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"abstract": "Development of virtual environments for surgical simulation, using newly available haptic interface and stereoscopic technologies, is a major challenge. Computer haptics simulates human sense of touch. Stereoscopy simulates our natural depth perception, unlike technologies that display 3D information in a flat 2D environment. Integration of these two senses enhances sense of realism. Thus by coupling force-feedback (or haptic) devices with a stereoscopic display, results in the illusion of being \"inside\" a virtual world, by being able to \"see\" and \"feel\" 3D virtual environment.The PC/NT based solution presented in this paper, offers a developer an inexpensive, easy-to-use technique for generating stereoscopic-haptic environment. This solution can transform the virtual environment from a flat, formless 2D experience to a more realistic and solid 3D experience. Our initial application will be to make 3D organ models from a reproductive age woman (Lucy 2.0) stereoscopic haptic.",
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"abstract": "Haptic interaction significantly augments our experience with a computer and in cyber worlds in particular. However, haptic interaction requires the content creators to make physical or haptic models of the virtual objects while it is not always possible or feasible, especially when it comes to using real images or videos as elements of interaction. We, therefore, propose to use image-driven haptic rendering where a displayed image, real or simulated, is used as a source of the force-feedback calculations at any pixel touched by the haptic device. We introduce the main idea and describe how it is implemented as a core algorithm for image-driven haptic rendering, as well as for a few particular cases of haptic rendering of different dominant colors, textures and contours of the objects displayed in the images. Implementations of the proposed method to desktop tangible image application and haptic video communication on the web are presented as a proof of concept.",
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"abstract": "Using haptic (the sensing of touch) technology as an interface in medical and surgical procedures is a large interesting goal because of the benefits involved. This work presents a developed tool for evaluating the performance of a classic 2D-3D processing of a stack of medical preoperative images, and a new version of an efficient and simple algorithm for the integration of the haptic sense in a medical 3D environment generated from the 3D reconstruction. First of all, the developed tool for the 2D segmentation and 3D reconstruction is presented. The classical pipeline for surface 3D reconstruction is reviewed under a parametrical point of view. These parameters will play an important role in the analysis of the haptic behavior. Besides, all the parameters of the reconstruction are accessible and can be modified on-line during the reconstruction procedure. Later, the software architecture used for the integration of the haptic devices is described. The haptic rendering algorithm is detailed, including the collision detection algorithm (a simple ray-tracing scheme programmed using VTK capacities) that is used with the medical images. Finally, some results of the evaluation of the behavior of this algorithm are resumed.",
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"fno": "3529a187",
"keywords": [
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"Image Reconstruction",
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"affiliation": "Virtual Reality & Robot. Lab., Miguel Hernandez Univ., Elche",
"fullName": "F. J. Badesa",
"givenName": "F. J.",
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"affiliation": "Virtual Reality & Robot. Lab., Miguel Hernandez Univ., Elche",
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{
"affiliation": "Virtual Reality & Robot. Lab., Miguel Hernandez Univ., Elche",
"fullName": "J. M. Sabater",
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"affiliation": "Virtual Reality & Robot. Lab., Miguel Hernandez Univ., Elche",
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"abstract": "We present a multimodal paradigm for exploring topological surfaces embedded in four dimensions; we exploit haptic methods in particular to overcome the intrinsic limitations of 3D graphics images and 3D physical models. The basic problem is that, just as 2D shadows of 3D curves lose structure where lines cross, 3D graphics projections of smooth 4D topological surfaces are interrupted where one surface intersects another. Furthermore, if one attempts to trace real knotted ropes or a plastic models of self-intersecting surfaces with a fingertip, one inevitably collides with parts of the physical artifact. In this work, we exploit the free motion of a computer-based haptic probe to support a continuous motion that follows the local continuity of the object being explored. For our principal test case of 4D-embedded surfaces projected to 3D, this permits us to follow the full local continuity of the surface as though in fact we were touching an actual 4D object. We exploit additional sensory cues to provide supplementary or redundant information. For example, we can use audio tags to note the relative 4D depth of illusory 3D surface intersections produced by projection from 4D, as well as providing automated refinement of the tactile exploration path to eliminate jitter and snagging, resulting in a much cleaner exploratory motion than a bare uncorrected motion. Visual enhancements provide still further improvement to the feedback: by opening a view-direction-defined cutaway into the interior of the 3D surface projection, we allow the viewer to keep the haptic probe continuously in view as it traverses any touchable part of the object. Finally, we extend the static tactile exploration framework using a dynamic mode that links each stylus motion to a change in orientation that creates at each instant a maximal-area screen projection of a neighborhood of the current point of interest. This minimizes 4D distortion and permits true metric sizes to be deduced locally at any point. All these methods combine to reveal the full richness of the complex spatial relationships of the target shapes, and to overcome many expected perceptual limitations in 4D visualization.",
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"content": "We present a multimodal paradigm for exploring topological surfaces embedded in four dimensions; we exploit haptic methods in particular to overcome the intrinsic limitations of 3D graphics images and 3D physical models. The basic problem is that, just as 2D shadows of 3D curves lose structure where lines cross, 3D graphics projections of smooth 4D topological surfaces are interrupted where one surface intersects another. Furthermore, if one attempts to trace real knotted ropes or a plastic models of self-intersecting surfaces with a fingertip, one inevitably collides with parts of the physical artifact. In this work, we exploit the free motion of a computer-based haptic probe to support a continuous motion that follows the local continuity of the object being explored. For our principal test case of 4D-embedded surfaces projected to 3D, this permits us to follow the full local continuity of the surface as though in fact we were touching an actual 4D object. We exploit additional sensory cues to provide supplementary or redundant information. For example, we can use audio tags to note the relative 4D depth of illusory 3D surface intersections produced by projection from 4D, as well as providing automated refinement of the tactile exploration path to eliminate jitter and snagging, resulting in a much cleaner exploratory motion than a bare uncorrected motion. Visual enhancements provide still further improvement to the feedback: by opening a view-direction-defined cutaway into the interior of the 3D surface projection, we allow the viewer to keep the haptic probe continuously in view as it traverses any touchable part of the object. Finally, we extend the static tactile exploration framework using a dynamic mode that links each stylus motion to a change in orientation that creates at each instant a maximal-area screen projection of a neighborhood of the current point of interest. This minimizes 4D distortion and permits true metric sizes to be deduced locally at any point. All these methods combine to reveal the full richness of the complex spatial relationships of the target shapes, and to overcome many expected perceptual limitations in 4D visualization.",
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"title": "Medical image based 3D reconstruction and preoperative surgery-planning for microwave ablation",
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"abstract": "A novel preoperative surgery planning method is proposed for microwave ablation. An iterative framework for necrosis field simulation and 3D necrosis zone reconstruction is introduced here. The necrosis field of the ablation is computed with an adaptable method based on surgery trajectories, and then the 3D model of the necrosis zone is reconstructed and superimposed to the patient anatomy structures using advanced visualization techniques GPU-accelerated algorithms. The full surgery planning with multiple antennae is performed by the operator in an interactively way, until the optimal surgery plan is achieved. Experiments have been performed and the actual necrosis field is measured by comparing to postoperative CT images. Results show that this method is relative accurate for preoperative trajectory plan and could be used as an assistant to the clinical practice.",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "A novel preoperative surgery planning method is proposed for microwave ablation. An iterative framework for necrosis field simulation and 3D necrosis zone reconstruction is introduced here. The necrosis field of the ablation is computed with an adaptable method based on surgery trajectories, and then the 3D model of the necrosis zone is reconstructed and superimposed to the patient anatomy structures using advanced visualization techniques GPU-accelerated algorithms. The full surgery planning with multiple antennae is performed by the operator in an interactively way, until the optimal surgery plan is achieved. Experiments have been performed and the actual necrosis field is measured by comparing to postoperative CT images. Results show that this method is relative accurate for preoperative trajectory plan and could be used as an assistant to the clinical practice.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "A novel preoperative surgery planning method is proposed for microwave ablation. An iterative framework for necrosis field simulation and 3D necrosis zone reconstruction is introduced here. The necrosis field of the ablation is computed with an adaptable method based on surgery trajectories, and then the 3D model of the necrosis zone is reconstructed and superimposed to the patient anatomy structures using advanced visualization techniques GPU-accelerated algorithms. The full surgery planning with multiple antennae is performed by the operator in an interactively way, until the optimal surgery plan is achieved. Experiments have been performed and the actual necrosis field is measured by comparing to postoperative CT images. Results show that this method is relative accurate for preoperative trajectory plan and could be used as an assistant to the clinical practice.",
"fno": "06732587",
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"affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China",
"fullName": "Xi Wen",
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"affiliation": "Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China",
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"affiliation": "Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China",
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"abstract": "A high-performance algorithm for generating isosurfaces is presented. In this algorithm, extrema points in a scalar field are first extracted. A graph is then generated in which the extrema points are taken as nodes. Each arc of the graph has a list of IDs of the cells that are intersected by the arc. A boundary cell list ordered according to cells' values is also generated. The graph and the list generated in this pre-process are used as a guide in searching for seed cells. Isosurfaces are generated from seed cells that are found in arcs of the graph. In this process, isosurfaces appear to propagate themselves. The algorithm visits only cells that are intersected by an isosurface and cells whose IDs an included in cell lists. It is especially efficient when many isosurfaces are interactively generated in a huge volume. Some benchmark tests described show the efficiency of the algorithm.<>",
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"doi": "10.1109/SVV.1998.729594",
"title": "Wavelet Based Adaptive Interpolation for Volume Rendering",
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"abstract": "We present a method for adaptive interpolation, to be used with any volume rendering algorithm, which provides high image quality while diminishing considerably the computation time. The method uses the projection details of the waveletr transform of the sampled data. Whenever the function (sampled data) approximates a polynomial of order less than or equal to the moments of the wavelet, the details are zero or near zero. This property is used to identify constant, linear and non-linear zones within the data in order to choose the appropriate interpolation filter during rendering time.",
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"content": "We present a method for adaptive interpolation, to be used with any volume rendering algorithm, which provides high image quality while diminishing considerably the computation time. The method uses the projection details of the waveletr transform of the sampled data. Whenever the function (sampled data) approximates a polynomial of order less than or equal to the moments of the wavelet, the details are zero or near zero. This property is used to identify constant, linear and non-linear zones within the data in order to choose the appropriate interpolation filter during rendering time.",
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"fullName": "Marcelo Carvajal",
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"title": "Visualization Conference, IEEE",
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"doi": "10.1109/VISUAL.2001.964552",
"title": "Case Study: Visualization of Particle Track Data",
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"abstract": "The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) experiment at the Brookhaven National Lab is designed to study how the universe came into being. It is believed that after the Big Bang, the universe expanded and cooled, consisting of a soup of quarks, glu-ons, electrons and neutrinos. As the temperature lowered, electrons combined with protons and formed neutral atoms. Later, clouds of atoms contracted into stars. In this paper, we describe how techniques of volume rendering and information visualization are used to visualize the large particle track data set generated from this high energy physics experiment. The system, called TrackVis, is based on our earlier work of VolVis - Volume Visualization software. Example images of real particle collision data are shown, which are helpful to physicists in investigating the behavior of strongly interacting matter at high energy density.",
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"content": "The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) experiment at the Brookhaven National Lab is designed to study how the universe came into being. It is believed that after the Big Bang, the universe expanded and cooled, consisting of a soup of quarks, glu-ons, electrons and neutrinos. As the temperature lowered, electrons combined with protons and formed neutral atoms. Later, clouds of atoms contracted into stars. In this paper, we describe how techniques of volume rendering and information visualization are used to visualize the large particle track data set generated from this high energy physics experiment. The system, called TrackVis, is based on our earlier work of VolVis - Volume Visualization software. Example images of real particle collision data are shown, which are helpful to physicists in investigating the behavior of strongly interacting matter at high energy density.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) experiment at the Brookhaven National Lab is designed to study how the universe came into being. It is believed that after the Big Bang, the universe expanded and cooled, consisting of a soup of quarks, glu-ons, electrons and neutrinos. As the temperature lowered, electrons combined with protons and formed neutral atoms. Later, clouds of atoms contracted into stars. In this paper, we describe how techniques of volume rendering and information visualization are used to visualize the large particle track data set generated from this high energy physics experiment. The system, called TrackVis, is based on our earlier work of VolVis - Volume Visualization software. Example images of real particle collision data are shown, which are helpful to physicists in investigating the behavior of strongly interacting matter at high energy density.",
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"affiliation": "State University of New York at Stony Brook",
"fullName": "Xiaoming Wei",
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"affiliation": "State University of New York at Stony Brook",
"fullName": "Arie Kaufman",
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"affiliation": "Brookhaven National Lab",
"fullName": "Timothy J. Hallman",
"givenName": "Timothy J.",
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"title": "The 3-D Visualization of Star Distribution Based on UCAC2 Catalog",
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"abstract": "The UCAC2 (The Second U.S. Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog) is a high density, highly accurate, astrometric catalog of 48,330,571 stars covering the sky from -90 to +40 degrees in declination and going up to +52 degrees in some areas. It is a free star database that can be shared all over the world for astronomers and stargazers to do various research work, such as photometric calibration, orientation correction, asteroid detection, and so on. For statistic and intuitionistic purpose, it is necessary sometimes to locate and show the dedicated stars in the molded celestial sphere. This paper designs and implements a 3-D star distribution visualization system. Any stars meeting the given criteria, such as right ascension scope and declination scope and magnitude threshold, will be displayed on the 3-D celestial sphere, and related information of stars can be obtained interactively. In this way, a convenient tool will be provided for astronomical researchers.",
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"content": "The UCAC2 (The Second U.S. Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog) is a high density, highly accurate, astrometric catalog of 48,330,571 stars covering the sky from -90 to +40 degrees in declination and going up to +52 degrees in some areas. It is a free star database that can be shared all over the world for astronomers and stargazers to do various research work, such as photometric calibration, orientation correction, asteroid detection, and so on. For statistic and intuitionistic purpose, it is necessary sometimes to locate and show the dedicated stars in the molded celestial sphere. This paper designs and implements a 3-D star distribution visualization system. Any stars meeting the given criteria, such as right ascension scope and declination scope and magnitude threshold, will be displayed on the 3-D celestial sphere, and related information of stars can be obtained interactively. In this way, a convenient tool will be provided for astronomical researchers.",
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"Position"
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"fullName": "Jingchang Pan",
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"affiliation": null,
"fullName": "Caiming Zhang",
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"title": "Healthcare Informatics, Imaging and Systems Biology, IEEE International Conference on",
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"doi": "10.1109/HISB.2011.39",
"title": "Principal Curved Based Retinal Vessel Segmentation towards Diagnosis of Retinal Diseases",
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"abstract": "The extraction of retinal vessels plays an important role in the diagnosis and study of retinal diseases, such as Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), Diabetic Retinopathy, Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). Vessel diameters, tortuosity, branch lengths, angles, and bifurcations are essential to diagnosing these diseases. However, this is a challenging task due to high noise levels, the low contrast of thin vessels to the background, non-uniform illumination, and the central light reflex. Our goal here is to develop a framework to accurately segment the retinal vessels as a preprocessing step for the feature extraction of the vessels towards the future disease diagnosis. In this paper, we present a principal curve based retinal vessel segmentation approach to achieve this goal. We first use the isotropic Gaussian kernel Frangi filter to enhance the retinal vessels and measure the diameters of them. A multiscale principal curve projection and tracing algorithm is then proposed to identify the centerlines of the vessels in the output image of the Franfi filter using the underlying kernel smoothing interpolation of the intensities. The estimated vessel radius from the Frangi filter are used as the bandwidth of the kernel interpolation in the principal curve projection and tracing step. The vessel features toward diagnosing and analyzing the diseases can be extracted from our segmentation results. The presented approach is implemented on a publicly available DRIVE database [16].",
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"content": "The extraction of retinal vessels plays an important role in the diagnosis and study of retinal diseases, such as Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), Diabetic Retinopathy, Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). Vessel diameters, tortuosity, branch lengths, angles, and bifurcations are essential to diagnosing these diseases. However, this is a challenging task due to high noise levels, the low contrast of thin vessels to the background, non-uniform illumination, and the central light reflex. Our goal here is to develop a framework to accurately segment the retinal vessels as a preprocessing step for the feature extraction of the vessels towards the future disease diagnosis. In this paper, we present a principal curve based retinal vessel segmentation approach to achieve this goal. We first use the isotropic Gaussian kernel Frangi filter to enhance the retinal vessels and measure the diameters of them. A multiscale principal curve projection and tracing algorithm is then proposed to identify the centerlines of the vessels in the output image of the Franfi filter using the underlying kernel smoothing interpolation of the intensities. The estimated vessel radius from the Frangi filter are used as the bandwidth of the kernel interpolation in the principal curve projection and tracing step. The vessel features toward diagnosing and analyzing the diseases can be extracted from our segmentation results. The presented approach is implemented on a publicly available DRIVE database [16].",
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"normalizedAbstract": "The extraction of retinal vessels plays an important role in the diagnosis and study of retinal diseases, such as Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), Diabetic Retinopathy, Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). Vessel diameters, tortuosity, branch lengths, angles, and bifurcations are essential to diagnosing these diseases. However, this is a challenging task due to high noise levels, the low contrast of thin vessels to the background, non-uniform illumination, and the central light reflex. Our goal here is to develop a framework to accurately segment the retinal vessels as a preprocessing step for the feature extraction of the vessels towards the future disease diagnosis. In this paper, we present a principal curve based retinal vessel segmentation approach to achieve this goal. We first use the isotropic Gaussian kernel Frangi filter to enhance the retinal vessels and measure the diameters of them. A multiscale principal curve projection and tracing algorithm is then proposed to identify the centerlines of the vessels in the output image of the Franfi filter using the underlying kernel smoothing interpolation of the intensities. The estimated vessel radius from the Frangi filter are used as the bandwidth of the kernel interpolation in the principal curve projection and tracing step. The vessel features toward diagnosing and analyzing the diseases can be extracted from our segmentation results. The presented approach is implemented on a publicly available DRIVE database [16].",
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"fullName": "E. Bas",
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"content": "In recent years, advanced analysis of retinal images, has built automatic systems for diagnosis of various diseases. These devices help us save both time and money. The new techniques of 3D-Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging is very useful for detecting retinal pathologic changes in various diseases and determining retinal thickness abnormalities. Fundus color images have been used for several years for detecting retinal abnormalities too. If the two image modalities were combined, the resulted image would be more informative because some abnormalities such as drusen, geographic atrophy, and macular hemorrhages are detected in color fundus images but the exact morphology and localization of these abnormalities are released in OCT images. The first step to combine the different modalities is to register color fundus images with OCT projection. Ten eyes were imaged in this study with Topcon 3D OCT-1000 instrument. This instrument is used to observe the retina, take fundus and tomograms and record them. An en face representation of OCT reflectivity can be registered with color fundus photography. In this study curvelet transform is used to extract vessels for both modalities. Then the extracted vessels from two modalities are registered together. In this way more blood vessels can be obtained and the results would be more informative.",
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"abstract": "Evaluation of a retinal image is widely employed to help doctors diagnose many diseases, such as diabetes or hypertension. From acquisition process, retinal images often have low grey level contrast and dynamic range. This paper proposes histogram analysis for solving the problems of retinal image enhancement. The proposed method uses fuzzy set to enhance the images by partitioning the image histogram to multi-modes with derivative equation. Each mode of the histogram is contrasted by finding the optimal crossover point of S-function with an index of fuzziness, which is designed for contrasting a field of view in the images. Our algorithm can achieve a number of properties of an importance for contrast stretching, such as compressed the noise in background and produced a high contrast in the field of view that provide feasibility in diagnosis from a retinal image.",
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"abstract": "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an important ophthalmic imaging technique, which can generate high-resolution anatomical images and plays an important role in the detection of retinal biomarkers. However, the appearance of retinal biomarkers is complex, and some of these biomarkers differ greatly among different categories, while many features are similar. In addition, the boundaries of retinal biomarkers are often indistinguishable from the background. In this study, we propose a self-supervised contrastive boundary consistency network (SCB-Net) to detect retinal biomarkers in OCT images. A self-supervised contrastive classification module is proposed to improve the classification ability of the network between different categories of retinal biomarkers. Furthermore, in order to make the boundary of the retinal biomarkers located by the network closer to the ground truth, the boundary consistency is added on the basis of the original regressor to jointly constrain the boundary localization. The experimental results on a local dataset show that our proposed SCB-Net method achieves good detection performance compared with other detection methods.",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an important ophthalmic imaging technique, which can generate high-resolution anatomical images and plays an important role in the detection of retinal biomarkers. However, the appearance of retinal biomarkers is complex, and some of these biomarkers differ greatly among different categories, while many features are similar. In addition, the boundaries of retinal biomarkers are often indistinguishable from the background. In this study, we propose a self-supervised contrastive boundary consistency network (SCB-Net) to detect retinal biomarkers in OCT images. A self-supervised contrastive classification module is proposed to improve the classification ability of the network between different categories of retinal biomarkers. Furthermore, in order to make the boundary of the retinal biomarkers located by the network closer to the ground truth, the boundary consistency is added on the basis of the original regressor to jointly constrain the boundary localization. The experimental results on a local dataset show that our proposed SCB-Net method achieves good detection performance compared with other detection methods.",
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"fullName": "Man Wang",
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"affiliation": "Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital,Wuhan,China",
"fullName": "Ying Zhang",
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"title": "The Vessel Tree Segmentation for Retinal Image via Matched Filter Combining Enhanced Frame",
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"abstract": "The vessel tree segmentation for retinal image is most conducive to check fundus diseases. But the automatic vessel tree segmentation is still a challenging issue in the presence with computer assist. To tackle it, a vessel tree segmentation frame is proposed, which combines the matched filtering and image enhance processing to complete the retinal vessel tree segmentation for color retinal images. According to the difference of three-component RGB of color image, the green channel is utilized to obtain graying image and enhance the contrast with CLAHE. The morphological Top-hat and Bottom-hat is used for further retinal image preprocessing. Then the matched filter is used to segment the vessel tree that is based on Gaussian kernels. Finally, we have extensively compared with multiple variants of matched filter frame method through experiments, which show that our frame is efficient.",
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"content": "The vessel tree segmentation for retinal image is most conducive to check fundus diseases. But the automatic vessel tree segmentation is still a challenging issue in the presence with computer assist. To tackle it, a vessel tree segmentation frame is proposed, which combines the matched filtering and image enhance processing to complete the retinal vessel tree segmentation for color retinal images. According to the difference of three-component RGB of color image, the green channel is utilized to obtain graying image and enhance the contrast with CLAHE. The morphological Top-hat and Bottom-hat is used for further retinal image preprocessing. Then the matched filter is used to segment the vessel tree that is based on Gaussian kernels. Finally, we have extensively compared with multiple variants of matched filter frame method through experiments, which show that our frame is efficient.",
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"Diseases",
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"affiliation": "Fuzhou Institute of Technology",
"fullName": "Heng Dong",
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"affiliation": "Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University",
"fullName": "Lifang Wei",
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"abstract": "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a label-free, non-invasive imaging technique that is widely used in the diagnosis of various ophthalmic diseases. The diagnostic information related to these diseases is embodied in the texture and geometric features of the OCT scans, which are used by the retinal experts for interpretation and classification. However, due to the large number of OCT scans obtained every day, doctors and hospital staff are unable to meaningfully examine the potential retinal pathological conditions (RPCs), resulting in unexpected delays in the diagnosis and treatment of RPCs. In this paper, we propose an automated deep recurrent residual inception network, RRI-Net, for the classification of retinal OCT scans into diagnostically relevant classes, including healthy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The proposed RRI-Net employs residual connections with cascaded multi-kernel convolutions to provide optimal training and classification results. In addition, we conducted extensive training of RRI-Net using 108,312 OCT scans, and tested the performance of the proposed framework over 1,000 OCT scans. The results show that RRI-Net achieves 98.8% accuracy in multi-class classification problem between healthy, AMD, DME and CNV, with 97.6% true positive rate and 99.2% true negative rate, outperforming other state-of-the-art methods.",
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"affiliation": "Beihang University (BUAA),School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering,Beijing,China,100191",
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"title": "A Novel Approach using Deep Neural Network Vessel Segmentation & Retinal Disease Detection",
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"abstract": "Machine Learning has sparked tremendous interest in medical healthcare over past 3 years at multiple level of abstraction to process large amount of structured data like 3-dimensional medical scans and imaging and non-structured data like healthcare prescriptions and notes with less manual interventions. In ophthalmology, machine learning framework has the amazing potential to fasten screening programs with higher accuracies by providing instantaneous feedback and early diagnostics to increase patient compliance and improved health care. Machine Learning has similarly been applied to ocular imaging, using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to detect retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity. To reduce manual interventions and faster early diagnostics, machine learning coupled with deep learning will be a potential long-term solution to screen and monitor patients within primary eye care settings. In this study, we proposed a novel 2D Gabor Wavelets using Gradient Boosting trees approach for retinal vessel segmentation and detection of retinal diseases with higher accuracies in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scans which can be extended further in real time environment at clinical settings at different pathologies.",
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"content": "Machine Learning has sparked tremendous interest in medical healthcare over past 3 years at multiple level of abstraction to process large amount of structured data like 3-dimensional medical scans and imaging and non-structured data like healthcare prescriptions and notes with less manual interventions. In ophthalmology, machine learning framework has the amazing potential to fasten screening programs with higher accuracies by providing instantaneous feedback and early diagnostics to increase patient compliance and improved health care. Machine Learning has similarly been applied to ocular imaging, using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to detect retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity. To reduce manual interventions and faster early diagnostics, machine learning coupled with deep learning will be a potential long-term solution to screen and monitor patients within primary eye care settings. In this study, we proposed a novel 2D Gabor Wavelets using Gradient Boosting trees approach for retinal vessel segmentation and detection of retinal diseases with higher accuracies in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scans which can be extended further in real time environment at clinical settings at different pathologies.",
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"affiliation": "University of Canberra,Australia",
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"abstract": "The lack of understanding of most of the relevant physical mechanisms when applying flow control limits the prospects of successfully transitioning flow-control technologies into real flight vehicles. Successful control of boundary-layer separation for lifting surfaces promises major performance gains especially when large laminar runs are desired in order to minimize the skin-friction drag. We systematically explore the fundamental mechanisms of the interaction of separation and transition that are relevant for effective and efficient flow control applications. Toward this end, we are employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for investigating active flow control for a NACA 643-618 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number ReC = 64,200 and various angles-of-attack. CFD results are compared to wind/water tunnel experiments carried out at the University of Arizona. For simulations of the entire wing section we are using a high-order-accurate finite volume code based on the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. For very highly resolved DNS which focus exclusively on the separated region on the suction side of the wing, we are employing a higher-orderaccurate compact finite difference code based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity velocity formulation. These simulations are set up to fully resolve the flow field and enable us to reveal some of the intricate physical mechanisms associated with unsteady separation and transition, flow instabilities, and active flow control.",
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"abstract": "Shear induced platelet activation is the major cause of thrombus formation in cardiovascular diseases and prosthetic devices. A novel multiscale modeling approach based on discrete particle methods permits the investigation of such complex phenomena by coupling the macroscopic flow conditions with the cellular and molecular effects of platelet activation. However, such a modeling approach poses a major computational challenge, where a typical simulation involves the computation and communication of millions of particles. The large computational requirement was fulfilled with the assistance of the state of the art high performance computing facilities. In this paper, we first present our multiscale model of shear-induced platelet activation, where the blood plasma and platelet were modeled by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), and coarse grained molecular dynamics (CGMD), respectively. We then employ the blood plasma-platelet interaction model to study the platelet flipping dynamics and mechanotransduction process of platelet activation. To achieve the best performance of our model on supercomputers, we conduct the performance analysis by scaling our blood plasma model with 20 million particles to 10, 000 CPU cores on Sunway bluelight system. The simulation results suggest that our multiscale model of shear-induced platelet activation can fully achieve fluid-platelet interaction across micro-and nano-scales, and can achieve good strong scalability running on the system with large number of processors.",
"abstracts": [
{
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"content": "Shear induced platelet activation is the major cause of thrombus formation in cardiovascular diseases and prosthetic devices. A novel multiscale modeling approach based on discrete particle methods permits the investigation of such complex phenomena by coupling the macroscopic flow conditions with the cellular and molecular effects of platelet activation. However, such a modeling approach poses a major computational challenge, where a typical simulation involves the computation and communication of millions of particles. The large computational requirement was fulfilled with the assistance of the state of the art high performance computing facilities. In this paper, we first present our multiscale model of shear-induced platelet activation, where the blood plasma and platelet were modeled by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), and coarse grained molecular dynamics (CGMD), respectively. We then employ the blood plasma-platelet interaction model to study the platelet flipping dynamics and mechanotransduction process of platelet activation. To achieve the best performance of our model on supercomputers, we conduct the performance analysis by scaling our blood plasma model with 20 million particles to 10, 000 CPU cores on Sunway bluelight system. The simulation results suggest that our multiscale model of shear-induced platelet activation can fully achieve fluid-platelet interaction across micro-and nano-scales, and can achieve good strong scalability running on the system with large number of processors.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Shear induced platelet activation is the major cause of thrombus formation in cardiovascular diseases and prosthetic devices. A novel multiscale modeling approach based on discrete particle methods permits the investigation of such complex phenomena by coupling the macroscopic flow conditions with the cellular and molecular effects of platelet activation. However, such a modeling approach poses a major computational challenge, where a typical simulation involves the computation and communication of millions of particles. The large computational requirement was fulfilled with the assistance of the state of the art high performance computing facilities. In this paper, we first present our multiscale model of shear-induced platelet activation, where the blood plasma and platelet were modeled by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), and coarse grained molecular dynamics (CGMD), respectively. We then employ the blood plasma-platelet interaction model to study the platelet flipping dynamics and mechanotransduction process of platelet activation. To achieve the best performance of our model on supercomputers, we conduct the performance analysis by scaling our blood plasma model with 20 million particles to 10, 000 CPU cores on Sunway bluelight system. The simulation results suggest that our multiscale model of shear-induced platelet activation can fully achieve fluid-platelet interaction across micro-and nano-scales, and can achieve good strong scalability running on the system with large number of processors.",
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{
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"title": "Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids",
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"title": "AC electric-field-induced fluid flow in microelectrode structures: scaling laws",
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"abstract": "The motion of polarizable bioparticles under the action of non-uniform ac electric fields is known as dielectrophoresis. Because submicrometre particles are subjected to Brownian motion, high electric fields are needed to manipulate them. However, these high electric fields give rise to fluid motion, which in turn results in a viscous drag on the particles. The electric fields generate beat, leading to gradients in conductivity, permittivity, and mass density in the fluid. These gradients give rise to electrothermal forces and buoyancy. Also non-uniform ac electric fields produce forces on the induced charges in the diffuse double layer on the electrodes, that results in fluid motion. Here we characterize these flows and their domain of influence.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "The motion of polarizable bioparticles under the action of non-uniform ac electric fields is known as dielectrophoresis. Because submicrometre particles are subjected to Brownian motion, high electric fields are needed to manipulate them. However, these high electric fields give rise to fluid motion, which in turn results in a viscous drag on the particles. The electric fields generate beat, leading to gradients in conductivity, permittivity, and mass density in the fluid. These gradients give rise to electrothermal forces and buoyancy. Also non-uniform ac electric fields produce forces on the induced charges in the diffuse double layer on the electrodes, that results in fluid motion. Here we characterize these flows and their domain of influence.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "The motion of polarizable bioparticles under the action of non-uniform ac electric fields is known as dielectrophoresis. Because submicrometre particles are subjected to Brownian motion, high electric fields are needed to manipulate them. However, these high electric fields give rise to fluid motion, which in turn results in a viscous drag on the particles. The electric fields generate beat, leading to gradients in conductivity, permittivity, and mass density in the fluid. These gradients give rise to electrothermal forces and buoyancy. Also non-uniform ac electric fields produce forces on the induced charges in the diffuse double layer on the electrodes, that results in fluid motion. Here we characterize these flows and their domain of influence.",
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"affiliation": "Dept. Electronica y Electromagnetismo, Seville Univ., Spain",
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"abstract": "A technique is given for computer visualization of simultaneous three-dimensional vector and scalar fields such as velocity and temperature in reacting fluid flow fields. The technique, which is called Virtual Smoke, simulates the use of colored smoke for experimental gaseous fluid flow visualization. However, it is noninvasive and can animate, in particular, the dynamic behaviors of steady-state or instantaneous flow fields obtained from numerical simulations. Virtual Smoke is based on volume seeds and volume seedlings, which are direct volume visualization methods previously developed for highly interactive scalar volume data exploration. Data from combustion simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of Virtual Smoke.<>",
"abstracts": [
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"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "A technique is given for computer visualization of simultaneous three-dimensional vector and scalar fields such as velocity and temperature in reacting fluid flow fields. The technique, which is called Virtual Smoke, simulates the use of colored smoke for experimental gaseous fluid flow visualization. However, it is noninvasive and can animate, in particular, the dynamic behaviors of steady-state or instantaneous flow fields obtained from numerical simulations. Virtual Smoke is based on volume seeds and volume seedlings, which are direct volume visualization methods previously developed for highly interactive scalar volume data exploration. Data from combustion simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of Virtual Smoke.<>",
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"title": "Quantitative Determination of Fluid Flow Induced Corrosion Rate of an Oil Pipeline",
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"abstract": "This paper is aimed at discussing the effect ofcorrosion propagation caused by the presence ofoxygen in fluid flow induced corrosion in a pipeline.The yield and wall shear stresses of the carbon steelpipeline and the fluid flow pattern were studiedrespectively using the Newtonian flow model. It wasobserved that mass momentum and mass transfer ofthe fluid velocity properties induced the shear stressthat surpasses the yield stress of the internal surfaceof the pipeline. The shear properties which could beresponsible for wear could further expose theinternal geometry of the pipe which would alter themicrostructural arrangement of the pipe. This ineffect influenced the oxygen penetration that allowedthe electrochemical reaction between the metal andthe water to occur. Numerical method was used tocompute the expected corrosion rate of 35.6 mm/yearand compared with the measured corrosion rate of35.95 mm/year which nearly matched. This resultshows that the generated numerical method waspotent.",
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"content": "This paper is aimed at discussing the effect ofcorrosion propagation caused by the presence ofoxygen in fluid flow induced corrosion in a pipeline.The yield and wall shear stresses of the carbon steelpipeline and the fluid flow pattern were studiedrespectively using the Newtonian flow model. It wasobserved that mass momentum and mass transfer ofthe fluid velocity properties induced the shear stressthat surpasses the yield stress of the internal surfaceof the pipeline. The shear properties which could beresponsible for wear could further expose theinternal geometry of the pipe which would alter themicrostructural arrangement of the pipe. This ineffect influenced the oxygen penetration that allowedthe electrochemical reaction between the metal andthe water to occur. Numerical method was used tocompute the expected corrosion rate of 35.6 mm/yearand compared with the measured corrosion rate of35.95 mm/year which nearly matched. This resultshows that the generated numerical method waspotent.",
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"abstract": "Fluid flow visualizations typically employ a combination of isosur-facing and particle tracing, such as streamlines. These techniques capture surface flow well, but they can obscure deeper features from view. Further, these techniques present visualizations that are far removed from physical methods, which complicates their analysis. However, virtual rheoscopic fluids (VRF) provide a physically-based visualization that is similar to, and can be similarly analyzed as, physical rheoscopic fluid. However, we need a scalable VRF algorithm to apply the technique to large-scale data. In this paper, we present a scalable VRF algorithm based on ray casting implemented in a general visualization toolkit. We demonstrate the application of these techniques to large-scale flow problems beyond what would be physically feasible in the laboratory, and we show that our approach scales through 256 cores.",
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"title": "Multimedia Features for Conjugate Heat Transfer of MHD Mixed Convection with Ohmic Effect for Viscoelastic Fluid Past a Stretching Sheet",
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"abstract": "In this study, an analysis has been performed for conjugate heat transfer and multimedia features of a steady laminar boundary-layer mixed convection of magnetic hydrodynamic (MHD) flow with ohmic effect second grade viscoelastic fluid past a stretching sheet. The similarity transformation and the finite-difference method have been used to analyze the present problem. The conjugate heat transfer results show that the non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluid has a better heat transfer effect than the Newtonian fluid flow. The free convection with a larger G has a good heat transfer effect better than a forced convection flow (G=0). On the other hand, a lager Ncc number has a good conjugate heat transfer effect better than a lower Ncc number.",
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"title": "Volumetric Flow Estimation for Incompressible Fluids Using the Stationary Stokes Equations",
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"abstract": "In experimental fluid dynamics, the flow in a volume of fluid is observed by injecting high-contrast tracer particles and tracking them in multi-view video. Fluid dynamics researchers have developed variants of space-carving to reconstruct the 3D particle distribution at a given time-step, and then use relatively simple local matching to recover the motion over time. On the contrary, estimating the optical flow between two consecutive images is a long-standing standard problem in computer vision, but only little work exists about volumetric 3D flow. Here, we propose a variational method for 3D fluid flow estimation from multi-view data. We start from a 3D version of the standard variational flow model, and investigate different regularization schemes that ensure divergence-free flow fields, to account for the physics of incompressible fluids. Moreover, we propose a semi-dense formulation, to cope with the computational demands of large volumetric datasets. Flow is estimated and regularized at a lower spatial resolution, while the data term is evaluated at full resolution to preserve the discriminative power and geometric precision of the local particle distribution. Extensive experiments reveal that a simple sum of squared differences (SSD) is the most suitable data term for our application. For regularization, an energy whose Euler-Lagrange equations correspond to the stationary Stokes equations leads to the best results. This strictly enforces a divergence-free flow and additionally penalizes the squared gradient of the flow.",
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"title": "Virtual Rheoscopic Fluid for Large Dynamics Visualization",
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"abstract": "Visualizations of fluid hydraulics often use some combination of isosurfacing and streamlines to identify flow features. Such algorithms show surface features well, but nearby features and internal features can be difficult to see. However, virtual rheoscopic fluids (VRF) provide a physically-based visualization that can be analyzed like physical rheoscopic fluid and can show nearby and internal features. Whereas previous VRF implementations were custom serial implementations that could not scale to large dynamics problems, these visualizations demonstrate our scalable VRF algorithm operating on large fluid dynamics data. Our algorithm is implemented in VisIt and the movies were generated on TACC's Longhorn machine using 128 nodes (1024 cores).",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "Visualizations of fluid hydraulics often use some combination of isosurfacing and streamlines to identify flow features. Such algorithms show surface features well, but nearby features and internal features can be difficult to see. However, virtual rheoscopic fluids (VRF) provide a physically-based visualization that can be analyzed like physical rheoscopic fluid and can show nearby and internal features. Whereas previous VRF implementations were custom serial implementations that could not scale to large dynamics problems, these visualizations demonstrate our scalable VRF algorithm operating on large fluid dynamics data. Our algorithm is implemented in VisIt and the movies were generated on TACC's Longhorn machine using 128 nodes (1024 cores).",
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"abstract": "The three segments index evaluation method mainly evaluates the technical and tactical ability of the players in each match from the level of \" stages\", and expounds how the players of both sides confront each other in each batting round, restrict each other and then choose the best tactics. In order to find out how to select the best tactical behavior according to the technical and tactical characteristics of the opponent in each batting round, this paper deals with the synchronous generation of the three segments of table tennis data based on the evaluation method of the three segments index. A method of generating three sections of table tennis game data is proposed based on Excel technology. A systematic study on the tactical strategy formulation in table tennis competition is obtained by using game theory, the theoretical system of game analysis of table tennis tactical behavior is constructed, and the concept, elements and category relationship of the three segments of table tennis game data are expressed. The association rule mining method is used to extract the feature and information mining of the three segments of table tennis game, and the information fusion method is used to evaluate the three segments of table tennis game data adaptively and to deal with the data fusion. The three segments index evaluation method is used to quantify the degree of connection between the various techniques, the automatic generation of the three-segment data between the two sides of the table tennis game is realized. The simulation results show that the method is adaptive and accurate in table tennis game. The online evaluation of table tennis game data of the three segments of the ability is improved.",
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"content": "The three segments index evaluation method mainly evaluates the technical and tactical ability of the players in each match from the level of \" stages\", and expounds how the players of both sides confront each other in each batting round, restrict each other and then choose the best tactics. In order to find out how to select the best tactical behavior according to the technical and tactical characteristics of the opponent in each batting round, this paper deals with the synchronous generation of the three segments of table tennis data based on the evaluation method of the three segments index. A method of generating three sections of table tennis game data is proposed based on Excel technology. A systematic study on the tactical strategy formulation in table tennis competition is obtained by using game theory, the theoretical system of game analysis of table tennis tactical behavior is constructed, and the concept, elements and category relationship of the three segments of table tennis game data are expressed. The association rule mining method is used to extract the feature and information mining of the three segments of table tennis game, and the information fusion method is used to evaluate the three segments of table tennis game data adaptively and to deal with the data fusion. The three segments index evaluation method is used to quantify the degree of connection between the various techniques, the automatic generation of the three-segment data between the two sides of the table tennis game is realized. The simulation results show that the method is adaptive and accurate in table tennis game. The online evaluation of table tennis game data of the three segments of the ability is improved.",
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"abstract": "In order to improve the accuracy of table tennis tactical decision-making, this paper proposes a new table tennis tactical decision-making system based on C4.5 decision tree. Firstly, C4.5 decision tree algorithm is improved by combining attribute mean and information gain ratio. Then, based on the improved decision tree algorithm, the game decision tree model of table tennis players is established. The experimental results show that the method is effective and reliable, which provides a scientific basis for coaches' guidance and decision-making.",
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"abstract": "Main stream of river changes frequently, and major trough swings often, which bring great danger and bad effects to the flood prevention and protection work even the regular life and property of local people. We take the Niyang River as an example, do deep research on the reasons why the main course in Bayi town changes frequently and the influencing factors. It reveals main mechanism of action of causes and brings out the related control and solving measures and scheme. The research result can guide the local water conservancy work and provide scientific references and basis for the changes of rivers' courses and the control of the situation of related river in foreign countries.",
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"abstract": "The diversion of meandering river makes the properties of sedimentary reservoir distribute along the direction of channel extension. The conventional geostatistics method depends on the range and direction of variogram in the prediction of reservoir parameters. According to the basic principle of Schwarz Christoffel transformation, the mapping mathematical model is established. In order to verify the reliability of the model, 38 vertical wells in the study region were selected for analysis, taking the X sandstone reservoir deposited by meandering river in Ordos Basin as an example. After mapping, the river flows is along the height direction of the rectangular region. In the rectangular region, the distribution of porosity parameters is obtained through variogram analysis and sequential Gaussian simulation. The restored geological modeling of porosity changes basically is along the river direction, while the orthogonal grid in the rectangular region also maintains a certain degree of orthogonality in the actual reservoir region.",
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"content": "The diversion of meandering river makes the properties of sedimentary reservoir distribute along the direction of channel extension. The conventional geostatistics method depends on the range and direction of variogram in the prediction of reservoir parameters. According to the basic principle of Schwarz Christoffel transformation, the mapping mathematical model is established. In order to verify the reliability of the model, 38 vertical wells in the study region were selected for analysis, taking the X sandstone reservoir deposited by meandering river in Ordos Basin as an example. After mapping, the river flows is along the height direction of the rectangular region. In the rectangular region, the distribution of porosity parameters is obtained through variogram analysis and sequential Gaussian simulation. The restored geological modeling of porosity changes basically is along the river direction, while the orthogonal grid in the rectangular region also maintains a certain degree of orthogonality in the actual reservoir region.",
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"affiliation": "Longdong University",
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"abstract": "It is the key of Krusal Algorithm to select edges and judge loop. Though realized path-compression in operation of searching tree of Union-Find Sets Data Structure, and optimized merging-operation which the shallower tree has been merged into the deeper tree, the operation of selecting edges and judging loop in Krusal Algorithm is optimized and the time complexity of algorithm is reduced. Compared with the common way, the programming operation time of the new way has been reduced to some 1/10.",
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"abstract": "We study on the EREW-PRAM model a parallel solution to the extended set union problem with unlimited backtracking which maintains a dynamic partition /spl Pi/ of an n-element set S subject to the usual operations Find, Union, Backtrack and Restore as well as the new operations SetUnion, MultiUnion. The SetUnion operation as a special case of the commonly known Union operation aimed to unify two pre-specified set-names, while MultiUnion operation deals with a batch of Union operations. A new data structure, called k-Parallel Union Find (or, k-PUF) trees, is introduced to represent a disjoint set in /spl Pi/. The structure is defined for a wide range for the parameter k, but the more interesting results are achieved for k=log n/log log n. In this case, using the k-PUF trees, both SetUnion and Restore operations are performed in constant parallel time requiring optimal work O(k). This constant-time performance is not achievable parallelizing the existing data structures. Moreover, using p=O(k) processors, MultiUnion for a batch of p operations is performed in O(k) time, requiring optimal work O(pk).",
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"content": "We study on the EREW-PRAM model a parallel solution to the extended set union problem with unlimited backtracking which maintains a dynamic partition /spl Pi/ of an n-element set S subject to the usual operations Find, Union, Backtrack and Restore as well as the new operations SetUnion, MultiUnion. The SetUnion operation as a special case of the commonly known Union operation aimed to unify two pre-specified set-names, while MultiUnion operation deals with a batch of Union operations. A new data structure, called k-Parallel Union Find (or, k-PUF) trees, is introduced to represent a disjoint set in /spl Pi/. The structure is defined for a wide range for the parameter k, but the more interesting results are achieved for k=log n/log log n. In this case, using the k-PUF trees, both SetUnion and Restore operations are performed in constant parallel time requiring optimal work O(k). This constant-time performance is not achievable parallelizing the existing data structures. Moreover, using p=O(k) processors, MultiUnion for a batch of p operations is performed in O(k) time, requiring optimal work O(pk).",
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"abstract": "We identify and study relevant structural parameters for the problem of counting perfect matchings in a given input graph G. These generalize the well-known tractable planar case, and they include the genus of G, its apex number (the minimum number of vertices whose removal renders G planar), and its Hadwiger number (the size of a largest clique minor). To study these parameters, we first introduce the notion of combined match gates, a general technique that bridges parameterized counting problems and the theory of so-called Holants and match gates: Using combined match gates, we can simulate certain non-existing gadgets F as linear combinations of t=O(1) existing gadgets. If a graph G features k occurrences of F, we can then reduce G to tk graphs that feature only existing gadgets, thus enabling parameterized reductions. As applications of this technique, we simplify known 4g*n3 time algorithms for counting perfect matchings on graphs of genus g. Orthogonally to this, we show #W[1]-hardness of the permanent on k-apex graphs, implying its #W[1]-hardness under the Hadwiger number. Additionally, we rule out no(k/log k) time algorithms under the counting exponential-time hypothesis #ETH. Finally, we use combined match gates to prove parity-W[1]-hardness of evaluating the permanent modulo 2k, complementing an O(n4k) time algorithm by Valiant and answering an open question of Björklund. We also obtain a lower bound of nΩ(k/log k) under the parity version of the exponential-time hypothesis.",
"abstracts": [
{
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"content": "We identify and study relevant structural parameters for the problem of counting perfect matchings in a given input graph G. These generalize the well-known tractable planar case, and they include the genus of G, its apex number (the minimum number of vertices whose removal renders G planar), and its Hadwiger number (the size of a largest clique minor). To study these parameters, we first introduce the notion of combined match gates, a general technique that bridges parameterized counting problems and the theory of so-called Holants and match gates: Using combined match gates, we can simulate certain non-existing gadgets F as linear combinations of t=O(1) existing gadgets. If a graph G features k occurrences of F, we can then reduce G to tk graphs that feature only existing gadgets, thus enabling parameterized reductions. As applications of this technique, we simplify known 4g*n3 time algorithms for counting perfect matchings on graphs of genus g. Orthogonally to this, we show #W[1]-hardness of the permanent on k-apex graphs, implying its #W[1]-hardness under the Hadwiger number. Additionally, we rule out no(k/log k) time algorithms under the counting exponential-time hypothesis #ETH. Finally, we use combined match gates to prove parity-W[1]-hardness of evaluating the permanent modulo 2k, complementing an O(n4k) time algorithm by Valiant and answering an open question of Björklund. We also obtain a lower bound of nΩ(k/log k) under the parity version of the exponential-time hypothesis.",
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"Transmission Line Matrix Methods",
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"Permanent",
"Perfect Matchings",
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"title": "2019 IEEE 35th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)",
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"title": "Dynamic Set kNN Self-Join",
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"abstract": "In many applications, data objects can be represented as sets. For example, in video on-demand and social network services, the user data consists of a set of movies that have been watched and a set of users (friends), respectively, and they can be used for recommendation and information extraction. The problem of set similarity self-join hence has been studied extensively. Existing studies assume that sets are static, but in the above applications, sets are dynamically updated, and this requires continuous updating the join result. In this paper, we study a novel problem, dynamic set kNN self-join, i.e., for each set, we continuously compute its k nearest neighbor sets. Our problem poses a challenge for the efficiency of computation, because just an element insertion (deletion) into (from) a set may affect the kNN results of many sets. To address this challenge, we first investigate the property of the dynamic set kNN self-join problem to observe the search space derived from a set update. Then, based on this observation, we propose an efficient algorithm. This algorithm employs an indexing technique that enables incremental similarity computation and prunes unnecessary similarity computation. Our empirical studies using real datasets show the efficiency and scalability of our algorithm.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "In many applications, data objects can be represented as sets. For example, in video on-demand and social network services, the user data consists of a set of movies that have been watched and a set of users (friends), respectively, and they can be used for recommendation and information extraction. The problem of set similarity self-join hence has been studied extensively. Existing studies assume that sets are static, but in the above applications, sets are dynamically updated, and this requires continuous updating the join result. In this paper, we study a novel problem, dynamic set kNN self-join, i.e., for each set, we continuously compute its k nearest neighbor sets. Our problem poses a challenge for the efficiency of computation, because just an element insertion (deletion) into (from) a set may affect the kNN results of many sets. To address this challenge, we first investigate the property of the dynamic set kNN self-join problem to observe the search space derived from a set update. Then, based on this observation, we propose an efficient algorithm. This algorithm employs an indexing technique that enables incremental similarity computation and prunes unnecessary similarity computation. Our empirical studies using real datasets show the efficiency and scalability of our algorithm.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "In many applications, data objects can be represented as sets. For example, in video on-demand and social network services, the user data consists of a set of movies that have been watched and a set of users (friends), respectively, and they can be used for recommendation and information extraction. The problem of set similarity self-join hence has been studied extensively. Existing studies assume that sets are static, but in the above applications, sets are dynamically updated, and this requires continuous updating the join result. In this paper, we study a novel problem, dynamic set kNN self-join, i.e., for each set, we continuously compute its k nearest neighbor sets. Our problem poses a challenge for the efficiency of computation, because just an element insertion (deletion) into (from) a set may affect the kNN results of many sets. To address this challenge, we first investigate the property of the dynamic set kNN self-join problem to observe the search space derived from a set update. Then, based on this observation, we propose an efficient algorithm. This algorithm employs an indexing technique that enables incremental similarity computation and prunes unnecessary similarity computation. Our empirical studies using real datasets show the efficiency and scalability of our algorithm.",
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"Indexing",
"Nearest Neighbour Methods",
"Search Problems",
"Set Theory",
"Set Similarity Self Join",
"K Nearest Neighbor Sets",
"Dynamic Set K NN Self Join Problem",
"Incremental Similarity Computation",
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"Indexing Technique",
"Data Representation",
"Social Networking Online",
"Indexes",
"Motion Pictures",
"Heuristic Algorithms",
"Collaboration",
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"Sorting"
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"authors": [
{
"affiliation": "Osaka University",
"fullName": "Daichi Amagata",
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{
"affiliation": "Osaka University",
"fullName": "Takahiro Hara",
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{
"affiliation": "Nagoya University",
"fullName": "Chuan Xiao",
"givenName": "Chuan",
"surname": "Xiao",
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"abstract": "We show that denoising of 3D point clouds can be learned unsupervised, directly from noisy 3D point cloud data only. This is achieved by extending recent ideas from learning of unsupervised image denoisers to unstructured 3D point clouds. Unsupervised image denoisers operate under the assumption that a noisy pixel observation is a random realization of a distribution around a clean pixel value, which allows appropriate learning on this distribution to eventually converge to the correct value. Regrettably, this assumption is not valid for unstructured points: 3D point clouds are subject to total noise, i.e. deviations in all coordinates, with no reliable pixel grid. Thus, an observation can be the realization of an entire manifold of clean 3D points, which makes the quality of a naïve extension of unsupervised image denoisers to 3D point clouds unfortunately only little better than mean filtering. To overcome this, and to enable effective and unsupervised 3D point cloud denoising, we introduce a spatial prior term, that steers converges to the unique closest out of the many possible modes on the manifold. Our results demonstrate unsupervised denoising performance similar to that of supervised learning with clean data when given enough training examples - whereby we do not need any pairs of noisy and clean training data.",
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