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"abstract": "In computer-aided surgery (CAS), an undesired side-effect of the necessity of handling sophisticated equipment in the operating room is the fact that the surgeon's attention is drawn from the operating field, since surgical progress is partially monitored on the computer's screen. Augmented reality (AR), the overlay of computer-generated graphics over a real-world scene, provides a possibility to solve this problem. The technical problems associated with this approach, such as viewing of the scenery within a common focal range on the head-mounted display (HMD) or latency in the display on the HMD, have, however, kept AR from widespread usage in CAS. The concept of the Varioscope AR, a lightweight head-mounted operating microscope used as a HMD, is introduced. The registration of the patient to the pre-operative image data, as well as pre-operative planning, take place on VISIT, a surgical navigation system developed at our hospital. Tracking of the HMD and stereoscopic visualisation take place on a separate POSIX.4 compliant real-time operating system running on PC hardware. We were able to overcome the technical problems described above; our work resulted in an AR visualisation system with an update rate of 6 Hz and a latency below 130 ms. It integrates seamlessly into a surgical navigation system and provides a common focus for both virtual and real-world objects. First evaluations of the photogrammetric 2D/3D registration have resulted in a match of 1.7 pixels on the HMD display. The Varioscope AR with its real-time visualisation unit is a major step towards the introduction of AR into clinical routine.",
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"abstract": "Design prototype evaluation plays a crucial role in user experience assessment. This paper proposes an evaluation scheme to investigate interactions between design features of a product and user facial characteristics. Glasses frames design is used as an example to illustrate how the scheme works. 3D scanning technology is applied to capture the facial features of users and reconstruct their 3D face models. Those models allow us to post-process individual facial feature without changing the others. Subjects respond to three affective measures: confidence, friendliness, and attractiveness, signified by the faces wearing the factorized glasses frames. The results show that changing certain design features indeed influences the impressions of the faces with varied facial characteristics. The proposed scheme facilitates design of products related to personal appearance.",
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"content": "Design prototype evaluation plays a crucial role in user experience assessment. This paper proposes an evaluation scheme to investigate interactions between design features of a product and user facial characteristics. Glasses frames design is used as an example to illustrate how the scheme works. 3D scanning technology is applied to capture the facial features of users and reconstruct their 3D face models. Those models allow us to post-process individual facial feature without changing the others. Subjects respond to three affective measures: confidence, friendliness, and attractiveness, signified by the faces wearing the factorized glasses frames. The results show that changing certain design features indeed influences the impressions of the faces with varied facial characteristics. The proposed scheme facilitates design of products related to personal appearance.",
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"abstract": "Shader lamps can augment physical objects with projected virtual replications using a camera-projector system, provided that the physical and virtual object are well registered. Precise registration and tracking has been a cumbersome and intrusive process in the past. In this paper, we present a new method for tracking arbitrarily shaped physical objects interactively. In contrast to previous approaches our system is mobile and makes solely use of the projection of the virtual replication to track the physical object and “stick” the projection to it. Our method consists of two stages, a fast pose initialization based on structured light patterns and a non-intrusive frame-by-frame tracking based on features detected in the projection. In the initialization phase a dense point cloud of the physical object is reconstructed and precisely matched to the virtual model to perfectly overlay the projection. During the tracking phase, a radiometrically corrected virtual camera view based on the current pose prediction is rendered and compared to the captured image. Matched features are triangulated providing a sparse set of surface points that is robustly aligned to the virtual model. The alignment transformation serves as an input for the new pose prediction. Quantitative experiments show that our approach can robustly track complex objects at interactive rates.",
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"abstract": "A holographic projection system using converging spherical wave illumination has been presented. The system takes into account the combination of Fresnel holographic projection and Fourier holographic projection. The effect of pixelated spatial light modulator is analyzed. By adding the quadratic phase of diffractive lens to the phase of the generated hologram, the separation of image plane from Fourier plane is achieved. Meanwhile, the zero-order beam and high diffraction orders can be filtered out by higher pass filter and aperture placed in the Fourier plane. A holographic projection system based on liquid crystal on silicon is set up. Experimental results show that not only Fresnel holographic projection but also Fourier holographic projection can be achieved without zero order beam and higher diffraction orders in this universal system.",
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"abstract": "Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVAs) are becoming part of our everyday life, thanks to artificial intelligence technology and Internet of Things devices. For example, users can control their connected home appliances through natural voice commands to the IVA. However, most current-state commercial IVAs, such as Amazon Alexa, mainly focus on voice commands and voice feedback, and lack the ability to provide non-verbal cues which are an important part of social interaction. Augmented Reality (AR) has the potential to overcome this challenge by providing a visual embodiment of the IVA. In this paper we investigate how visual embodiment and social behaviors influence the perception of the IVA. We hypothesize that a user's confidence in an IVA's ability to perform tasks is improved when imbuing the agent with a human body and social behaviors compared to the agent solely depending on voice feedback. In other words, an agent's embodied gesture and locomotion behavior exhibiting awareness of the surrounding real world or exerting influence over the environment can improve the perceived social presence with and confidence in the agent. We present a human-subject study, in which we evaluated the hypothesis and compared different forms of IVAs with speech, gesturing, and locomotion behaviors in an interactive AR scenario. The results show support for the hypothesis with measures of confidence, trust, and social presence. We discuss implications for future developments in the field of IVAs.",
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"abstract": "Previous studies showed that natural walking reduces the susceptibility to VR sickness. However, many users still experience VR sickness when wearing VR headsets that allow free walking in room-scale spaces. This paper studies VR sickness and postural instability while the user walks in an immersive virtual environment using an electroencephalogram (EEG) headset and a full-body motion capture system. The experiment induced VR sickness by gradually increasing the translation gain beyond the user's detection threshold. A between-group comparison between participants with and without VR sickness symptoms found some significant differences in postural stability but found none on gait patterns during the walking. In the EEG analysis, the group with VR sickness showed a reduction of alpha power, a phenomenon previously linked to a higher workload and efforts to maintain postural control. In contrast, the group without VR sickness exhibited brain activities linked to fine cognitive-motor control. The EEG result provides new insights into the postural instability theory: participants with VR sickness could maintain their postural stability at the cost of a higher cognitive workload. Our result also indicates that the analysis of lower-frequency power could complement behavioral data for continuous VR sickness detection in both stationary and mobile VR setups.",
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"content": "Previous studies showed that natural walking reduces the susceptibility to VR sickness. However, many users still experience VR sickness when wearing VR headsets that allow free walking in room-scale spaces. This paper studies VR sickness and postural instability while the user walks in an immersive virtual environment using an electroencephalogram (EEG) headset and a full-body motion capture system. The experiment induced VR sickness by gradually increasing the translation gain beyond the user's detection threshold. A between-group comparison between participants with and without VR sickness symptoms found some significant differences in postural stability but found none on gait patterns during the walking. In the EEG analysis, the group with VR sickness showed a reduction of alpha power, a phenomenon previously linked to a higher workload and efforts to maintain postural control. In contrast, the group without VR sickness exhibited brain activities linked to fine cognitive-motor control. The EEG result provides new insights into the postural instability theory: participants with VR sickness could maintain their postural stability at the cost of a higher cognitive workload. Our result also indicates that the analysis of lower-frequency power could complement behavioral data for continuous VR sickness detection in both stationary and mobile VR setups.",
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"content": "To visualize omnidirectional (or 360°) visual content, the rectilinear perspective projection is commonly employed to map the visual information from the observed area (or viewport) of the viewing sphere to a plane, resulting in the viewport image that is shown to the user. To enhance the user sense of immersion and engagement when exploring the 360° visual content, the viewport field of view (FoV) should be large; however, large FoVs introduce geometric distortions (e.g., objects stretching and shearing); thus, the FoV has an important role on the user’s quality of experience (QoE). In this paper, a subjective test campaign was conducted, aiming to assess the FoV effect on perceived quality and to find the FoV that presents the best trade-off between user immersive experience and perceived geometric distortions. The analysis of the subjective test results shows that a FoV close to 110° has the highest preference among the observers who participated in the test.",
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"keywords": [
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"Omnidirectional Images",
"Visual Content",
"Rectilinear Perspective Projection",
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"Viewing Sphere",
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"Fo V Effect",
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"Qo E",
"Visualization",
"Conferences",
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"Observers",
"Distortion",
"Quality Of Experience",
"Shearing",
"Omnidirectional Images",
"Virtual Reality",
"360 X 00 B 0 Image",
"Quality Assessment",
"Field Of View"
],
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"affiliation": "Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto de Telecomunicações,Instituto Superior Técnico,Lisboa,Portugal",
"fullName": "Falah Jabar",
"givenName": "Falah",
"surname": "Jabar",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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{
"affiliation": "Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto de Telecomunicações,Instituto Superior Técnico,Lisboa,Portugal",
"fullName": "Joño Ascenso",
"givenName": "Joño",
"surname": "Ascenso",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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{
"affiliation": "Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto de Telecomunicações,Instituto Superior Técnico,Lisboa,Portugal",
"fullName": "Maria Paula Queluz",
"givenName": "Maria Paula",
"surname": "Queluz",
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"abstract": "We present a method for estimating the Motion-to-Photon (End-to-End) latency of head mounted displays (HMDs). The specific HMD evaluated in our study was the Oculus Rift DK2, but the procedure is general. We mounted the HMD on a pendulum to introduce damped sinusoidal motion to the HMD during the pendulum swing. The latency was estimated by calculating the phase shift between the captured signals of the physical motion of the HMD and a motion-dependent gradient stimulus rendered on the display. We used the proposed method to estimate both rotational and translational Motion-to-Photon latencies of the Oculus Rift DK2.",
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"content": "We present a method for estimating the Motion-to-Photon (End-to-End) latency of head mounted displays (HMDs). The specific HMD evaluated in our study was the Oculus Rift DK2, but the procedure is general. We mounted the HMD on a pendulum to introduce damped sinusoidal motion to the HMD during the pendulum swing. The latency was estimated by calculating the phase shift between the captured signals of the physical motion of the HMD and a motion-dependent gradient stimulus rendered on the display. We used the proposed method to estimate both rotational and translational Motion-to-Photon latencies of the Oculus Rift DK2.",
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"Photodiodes",
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{
"affiliation": "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Canada",
"fullName": "Jingbo Zhao",
"givenName": "Jingbo",
"surname": "Zhao",
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{
"affiliation": "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Canada",
"fullName": "Robert S. Allison",
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"affiliation": "Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council, Canada",
"fullName": "Margarita Vinnikov",
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"affiliation": "Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council, Canada",
"fullName": "Sion Jennings",
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"title": "2019 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops)",
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"title": "Anticipated Acceptance of Head Mounted Displays: a content analysis of YouTube comments",
"normalizedTitle": "Anticipated Acceptance of Head Mounted Displays: a content analysis of YouTube comments",
"abstract": "For further development of technologies but also for the implementation in real life contexts, it is important to understand users' perspectives on the anticipated use of innovative technologies in an early development phase. In addition, it is also important to get a better understanding of the explanation of this behavior towards technology use in later stages. Although Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) are not really new anymore, the uptake has been slow so far and people showed some extreme reactions. The objective of this study was to analyze the content of YouTube comments on videos of HMDs, in order to get a better understanding of relevant factors in this early phase of potential acceptance of HMDs. We analyzed 379 YouTube comments on HMDs using content analysis. Comments were divided into three groups: HMD, video, and miscellaneous. Comments about HMDs n=24 were further analyzed. Most of the commenters showed a positive attitude to HMDs. Within the positive attitude, the most expressed themes were comments about the type of use (gaming), positive evaluations (emotions, coolness) and perceived need for an HMD. Within the negative attitudes, negative evaluations (judgments, emotions) were showed most and negative comparisons to other products were made. In neutral attitudes, the main theme was the type of use (gaming). The results specify a couple of user needs and social norms and values which people attach in this early phase to HMDs. In this early phase of acceptance, some early adoption observations were found as in when someone talks about the type of use (felt needs) and positive judgments (social norms). Early signs of rejection were found by negative judgments (social norms) and comparisons with other products (previous practice).",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "For further development of technologies but also for the implementation in real life contexts, it is important to understand users' perspectives on the anticipated use of innovative technologies in an early development phase. In addition, it is also important to get a better understanding of the explanation of this behavior towards technology use in later stages. Although Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) are not really new anymore, the uptake has been slow so far and people showed some extreme reactions. The objective of this study was to analyze the content of YouTube comments on videos of HMDs, in order to get a better understanding of relevant factors in this early phase of potential acceptance of HMDs. We analyzed 379 YouTube comments on HMDs using content analysis. Comments were divided into three groups: HMD, video, and miscellaneous. Comments about HMDs n=24 were further analyzed. Most of the commenters showed a positive attitude to HMDs. Within the positive attitude, the most expressed themes were comments about the type of use (gaming), positive evaluations (emotions, coolness) and perceived need for an HMD. Within the negative attitudes, negative evaluations (judgments, emotions) were showed most and negative comparisons to other products were made. In neutral attitudes, the main theme was the type of use (gaming). The results specify a couple of user needs and social norms and values which people attach in this early phase to HMDs. In this early phase of acceptance, some early adoption observations were found as in when someone talks about the type of use (felt needs) and positive judgments (social norms). Early signs of rejection were found by negative judgments (social norms) and comparisons with other products (previous practice).",
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"authors": [
{
"affiliation": "Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands",
"fullName": "Niek Zuidhof",
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{
"affiliation": "Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
"fullName": "Somaya Ben Allouch",
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"abstract": "A longstanding question in computer vision concerns the representation of 3D shapes for recognition: should 3D shapes be represented with descriptors operating on their native 3D formats, such as voxel grid or polygon mesh, or can they be effectively represented with view-based descriptors? We address this question in the context of learning to recognize 3D shapes from a collection of their rendered views on 2D images. We first present a standard CNN architecture trained to recognize the shapes' rendered views independently of each other, and show that a 3D shape can be recognized even from a single view at an accuracy far higher than using state-of-the-art 3D shape descriptors. Recognition rates further increase when multiple views of the shapes are provided. In addition, we present a novel CNN architecture that combines information from multiple views of a 3D shape into a single and compact shape descriptor offering even better recognition performance. The same architecture can be applied to accurately recognize human hand-drawn sketches of shapes. We conclude that a collection of 2D views can be highly informative for 3D shape recognition and is amenable to emerging CNN architectures and their derivatives.",
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"content": "A longstanding question in computer vision concerns the representation of 3D shapes for recognition: should 3D shapes be represented with descriptors operating on their native 3D formats, such as voxel grid or polygon mesh, or can they be effectively represented with view-based descriptors? We address this question in the context of learning to recognize 3D shapes from a collection of their rendered views on 2D images. We first present a standard CNN architecture trained to recognize the shapes' rendered views independently of each other, and show that a 3D shape can be recognized even from a single view at an accuracy far higher than using state-of-the-art 3D shape descriptors. Recognition rates further increase when multiple views of the shapes are provided. In addition, we present a novel CNN architecture that combines information from multiple views of a 3D shape into a single and compact shape descriptor offering even better recognition performance. The same architecture can be applied to accurately recognize human hand-drawn sketches of shapes. We conclude that a collection of 2D views can be highly informative for 3D shape recognition and is amenable to emerging CNN architectures and their derivatives.",
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"abstract": "We propose a cross-domain image-based 3D shape retrieval method, which learns a joint embedding space for natural images and 3D shapes in an end-to-end manner. The similarities between images and 3D shapes can be computed as the distances in this embedding space. To better encode a 3D shape, we propose a new feature aggregation method, Cross-View Convolution (CVC), which models a 3D shape as a sequence of rendered views. For bridging the gaps between images and 3D shapes, we propose a Cross-Domain Triplet Neural Network (CDTNN) that incorporates an adaptation layer to match the features from different domains better and can be trained end-to-end. In addition, we speed up the triplet training process by presenting a new fast cross-domain triplet neural network architecture. We evaluate our method on a new image to 3D shape dataset for category-level retrieval and ObjectNet3D for instance-level retrieval. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of retrieval performance. We also provide in-depth analysis of various design choices to further reduce the memory storage and computational cost.",
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"content": "We propose a cross-domain image-based 3D shape retrieval method, which learns a joint embedding space for natural images and 3D shapes in an end-to-end manner. The similarities between images and 3D shapes can be computed as the distances in this embedding space. To better encode a 3D shape, we propose a new feature aggregation method, Cross-View Convolution (CVC), which models a 3D shape as a sequence of rendered views. For bridging the gaps between images and 3D shapes, we propose a Cross-Domain Triplet Neural Network (CDTNN) that incorporates an adaptation layer to match the features from different domains better and can be trained end-to-end. In addition, we speed up the triplet training process by presenting a new fast cross-domain triplet neural network architecture. We evaluate our method on a new image to 3D shape dataset for category-level retrieval and ObjectNet3D for instance-level retrieval. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of retrieval performance. We also provide in-depth analysis of various design choices to further reduce the memory storage and computational cost.",
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"abstract": "An effective user interface helps to hinge on ideas and imagination from fashion designers and most importantly express their artworks with their flair. Shape, material, color, movement and flow - all these qualities give a piece of clothing its uniqueness, and the designer uses drawings to communicate his intentions. Sketches of various views of the garment provide the preliminary clues needed for bulk manufacturing. However, it is very difficult to develop a common user interface platform even as intuitive as sketching interface, since different designers have different senses and habits to work on their drawings. In this paper, we focus on this sketching issues and propose a user behavior tree (UBT) model that helps to return the corresponding shapes according to the preference of user. Also, in the front-tier, we provide a 3D user interface for editing the clothing panels, adjusting the sewing lines and simulating the garment design. Experiment results show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model.",
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"abstract": "In clinical practice, sketches support physicians in treatment planning. For example, they are employed as direct annotations in medical image data. However, this approach leads to occlusions in case of spatially complex 3D representations of anatomical structures such as vascular systems. To overcome this limitation, we developed a framework which enables the physician to create annotations by freely sketching in 3D environment. We solve the problem of occlusions by an animated representation of the original and unfolded vascular structure with interactive unfolding. For this, we use a semi-immersive stereoscopic display and a stylus with ray-based interaction techniques.",
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"abstract": "Automatically selecting exposure bracketing (images exposed differently) is important to obtain a high dynamic range image by using multi-exposure fusion. Unlike previous methods that have many restrictions such as requiring camera response function, sensor noise model, and a stream of preview images with different exposures (not accessible in some scenarios e.g. mobile applications), we propose a novel deep neural network to automatically select exposure bracketing, named EBSNet, which is sufficiently flexible without having the above restrictions. EBSNet is formulated as a reinforced agent that is trained by maximizing rewards provided by a multi-exposure fusion network (MEFNet). By utilizing the illumination and semantic information extracted from just a single auto-exposure preview image, EBSNet enables to select an optimal exposure bracketing for multi-exposure fusion. EBSNet and MEFNet can be jointly trained to produce favorable results against recent state-of-the-art approaches. To facilitate future research, we provide a new benchmark dataset for multi-exposure selection and fusion.",
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"Image Enhancement",
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"affiliation": "University of South Carolina,USA",
"fullName": "Lan Fu",
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"affiliation": "Nanyang Technological University,Singapore",
"fullName": "Changqing Zhou",
"givenName": "Changqing",
"surname": "Zhou",
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{
"affiliation": "Nanyang Technological University,Singapore",
"fullName": "Qing Guo",
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"affiliation": "Alibaba Group,USA",
"fullName": "Felix Juefei-Xu",
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"affiliation": "Cleveland State University,USA",
"fullName": "Hongkai Yu",
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{
"affiliation": "Tianjin University,China",
"fullName": "Wei Feng",
"givenName": "Wei",
"surname": "Feng",
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{
"affiliation": "Nanyang Technological University,Singapore",
"fullName": "Yang Liu",
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"surname": "Liu",
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{
"affiliation": "University of South Carolina,USA",
"fullName": "Song Wang",
"givenName": "Song",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we propose a new technique for compensating radial and perspective distortions of photos acquired with wide-angle lens by using facial features detected from the images without using predefined calibration patterns. The proposed algorithm utilizes a statistical facial feature model to recover radial distortion and the facial features are further used for adaptive cylindrical projection which will reduce perspective distortion near the image boundary. Our algorithm has several advantages over the traditional methods. First, traditional calibration patterns, like man-made straight buildings, chessboards, or calibration cubes, are not required in our method. Even though the radial distortion can be corrected by several conventional methods, most of them usually produce photos with larger perspective distortion for faces compared to our method. The system is composed of four components: offline training of the statistical facial feature model, feature point extraction from distorted faces, estimation of radial distortion parameters and compensation of radial distortion, and adaptive cylindrical projection. In order to estimate the distortion parameters, we propose an energy considering the fitness between the undistorted coordinates of the facial feature points extracted from the input distorted image and the learned statistical facial feature model. Given the distortion parameters, the fitness is calculated by solving a linear least squares system. The distortion parameters that minimize the cost function are searched in a hierarchical manner. Experimental results demonstrate the distortion reduction in the corrected images by using the proposed method.",
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"content": "In this paper, we propose a new technique for compensating radial and perspective distortions of photos acquired with wide-angle lens by using facial features detected from the images without using predefined calibration patterns. The proposed algorithm utilizes a statistical facial feature model to recover radial distortion and the facial features are further used for adaptive cylindrical projection which will reduce perspective distortion near the image boundary. Our algorithm has several advantages over the traditional methods. First, traditional calibration patterns, like man-made straight buildings, chessboards, or calibration cubes, are not required in our method. Even though the radial distortion can be corrected by several conventional methods, most of them usually produce photos with larger perspective distortion for faces compared to our method. The system is composed of four components: offline training of the statistical facial feature model, feature point extraction from distorted faces, estimation of radial distortion parameters and compensation of radial distortion, and adaptive cylindrical projection. In order to estimate the distortion parameters, we propose an energy considering the fitness between the undistorted coordinates of the facial feature points extracted from the input distorted image and the learned statistical facial feature model. Given the distortion parameters, the fitness is calculated by solving a linear least squares system. The distortion parameters that minimize the cost function are searched in a hierarchical manner. Experimental results demonstrate the distortion reduction in the corrected images by using the proposed method.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "In this paper, we propose a new technique for compensating radial and perspective distortions of photos acquired with wide-angle lens by using facial features detected from the images without using predefined calibration patterns. The proposed algorithm utilizes a statistical facial feature model to recover radial distortion and the facial features are further used for adaptive cylindrical projection which will reduce perspective distortion near the image boundary. Our algorithm has several advantages over the traditional methods. First, traditional calibration patterns, like man-made straight buildings, chessboards, or calibration cubes, are not required in our method. Even though the radial distortion can be corrected by several conventional methods, most of them usually produce photos with larger perspective distortion for faces compared to our method. The system is composed of four components: offline training of the statistical facial feature model, feature point extraction from distorted faces, estimation of radial distortion parameters and compensation of radial distortion, and adaptive cylindrical projection. In order to estimate the distortion parameters, we propose an energy considering the fitness between the undistorted coordinates of the facial feature points extracted from the input distorted image and the learned statistical facial feature model. Given the distortion parameters, the fitness is calculated by solving a linear least squares system. The distortion parameters that minimize the cost function are searched in a hierarchical manner. Experimental results demonstrate the distortion reduction in the corrected images by using the proposed method.",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Comput. Sci., Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan",
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"title": "2015 IEEE 56th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS)",
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"abstract": "We describe algorithms for the problem of minimum distortion embeddings of finite metric spaces into the real line (or a finite subset of the line). The time complexities of our algorithms are parametrized by the values of the minimum distortion, δ, and the spread, Δ, of the point set we are embedding. We consider the problem of finding the minimum distortion bijection between two finite subsets of the Euclidean line. This problem was known to have an exact polynomial time solution when δ is below a specific small constant, and hard to approximate within a factor of δ1 -- ε, when δ is polynomially large. Let D be the largest adjacent pair distance, a value potentially much smaller than Δ. Then we provide a δO(δ2 log2 D)} n{O(1)} time exact algorithm for this problem, which in particular yields a quasipolynomial running time for constant δ, and polynomial D. For the more general problem of embedding any finite metric space (X, dX) into a finite subset of the line, Y, we provide a δO(δ2) (mn)O(1) time O(1)-approximation algorithm (where |X|=n and |Y|=m), which runs in polynomial time provided δ is a constant and δ is polynomial. This in turn allows us to get a δO(δ2) (n)O(1)} time O(1)-approximation algorithm for embedding (X, dX) into the continuous real line.",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "We describe algorithms for the problem of minimum distortion embeddings of finite metric spaces into the real line (or a finite subset of the line). The time complexities of our algorithms are parametrized by the values of the minimum distortion, δ, and the spread, Δ, of the point set we are embedding. We consider the problem of finding the minimum distortion bijection between two finite subsets of the Euclidean line. This problem was known to have an exact polynomial time solution when δ is below a specific small constant, and hard to approximate within a factor of δ1 -- ε, when δ is polynomially large. Let D be the largest adjacent pair distance, a value potentially much smaller than Δ. Then we provide a δO(δ2 log2 D)} n{O(1)} time exact algorithm for this problem, which in particular yields a quasipolynomial running time for constant δ, and polynomial D. For the more general problem of embedding any finite metric space (X, dX) into a finite subset of the line, Y, we provide a δO(δ2) (mn)O(1) time O(1)-approximation algorithm (where |X|=n and |Y|=m), which runs in polynomial time provided δ is a constant and δ is polynomial. This in turn allows us to get a δO(δ2) (n)O(1)} time O(1)-approximation algorithm for embedding (X, dX) into the continuous real line.",
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"abstract": "The effects of radial lens distortion often appear in wide-angle cameras of surveillance and safeguard systems, which may severely degrade performances of previous face recognition algorithms. Traditional methods for radial lens distortion correction usually employ line features in scenarios that are not suitable for face images. In this paper, we propose a distortion-invariant face recognition system called RDCFace, which directly and only utilize the distorted images of faces, to alleviate the effects of radial lens distortion. RDCFace is an end-to-end trainable cascade network, which can learn rectification and alignment parameters to achieve a better face recognition performance without requiring supervision of facial landmarks and distortion parameters. We design sequential spatial transformer layers to optimize the correction, alignment, and recognition modules jointly. The feasibility of our method comes from implicitly using the statistics of the layout of face features learned from the large-scale face data. Extensive experiments indicate that our method is distortion robust and gains significant improvements on LFW, YTF, CFP, and RadialFace, a real distorted face benchmark compared with state-of-the-art methods.",
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"abstract": "In this paper we present a unified formulation for a large class of relative pose problems with radial distortion and varying calibration. For minimal cases, we show that one can eliminate the number of parameters down to one to three. The relative pose can then be expressed using varying calibration constraints on the fundamental matrix, with entries that are polynomial in the parameters. We can then apply standard techniques based on the action matrix and Sturm sequences to construct our solvers. This enables efficient solvers for a large class of relative pose problems with radial distortion, using a common framework. We evaluate a number of these solvers for robust two-view inlier and epipolar geometry estimation, used as minimal solvers in RANSAC.",
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"abstract": "We continue the Coxeter spectral study of finite connected loop-free edge-bipartite graphs ?, with m+2 = 3 vertices (a class of signed graphs), started in [SIAM J. Discrete Math., 27 (2013), 827-854] by means of the complex Coxeter spectrum specc ? ? C and presented in our talks given in SYNASC12 and SYNASC13. Here, we study non-negative edge-bipartite graphs of corank two, in the sense that the symmetric Gram matrix G? ? Mm+2 (Z) of ? is positive semi-definite of rank m = 1. Extending each of the simply laced Euclidean diagrams Ãm, m = 1, ?m, m = 4, ?6, ?7, ?8 by one vertex, we construct a family of loop-free corank two diagrams Ã2m, ?2m, ?26, ?27, ?28 (called simply extended Euclidean diagrams) such that they classify all connected corank two loop-free edge-bipartite graphs ?, with m + 2 = 3 vertices, up to Z-congruence ? ~z ?'. Here ? ~z ?' means that G?' = Btr ·G?'·B, for some B ? Mm+2 (Z) such that det B = ±1. We present algorithms that generate all such edge-bipartite graphs of a given size m + 2 = 3, together with their Coxeter polynomials, and the reduced Coxeter numbers, using symbolic and numeric computer calculations in Python. Moreover, we prove that for any corank two connected loop-free edge-bipartite graph ?, with m + 2 = 3 vertices, there exists a simply extended Euclidean diagram D such that ? ~z D.",
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"content": "We continue the Coxeter spectral study of finite connected loop-free edge-bipartite graphs ?, with m+2 = 3 vertices (a class of signed graphs), started in [SIAM J. Discrete Math., 27 (2013), 827-854] by means of the complex Coxeter spectrum specc ? ? C and presented in our talks given in SYNASC12 and SYNASC13. Here, we study non-negative edge-bipartite graphs of corank two, in the sense that the symmetric Gram matrix G? ? Mm+2 (Z) of ? is positive semi-definite of rank m = 1. Extending each of the simply laced Euclidean diagrams Ãm, m = 1, ?m, m = 4, ?6, ?7, ?8 by one vertex, we construct a family of loop-free corank two diagrams Ã2m, ?2m, ?26, ?27, ?28 (called simply extended Euclidean diagrams) such that they classify all connected corank two loop-free edge-bipartite graphs ?, with m + 2 = 3 vertices, up to Z-congruence ? ~z ?'. Here ? ~z ?' means that G?' = Btr ·G?'·B, for some B ? Mm+2 (Z) such that det B = ±1. We present algorithms that generate all such edge-bipartite graphs of a given size m + 2 = 3, together with their Coxeter polynomials, and the reduced Coxeter numbers, using symbolic and numeric computer calculations in Python. Moreover, we prove that for any corank two connected loop-free edge-bipartite graph ?, with m + 2 = 3 vertices, there exists a simply extended Euclidean diagram D such that ? ~z D.",
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"abstract": "A bipartite graph consists of a set of nodes that can be divided into two partitions such that no edge has both endpoints in the same partition. A semi-bipartite graph is a bipartite graph with edges in one partition. Anchored map is a graph drawing technique for bipartite graphs and provides aesthetically pleasing layouts of graphs with high readability by restricting the positions of nodes in a partition. For this research, the objects of the anchored map technique were extended to semi-bipartite graphs. A hybrid layout style of anchored maps and matrix representations are proposed, and an automatic drawing technique is shown. The proposed technique arranges the nodes in one partition on a circumference like the anchored map of bipartite graphs. It also divides nodes in the other partition with edges into clusters and represents them in the matrix representations to make it easy to see connective subsets.",
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"content": "A bipartite graph consists of a set of nodes that can be divided into two partitions such that no edge has both endpoints in the same partition. A semi-bipartite graph is a bipartite graph with edges in one partition. Anchored map is a graph drawing technique for bipartite graphs and provides aesthetically pleasing layouts of graphs with high readability by restricting the positions of nodes in a partition. For this research, the objects of the anchored map technique were extended to semi-bipartite graphs. A hybrid layout style of anchored maps and matrix representations are proposed, and an automatic drawing technique is shown. The proposed technique arranges the nodes in one partition on a circumference like the anchored map of bipartite graphs. It also divides nodes in the other partition with edges into clusters and represents them in the matrix representations to make it easy to see connective subsets.",
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"title": "On interval edge-colorings of bipartite graphs",
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"abstract": "An edge-coloring of a graph G with colors 1,…, t is an interval t-coloring if all colors are used, and the colors of edges incident to each vertex of G are distinct and form an interval of integers. A graph G is interval colorable if it has an interval t-coloring for some positive integer t. The set of interval colorable graphs is denoted by R. Recently, Toft has conjectured that all bipartite graphs with maximum degree at most 4 are interval colorable. In this paper we prove that: 1) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ(G) ≤ 4, then G□K2 N R; 2) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ (G) = 5 and without a vertex of degree 3, then G□K2 N R; 3) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ(G) = 6 and it has a 2-factor, then G□K2 N N. In 1999, Giaro using computer-aided methods showed that all bipartite graphs on at most 14 vertices are interval colorable. On the other hand, the smallest known examples of interval non-colorable bipartite graphs have 19 vertices. In this paper we also observe that several classes of bipartite graphs of small order have an interval coloring. In particular, we show that all bipartite graphs on 15 vertices are interval colorable.",
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"content": "An edge-coloring of a graph G with colors 1,…, t is an interval t-coloring if all colors are used, and the colors of edges incident to each vertex of G are distinct and form an interval of integers. A graph G is interval colorable if it has an interval t-coloring for some positive integer t. The set of interval colorable graphs is denoted by R. Recently, Toft has conjectured that all bipartite graphs with maximum degree at most 4 are interval colorable. In this paper we prove that: 1) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ(G) ≤ 4, then G□K2 N R; 2) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ (G) = 5 and without a vertex of degree 3, then G□K2 N R; 3) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ(G) = 6 and it has a 2-factor, then G□K2 N N. In 1999, Giaro using computer-aided methods showed that all bipartite graphs on at most 14 vertices are interval colorable. On the other hand, the smallest known examples of interval non-colorable bipartite graphs have 19 vertices. In this paper we also observe that several classes of bipartite graphs of small order have an interval coloring. In particular, we show that all bipartite graphs on 15 vertices are interval colorable.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "An edge-coloring of a graph G with colors 1,…, t is an interval t-coloring if all colors are used, and the colors of edges incident to each vertex of G are distinct and form an interval of integers. A graph G is interval colorable if it has an interval t-coloring for some positive integer t. The set of interval colorable graphs is denoted by R. Recently, Toft has conjectured that all bipartite graphs with maximum degree at most 4 are interval colorable. In this paper we prove that: 1) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ(G) ≤ 4, then G□K2 N R; 2) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ (G) = 5 and without a vertex of degree 3, then G□K2 N R; 3) if G is a bipartite graph with Δ(G) = 6 and it has a 2-factor, then G□K2 N N. In 1999, Giaro using computer-aided methods showed that all bipartite graphs on at most 14 vertices are interval colorable. On the other hand, the smallest known examples of interval non-colorable bipartite graphs have 19 vertices. In this paper we also observe that several classes of bipartite graphs of small order have an interval coloring. In particular, we show that all bipartite graphs on 15 vertices are interval colorable.",
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"Hypercubes",
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"abstract": "The energy of a graph is defined as the sum of the absolute values of its eigenvalues. Let be the class of connected bipartite graphs with exactly two vertex-disjoint cycles. The graphs with minimal energies in is determined by [18]. In this paper, we determine the second to sixth graphs with minimal energy in the above ordering.",
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"content": "The energy of a graph is defined as the sum of the absolute values of its eigenvalues. Let be the class of connected bipartite graphs with exactly two vertex-disjoint cycles. The graphs with minimal energies in is determined by [18]. In this paper, we determine the second to sixth graphs with minimal energy in the above ordering.",
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"abstract": "The (un-weighted) vertex cover problem in general graphs is a classical NP-hard problem, but it is polynomial time solvable in bipartite graphs. This paper considers two combinatorial optimization problems. One is the weighted vertex cover problem and the other is the so-called maximum edge packing problem. We proved that in bipartite graphs, maximum edge packing problem can be viewed as the dual of the weighted vertex cover problem, and hence these two problems are polynomial time solvable. We explored the relationships between these two problems in bipartite graphs and some structural results are obtained accordingly. Furthermore, a new efficient algorithm for the weighted vertex cover problem in bipartite graphs is also derived. Our method generalized some previous algorithms for un-weighted vertex cover in bipartite graphs.",
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"content": "The (un-weighted) vertex cover problem in general graphs is a classical NP-hard problem, but it is polynomial time solvable in bipartite graphs. This paper considers two combinatorial optimization problems. One is the weighted vertex cover problem and the other is the so-called maximum edge packing problem. We proved that in bipartite graphs, maximum edge packing problem can be viewed as the dual of the weighted vertex cover problem, and hence these two problems are polynomial time solvable. We explored the relationships between these two problems in bipartite graphs and some structural results are obtained accordingly. Furthermore, a new efficient algorithm for the weighted vertex cover problem in bipartite graphs is also derived. Our method generalized some previous algorithms for un-weighted vertex cover in bipartite graphs.",
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