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"doi": "10.1109/VR.2019.8798063",
"title": "I Got Your Point: An Investigation of Pointing Cues in a Spherical Fish Tank Virtual Reality Display",
"normalizedTitle": "I Got Your Point: An Investigation of Pointing Cues in a Spherical Fish Tank Virtual Reality Display",
"abstract": "Pointing is a fundamental building block in human communication. While it is ubiquitous in our daily interactions within the real world, it is difficult to precisely interpret a virtual agent's pointing direction to the physical world, considering its complex and subtle gesture cues, such as the movements of the human hand and head. Fish Tank Virtual Reality (FTVR) display has the potential to provide accurate pointing cues as it creates a compelling 3D spatial effect by rendering perspective-corrected vision. In this paper, we conducted a study with pointing cues of three levels (Head-only, Hand-only, and Hand+Head) to evaluate how the head and hand gesture cues affect observers' performance in interpretation of where a virtual agent is pointing in a spherical FTVR display. The results showed that the hand gesture significantly helps people interpret the pointing both accurately and quickly for fine pointing (15°), with 19.4% higher accuracy and 1.42 seconds faster than the head cue. The combination of the head and hand yielded a small improvement on the accuracy (4.4%) with even slightly longer time (0.38 seconds) compared to the hand-only cue. However, for coarse pointing (30°), head cue appears to be sufficient with the accuracy of 90.2%. The result of this study provides guidelines on cues selection for designing pointing in the virtual environment.",
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"content": "Pointing is a fundamental building block in human communication. While it is ubiquitous in our daily interactions within the real world, it is difficult to precisely interpret a virtual agent's pointing direction to the physical world, considering its complex and subtle gesture cues, such as the movements of the human hand and head. Fish Tank Virtual Reality (FTVR) display has the potential to provide accurate pointing cues as it creates a compelling 3D spatial effect by rendering perspective-corrected vision. In this paper, we conducted a study with pointing cues of three levels (Head-only, Hand-only, and Hand+Head) to evaluate how the head and hand gesture cues affect observers' performance in interpretation of where a virtual agent is pointing in a spherical FTVR display. The results showed that the hand gesture significantly helps people interpret the pointing both accurately and quickly for fine pointing (15°), with 19.4% higher accuracy and 1.42 seconds faster than the head cue. The combination of the head and hand yielded a small improvement on the accuracy (4.4%) with even slightly longer time (0.38 seconds) compared to the hand-only cue. However, for coarse pointing (30°), head cue appears to be sufficient with the accuracy of 90.2%. The result of this study provides guidelines on cues selection for designing pointing in the virtual environment.",
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"affiliation": "University of British Columbia, BC, Canada",
"fullName": "Kyoungwon Seo",
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"affiliation": "Complex Information Science Field, Future University Hakodate, Hakodate, Japan",
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"affiliation": "University of British Columbia, BC, Canada",
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"abstract": "This paper presents three psychophysical experiments that attempt to determine whether human perception of force amplitude is isotropic in a virtual environment (VE). Participants employed passive or active forces in the same or different directions. Our results indicate that, regardless of whether stimulus presentation and response are active or passive, human perception of force amplitude is in fact anisotropic. Implications of these results for design of VR systems are briefly discussed.",
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"abstract": "A large body of literature has analyzed differences between perception in the real world and virtual environments (VE) in terms of space, distance and speed perception. So far, no empirical data has been collected for time misperception in immersive VEs to our knowledge. However, there is evidence that time perception can deviate from veridical judgments, for instance, due to visual or auditive stimulation related to motion misperception. In this work we evaluate time perception during walking motions with a pilot study in an immersive head-mounted display (HMD) environment. Significant differences between time judgments in the real and virtual environment could not be observed.",
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"content": "A large body of literature has analyzed differences between perception in the real world and virtual environments (VE) in terms of space, distance and speed perception. So far, no empirical data has been collected for time misperception in immersive VEs to our knowledge. However, there is evidence that time perception can deviate from veridical judgments, for instance, due to visual or auditive stimulation related to motion misperception. In this work we evaluate time perception during walking motions with a pilot study in an immersive head-mounted display (HMD) environment. Significant differences between time judgments in the real and virtual environment could not be observed.",
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"abstract": "How do users of virtual environments perceive virtual space? Many experiments have explored this question, but most of these have used head-mounted immersive displays. This paper reports an experiment that studied large-screen immersive displays at medium-field distances of 2 to 15 meters. The experiment measured ego-centric depth judgments in a CAVE, a tiled display wall, and a real-world outdoor field as a control condition. We carefully modeled the outdoor field to make the three environments as similar as possible. Measuring egocentric depth judgments in large-screen immersive displays requires adapting new measurement protocols; the experiment used timed imagined walking, verbal estimation, and triangulated blind walking. We found that depth judgments from timed imagined walking and verbal estimation were very similar in all three environments. However, triangulated blind walking was accurate only in the out-door field; in the large-screen immersive displays it showed under-estimation effects that were likely caused by insufficient physical space to perform the technique. These results suggest using timed imagined walking as a primary protocol for assessing depth perception in large-screen immersive displays. We also found that depth judgments in the CAVE were more accurate than in the tiled display wall, which suggests that the peripheral scenery offered by the CAVE is helpful when perceiving virtual space.",
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"abstract": "A number of studies have reported that distance judgments are underestimated in virtual environments (VE) when compared to those made in the real world. Studies have also reported that providing users with visual feedback in the VE improves their distance perception and made them feel more immersed in the virtual world. In this study, we investigated the effect of tactile feedback and visual manipulation of the VE on egocentric distance perception. In contrast to previous studies which have focused on task-specific and error-corrective feedback (for example, providing knowledge about the errors in distance estimations), we demonstrate that exploratory feedback is sufficient for reducing errors in distance estimation. In Experiment 1, the effects of different types of feedback (visual, tactile and visual plus tactile) on distance judgments were studied. Tactile feedback was given to participants as they explored and touched objects in a VE. Results showed that distance judgments improved in the VE regardless of the type of sensory feedback provided. In Experiment 2, we presented a real world environment to the participants and then situated them in a VE that was either a replica or an altered representation of the real world environment. Results showed that participants made significant underestimation in their distance judgments when the VE was not a replica of the physical space. We further found that providing both visual and tactile feedback did not reduce distance compression in such a situation. These results are discussed in the light of the nature of feedback provided and how assumptions about the VE may affect distance perception in virtual environments.",
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"content": "A number of studies have reported that distance judgments are underestimated in virtual environments (VE) when compared to those made in the real world. Studies have also reported that providing users with visual feedback in the VE improves their distance perception and made them feel more immersed in the virtual world. In this study, we investigated the effect of tactile feedback and visual manipulation of the VE on egocentric distance perception. In contrast to previous studies which have focused on task-specific and error-corrective feedback (for example, providing knowledge about the errors in distance estimations), we demonstrate that exploratory feedback is sufficient for reducing errors in distance estimation. In Experiment 1, the effects of different types of feedback (visual, tactile and visual plus tactile) on distance judgments were studied. Tactile feedback was given to participants as they explored and touched objects in a VE. Results showed that distance judgments improved in the VE regardless of the type of sensory feedback provided. In Experiment 2, we presented a real world environment to the participants and then situated them in a VE that was either a replica or an altered representation of the real world environment. Results showed that participants made significant underestimation in their distance judgments when the VE was not a replica of the physical space. We further found that providing both visual and tactile feedback did not reduce distance compression in such a situation. These results are discussed in the light of the nature of feedback provided and how assumptions about the VE may affect distance perception in virtual environments.",
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"abstract": "The topic of distance perception has been widely investigated in Virtual Reality (VR). However, the vast majority of previous work mainly focused on distance perception of objects placed in front of the observer. Then, what happens when the observer looks on the side? In this paper, we study differences in distance estimation when comparing objects placed in front of the observer with objects placed on his side. Through a series of four experiments (n=85), we assessed participants' distance estimation and ruled out potential biases. In particular, we considered the placement of visual stimuli in the field of view, users' exploration behavior as well as the presence of depth cues. For all experiments a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) standardized psychophysical protocol was employed, in which the main task was to determine the stimuli that seemed to be the farthest one. In summary, our results showed that the orientation of virtual stimuli with respect to the user introduces a distance perception bias: objects placed on the sides are systematically perceived farther away than objects in front. In addition, we could observe that this bias increases along with the angle, and appears to be independent of both the position of the object in the field of view as well as the quality of the virtual scene. This work sheds a new light on one of the specificities of VR environments regarding the wider subject of visual space theory. Our study paves the way for future experiments evaluating the anisotropy of distance perception in real and virtual environments.",
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"abstract": "People get disoriented and detached from the real world when immersed in a virtual environment; this makes them lose track of rotation in the real world. This paper studies people’s ability to maintain perception of spatial orientation in the real environment while engaged in a virtual experience and explores how visual cues affect the results. Twelve participants performed targeting tasks with rotations, followed by pointing in a known direction to observe the error in perception of real world orientation. Error was measured in three VR environments: visual cues consistent with real world rotation; visual cues slowly changing to become inconsistent with real world; no rotational visual cues. We found that visual cues are essential for people to perceive real-world orientation and removing cues results in drastic disorientation. Moreover, altering visual cues deliberately can be used to control people’s orientation perception to disorientate people in the direction we desire; in our experiment participants did not notice this manipulation. Manipulation of the presentation of visual cues may allow designers to control, correct and manipulate people’s cognitive representation of their orientation and position not only in the virtual world, but also in the real world, be it for in-place redirection or \"redirected standing\", or corrective redirection for safety.",
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"content": "With the rapid advances of digital photography technology, high resolution video can be recorded using video camera for home entertainment and digital cinema. High end projector used for high resolution video display is bulky and expensive, only suitable for fixed installation, and prevents itself from being widely adopted. In this paper, we present one high resolution video display system using multiple projectors to replace the high end projector playback system. Our system is driven by single PC with PCI-E16 x interface and supports at least triple projectors, which is suitable for building surround video display system. It fully exploits the high bandwidth between CPU and graphics card, and efficiently plays back high resolution video of any format supported by commercial video player. We design geometric alignment and photometric correction methods to display the video content seamlessly on the planar display screen. Experimental results show that our system displays high resolution video at its full frame rate.",
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"content": "We present a new rendering technique, termed LOD-sprite rendering, which uses a combination of a level-of-detail (LOD) representation of the scene together with reusing image sprites (previously rendered images). Our primary application is accelerating terrain rendering. The LOD-sprite technique renders an initial frame using a high-resolution model of the scene geometry. It renders subsequent frames with a much lower-resolution model of the scene geometry and texture-maps each polygon with the image sprite from the initial high-resolution frame. As it renders these subsequent frames the technique measures the error associated with the divergence of the view position from the position where the initial frame was rendered. Once this error exceeds a user-defined threshold, the technique re-renders the scene from the high-resolution model. We have efficiently implemented the LOD-sprite technique with texture-mapping graphics hardware. Although to date we have only applied LOD-sprite to terrain rendering, it could easily be extended to other applications. We feel LOD-sprite holds particular promise for real-time rendering systems.",
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"affiliation": "State University of New York at Stony Brook",
"fullName": "Baoquan Chen",
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"fullName": "Eddy Kuo",
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"affiliation": "State University of New York at Stony Brook",
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"title": "Dual-sensor camera for acquiring image sequences with different spatio-temporal resolution",
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"abstract": "In accordance with advances in camera technology, the requirement of high-quality video has greatly increased. Among the factors required for high-quality video are a high-resolution and a high frame rate. However, the limitation of the pixel transfer rate restricts compatibility of a high-resolution and a high frame rate in commercial camera. We propose a dual-sensor camera that consists of two cameras: one with a high-resolution and a low frame rate and the other with a low-resolution and a high frame rate. The system is capable of capturing two different image sequences: high-resolution images and high-frame-rate images. A sensor calibration for the dual-sensor camera is also proposed.",
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"title": "2023 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)",
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"abstract": "To provide users with a fully immersive environment, VR post-processing, which adds numerous realistic effects on the frame after rendering, plays a key role in modern VR systems. Current post-processing is processed separately from normal rendering by the graphics processing unit (GPU). As a result, the GPU needs to first render a high-resolution frame and then add the post-processing effects within a very short time frame. Our in-depth experimental results on commercial VR products demonstrate that the post-processing in VR applications extends the VR frame time by approximately 2X on average. Furthermore, the ever-increasing resolution requirements of modern VR significantly increase the workloads for post-processing in the execution pipeline. This long delay causes VR real-time execution to frequently miss the critical frame-time deadline, thus hurting users’ quality of experience.Based on the analysis of VR post-processing workflow and its common realistic effects, we observe that post-processing shares the same hardware pipeline with normal rendering, and even reuses the intermediate data produced by normal rendering. To fully utilize this hardware-level similarity and capture the data locality, we propose a novel universal realistic rendering architecture for VR, named Post0-VR, which eliminates post-processing by directly merging the common realistic effects into the normal rendering process. Based on our newly proposed VR architecture design, we further propose a dynamic accuracy adjustment method to simplify the normal rendering without hurting users’ perception. The evaluation results on real-world applications demonstrate that Post0-VR can support different types of realistic effects while significantly improving the overall VR rendering performance.",
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"title": "2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)",
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"title": "Simulated Reference Frame: A Cost-Effective Solution to Improve Spatial Orientation in VR",
"normalizedTitle": "Simulated Reference Frame: A Cost-Effective Solution to Improve Spatial Orientation in VR",
"abstract": "Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used in spatial cognition research, as it offers high experimental control in naturalistic multimodal environments, which is hard to achieve in real-world settings. Although recent technological advances offer a high level of photorealism, locomotion in VR is still restricted because people might not perceive their self-motion as they would in the real world. This might be related to the inability to use embodied spatial orientation processes, which support automatic and obligatory updating of our spatial awareness. Previous research has identified the roles reference frames play in retaining spatial orientation. Here, we propose using visually overlaid rectangular boxes, simulating reference frames in VR, to provide users with a better insight into spatial direction in landmark-free virtual environments. The current mixed-method study investigated how different variations of the visually simulated reference frames might support people in a navigational search task. Performance results showed that the existence of a simulated reference frame yields significant effects on participants completion time and travel distance. Though a simulated CAVE translating with the navigator (one of the simulated reference frames) did not provide significant benefits, the simulated room (another simulated reference frame depicting a rest frame) significantly boosted user performance in the task as well as improved participants preference in the post-experiment evaluation. Results suggest that adding a visually simulated reference frame to VR applications might be a cost-effective solution to the spatial disorientation problem in VR.",
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"content": "Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used in spatial cognition research, as it offers high experimental control in naturalistic multimodal environments, which is hard to achieve in real-world settings. Although recent technological advances offer a high level of photorealism, locomotion in VR is still restricted because people might not perceive their self-motion as they would in the real world. This might be related to the inability to use embodied spatial orientation processes, which support automatic and obligatory updating of our spatial awareness. Previous research has identified the roles reference frames play in retaining spatial orientation. Here, we propose using visually overlaid rectangular boxes, simulating reference frames in VR, to provide users with a better insight into spatial direction in landmark-free virtual environments. The current mixed-method study investigated how different variations of the visually simulated reference frames might support people in a navigational search task. Performance results showed that the existence of a simulated reference frame yields significant effects on participants completion time and travel distance. Though a simulated CAVE translating with the navigator (one of the simulated reference frames) did not provide significant benefits, the simulated room (another simulated reference frame depicting a rest frame) significantly boosted user performance in the task as well as improved participants preference in the post-experiment evaluation. Results suggest that adding a visually simulated reference frame to VR applications might be a cost-effective solution to the spatial disorientation problem in VR.",
"__typename": "ArticleAbstractType"
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],
"normalizedAbstract": "Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used in spatial cognition research, as it offers high experimental control in naturalistic multimodal environments, which is hard to achieve in real-world settings. Although recent technological advances offer a high level of photorealism, locomotion in VR is still restricted because people might not perceive their self-motion as they would in the real world. This might be related to the inability to use embodied spatial orientation processes, which support automatic and obligatory updating of our spatial awareness. Previous research has identified the roles reference frames play in retaining spatial orientation. Here, we propose using visually overlaid rectangular boxes, simulating reference frames in VR, to provide users with a better insight into spatial direction in landmark-free virtual environments. The current mixed-method study investigated how different variations of the visually simulated reference frames might support people in a navigational search task. Performance results showed that the existence of a simulated reference frame yields significant effects on participants completion time and travel distance. Though a simulated CAVE translating with the navigator (one of the simulated reference frames) did not provide significant benefits, the simulated room (another simulated reference frame depicting a rest frame) significantly boosted user performance in the task as well as improved participants preference in the post-experiment evaluation. Results suggest that adding a visually simulated reference frame to VR applications might be a cost-effective solution to the spatial disorientation problem in VR.",
"fno": "08446383",
"keywords": [
"Cognition",
"Human Computer Interaction",
"Virtual Reality",
"Spatial Direction",
"Landmark Free Virtual Environments",
"Visually Simulated Reference Frame",
"Cost Effective Solution",
"Spatial Disorientation Problem",
"Spatial Cognition Research",
"Naturalistic Multimodal Environments",
"Embodied Spatial Orientation Processes",
"Spatial Orientation",
"Virtual Reality",
"CAVE Translating",
"Task Analysis",
"Navigation",
"Visualization",
"Virtual Environments",
"Resists",
"Legged Locomotion",
"Cognition",
"Human Centered Computing Empirical Studies In HCI"
],
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{
"affiliation": "Simon Fraser University, School of Interactive Arts + Technology, BC, Canada",
"fullName": "Thinh Nguyen-Vo",
"givenName": "Thinh",
"surname": "Nguyen-Vo",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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{
"affiliation": "Simon Fraser University, School of Interactive Arts + Technology, BC, Canada",
"fullName": "Bernhard E. Riecke",
"givenName": "Bernhard E.",
"surname": "Riecke",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
},
{
"affiliation": "Simon Fraser University, School of Interactive Arts + Technology, BC, Canada",
"fullName": "Wolfgang Stuerzlinger",
"givenName": "Wolfgang",
"surname": "Stuerzlinger",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
}
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"doi": "10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct.2018.00041",
"title": "Effect of Navigation Speed and VR Devices on Cybersickness",
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"abstract": "“Cybertravel” in virtual reality (VR) system can easily provoke cyber-sickness as there are no vestibular cues available during visual optic flow. This study examined the effect of navigation speed as well as the use of different VR devices for navigation on cybersickness. Participants experience street navigation while they are standing still. Four conditions: CAVE (cave automatic virtual environment) and HMD (head-mounted display) x 10 m/s and 24 m/s, were tested while participants perform a counting task. Results showed that higher navigation speed leads to increase in ratings of severity of cybersickness measured by simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) and miserable score (MISC). A difference in cybersickness ratings between VR devices is also observed with experimental order effect.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "“Cybertravel” in virtual reality (VR) system can easily provoke cyber-sickness as there are no vestibular cues available during visual optic flow. This study examined the effect of navigation speed as well as the use of different VR devices for navigation on cybersickness. Participants experience street navigation while they are standing still. Four conditions: CAVE (cave automatic virtual environment) and HMD (head-mounted display) x 10 m/s and 24 m/s, were tested while participants perform a counting task. Results showed that higher navigation speed leads to increase in ratings of severity of cybersickness measured by simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) and miserable score (MISC). A difference in cybersickness ratings between VR devices is also observed with experimental order effect.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "“Cybertravel” in virtual reality (VR) system can easily provoke cyber-sickness as there are no vestibular cues available during visual optic flow. This study examined the effect of navigation speed as well as the use of different VR devices for navigation on cybersickness. Participants experience street navigation while they are standing still. Four conditions: CAVE (cave automatic virtual environment) and HMD (head-mounted display) x 10 m/s and 24 m/s, were tested while participants perform a counting task. Results showed that higher navigation speed leads to increase in ratings of severity of cybersickness measured by simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) and miserable score (MISC). A difference in cybersickness ratings between VR devices is also observed with experimental order effect.",
"fno": "08699319",
"keywords": [
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"Virtual Reality",
"Head Mounted Display",
"Cybersickness Ratings",
"Virtual Reality System",
"Vestibular Cues",
"Visual Optic Flow",
"Street Navigation",
"Cave Automatic Virtual Environment",
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"Cybertravel",
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"Virtual Environments",
"Task Analysis",
"Optical Sensors",
"Motion Sickness",
"VIMS",
"CAVE",
"Imse CAVE",
"HMD",
"Human Centered Computing X 2014 Human Computer Interaction HCI X 2014 Interaction Paradigms X 2014 Virtual Reality",
"Computing Methodologies X 2014 Computer Graphics X 2014 Graphics Systems And Interfaces X 2014 Perception"
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"fullName": "Kristie K. K. Kwok",
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"affiliation": "The Univeristy of Hong Kong",
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"doi": "10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct.2018.00043",
"title": "Effective Free Field of View Scene Exploration in VR and AR",
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"abstract": "We propose to improve virtual reality (VR) and optical see-through augmented reality (AR) head-mounted display scene exploration efficiency by allowing the user to adapt the field of view interactively. This way the user can zoom in to examine parts of the scene in more detail without having to translate the viewpoint forward, as would be required in conventional fixed field of view scene exploration. The user can also zoom out, to gain a more comprehensive view of the scene and to examine distant parts of the scene in parallel, without the need to translate the viewpoint backward. Zooming in is supported with a focus+context visualization approach that integrates a distortion-free magnified focus region seamlessly into context. For AR, the higher resolution focus region is resampled from the video feed acquired by a head-mounted high-resolution camera. We demonstrate the benefits of our free field of view scene exploration in the context of VR and AR tasks, where it brings a substantial reduction of viewpoint translation, view direction rotation, and task completion time.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "We propose to improve virtual reality (VR) and optical see-through augmented reality (AR) head-mounted display scene exploration efficiency by allowing the user to adapt the field of view interactively. This way the user can zoom in to examine parts of the scene in more detail without having to translate the viewpoint forward, as would be required in conventional fixed field of view scene exploration. The user can also zoom out, to gain a more comprehensive view of the scene and to examine distant parts of the scene in parallel, without the need to translate the viewpoint backward. Zooming in is supported with a focus+context visualization approach that integrates a distortion-free magnified focus region seamlessly into context. For AR, the higher resolution focus region is resampled from the video feed acquired by a head-mounted high-resolution camera. We demonstrate the benefits of our free field of view scene exploration in the context of VR and AR tasks, where it brings a substantial reduction of viewpoint translation, view direction rotation, and task completion time.",
"__typename": "ArticleAbstractType"
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"fno": "08699200",
"keywords": [
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"Data Visualisation",
"Helmet Mounted Displays",
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"Lenses",
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"authors": [
{
"affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China",
"fullName": "Lili Wang",
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{
"affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China",
"fullName": "Antong Cao",
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{
"affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China",
"fullName": "Zhichao Li",
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{
"affiliation": "State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China",
"fullName": "Xuefeng Yang",
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"affiliation": "Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, US",
"fullName": "Voicu Popescu",
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"abstract": "Egocentric 3D human pose estimation using a single fisheye camera has become popular recently as it allows capturing a wide range of daily activities in unconstrained environments, which is difficult for traditional outside-in motion capture with external cameras. However, existing methods have several limitations. A prominent problem is that the estimated poses lie in the local coordinate system of the fisheye camera, rather than in the world coordinate system, which is restrictive for many applications. Furthermore, these methods suffer from limited accuracy and temporal instability due to ambiguities caused by the monocular setup and the severe occlusion in a strongly distorted egocentric perspective. To tackle these limitations, we present a new method for egocentric global 3D body pose estimation using a single head-mounted fish-eye camera. To achieve accurate and temporally stable global poses, a spatio-temporal optimization is performed over a sequence of frames by minimizing heatmap reprojection errors and enforcing local and global body motion priors learned from a mocap dataset. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods both quantitatively and qualitatively.",
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"abstract": "We propose a method for egocentric 3D human pose estimation from a single image captured by a fisheye camera. The problem of estimating the egocentric 3D pose for a fisheye camera is that images may be subject to strong image distortions (e.g. 2D poses on the image plane that pass through the line of sight of the fisheye lens).Therefore, in this paper, we approach this problem by an automatic calibration module. Given a single image, our network first estimates 3D joint locations of a human in camera coordinates. To alleviate the impact of image distortions on 3D human pose estimation, we then use the automatic calibration to further regularize the 3D predictions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance.",
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"abstract": "The use of a self-avatar inside an immersive virtual reality system has been shown to have important effects on presence, interaction and perception of space. Based on studies from linguistics and cognition, in this paper we demonstrate that a self-avatar may aid the participant's cognitive processes while immersed in a virtual reality system. In our study participants were asked to memorise pairs of letters, perform a spatial rotation exercise and then recall the pairs of letters. In a between-subject factor they either had an avatar or not, and in a within-subject factor they were instructed to keep their hands still or not. We found that participants who both had an avatar and were allowed to move their hands had significantly higher letter pair recall. There was no significant difference between the other three conditions. Further analysis showed that participants who were allowed to move their hands, but could not see the self-avatar, usually didn't move their hands or stopped moving their hands after a short while. We argue that an active self-avatar may alleviate the mental load of doing the spatial rotation exercise and thus improve letter recall. The results are further evidence of the importance of an appropriate self-avatar representation in immersive virtual reality.",
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"content": "The use of a self-avatar inside an immersive virtual reality system has been shown to have important effects on presence, interaction and perception of space. Based on studies from linguistics and cognition, in this paper we demonstrate that a self-avatar may aid the participant's cognitive processes while immersed in a virtual reality system. In our study participants were asked to memorise pairs of letters, perform a spatial rotation exercise and then recall the pairs of letters. In a between-subject factor they either had an avatar or not, and in a within-subject factor they were instructed to keep their hands still or not. We found that participants who both had an avatar and were allowed to move their hands had significantly higher letter pair recall. There was no significant difference between the other three conditions. Further analysis showed that participants who were allowed to move their hands, but could not see the self-avatar, usually didn't move their hands or stopped moving their hands after a short while. We argue that an active self-avatar may alleviate the mental load of doing the spatial rotation exercise and thus improve letter recall. The results are further evidence of the importance of an appropriate self-avatar representation in immersive virtual reality.",
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"abstract": "We present an experiment to identify detection thresholds for acoustic redirected walking by means of wave field synthesis. The most natural way to navigate an avatar through an immersive virtual environment (IVE) is by copying the tracked physical movements of a user. Redirected walking offers an approach to tackle the discrepancy between the potentially infinite IVE and the generally limited available physical space or tracking area, by applying manipulations, such as rotations or translations, to the IVE in form of gains to the users movements. 39 blindfolded test subjects performed a total of 2777 constant stimulus trials with various amounts of rotation and curvature gains. The test subjects were divided into four groups with different knowledge of the experiment, and one group performed two-alternative-forced-choice tasks, while the others could give feedback freely. The detection thresholds were greatly dependent on the groups i.e., the knowledge of the experiment. The 25% detection threshold was reached by the most relevant test group at gains that up-scaled rotations by 5%, down-scaled them by 37.5%, and bend a straight path into a circle with a radius of 5.71 meters. Almost no signs of simulator sickness could be observed.",
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"abstract": "The use of first-person self-avatars in immersive virtual environments (VEs) has grown over recent years. It is unknown, however, how visual feedback from a self-avatar influences a user's online actions and subsequent calibration of actions within an immersive VE. The current paper uses a prism throwing adaptation paradigm to test the role of a self-avatar arm or full body on action calibration in a VE. Participants' throwing accuracy to a target on the ground was measured first in a normal viewing environment, then with the visual field rotated clockwise about their vertical axis by 17° (prism simulation), and then again in the normal viewing environment with the prism distortion removed. Participants experienced either no-avatar, a first-person avatar arm and hand, or a first-person full body avatar during the entire experimental session, in a between-subjects manipulation. Results showed similar throwing error and adaptation during the prism exposure for all conditions, but a reduced aftereffect (displacement with respect to the target in the opposite direction of the prism-exposure) when the avatar arm or full body was present. The results are discussed in the context of how an avatar can provide a visual frame of reference to aid in action calibration.",
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"affiliation": "University of Utah,USA",
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"affiliation": "Vanderbilt University,USA",
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"affiliation": "University of Utah,USA",
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"abstract": "Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are virtual characters using verbal and non-verbal communication for Human-machine interaction. The aim of our research is to create an ECA-based user interface for assistive technologies targeting older adults with cognitive impairment. Our design methodology is a co-design living lab approach, collecting design guidelines through questionnaires, focus groups and user trials. In this paper, we report on the results of the first phase of this iterative design process. We developed Louise, a semi-automatic ECA prototype that aims to compensate, through attention monitoring, for a user's attentional disorders by performing autonomous prompting, i.e., calling the user to regain his or her attention in case he or she got distracted. We evaluated the performance of Louise with a group of experts in assistive technologies and collected their feedback. Louise's simple attention estimator is more than 80% accurate. The system got quite positive reviews from users.",
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"abstract": "For the case of transmission characteristic in shallow water channel, broadband acoustic model have to be considered. A rapid numerical prediction theory of underwater broadband signal waveform is studied in this paper. During building broadband acoustic model in shallow water with a thermo cline, based on beam-displacement ray-mode theory (BDRM), approximate expansion of broadband acoustic model with respect to frequency and model parallelization will be used for rapid and accurate broadband signal waveform prediction. According to compare result, it offers a satisfactory degree of accuracy and the calculating speed has been improved comparing with conventional mode method.",
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"content": "For the case of transmission characteristic in shallow water channel, broadband acoustic model have to be considered. A rapid numerical prediction theory of underwater broadband signal waveform is studied in this paper. During building broadband acoustic model in shallow water with a thermo cline, based on beam-displacement ray-mode theory (BDRM), approximate expansion of broadband acoustic model with respect to frequency and model parallelization will be used for rapid and accurate broadband signal waveform prediction. According to compare result, it offers a satisfactory degree of accuracy and the calculating speed has been improved comparing with conventional mode method.",
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"fullName": "Tang Shuai",
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"fullName": "Da Lianglong",
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"abstract": "The scattering of acoustic waves in non-homogeneous media has been of practical interest for the petroleum industry, mainly in the determination of new oil deposits. A family of computational models that represent this phenomenon is based on finite difference methods. The simulation of these phenomena demands a high computational cost. In this work we employ GPU for the development of solvers for a 2D wave propagation problem with finite difference methods. Although there are many related works that use the same implementation presented in this paper, we propose a detailed and novel performance and memory bottleneck analysis for this hardware architecture.",
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"title": "Analysis of Bioproteins by Propagation Signal Based on SAW Device",
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"abstract": "There are various bioproteins in our daily life. Humans can detect tens of thousands of bioproteins, such as odorant molecules. Nowadays, electronic noses are well-known as odor sensors that are widely used for many applications. Electrochemical methods, optical methods and acoustic techniques are used for odor sensors. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, in which Rayleigh waves propagate, are studied for the odor sensors. Velocity of the SAW that is observed in the odor sensor depends on both a SAW device substrate and odorant mediums. This work is based on SAW device. In this work, we will describe the propagation characteristics of surface acoustic wave in viscoelastic model. we have to theoretically analysis the propagation velocity of surface acoustic wave propagating in SAW device. We determined a new mathematical formula for estimating the velocity of SAWs, which propagate in the SAW device. Also, we experimentally observed the propagation velocity of SAW device by different bioproteins. At the same concentration of protein, velocity of binding solution is depending on the density of odorant molecules. When the density increased, velocity of binding solution also increases.",
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"content": "There are various bioproteins in our daily life. Humans can detect tens of thousands of bioproteins, such as odorant molecules. Nowadays, electronic noses are well-known as odor sensors that are widely used for many applications. Electrochemical methods, optical methods and acoustic techniques are used for odor sensors. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, in which Rayleigh waves propagate, are studied for the odor sensors. Velocity of the SAW that is observed in the odor sensor depends on both a SAW device substrate and odorant mediums. This work is based on SAW device. In this work, we will describe the propagation characteristics of surface acoustic wave in viscoelastic model. we have to theoretically analysis the propagation velocity of surface acoustic wave propagating in SAW device. We determined a new mathematical formula for estimating the velocity of SAWs, which propagate in the SAW device. Also, we experimentally observed the propagation velocity of SAW device by different bioproteins. At the same concentration of protein, velocity of binding solution is depending on the density of odorant molecules. When the density increased, velocity of binding solution also increases.",
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"abstract": "Language specific editors, since they are cognizant of the syntax and semantics of the programming language they manipulate, should provide a number of advantages for software developers. However, they have not been widely accepted by software developers for serious software development. In other domains, such as drawing and VLSI design, direct manipulation editors (which are also cognizant of the entities they manipulate) have proven to be successful. Consequently, the incorporation of direct manipulation into program editors is worthy of investigation. Furthermore, the generation of editors from descriptions of the language to be handled and the editing mechanisms to be used has a number of advantages. Thus, this paper outlines a technique for specifying direct manipulation editing of programs which is amenable to the generation of language specific editors from a specification of the desired editing mechanisms.",
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"abstract": "While the accuracy of hurricane track prediction has been improving, predicting intensity, the maximum sustained wind speed, is still a very difficult challenge. This is problematic because the destructive power of a hurricane is directly related to its intensity. In this paper, we present Prediction Intensity Interval model for Hurricanes (PIIH) which combines sophisticated data mining techniques to create an online real time model for accurate intensity predictions and we present a web-based framework to dynamically compare PIIH to operational models used by the National Hurricane Center (NHC). The created dynamic website tracks, compares, and provides visualization to facilitate immediate comparisons of prediction techniques. This paper is a work in progress paper reporting on both, new features of the PIIH model and online visualization of the accuracy of that model as compared to other techniques.",
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"title": "A Global-Local Cascade Network for Multi-bone Segmentation in Chest CT",
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"abstract": "Chest multi-bone segmentation plays an important role in clinical applications such as metastasis analysis and surgical planning. The global context between bones is critical for accurately identifying bone sub-classes; meanwhile, the influence of local details on bone segmentation accuracy cannot be ignored. However, the global context and local details are challenging to trade off under hardware and computation cost limitations. In this study, we propose Bone-Net that simultaneously leverages global context and local details by employing a two-stage cascaded framework for multi-bone segmentation in chest CT. In the first stage, we feed low-resolution large-scale images to bidirectional feature pyramid network to extract global context and perform multi-bone category prediction. In the second stage, we propose a global-guided gating module to link global context and local details to refine bone segmentation. During inference, we obtained the multi-bone segmentation results by rendering the category information into the segmentation results. Furthermore, we design a novel loss function to alleviate the category confusion problem for adjacent bones. The proposed method is trained and evaluated on a challenging dataset of 250 chest CT scans from various centers and scanners. Experimental results show that the proposed Bone-Net achieves high performance (84.1% of dice similarity coefficient, 87.7% of recall, and 80.7% of precision) and outperforms five benchmarks for multi-bone segmentation.",
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"abstract": "In existing approaches, diffusion is performed in four directions (North, South, East, West) without specific conditions. Therefore, these methods have shortcomings of distorted with the existence of impulse noises. In this paper, a new anisotropic diffusion based on directions of line-edges is proposed to enhance preservation of line-edges together with removal of noises. In the proposed method, an edge detection mask is used to find the direction of a line-edge. As a result, when the magnitude of edge detection is large enough, there exists a line-edge. In the case of a line-edge, the weight of diffusion is selected adaptively according to the direction of the line-edge. The diffusion is based on 8-directions diffusion with emphasis on the line-edge direction. Experimental results show that the proposed method can eliminate noise while preserving contour of line-edges.",
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"abstract": "Graph layout problems such as node and edge overlapping occur widely in many industrial computer-aided design applications. Usually, these problems are handled in an ad hoc manner by some specially designed algorithms. GENET and its extended model EGENET are local search methods used to solve constraint satisfaction problems such as the car-sequencing problems efficiently. Both models use the min-conflict heuristic to update every finite-domain variable for finding local minima, and then apply heuristic learning rule(s) to escape the local minima not representing solution(s). In the past, few researchers have ever considered to apply any local search method like the EGENET approach to solve graph layout problems. In this paper, we consider how to modify the original EGENET model for solving the graph layout problems formulated as continuous constrained optimization problems. The empirical evaluation of different approaches on the graph layout problems demonstrated some advantages of our modified EGENET approach, which requires further investigation. More importantly, this interesting proposal opens up numerous opportunities for exploring the other possible ways to modify the original EGENET model, or using the other local search methods to solve these graph layout problems.",
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"abstract": "For the mass moment missile in-atmosphere, the principle of moving mass control has been studied with the purpose of finding the major factors that influence attitude motions. On this base, a layout of moving mass and aerodynamic rudder, along with a relative compound control system has been given. The feature of the control system is that the attitude control depends on the joint action of axial moving mass and aerodynamic force. Therefore the coordination control law of more moving masses is not necessary, the coupling between different channels is decreased, the layout design and the servo system design are simplified. Computer simulation has shown the compound control system is suitable for the typical trajectory flying.",
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"content": "For the mass moment missile in-atmosphere, the principle of moving mass control has been studied with the purpose of finding the major factors that influence attitude motions. On this base, a layout of moving mass and aerodynamic rudder, along with a relative compound control system has been given. The feature of the control system is that the attitude control depends on the joint action of axial moving mass and aerodynamic force. Therefore the coordination control law of more moving masses is not necessary, the coupling between different channels is decreased, the layout design and the servo system design are simplified. Computer simulation has shown the compound control system is suitable for the typical trajectory flying.",
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"article": {
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"doi": "10.1109/ESIAT.2009.48",
"title": "A Simulation of Gas Migration in Heterogeneous Goaf of Fully Mechanized Coal Caving Mining Face Based on Multi-components LBM",
"normalizedTitle": "A Simulation of Gas Migration in Heterogeneous Goaf of Fully Mechanized Coal Caving Mining Face Based on Multi-components LBM",
"abstract": "Gas migration in a goaf is the cause of upper corner gas over limit which greatly influences coal mining safety. To explore gas migration law, this paper provides a Lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulation of gas migration in a heterogeneous goaf of a fully mechanized coal caving mining face. The goaf of a fully mechanized coal caving mining face is an area which fills with heterogeneous porous media and gas migration in it is complicated seepage movement which contains laminar, transitional and turbulent flow. Under the amended Brinkman-Forchheimer-Darcy law, this paper provides a control system which reflects the characters of gas migration law in a heterogeneous goaf of a fully mechanized coal caving mining face. Multi-components LBM is used to solve the complicated control system. Two Lattice Boltzmann Equations (LBEs) are constructed to simulate the atmosphere and gas seepage velocity field respectively. By the evolution of these two LB models, simulation results are gained. The simulation can produce many data such as speed, pressure and concentration in every time and space, thus we can get gas migration law directly. A case study showed: This method can combine time, space and system action together. It can simulate and analyze acutely the situation of gas migration in direct condition and provide an alterable method to reveal and control gas migration in an underground coal mine.",
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"content": "Gas migration in a goaf is the cause of upper corner gas over limit which greatly influences coal mining safety. To explore gas migration law, this paper provides a Lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulation of gas migration in a heterogeneous goaf of a fully mechanized coal caving mining face. The goaf of a fully mechanized coal caving mining face is an area which fills with heterogeneous porous media and gas migration in it is complicated seepage movement which contains laminar, transitional and turbulent flow. Under the amended Brinkman-Forchheimer-Darcy law, this paper provides a control system which reflects the characters of gas migration law in a heterogeneous goaf of a fully mechanized coal caving mining face. Multi-components LBM is used to solve the complicated control system. Two Lattice Boltzmann Equations (LBEs) are constructed to simulate the atmosphere and gas seepage velocity field respectively. By the evolution of these two LB models, simulation results are gained. The simulation can produce many data such as speed, pressure and concentration in every time and space, thus we can get gas migration law directly. A case study showed: This method can combine time, space and system action together. It can simulate and analyze acutely the situation of gas migration in direct condition and provide an alterable method to reveal and control gas migration in an underground coal mine.",
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"abstract": "While the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has attracted much attention in the area of CFD in recent years, it has also been recognized that it is both computationally demanding and memory intensive. Extensive studies on improving the performance of LBM have been carried out. In this work, various efficient implementation algorithms of LBM are investigated in terms of computational performance and memory consumptions. More precisely, we consider four types high performance LB algorithms: efficient grid refinement, parallel, cache optimization and GPU-based algorithms.",
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