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"doi": "10.1109/ICHI.2018.00057",
"title": "DNA Methylation Data to Predict Suicidal and Non-Suicidal Deaths: A Machine Learning Approach",
"normalizedTitle": "DNA Methylation Data to Predict Suicidal and Non-Suicidal Deaths: A Machine Learning Approach",
"abstract": "Suicide is one of the leading causes of death. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the risk factors for committing suicide. Epigenetic data may help to distinguish suicidal and non-suicidal deaths. The objective of this study is to use machine learning to predict suicidal and non-suicidal deaths from DNA methylation data. We used support-vector machines (SVMs) to classify existing secondary data consisting of normalized values of methylated DNA probe intensities from tissues of two cortical brain regions (Brodmann Area 11 [BA11] and Brodmann Area 25 [BA25]) to distinguish 20 suicide cases (who died following a major depressive disorder) from 20 control cases (non-psychiatric sudden death). Prior to classification, we employed Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) to reduce the dimension of the data. In comparison to PCA, the modern data visualization method t-SNE performs better in dimensionality reduction. We applied four-fold cross-validation in which the resulting output from t-SNE was used as training data for the SVM. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) for the classification exhibited an 80% Area Under the Curve (AUC) for BA25 data and 100% AUC for BA11. This research constitutes a baseline study for classifying suicidal and non-suicidal deaths from DNA methylation data. Future studies with larger sample size may reduce the bias and improve the accuracy of the results.",
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"content": "Suicide is one of the leading causes of death. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the risk factors for committing suicide. Epigenetic data may help to distinguish suicidal and non-suicidal deaths. The objective of this study is to use machine learning to predict suicidal and non-suicidal deaths from DNA methylation data. We used support-vector machines (SVMs) to classify existing secondary data consisting of normalized values of methylated DNA probe intensities from tissues of two cortical brain regions (Brodmann Area 11 [BA11] and Brodmann Area 25 [BA25]) to distinguish 20 suicide cases (who died following a major depressive disorder) from 20 control cases (non-psychiatric sudden death). Prior to classification, we employed Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) to reduce the dimension of the data. In comparison to PCA, the modern data visualization method t-SNE performs better in dimensionality reduction. We applied four-fold cross-validation in which the resulting output from t-SNE was used as training data for the SVM. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) for the classification exhibited an 80% Area Under the Curve (AUC) for BA25 data and 100% AUC for BA11. This research constitutes a baseline study for classifying suicidal and non-suicidal deaths from DNA methylation data. Future studies with larger sample size may reduce the bias and improve the accuracy of the results.",
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"title": "Copyright protection of architectural CAD drawing using the multiple watermarking scheme",
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"abstract": "The paper proposes a digital watermarking technique for CAD vertex-based architectural drawings using lines, arcs, and circles to prevent unlawful reproduction and distribution. After extracting lines, arcs, and circles from the drawing, the watermarks are embedded using an adaptive algorithm related to the length of the line, angle of the arc, and radius of the circle. The proposed watermarking scheme is robust to various attacks, like a geometrical transformation. Also, the proposed method satisfies transparency, as the embedding strength is suited to each component. Experimental results confirmed the robustness and invisibility of the embedded watermarks in several architectural drawing conversions",
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"proceeding": {
"id": "12OmNro0Iap",
"title": "2009 WRI Global Congress on Intelligent Systems",
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"doi": "10.1109/GCIS.2009.256",
"title": "Chaos-Based Semi-Blind Watermarking for CAD Models",
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"abstract": "Digital watermarking technique is becoming one of the hot research fields of copyright protecting, private detection for CAD graphic data under the network environment.But existing watermarking algorithms for polygonal meshes and their attributes can’t be applied to the majority of computer aided design(CAD) applications, for two major reasons.First, these CAD systems employ parametric curves and surfaces, not polygonal meshes, as their main shape defining primitives. Second, most CAD applications do not tolerate modifications of model topology and/or geometry that are introduced by existing watermarking algorithms.In this paper we propose a watermarking mechanism for CAD models, those employ non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) curves and surfaces as their main shape-defining primitives. This mechanism using relative knot insertion method embeds the watermarks generated by chaotic map into the NURBS primitives, and it exactly preserves the shapes. Since it is a semi-blind watermarking algorithm,we need just the original message to extract the watermarks from the watermarked models, and after comparing them with the original one we can tell whether there is the watermark in this CAD model upon the similarity. The experimental results shows that our watermarking mechanism is robust against most common attacks.",
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"content": "Digital watermarking technique is becoming one of the hot research fields of copyright protecting, private detection for CAD graphic data under the network environment.But existing watermarking algorithms for polygonal meshes and their attributes can’t be applied to the majority of computer aided design(CAD) applications, for two major reasons.First, these CAD systems employ parametric curves and surfaces, not polygonal meshes, as their main shape defining primitives. Second, most CAD applications do not tolerate modifications of model topology and/or geometry that are introduced by existing watermarking algorithms.In this paper we propose a watermarking mechanism for CAD models, those employ non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) curves and surfaces as their main shape-defining primitives. This mechanism using relative knot insertion method embeds the watermarks generated by chaotic map into the NURBS primitives, and it exactly preserves the shapes. Since it is a semi-blind watermarking algorithm,we need just the original message to extract the watermarks from the watermarked models, and after comparing them with the original one we can tell whether there is the watermark in this CAD model upon the similarity. The experimental results shows that our watermarking mechanism is robust against most common attacks.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Digital watermarking technique is becoming one of the hot research fields of copyright protecting, private detection for CAD graphic data under the network environment.But existing watermarking algorithms for polygonal meshes and their attributes can’t be applied to the majority of computer aided design(CAD) applications, for two major reasons.First, these CAD systems employ parametric curves and surfaces, not polygonal meshes, as their main shape defining primitives. Second, most CAD applications do not tolerate modifications of model topology and/or geometry that are introduced by existing watermarking algorithms.In this paper we propose a watermarking mechanism for CAD models, those employ non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) curves and surfaces as their main shape-defining primitives. This mechanism using relative knot insertion method embeds the watermarks generated by chaotic map into the NURBS primitives, and it exactly preserves the shapes. Since it is a semi-blind watermarking algorithm,we need just the original message to extract the watermarks from the watermarked models, and after comparing them with the original one we can tell whether there is the watermark in this CAD model upon the similarity. The experimental results shows that our watermarking mechanism is robust against most common attacks.",
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"fullName": "Nan Liu",
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"fullName": "Yin Zhang",
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"fullName": "Zhiyang Chen",
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"abstract": "Several fragile watermarking techniques cannot detect vector quantization (VQ) attacks; the block-based approach, for example. Celik et al. (IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 585-595, 2002) proposed a hierarchical watermarking approach to reveal the VQ attacks. In order to improve the hierarchical watermarking approach, we present a new fragile watermarking technique based on genetic algorithms (GAs) to embed watermarks into the frequency domain of a host image. Different from existing schemes, the adjustment in the host image by GAs will achieve the embedding of fragile watermarks. The technique can provide a fundamental platform for other fragile watermarking techniques. Furthermore, the embedding of watermarks into frequency domain enhances the security in fragile watermarking",
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"content": "Several fragile watermarking techniques cannot detect vector quantization (VQ) attacks; the block-based approach, for example. Celik et al. (IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 585-595, 2002) proposed a hierarchical watermarking approach to reveal the VQ attacks. In order to improve the hierarchical watermarking approach, we present a new fragile watermarking technique based on genetic algorithms (GAs) to embed watermarks into the frequency domain of a host image. Different from existing schemes, the adjustment in the host image by GAs will achieve the embedding of fragile watermarks. The technique can provide a fundamental platform for other fragile watermarking techniques. Furthermore, the embedding of watermarks into frequency domain enhances the security in fragile watermarking",
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"affiliation": "Comput. Vision Lab., New Jersey Inst. of Technol., Newark, NJ, USA",
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"doi": "10.1109/APSCC.2008.30",
"title": "Removable Visible Watermarking in JPEG Compression Domain",
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"abstract": "The purpose of this research lies in the development of a user-key dependent removable visible watermarking scheme in JPEG compression domain. The protected images are embedded with the visible watermarks, and further compressed by JPEG compression. The visible watermarks only can be successfully removed by authorized user with the private key. Experimental results show the proposed scheme can recover images to the extent of JPEG-compression qualities.",
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"abstract": "The security issue has been neglected for a long time in digital watermarking. Recent results for video watermarking have pointed out that existing watermarking schemes are not secure, i.e., a hostile intelligence succeeds in removing the hidden watermarks. In particular, for a given secret key, many watermarking schemes embed watermarks which lie in the same low-dimensional subspace whatever the host data is. We show that this subspace can be quite easily estimated with an efficient principal component analysis (PCA). For storage convenience, an online expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is considered. Once this watermarking subspace has been estimated, an attacker only has to project incoming data onto the orthogonal of this subspace to remove the watermark.",
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"abstract": "A method for watermarking of polygonal lines is proposed. The watermark is embedded in the Fourier descriptors of the polygonal line causing minor distortions to the coordinates of the vertices of the polygonal line. Watermarks generated by this technique can be successfully detected even after rotation, translation, scaling and reflection of the host polygonal line.",
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"abstract": "As a tool for interests in both storing and managing data, relational database is widely used in many information systems. In this paper, a novel method of watermarking is presented to protect relational databases copyright. We propose a novel multiple watermarking scheme, which embeds two image watermarks into relational database. The watermark embedding and extraction algorithms are specified, the results of the corresponding watermark experiments and the attack experiments verify that the proposed method is correct, feasible and robust.",
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"abstract": "Most of the researchers on watermarking techniques have focused on protecting the copyright information in various data such as audio, image and video signals. However, relatively less watermarking techniques are in respect of copyright protection of 3D model objects. After analyzing the data structure of 3D models, we propose a novel and efficient algorithm which allows embedding public watermarks containing copyright information into 3D models consisting entirely of triangle meshes. In the proposed algorithm, watermarks are embedded into a 3D model by altering model vertices with weights and along directions that are all adaptive to the local geometry. The geometrybased algorithm allows of higher robustness with transparency. Experimental results and the attack analysis demonstrate that the proposed watermarking algorithm is transparent and robust against the combination of various attacks.",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we propose a high presence informal communication system between different locations using tiled display system environment installed on public places. A large number of users can simultaneously use the tiled displays on each location and freely communicate with the other persons using his/her smart phones by exchanging his/her voice, video and messages, eventually informal talk can be realized each other. Thus, informal communication can be easily realized. In this paper, a system configuration and architecture and realization method of informal communication system using tiled display and smartphone are explained. In order to verify our proposed system, the first preliminary test is evaluated on the local network environment. Through this functional evaluation, possibility of informal communication by combination and smart phone and tiled display system is shown.",
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"abstract": "In tele-communication via WAN, the existence of participant by video streaming in real scene is important. In addition, we consider that non-verbal communication play an important role. In order to realize realistic communication between remote places, the display of video image in remote site with the large-scale screen is effective. However, the video image on wide-area display with a projector and large screen is low-resolution, and sufficient presence is not obtained. In past, we have constructed tele-immersive environment with tiled display wall to realize realistic remote communication with video streaming. However, the video image by single small camera is difficult to display with realistic high-resolution on tiled display wall, because there is a limit in the display resolution of video image captured by a small camera. In this paper, we have proposed the technique to realize high-speed display of realistic high-resolution video image on tiled display wall by transmitting each video image data which captured by multiple cameras and compositing as a high-resolution video image. From the experimental result, the video image could display more high-quality than expanded video image by single small camera. In addition, we have measured the network throughput performance for each transmission video in the system, and steady throughput performance has been gained in the case of each video image.",
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"abstract": "The author describes a new method to improve the algebraic surface fitting process by better approximating the Euclidean distance from a point to the surface. In the past they have used a simple first order approximation of the Euclidean distance from a point to an implicit curve or surface which yielded good results in the case of unconstrained algebraic curves or surfaces, and reasonable results in the case of bounded algebraic curves and surfaces. However, experiments with the exact Euclidean distance have shown the limitations of this simple approximation. Here, a more complex, and better, approximation to the Euclidean distance is introduced from a point to an alegbraic curve or surface. It is shown that this new approximate distance produces results of the same quality as those based on the exact Euclidean distance, and much better than those obtained using other available methods.<>",
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"abstract": "In recent years, a number of applications have been implemented on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). One important issue in WSNs is energy saving. Different from the traditional applications of WSNs, the applications of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks have to think about application-level quality of service (QoS) and energy saving. A cooperative caching in WMSNs is proposed to solve the energy saving and QoS. However, existed studies of caching in WMSNs do not take the statistical information of multimedia item as an essential factor in the cache replacement methodology. In this paper, we propose a cache replacement criterion by mining temporal region requesting multimedia patterns, TRRMRC, to reduce the unnecessary cache replacement. Through empirical evaluations, TRRMRC indeed benefits the reduction of the cache replacement in WMSNs",
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"content": "In recent years, a number of applications have been implemented on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). One important issue in WSNs is energy saving. Different from the traditional applications of WSNs, the applications of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks have to think about application-level quality of service (QoS) and energy saving. A cooperative caching in WMSNs is proposed to solve the energy saving and QoS. However, existed studies of caching in WMSNs do not take the statistical information of multimedia item as an essential factor in the cache replacement methodology. In this paper, we propose a cache replacement criterion by mining temporal region requesting multimedia patterns, TRRMRC, to reduce the unnecessary cache replacement. Through empirical evaluations, TRRMRC indeed benefits the reduction of the cache replacement in WMSNs",
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"content": "We describe a novel technique for face recognition based on deformable intensity surfaces which incorporates both the shape and texture components of the 2D image. The intensity surface of the facial image is modeled as a deformable 3D mesh in (z, y, I(x, y)) space. Using an efficient technique for matching two surfaces (in terms of the analytic modes of vibration), we obtain a dense correspondence field (or 3D warp) between two images. The probability distributions of two classes of warps are then estimated from training data: interpersonal and extrapersonal variations. These densities are then used in a Bayesian framework for image matching and recognition. Experimental results with facial data from the US Army FERET database demonstrate an increased recognition rate over the previous best methods.",
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"abstract": "Facial expression recognition (FER) algorithms mainly focus on classification into a small discrete set of emotions or representation of emotions using facial action units (AUs). Dimensional representation of emotions as continuous values in an arousal-valence space is relatively less investigated. It is not fully known whether fusion of geometric and texture features will result in better dimensional representation of spontaneous emotions. Moreover, the performance of many previously proposed approaches to dimensional representation has not been evaluated thoroughly on publicly available databases. To address these limitations, this paper presents an evaluation framework for dimensional representation of spontaneous facial expressions using texture and geometric features. SIFT, Gabor and LBP features are extracted around facial fiducial points and fused with FAP distance features. The CFS algorithm is adopted for discriminative texture feature selection. Experimental results evaluated on the publicly accessible NVIE database demonstrate that fusion of texture and geometry does not lead to a much better performance than using texture alone, but does result in a significant performance improvement over geometry alone. LBP features perform the best when fused with geometric features. Distributions of arousal and valence for different emotions obtained via the feature extraction process are compared with those obtained from subjective ground truth values assigned by viewers. Predicted valence is found to have a more similar distribution to ground truth than arousal in terms of covariance or Bhattacharya distance, but it shows a greater distance between the means.",
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"content": "Facial expression recognition (FER) algorithms mainly focus on classification into a small discrete set of emotions or representation of emotions using facial action units (AUs). Dimensional representation of emotions as continuous values in an arousal-valence space is relatively less investigated. It is not fully known whether fusion of geometric and texture features will result in better dimensional representation of spontaneous emotions. Moreover, the performance of many previously proposed approaches to dimensional representation has not been evaluated thoroughly on publicly available databases. To address these limitations, this paper presents an evaluation framework for dimensional representation of spontaneous facial expressions using texture and geometric features. SIFT, Gabor and LBP features are extracted around facial fiducial points and fused with FAP distance features. The CFS algorithm is adopted for discriminative texture feature selection. Experimental results evaluated on the publicly accessible NVIE database demonstrate that fusion of texture and geometry does not lead to a much better performance than using texture alone, but does result in a significant performance improvement over geometry alone. LBP features perform the best when fused with geometric features. Distributions of arousal and valence for different emotions obtained via the feature extraction process are compared with those obtained from subjective ground truth values assigned by viewers. Predicted valence is found to have a more similar distribution to ground truth than arousal in terms of covariance or Bhattacharya distance, but it shows a greater distance between the means.",
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"abstract": "We present a technique that enables capture of detailed body shapes for clothing and footwear design using off-the-shelf equipment. The main components of our acquisition system are a standard flash-equipped digital camera and a calibration plate. Detailed 3D shapes are recovered from flash photographs using multi-view version of photometric stereo. The key idea is to obtain lighting variation by moving the camera itself widely such that photometric stereo can be performed with a built-in flash, which is not achievable with traditional methods. To recover a body model from photographs, we employ a deformable model. Starting from a template mesh, we first deform this to fit a sparse set of markers and then silhouettes in the images. Finally, we refine the mesh to agree with normals estimated from shading using a novel efficient multi-view photometric stereo algorithm based on the deformation gradient fitting. Experimental results obtained using real and synthetic images show that the method provides an accurate model for clothing and footwear design merely using a digital camera. We also present a method for creating a customized shoe-last model from a captured foot model.",
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"abstract": "This paper presents a technique for reconstructing a high-quality high dynamic range (HDR) image from a set of differently exposed and possibly blurred images taken with a hand-held camera. Recovering an HDR image from differently exposed photographs has become very popular. However, it often requires a tripod to keep the camera still when taking photographs of different exposures. To ease the process, it is often preferred to use a hand-held camera. This, however, leads to two problems, misaligned photographs and blurred long-exposed photographs. To overcome these problems, this paper adapts an alignment method and proposes a method for HDR reconstruction from possibly blurred images. We use Bayesian framework to formulate the problem and apply a maximum-likelihood approach to iteratively perform blur kernel estimation, HDR image reconstruction and camera curve recovery. When convergence, we simultaneously obtain an HDR image with rich and clear structures, the camera response curve and blur kernels. To show the effectiveness of our method, we test our method on both synthetic and real photographs. The proposed method compares favorably to two other related methods in the experiments.",
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"content": "This paper presents a technique for reconstructing a high-quality high dynamic range (HDR) image from a set of differently exposed and possibly blurred images taken with a hand-held camera. Recovering an HDR image from differently exposed photographs has become very popular. However, it often requires a tripod to keep the camera still when taking photographs of different exposures. To ease the process, it is often preferred to use a hand-held camera. This, however, leads to two problems, misaligned photographs and blurred long-exposed photographs. To overcome these problems, this paper adapts an alignment method and proposes a method for HDR reconstruction from possibly blurred images. We use Bayesian framework to formulate the problem and apply a maximum-likelihood approach to iteratively perform blur kernel estimation, HDR image reconstruction and camera curve recovery. When convergence, we simultaneously obtain an HDR image with rich and clear structures, the camera response curve and blur kernels. To show the effectiveness of our method, we test our method on both synthetic and real photographs. The proposed method compares favorably to two other related methods in the experiments.",
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"abstract": "We present a simple and intuitive rendering technique to create abstract paintings. This technique allows the users to render a given animated scene with multiple cameras, using a method inspired by concepts used by cubist and futurist abstract painters. In our method, the number of cameras is unlimited and the camera parameters are continuous functions. We define the camera parameters as parametric functions that are described by images, which we call camera-control-images. The spatial distribution color in these camera-control-images determines the camera parameters such as position and orientation.For the creation of abstract paintings, we have developed two artistic techniques. In the first technique, artists incrementally paint a complicated camera-control-image for a given 3D scene. The second technique is the opposite of the first. In this technique, for a given camera-control-image artists incrementally built a 3D scene to create an interesting abstract painting. The second technique is helpful when using existing images such as photographs and paintings.",
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"abstract": "A new algorithm for identifying vortices in complex flows is presented. The scheme uses both the vorticity and pressure fields. A skeleton line along the center of a vortex is produced by a two-step predictor-corrector scheme. The technique uses the vector field to move in the direction of the skeleton line and the scalar field to correct the location in the plane perpendicular to the skeleton line. With an economical description of the vortex tube's cross-section, the skeleton compresses the representation of the flow by a factor of 4000 or more. We show how the reconstructed geometry of vortex tubes can be enhanced to help visualize helical motion.<>",
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"abstract": "A novel method to compute the 3-D unsteady hydrodynamics with application to undersea vehicles is presented. This approach solves the vorticity equation, which is derived from the momentum equation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Most problems of Navy interest involve incompressible flow, that may be described in terms of the vorticity alone. Specific geometries are represented using surface source and vortex panels whose strength is prescribed to satisfy the no-slip and no-flux boundary conditions. Vorticity is diffused from the vortex sheets onto the body surface to maintain a vorticity balance. Vorticity in the flow is specified at points and the vorticity at any other point in the field is obtained via linear interpolation. Interpolation is performed by constructing tetrahedra using Delaunay triangularization. Tetrahedra provide the control volume to integrate over to obtain the velocity and the connectivity of the control points provides a basis to construct derivatives. A sub-grid scale eddy viscosity model was implemented into the solution algorithm to model turbulent flow effects. This method was then validated for a sphere at Reynolds numbers of 1.14 million and unsteady flow development past a cone. Quality of the computed flows was compared with data obtained with experimental data. Lastly, unsteady propeller turbulent inflow computations were performed for the purpose of establishing boundary conditions for unsteady blade force computations.",
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"content": "A novel method to compute the 3-D unsteady hydrodynamics with application to undersea vehicles is presented. This approach solves the vorticity equation, which is derived from the momentum equation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Most problems of Navy interest involve incompressible flow, that may be described in terms of the vorticity alone. Specific geometries are represented using surface source and vortex panels whose strength is prescribed to satisfy the no-slip and no-flux boundary conditions. Vorticity is diffused from the vortex sheets onto the body surface to maintain a vorticity balance. Vorticity in the flow is specified at points and the vorticity at any other point in the field is obtained via linear interpolation. Interpolation is performed by constructing tetrahedra using Delaunay triangularization. Tetrahedra provide the control volume to integrate over to obtain the velocity and the connectivity of the control points provides a basis to construct derivatives. A sub-grid scale eddy viscosity model was implemented into the solution algorithm to model turbulent flow effects. This method was then validated for a sphere at Reynolds numbers of 1.14 million and unsteady flow development past a cone. Quality of the computed flows was compared with data obtained with experimental data. Lastly, unsteady propeller turbulent inflow computations were performed for the purpose of establishing boundary conditions for unsteady blade force computations.",
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"abstract": "Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) allow participants to interact with their 3D surroundings using natural hand gestures. Previous work shows that the addition of haptic feedback cues improves performance on certain 3D tasks. However, we believe this is not true for all situations. Depending on the difficulty of the task, we suggest that we should expect differences in the ballistic movement of our hands when presented with different types of haptic force-feedback conditions. We investigated how hard, soft and no haptic force-feedback responses, experienced when in contact with the surface of an object, affected user performance on a task involving selection of multiple targets. To do this, we implemented a natural egocentric selection interaction technique by integrating a two-handed large-scale force-feedback device in to a CAVE<sup>TM</sup>-like IVE system. With this, we performed a user study where we show that participants perform selection tasks best when interacting with targets that exert soft haptic force-feedback cues. For targets that have hard and no force-feedback properties, we highlight certain associated hand movement that participants make under these conditions, that we hypothesise reduce their performance.",
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"content": "Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) allow participants to interact with their 3D surroundings using natural hand gestures. Previous work shows that the addition of haptic feedback cues improves performance on certain 3D tasks. However, we believe this is not true for all situations. Depending on the difficulty of the task, we suggest that we should expect differences in the ballistic movement of our hands when presented with different types of haptic force-feedback conditions. We investigated how hard, soft and no haptic force-feedback responses, experienced when in contact with the surface of an object, affected user performance on a task involving selection of multiple targets. To do this, we implemented a natural egocentric selection interaction technique by integrating a two-handed large-scale force-feedback device in to a CAVE<sup>TM</sup>-like IVE system. With this, we performed a user study where we show that participants perform selection tasks best when interacting with targets that exert soft haptic force-feedback cues. For targets that have hard and no force-feedback properties, we highlight certain associated hand movement that participants make under these conditions, that we hypothesise reduce their performance.",
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"abstract": "We propose a three-dimensional (3D) haptic modeling system that enables a user to create 3D models as though he/she is drawing pictures in mid-air and touch the created models. In the proposed system, we use our ungrounded pen-shaped kinesthetic display as the interface. The kinesthetic display device can generate kinesthetic sensations on the user's fingers. Because our system does not use mechanical linkages, the user can freely move his/her hand and feel the sensation of touching virtual objects. In the proposed system, the user can easily and intuitively create various 3D shapes by drawing closed curves in air using the device. The created shapes are generated in a physics-based simulation environment and are displayed as 3D images. Therefore, the user can touch and see the drawn shapes as though they exist in reality.",
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"affiliation": "Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan",
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"abstract": "Several studies in affective computing consider the role of haptic channel via the tactile and kinesthetic components. However, these works used constraining haptic devices with limited stimulation strategies. This paper proposes to investigate a new haptic device for the tactile stimulation with a mobile air jet. This approach is more suitable for the stimulation of skin mechanoreceptors which play an important role in social and affective behaviors. An experimental study was conducted in order to understand the relationships between the physical features of the air jet and the perception of emotions by participants. The results highlight a main effect of the intensity and movement velocity of the air jet stimulation on the evaluations of valence, arousal, and dominance.",
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"content": "Several studies in affective computing consider the role of haptic channel via the tactile and kinesthetic components. However, these works used constraining haptic devices with limited stimulation strategies. This paper proposes to investigate a new haptic device for the tactile stimulation with a mobile air jet. This approach is more suitable for the stimulation of skin mechanoreceptors which play an important role in social and affective behaviors. An experimental study was conducted in order to understand the relationships between the physical features of the air jet and the perception of emotions by participants. The results highlight a main effect of the intensity and movement velocity of the air jet stimulation on the evaluations of valence, arousal, and dominance.",
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"Affective Computing",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Comput. Sci., LIMSI, Univ. of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France",
"fullName": "Mohamed Yassine Tsalamlal",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Comput. Sci., LIMSI, Univ. of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Comput. Sci., LIMSI, Univ. of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France",
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"title": "Investigating Input Modality and Task Geometry on Precision-first 3D Drawing in Virtual Reality",
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"abstract": "Accurately drawing non-planar 3D curves in immersive Virtual Reality (VR) is indispensable for many precise 3D tasks. However, due to lack of physical support, limited depth perception, and the non-planar nature of 3D curves, it is challenging to adjust mid-air strokes to achieve high precision. Instead of creating new interaction techniques, we investigated how task geometric shapes and input modalities affect precision-first drawing performance in a within-subject study (n=12) focusing on 3D target tracing in commercially available VR headsets. We found that compared to using bare hands, VR controllers and pens yield nearly 30% of precision gain, and that the tasks with large curvature, forward-backward or left-right orientations perform best. We finally discuss opportunities for designing novel interaction techniques for precise 3D drawing. We believe that our work will benefit future research aiming to create usable toolboxes for precise 3D drawing.",
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"content": "Accurately drawing non-planar 3D curves in immersive Virtual Reality (VR) is indispensable for many precise 3D tasks. However, due to lack of physical support, limited depth perception, and the non-planar nature of 3D curves, it is challenging to adjust mid-air strokes to achieve high precision. Instead of creating new interaction techniques, we investigated how task geometric shapes and input modalities affect precision-first drawing performance in a within-subject study (n=12) focusing on 3D target tracing in commercially available VR headsets. We found that compared to using bare hands, VR controllers and pens yield nearly 30% of precision gain, and that the tasks with large curvature, forward-backward or left-right orientations perform best. We finally discuss opportunities for designing novel interaction techniques for precise 3D drawing. We believe that our work will benefit future research aiming to create usable toolboxes for precise 3D drawing.",
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"Interactive Systems",
"Virtual Reality",
"Commercially Available VR Headsets",
"Immersive Virtual Reality",
"Input Modalities",
"Input Modality",
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"affiliation": "University of California San Diego,Computer Science and Engineering,La Jolla,CA,United States",
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"affiliation": "University of California San Diego,Computer Science and Engineering,La Jolla,CA,United States",
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"abstract": "Application of machine learning methodology on patient functional and structural data has been shown to improve glaucoma classification accuracy. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and the biomechanical behaviors of the eye are early indicators of glaucoma. Four classifiers: linear logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest classifier and gradient boosting classifier are tested for discrimination using a 52-patient biomechanical data set that includes 20 glaucoma (40 eyes) and 32 healthy subjects (64 eyes). Results show that the 98.3% accuracy from linear logistic regression (LLR) is the highest correlation accuracy amongst the tested methods. The LLR classification accuracy is comparable with classification accuracies attained for classification using functional and structural measurements from image data sets. Since IOP elevation and biomechanical changes often precede imageable symptoms, the new biomechanics diagnostic classifier maybe used as a detection method for early stage glaucoma.",
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"abstract": "Ophthalmologists check the condition of the retina by visual examination for signs of retinal disease such as diabetic retinopathy. Typical retinal screening utilizes untunable broadband white light which may not give the best possible visibility of different retinal features-of-interest. Red-free fundus photography applies a green filter in order to enhance blood circulation-related lesions and vascular abnormalities, but the contrast-enhancement is limited to blood-related features. In this study, for enhancing the contrast of various retinal features and lesions in fundus images, a LED-based spectrally tunable light source was constructed and its spectral performance was studied. Optimal illuminants for diabetic retinopathy lesion detection were implemented using the LED-based light source and computational example images were calculated. Retinal lesion visibility (contrast) in retinal images calculated for optimal, red-free and broadband illuminants were compared. The results show that the LED-based optimal illuminants improved the contrast of diabetic lesions in retinal images by 41% compared to the traditional retinal screening. These results are promising and show that light emitting diodes could be beneficially used in next generation retinal imaging systems.",
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"content": "Ophthalmologists check the condition of the retina by visual examination for signs of retinal disease such as diabetic retinopathy. Typical retinal screening utilizes untunable broadband white light which may not give the best possible visibility of different retinal features-of-interest. Red-free fundus photography applies a green filter in order to enhance blood circulation-related lesions and vascular abnormalities, but the contrast-enhancement is limited to blood-related features. In this study, for enhancing the contrast of various retinal features and lesions in fundus images, a LED-based spectrally tunable light source was constructed and its spectral performance was studied. Optimal illuminants for diabetic retinopathy lesion detection were implemented using the LED-based light source and computational example images were calculated. Retinal lesion visibility (contrast) in retinal images calculated for optimal, red-free and broadband illuminants were compared. The results show that the LED-based optimal illuminants improved the contrast of diabetic lesions in retinal images by 41% compared to the traditional retinal screening. These results are promising and show that light emitting diodes could be beneficially used in next generation retinal imaging systems.",
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"abstract": "A modern lighting system should automatically calibrate itself (light commissioning), assess its own status (which lights are on/off and how dimmed), and allow for the creation or preservation of lighting patterns (adjustability), e.g. after the sunset. Such a system does not exist today, nor (real) data, labels, or metrics are available to compare with and foster progress. In this paper we set the baselines to such a computational system, called LIT, and its applications. Using computational imaging we try to model and benchmark the light variations of indoor scenes with different illuminations (including natural light) and luminaire setups. We show that our lighting system can be easily trained with no manual intervention; after that, the benchmark allows to test automatic calibration (LIT-EST), status awareness (LIT-ID) and relighting (RE-LIT) as application.",
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"abstract": "In this paper, we present LiGeR, a gesture recognition system that leverages ambient light to recognize human gestures in indoor environments. LiGeR is based on the observation that when a user performs a gesture in a room that is lit with light, the amount of light that he/she reflects and blocks changes, resulting in changes in the intensity of light in all parts of the room. The patterns of changes in the intensity of light are different for different gesture. LiGeR first learns these patterns for different gestures by applying machine learning techniques on the training samples of those gestures, and then recognizes the gestures in real-time when the user performs them. In designing LiGeR, we overcame several challenges such as automatic detection of gestures, handling changes in the intensity of light, and handling varying gesture speeds. We implemented LiGeR using cheap commercially available light sensors and Arduino boards and evaluated it in several real-world environments. Our results show that LiGeR achieves an average gesture recognition accuracy of over 95%.",
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"affiliation": "National University of Sciences and Technology,Pakistan",
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"abstract": "We present an adaptive data-driven algorithm for interactive crowd simulation. Our approach combines realistic trajectory behaviors extracted from videos with synthetic multi-agent algorithms to generate plausible simulations. We use statistical techniques to compute the movement patterns and motion dynamics from noisy 2D trajectories extracted from crowd videos. These learned pedestrian dynamic characteristics are used to generate collision-free trajectories of virtual pedestrians in slightly different environments or situations. The overall approach is robust and can generate perceptually realistic crowd movements at interactive rates in dynamic environments. We also present results from preliminary user studies that evaluate the trajectory behaviors generated by our algorithm.",
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"abstract": "Difficulties in living in a different culture are caused by different patterns of thinking, feeling and potential actions. People who enter into a new culture or unfamiliar social situation don't know how to behave toward other people. Queuing is a good example behavior of intercultural interaction in a human crowd. This research aims to develop a system that can help users learn a different culture of nonverbal interaction using a simulated crowd. Users can learn how to engage in interaction or imitate queuing behavior in different styles from a simulated human crowd. The human recognition and body interaction section describe the hypothesis of participants' acceptance and feedback. The video and interactive-game environment are discussed and the setting example scenario are shown. The comparative discussion shows the interactive-game is cover the participants' acceptant and feedback. The queuing behavior coding is designed from the posture scoring system. An immersive environment is used for 360 degrees viewing. Learners can observe the agents' behavior in the scenario via immersive display and can interact with the agents by using their body. The FAtiMA emotion agent architecture is applied in the agent's behavioral interaction planning. Preliminary work is shown. The result is a variety of styles of the formation of queuing behavior of people from different cultures.",
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"content": "Difficulties in living in a different culture are caused by different patterns of thinking, feeling and potential actions. People who enter into a new culture or unfamiliar social situation don't know how to behave toward other people. Queuing is a good example behavior of intercultural interaction in a human crowd. This research aims to develop a system that can help users learn a different culture of nonverbal interaction using a simulated crowd. Users can learn how to engage in interaction or imitate queuing behavior in different styles from a simulated human crowd. The human recognition and body interaction section describe the hypothesis of participants' acceptance and feedback. The video and interactive-game environment are discussed and the setting example scenario are shown. The comparative discussion shows the interactive-game is cover the participants' acceptant and feedback. The queuing behavior coding is designed from the posture scoring system. An immersive environment is used for 360 degrees viewing. Learners can observe the agents' behavior in the scenario via immersive display and can interact with the agents by using their body. The FAtiMA emotion agent architecture is applied in the agent's behavioral interaction planning. Preliminary work is shown. The result is a variety of styles of the formation of queuing behavior of people from different cultures.",
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"abstract": "In opportunistic networking, characterizing contact patterns between mobile users is essential for assessing feasibility and performance of opportunistic applications. There has been significant efforts in deriving this characterization, based on observations and trace analyses; however, most of the findings arise from studying contact opportunities at large spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, the user population is considered to be constant: no users can join or leave the system. Yet, there are many examples of scenarios which do not fully adhere to the previous assumption and cannot be accurately described at large scales. Urban environments, such as smaller city districts, are characterized by highly dynamic user populations. We believe that scenarios with varying population requires further investigation. In this paper, we present a novel modeling approach to study operation of opportunistic applications in scenarios where the population size is subjected to frequent changes, that is, it exhibits churn. We also propose an application for estimating the size of a mobile crowd, which we then use to validate our model in four scenarios: a city area, subway station, a conference and a scenario with a synthetic mobility model. We show that the model provides good representations of the investigated scenarios.",
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"content": "In opportunistic networking, characterizing contact patterns between mobile users is essential for assessing feasibility and performance of opportunistic applications. There has been significant efforts in deriving this characterization, based on observations and trace analyses; however, most of the findings arise from studying contact opportunities at large spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, the user population is considered to be constant: no users can join or leave the system. Yet, there are many examples of scenarios which do not fully adhere to the previous assumption and cannot be accurately described at large scales. Urban environments, such as smaller city districts, are characterized by highly dynamic user populations. We believe that scenarios with varying population requires further investigation. In this paper, we present a novel modeling approach to study operation of opportunistic applications in scenarios where the population size is subjected to frequent changes, that is, it exhibits churn. We also propose an application for estimating the size of a mobile crowd, which we then use to validate our model in four scenarios: a city area, subway station, a conference and a scenario with a synthetic mobility model. We show that the model provides good representations of the investigated scenarios.",
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"abstract": "The problem of transfer learning is considered in the domain of crowd counting. A solution based on Bayesian model adaptation of Gaussian processes is proposed. This is shown to produce intuitive model updates, which are tractable, and lead to an adapted model (predictive distribution) that accounts for all information in both training and adaptation data. The new adaptation procedure achieves significant gains over previous approaches, based on multi-task learning, while requiring much less computation to deploy. This makes it particularly suited for the problem of expanding the capacity of crowd counting camera networks. A large video dataset for the evaluation of adaptation approaches to crowd counting is also introduced. This contains a number of adaptation tasks, involving information transfer across video collected by 1) a single camera under different scene conditions (different times of the day) and 2) video collected from different cameras. Evaluation of the proposed model adaptation procedure in this dataset shows good performance in realistic operating conditions.",
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"affiliation": "University of Warwick,Coventry,United Kingdom",
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"content": "Recently ride-sharing platforms have struggled with a decreased supply of drivers, which has negatively impacted their passengers, by subjecting them to long delays and extremely high surge prices. An approach for mitigating these problems is for service providers to facilitate and coordinate carpooling via the recommendation of individually curated paths, not necessarily the shortest, for drivers towards completing their chosen rides. In this paper, we redesign the Weight Evolving Temporal graph structure to efficiently encode large dynamic road networks with temporal ride availability. Leveraging that graph structure, we efficiently define a polynomial-time optimal route recommendation algorithm that increases carpooling opportunities, taking into consideration the spatio-temporal constraints of both drivers and rides in such a highly-dynamic setting. Finally, we use simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of these route recommendations, on both the driver and passenger experience.",
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"Graph Theory",
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"Road Traffic",
"Vehicle Routing",
"Ride Sharing Platforms",
"Surge Prices",
"Service Providers",
"Dynamic Road Networks",
"Temporal Ride Availability",
"Polynomial Time Optimal Route Recommendation",
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"fullName": "Keisuke Tomono",
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"abstract": "This paper describes the use of an optical receiver which has photodiodes (PDs) with two different fields of view (2-FOV) in an indoor visible light communications (VLC) system. Data is transmitted using asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) from white light emitting diodes (LEDs) which are also used for illumination. A cellular configuration is considered where each transmitter transmits data to receivers within its cell. A minimum mean square error (MMSE) combiner is used in the receiver to separate the wanted signal from the interference. Results are calculated for the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) as a function of the transmitter and receiver characteristics and the relative positions of the transmitters and receiver. It is shown that for most receiver positions the 2-FOV receiver outperforms a conventional receiver in which all of the PDs have the same FOV. It is also shown that increasing the number of PDs in the 2-FOV receiver from two to eight gives negligible improvement in performance. Bit error rate (BER) results are presented for a number of receiver positions showing that at some positions the 2-FOV receiver gives a significant improvement in performance but that at others no improvement is observed.",
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"abstract": "The rapid development of information technology has built a new foundation for digital users with application of 3D computer graphics technology, virtual reality technology and augmented reality technology. Augmented reality technology is the technology that extracts particular regions from the input image of camera, composes virtual digital contents in the extracted region. This technology is divided into visible marker technique and invisible marker technique. The visible marker technique is the technique that uses rectangular marker that is easily tracked. The visible marker technique has a high recognition rate, but it provides a lesser immersion. Conversely, the invisible marker technique is the technique that utilizes the feature point. It provides a more immersion, but has a low recognition rate. This paper implements the augmented reality technology using IR (Infrared Rays) camera and visible camera. The infrared rays give IR marker made by infrared rays LED information, IR marker extracts information of the environment of camera, and then sends 3D model which is synthesized to the input screen of Visible camera. Since this technique uses infrared rays that are invisible to human eyes, it improves immersion as well.",
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"content": "The rapid development of information technology has built a new foundation for digital users with application of 3D computer graphics technology, virtual reality technology and augmented reality technology. Augmented reality technology is the technology that extracts particular regions from the input image of camera, composes virtual digital contents in the extracted region. This technology is divided into visible marker technique and invisible marker technique. The visible marker technique is the technique that uses rectangular marker that is easily tracked. The visible marker technique has a high recognition rate, but it provides a lesser immersion. Conversely, the invisible marker technique is the technique that utilizes the feature point. It provides a more immersion, but has a low recognition rate. This paper implements the augmented reality technology using IR (Infrared Rays) camera and visible camera. The infrared rays give IR marker made by infrared rays LED information, IR marker extracts information of the environment of camera, and then sends 3D model which is synthesized to the input screen of Visible camera. Since this technique uses infrared rays that are invisible to human eyes, it improves immersion as well.",
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"abstract": "Adding haptic stimulation to movies is a promising step in creating more emotionally immersive experiences. To explore the potential of this concept, we have created a wearable tactile jacket that is used to deliver movie-specific tactile stimuli to the viewer's body that are specifically targeted to influence the viewer's emotions. Immersion was evaluated in a user test using questionnaires and physiological measurements. The findings show promising effects of the haptic stimuli that need to be substantiated in further more refined user tests.",
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"affiliation": "Philips Research Europe, Germany",
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