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"abstract": "As the most important objective parameter, reverberation time plays a significant role in acoustic field characteristics evaluation of the hall. We can get it by measuring an actual room. In this paper, a new method is proposed based on rough fuzzy neural network to reckon the reverberation time from a scene image, which is obviously distinguished from the conventional methods. Finally the validity of the network is proved through the experiment results of network training on the test data. It provides a brand-new idea for virtual reality technique and sound quality evaluation of virtual environment with using this method.",
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"abstract": "We can perceive a sound position from binaural signals using mainly head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). Using the theorem presented herein, we can display a sound image to a specific position in virtual auditory space by HRTFs. However, HRTF is defined commonly in a free-field, and a virtual sound image is perceived as a dry source without reflection, reverberation, or ambient noise. Therefore, the virtual sound space might be unnatural. The authors developed a software-based virtual auditory display (VAD) that outputs audio signals for a set of headphones with a three-dimensional position sensor. The VAD software can display a dynamic virtual auditory space that is responsive to a listener's head movement. Subjective evaluations were conducted to clarify the relation between the perceived reality of virtual sound space and ambient sound. Evaluation results of the reality of the virtual sound space displayed by the VAD software are introduced.",
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"content": "We can perceive a sound position from binaural signals using mainly head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). Using the theorem presented herein, we can display a sound image to a specific position in virtual auditory space by HRTFs. However, HRTF is defined commonly in a free-field, and a virtual sound image is perceived as a dry source without reflection, reverberation, or ambient noise. Therefore, the virtual sound space might be unnatural. The authors developed a software-based virtual auditory display (VAD) that outputs audio signals for a set of headphones with a three-dimensional position sensor. The VAD software can display a dynamic virtual auditory space that is responsive to a listener's head movement. Subjective evaluations were conducted to clarify the relation between the perceived reality of virtual sound space and ambient sound. Evaluation results of the reality of the virtual sound space displayed by the VAD software are introduced.",
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"title": "Estimation of position and waveform of a specified sound source decreasing the effect of other sound sources and reflection",
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"abstract": "A method is described to estimate, using many sensors (microphones) both the position and the waveform of individual sound sources by decreasing the effects of other sound sources and reflection from walls and/or ceilings. Some experiments using two sound sources and 16 sensors have been carried out in a room with a reverberation time of 0.5 s, and it is found that the waveform of the specified sound source could be estimated by decreasing the effect of other sound sources by about 20 dB.<>",
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"abstract": "Refractions, caustics and dispersions are very important for rendering global illumination images. Caustic is a phenomenon in which multiple light rays, through refractive or reflective objects, converge at a common region, thus creating a bright area. Dispersion is a special caustic effect that takes into account the different refractive indices of monochromatic lights which have different wavelengths. Although there are various works for rendering caustics interactively, there are few algorithms for dispersions. In this paper, we extend the image- space rendering algorithm for caustic to render the dispersion in real time. Rendered results prove that our method is able to render plausible images for many interactive applications.",
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"abstract": "Summary form only given. It has been shown that it is possible to generate perceptual illusions of ownership in immersive virtual reality (IVR) over a virtual body that visually substitutes a person's real body, independently of appearance differences between the two [1, 2]. However, the psychological, behavioral and attitudinal consequences of such body transformations remain unknown [3]. Thirty six Caucasian people participated in a between-groups experiment where they played a West-African Djembe hand drum accompanying another avatar inside IVR. Participants were represented by plainly shaded white hands in the baseline condition, and either a casually dressed dark-skinned virtual body (CD) or a formal suited light-skinned body (FL) in the experimental conditions. Although the experienced body ownership illusion was strong for both groups, only the CD representation produced significant increases in participants' movement patterns compared to the baseline and compared to the FL representation. Further analysis showed that the observed behavioral changes were a function of the illusion strength and the perceived appropriateness of the virtual body for drumming. These results demonstrate that full body ownership illusions can lead to substantial behavioral and possibly cognitive changes depending on the virtual body appearance, with important implications for learning, education, training, psychotherapy and rehabilitation applications using IVR.",
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"content": "Summary form only given. It has been shown that it is possible to generate perceptual illusions of ownership in immersive virtual reality (IVR) over a virtual body that visually substitutes a person's real body, independently of appearance differences between the two [1, 2]. However, the psychological, behavioral and attitudinal consequences of such body transformations remain unknown [3]. Thirty six Caucasian people participated in a between-groups experiment where they played a West-African Djembe hand drum accompanying another avatar inside IVR. Participants were represented by plainly shaded white hands in the baseline condition, and either a casually dressed dark-skinned virtual body (CD) or a formal suited light-skinned body (FL) in the experimental conditions. Although the experienced body ownership illusion was strong for both groups, only the CD representation produced significant increases in participants' movement patterns compared to the baseline and compared to the FL representation. Further analysis showed that the observed behavioral changes were a function of the illusion strength and the perceived appropriateness of the virtual body for drumming. These results demonstrate that full body ownership illusions can lead to substantial behavioral and possibly cognitive changes depending on the virtual body appearance, with important implications for learning, education, training, psychotherapy and rehabilitation applications using IVR.",
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"affiliation": "Utrecht University, The Netherlands",
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"abstract": "The smelling screen is a new olfactory display that can generate a localized odor distribution on a two-dimensional display screen. The generated odor distribution is as if an odor source had been placed on the screen, and leads the user to perceive the odor as emanating from a specific region of the screen. The position of this virtual odor source can be shifted to an arbitrary position on the screen. The user can freely move his/her head to sniff at various locations on the screen, and can experience realistic changes in the odor intensity with respect to the sniffing location.",
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"abstract": "This article describes the investigations on the effect of airflow on the perception of odors presented by an olfactory display device. A clear sensation of the direction to an odor source can be given to the user of the olfactory display when the air currents are provided to the user's face by using fans. When the air currents are not provided, the user feels as if the source is placed nearby. We hypothesize that this sensation is caused by the upward air currents generated by our body temperature. When there is no wind, only the odors from nearby sources are brought to our noses by the upward air currents. The result of a sensory test shows that the perceived location of an odor source changes with the airflow presented to the panelist. Providing airflow together with odors is thus promising to reproduce complicated situations that cannot be reproduced by olfactory stimulation alone.",
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"content": "This article describes the investigations on the effect of airflow on the perception of odors presented by an olfactory display device. A clear sensation of the direction to an odor source can be given to the user of the olfactory display when the air currents are provided to the user's face by using fans. When the air currents are not provided, the user feels as if the source is placed nearby. We hypothesize that this sensation is caused by the upward air currents generated by our body temperature. When there is no wind, only the odors from nearby sources are brought to our noses by the upward air currents. The result of a sensory test shows that the perceived location of an odor source changes with the airflow presented to the panelist. Providing airflow together with odors is thus promising to reproduce complicated situations that cannot be reproduced by olfactory stimulation alone.",
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"affiliation": "Tokyo Univ. of Agric. & Technol., Koganei, Japan",
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"title": "Multi-sensorial field display: Presenting spatial distribution of airflow and odor",
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"abstract": "A new device has been developed for generating airflow field and odor-concentration distribution in a real environment for presenting to the user. This device is called a multi-sensorial field (MSF) display. When two fans are placed facing each other, the airflows generated by them collide with each other and are radially deflected on a plane perpendicular to the original airflow direction. By utilizing the deflected airflow, the MSF display can present the airflow blowing from the front to the user without placing fans in front of the user. The directivity of the airflow deflection can be controlled by placing nozzles on the fans to adjust the cross-sectional shape of the airflow jets coming from the fans. The MSF display can also generate odor-concentration distribution in a real environment by introducing odor vapors into the airflow generated by the fans. The user can freely move his/her head and sniff at various locations in the generated odor distribution. The results of preliminary sensory tests are presented to show the potential of the MSF display.",
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"content": "A new device has been developed for generating airflow field and odor-concentration distribution in a real environment for presenting to the user. This device is called a multi-sensorial field (MSF) display. When two fans are placed facing each other, the airflows generated by them collide with each other and are radially deflected on a plane perpendicular to the original airflow direction. By utilizing the deflected airflow, the MSF display can present the airflow blowing from the front to the user without placing fans in front of the user. The directivity of the airflow deflection can be controlled by placing nozzles on the fans to adjust the cross-sectional shape of the airflow jets coming from the fans. The MSF display can also generate odor-concentration distribution in a real environment by introducing odor vapors into the airflow generated by the fans. The user can freely move his/her head and sniff at various locations in the generated odor distribution. The results of preliminary sensory tests are presented to show the potential of the MSF display.",
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"abstract": "This article describes the experiments on an interactive application of an olfactory display system into which computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is incorporated. In the proposed system, the olfactory display is used to add special effects to movies and virtual reality systems by releasing odors relevant to the scenes shown on the computer screen. To provide high-presence olfactory stimuli to the users, a model of the environment shown in the scene is provided to a CFD solver. The airflow field in the environment and the dispersal of odor molecules from their source are then calculated. An odor blender is used to generate the odor with the concentration determined based on the calculated odor distribution. In the experiments, a virtual room was presented on a PC monitor, and the panel were asked to stroll in the room to find an odor source. The results showed the effectiveness of the CFD simulation in reproducing the spatial distribution of the odor in the virtual space.",
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"content": "An olfactory display is a device which provides various scents to a user. Such devices are expected to be applied to VR since olfactory stimulus influences human emotion and enhances user experience. One of the main problems in the conventional olfactory display is that the odorants emitted from the device not only reach the nose but spread into the ambient air, so that the user experience may be changed by the remaining odor. To solve this problem, we have developed a newly structured olfactory display which utilizes human respiratory action. In the method, DC fan is driven to create an odor stream in front of the nostril. Thus, odor goes through the nostril only when the user sniffs it. The odor plume generation is based on the combination of SAW atomizer with micro dispensing valve. We have fabricated a prototype, and then evaluated the waste odor emitted into the air using a commercially available gas detector. It was demonstrated that the new structure makes it possible to reduce the waste odor emission into the air compared to the conventional method.",
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"abstract": "In recent years, the characterization of odor information has gained an emerging concentration. Furthermore, with the development of interactive olfactory display technology, it has become a trend that odor blenders were required to generate more types of odors. However, the bottleneck was the lack of an automated way to create recipes for reproducing odors. One of the significant reasons why it is difficult to find a way for the automotive generation of odor recipes is the lack of a universal characterization for describing odors. The primary research contributions of this paper include the current state of odor characterization and odor generation devices, a new taxonomy of odor reproduction, interactive olfactory display technology in augmented reality and virtual reality (AR/VR), the challenges faced by odor characterization and odor reproduction.",
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"affiliation": "Guangdong University of Technology,School of Information Engineering,Guangzhou,China",
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"abstract": "Mobile crowd sensing has the potential to acquire massive data from places and address large-scale societal problems. However, most currently existing crowd sensing systems suffer from insufficient participants. Therefore, incentive design for crowd sensing is essential and urgent. In this paper, different from the auction-based and server-dominant incentives, we design a personalized incentive, PIE, with partiality for neither the server nor the participants with budget constraint. The total payment for all the participants accords to their collective participation level, and the individual reward for each participant depends on individual contribution. We measure the individual contribution and participation level based on Voronoi diagram and Shannon entropy. Both offline and online incentives are proposed with budget constraint. Experimental study shows that our incentives are participation-aware and contribution-dependent, which encourages participants' active join, balanced distribution and flexible reward.",
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{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "Mobile crowd sensing has the potential to acquire massive data from places and address large-scale societal problems. However, most currently existing crowd sensing systems suffer from insufficient participants. Therefore, incentive design for crowd sensing is essential and urgent. In this paper, different from the auction-based and server-dominant incentives, we design a personalized incentive, PIE, with partiality for neither the server nor the participants with budget constraint. The total payment for all the participants accords to their collective participation level, and the individual reward for each participant depends on individual contribution. We measure the individual contribution and participation level based on Voronoi diagram and Shannon entropy. Both offline and online incentives are proposed with budget constraint. Experimental study shows that our incentives are participation-aware and contribution-dependent, which encourages participants' active join, balanced distribution and flexible reward.",
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"affiliation": "Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China",
"fullName": "Yao Wu",
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"affiliation": "Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China",
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"affiliation": "Key Laboratory of Data Engineering and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China",
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"abstract": "During the software development process, data that has been gained from the testing phase can help developers to predict software reliability more precisely. But the testing stage usually takes more and more effort due to the growing complexity of software. How to build software that can be tested efficiently has become an important topic in addition to enhancing and developing new testing methods. Thus, research on software testability has been developed variously. In the past, a dynamic technique for estimating program testability was proposed and called propagation, infection, and execution (PIE) analysis. Previous research studies show that PIE analysis can complement software testing. However, this technique requires a lot of computational overhead in estimating the testability of software components. In this paper, we propose an Extended PIE (EPIE) technique to accelerate the traditional PIE analysis, based on generating group testability as a substitute for location testability. This technique can be separated into three steps: breaking a program into blocks, dividing blocks into groups, and marking target statements. We developed a tool called ePAT (extended PIE Analysis Tool) to help us identify the locations which will be analyzed. The experimental results show that the number of analyzed locations can be effectively decreased and that the estimated value of testability remains acceptable and useful.",
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"content": "During the software development process, data that has been gained from the testing phase can help developers to predict software reliability more precisely. But the testing stage usually takes more and more effort due to the growing complexity of software. How to build software that can be tested efficiently has become an important topic in addition to enhancing and developing new testing methods. Thus, research on software testability has been developed variously. In the past, a dynamic technique for estimating program testability was proposed and called propagation, infection, and execution (PIE) analysis. Previous research studies show that PIE analysis can complement software testing. However, this technique requires a lot of computational overhead in estimating the testability of software components. In this paper, we propose an Extended PIE (EPIE) technique to accelerate the traditional PIE analysis, based on generating group testability as a substitute for location testability. This technique can be separated into three steps: breaking a program into blocks, dividing blocks into groups, and marking target statements. We developed a tool called ePAT (extended PIE Analysis Tool) to help us identify the locations which will be analyzed. The experimental results show that the number of analyzed locations can be effectively decreased and that the estimated value of testability remains acceptable and useful.",
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"content": "Interfaces for system control tasks in virtual environments (VEs) have not been extensively studied. This paper focuses on various types of menu systems to be used in such environments. We describe the design of the TULIP menu, a menu system using Pinch Gloves(tm), and compare it to two common alternatives: floating menus and pen and tablet menus. These three menus were compared in an empirical evaluation. The pen and tablet menu was found to be significantly faster, while users had a preference for TULIP. Subjective discomfort levels were also higher with the floating menus and pen and tablet.",
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"affiliation": "Virginia Tech",
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"abstract": "Room-scale mapping facilitates natural locomotion in virtual reality (VR), but it creates a problem when encountering virtual walls. In traditional video games, player avatars can simply be prevented from moving through walls. This is not possible in VR with room-scale mapping due to the lack of physical boundaries. Game design is either limited by avoiding walls, or the players might ignore them, which endangers the immersion and the overall game experience. To prevent players from walking through walls, we propose a combination of auditory, visual, and vibrotactile feedback for wall collisions. This solution can be implemented with standard game engine features, does not require any additional hardware or sensors, and is independent of game concept and narrative. A between-group study with 46 participants showed that a large majority of players without the feedback did pass through virtual walls, while 87% of the participants with the feedback refrained from walking through walls. The study found no notable differences in game experience.",
"abstracts": [
{
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"content": "Room-scale mapping facilitates natural locomotion in virtual reality (VR), but it creates a problem when encountering virtual walls. In traditional video games, player avatars can simply be prevented from moving through walls. This is not possible in VR with room-scale mapping due to the lack of physical boundaries. Game design is either limited by avoiding walls, or the players might ignore them, which endangers the immersion and the overall game experience. To prevent players from walking through walls, we propose a combination of auditory, visual, and vibrotactile feedback for wall collisions. This solution can be implemented with standard game engine features, does not require any additional hardware or sensors, and is independent of game concept and narrative. A between-group study with 46 participants showed that a large majority of players without the feedback did pass through virtual walls, while 87% of the participants with the feedback refrained from walking through walls. The study found no notable differences in game experience.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Room-scale mapping facilitates natural locomotion in virtual reality (VR), but it creates a problem when encountering virtual walls. In traditional video games, player avatars can simply be prevented from moving through walls. This is not possible in VR with room-scale mapping due to the lack of physical boundaries. Game design is either limited by avoiding walls, or the players might ignore them, which endangers the immersion and the overall game experience. To prevent players from walking through walls, we propose a combination of auditory, visual, and vibrotactile feedback for wall collisions. This solution can be implemented with standard game engine features, does not require any additional hardware or sensors, and is independent of game concept and narrative. A between-group study with 46 participants showed that a large majority of players without the feedback did pass through virtual walls, while 87% of the participants with the feedback refrained from walking through walls. The study found no notable differences in game experience.",
"fno": "08446177",
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"Avatars",
"Computer Games",
"Virtual Reality",
"Game Concept",
"Narrative",
"Players",
"Virtual Walls",
"Game Experience",
"Nonintrusive Feedback",
"VR Environments",
"Virtual Reality",
"Traditional Video Games",
"Player Avatars",
"Game Design",
"Avoiding Walls",
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"Standard Game Engine Features",
"Room Scale Mapping",
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"Vibrations",
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"Virtual Walls",
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"Locomotion",
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"K 8 0 Personal Computing General Games",
"H 5 2 Information Interfaces And Presentation User Interfaces Interaction Styles"
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{
"affiliation": "University of the Arts Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Mette Boldt",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Michael Bonfert",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Inga Lehne",
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"surname": "Lehne",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Melina Cahnbley",
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{
"affiliation": "Univ. of Bremen, Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Kim Korschinq",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Loannis Bikas",
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"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Martin Hanci",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Valentin Kraft",
"givenName": "Valentin",
"surname": "Kraft",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
},
{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Boxuan Liu",
"givenName": "Boxuan",
"surname": "Liu",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Tram Nguyen",
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"surname": "Nguyen",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Alina Panova",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Ramneek Singh",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Alexander Steenbergen",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Rainer Malaka",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Bremen, Germany",
"fullName": "Jan Smeddinck",
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"title": "2018 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct)",
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"abstract": "Many techniques have been proposed for navigation using head-mounted-displays (HMDs) in virtual reality (VR). A walking-in-place (WIP) interface for virtual locomotion provides a high presence and an immersive experience in a virtual environment (VE). However, most of the WIP techniques can only navigate users in the direction of their gaze. Other WIP methods considering virtual locomotion direction have complex configurations or are only feasible when the tracking spaces are not limited. This paper proposes a WIP interface independent of gaze direction based on the data analysis of waist-mounted inertial sensors. Our method can navigate in the locomotion direction by calculating the orientation of the pelvis. We experimentally compared two WIP methods using a navigation task that required participants to periodically observe the surrounding VE: (1) Conventional WIP (gaze-based direction) (2) Proposed WIP (pelvis-based direction). While there was no difference in learnability or cybersickness between the two methods, the proposed method had shorter task time and higher efficiency.",
"abstracts": [
{
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"content": "Many techniques have been proposed for navigation using head-mounted-displays (HMDs) in virtual reality (VR). A walking-in-place (WIP) interface for virtual locomotion provides a high presence and an immersive experience in a virtual environment (VE). However, most of the WIP techniques can only navigate users in the direction of their gaze. Other WIP methods considering virtual locomotion direction have complex configurations or are only feasible when the tracking spaces are not limited. This paper proposes a WIP interface independent of gaze direction based on the data analysis of waist-mounted inertial sensors. Our method can navigate in the locomotion direction by calculating the orientation of the pelvis. We experimentally compared two WIP methods using a navigation task that required participants to periodically observe the surrounding VE: (1) Conventional WIP (gaze-based direction) (2) Proposed WIP (pelvis-based direction). While there was no difference in learnability or cybersickness between the two methods, the proposed method had shorter task time and higher efficiency.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Many techniques have been proposed for navigation using head-mounted-displays (HMDs) in virtual reality (VR). A walking-in-place (WIP) interface for virtual locomotion provides a high presence and an immersive experience in a virtual environment (VE). However, most of the WIP techniques can only navigate users in the direction of their gaze. Other WIP methods considering virtual locomotion direction have complex configurations or are only feasible when the tracking spaces are not limited. This paper proposes a WIP interface independent of gaze direction based on the data analysis of waist-mounted inertial sensors. Our method can navigate in the locomotion direction by calculating the orientation of the pelvis. We experimentally compared two WIP methods using a navigation task that required participants to periodically observe the surrounding VE: (1) Conventional WIP (gaze-based direction) (2) Proposed WIP (pelvis-based direction). While there was no difference in learnability or cybersickness between the two methods, the proposed method had shorter task time and higher efficiency.",
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"Computing Methodologies X 2014 Computer Graphics X 2014 Graphics Systems And Interfaces X 2014 Virtual Reality",
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"affiliation": "Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute",
"fullName": "Chanho Park",
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"affiliation": "Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute",
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"proceeding": {
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"article": {
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"doi": "10.1109/VR51125.2022.00104",
"title": "Evaluating the Impact of Limited Physical Space on the Navigation Performance of Two Locomotion Methods in Immersive Virtual Environments",
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"abstract": "Consumer level virtual experiences almost always occur when physical space is limited, either by the constraints of an indoor space or of a tracked area. This observation coupled with the need for movement through large virtual spaces has resulted in a proliferation of research into locomotion interfaces that decouples movement through the virtual environment from movement in the real world. While many locomotion interfaces support movement of some kind in the real world, some do not. This paper examines the effect of the amount of physical space used in the real world on one popular locomotion interface, resetting, when compared to a locomotion interface that requires minimal physical space, walking in place. The metric used to compare the two locomotion interfaces was navigation performance, specifically, the acquisition of survey knowledge. We find that, while there are trade-offs between the two methods, walking in place is preferable in small spaces.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "Consumer level virtual experiences almost always occur when physical space is limited, either by the constraints of an indoor space or of a tracked area. This observation coupled with the need for movement through large virtual spaces has resulted in a proliferation of research into locomotion interfaces that decouples movement through the virtual environment from movement in the real world. While many locomotion interfaces support movement of some kind in the real world, some do not. This paper examines the effect of the amount of physical space used in the real world on one popular locomotion interface, resetting, when compared to a locomotion interface that requires minimal physical space, walking in place. The metric used to compare the two locomotion interfaces was navigation performance, specifically, the acquisition of survey knowledge. We find that, while there are trade-offs between the two methods, walking in place is preferable in small spaces.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Consumer level virtual experiences almost always occur when physical space is limited, either by the constraints of an indoor space or of a tracked area. This observation coupled with the need for movement through large virtual spaces has resulted in a proliferation of research into locomotion interfaces that decouples movement through the virtual environment from movement in the real world. While many locomotion interfaces support movement of some kind in the real world, some do not. This paper examines the effect of the amount of physical space used in the real world on one popular locomotion interface, resetting, when compared to a locomotion interface that requires minimal physical space, walking in place. The metric used to compare the two locomotion interfaces was navigation performance, specifically, the acquisition of survey knowledge. We find that, while there are trade-offs between the two methods, walking in place is preferable in small spaces.",
"fno": "961700a821",
"keywords": [
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"Virtual Reality",
"Immersive Virtual Environments",
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"Indoor Space",
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"abstract": "Mechanical imaging (MI) is a new modality of medical imaging, mimicking palpatory diagnostics. MI provides a 3D reconstruction of the internal structures of body soft tissues using measurements of stress patterns on the surface of the investigated tissue. In contrast to other, existing methods of medical imaging which use sophisticated hardware such as superconductive magnets, expensive X-ray equipment and complex ultrasonic phased arrays, MI hardware consists of inexpensive mechanical sensors and a positioning system connected to a PC. The results of our pilot studies have proven the feasibility of the MI technology. Currently, devices for the MI of the prostate gland and breast are being developed. Recently, the first 3D MI of in-vivo prostate has been obtained. Preliminary data strongly suggest that MI technology is an efficient means of objectively evaluating and imaging the prostate, and of detecting prostate cancer.",
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"abstract": "Building an affective conversational model for a virtual character that can play the role of suspect in a police interview training game comes with challenges. This paper focuses on the response modeling of interpersonal stance of a believable artificial conversational partner. Based on Leary's interpersonal stance theory a computational of model interpersonal stance is created. Other psychological theories and ideas that are proposed to be integrated into the computational stance model are: face and politeness, rapport, and status or role. Proposed evaluation methods for the model use comparison of human behavior with model predicted behavior.",
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"abstract": "We aim to develop a brain-machine interface (BMI) system that estimates user's gaze or attention on an object to pick it up in the real world. In Experiment 1 and 2 we measured steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) using luminance and/or contrast modulated flickers of photographic scenes presented on a head-mounted display (HMD). We applied multiclass SVM to estimate gaze locations for every 2s time-window data, and obtained significantly good classifications of gaze locations with the leave-one-session-out cross validation. In Experiment 3 we measured SSVEP using luminance and contrast modulated flickers of real scenes that were online captured by a USB camera and presented on the HMD. We put AR markers on real objects and made their locations flickering on HMD. We obtained the best performance of gaze classification with highest luminance and contrast modulation (73–91% accuracy at chance level 33%), and significantly good classification with low (25% of the highest) luminance and contrast modulation (42–50% accuracy). These results suggest that the luminance-modulated flickers of real scenes through USB camera can be applied to BMI by using augmented reality technology.",
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"content": "We aim to develop a brain-machine interface (BMI) system that estimates user's gaze or attention on an object to pick it up in the real world. In Experiment 1 and 2 we measured steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) using luminance and/or contrast modulated flickers of photographic scenes presented on a head-mounted display (HMD). We applied multiclass SVM to estimate gaze locations for every 2s time-window data, and obtained significantly good classifications of gaze locations with the leave-one-session-out cross validation. In Experiment 3 we measured SSVEP using luminance and contrast modulated flickers of real scenes that were online captured by a USB camera and presented on the HMD. We put AR markers on real objects and made their locations flickering on HMD. We obtained the best performance of gaze classification with highest luminance and contrast modulation (73–91% accuracy at chance level 33%), and significantly good classification with low (25% of the highest) luminance and contrast modulation (42–50% accuracy). These results suggest that the luminance-modulated flickers of real scenes through USB camera can be applied to BMI by using augmented reality technology.",
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"abstract": "This paper presents a liveness detection method based on tracking the gaze of the user of a face recognition system using a single camera. The user is required to follow a visual animation of a moving object on a display screen while his/her gaze is measured. The visual stimulus is designed to direct the gaze of the user to sets of collinear points on the screen. Features based on the measured collinearity of the observed gaze are then used to discriminate between live attempts at responding to this challenge and those conducted by âimpostorsâ holding photographs and attempting to follow the stimulus. An initial set of experiments is reported that indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting this class of spoofing attacks.",
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