| parent,child |
| SQL,Clauses |
| Relational model,Relational schema |
| Relational model,Keys |
| Relational model,Relational algebra |
| Keys,Superkey |
| Keys,Candidate key |
| Keys,Primary key |
| Keys,Foreign Keys |
| Introduction to database systems,Database application architecture |
| Database application architecture,Two-tier architecture |
| Database application architecture,Three-tier architecture |
| Relational algebra,Select operation |
| Relational algebra,Project operation |
| Relational algebra,Cartesian-product operation |
| Relational algebra,Set difference operation |
| Relational algebra,Rename operation |
| Relational algebra,Union operation |
| Relational algebra,Join operation |
| Clauses,select (clause) |
| Clauses,where (clause) |
| Clauses,from (clause) |
| Clauses,as (clause) |
| as (clause),Rename operation |
| Clauses,order by (clause) |
| Set operations,union (clause) |
| Set operations,intersect (clause) |
| Set operations,except (clause) |
| Clauses,is null & is not null (clause) |
| Aggregate functions,group by (clause) |
| Clauses,Aggregate functions |
| Aggregate functions,having (clause) |
| Aggregate functions,avg (clause) |
| Aggregate functions,min (clause) |
| Aggregate functions,max (clause) |
| Aggregate functions,sum (clause) |
| Aggregate functions,count (clause) |
| Clauses,all & some (clause) |
| Clauses,exists & not exists (clause) |
| Clauses,with (clause) |
| SQL,Nested subqueries |
| Clauses,unique (clause) |
| Modification of database,delete from (clause) |
| Modification of database,insert into (clause) |
| Modification of database,update (clause) |
| Clauses,case (clause) |
| SQL,Join operations |
| Join operations,Join conditions |
| Join operations,Inner join |
| Join operations,Outer join |
| Join conditions,natural (clause) |
| Join conditions,on (clause) |
| Join conditions,using (clause) |
| Inner join,natural join |
| natural (clause),natural join |
| Outer join,left outer join |
| Outer join,right outer join |
| Outer join,full outer join |
| SQL,Views |
| Views,Materialized view |
| Views,View updates |
| Views,View definition |
| Database Systems,SQL |
| Database Systems,Relational model |
| Database Systems,Introduction to database systems |
| from (clause),Cartesian-product operation |
| Introduction to database systems,Data-manipulation language |
| Introduction to database systems,Data-definition language |
| Data-manipulation language,Procedural DML |
| Data-manipulation language,Declarative DML |
| Clauses,String operations |
| String operations,like (clauses) |
| String operations,escape (clause) |
| Clauses,Set operations |
| Clauses,Set membership |
| Set membership,not in (clause) |
| Set membership,in (clause) |
| SQL,Modification of database |
| SQL,Scalar subquery |
| View definition,create view (clause) |
| View updates,insert into (clause) |
| Introduction to database systems,Transaction management |
| Transaction management,Atomic transaction |
| Clauses,check (clause) |
| Introduction to database systems,Data dictionary |
| Data dictionary,Database schema |
| Data dictionary,Integrity constraints |
| Data dictionary,Authorization |
| Integrity constraints,Keys |
| Integrity constraints,check (clause) |
| Integrity constraints,unique (clause) |
| Integrity constraints,not null (clause) |
| Clauses,not null (clause) |
| SQL,Create table construct |
| Create table construct,create table (clause) |
| Clauses,create table (clause) |
| Clauses,create view (clause) |
| Create table construct,Domains & data types |
| Domains & data types,char(n) |
| Domains & data types,varchar(n) |
| Domains & data types,int |
| Domains & data types,"numeric(p,d)" |
| Domains & data types,float(n) |
| Create table construct,Integrity constraints |
| Domains & data types,User-defined types |
| Clauses,create index (clause) |
| SQL,Authorization |
| Authorization,grant <privilege list> on <relation or view > to <user list> |
| Authorization,revoke <privilege list> on <relation or view> from <user list> |
| Authorization,Roles |
| Roles,create role (clause) |
| Database Systems,Entity-relationship model |
| Entity-relationship model,Entity sets |
| Entity-relationship model,Relationship sets |
| Entity-relationship model,Composite & multivalued attributes |
| Entity-relationship model,Mapping cardinality constraints |
| Mapping cardinality constraints,One-to-many relationship |
| Mapping cardinality constraints,One-to-many & many-to-one relationships |
| Mapping cardinality constraints,Many-to-many relationship |
| Mapping cardinality constraints,Total & partial participation |
| Relationship sets,Choice of primary key |
| Entity-relationship model,Weak entity sets |
| Entity sets,Specialization & generalization |
| Specialization & generalization,Completeness constraint |
| Relationship sets,Binary relationship |
| Relationship sets,Ternary relationship |
| Ternary relationship,Converting ternary relationship |
| Entity-relationship model,Alternative ER notations |
| Database Systems,Database normalization |
| Database normalization,Lossy & lossless decomposition |
| Database normalization,Functional dependencies |
| Functional dependencies,Closure of functional dependencies |
| Database normalization,Normalization theory |
| Normalization theory,Boyce-Codd normal form |
| Normalization theory,Third normal form |
| Functional dependencies,Closure of attribute sets |
| Functional dependencies,Canonical cover |
| Canonical cover,Extraneous attributes |
| Boyce-Codd normal form,BCNF decomposition algorithm |
| Third normal form,3NF decomposition algorithm |
| Database normalization,Multivalued dependencies |
| Normalization theory,Fourth normal form |
| Fourth normal form,4NF decomposition algorithm |
| Database Systems,File organization |
| File organization,Fixed-length records |
| File organization,Variable-length records |
| File organization,Heap file organization |
| File organization,Sequential file organization |
| Indexing,Primary index |
| Indexing,Secondary index |
| Indexing,Dense & sparse index |
| Indexing,B + tree |
| B + tree,Insertion in B + trees |
| B + tree,Deletion in B + trees |
| B + tree,B + tree file organization |
| File organization,B + tree file organization |
| File organization,Hash file organization |
| Hash file organization,Hash index |
| Hash file organization,Hash Function |
| Database Systems,Indexing |
| Domains & data types,User-defined domains |
| File organization,Memory address |
| Memory address,Pointer |
| Database Systems,Query processing |
| Query processing,Query optimization |
| Query processing,Evaluation of expressions |
| Measures of selection operation,A1 (linear search) |
| Query optimization,Measures of selection operation |
| Measures of selection operation,"A2 (primary index, equality on key)" |
| Measures of selection operation,"A3 (primary index, equality on nonkey)" |
| Measures of selection operation,"A4 (secondary index, equality on key/non-key)" |
| Query optimization,Measures of join operation |
| Measures of join operation,Nested-loop join |
| Measures of join operation,Block nested-loop join |
| Measures of join operation,Hash-join |
| Evaluation of expressions,Materialization |
| Evaluation of expressions,Pipelining |
| Query optimization,Query tree |
| Query optimization,Query evaluation plan |
| Query evaluation plan,Equivalence rules |
| Query optimization,Cost-based query optimization |
| Query optimization,Heuristic optimization |
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