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya, maka dilakukan uji hipotesis. Di mana hipotesis tersebut adalah \\\"Terdapat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern\\\". Untuk menguji hipotesis terse-but dilakukan melalui uji statistik koefisien korelasi. Koefisien korelasi ini akan minentukan tingkat hubungan variabel audit operasional (X1) dengan variabel pengendalian intem (X2) diperoletr nitai korelasi 0,982 yang menunjukkan besarnya hubungan atau korelasi antara auait oi\\\". ional dan penmgendalian intern. Hal ini berarti bahwa antara Xt (Audit Operasional) dan vaiiabet X2 (Pengendalian Intem) mempunyai hubungan yang positif 1'aitu sebesar 0,982 atai g8,2yo dan memiliki nilai signifikan sebesar 0,000. Karena 0,000 < 0.005 berarti tolak Ho dan terima Ha yang berarti bahrva terdapat hubungan audit operasional dan pengendalian intem secara signifikan. Beidasarkan penjelasan di atas maka dapat disimpuiican bahrva dengan Audit oplrasional yang semakin baik maka akan menunjang pengendalian intern semakin baik pula dan begiru juga sebaliknya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 74,\n \"top\": 668,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 85,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Pengaruh Secara Parsial Audit Operasional terhadap Efisiensi Bial'a Produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalal'a Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dengan menggunakan SPSS. besar pengaruh audit operasional terhadap efisiensi biala produksi koefisien beta (p) arau koefisien standar (itandardized coeficients). Nilai koefisien beta (0) unruk pengaruh audit operasional terhadap ifisiensi biaya rodutsi pada perusahaan manufaLtur adalah sebesar 0.412 dengan nilai sig:rifiIian sebesar 0,01 I lebih ke.it aa.i 0,05 berarti Ha diterima Ho ditolak. Hasil ini dapat diarrikan bahwa\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 769,\n \"width\": 190,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 461,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"515\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 59,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Wawan Sukmana, hval Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 63,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN:2086-2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 118,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 91,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"dengan dijalankannya audit operasional yang baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi dapat tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengefisiensikan biaya produksi. Hal ini relavan dengan tiga tujuan audit operasional yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis dan efektivitas. Serta relavan dengan konsep audit operasional yang di kemukakan oleh Arrens & Loebbeacke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 4) bahwa Audit operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode operasi suatu organisasi untuk menilai efisiensi dan efektivitasnya, dan bertujuan menekankan pada efektivitas dan efisiensi, serta berorientasi pada kinerja operasi masa mendatang.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 195,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Pengaruh Secara Parsial Pengendalian Intern terhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dengan menggunakan SPSS, besar pengaruh audit operasional terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi koefisien beta (p) atau koefisien standar (standardized coeficients). Nilai koefisien beta (B) untuk pengaruh pengendalian intem terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur adalah sebesar 0,581 der,gan nilai sigrifikan sebesar 0,046 lebih kecil dari 0,05 berarti Ha diterima Ho ditolak. Hasil analisis tersebut dapat diartikan bahwa pengendalian intern sangat menunjang pada tercapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas. Hal ini relevan dengan konsep tujuan pengendalian intern yang dikemukakan oleh Arens & Loebbecke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003:258) yaitu : l) keandalan laporan keuangan, 2) mendorong efisiensi dan efektivitas operasional, dan 3) ketaatan kepada hukum yang berlaku. Pada poin ke dua jelas dikemukakan bahwa tujuan dari pengendalian intern adalah mendorong ehsiensi dan efektivitas operasional. Untuk tercapainya pengendalian intern maka hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan yaitu lingku ngan pengendalian, penaksiran risiko, aktivitas pengendalian, informasi dan komunikasi, dan pemantauan. Hal ini sasuai dengan penelitian Eka Wati Kurniasih (2007) yang menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang signihkan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 430,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 101,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Pengaruh Secara Simultan Audit Operasional dan Pengendalian Intcrn tcrhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi Berdasarkan hasil perhitun gen Path Analysis menggunakan SPSS di peroleh nilai korelasi antara audit operasional dan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sebesar 0,982 dan nilai (R3) sebesar 0,801 artinya bahwa audit operasional dan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sebesar 80,1o/o dan sisanya sebesar 19,9% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern dilakukan dengan baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi menuju semakin baik.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 102,\n \"top\": 534,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Dari perhitungan SPSS, diperoleh nilai F66\\\",, sebesar 5,876 dengan kriteria penolakan He, jika F6;6,, ) F,\\\"b\\\"l, atau dengan melihat nilai F sig sebesar 0,021 dan nilai ini lebih kecil dari 5oh, maka ini menunjukkan bahwa Audit Operasional dan Pengendalian Intern berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi. Untuk melihat pengaruh langsung dan tidak langsuhg antara variabel, yang disajikan dalam Tabel berikut di bawah ini:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 102,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No.\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 486,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"516\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 78,\n \"top\": 112,\n \"width\": 383,\n \"height\": 170,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 5. Pensaruh Lanssuns dan Tidt k Lanssuns Antar Variabel fenelitlan Variabel Pensaruh Lanssung Pengaruh tidak Langsung Jumlah X, (prx,)' (0.412)'? 0,170 (rxzxr) brxr) (pvxr) (0.982) (0.4r2) (0,58 I ) 0,199 Total pengaruh Xr te rhadap Y 0,369 X2 (por)' (0,5 8l )2 0,243 (rxzxr) (pvxr) (pvxz) (0-982) (0.412) (0.581 0,199 Total penqaruh Xr terhadap Y 0.432 Total pensaruh Xr dan Xr terhadap Y 0.801 Penearuh Faklor Residu rr J Y =\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 78,\n \"top\": 268,\n \"width\": 379,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"(o\\\"\\\"r\\\\: I - 0,801 0,1 99 Total X'. X, dan Y\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 436,\n \"top\": 284,\n \"width\": 21,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"1,000\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 52,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Wawan Sukmana, ln'an Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 410,\n \"top\": 51,\n \"width\": 63,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN: 2086 -2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 78,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 318,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Peneliti Dari hasil analisis berdasarkan Tabel 5 menunjukkan bahwa koefisien korelasi jalur variabel Xr (Audit Operasional) terhadap variabel Y (Efisiensi Biaya Produksi) adalah sebesar 0,4 12, sedangkan koefisien korelasi variabel Xr (Audit Operasional) dengan variabel X2 (Pengendalian Intern) adalah sebesar 0,982 dan untuk koefisien jalur variabel X2 (Pengendalian lntern) terhadap variabel Y (Efisiensi Biaya Produksi) adalah sebesar 0,581. Dengan demikian pengaruh langsung variabel X1 terhadap Y adalah 0,170 sedangkan pengaruh tidak langsung variabel X1 terhadap Y melalui X2 adalah sebesar 0,369, pengaruh langsung X2 terhadap Y adalah sebesar 0,432. Total pengaruh X,, Xz terhadap Y merupakan pengaruh secara simultan antara variabel Xr, X: terhadap Y adalah sebesar 0,801 atau sebesar 80,1%o. Sedangkan faktor residu atau falror lain vang mempengaruhi laba operasi yang tidak masuk dalam variabel penelitian adalah sebesar 0,199 atau sebesar 19,9%.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 433,\n \"width\": 400,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Faktor lain 1'ang mempengaruhi ehsiensi produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalal'a aCalah peug_sunaiu mesin-mesin yang tidak ketinggalan zaman sehingga dapat menghasilkan produk maksimal. Dengan menghasilkan produk maksimal maka akan terpenuhinya p€sanan yang ditetapkan, hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kehematan terutama pada biaya produksi. Hal ini sesuai dengan yang diungkapkan oleh Rob Raider (2002: 152) yaitu \\\"suatu kegiatan dikatakan efisien apabila dapat menghasilkan output maksimal dengan sumber dayayang ada atau dengan sumber daya yang nrinimal dengan menghasilkan output tertentu\\\".\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 527,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Simpulan Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan, maka dapat dibuat kesimpulan sebagai berikut:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 559,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 104,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"l. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intem pada perusahaan manufallur di Tasikmalaya. Dengan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara audit oper*oional dengan pengendalian intern maka pelaksanaan audit operasional akan mempen_qaruhi pengendalian intern karena bila pengendalian intern kuat maka akan memudairkan pengauditan sebab risiko audit semakin kecil. 2- Audit operasional secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya. Hasil ini dapat diartikan bahwa dengan adanya audit opersronal dijalanhan dengan baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi dapat tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengehsiensikan biaya produksi. Hal ini relavan dengan tiga\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 665,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"rujuan audit operasional yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis, dan efektivitas.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 675,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"3. Pengendalian intern secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya. Hasil ini dapat diartikan bahwa pengendalian inrern sangat menunjane pada tercapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas. Hai ini sesuai dengan konsep tujuan pengendalian intern menurut Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 766), yaitu keandalan laporan keuangan, efisiensi dan efektivitas operasi, dan ketaatan pada hukum dan peraturan yang sudah ditetapkan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 768,\n \"width\": 189,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jumal Aliuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 464,\n \"top\": 766,\n \"width\": 10,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"5t7\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 110,\n \"top\": 57,\n \"width\": 190,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Wawan Sukmana , Iu'an Hermansl,ah , & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 439,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 62,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN: 2086 - 2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 108,\n \"top\": 114,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 93,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"4. Audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biava produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya. Hal ini berarti semakin baik audit operasional dan pengendalian intern yang dilakukan maka akan semakin mudah tercapainl'a efisiensi bial'a produksi. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manulaktur di Tasikmalaya adalah adanya penggunaan mesin tidak ketinggalan zaman sehinssa dapat menghasilkan produk maksimal. Dengan produk maksimal akan terpenuhiny'a pesanan )'ang ditetapkan, maka akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kehematan terutama pada bial'a produksi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 107,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 45,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Saran Beidasarkan simpulan vang telah dikemukakan di atas, penulis mencoba memberikan saran- saran yang diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat baik bagi perusairaan manufaktur maupun bagi penulis selanjutn-v.,a 1,ane akan melaksanakan penelitian yang relevan 1,aitu sebagai berikut:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 108,\n \"top\": 264,\n \"width\": 81,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"l). Bagi Perusahaan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 124,\n \"top\": 279,\n \"width\": 377,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil anaiisis 1''ang dilihat dari pembahasan, maka dengan adanyapengaruh audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial dan simultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya, maka perusahaan harus tetap mempertahankan dan meningkatkan pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 333,\n \"width\": 117,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"2) Bagi peneliti selanjutnya\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 123,\n \"top\": 347,\n \"width\": 377,\n \"height\": 54,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Bagi peneliti selanjutnl'a yang akan melakukan penelitian yang relavan, disarankan untuk meneliti faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi efisiensi biaya produksi selain audit operasional dan pengendalian intern sebagai perbandingan. Fal,tor lain tersebut misalnya penggunaan mesin-mesin tidak ketinggalan zaman, penetapan pesanan produlg dan kehematan biaya produlcsi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 427,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 103,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Daftar Pustaka Amin widjala Tunggal. 2r--'01. .ludir operasional Pengailar. Jaliana : Han'arido Amir Abadi Jusut-. 1001. .ltditittg Pendekaran Terpadu- Edisi Indonesia- Salemba Empa! Jakarta. Arens, and Loebbecke. 1003. .luditing an lruerated Approach, Alih Bahasa Amir Abadi Jusuf. Jakarta : Salemba Empat. Suharsimi Arikunto. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta. Emi Auliyana 2007. Evalttasi Efektiritas Pelal<sanoan Audit Mutu Internal. http//www. Library @unair. ac.id. BPKP. 2003. Pedoman Audit Operasional Atas Tugas dan Kegiatan Unit Kerja BPKP. Jakarta.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 102,\n \"top\": 542,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Eka Wati Kurniasih. 200i . Pengaruh Pengendalian Intern terhadap Efisiensi Pengendalian B i ay a P r o dufu i. hnp',/uurv. Absrtakunikom. ac. id Garisson, Ray H Noreen. 200-i. Akuntansi Manajerial. Alih Bahasa Nuri Hindun Edisi I l. Buku l.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 102,\n \"top\": 588,\n \"width\": 25,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Genny\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 102,\n \"top\": 611,\n \"width\": 29,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Hendry Hansen\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 137,\n \"top\": 577,\n \"width\": 99,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Salemba Empat : Jakarta.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 134,\n \"top\": 585,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"M. \\\\'udax'inata. 2002. Pengaruh Pelaksanaan Audit Operasional t er h a d ap T i n gkor E1 e kt iv i t as p e n g e ndal i an P r odulc i. Tasikmalava. Uns il. Simamora. 1999. .4|.utansi ,l{anajemen. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. & Nlorl'en. AIih B;hasa oleh rhomson Learning. 2001. lLtanajemen Bioya Jakarta : Salemba Empat.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 645,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 68,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Hiro Tugiman.2002. srandar Profesional Auditing Internal. yogyakarta. Kanasius Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 2002. Standar Akuntarci Keuangan. Jakarta : Penerbit Salemba Empat. Kusnendi. 2005. Analisis Jalur dan Aplikasi dengan program SPSS dan LISREL 8 Jurusan Pendidikan Ekonomi (JPE). PFIPS : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Bandung. Matz, Usry, dan Hammer. 1999. Akuntarui Biaya. Alih Bahasa Alfosus Sirait dan Herman Wibou'o. Jakarta : PT. Gelora Aksara pratama.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 713,\n \"width\": 298,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"N'lulyadi. 2001. Ak:tnta.,:-cj i:;.:, Edisi Keenam. STIE YKpN. yogl,akarta.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 135,\n \"top\": 728,\n \"width\": 280,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"2002. Aua.::n-- Bri.:u Kesaru. Edisi Keenam. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 769,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Akuntansi Risel Frodi Alu,rLan>i L?1. \\\\'ol. 3, No. I\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 481,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"5r8\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 78,\n \"top\": 53,\n \"width\": 192,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Wawan Sukmana, Iwan Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 411,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 61,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"ISSN: 2086-2563\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 78,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 397,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 611,\n \"page_height\": 791,\n \"text\": \"Raider Rob. 2002. 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