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0 | 1,848,355 | 54,253 | null | null | 1NC – OFF | Prohibitively punishing fossil fuel producers solves warming – it’s an important imposition of progressive governmentality that’s impossible for anti-state alternatives to capture. | Parenti & Emanuele 15, *former visiting fellow at CUNY's Center for Place, Culture and Politics, as well as a Soros Senior Justice Fellow, teaches in the Liberal Studies program at New York University, interview with **Emanuele, writer, activist and radio journalist who lives and works in the Rust Belt (Christian and V... | Parenti 15 | 14,720 | 664 | 11,592 |
1 | 162,967 | 2,167 | CP – State Visas – HJPV | Solvency | Solves – Housing Markets | Immigrants also boost the housing market | Fuller & Rust 14 (Brandon, research scholar at New York University and deputy director of the Urbanization Project at the NYU Stern School of Business, and Sean, practicing attorney and a recent graduate of Temple University’s Beasley School of Law where he was a law and public policy scholar, Cato Institute, “State-Ba... | Fuller & Rust 14 | 64,262 | 23 | 1,976 |
2 | 211,844 | 2,761 | Extra Immigration CP cards | Neg | SBV Solvency: Economy | State based visas funnel immigrants to the US - key to growth and state economic needs | Fuller, New York University research scholar and deputy director of the Urbanization Project, AND Rust, Temple University’s Beasley School of Law graduate, 2014
(Brandon and Sean, 4/23/14, Cato Institute, “State-Based Visas.” https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa748_web_1.pdf, Accessed 7/6/17, GDI - ... | Fuller, New York University research scholar and deputy director of the Urbanization Project, AND Rust, Temple University’s Beasley School of Law graduate, 2014 | 64,262 | 23 | 1,264 |
3 | 327,142 | 4,175 | Islamophobia Aff—UM 7wS | 2ac vs Terror DA | 2ac** | The causes of blowback are often hidden – the U.S. has committed innumerable atrocities of which the public does not know that incite violence against them | Johnson, Professor and CIA consultant, 04
(Chalmers, "Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire", Edition 2, p. 17//ejh) | Johnson, Professor and CIA consultant, 04 | 209,064 | 1 | 1,955 |
4 | 327,522 | 4,167 | Tech Defense | Biotech | No Biotech | No biotech- cost, expertise, time, and tech challenges | Otto et al. 14 Rapid growth in biopharma: Challenges and opportunities Biopharmaceuticals could become the core of the pharmaceutical industry, but not without significant transformation in the laboratory and in strategy, technology, and operations. December 2014 | byRalf Otto, Alberto Santagostino, and Ulf Schrader Mr... | Otto et al. 14 | 209,359 | 8 | 1,489 |
5 | 328,525 | 4,189 | Solvency | Circumvention | 1nc - NSA circumvention | Domestic constraints cause a foreign shift – turns the case | Chandler and Le, 15 - * Director, California International Law Center, Professor of Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Scholar, University of California, Davis; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School AND **Free Speech and Technology Fellow, California International Law Center; A.B., Yale College; J.D.,... | Chandler and Le, 15 | 209,684 | 6 | 835 |
6 | 300,269 | 3,826 | 2AC – Off Case | Topicality | NSA Can be Domestic | Even if the law tried to limit the NSA’s domestic surveillance, it didn’t work. | Vladeck 15, Stephen, co-editor-in-chief of Just Security. Steve is a professor of law at American University Washington College of Law, 6-1-2015, "Forget the Patriot Act – Here Are the Privacy Violations You Should Be Worried About," Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/01/section-215-patriot-act-expires-s... | Vladeck 15, | 210,050 | 4 | 2,090 |
7 | 322,688 | 4,134 | offcase | framework | 2ac framework/topicality | 2. The resolution is an apparatus of surveillance: their framework upholds the fantasy of a neat division of ground and the idea that debate exists to build productive neoliberal skills helpful on the job market. That means the 1ac’s rejection of the topic is itself a curtailment of United States surveillance | Puar 14 [Jasbir, Associate Professor of Women’s & Gender Studies at Rutgers University, Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies from the University of California at Berkeley in 1999, M.A. from the University of York, England, in Women’s Studies in 1993, “Jasbir Puar: Regimes of Surveillance,” Cosmologics, December 4, 2014, http://cosm... | Puar 14 | 205,954 | 3 | 1,208 |
8 | 328,797 | 4,199 | null | puar k | 1nc (surveillance) | Modern “superpanoptic” systems of surveillance convert bodies to easily catalogued and controlled “data bodies”—this process induces gender conformity | Puar 14 Associate Professor of Women’s & Gender Studies at Rutgers University (Jasbir, “Jasbir Puar: Regimes of Surveillance” 12/4/14, http://cosmologicsmagazine.com/jasbir-puar-regimes-of-surveillance/) | js | Puar 14 | 205,954 | 3 | 3,968 |
9 | 329,287 | 4,196 | PRISONS NEGATIVE | ABOLITION K | AT pragmatism | Reject their alternative indicts – demands for immediate solutions derail more important conversations about structural causes of problems in favor of shallow piecemeal solutions meant to address white guilt | Leonard PhD 12
(David J., 11/05/2012, The Huffington Post, “So you want to talk solutions? White denial and the change question, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-david-j-leonard/so-you-want-to-talk-solut_b_1850938.html\\EJH) | Leonard PhD 12 | 210,477 | 2 | 1,231 |
10 | 3,195,870 | 103,599 | 2NC | Case | A2 Deterrence Not Credible | Tannewald is also about SLBM—those don’t lower the threshold for use—SLBMs only convince Russia that they can’t preemptively strike | Freedberg 18
Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (the deputy editor for Breaking Defense. During his 13 years at National Journal magazine, he wrote his first story about what became known as "homeland security" in 1998, his first story about "military transformation" in 1999, and his first story on "asymmetrical warfare" in 2000.... | Freedberg 18 | 1,650,900 | 18 | 1,660 |
11 | 330,017 | 4,198 | Alternative | Alt – Collective Resistance | null | Coordinated and concerted efforts at awareness and resistance can undermine the surveillance regime | Friesen et al. 12 – Dr. Norm Friesen is Canada Research Chair in E-Learning Practices at Thompson Rivers University. His academic credentials include a PhD in Education from the University of Alberta. Andrew Feenberg, School of Communication, Simon Fraser University. Grace Smith, Arapiki Solutions, Inc. (Norm Friesen, ... | Friesen et al. 12 // SM) | 210,980 | 1 | 2,686 |
12 | 330,413 | 4,198 | **Aff** | AT: Scapegoating | 2NC—AT: Perm | Best data proves scapegoating is wrong --- if the aff doesn’t solve, the US will be more lenient towards other countries | Gollwitzer 4 --- University of Trier, Germany (Mario, “Do Normative Transgressions Affect Punitive Judgments? An Empirical Test of the Psychoanalytic Scapegoat Hypothesis”, SagePub)//trepka | Gollwitzer 4 | 211,244 | 17 | 7,244 |
13 | 330,740 | 4,208 | Risk Calculus | Extinction | Extinction First | Extinction comes first – ethical responsibility to address | Matheny 7 – formerly at Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, focused on existential risk [Jason, PhD in Applied Economics from Johns Hopkins University, MPH from Johns Hopkins, MBA from Duke University, BA from the University of Chicago, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,” Risk Analysis: An Internati... | Matheny 7 | 129,769 | 2 | 2,280 |
14 | 319,744 | 4,097 | Advantage – Entrapment | Informants Aff | IL – Violate 4th Amendment | FBI uses informants purposely in order to disregard the 4th amendment and ensure citizen’s civil liberties are violated | J.M. Berger (co-author of ISIS: The State of Terror and is a nonresident fellow at the Brookings Institution) “INVESTIGATION: Does the F.B.I. Have an Informant Problem?” September 07, 2012 http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/09/07/does-the-f-b-i-have-an-informant-problem/ | J.M. Berger 2012 | 204,249 | 4 | 2,308 |
15 | 48,437 | 844 | Protection | Other / Affirmative | Includes preventing future threats | Protection includes mitigation of future threats to water resources | John H. Davidson, 17 - Professor Emeritus, School of Law, University of South Dakota. ARTICLE: SOUTH DAKOTA'S PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE: CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 62 S.D. L. REV. 397, lexis SDEPA = South Dakota Environmental Protection Act //DH
The law, as enacted in South Dakota, bears o... | Davidson, 17 SDEPA = South Dakota Environmental Protection Act //DH | 33,519 | 14 | 2,029 |
16 | 330,790 | 4,208 | Risk Calculus | Magnitude | Magnitude Framing Good | High magnitude impacts must come first, even if they’re improbable | Sandberg et al. 8 (Anders, Ph.D. in computational neuroscience from Stockholm University, and currently a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, Milan Cirkovic, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. He is also an assistant professor of phy... | Sandberg et al. 8 AKONG) | 21,354 | 875 | 4,418 |
17 | 331,820 | 4,211 | Framework | Surveillance-Specific | Transparency Key | Public scrutiny solves – transparency is the only mechanism | Rice 15 | Rice 15 | 209,556 | 9 | 3,933 |
18 | 331,253 | 4,213 | AT: Economy Advantage | AT: Third Part Doctrine | --xt Bubble will collapse | Bubble will collapse | Mahmood 2015 (Tallot; The Tech Industry Is In Denial, But The Bubble Is About To Burst; Jun 26; techcrunch.com/2015/06/26/the-tech-industry-is-in-denial-but-the-bubble-is-about-to-burst/; kdf) | Mahmood 2015 | 208,396 | 3 | 438 |
19 | 332,408 | 4,229 | null | Case Arguments | Status Quo Solves | New reforms coming now solve the aff. | Kesten 15 TSA Head Reassigned After Agency Fails 95 Percent Of Airport Security Tests AP | By LOU KESTEN Posted: 06/01/2015 10:37 pm EDT staff writer for ABC News & Business Insider, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/01/tsa-security-reforms-jeh-_n_7489558.html | Kesten 15 | 212,489 | 1 | 2,308 |
20 | 332,761 | 4,221 | Negative | Impact | Ext. Hezbollah/Iran | Hezbollah’s ties to South American cartels are real – they provide funding and support | Worman and Durbin 14 [ John – Guest speaker for UN organizations and US universities on Terrorism and risk assessment. SME in Terrorism and regional security for the Levant.Responsible for macro level business development; promoting training services to police & military units for special operations and counter-terror... | Worman and Durbin 14 [ | 212,711 | 1 | 2,236 |
21 | 333,752 | 4,237 | case defense | critical infrastructure advantage | 2nc grid impact | Military computers are resilient | Weimann 4
Gabriel Weimann, senior fellow at the United States Institute of Peace and professor of communication at the University of Haifa, Israel, 2004, Cyberterrorism How Real Is the Threat?, ttp://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr119.pdf | Weimann 4 | 166,552 | 15 | 3,257 |
22 | 1,098,135 | 25,875 | Doubles – Harvard | null | 1NC – DA | Russia economic decline causes global war. Collapses NATO and EU, global separatism, terrorism and populism. | Kaplan 16 (Robert; is a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security; “Eurasia’s Coming Anarchy”; Foreign Affairs; https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2016-02-15/eurasias-coming-anarchy; accessed 9/24/19; MSCOTT) | Kaplan 16 | 31,627 | 211 | 3,231 |
23 | 334,672 | 4,239 | AFF – Encryption | ADV – CYBERSECURITY | --xt plan k/t cybersecurity | Technology insecure now – encryption key | Blaze, Ph. D in computer science, 15 (Matthew Blaze, Ph. D in computer science and associate professor at UPenn, “ENCRYPTION TECHNOLOGY POLICY ISSUES”, 4/29/15, HTTP://congressional.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/congressional/docview/t39.d40.04292903.d94?accountid=14667)//EM | Blaze, Ph. D in computer science, 15 | 192,214 | 6 | 4,029 |
24 | 335,418 | 4,257 | AFF | 2ac framework/topicality | 2ac – preemption da | Framework is a pre-emptive attempt to constrain and deter different modes of rhetorical being | Reeves 13 (Joshua – Assistant Professor in Communication at the University of Memphis, “If You See Something, Say Something: Surveillance, Communication and Citizenship in American Life,” A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for t... | Reeves 13 | 214,375 | 1 | 6,784 |
25 | 261,568 | 3,312 | null | U.S.-China Relations | Irrelevant (General) | It doesn’t matter who wins – tensions will remain high. | Reynolds 15 — Ben Reynolds, Writer and Foreign Policy Analyst based in New York whose commentary has appeared in The Diplomat, Russia Today, and AAJ, 2015 (“What Would a Clinton Presidency Mean for U.S.-China Relations?,” China-U.S. Focus—a publication of the China-United States Exchange Foundation in Hong Kong, April ... | Reynolds 15 | 169,399 | 7 | 1,066 |
26 | 335,441 | 4,257 | AFF | 2ac Ks | 2ac identity politics | Feminism perm card | Flax 99 (Jane, Professor of Political Science, Howard University, “CAN THERE BE CITIZENSHIP WITHOUT RACE AND GENDER?”, http://iiav.nl/epublications/1999/cantherebecitizenshipwithoutraceandgender.pdf)//BW | Flax 99 | 214,389 | 1 | 3,161 |
27 | 77,123 | 1,179 | DEATH PENALTY AFFIRMATIVE | 1AC | 1AC---Framing | Extinction first logic fails. | Kessler, 8—Oliver; April 2008; PhD in IR, professor of sociology at the University of Bielefeld, and professor of history and theory of IR at the Faculty of Arts; (Alternatives, Vol. 33, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” p. 211-232) | Kessler, 8 | 10,122 | 905 | 5,412 |
28 | 335,556 | 4,270 | Solvency | null | Warrants Bad | Warrant Requirements go too far and destroy law enforcement drone uses | Melanie Reid 14, Associate Professor of Law, Lincoln Memorial University-Duncan School of Law, Spring 2014, “GROUNDING DRONES: BIG BROTHER'S TOOL BOX NEEDS REGULATION NOT ELIMINATION”, Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, 20 Rich. J.L. & Tech. 9, http://jolt.richmond.edu/index.php/grounding-drones-big-brothers-tool-bo... | Reid 14, | 198,141 | 5 | 1,588 |
29 | 364,535 | 4,775 | Oceans Advantage | Trawling Bad | Biotech Impact Wall | Independently, checking the number of casualties is essential to prevent US nuclear retaliation | Conley 3 [Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal – Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html] | Conley 3 | 64,744 | 182 | 2,876 |
30 | 364,773 | 4,773 | Exports Advantage | Solvency | 2AC A2 Insuff. Infrastructure | There is already a lot of LNG infra,structure and it is bound to grow much more. | UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) 15 April 2014 “Liquefied Natural Gas will be key to decarbonize the economy and improve energy security” http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=35399 | UNECE 14 “Liquefied Natural Gas will be key to decarbonize the economy and improve energy security” http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=35399 | 232,345 | 1 | 1,114 |
31 | 26,051 | 553 | MSDI Vaccine Funding Aff | Biosafety Extensions | CRISPR solves Heg | EO medical research spills over to sub tracking | Patrick Tucker, 12-1-2018, Technology Editor, https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2018/12/us-military-genetically-engineering-new-life-forms-detect-enemy-subs/153200/, "The US Military Is Genetically Engineering New Life Forms To Detect Enemy Subs," Defense One (ermo/sms, Acc:6-8-2022) | Tucker 18 | 18,405 | 1 | 592 |
32 | 266,350 | 3,311 | ***Impact Defense*** | --- AT: Turns Case--- | Irrelevant (General) | It doesn’t matter who wins – tensions will remain high. | Reynolds 15 — Ben Reynolds, Writer and Foreign Policy Analyst based in New York whose commentary has appeared in The Diplomat, Russia Today, and AAJ, 2015 (“What Would a Clinton Presidency Mean for U.S.-China Relations?,” China-U.S. Focus—a publication of the China-United States Exchange Foundation in Hong Kong, April ... | Reynolds 15 | 169,399 | 7 | 1,066 |
33 | 335,644 | 4,272 | Exports Advantage | Competitiveness Answers | Defense---1NC | Export controls don’t hurt competitiveness---no economic benefits from reform | OSPR 13, Open Society Policy Center, non-partisan and non-profit organization that engages in advocacy aimed at influencing U.S. government policy on domestic and international issues, “Export Control Reform: Economic Illogic and Overlooked Consequences,” Open Society Policy Center Issue Brief, July 2013, http://openso... | OSPR 13 | 188,728 | 11 | 2,858 |
34 | 278,916 | 3,508 | Links | Warming/ Enviornment | China Specific | Study of power relations key to make decisions on climate change | Kaijser and Kronsell 14 (Anna Kaijser is a LUCID Phd Graduate with an academic background is within Social Anthropology, International Development and Gender Studies, Annica Kronsell is a professor of Political Science at LUND university who specializes in Climate politics, feminist and intersectional perspectives, “Cl... | Kaijser and Kronsell 14 | 180,188 | 3 | 3,246 |
35 | 825 | 20 | Neg | Links | Security Cooperation | Security cooperation legitimizes irredeemable institutions like NATO, allow them to continue patterns of masculine colonization | Basticka and Duncansonb 18 | Basticka and Duncansonb 18 | 770 | 1 | 4,460 |
36 | 825,045 | 19,661 | Harvard Round 3 Neg vs Wake CH | CP | AT perm do cp | ‘Reduce’ does not mean modification | FLR 11 | FLR 11 | 78,617 | 9 | 3,662 |
37 | 1,850,976 | 54,322 | 2AC | Embodiment K | null | A focus on micropolitics fails to effectuate change – a focus on the state is necessary to best tackle systems of power | Asef Bayat 13. Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois. 2013. “Life As Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.” pp. 41-45. | Bayat 13 | 12,736 | 296 | 13,017 |
38 | 92,063 | 1,365 | Affirmative | Drug Treaties Turn Answers | 2AC — UN Action Solves | The UN is loosening restrictions on marijuana. | Silwoski 18 — Vince Sliwoski, professor of Cannabis Law and Policy at Lewis & Clark Law School, 2018 (“The United Nations is FINALLY Taking a Hard Look at Cannabis,” Harris Bricken, August 17th, Available Online at https://harrisbricken.com/cannalawblog/the-united-nations-is-finally-taking-a-hard-look-at-cannabis/, Acc... | Silwoski 18 | 64,123 | 4 | 1,934 |
39 | 3,958,969 | 133,868 | 2AC | 1AC---Full Text | CIL CP---2AC | CIL builds in structural confusion AND is unenforceable | Irit Mevorach 18, Professor of International Commercial Law in the School of Law of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Nottingham, “Modified Universalism as Customary International Law”, Texas Law Review, 96 Tex. L. Rev. 1403, June 2018, Lexis | Mevorach 18 | 492,201 | 3 | 2,586 |
40 | 336,611 | 4,278 | Retrenchment Good | Cooperative Hegemony Good | AT: Domestic Constraint Arguments | 3 major flaws with domestic constraint arguments | Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent 11, MacDonald is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Wellesley college, his primary area of research being international relations, with a focus on American foreign policy, Joseph Parent is an associate professor at Miami University, attended the University of Chicago, ... | MacDonald and Parent 11 | 215,142 | 4 | 2,683 |
41 | 366,107 | 4,808 | Nuclear War | Disease | Turns | Limited nuclear war in South Asia leads to famine and conflict-creates disease outbreaks, empirically proven. | Pearson, intern for the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 13
(Alexander, political science graduate of the University of Leeds in the UK, “The Global Impact of a Limited Nuclear War in South Asia: Famine, Disease and War”, Nukes of Hazard: A Project of Center for Arms Control & Non-Proliferation, http://ww... | Pearson, intern for the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 13 | 233,188 | 4 | 5,655 |
42 | 1,849,486 | 54,281 | 1AC | null | 1AC – Econ Advantage | Econ crisis guarantees great power war | -prolonged crisis + ethno-populism + aggressive rhetoric + current political climate = war | null | 2,125 | 912 | 3,399 |
43 | 366,267 | 4,801 | Historical Materialism | Perms | Reactionary Conservatism DA | The permutation is reactionary conservatism----their appeal to “real suffering” abandons the flux of politics in favor their survival tactic | Wendy Brown 95, prof at UC Berkely, States of Injury, 37-8 | Brown 95 | 233,288 | 13 | 2,552 |
44 | 1,098,465 | 25,971 | 1NC | null | 1NC---DA | Plan costs political capital -- protections intensifies tug-of-war | Perkowski 21 (Mateusz Perkowski, covers legal issues at Capital Press; “Pendulum swings in Clean Water Act regulation”, published 1-12-21; https://www.capitalpress.com/nation_world/agriculture/pendulum-swings-in-clean-water-act-regulation/article_d6d9426a-547a-11eb-8608-ff7c0955ed08.html) | Perkowski 21 | 23,085 | 41 | 1,655 |
45 | 15,317 | 297 | Negative | Pan | Link — Pan [Monolithic Threat] | The construction of the Chinese Other is a discursive practice which marks China as a monolithic threat, denying Chinese subjectivities and creating a fixed dichotomy of the West and East. | Pan 12, Associate Professor of International Relations at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and a member of the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation at Deakin University. He held visiting positions at the University of Melbourne, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking... | Pan 12 | 11,915 | 2 | 12,582 |
46 | 336,627 | 4,285 | null | 1NC – Reverse Politics | Deal Bad | Iran deal leads to global proliferation and hurts the economy | Yashar, 7/2/15 (Ari, writer for Israel Nation News, “Experts Warn Iran Deal Will Kill Nuclear Non-Proliferation”, http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/197588#.VaVjMRNViko)//BW | Yashar, 7/2 | 192,975 | 4 | 2,586 |
47 | 366,339 | 4,810 | CP’s | AT: South Africa CP | EXT – No Money | CP has no solvency, South Africa drastically cutting spending | Maswanganyi 6-12 (Ntsakisi, Economics Editor at Business Day, "South Africa facing painful choices on deficit", June 12, 2014, http://www.bdlive.co.za/economy/2014/06/12/south-africa-facing-painful-choices-on-deficit) jml | Maswanganyi 6-12 | 233,336 | 1 | 4,162 |
48 | 337,408 | 4,281 | 2015-2016 Impact Defense Updates - NDI | US Relations | EU | US and EU will cooperate regardless of relations, 2 reasons | The European Union: A Distinctive Actor in International Relations KAREN E. SMITH 3 Lecturer in International Relations London School of Economics, Watson Institute, Winter/Spring 2003 – Volume IX, Issue 2 | SMITH 3 | 215,669 | 1 | 3,116 |
49 | 366,475 | 4,809 | Orion Sonar DA/Turn | Impact Modules | Impact Module—Dolphins | Those outbreaks risk extinction. | Yule ‘13
(et al; Jeffrey V. Yule – Herbert McElveen Professor of Applied and Natural Sciences At the School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Published April 2nd – Humanities 2013, 2, 147–159; doi:10.3390/h2020147) | Yule ‘13 | 5,368 | 44 | 2,235 |
50 | 367,008 | 4,805 | Biodiversity | AT: Alt Causes | AT: Global Warming | Reserve uniquely mitigate climate impacts | Salm et al., Department of Pathobiology at the Johns Hopkins University, 8 | Salm et al 8 | 233,756 | 2 | 1,661 |
51 | 367,154 | 4,806 | Disadvantages | Fishing Industry DA | 2NC Uniqueness | Law enforcement is causing depleted stocks to recover in the status quo. | Wines ’13 [3-15-13, Michael Wines has a graduate degree in journalism from Columbia University and is a New York Times staffwriter based in Bejing, “Fish Populations in the United States Rebound,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/science/earth/fish-populations-in-us-rebound-since-1996-catch-limits-law.html, HR] | Wines ’13 | 230,434 | 3 | 1,431 |
52 | 281,044 | 3,547 | BIT Neg | DA – Offshoring | 1NC | Manufacturing is critical to technology and innovation and the overall economy | Ettlinger and Gordon 11 -- *Vice President for Economic Policy at the Center for American Progress, **Vice President for Energy Policy at the Center for American Progress (Michael and Kate, “The Importance and Promise of American Manufacturing”, https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/04/pdf/man... | Ettlinger and Gordon 11 | 66,187 | 113 | 7,185 |
53 | 281,345 | 3,547 | BIT Neg | CP – WTO QPQ | 2NC – Solvency | The plan effectually grants China ‘market economy status’ under the WTO – that forces mutual long-term commitment. | Bader ’16 - senior director for Asian affairs on the National Security Council in the Obama Administration and a former United States Ambassador to Namibia, (Jeffrey, “A Framework for U.S. Policy toward China,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/03/us-policy-toward-china-framework-bader/us-chin... | Bader ’16 , DS) | 181,649 | 1 | 611 |
54 | 1,479,491 | 41,277 | 1NC vs Mission San Jose SS | 1 | null | Competing interps Reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention | null | null | 692,795 | 1 | null |
55 | 337,832 | 4,295 | Executive CP | Competition | 2NC--AT: Perm Do Both | C. Perm renders the executive order useless and destroys presidential power. | Ivey ’03 (Lisa, Cumberland Law Review, 33 Cumb. L. Rev. 107, lexis) | Ivey ’03 | 215,935 | 7 | 2,335 |
56 | 274,832 | 3,470 | UNCLOS CP – FFRVS – Wave 2 | Neg | Solves – SCS (Glaser) | CP is the best mechanism to resolve the SCS | Glaser 2012 - Senior Fellow with the Freeman Chair in China Studies, CSIS Bonnie S, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," Apr, www.cfr.org/asia-and-pacific/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883 | Glaser 2012 | 162,873 | 15 | 1,232 |
57 | 80,942 | 1,241 | null | null | 1NC ABOLITIONISM K | ---The impact is an ongoing regime of genocidal terror—The state of criminal justice is constituted by necropolitics, that is sovereign management of bodies condemned to social death. This system cannot be separated from the institutions of slavery and colonialism from which it originates. | KatherineKellyAbraham 2018 | KatherineKellyAbraham 2018 | 1,650,913 | 175 | 4,595 |
58 | 337,908 | 4,296 | 2015 NDI 6WS -- AT: K | Neolib Good | Enviornment | Neoliberalism solves for poverty and income inequality, neoliberalism manifests itself in different forms Europe proves
Summer 10’” Scott, Scott Sumner is a professor of economics at Bentley University in Waltham, Massachusetts. He earned his Ph.D. in economics at the University of Chicago in 1985, “The unacknowledged ... | null | Summer 10’ the neoliberal revolution has been widespread and highly successful. And the motives of neoliberal reforms are much purer than one would imagine Markets in almost every country are much freer than in 1980; the government owns a smaller share of industry There is an unfortunate tendency to associate the term ... | 215,994 | 1 | null |
59 | 281,596 | 3,551 | Health Diplomacy Neg—7-wk Juniors CPPRW | AT Disease – No South Africa Terrorism | AT Disease – No Antibiotic Resistance | New drugs solve antibiotic resistance | Ling et al 15 - NovoBiotic Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology—Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section @ University of Bonn, German Centre for Infection Research, Antimicrobial Discovery Center @ Northeastern University, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology @ University of Bonn, ... | Ling et al 15 - | 181,820 | 6 | 3,118 |
60 | 282,224 | 3,563 | null | AT: Relations Advs/AOs | AT: Steel | The S&ED is unable to resolve issues regarding steel | Bittner 6/10 (Peter Bittner is an Editorial Assistant at The Diplomat based in Berkeley, CA where he writes mainly on foreign affairs in East and Central Asia, with an emphasis on environmental issues, international trade and development, and U.S. foreign policy in the region. A former Fulbright Fellow to Mongolia, Pet... | Bittner 6/10 | 182,039 | 9 | 1,258 |
61 | 3,050,983 | 99,746 | 2NC | ***ESR CP*** | 2NC – Solves – Top | Gerson | Michael S. Gerson 11, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, February 2011, “The Future of U.S. Nuclear Policy: The Case for No First Use,” https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/gerson_policy_brief_Feb_2011.pdf
After sustained consultations with its allies, the United | Gerson 11, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, February 2011, “The Future of U.S. Nuclear Policy: The Case for No First Use,” https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/gerson_policy_brief_Feb_2011.pdf | 116,450 | 191 | 485 |
62 | 1,113,651 | 26,554 | 1nc | null | adv – apa | 2 - politicization of regulatory science is inevitable and key to effective water protection – the aff’s idealization of politically neutral science cedes legitimacy to bad-faith industry efforts to oppose any and all regulation | Hicks, et al 19 – Daniel J. Hicks has a PhD in Philosophy from University of Notre Dame, is an assistant professor in Cognitive and Information Sciences at UC Merced, a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Data Science Initiative at UC Davis, former AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow, former Postdoctoral Fellow at the... | Hicks, et al 19 | 547,253 | 3 | 38,715 |
63 | 2,599,085 | 83,803 | Trinity GR - Harvard Round 1 - Neg v Kansas BD | 1NC | 1 | Definitional support – | null | null | 1,138,330 | 1 | null |
64 | 338,787 | 4,316 | AFFIRMATIVE | 2AC China | Controls kill coop | Chinese official statements prove the export ban destroys space coop and commercial space development | Selding 11 [Peter B. de Selding is the Paris bureau chief for SpaceNews. He is responsible for coverage of all European military, civil and commercial space programs and also covers international regulatory organizations such as the International Telecommunications Union. BA Washington University. 4/14/11, “Chinese Gov... | Selding 11 | 216,551 | 2 | 3,038 |
65 | 282,495 | 3,555 | BIFO | AT: BIFO (Neg) | Cap Link | Bifo’s theory justifies the massive violence done by contemporary capitalism | Keefer 11 [Lucas Keefer is currently a graduate student studying philosophy and psychology at Georgia State University. “Review - The Soul at Work” //ASherm] | Keefer 11 | 16,650 | 7 | 2,429 |
66 | 1,099,436 | 26,298 | null | 1AC - TDL-CNN | null | What is TDL-CNN | Watson et. Al 1/1 (Tuptuk, N. Department of Computer Science, University College London; Hazell, P. Department of Technology Enterprise, Change and Data Science – Information & Cyber-physical security; Watson J., Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy, University College London; Hailes, S.Depa... | Watson et. Al 1/1 ( | 41,363 | 4 | 751 |
67 | 258,207 | 3,249 | 1AC | 1AC Space War | null | The consequences of Space warfare extremely high, equal to that of nuke war Lamrani 16 Omar Lamrani, 5-18-2016, "What the U.S. Military Fears Most: A Massive Space War," National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/what-the-us-military-fears-most-massive-space-war-16248?page=2 | Increased competition in space is reviving fears of a war there, one with devastating consequences. Humanity depends on space systems for communication, exploration, navigation and a host of other functions integral to modern life. Moreover, future breakthroughs may await in space, including solar energy improvements, ... | competition in space is reviving fears of a war there, one with devastating consequences Humanity depends on space systems for functions integral to modern life in space, including solar energy improvements, nuclear waste disposal and extraterrestrial mining. | 68,868 | 195 | 449 |
68 | 339,117 | 4,324 | Intel | FBI/CIA Cooperation DA | Impact Module- Laundry List | Interagency cooperation is key to solving Iraq, prolif, climate change, pandemics, and military readiness | Tama ‘5, Assistant Professor at the School of International Service at American University | Tama ‘5 | 216,780 | 1 | 2,427 |
69 | 3,291,007 | 108,136 | 1NC Harv R5 | 1 | K | Their use of NON DISCLOSURE are a way to win an argument without having to defend it and excludes those with disabilities. WE SHOULD NOT ENDORSE THIS PRACTICE. | Marshall Thompson Miscellaneous Thoughts from the Disorganized Mind of April 21 2015 | Thompson 15 | 346,314 | 106 | 2,475 |
70 | 81,687 | 1,251 | A – Afropessimism [Michigan Critique Lab] | Framework | Policy Edu Good | Simulated legal debates are crucial for social transformation---teaching legal precision is net-better for eliminating oppression even if one-shot legal solutions don’t work the first time | Karl Klare, George J. & Kathleen Waters Matthews Distinguished University Professor, Northeastern University School of Law, “Teaching Local 1330—Reflections on Critical Legal Pedagogy,” (‘11). School of Law Faculty Publications. Paper 167. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20002528 | Klare ‘11 | 33,991 | 174 | 38,450 |
71 | 81,759 | 1,251 | A – Afropessimism [Michigan Critique Lab] | Progress | AT: Political Hope Parasitic | Radical negativity and strategies apathetic to hope recreates white supremacy and annihilates any attempts at equality – engaging the law through and recognizing the ghosts of the past invites optimistic resistance | Sciullo 15, Nick J. Sciullo is an ABD, Department of Communication (Rhetoric and Politics), Georgia State University; M.S., Troy University; J.D., West Virginia University College of Law; B.A., University of Richmond, nearest date given is 2015, “THE GHOSTS OF WHITE SUPREMACY: TRAYVON MARTIN, MICHAEL BROWN, AND THE SPE... | Sciullo 15, is an ABD, Department of Communication (Rhetoric and Politics), Georgia State University; M.S., Troy University; J.D., West Virginia University College of Law; B.A., University of Richmond, nearest date given is 2015, “THE GHOSTS OF WHITE SUPREMACY: TRAYVON MARTIN, MICHAEL BROWN, AND THE SPECTERS OF BLACK ... | 40,030 | 16 | 5,690 |
72 | 339,572 | 4,326 | Privacy Amendment CP | 2NC | 2NC AT: Courts Key | The Supreme Court is a mess – they’re political flip-floppers that are too ambivalent to ensure a decisive ruling | Jeffrey M. Shaman 6, B.A. from the Pennsylvania State University, J.D. from the University of Southern California, and LL.M. from Georgetown University, where he was a Keigwin Graduate Fellow. teaches Constitutional Law, State Constitutional Law, and First Amendment Freedom of Speech, member of the American Law Institu... | Shaman 6 ) | 217,090 | 3 | 7,186 |
73 | 344,644 | 4,406 | Soft Power Core – RSZ 2015 | Uniqueness | China Soft Power High – A2 Impossible BC Regime | Democracy and human rights perception irrelevant to Chinese Soft Power | Leitch 14 | Leitch 14 | 181,764 | 5 | 1,203 |
74 | 17,680 | 327 | Disadvantages | DA – Turkey-Russia Relations | 2NC – AT: Ukraine Thumper | Turkey and Russia are tied together through their anti-West ideologies–key to maintaining their relations despite ALL other divisions | Bardakçı 21 (Mehmet Bardakçı, 12-6-21, “Is a Strategic Partnership Between Turkey and Russia Feasible at the Expense of Turkey’s Relations with the EU and NATO?”, Comparative Southeast European Studies, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/soeu-2021-0001/html?lang=en//BVN SC) | null | 4,547 | 6 | 5,306 |
75 | 2,613,738 | 105,516 | null | 2AC | 2AC---HRIA CP | Delay is proven by recent examples---our internals are linear so any chance R2P might collapse or instability gets locked-in means you err Aff | Rory Mungoven 16, International Labour Organization’s Liaison Officer in Myanmar, Walking the Talk: Exploring Methodologies and Applications for Human Rights Impact Assessment by the United Nations, Sabbatical Report, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, February 2016, https://hr.un.org/sites/hr.un.org/fil... | Mungoven 16 | 1,143,010 | 1 | 1,080 |
76 | 1,099,781 | 26,334 | Food Bender Aff | Ag Subsidies | CCC | Congressional oversight through power of the purse stops multiple existential risks | Tressa Guenov 18 & Tommy Ross. Guenov served most recently as Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs and was a professional staff member on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence; Ross served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Security Cooperation at the Pentagon and was the senior... | Guenov 18 | 72,413 | 115 | 20,399 |
77 | 18,030 | 350 | 1NC | Trust Advantage | AT: Disease Impact – 1NC | No disease impact. | Ord ’20 [Toby, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, Hachette Books, Kindle Edition, p. 124-126] | Ord ’20 | 996 | 728 | 4,210 |
78 | 3,291,034 | 108,136 | 1NC Harv R5 | 1 | K | The alternative is to pedagogically reorient the way we view disability- instead of viewing it through the medical model, we view it through the social model. Instead of viewing disability as a condition some have, we view ourselves as all disabled and as all inevitably dependent on others. | Preston writes: (Erin, Educational Developer at the University of Guelph – summarizing verbal presentation by Jeffrey Preston – Cripping the Classroom: Education in a Post-AODA World, May 27, 2014 http://erinlearning.wordpress.com/2014/05/27/cripping-the-classroom-education-in-a-post-aoda-world/) | Preston writes: | 1,383,433 | 3 | 5,116 |
79 | 82,097 | 1,258 | Ks | Afro-Pessimism | Rifkin Link—1NC** | Rifkin’s revitalization of sovereignty misidentifies as a crisis what is fundamentally an opportunity for anti-blackness to upgrade itself in response to indigenous political demands – the supposed paradox the 1ac invokes to “show that sovereignty doesn’t work by using sovereignty” relies on the fantasy of consciousnes... | Sexton 16 (Jared Sexton, associate professor of African American Studies at UC Irvine, associate professor of Film and Media Studies at UC Irvine, PhD in ethnic studies from UC Berkeley, July 2016, “The Vel of Slavery: Tracking the Figure of the Unsovereign,” Critical Sociology Volume 42 Numbers 4-5, footnotes 15 and 1... | Sexton 16 | 57,236 | 58 | 3,414 |
80 | 368,827 | 4,837 | Case Debate | Cartography of Debate | No solvency – Aff is Landed | Aff uses ocean as simply site to explore landed live, recreates ocean inferiority | Anderson, Senior Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Cardiff, UK, Peters, Lecturer in Human Geography at Aberystwyth University, UK., 2014
[Dr. Jon, Dr. Kimberley, February 2014, Ashgate, “Water Worlds: Human Geographies of the Ocean,” http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Water-Worlds-Human-Geographies-o... | Anderson, Senior Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Cardiff, UK, Peters, Lecturer in Human Geography at Aberystwyth University, UK., 2014 | 226,926 | 7 | 1,438 |
81 | 29,830 | 623 | Case | Advantage | Doesn’t solve racism---2NC | Getting rid of borders won’t solve global disparities and only serve to make the rich richer. | Rumplestatskin, 2-19-14, "Open Borders: A Morality Play by the 1%," naked capitalism, https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2014/02/open-borders-morality-play-1.html / SRB | Rumplestatskin 14 | 20,563 | 4 | 1,637 |
82 | 340,099 | 4,342 | 2015 NDI 6WS – TSA Aff and Neg Upgrades | Privatization | A2: Privatization | Plan solves- Contractors are still under TSA regulation | Burns 10 (Bob, member of the TSA blog writing staff, “Airports Who Opt out of TSA Screening are Still Regulated by TSA”, Nov 19th, http://blog.tsa.gov/2010/11/airports-who-opt-out-of-tsa-screening.html)CDD | Burns 10 , http://blog.tsa.gov/2010/11/airports-who-opt-out-of-tsa-screening.html)CDD | 192,872 | 2 | 952 |
83 | 369,073 | 4,834 | China Disadvantage | **Link** | Link – Rare Metals | China dominates the rare earth metals trade | UN Environment Programme, 13
[United Nations Environment Programme, 2013, United Nations, “Trends, Challenges and Opportunities”, http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/GETReport/pdf/Chapitre%206%20Renewable%20Energy.pdf, accessed 7/6/2014 CK] | UN Environment Programme, 13 | 235,142 | 1 | 1,912 |
84 | 283,852 | 3,582 | Excludes commerce violation | Negative | 2nc – excludes commerce | Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t “economic” because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life | Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, “The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms”, November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf | Davidsson 3 | 172,915 | 8 | 2,186 |
85 | 340,812 | 4,344 | Neoliberalism Critique – NDI 2015 | Alternative | AT: Cedes Political – 2NC | The alternative doesn’t “cede” the political – it is part of a rethinking that draws new boundaries around what constitutes politics. Maintaining fidelity to formalistic politics keeps neoliberal authoritarianism alive and well which hollows out democracy – only ideological critique can conscience raise and create syst... | Giroux, Cultural Studies Prof @ McMaster University, 14 | Giroux, Cultural Studies Prof @ McMaster University, 14 | 217,891 | 9 | 7,743 |
86 | 283,827 | 3,584 | Mutual Vulnerability Mechanism | AT DA – Nuclear Primacy | at: primacy good | Mod not key – nukes are useless | Farley 14- Robert Farley is a senior lecturer at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce. He is author of The Battleship Book.” The Five Most Overrated Weapons of War,” http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-five-most-overrated-weapons-war-10957- AD | Farley 14 | 182,949 | 1 | 1,676 |
87 | 862,100 | 20,624 | null | null | 2AC – AT: Presence = Bases | No offense --- forces and assets still provide perception and capability links --- inherent limits like “T-significant” check | null | null | 469,023 | 1 | null |
88 | 369,625 | 4,834 | China Disadvantage | **Internal Link** | China Econ k2 CCP | Despite regime tactics of control, economic growth is key to CCP stability | Barber, doctoral candidate at the University of Auckland, specializing in the history of international arbitration and the development of globalization, commerce, and trade, 6-10-14
(Christopher, “China: Wealth and Democracy Will Western levels of income mean that China adopts Western models of democracy?”, http://the... | Barber, doctoral candidate at the University of Auckland, specializing in the history of international arbitration and the development of globalization, commerce, and trade, 6-10-14 | 235,548 | 3 | 3,590 |
89 | 4,207 | 80 | TEVV AFF – MNDI HPA | “Arms Race” Framing | Security Dilemma Links | US deployment of Autonomous Weapons is driven by the perception of “falling behind” in an AI arms race | Sosanya, 2022 - AI researcher and a policy analyst at the Day One Project [Andrew, Jan 3, Peace Review A Journal of Social Justice “Autonomous Weapons Are Here to Stay” https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2021.1998856 TM] | Sosanya, 2022 - AI researcher and a policy analyst at the Day One Project | 3,334 | 2 | 1,326 |
90 | 82,644 | 1,265 | aff – war on drugs – bfhpr | suggested 1ac | 1ac cartels adv | COVID puts Mexican drug cartels on the brink | Morfini 20 [Nicola Morfini, lecturer in the department of Politics and Sociology at IPADE Business School (Mexico City), “Coronavirus and narcotics: Can drug cartels survive COVID-19?,” April 29, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/coronavirus-narcotics-drug-cartels-survive-covid-19-200427131004141.html] | Morfini 20 | 46,959 | 18 | 7,198 |
91 | 18,857 | 369 | Topicality | Artificial Intelligence | AI v Autonomous | Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous systems are distinct | Sagramsingh 19 [Raine Sagramsingh is a recent graduate of the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering. She graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering. She was an active member of the Florida State University Center for Leadership and Social Change’s Service Scholar Program. Raine completed i... | Sagramsingh 19 | 14,507 | 1 | 2,610 |
92 | 1,106,947 | 26,415 | 2NC | Adv 2 | 2NC---other perms | 400 reactors simultaneously triggering wouldn’t cause extinction | Tobis 14 [Michael, holds a doctorate from the University of Wisconsin - Madison in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences where he developed a 3-D ocean model on a custom computing platform., "McPherson’s Evidence That Doom Doom Doom | Planet 3.0", March 13 2014, http://planet3.org/2014/03/13/mcphersons-evidence-that-doom-do... | Tobis 14 | 544,707 | 2 | 582 |
93 | 343,260 | 4,370 | Case Extensions | Cloud Competitiveness Advantage | Surveillance hurts US tech exports/competitivness | Surveillance Programs Cause Decline of U.S Technological Competitiveness—well beyond $35 billion | null | null | 219,304 | 1 | 759 |
94 | 56,433 | 941 | Disadvantage links | Federalism | Link – significant nexus | Significant nexus test destroys federalism – causes agency overreach | Philbrick 21 [Thomas Philbrick is a lawyer, writer, and violinist in Detroit, Michigan. He holds a law degree from Michigan State University College of Law and a bachelor's degree from Wheaton College (IL). He would like to extend his appreciation to Michigan State University College of Law Professor Glen Staszewski fo... | Philbrick 21 | 29,206 | 9 | 922 |
95 | 19,465 | 374 | **1ac modules** | Space adv –resiliency aff | Space advantage | Specifically, Risk of cyber escalation in space with Russia is massive and goes nuclear – prioritize this impact because cognitive bias underestimates it | Beebe 19 [George, VP and Director of Studies at the Center for the National Interest, a nonpartisan think tank, former head of Russia analysis at the CIA, “We’re More at Risk of Nuclear War With Russia Than We Think,” October 7, Politico, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/10/07/were-more-at-risk-of-nuclear-w... | Beebe 19 | 1,712 | 305 | 4,768 |
96 | 19,557 | 371 | Topicality---Starter Pack 2022 | Security Cooperation---Aff | SC---Conditional---2AC | Congress can reallocate authority and funding for SC broadly, especially for emerging tech operations with allies | Arabia ’21 [Christina; May 17; CRS Analyst in Security Assistance, Security Cooperation and the Global Arms Trade; Congressional Research Service, “Defense Primer: DOD “Title 10” Security Cooperation,” https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/IF11677.pdf] | Arabia ’21 | 3,324 | 9 | 2,913 |
97 | 1,100,088 | 26,126 | null | 1ac | adv 1 fracking | Bio d collapse causes extinction | Cribb, 17—principal of JCA, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, former Director, National Awareness, CSIRO (Julian, “The Poisoner,” Surviving the 21st Century Chapter 6, dml) | Cribb, 17 | 14,525 | 172 | 2,822 |
98 | 370,078 | 4,852 | Affirmative | 1AC: | Observation 3: Precedent | The USFG has a legal and moral obligation to uphold treaties signed with Native Americans | Tanner, co-coordinator of Borderlands Research and Education, 2009 | null | 235,869 | 3 | 7,265 |
99 | 1,114,007 | 26,683 | 1NC | Case | 1AC – Solvency | Decolonization is neither necessary nor a prerequisite to resolve anti-black violence and the experience of enslavement | Sexton 14 [Jared; Jared Sexton is the Director of African American Studies at the University of California, Irvine, where he also teaches film and media studies; “The Vel of Slavery: Tracking the Figure of the Unsovereign,” Critical Sociology, p. 9; REJ] | Sexton 14 | 57,236 | 58 | 2,422 |
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