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[ACL 2026] 📷 Mitigating Hallucinations in Radiology MLLMs via Clinical Contrastive Decoding • 8 items • Updated • 2
main_image image | findings_section string | default_prompt string |
|---|---|---|
There are low lung volumes. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. There is evidence of trace pulmonary edema with a left pleural effusion. Left retrocardiac atelectasis is noted. There are old bilateral rib fractures. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The transesophageal echo probe has been removed. A new enteric tube is present. There is otherwise unchanged positioning of supportive medical devices. Mild pulmonary edema and cardiomegaly. Left basilar opacity. No pneumothorax. No acute bony abnormalities are noted. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Single frontal view of the chest on 12-18 at 2147 hours demonstrates interval removal of a right chest tube with interval development of a large, right sided pneumothorax. Stable positioning of a left sided chest tube with persistent small, left sided pneumothorax. Retrocardiac opacities may represent atelectasis versu... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Interval increase in opacity within the lingula and left lung base compared to the prior examination. Interval increase in opacity along the medial portion of the right lung base compared to the prior examination. Unchanged cardiomediastinal silhouette. No evidence of pneumothorax or pulmonary edema. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Single frontal view of the chest demonstrates interval increase in pulmonary edema with bilateral pleural effusions and bibasilar atelectasis versus consolidation. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is unchanged and significant for vascular calcification and cardiomegaly. Osseous structures are unchanged. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Single portable AP upright view of the chest with a lordotic projection demonstrates a cardiac silhouette that is mildly enlarged. There is minimal tortuosity of the thoracic aorta. Atherosclerotic calcification of the aortic knob is present. The bilateral hila are within normal limits. The bilateral lung fields are cl... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Interval removal of right AICD. Interval placement of right IJ approach transvenous pacer. Severe cardiomegaly with enlarged pulmonary arteries reflecting pulmonary hypertension. Mild left basilar opacity. No large pleural effusion. Right costophrenic angle is not included in field of view. No visualized pneumothorax. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
AP semierect view of the chest demonstrates low left lung volume, and a moderate left pleural effusion and associated atelectasis persists, unchanged. Right lung remains clear. Postoperative stabilization of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine are again noted unchanged. Endotracheal tube has been removed. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Low lung volumes. Increasing right basilar opacity. Persistent dense left retrocardiac opacity with air bronchograms with some improved aeration noted in the midlung zone. The mid to upper lung zones bilaterally are relatively clear. Decreased left pleural effusion. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is similar in config... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Frontal and lateral views of the chest demonstrate low lung volumes. There is diffuse prominence of the interstitium with indistinct pulmonary vascular markings, further increased from the prior exam. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The cardiopulmonary silhouette is markedly widened. Although the study is limited by rotation, pericardial effusion cannot be excluded. The lungs show low volume. There is increased prominence of pulmonary vessels bilaterally and increased opacities of both lung fields suggestive for pulmonary edema. No gross abnormali... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The distal tip of a left-sided Mediport catheter projects over the left brachiocephalic vein, unchanged in position as compared with the prior study. Degenerative changes are seen within the thoracic spine. A large amount of subcutaneous emphysema within the left chest wall and neck is increased as compared with the pr... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Small right pleural effusion has diminished. Prior loculated small pneumothorax at the right lung base has cleared. Post thoracotomy findings appear stable. The heart and vessels are unremarkable. Right humerus hardware again noted. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Frontal view of the chest from 16:28 on 7/18/2015 demonstrates interval repositioning of the endotracheal tube with the tip approximately 5.8 cm above the carina. Other medical support devices are unchanged in position. Persistent bibasilar opacities, likely atelectasis versus consolidation. Decreased mild pulmonary ed... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
AP semierect chest radiograph demonstrates a nasoenteric tube projecting over the right mediastinum, with the right apical chest drain and epidural catheter, unchanged. Unchanged cardiomegaly. Low lung volumes, with unchanged opacification of the left base and small left pleural effusion. Multilevel osteophytosis of th... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Portable chest shows low lung volumes with crowding of the pulmonary vasculature. The lines and tubes are stable, except the endotracheal tube has been pulled back to 7.9 cm above the carina. There is bilateral lower lobe airspace disease with partial clearing of the right lung base. This is the suggestion of small ple... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
A single upright AP view of the chest demonstrates a linear focus of opacity in the left lung base with the remainder of the lung parenchyma clear. No significant pulmonary edema. Heart size and cardiomediastinal silhouette are within normal limits. No significant pleural effusions. No bony abnormalities are appreciate... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
2 semisupine frontal views of the chest demonstrate no change in medical support devices. A small right pneumothorax is present increased from most recent prior. Heart size is enlarged and lung volumes are further reduced. There is interval increase in bilateral small-to-moderate pleural effusions, as well as increase ... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
There has been a midline thoracotomy. ET tube is present 4 cm above the carina. Two right IJ lines have their TIPS in the region of the SVC. There is a midline chest tube and a left chest tube. There is a nasogastric tube present. The cardiac silhouette is within normal limits. There is some retrocardiac opacity silhou... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The cardiomediastinal silhouette is normal. Patchy consolidation in the left retrocardiac area which may represent atelectasis and/or early airspace disease. No evidence of pulmonary edema, pneumothorax or pleural effusions. Elevated right hemidiaphragm again noted. Colonic interposition under the right hemidiaphragm a... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Stable position of cervical fusion hardware. No significant interval change in diffuse mildly prominent fine reticulations in the bilateral lungs with more confluent airspace opacities in the bilateral lung bases, left greater than right with small bilateral pleural effusions. Stable left apical pneumothorax. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Single view of the chest dated 3-19-2005 00:21 demonstrating stable position of left IJ catheter, feeding tube. Stable cardiomegaly. Low lung volumes. Stable bibasilar opacities right greater than left. Stable small bilateral pleural effusions. Single view of the chest dated 3-19-2005 00:49 demonstrating stable positio... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
There is a small 2-mm radiopaque density seen within the left peripheral upper lung zone. This appears calcified and most likely represents old granulomatous disease. However, the patient has a history of melanoma, and comparison with old studies, once they are available, is recommended if there is clinical concern for... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Stable cholecystectomy clips. Interval placement of epidural catheter and left chest tube after resection of left upper lung zone nodule. No pneumothorax. No pleural effusions. Lung fields clear. Heart size normal. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Lines and tubes unchanged. Low lung volumes. Slight improvement in the aeration of the upper lobes bilaterally. Stable cardiomediastinal silhouette. Bibasilar consolidation, left greater than right, with small left pleural effusion. No evidence of pneumothorax. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The trachea is midline. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. There is no evidence of pleural effusion. There are prominent interstitial markings with increased linear opacity in the right hemithorax. Interlobular septal thickening with Kerley B-lines. Osseous structures unremarkable. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Portable chest shows no change in the left subclavian catheter with its tip just reaching the superior vena cava, an electronic device over the left hemithorax with its leads terminating in the left neck. Heart and lungs are within normal limits. Otherwise, there is no change from the prior examination. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The trachea is midline. There is moderate cardiomegaly. There is a retrocardiac opacity, consistent with atelectasis versus consolidation. There is blunting of the left costophrenic angle which may represent a small pleural effusion. No soft tissue or bony abnormalities. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Single view of the chest dated 12-6-2007 at 08:48 redemonstrates right apical chest tube. Persistent low lung volumes. Residual small right apical pneumothorax. Band-like atelectasis at the right lung base which has increased since the prior examination. No additional focal opacities or effusions noted. Single view of ... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Interval placement of a left arm PICC terminating 5.2 cm below the carina. No evidence of pneumothorax. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. No evidence of effusions or pulmonary edema. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Very low lung volumes are demonstrated. The right hemidiaphragm is elevated. There is a left retrocardiac opacity likely representing atelectasis. However, cannot entirely exclude an infectious process. Would recommend a repeat chest x-ray with deep inspiration is concern for infection. The pulmonary vasculature is gro... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Single semi-upright view of the chest dated 6/6/2009 at 0639 hours is limited as the apices are clipped from the film. No definitive pneumothorax is appreciated. However abutting the right paravertebral stripe at the T6-7 level is a crescentic density which cannot be delineated from the paravertebral stripe. Evaluation... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Stable tubes and lines. Improving retrocardiac airspace opacity. Although the diaphragm is more clearly seen now, there is still some faint residual airspace opacity and perhaps a small left pleural effusion. There is persistent air bronchograms at the right medial lung base as well. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Redemonstration of emphysematous changes of the bilateral lungs. There is extensive right middle and lower lung zone opacities again seen, which have increased compared to prior radiograph on 1-30-09, 9/21/2015. Calcific pleural thickening is seen in the bilateral lung apices. No acute osseous abnormalities. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
4/2/2018 at 2019: Endotracheal tube terminates 5.2 cm above the carina. Left chest wall port terminates in the left brachiocephalic vein. NG/OG tube tip is within the stomach. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is normal in size. Lung volumes are low with bibasilar opacities likely reflecting atelectasis or aspiration. Pneum... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Interval placement of left PICC line, which terminates at the cavoatrial junction. Unchanged right IJ, NG/OG tube. Suboptimal study due to persistent marked rotation of the patient. Persistent left basilar opacity again seen elevation of the left hemidiaphragm. Low lung volumes. No visualized in the thorax. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Chest x-ray 4-5-11 at 455: Removal NG tube; right chest tube remains in place. No pneumothorax identified. Persistent bibasilar parenchymal opacities, left greater than right with associated small, left pleural effusion. Chest x-ray 4-2011 at 1020: Interval removal of right chest tube; small right apical pneumothorax s... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The trachea is midline. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. The pulmonary vasculature is well-defined without evidence of pulmonary edema. The lungs are hyperinflated with associated flattening of the hemidiaphragms and lucency within the lung apices compatible with emphysema. There is mild biapic... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The lung volumes are slightly decreased. Atelectasis is noted at the left lung base with increased opacity noted. Surgical clips are noted overlying the region of the right hemidiaphragm. The heart does not appear enlarged. There is no evidence of pulmonary edema. Some mild pleural thickening is noted at the left apex. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
AP erect chest radiograph demonstrates interval left sided thoracotomy, with an osteotomy through the left posterior sixth rib and suture material in the left suprahilar region. A left apical chest drain is seen in place, with a tiny pneumothorax along the left lateral chest wall peripherally, as well as subcutaneous e... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
There is no change in the right-sided central venous catheter. An NG tube is present. There is no change in the enlargement of the cardiac silhouette. There are bilateral bibasilar opacities compatible with effusions and/or atelectasis that has increased on the right. There is diffuse bronchovascular marking prominence... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Low lung volumes. There are heterogeneous bibasilar and retrocardiac opacities, which are more likely atelectasis, given the low lung volumes. However, in the appropriate clinical setting, this could also represent early infection. No evidence of pleural effusions or pulmonary edema. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is wit... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Medical devices are stable. Tiny right apical pneumothorax is identified; right chest tube remains in place. Persistent left lower lobe consolidation with associated moderate-sized left-sided pleural effusion. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The three-lead permanent pacemaker overlying the left hemithorax with leads in the right atrium, right ventricle, and coronary sinus is not significant change in position or appearance. The moderate cardiomegaly with left atrial enlargement and pulmonary hypertension is stable. There are increased interstitial markings... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
A chest wall pacing device with intact leads into the right atrium and right ventricle is unchanged. There is diffuse prominence of the pulmonary vasculature with indistinct margins consistent with mild interstitial pulmonary edema. No air-space pulmonary edema. No segmental consolidation or pleural effusion bilaterall... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
A single portable AP chest radiograph, dated 11/13/2016 demonstrates midline appearance of the trachea. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is unremarkable. There is a small focal left basilar opacity. Elsewhere, the lungs appear clear. No pleural or bony abnormalities are identified. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Slight interval decrease in lung volumes. Increased prominence of the pulmonary vasculature, right lung greater than left, may represent asymmetric pulmonary edema versus secondary to decrease in lung volumes. Stable cardiomediastinal silhouette. No focal consolidation. No acute osseous abnormality. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Single lead cardiac pacer with a residual small left pleural effusion. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
There is straightening of the left heart border with mild splaying of the carina. The cardiac silhouette is mildly enlarged. The pulmonary vessels are unremarkable. No pneumothorax. No focal consolidation or atelectasis. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Moderate alveolar pulmonary edema, with associated small-to-moderate bilateral pleural effusions. Bibasilar pulmonary opacities are nonspecific, and may reflect atelectasis versus less likely consolidation. No pneumothorax. Unchanged moderate cardiomegaly. No acute osseous abnormality. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Interval development of moderate bilateral pleural effusions. The heart size remains enlarged, and evaluation is partially obscured by the mildly elevated left hemidiaphragm. Pulmonary vasculature is indistinct, and findings are compatible with mild pulmonary edema. Bibasilar opacities likely also reflect compressive o... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The left subclavian line tip is in the brachiocephalic. There are multiple calcified granulomas on the right. Minimal bibasilar atelectasis. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Consolidation collapse of the right upper lobe is present associated with left to right shift of the left upper lobe across the anterior potential space. An oval slightly calcific opacity is present in the right mid lung. This may represent a pleural based density. There is thickening of the minor fissure. Mild cardiom... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The heart is within normal limits of size. The lungs are clear without focal opacity or pleural effusion. Deformity of several left sided ribs appears chronic and may be the result of prior trauma. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
AP upright view of the chest demonstrates persistent left pleural effusion and increasing left lower lobe consolidation. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Slightly prominent breast shadows. Heart shadow slightly globular and borderline in size but unchanged from the prior study. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Slightly prominent breast shadows. Heart shadow slightly globular and borderline in size but unchanged from the prior study. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Serial radiographs of the abdomen dated 1/22/02 at 6:31 PM and 11:43 PM demonstrate multiple mildly dilated air-filled loops of small and large bowel in a pattern suggestive of ileus. No evidence of free intraperitoneal air or abnormal abdominal calcification. Midline sternotomy wires project over the midline. A weight... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Stable appearance of endotracheal tube. Interval placement of a left internal jugular central venous catheter with the tip 3.7 cm below the carina. The catheter appears more lateral than expected but confirmed to be within the left internal jugular vein on the subsequent CT angiogram of the head and neck from 6/10/2016... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
Frontal radiograph of the chest demonstrates normal appearance of cardiomediastinal silhouette, pulmonary vascularity, and airspaces. There is a right-sided PICC catheter with its tip projecting 3 cm below the carina. There is a small left pleural effusion. The osseous structures are intact. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The lungs are underinflated. The visualized lungs are otherwise clear. There is no pneumothorax visualized. The cardiomediastinal silhouette and pulmonary vasculature are unremarkable. There is a two-lead pacer device overlying the right hemithorax, with leads in the right atrium and right ventricle. The visualized oss... | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. | |
The trachea is midline. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. The diaphragmatic borders are well visualized. There is no evidence of pneumothorax. There is placement of a left-sided single lead pacemaker. The lungs are clear. New osseous volar soft tissue abnormalities. | Provide a detailed description of the findings in the radiology image. |
CheXpert-plus-RRG: Radiology Report Generation Subsets
CheXpert-plus-RRG curates two report-generation benchmarks from the CheXpert Plus validation split. Each configuration links a frontal chest radiograph with its matching clinical narrative.
📚 Dataset Overview
| Subset | Section Target | Split | #Samples | View Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
findings_section |
Findings | valid | 62 | Frontal (AP/PA) |
impression_section |
Impression | valid | 202 | Frontal (AP/PA) |
- Packaged as a validation-only suite for benchmarking and zero-shot evaluation.
- Mirrors the CCD and Libra evaluation pipeline for comparing report quality across datasets.
- ❗️Further manual screening excluded 10 ambiguous view images (October 1st, 2025).
🧾 Data Format
Every sample provides:
main_image: a frontal-view chest X-ray as a PIL Image object.- Section text:
findings_sectionorimpression_section, selected by the dataset configuration. default_prompt: a lightweight prompt scaffold to seed generation models.
🚀 How to Use
from datasets import load_dataset
# Load a specific subset (e.g., findings_section)
ds = load_dataset("X-iZhang/CheXpert-plus-RRG", name="findings_section", split="valid")
# Display an image
from PIL import Image
image = ds[0]["main_image"].convert("RGB")
image.show()
# Inspect the paired report text
text_key = "findings_section" # switch to "impression_section" for that subset
print(ds[0][text_key])
✏️ Citation
@article{zhang2025ccd,
title={CCD: Mitigating Hallucinations in Radiology MLLMs via Clinical Contrastive Decoding},
author={Zhang, Xi and Meng, Zaiqiao and Lever, Jake and Ho, Edmond SL},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.23379},
year={2025}
}
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