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Hinton, G.; Deng, L.; Yu, D.; Dahl, G.; Mohamed, A.; Jaitly, N.; Senior, A.; Vanhoucke, V.;
Nguyen, P.; Sainath, T.; Kingsbury, B. (2012). "Deep Neural Networks for Acoustic Modeling
in Speech Recognition – The shared views of four research groups". IEEE Signal
Processing Magazine. 29 (6): 82–97. Bibcode:2012ISPM...29.... | 57 | 57 | wikipedia3.pdf |
Kasperowicz, Peter (1 May 2023). "Regulate AI? GOP much more skeptical than Dems that
government can do it right: poll" (https://www.foxnews.com/politics/regulate-ai-gop-much-mo
re-skeptical-than-dems-that-the-government-can-do-it-right-poll). Fox News. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20230619013616/https://www.... | 58 | 58 | wikipedia3.pdf |
Lee, Timothy B. (22 August 2014). "Will artificial intelligence destroy humanity? Here are 5
reasons not to worry" (https://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worr
y-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking). Vox. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
51030092203/http://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/604363... | 59 | 59 | wikipedia3.pdf |
McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Rochester, Nathan; Shannon, Claude (1955). "A Proposal for
the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html).
Archived from the original (http://www-formal.st... | 60 | 60 | wikipedia3.pdf |
Newell, Allen; Simon, H. A. (1976). "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and
Search" (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F360018.360022). Communications of the ACM. 19 (3):
113–126. doi:10.1145/360018.360022 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F360018.360022).
Nicas, Jack (7 February 2018). "How YouTube Drives People to the Int... | 61 | 61 | wikipedia3.pdf |
Roberts, Jacob (2016). "Thinking Machines: The Search for Artificial Intelligence" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20180819152455/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/thinkin
g-machines-the-search-for-artificial-intelligence). Distillations. Vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 14–23.
Archived from the original (https://w... | 62 | 62 | wikipedia3.pdf |
Simon, H. A. (1965), The Shape of Automation for Men and Management, New York: Harper &
Row
Simonite, Tom (31 March 2016). "How Google Plans to Solve Artificial Intelligence" (https://www.
technologyreview.com/2016/03/31/161234/how-google-plans-to-solve-artificial-intelligence).
MIT Technology Review. Archived (https:/... | 63 | 63 | wikipedia3.pdf |
Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (https://academic.oup.co
m/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238). Mind. 59 (236): 433–460.
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ISSN 1460-2113 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2113). JSTOR 2251299 (https://ww
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Vinge, Vernor (1993). "The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-
Human Era" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070101133646/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/facul
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Era of Cyberspace: 11. Bibcode:1993vise.nasa...11V ... | 65 | 65 | wikipedia3.pdf |
Yudkowsky, E (2008), "Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk" (h
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08gcr..book..303Y), archived (https://web... | 66 | 66 | wikipedia3.pdf |
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Scharre, Paul, "Killer Apps: The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race", Foreign Affairs, vol. 98, no.
3 (May/June 2019), pp. 135–144. "Today's AI technologies are powerful but unreliable.
Rules-based systems cannot deal with circumstances their programmers did not anticipate.
Learning systems are limited by the data on whic... | 69 | 69 | wikipedia3.pdf |
Lyon
Liyon (Arpitan)
Prefecture and commune
Skyline of Lyon in La Part-Dieu
Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière
Place des Terreauxwith the FontaineBartholdi
Parc de la Tête d'or
Confluence District
Vieux Lyon
Pont Lafayette
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto(s): Avant, avant, Lion le melhor(old Franco-Provençal for "Forward, ... | 0 | 0 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Coordinates: 45°46′N 4°50′E
Country France
Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Metropolis Lyon Metropolis
Arrondissement Lyon
Subdivisions 9 arrondissements
Government
• Mayor (2020–2026) Grégory Doucet[2]
(EELV)
Area1 47.87 km2 (18.48 sq mi)
• Urban (2020[3]) 1,141.4 km2
(440.7 sq mi)
• Metro (2020[4]) 4,605.8 km2
(1,778.3... | 1 | 1 | wikipedia4.pdf |
• Metro density 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code 69123 (https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-69123)/69001-69009
Elevation 162–349 m (531–1,145 ft)
Website lyon.fr (https://www.lyon.fr/)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes
lakes, ... | 2 | 2 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Massacre during the Canut rebellion
of 1834
The Saône-Rhône confluence
The convention was not the only target within Lyon during the French Revolution.
After the Convention faded into history, the French Directory appeared and days after
the 4 September 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor, a Directory's commissioner was
assassin... | 3 | 3 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Ice on the Saône, 2012
Panorama of the inner city of Lyon, taken from the basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière's roof
Lyon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), bordering an oceanic climate
(Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Do).[38] The mean temperature in Lyon in the coldest month
is 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January and in ... | 4 | 4 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high°C (°F) 19.1(66.4) 21.9(71.4) 26.0(78.8) 30.1(86.2) 34.2(93.6) 38.4(101.1) 40.4(104.7) 41.4(106.5) 35.8(96.4) 28.4(83.1) 23.0(73.4) 20.2(68.4) 41.4(106.5... | 5 | 5 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high°C (°F) 16.3(61.3) 21.4(70.5) 25.7(78.3) 28.0(82.4) 29.4(84.9) 34.4(93.9) 39.8(103.6) 37.1(98.8) 33.8(92.8) 28.4(83.1) 22.6(72.7) 20.2(68.4) 39.8(103.6)
Meanmaximum °C(°F)
... | 6 | 6 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Map of the City of Lyon
divided into 9
arrondissements
The lion, symbol of the city, on
display at Maison des avocats
2nd arrondissement: Cordeliers, Bellecour, Ainay, Perrache, Confluence, Sainte-Blandine
3rd arrondissement: Guillotière (north), Préfecture, Part-Dieu, Villette,Dauphiné/Sans Souci, Montchat, Grange Bla... | 7 | 7 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Map of the Metropolis of
Lyon and its 59
communes (the
commune of Lyon is in
red)
Mayor Term start Term end Party
Antoine Gailleton 1881 1900
Victor Augagneur 1900 30 October 1905 PRS
Édouard Herriot 30 October 1905 20 September 1940 Radical
Georges Cohendy 20 September 1940 1941 Nominated and dismissed by Vichy
Georg... | 8 | 8 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Map showing the 14
electoral wards of the
Metropolis of Lyon
The division of the Metropolis of Lyon in large electoral wards often grouping various
communes and dividing the commune of Lyon into six wards was criticized by the suburban
mayors, as it ended the rule of 'one commune, one metropolitan councilor'. The goal ... | 9 | 9 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Lyon Cathedral
Maison du Crible
(16th C.) in the
Vieux Lyon
Saint-Nizier
Church
Église Saint-Paul
Église Saint-Bonaventure
Church of Saint-Just, Lyon
Basilica of Saint-Martin
d'Ainay
Manécanterie, Lyon
City Hall on the Place des Terreaux, built by architects Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Robert de Cotte
Musée de... | 10 | 10 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Hôtel de Ville, Lyon
Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon
Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon
Place Bellecour
Église Notre Dame Saint-Vincent
Temple du Change
Church of Saint-Bruno des
Chartreux
Église Saint-Polycarpe
Opéra Nouvel (1831), renovated in 1993 by Jean Nouvel
Théâtre des Célestins (1877), designed by Gaspard André
Basilica o... | 11 | 11 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Sainte Marie de La Tourette monastery (1960) designed by Le Corbusier
Saint-Exupéry International Airport (formerly Satolas Airport), designed by Guillaume Gillet
Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1994) by Santiago Calatrava
Palais des congrès de Lyon (1998), designed by Renzo Piano and a group of buildings for various funct... | 12 | 12 | wikipedia4.pdf |
The Musée des Confluences from
the Raymond Barre bridge
The lake in the Parc de la Tête d'or
La Part-Dieu, the city's central
business district
The Gallo-Roman Museum displaying many valuable objects and artworksfound on the site of Roman Lyon (Lugdunum) such as Circus GamesMosaic, Coligny calendar and the Taurobolic A... | 13 | 13 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Guignol, created in the early 19th
C., associated with the silk-workers
1,600,000 m2 (17,222,256.67 sq ft) of office space and services and more than 55,000 jobs.[48] Cité Internationale, created
by the architect Renzo Piano is located in the border of the Parc de la Tête d'Or in the 6th arrondissement. The worldwide
h... | 14 | 14 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Passage de l'Argue
Île Barbe bakery at the Halles de
Lyon-Paul Bocuse
Parc Olympique Lyonnais
Both Vieux Lyon and the slopes of Croix-Rousse are known for their narrow
passageways (named traboules) that pass through buildings and link streets on either
side. The first examples of traboules are thought to have been buil... | 15 | 15 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Stade de Gerland
Lyon is also home to the Lyon Hockey Club, an ice hockey team that competes in
France's national ice hockey league. The Patinoire Charlemagne is the seat of Club
des Sports de Glace de Lyon, the club of Olympic ice dancing champions Marina
Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat, and world champions Isabelle Del... | 16 | 16 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Foreign-born population in Lyon by
country of birth[72]
Country of birth Population (2020)
Algeria 14,779
Morocco 5,245
Tunisia 4,879
Italy 3,351
Portugal 3,068
Spain 2,064
DR Congo 1,520
China 1,429
Cameroon 1,364
Senegal 1,198
ENS Lyon: René Descartes
campus
Lyon 3: Manufacture des Tabacs
campus
All figures... | 17 | 17 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Lyon 3: Berges du Rhône campus
Lyon 2: Berges du Rhône campus
IPSA Lyon Campus
Platform I, Lyon-Part-Dieu train
station
T1 tramway on the Raymond Barre
bridge
Bellecour, Écoles D'Arts.
There are some international private schools in the Lyon area, including:
Cité Scolaire Internationale de Lyon or the Lycée de Gerland;... | 18 | 18 | wikipedia4.pdf |
C3 trolleybus in the third district
C3 trolleybus in Old Lyon
Velo'v, Ennemond Fousseret square
(Old Lyon)
Lyon is served by the Eurolines intercity coach organisation. Its Lyon terminal is
located at the city's Perrache railway station, which serves as an intermodal
transportation hub for tramways, local and regional ... | 19 | 19 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Frankfurt, Germany, since 1960
Gothenburg, Sweden
Guangzhou, China, since 1988
Haute Matsiatra, Madagascar
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, since 1997
Jericho, Palestine
Leipzig, Germany, since 1981
Łódź, Poland, since 1991
Melbourne, Australia
Milan, Italy, since 1966
Montreal, Canada, since 1979
Oran, Algeria
Osaka, Japan,... | 20 | 20 | wikipedia4.pdf |
6. INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Lyon : Unité urbaine 2020 - Population municipale 2021" (https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=00760&t=A01&view=map12).Retrieved 12 July 2024.
7. INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Lyon : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 - Population mun... | 21 | 21 | wikipedia4.pdf |
31. Braudel 1984 p. 327
32. Pierre Edmond DESVIGNES. "Quartier renaissance Lyon : Vieux Lyon, quartier ancien et secteur sauvegardeLyon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110119152753/http://www.vieux-lyon.org/lyon-epoque-renaissance_f01150.htm). Vieux-lyon.org. Archived from the original (http://www.vieux-lyon.org/lyon-e... | 22 | 22 | wikipedia4.pdf |
54. Perret, Aurelie. "Les traboules de Lyon" (http://www.histoire-pour-tous.fr/tourisme/101-france-sud-est/5105-les-traboules-de-lyon.html). histoire-pour-tous.fr. SF Webmedia. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
55. Curnonsky, Marcel E. Grancher (1935). Lyon, capitale mondiale de la gastronomie (https://books.google.com/books?id=... | 23 | 23 | wikipedia4.pdf |
74. Home page (https://web.archive.org/web/20060512161815/http://membres.lycos.fr/adlcj/). Association Pour leDeveloppement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
75. "Bus 47 - Meyzieu ZI - Aéroport St Exupéry - St-Laurent de Maréchal Juin | TCL" (https://www.tcl.fr/lignes/bus-47). www.tcl.... | 24 | 24 | wikipedia4.pdf |
Louis XIV
Portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud , 1701
King of France (more...)
Reign 14 May 1643 – 1 September
1715
Coronation 7 June 1654
Reims Cathedral
Predecessor Louis XIII
Successor Louis XV
Regent Anne of Austria (1643–1651)
Chief ministersSee list
Cardinal Mazarin
(1643–1661)
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
(1661–1683)
The Marqu... | 0 | 0 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Issue
more...
Louis, Grand Dauphin
Marie Thérèse, Madame
Royale
Philippe Charles, Duke of
Anjou
Illegitimate :
Marie Anne, Princess of Conti
Louis, Count of Vermandois
Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine
Louis César, Count of Vexin
Louise Françoise, Princess of
Condé
Louise Marie Anne,
Mademoiselle de Tours
Louise, Baroness o... | 1 | 1 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Baptismal certificate, 1638
Louis XIV, then Dauphin of France,
in 1642, one year before his
accession to the throne, by Philippe
de Champaigne
Louis XIV in 1643, by Claude Deruet
Europe after the Peace of
Westphalia in 1648
The Queen sought a lasting peace between Catholic nations, but only after a French victory over
... | 2 | 2 | wikipedia5.pdf |
1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of
the Fronde, portrayed as the god
Jupiter
Portrait by Justus van Egmont
between the years 1649–1652.
Condé, attacked the rebels in Paris; the rebels were under the political control of Anne's
old friend Marie de Rohan. Beaufort, who had escaped from the prison where Anne had
incarce... | 3 | 3 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Royal
Monogram
Members of the Académie des
sciences with Louis in 1667; in the
background appears the new Paris
Observatory.
important both for its role in ending the war between France and Spain, because many of the claims and objectives of Louis's
foreign policy for the next 50 years would be based upon this marriage... | 4 | 4 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Engraving of Louis XIV
Louis and his family portrayed as
Roman gods in a 1670 painting by
Jean Nocret. L to R: Louis's aunt,
Henriette-Marie; his brother,
Philippe, duc d'Orléans; the Duke's
daughter, Marie Louise d'Orléans,
and wife, Henriette-Anne Stuart; the
Queen-mother, Anne of Austria;
three daughters of Gaston
d... | 5 | 5 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Louis XIV in 1670,
engraved portrait by Robert
Nanteuil
The future Philip V being introduced
as King of Spain by his grandfather,
Louis XIV
The Battle of Tolhuis, Louis XIV crosses
the Lower Rhine at Lobith on 12 June
1672; Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Louis XIV, 1670, by Claude
Lefèbvre
and Lionne, however, made the renuncia... | 6 | 6 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Silver coin of Louis XIV, dated1674
Obverse. The Latin
inscription is
LVDOVICVS XIIII D[EI]
GRA[TIA] ("Louis
XIV, by the grace of
God").
Reverse. The Latin
inscription is
FRAN[CIÆ] ET
NAVARRÆ REX 1674
("King of France
and of Navarre,
1674").
The Persian embassy to Louis XIV
sent by Soltan Hoseyn in 1715.
Ambassade de P... | 7 | 7 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Siamese embassy of King Narai to
Louis XIV in 1686, led by Kosa Pan.
Engraving by Nicolas Larmessin.
Portrait of Louis XIV (gray pastel on
paper by Charles Le Brun, 1667,
Louvre Museum)
Louis receiving the Doge of Genoa
at Versailles on 15 May 1685,
following the Bombardment of
Genoa. (Reparation faite à
Louis XIV par ... | 8 | 8 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Louis XIV
experiences during the Fronde, when men of high birth readily took up the rebel cause against their king, who was actually the
kinsman of some. This victory over the nobility may thus have ensured the end of major civil wars in France until the French
Revolution about a century later.
Under Louis, France was ... | 9 | 9 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Louis XIV in 1685, the year he
revoked the Edict of Nantes
Protestant peasants rebelled
against the officially sanctioned
dragonnades (conversions enforced
by dragoons, labeled "missionaries
in boots") that followed the Edict of
Fontainebleau.
rewarded converts to Catholicism.[68] This discrimination did not encounter ... | 10 | 10 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Battle of Fleurus, 1690
Louis in 1690
Louis XIV at the siege of
Namur (1692)
The Nine Years' War, which lasted from 1688 to 1697, initiated a period of decline in
Louis's political and diplomatic fortunes. It arose from two events in the Rhineland. First,
in 1685, the Elector Palatine Charles II died. All that remained... | 11 | 11 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Marshal de Luxembourg
In July 1695, the city of Namur, occupied for three years by the French, was besieged by an allied
army led by William III. Louis XIV ordered the surprise destruction of a Flemish city to divert the
attention of these troops. This led to the bombardment of Brussels, in which more than 4,000
buildi... | 12 | 12 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Philip V of Spain
Louis in 1701
succeeded to his father's throne.[90] The signatories, however, omitted to consult the ruler
of these lands, and Charles II was passionately opposed to the dismemberment of his
empire. In 1699, he re-confirmed his 1693 will that named Joseph Ferdinand as his sole
successor.[91]
Six month... | 13 | 13 | wikipedia5.pdf |
The Franco-Spanish army led by the
Duke of Berwick defeated decisively
the Alliance forces of Portugal,
England, and the Dutch Republic at
the Battle of Almansa.
The Battle of Ramillies where the
French fought the Dutch and British,
23 May 1706
Louis XIV depicted on a Louis d'or in
1709
Map of France after the death of... | 14 | 14 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Wedding of Louis and Maria
Theresa
Dual Cypher of King
Louis XIV & Queen Marie
Thérèse
Louis XIV encouraged Catholic
missions through the creation of the
Paris Foreign Missions Society
negotiations in 1709 and 1710. France retained Île-Saint-Jean and Île Royale, and Louis acquired a few minor European
territories, such... | 15 | 15 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Painting from 1667 depicting Louis
as patron of the fine arts
The Cour royale and the Cour de
marbre at Versailles
Bust of Louis XIV by Gianlorenzo
Bernini
famous throughout Europe. Composers and musicians such as Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jacques
Champion de Chambonnières, and François Couperin thrived. In 1661, Louis foun... | 16 | 16 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Bronze bust of Louis XIV. Circa
1660, by an unknown artist. From
Paris, France. The Victoria and
Albert Museum, London.
Le roi gouverne par lui-même,
modello for the central panel of the
ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors c. 1680
by Le Brun, (1619–1690)
The depiction of the king in this manner focused on
allegorical or myt... | 17 | 17 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Louis XIV as Apollo in the Ballet
Royal de la Nuit (1653)
Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles
Ballet dancing was used by Louis as a political tool to hold power over his state. He
integrated ballet deeply into court social functions and fixated his nobles' attention on
upholding standards in ballet dancing, effective... | 18 | 18 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Louis XIV (seated) with his son le
Grand Dauphin (to the left), his
grandson Louis, Duke of Burgundy
(to the right), his great-grandson
Louis Duke of Anjou, and Madame
de Ventadour, Anjou's governess,
who commissioned this painting;
busts of Henry IV and Louis XIII are
in the background.
The Death of Louis XIV at the
P... | 19 | 19 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Territorial expansion of France
under Louis XIV (1643–1715) is
depicted in orange.
illegitimate son Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine.[129] Orléans, however, had Louis's will annulled by the Parlement of
Paris after his death and made himself sole regent. He stripped Maine and his brother, Louis-Alexandre, Count ... | 20 | 20 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Royal procession passing the Pont-
Neuf under Louis XIV
Alternatively, Louis's critics attribute the social upheaval culminating in the French Revolution to his failure to reform French
institutions while the monarchy was still secure. Other scholars counter that there was little reason to reform institutions that
larg... | 21 | 21 | wikipedia5.pdf |
He did say, "Every time I appoint someone to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful."[146][147] Louis is
recorded by numerous eyewitnesses as having said on his deathbed: "Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours." ("I depart, but
the State shall always remain.")[148]
Coat of arms of Louis X... | 22 | 22 | wikipedia5.pdf |
12. Philip II of Spain[156]
6. Philip III of Spain[153]
13. Anna of Austria[156]
3. Anne of Austria
14. Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria[157]
7. Margaret of Austria[153]
15. Maria Anna of Bavaria[157]
Patrilineal descent
Patrilineal descent | 23 | 23 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Louis' patriline is the line from which he is descended from father to son.
Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the
generations - which means that if King Louis were to choose a historically accurate house name it would be
Robertian, as all his male-l... | 24 | 24 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Name Birth Death Notes
By NN, a gardener
Daughter 1660 unknown She married N de la Queue, a sentry.[158]
By Louise de La Vallière (6 August 1644 – 6 June 1710)
Charles de LaBaume Le Blanc 19 December1663 15 July 1665(aged 1) Not legitimised.
Philippe de LaBaume Le Blanc 7 January1665 1666 (aged 1) Not legitimised.
Mari... | 25 | 25 | wikipedia5.pdf |
Éléphante de Louis XIV
a. Some monarchs of states that were not fully sovereign for most or all of their reign ruled for longer. For example,Sobhuza II of Swaziland at 82 years and Bernard VII of Lippe in the Holy Roman Empire at 81 years.[2]
b. The anecdote as circulated after the French Revolution, designed to illust... | 26 | 26 | wikipedia5.pdf |
34. Dunlop 2000, p. xii.
35. Petitfils 2002, pp. 250–253, 254–260.
36. Merryman 2007, p. .
37. Antoine 1989, p. 33.
38. Petitfils 2002, pp. 223–225
39. Wolf 1968, p. 117.
40. Dunlop 2000, p. 54.
41. Israel 1990, pp. 197–199.
42. Hutton 1986, pp. 299–300.
43. Lynn 1999, pp. 109–110.
44. McKay 1997, p. 206.
45. Young 200... | 27 | 27 | wikipedia5.pdf |
76. Durant & Durant 1963, p. 691.
77. Lynn 1999, p. 192.
78. Dunlop 2000, p. 313.
79. Lynn 1999, pp. 189–191.
80. Lynn 1999, pp. 192–193.
81. Lynn 1999, p. .
82. Wijn 1950, pp. 28, 58, 71–72.
83. Lynn 1999, pp. 209, 227, 235.
84. Lynn 1999, p. 209.
85. Quoted in Terlinden, Ch. (1958). "Les rapports de l'internonce Piaz... | 28 | 28 | wikipedia5.pdf |
123. Jens Ivo 2003, pp. 96–126.
124. Régnier 2009, p. 318.
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