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Provider Shortage Threatens Rural Primary Care Nearly half — 44 percent — of rural areas in the United States are experiencing a shortage of primary care practitioners, according to a panel of physicians at Rural Health Journalism 2014 covered by the Association of Health Care Journalists. Furthermore, the U.S. ranked lowest in both primary care and health outcomes in a comparison to ten other nations, the panelists said. Read the full article on Becker's Hospital Review. © Copyright ASC COMMUNICATIONS 2016. Interested in LINKING to or REPRINTING this content? View our policies by clicking here.	44,247
Visiting Professor of Middle East & Islamic Studies Ambassador Sallama Shaker was the first appointed woman Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Americas in the history of the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs for Cultural, Educational Relations, Technical Cooperation, and Dialogue for Egypt in September of 2004. For four years prior to that, she was Egypt’s ambassador to Canada. In addition to her current post, she has held several positions within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, including Deputy Minister for North and Latin America, Advisor to the Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs on Egyptian/American Relations and NATO, First Secretary at the office of the Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs, and attaché at the Soviet Desk within the ministry. From 1985-1990, Dr. Shaker served as the Consul General at the Egyptian Embassy in Washington, D.C. She has also served as Economic and Political Counselor at the Embassy in Turkey, as well as Cultural and Political attaché at the Embassy of Egypt in Malta. Dr. Shaker began her education at the American College for Girls in Cairo, Egypt. She went on to earn her B.Sc. in Political Economy at Cairo University. She holds two Masters Degrees in Political Economy and Economics, from Johns Hopkins University and the London School of Economics/Malta University respectively. In 1993 she received her Ph.D. in International Development from American University in Washington, D.C. Dr. Shaker was a Senior Associate at the Woodrow Wilson Center from 1992-1994, where she did research on the impact of the first Gulf War on the economies of Egypt and Turkey. Dr. Shaker has published many articles on the issues of peace and development in the Middle East. Additional papers include “Building Peace in the Middle East,” “Feminization of Poverty,” “Women in Islam,” “Diversity in Islam,” and “Inter-faith Respect.” She has published a book entitled State Society and Privatization in Turkey, and is fluent in Arabic, English, French, and Turkish. Dr. Shaker was a visiting professor at Claremont Graduate University and is currently teaching at Yale. Throughout her career she has been active on women’s rights in the Islamic world. In 2008 she was the organizer of a conference held at the Library of Alexandria in Egypt on Challenges facing Arab Women in the 21st Century. She authored a research on the role of NGOs in Eradicating Poverty and overcoming Feminization of Poverty which was published by the International Fund for Agricultural Development. Dr. Shaker is embarking on another major work to find new approaches that can define empowerment and how to break the frames of Oriental myth that women are less than men. "Throughout the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament there are many refrences to the sanity of water. What is less known is that the Muslim Holy Book, the Qur'an, is also replete with references to the sacredness of water. The Qur'an emphasizes the sanctity of water in many verses such as 'WE HAVE CREATED EVERY LIVING THING FROM WATER' and 'WE SEND DOWN PURE WATER FROM THE SKY THAT HEREWITH WE MAY GIVE LIFE TO DEAD LAND.' Indeed water is the symbol of life in the Qur'an and it is significant of the miracle of creation. All the verses that discuss the importance of water as a symbol of life in the Islamic Holy Book reminds us of the vitality of water as a sacred source of life that should not be taken for granted. All God's gifts to human beings are given so that we as stakeholders enjoy living and share the richness of Mother nature with a clear reminder from God as emphasized in the Qur'an: 'DON'T CORUPT THE EARTH.' Development and Islamic Values., In Elise Boulding, Ed. "Building Peace in the Middle East: Challenges for State and Civil Society" (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993). State, Society, and Privatization in Turkey, 1979 - 1990, (Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press: 1994). Aid, Privatization, and Development in Turkey, 1979-1990. Translated by Kurhan-Oglu, Ankara: Metu, 1995. Canada and The Middle East, In Theory and Practise, Co-Ed. (The Center for International Governance Innovation & Wilfried Laurier University Press, 2007). In process: When I was Ambassador, Cairo: Egypt 2010. Arabic Press. Religion, Feminization of Poverty and Globalization Religion, Middle East Policies and Conflict Resolution Identity Crisis, Gender and Religion: Challenges of Globalization Religion, Cultural Diversity, Globalization and Gender Religious Dimensions of the Middle East Peace Process Reading poetry books in Arabic and English and French such as the poems of the Egyptian poet Ahmed Shawky and reading books for Taha Hussein and the narratives of the great Muslim theologist and reformer Mohamed Abdou. I enjoy reading books of Longfellow, Wadsworth, Emily Bronte and Guy De Maupassant. In French, I enjoy reading Paul Sarter and Molliier. Walking and bird watching AND visiting museums seem to be part of my spiritual meditation.	67,661
Mission, Confidentiality, Anti-Bias Statement The mission of Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS) is to provide students with mental health services that allow them to improve and maintain their mental well-being and to meet their educational, personal, emotional and spiritual goals. Our goal is to assist students’ learning by helping manage psychological symptoms and stressors, difficult life events and mental health crises. CAPS accomplishes this with high-quality, assessment, counseling, referral, consultation, outreach and training in order to assist students in reaching their full potential. Clients have a legal right to privacy and can expect your contact with us to be kept private. Written permission must be obtained before CAPS will release information with limited legal and ethical exceptions. Psychological records are maintained separately from other University records. Goals Guiding Our Work - Provide professional psychological services to enrolled students, including: individual, couples and group counseling, crisis response, consultation, brief assessment, and referrals - Provide referrals for students who may have concerns that are not within CAPS scope of practice or problems that may be chronic or severe in nature and require comprehensive services - Encourage reflection, self-awareness, personal and social responsibility, and healthy interpersonal relationships - Ensure confidentiality and privacy as mandated by state and federal laws - Provide prevention programming and consultation to students, faculty, staff, and families - Ensure that all services are consistent with evidence informed practice and relevant professional organizations. - Maintain collaborative relationships with campus stakeholders, key community partners, the surrounding community. - Provide continued professional development support allowing staff psychologists to maintain California State License and to stay abreast of cutting edge research related to the evolving needs of college students. - Train future psychologists in a brief, evidence-informed, interculturally focused treatment model that is directly applicable to a diverse college counseling. - Maintain commitment to a post-doctoral fellowship program and an American Psychological Association accredited intern program in Health Service Psychology - Promote self-care and the maintenance of a work-life balance Anti-Bias Statement and Commitment to Diversity At Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS), we believe in the diversity of thoughts, ideas and experiences, inclusive of race/ethnicity, color, gender, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, language, national origin, religion, age, and intersecting identities. We affirm our commitment to recognize and address bias and oppression. We assist students by providing culturally sensitive mental health services and educational outreach that challenges oppressive and unjust forces, and work to reduce injustice both within the university and the broader community. In addition to supporting these principles of diversity and inclusion, we recognize structural inequalities in society result in the differential access and distribution of power (economic, political, social, and cultural). We believe in the elimination of structural inequities and the establishment of policies that ensure equity and accountability for all. We acknowledge that regardless of one’s own identities, individuals are at various points along a cultural awareness journey. We also understand that bias can be unconscious or unintentional and that inequity is the combination of social and institutional power plus prejudice. Oppression does not automatically mean that those involved intended negative impact, but having these conversations is necessary and requires courage, respect, compassion, and a willingness to tolerate discomfort. As we aim to become an unbiased center and culturally inclusive we: - Aim to identify, discuss, and challenge issues of injustice and the impact it has upon each of us - Challenge ourselves to understand and correct inequities in order to be more purposeful in this process - Explicitly and Publicly affirm our identity as an anti-bias university entity - Develop and Work to implement strategies that dismantle bias within all aspects of our department, university, and society "I resolutely believe that respect for diversity is a fundamental pillar in the eradication of racism, xenophobia, and intolerance. There is no excuse for evading the responsibility of finding the most suitable path towards the elimination of any expression of discrimination against indigenous peoples." —Rigoberta Menchu, Nobel Peace Prize winner who dedicated her life to raising awareness on the plight of Guatemala's indigenous population	73,686
Beginning this month Brie Finegold will summarize two mathematics blogs. She's covered some in the past, and will now do so regularly. For this issue Brie describes entries from Brian Hayes's blog, Bit-Player, and from Vi Hart's blog. Also this month, Adriana Salerno begins her blog, PhD + epsilon about the fun and challenges of being an early-career mathematician which, unfortunately, means she won't be contributing to Math Digest. Good luck, Adriana! Bit-Player: An amateur's outlook on computing and mathematics, by Brian Hayes. Brian Hayes, who also writes for the magazine American Scientist, provides frequent and well-written posts on matters accessible to the laymen and enjoyable to the scientist. His most recent post, "The Prime Twins Conjecture" is about his search for the origin of the following statistic he heard of in a TV news report; the odds of a pair of twin sisters celebrating their 100th birthday is 1 in 700 million. First off, Hayes discusses the multiple possibilities for the meaning of this statistic. Not finding a direct source, he reverse-engineered the assumptions one would might make for the odds quoted to be correct, and calculated the odds himself using data he researched and basic probability and computer simulation. Hayes's sense of curiosity shines through as he conjectures mathematically on events in the everyday world, explores the use of data in research and media, and attempts to understand aspects of new mathematics research. For example, he photographs the shape of the snowball resting on his fence and speculates on reasons for its form. Days later, he writes about a mathematical talk on the modeling of snowflakes. In his post "Googling the Lexicon," he plays with and conjectures uses for a new tool developed by Google and Harvard that compares the written usage of words or phrases over time. In his "When life gives you lemmas, make lemma-ade" he ponders the fate of research mathematics as it becomes specialized-- so specialized that in a talk for mathematicians at the Joint Mathematics Meetings about the Fundamental Lemma, the speaker explained at the very beginning that he would never state the celebrated lemma. Let's hope the bits keep coming. Vi Hart's Blog You may never think of a snow angel or the Möbius Strip in quite the same way if you visit Vi Hart's Blog. Her most recent video entry, which has garnered over 100,000 hits on Youtube since its posting less than two weeks ago, features the adventures of a triangle living on a Möbius strip. With some very clever usage of upside down/backwards handwriting, and a cliff-hanger ending, she'll have those viewers unfamiliar with the Möbius strip grabbing tape, paper and scissors in a heartbeat. Mainly composed of video entries, original music clips, and colorful photographs, the blog exposes the beauty of mathematics in a very tangible way that would entertain most mathematicians and teenagers. Hart's mathematical doodling videos (which can be found on the blog) went somewhat viral on Facebook this winter. But her creativity doesn't stop there. The blog documents her leading workshops to build mathematical objects such as a model of hyperbolic space made of balloons. And she recently gave a talk at the Joint Meetings entitled "Hyperbolic planes take off." She may be well on her way to earning the title "the ambassador of mathematics" as she reportedly hopes to according to a recent article in The New York Times (summarized below). --- Brie Finegold "Deep Meaning in Ramanujan's 'simple' pattern," by Jacob Aron. New Scientist, 27 January 2011. There is a good deal of coverage of two results about the partition function. A team of researchers has done work concerning congruences, as well as finding a finite formula for partition numbers. The New Scientist article describes the partition function and some of its history, beginning with Ramanujan in 1918, and quotes the team leader, Ken Ono (Emory University and the University of Wisconsin-Madison), "It's a privilege to explain some of Ramanujan's work." Ono adds, in the Scientific American article, "All of this stuff that we're studying right now for some crazy reason was anticipated by Ramanujan." In the New Scientist article, Trevor Wooley (University of Bristol, UK) says that he is interested in applying the team's methods to other problems: "There are lots of tools involved in studying the theory of partition functions which have connections in other parts of mathematics." Castelvecchi also quotes AMS Past-President George Andrews on Ramanujan: "He was a magical genius, and the rest of us wish we knew how he was able to see so deeply." The two papers, "l-adic Properties of the Partition Function," by Amanda Folsom, Zachary A. Kent, and Ono; and "An Algebraic Formula for the Partition Function," by Jan Hendrik Bruinier and Ono are linked to from the website of the American Institute of Mathematics, which supported the research along with the National Science Foundation. --- Mike Breen Articles on a resolved conjecture in enumerative combinatorics: These articles report on a recent result of three mathematicians, who have resolved a conjecture in enumerative combinatorics that remained open for nearly 30 years. The conjecture was proposed independently by George Andrews (who served as AMS President 2009-2010) and David Robbins (after whom the AMS Robbins Prize is named). A team of three mathematicians---Christoph Koutschan, Manuel Kauers, and Doron Zeilberger---solved the problem and have described their proof in an announcement in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The conjecture concerns plane partitions, which are arrays of numbers with weakly decreasing entries. Plane partitions can be represented by cubical diagrams like the one shown in the accompanying picture. Kauers et al considered a special type of plane partition, called a "totally symmetric plane partition" (TSPP). A plane partition is a TSPP if its cubical diagram looks the same when it is rotated so as to exchange the coordinate axes. An "orbit" in a TSPP is a set of cubes that remains unchanged under such a rotation. The accompanying picture is an example of a TSPP, and the red cubes form an example of an orbit. What Koutschan, Kauers, and Zeilberger proved is that it is possible to write down an explicit formula that counts the orbits for totally symmetric plane partitions. Although related results had been obtained by others, no one had fully solved the problem until now. Another reason this result is especially noteworthy is that it used computers in a crucial way. As the PNAS article states, "the computations we performed went far beyond what has been thought to be possible with currently known algebraic algorithms, software packages, and computer hardware." [Image: A totally symmetric plane partition. Picture courtesy of Christoph Koutschan.] --- Allyn Jackson "Ancient puzzle gets new lease of 'geomagical' life," by Jacob Aron. New Scientist, 24 January 2011. A magic square is a square array of integers in which each row, column, and diagonal add up to the same number. This article discusses the work of recreational mathematician Lee Sallows, who has invented a new kind of magic square called a "geomagic square". In a geomagic square, the entries in the square array are not numbers but geometrical shapes. The shapes in each row, column, and diagonal can be combined to form a "target" shape. For example, in the accompanying picture, the target shape is a square: The shapes in any row, column, or diagonal of the geomagic square (the inner 3 by 3 grid of shapes) can be assembled to make a square. Note that, in assembling the shapes to reach the target shape, rotations and reflections are allowed. The picture (click for a larger version) shows an example using polyominoes, but any kind of shape is allowed---convex shapes, broken crockery pieces, puzzle pieces, etc. Many other pictorial examples---in addition to a good and clear description of the concept of geomagic squares---are available on Sallows' web site. (Image: A 3×3 geomagic square using polyominoes. Piece sizes were selected with an eye to achieving an unblemished square target of size 6×6. Note how any two pieces opposite about the center form a complementary pair that will fit together to form a 4×6 rectangle. Copyright 2011 Lee Sallows.) "ESP Paper Rekindles Discussion About Statistics," by Greg Miller. Science, 21 January 2011, page 272. In this article, Greg Miller describes how the upcoming appearance of a paper on extra sensory perception (ESP) in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology has "sparked a lively discussion on blogs and in the mainstream media," and "rekindled a long-running debate about whether the statistical tools commonly used in psychology--and most other areas of science--too often lead researchers astray." By applying standard statistical methods like the t-test to the results of several experiments, the paper's author, Daryl Bem, a social psychologist and professor emeritus at Cornell University, "found statistically significant evidence suggesting his subjects had unconscious knowledge of future events." But other statisticians, including University of Washington, Seattle statistician Adrian Raftery, argue that there are problems with such standard statistical methods. "Scientists generally want to know…the probability that a given hypothesis is true, given the data they've observed. But that's not what a p-value tells them," Miller writes. Instead, Raftery and others argue for an approach based on Bayesian statistics, a more "intuitive" approach "designed to determine the probability that a hypothesis is true given the data a researcher has observed." Miller goes on to describe this approach, as well as some of the analyses that have already been undertaken of Bem's data, in the remainder of this article. --- Claudia Clark "Bending and Stretching Classroom Lessons to Make Math Inspire," by Kenneth Chang. The New York Times, 18 January 2011. Victoria "Vi" Hart (pictured at left), the daughter of mathematician and artist George Hart, is the one helping math inspire. She wants to make math cool, and one way she is doing that is by posting videos on You Tube. Her first video is about doodling during a class on exponential functions (read more in the summary of Hart's blog at the top of the page). She uses binary trees and Sierpinski's triangle to make the topic more interesting than it might first appear to students. Hart has written papers with MIT's Erik D. Demaine and according to Chang hopes to become "a Martin Gardner for the Web 2.0 era." (Photo of Hart looking through an icosahedron made of six balloons, by Erik D. Demaine.) --- Mike Breen "Santa Cruz police first in nation to try Santa Clara University model to predict crime," by Stephen Baxter. Mercury News, 14 January 2011; Police in Santa Cruz, California are going to use a mathematical model to try to predict and prevent crime. The model was developed by George Mohler at nearby Santa Clara University and is based on eight years of crime data from Santa Cruz. The police still plan to rely on traditional methods to battle crime but will use the model to create likely places for extra patrol checks. The Popular Science article is an in-depth look at the approach and early results of its implementation. --- Mike Breen "An equation for friendship," by Eryn Brown. Los Angeles Times, 14 January 2011. Structural balance theory describes how relationships in networks evolve. Many networks evolve into either two unfriendly camps--intractable conflict--or a network in which everyone is friendly--global harmony but until recently it wasn't known if other situations could arise. Researchers at Cornell University have shown that with generic initial conditions, those are the only two possibilities. It was also unknown exactly how shifts in individual relationships--such as a triangle of three enemies--result in larger alliances in the network. The researchers also filled in that gap in knowledge by showing that shifts in positive and negative relationships occur incrementally and both affect and are affected by other network relationships. They used their insight to predict the alliances in World War II (correct on all nations except Portugal and Denmark). Brown writes that the theory could be applied to online networks, but one member of the research team, Jon Kleinberg, advises caution: "This is abstracted reality; it's not reality. Realistic scenarios are messier." The research "Continuous-time model of structural balance," was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science in January (read the abstract and link to the full article) . --- Mike Breen "Mathematics-Inspired Dance Work Makes World Premiere at Staller," by Christine Sampson. ThreeVillagePatch, 11 January 2011. Choreographers Kyla Barkin and Aaron Selisson probably did not see much advanced mathematics in their future when they decided to pursue a career in modern dancing. Yet they found themselves attending a class on the mathematical theory of differential cohomology to prepare for a work assignment. They were commissioned to develop an original dance work based on the mathematical theory of differential cohomology by the Simons Center at Stony Brook University. The performance was accompanied by music from three composers and performed by New York City-based Sirius String Quartet. Hexagons played a large role in the performance as the structure of a hexagon is a key component of the theory of differential cohomology. See a video excerpt and photos of the performance. (Photo of Yin Yue, Loni Landon, and Frances Chiaverini by Christopher Duggan, courtesy of the Barkin/Selissen Project.) --- Baldur Hedinsson "The Statistical Turn in Literary Studies," by Jeffrey J. Williams. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 7 January 2011, pages B14-15. Novelists and poets aren’t known for being very good with numbers, however mathematics is playing an increasingly important role in examining their works. Millions of books are now accessible in digital form, which makes flicking through them easier than ever. Mining the content of all these books allows scholars to find trends and detect changes in how books are written which would have been impossible before. Literary scholars are now able to apply statistics to rigorously study how the use of language changes over time, what topics are most written about and even how ideas spread from one place to another, just to name a few. This mathematical approach of studying written works is called "distant reading" as apposed to "close reading," which is based on more subjective interpretations of individual literary works. --- Baldur Hedinsson "Make way for mathematical matter," by Michael Brooks. New Scientist, 5 January 2011. Norwegian mathematician Nils Baas is working to uncover new forms of matter— beyond your typical solid, liquid, and gas—using topology, the study of the properties objects share because of their shape. The foundation for his work is a structure of linked objects that can all be separated if only one is cut, also known as “Brunnian rings.” The construction of a shape with these properties containing three rings is well-known, and researchers have shown that it occurs in nature, in cesium atoms and atomic nuclei. Baas has taken the idea a step further by proving it is possible to create a such structure with more than three objects, or for sets of objects with these properties. The proof enables the possibility that these more complex Brunnian rings also appear in nature, as new forms of matter, and Baas has teamed up with a researcher at New York University to create them. --- Lisa DeKeukelaere "Animal Instincts," by John Allen Paulos. Scientific American, January 2011, page 18. Paulos is reacting to various articles that claim that animals understand some math better than humans do. For example, when pigeons were presented with doors and rewards as in the Monty Hall Problem, the pigeons made the correct "decision" and switched more often than humans did. Although some concluded that pigeons understand conditional probability better than people do, Paulos writes that pigeons didn't do any calculations, they simply observed, whereas people presented with the problem "overanalyze and get confused." He debunks other claims, such as dogs doing calculus, and notes that the results from the experiments are of scientific interest, but don't indicated a deep understanding of math. In the February issue of Scientific American, Paulos writes about the misuse of averages. --- Mike Breen "Year in Science 2010," Discover, January/February 2011. Whether you are playing a game, translating a language, looking for patterns in shark behavior, or fighting crime, you may need some mathematical expertise. Four of the 100 Top Stories of 2010 in Discover feature mathematics. "Rubik's Cube Decoded," by Bruno Maddox. In July of this year, a team including a university professor, an engineer, a programmer, and a math teacher provided a computer-assisted proof that any initial configuration of the Rubik's cube could be solved in no more than 20 moves. The success of their proof relied on previous work that showed that there were some configurations requiring 20 moves. "Fighting Crime with Mathematics," by Daniel Lametti. Also this year, a multi-disciplinary group of researchers from UCLA studied the spatio-temporal behavior of crime in their area so as to determine optimal responses to crime waves. Their research combined statistical mechanics and dynamics, studying crime waves with some of the same tools used to study earthquakes. "Computer Rosetta Stone," by Elizabeth Svoboda. Meanwhile, a team of computer scientists devised a deciphering algorithm that probabilistically maps the alphabet of a lost language onto the alphabet of a known and somewhat related language. They checked their algorithm by applying it to Ugaritic (which had already been deciphered without computers over the course of several years) and Hebrew. The program correctly identified over 60 percent of cognates and may be used in the future to improve computer translation programs. "Sharks Use Math to Hunt," by Stephen Ornes. Computer models of search patterns of predators in low-prey areas have suggested that the fractal behavior described as Levy flight, which combines short sporadic movements with much longer trajectories, would optimize chances of a shark running into its prey. However, this June a study in Nature analyzing 13 million movements of 55 different animals has provided the largest data set to date, and confirms the computer models' predictions. --- Brie Finegold Comments: Email Webmaster	290,843
There is a saying somewhere that certain seed "fell into good ground and brought forth fruit, some a hundred fold." The communication printed in another column in reference to a previous editorial on "religious decadence" at Harvard, as pictured in a prominent New York paper, is surely of the "hundred fold." We fully appreciate the shock which the writer's devout spirit has experienced at our "gross misrepresentation" of the article in question. It has never been the custom for a non-sectarian college newspaper man to read between the lines even in "his excitement." Nor is "his anger" aroused at a statement which bears upon its face its utter falsity. Any Harvard student who is willing to subscribe to a declaration that his college is a hot-bed of incipient nihilism, scepticism, "lying," and irreligion can do so, but it should be upon his own authority, and his statement ought to carry with it only the weight of that authority. The writer of the editorial in question does "conscientiously" deny many of the "facts stated," and declares them to have been the offspring of an ignorant or a prejudiced mind. As for conclusions, he who runs may read. We trust that the writer's Elijah-like horror at the "tabooing" of the discussion of morning prayers since the last glorious but fatal prayer petition will wear off with his increasing years. It is high time that some reply, however inadequate, should be offered to the contemptuous sneers and jealous animadversions of which Harvard has been made the object. If a student of Harvard University, in the face of what he must, unless blind, witness every day, in defiance of the fact that in so doing he stigmatizes not only himself, but his fellow-students and the faculty, maintains the truth of the quoted statement, he must do so not from a spirit of justice, not from a love for right and truth, but for reasons best and only known to himself.	139,789
The American Heritage Dictionary defines the word leader as follows, “One that leads or guides. One in charge or in command of others.” I believe that in our nation today it has become more and more difficult for people of all ages to become leaders. Individuals are reluctant to take a stand on issues because of the instant scrutiny that comes from our media driven environment, coupled with the strong emphasis our society has placed on the concept of political correctness. As leadership relates to high school student-athletes, peer pressure can be very difficult for them to overcome and prevents them from seeking leadership roles in their schools and on their teams. Another factor that can discourage young people from wanting to be leaders is seeing the way our leaders are treated by those who disagree with the decisions that they make. As the Commissioner of Athletics for the CIF Southern Section, in concert with our Executive Committee and our member schools, I believe that we all have a responsibility to lead in three very important ways. - We must try to set the vision for the future in the hope of improving what we do. In accomplishing that task, there may be times when our decisions will not be universally applauded or accepted. However, we must understand and acknowledge that our decisions must be guided by trying to do what is in the best interest of as many people as possible. That is the fundamental principle applied to those decisions. In that way, we set the course for moving forward and make every effort to follow through in getting that vision to become a reality. - We must try to set an example for the young people we have the opportunity to work with and make an impact on. Principals, Athletic Directors and coaches must all embrace what being a leader means. The student-athletes that depend on us to show to them the way must see us as strong leaders willing to set the right example for them to emulate. Remember, while they are listening to our words, they are always watching our actions, which makes the most lasting impression upon them. - We must teach leadership, encourage it and make it a vital part of the team culture we are trying to establish and instill in our young people. We must make a commitment to develop leaders so that we can give our student-athletes the vital skills they will need to succeed beyond their high school years. Being comfortable in a leadership role can only enhance their ability to achieve their career goals. I have said many times that our primary mission as an organization is to utilize the high school athletic experience as an educational tool to help young people prepare for a better future. In working on building the leaders of tomorrow we have an obligation to provide them with the necessary tools, knowledge and experience to make sure they are prepared to carry the torch we will pass on. Let us all partner together to get the job done.	111,317
A panel of experts will discuss the prospects for Latin America to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and the likely implications of a new global agreement on climate change for the region. The discussion will address issues including cities, energy, natural resources, financing sustainable development, national climate change plans, and Latin America’s global partnerships. - Kevin P. Gallagher, Professor of Global Development Policy, Boston University - Isabel Cavelier, Minister Counsellor at the Permanent Mission of Colombia to the UN - Christian Gómez, Jr. Director of energy at the Washington office of the Council of the Americas - Ana Rios, Climate Change Specialist, Inter-American Development Bank Live-stream link: https://mediacapture.brown.edu:8443/ess/echo/presentation/e38fc5c3-dbfb-4e04-bf9d-962c2f42440d Twitter hashtag: #LatAm2030	218,803
Going beyond PDF for the Web - By William Jackson - Oct 20, 2011 Putting documents online is not necessarily tricky, but ensuring that users can take full advantage of the Web’s interactive capabilities is not always simple. Digitizing the thousands of equations in the "Handbook of Mathematical Functions" required development of some new Web tools by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The resulting Digital Library of Mathematical Functions is not just a graphic copy of the handbook posted online; it is a fully searchable and interactive resource. NIST math project expands the horizons of Web publishing NIST to unveil cloud technology roadmap at forum in November Hypertext Markup Language — HTML — is the traditional means of rendering text and images on a website, but using it for the digital handbook would have reduced the equations to static images. The NIST project used the LaTeX math authoring system to write mathematical expressions, MathML to display them, and created its own tool, LaTeXML, to translate LaTeX into Extensible Markup Language. LaTeX is a document markup language and document preparation system for the TeX typesetting program used primarily to set complex mathematical formula, first written in the early 1980s. It is widely used in mathematics and computer science. By translating the mathematical expressions into XML, this material can be further manipulated for constructing websites with MathML and HTML. LaTeXML was written by Bruce Miller, NIST physicist and DLMF information architect. It is written in Perl to mimic the behavior of TeX, but to produce XML rather than the Device Independent file format. “It isn’t finished — there are gaps in the coverage, particularly in missing implementations of the many useful LaTeX packages,” Miller warns on the DLMF website. “But it is beginning to stabilize, and interested parties are invited to try it out, give feedback and even to help out.” Although developed specifically for the DLMF project, LaTeXML is a general-purpose tool that is being used in other programs. As the largest single collection of math published in the MathML format, NIST expects the "Digital Library of Mathematical Functions" to be a catalyst for the adoption of this emerging standard and LaTeXML to help with that adoption. William Jackson is a Maryland-based freelance writer.	190,471
The renal or vesical symptoms predominate. Pain in small of back; very sensitive to touch in renal region; < when sitting and lying, from jar, from fatigue. Burning and soreness in region of kidneys. Numbness, stiffness, lameness with painful pressure in renal and lumbar regions. Pale, earthy complexion, with sunken cheeks and hollow, blue-encircled eyes. Rheumatic and gouty complaints, with diseases of the urinary organs. Colic from gall-stones. Bilious colic, followed by jaundice; clay-colored stools; fistula in ano, with bilious symptoms and itching of the parts; short cough and chest complaints, especially after operations for fistulae (Cal. p., Sil.). Stitching, cutting pain from left kidney following course of ureter into bladder and urethra (Tab., - r. kidney, Lyc.). Renal colic. < left side (Tab. - either side), with urging and strangury. (Canth.). Rubbing sensation in kidneys (Med.). Urine: greenish, blood-red, with thick, slimy mucus; transparent, reddish or jelly-like sediment. Movement brings on or increases urinary complaints. Relation. - Similar: to, Canth., Lyc., Sars., Tab., in renal colic. Acts well after, Arn., Bry., Kali bi., Rhus, Sulph., in rheumatic affections. < s. - Motion, walking or carriage riding; any sudden jarring movement.	210,176
Your favorite Apple, iPhone, iPad, iOS, Jailbreak, and Cydia site. 01-05-2011, 03:46 PM #1 Future Devices to Be Powered By Liquidmetal Fuel Cells? Details of Apple's plans for the Liquidmetal alloy it licensed earlier this year are beginning to take shape. Rather than a radical new computer or mobile device case, though, it's possible that one of the first uses of the light, strong alloy will be in fuel cells that will replace the batteries of future iPhones and MacBooks. Cult of Mac has discovered a patent granted to Apple for fuel cell collector plates made of Liquidmetal, raising the possibility of mobile devices that can run for weeks without refueling. Fuel cells take a fuel like hydrogen gas and use an oxidant like the oxygen in the air to create a chemical reaction that separates electrons from the fuel onto collector plates to produce electricity, water and heat. Spacecraft and satellites use fuel cells for onboard power, and the potential to use them to power electronic devices has been recognized for some time. MTI MicroFuel Cells is working on a "fuel cell chip" called Mobion that uses methanol as a fuel and could fit in the palm of your hand. Apple themselves started investing in fuel cell developers as early as 2003 as an alternative power source for notebooks. The new patent, "Current collector plates of bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys," describes using an alloy rather than metal, nickel, or carbon nanotube materials which are commonly used for the anode and electrode plates. Liquidmetal is the trademarked name for the metallic glass - a type of "amorphous alloy" - developed by Liquidmetal Technologies. Plates need to be durable, resistant to degradation in the harsh chemical environment inside a fuel cell, able to be manufactured with a high tolerance, and strong but not brittle. Liquidmetal uniquely satisfies all these requirements, and could make a fuel cell that is cheaper and longer lasting than current designs. When Apple licensed the technology back in August, it was commonly believed that the material - which is as strong as titanium but as moldable as plastic - would be used for exotic case designs. That may still be the case, but it does appear that Apple has plans for fuel cells capable of powering a mobile device for up to 30 days, or a notebook for almost 20 hours. The exclusive license agreement means that no other electronics manufacturer can use the material, giving Apple a potential early lead in the technology. Source: Cult of Mac 01-05-2011, 03:53 PM #2 01-05-2011, 04:05 PM #3 This would be nice to see, but like most Apple patents, if we do see them it won't be for a very long timeName? whereswaldo iDevice + Firmware? 32GB Black iPhone 4 iOS 5.0 Computer + OS? Dell Inspiron 15R 2nd Gen i5, 2.3 Ghz, 750GB HDD, 8GB RAM Windows 7 HP Found yet? No The Following User Says Thank You to whereswaldo For This Useful Post: 01-05-2011, 04:46 PM #4 Cool? Really? That's what people think? Am I the only one that sees the other byproduct other than heat and electricity? Great! My phone will not die for a long long time.... the wetspot in my pocket might be enough to make me not want it though! It also gives off WATER from the fuel cell. So unless I want my iPhone or Laptop to have a colostomy bag, I really don't see how this is useful in mobile electronics.MacMini Server 2.66 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo \| 15" MacBook Pro 2.53GHz Intel Core 2 Duo l iPhone 3G S⃣ 32 GB Black l TV Gen 2 01-05-2011, 04:49 PM #5 are these fuel cells rechargeable? 01-05-2011, 04:57 PM #6 The next app for the iphone 6 pictured here is you get to choose the flavor of the water that comes out, or you can have it broken down into it's basic elements so you can be in an oxygen enriched area as you telephone! Where have you guys been? Bythe way, there is a thread about the supposed iphone 5, and a breakdown at iclairified. If you smiled, you know what to do. Last edited by unklbyl; 01-05-2011 at 04:58 PM. Reason: Bad grammer. A instead of anunklbyl 01-05-2011, 04:58 PM #7 So are we going to have to unhook our furnace and plug in our iPhones to charge them? 01-05-2011, 06:39 PM #8 WOW, that would be great an iPod touch that didn't need recharged for a week... 01-05-2011, 06:46 PM #9 01-05-2011, 08:09 PM #10 I still hope they use it for the cases for the devices. I can't stand the chrome it gets scratched so easily! 01-05-2011, 08:46 PM #11 Use the liquidmetal as a casing for he device, and with the amount of space it saves for the battery why not add like 2 more and make it last a VERRY I MEAN VERY long time, Apple will probably mop the floor with their competitors if this comes out... I always have to recharge any smartphone I ever have at the end of the day, gets annoying when you forget one day... 01-05-2011, 08:55 PM #12 Hmmm, it sounds nice, but it concerns me too. It says it uses oxygen in the air. What happenes if millions of people carry this phone all over the world? We are already seeing negative effects of global warming, and reduced oxygen would only make it worse. If a number of people have this phone in a confined space, would that reduce oxygen for the people? Hmmmmmmmm. 01-05-2011, 08:57 PM #13 01-05-2011, 09:10 PM #14 Great just wait until these things overheat and blow up spreading mercury all Over the user. Just another way apple is the leading cause of cancer. Sent from my iPhone using ModMyiOriginally Posted by ?????? 01-05-2011, 09:13 PM #15 01-05-2011, 09:17 PM #16 Sounds good! Won't hold my breath but that kind of battery life would come with a hefty price...$$ Then on the other hand, no other company can use the technology due to patent infringement. Sounds like Apple will have quite the advanced lead as they do with retina display. :] 01-05-2011, 09:26 PM #17 01-05-2011, 09:28 PM #18 01-05-2011, 11:34 PM #19 Great now Airport security will ban all electronic devices. Damn technology! LOL 01-06-2011, 08:24 AM #20"The exclusive license agreement means that no other electronics manufacturer can use the material"	64,291
Air regulators say the Chevron refinery in El Segundo violated pollution standards for 11 days and may pay penalties. KPCC’s Molly Peterson has more. For 11 days at the end of June, a pollution control device at Chevron’s El Segundo plant wasn’t working as it was supposed to, so the equipment released an unusually high amount of ammonia gas. When the equipment works right, some ammonia always slips into the air. But this time Chevron reported releasing seven times the amount of the gas rules allow for more than a week and a half. The company did inform state emergency managers, but the South Coast Air Quality Management District learned of the spill from KPCC. Regulators set limits on ammonia pollution because it contributes to smog, poses respiratory concerns for people nearby, and can contribute to warming climate. AQMD spokesman Sam Atwood says now that Chevron’s gotten a notice of violations, the district and the company will work to determine penalties out of court.	95,257
Creative Power Exhibition, Featuring Artwork by Detained Youth, at Main Library's TeenZone Oakland, CA - Oakland Public Library's Teen Services Division and Alameda County Arts Commission (ACAC) are proud to present a group exhibition featuring artwork by detained youth at the Alameda County Juvenile Justice Center (ACJJC) in San Leandro, CA. This exhibition, part of National Arts in Education Week, celebrating youth arts learning in the Bay Area, will be on display at the Main Library's TeenZone, 125 14th Street, 2nd floor, from September 2 to December 16, 2011. The ACAC manages the Arts Education Program, called Creative Power, at the ACJJC in partnership with the Alameda County Probation Department and the Alameda County Office of Education's Butler Academic Center and the Alameda County Office of Education's Alliance for Arts Learning Leadership. President Barack Obama has said, "The future belongs to young people with an education and the imagination to create. That is the source of power in this century. "Supporting this vision, the Creative Power arts education program engages youth through art-making workshops where they are encouraged to learn new skills, build self confience, and explore their imagination. Working with professional artists, the youth are introduced to various art media through activities that offer extensive opportunities to practice problems solving and making positive decisions. The Arts Education Program, Creative Power, at the ACJJC serves up to 900 youth annually. For more information, please call Amy Sonnie, Teen Outreach Librarian, at 510-238-7233, or email her at firstname.lastname@example.org. You can also contact Violet Juno, ACAC Program Coordinator, at 510-208-9646, or email@example.com. About National Arts in Education Week Hundreds of organizations from all around the Bay Area are coming together for the first time in Bay Area history for this unique multicounty colaboration. Youth and families are encouraged to take part in the celebration through free or low-cost events showcasing the myriad facets of arts education occurring in our community, both in and out of the classroom. For more information on events, visit www.artiseducation.org/calendar. About the Alameda Coutny Juvenile Justice Center Each year, more than 1,500 youth are detained within this secure detention facility for youth ages 12-18. The arts education program contributes to the overall goals of Alameda County and the ACJJC, which are to promote learning and the acquision of social skills for the youth, thereby furthering their strengthening their skills and resources for when they return to the community. About the Alameda County Arts Commission The work of the public art program is based on the belief that the arts are an essential part of every successful and thriving community. Viewing and creating artwork can help all young people, families, and community members understand diverse perspectives and common experiences as well as imagine individual transformation and future opportunities. About the Oakland Public Library The Oakland Public Library informs, inspires and delights our diverse community as a resource for information, knowledge, and artistic and literary expression, providing the best in traditional services, new technologies and innovative programs. This exhibition is hosted by the Library's Teen Services Division, which serves as a popular destination for thousands of Oakland youth, a conduit for local teen culture, and a hub for education, recreation and workplace preparedness.	135,504
Under a Safeguards Agreement concluded with the International Atomic Energy Agency as required by the Treaty on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons Iran agreed to allow IAEA inspectors to “verify” that no “source or special nuclear materials” are being used in furtherance of a nuclear weapons program. During the past three years, every report Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei has made to the IAEA Board concluded that as best he can determine no proscribed materials have been so used. The NPT and the IAEA Statute and the Iranian Safeguards Agreement all guarantee Iran’s “inalienable” right to conduct research into and to enjoy all the benefits of the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The IAEA Statute ensures insofar as the IAEA is able that “source or special nuclear materials” are not used in furtherance of a military purpose as a secondary mission. ElBaradei’s reports over the past three years are that while he cannot be absolutely certain that there are no proscribed materials in Iran that he doesn’t know about there are no “indications” that there are. Nevertheless, Bush-Cheney-Bolton-Rice strong-armed the IAEA Board into reporting [.pdf] the entire Iranian dossier to the Security Council “for possible action.” According to Bonkers Bolton, our representative on the Security Council: “This is a real test for the Security Council. There’s just no doubt that for close to 20 years, the Iranians have been pursuing nuclear weapons through a clandestine program that we’ve uncovered.” That Bolton has uncovered? After three years of intrusive on-the-ground inspections, there is nothing but doubt, and ElBaradei hasn’t uncovered anything. That doesn’t faze Bonkers. “If the UN Security Council can’t deal with the proliferation of nuclear weapons, can’t deal with the greatest threat we have with a country like Iran that’s one of the leading state sponsors of terrorism if the Security Council can’t deal with that, you have a real question of what it can deal with.” Well, Article 39 of the UN Charter does say: “The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.” Article 41 provides for measures “not including the use of armed forces.” Article 42 provides for measures including the use of armed forces. But Article 40 says: “In order to prevent an aggravation of the situation, the Security Council may, before making the recommendations or deciding upon the measures provided for in Article 39, call upon the parties concerned to comply with such provisional measures as it deems necessary or desirable.” Well, after three weeks of acrimonious debate, the UNSC issued a non-binding presidential statement, essentially “calling” upon the parties to settle their differences amongst themselves. The Council did note “with serious concern” that “the IAEA is unable to conclude that there are no undeclared nuclear materials or activities in Iran.” Of course, that’s a reflection on the IAEA, not on Iran. Nevertheless, Bush-Cheney-Bolton-Rice and their neo-crazy media sycophants would have you believe that the UNSC gave Iran a “deadline” to suspend all uranium enrichment activities within 30 days or else. In words very carefully chosen, the UNSC merely “called” upon Iran to take the steps “required” by the IAEA Board so that the Board’s “outstanding questions can best be resolved and confidence built in the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran’s program.” In effect, the UNSC remanded the “Iranian nuclear issue” to the IAEA Board for resolution. That, of course, was what China and Russia had insisted on all along. And still insist on. The UNSC did not address the question of whether the IAEA Board had any right under the IAEA Statute or the UN Charter to make such requirements. Nor did the UNSC address the question of whether the Iranian “nuclear issue” constituted “a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace, or act of aggression.” Worse (for Bush-Cheney-Rice-Bolton), the presidential statement began: “The Security Council reaffirms its commitment to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons and recalls the right of States Party, in conformity with articles I and II of that Treaty, to develop research, production, and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination.” In other words, Iran does have the rights under the NPT it asserts, and no one not even the neo-crazies can discriminate against them.	183,868
Now you can click on a street in Google Maps and you're virtually there. Street View, a limited feature that could be called experimental because of the paucity of cities available, was just rolled out by Google a few hours ago. But that lack of imagery doesn't make this any less cool. Click the Street View button on the top, select one of the camera icons then you can do a virtual walk around that city. It doesn't give you that virtual race car that you get with Microsoft's Live Search Maps, but you do have the ability to get a full 360-degree view of wherever you're standing, and then you can zoom in on any point within that view. It's also great to go full screen, and it almost feels like you're there. What's the catch? Take the jump to find out, and to see a video showing the new features. There are only parts of five cities (San Francisco, New York, Denver, Las Vegas and Miami) that have imagery available. Now as soon as they can gather imagery for the entire world, this will be an indispensable tool. Imagine if someone crammed all that data into a GPS system. Keep in mind, though, a database is only as powerful as the information within. Google Maps [Google] Thanks, Matt!	186,717
BACKGROUND: Selection by host immunity and antimalarial drugs has driven extensive adaptive evolution in Plasmodium falciparum and continues to produce ever-changing landscapes of genetic variation. METHODS: We performed whole-genome sequencing of 69 P. falciparum isolates from Malawi and used population genetics approaches to investigate genetic diversity and population structure and identify loci under selection. RESULTS: High genetic diversity (π = 2.4 × 10(-4)), moderately high multiplicity of infection (2.7), and low linkage disequilibrium (500-bp) were observed in Chikhwawa District, Malawi, an area of high malaria transmission. Allele frequency-based tests provided evidence of recent population growth in Malawi and detected potential targets of host immunity and candidate vaccine antigens. Comparison of the sequence variation between isolates from Malawi and those from 5 geographically dispersed countries (Kenya, Burkina Faso, Mali, Cambodia, and Thailand) detected population genetic differences between Africa and Asia, within Southeast Asia, and within Africa. Haplotype-based tests of selection to sequence data from all 6 populations identified signals of directional selection at known drug-resistance loci, including pfcrt, pfdhps, pfmdr1, and pfgch1. CONCLUSIONS: The sequence variations observed at drug-resistance loci reflect differences in each country's historical use of antimalarial drugs and may be useful in formulating local malaria treatment guidelines. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2014, Vol 210, Issue 12, p. 1991-2000	259,127
How Much Is A Gold American Eagle Coin Worth? There is a reason why the American Gold Eagle coin is such a popular coin for investors. Not only is investing in gold always a smart move, but coins are small, easy to conceal, and highly portable. In fact, 80% of gold bullion in circulation in the U.S. is in the form of the American Gold Eagle coin, and is the most traded coin in the world. The biggest selling point for why people purchase American Gold Eagle Coins is because they are an agile investment in the form of gold, and possibly the best investment for a coin. Most people cannot afford to buy a full brick of gold. A coin however, representing variations of an ounce, is much more affordable, and a recognized monetary asset by every government. With the current value of gold at around $1300 an ounce, buying even 1/10 of that is affordable for most. Check out our American Gold Eagle 1 oz Common Date coin for sale here. The most affordable option is the 1/10 American Gold Eagle from 2015, for about $140. Why Buy Gold Coins? Gold is a highly active market, meaning it has high liquidity and is easy to sell. The price of gold is also reported daily in major newspapers, making it easy to track your investment. The coins are considered legal tender, with each size valued at the denomination printed on it (at values of five, ten, twenty-five, and fifty dollars). However, in reality the value of these coins is much higher than the face value. For example, there is a high demand for coins minted in the early 1990s, meaning an investment today can be worth more than its weight in gold in a matter of years. These coins can also be added to your Individual Retirement Account (IRAs), adding invaluable security of having your long-term investments with you at home as well as diversity to your investment portfolio. Additionally, the fact that the coins are physically solid, and can be kept in one's personal property, makes them attractive. In the event of mass computer or internet crashes, owning "shares" of gold that is held in a vault or bank in another location would be at risk. Gold American Eagle Measurements Gold American Eagle coins are highly valuable for their size: the resale value of a 1/10 oz Gold American Eagle Coin is approximately $143 at the time of publication. Yet they are so small: - Diameter: 16.50 mm - Thickness: 1.19 mm - Gross Weight: .1091 troy ounces - Official Face Value: $5 - Actual Street Value: $120-$160 No matter what your budget, there is likely an American Gold Eagle Coin affordable for you. American Gold Eagle Investing for Beginners Bullion coins are a good investment for beginners. Its base value is clear, meaning it is worth at least as much as its weight in its component precious metals. Additionally, they are considered to be the official gold bullion coins of the U.S. Government, having been authorized by US Congress. Check out our rare coins value guide which is a good start for beginners. In order to predict the future value of American Eagles, we can take a look at the price of gold in the chart above as a reference. While there may be variations as much as 30% from one year to the next, the most important thing to judge is the long-term trend, which is only increasing. About the US Mint American Gold Eagles The American Gold Eagle Coin is not only one of the best ways for investing in gold, it is also a way to buy a piece of America itself, because the Bullion Coin Act of 1985 mandates that all of these coins be minted with gold mined in the United States and are produced at West Point, New York, where there is a national mint along side the famous military acadamy. The coins are minted on one side with Lady Liberty majestically posed with a beacon of light and olive branch. This image maybe be familiar, as it is in the style of perhaps the most famous and beautiful of all American coins, Augustus Saint-Gauden’s $20 gold coin, which was first minted in 1907. The flip side continues the American spirit with a male bald eagle carrying an olive branch to a nest with a female eagle and their hatchlings. Coins minted from 1986 until 1991 are dated with Roman Numerals, while all coins since then are dated in the standard Arabic Numerals. Coin Material & Gold Content Gold American Eagles are currently offered in one-tenth, one-half, one-fourth and full one ounce (1 oz.) 1 oz sizes and are certified by the U.S. Government to contain the exact amount of gold that they are stated to carry. That means an American Gold Eagle contains 91.67% gold, 3% silver, and 5.33% in copper. The gold is 22 karat – the perfect density to be pure yet durable. The coins are minted with the additional small amounts of copper and silver to prevent wear and tear, thereby maintaining its resale value for years to come. The coins come from a hand-carved die that was then turned into a high-quality steel mold. The gold is melted and then cast into gold bars that are pressed 12 times until they are only half of an inch thick. They are then taken to a finishing mill to continue to reduce the thickness, depending on the coin’s denomination, and then cut into blank coins. The coins are polished with steel beads, cleaned, and hand dried. Next, the coins are reheated to re-crystalize the metals and prevent the coins from breaking. Finally, the coins are suitable to be pressed, and each coin is pressed twice, to ensure the highest quality engraving on your coin. There are other editions of American Gold Eagle coins for buyers who are looking for something extra valuable. Proof coins are limited edition, known as beautifully produced coins that have a striking extra polished background that offsets the frosted, raised image. This gives the images incredible detail, making them higher in demand, and therefore more valuable. There are also uncirculated coins that first came into the market in 2006, and are unique in that they are hand-fed into special burnished molds and are only minted in one ounce denominations. American Eagle Gold Coin Price History There is no clear history of the historical prices of American Eagle gold coins, and this is because there are many versions of the coin. However, to learn more about the American Gold Eagle and other rare coins, please check out our rare coins price guide, in which we will send you a comprehensive guide for you to learn more about coin investing and as well as the industry more in depth. Gold Coins Vs Inflation Buying gold bullion coins online represent the most agile form of physical investment in gold. American Eagles are the most popular form of agile gold. Additionally, coins in general represent a huge measure against inflation. Please see the chart below for a staggering display of the value of coin investing compared with inflation over time. How to Buy Gold American Eagles The current value of a 1 oz Gold American Eagle coin (which contains 31.104 grams of pure gold) is $1356 , while the value of one ounce of pure gold is currently around $1295. How do you know if the coin you are trying to buy is being inappropriately marked up? The problem is finding a trustworthy vendor to buy from. Someone may offer an American Gold Eagle for cheaper than market value, though the chances of it being legitimate are slim. Where to Buy American Eagle Gold Coins Don’t be fooled by imitations, coins of this caliber are only sold by companies approved by the US Mint. International Precious Metals is one of only twenty companies to be recognized as a national dealer by the US Mint, and has multiple coin industry affiliations. Use our site to buy gold and silver online, as well as shop for authentic American Eagles, some of which are listed below, along with some product details. International Precious Metals is currently offering many American Eagle coins, below are a selection of our most popular: 1) American Gold Eagle 1 oz Common Date - 22 karat standard, containing full, stated weight of gold, with the balance consisting of silver and copper (to add for durability). As well as American Eagles in other metal forms: 4) Platinum Bullion - The first and only platinum coin offered by the US government. Available in 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/10 and bars. 5) American Silver Eagle Coins - First minted in 1986, this coin is made up of .999 silver content.	174,293
In a previous blog we wrote about the urban commuter. This time we’d like to give some tips. Which equipment do you use, to easily move from one spot to another? Cities have been shaped, from old Rome to new London to get to work quickly. Gone is the time the commuter used an old bike. People are looking to improve their health, lower their footprint or just want to have fun. The bike commuter community has been, and is still, growing every single day. But still, different commuters for different occasions mean different bikes. - Getting to your destination, without sweating one drop, but still being quick, an e-bike is what you’re looking for. Expensive, but they’ll do the trick. Some might go to 45 km/hour, but most top out at 20 km/hour. - If mostly, you drive through a small-town, a city bike with around three different speeds and an upright position will be sufficient. - When weekly driving busy streets, a bigger speed range is required… a faster ride. You’ll be grateful for disc brakes and finders, if the weather changes. - When you do not have the luxury of cycling to work and you need to use several types of transportation, a folding bike is recommended. The comfy bikes have adjustability, are easy to carry and have smaller wheels. As you can see different factors should influence your decision. City size, types of roads you use, your cargo, time you spend driving and last but not least your budget. Some other essentials you may never forget when commuting, are the following: A backpack (1), made for all weather conditions. We are living in an area that copes with different weather conditions, so we picked a backpack who can deal with them all. If you live in a city that doesn’t receive much rain, that pack can be used for other outdoor activities. Better safe than sorry. The biggest enemy from a cyclist (other than those crazy cars) is sweat, so make sure your straps are padded. We've created a bike messenger pannier, which does not hurt if you use it on your shoulder. Most importantly you can easily put it on, or, take it off your bike! Wear a helmet (2), like your parents told you! It is important to have water (3) with you, always. Use a water bottle, which you can easily leave or take from a bottle holder pocket. Do not forget your lock (4)! We have created a bike messenger pannier, for bike enthousiasts!	284,718
Changing sidestep cutting technique reduces knee valgus loading Dempsey, A.R., Lloyd, D.G., Elliott, B.C., Steele, J.R. and Munro, B.J. (2009) Changing sidestep cutting technique reduces knee valgus loading. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37 (11). pp. 2194-2200. \|PDF - Authors' Version \| Download (632kB) \| Preview *Subscription may be required Background: Common lower limb postures have been found when noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur during sidestep cutting tasks. These same postures have been linked to knee loadings known to stress the ACL. Hypothesis: Whole body technique modification would reduce knee loading. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Experienced team sport athletes were recruited for whole body sidestep cutting technique modification. Before and after a 6-week technique modification training, participants performed sidestep cutting tasks while ground-reaction force and motion data were collected. A kinematic and inverse dynamics model was used to calculate 3-dimensional knee loading during sidestep cutting. Results: At initial foot contact, the participants placed their stance foot closer to the body's midline and held their torso more upright, in line with the aims of the technique modification training. This was accompanied by significantly lower peak valgus moments in the weight acceptance phase of stance. Both postural changes were correlated with the change in peak valgus moment. Conclusion: Whole body sidestep cutting technique modification resulted in reduced knee loading. Clinical Relevance: Implementation of whole body technique modification may produce effective ACL injury prevention programs in sports involving sidestep cutting. \|Publication Type:\|\|Journal Article\| \|Publisher:\|\|SAGE Publications Inc.\| \|Item Control Page\|	23,321
February 16, 2012 The Austrian government has awarded the 2012 Karl von Vogelsang State Prize for History to New York University Professor Larry Wolff for his book The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture, which explores this Eastern European region that was part of the Habsburg Empire. The prize will be awarded in Vienna on April 20 by Karlheinz Töchterle, Austria’s minister for science and research. Galicia, now part of present-day Poland and Ukraine, was created at the first partition of Poland in 1772. It disappeared from the map in 1918 and was eventually annexed by Poland. Despite its relatively short life span, the idea of Galicia came to have meaning for both the peoples who lived there and the Habsburg government that ruled it. Today, its memory continues to fascinate those who live in its former territories and the descendants of those who emigrated out of Galicia. The idea of Galicia was largely produced by the cultures of two cities, Ukraine’s Lviv and Poland’s Cracow. Making use of travelers’ accounts, newspaper reports, and literary works, Wolff engages such figures as Emperor Joseph II, Metternich, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Ivan Franko, Stanislaw Wyspianski, Tadeusz Zelenski, Isaac Babel, Martin Buber, and Bruno Schulz. He shows the significance of provincial space as a site for the evolution of cultural meanings and identities, and analyzes the province as the framework for non-national and multi-national understandings of empire in European history. Wolff, director of NYU’s Center for European and Mediterranean Studies, has also authored: Venice and the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment; Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment; and The Vatican and Poland in the Age of the Partitions: Diplomatic and Cultural Encounters at the Warsaw Nunciature, as well as the forthcoming Paolina’s Innocence: Child Abuse in Casanova’s Venice, among other works. In addition, he wrote the introduction to Leopold von Sacher-Masoch’s Venus in Furs, a Galician novella and the inspiration for the Broadway play of the same name. A professor in NYU’s Department of History, Wolff, who holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University, was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003. Type: Press Release Press Contact: James Devitt \| (212) 998-6808	23,624
True or Not? Myth: Plug-in vehicles don’t have enough range Fact: The average American drives less than 40 miles per day. Battery electric vehicles have a range of at least double that, and plug-in hybrids can travel at least 300 miles on a combination of electricity and gasoline. Myth: EVs are only good for short distance trips Fact: Since the average American drives less than 40 miles per day, and electric vehicles have a range of at least double that, everyday driving needs can easily be met with a PEV. For drivers who need to travel further, plug-in hybrids provide greater range flexibility at 300+ miles on a combination of electricity and gasoline. Myth: There is not enough public charging Fact: The majority of PEV charging is done at home, so public charging isn’t as important as many people think. Still, a robust effort to install public charging in California is underway, and that includes DC Fast Charger stations that can charge up to 80% in just 30 minutes. At the end of 2011, there were more than 1,100 public chargers installed in California – and that is expected to grow exponentially for the next several years. Myth: Plug-ins will crash the electrical grid Fact: Most electric car charging will happen during off-peak times, so this is very unlikely to happen. The Nissan LEAF draws a modest 3.3 kilowatts – you can compare that to your 4.4 kilowatt clothes dryer. Myth: EVs are too expensive Fact: While the Tesla Roadster or Porsche 918 Spyder might be a little pricey, most PEVs are falling in the very competitive range of high $20k - $30k after tax breaks. Federal tax credits combined with California’s clean vehicle rebates, and various local incentives can make PEVs extremely affordable. Not to mention that the operating cost of an PEV is much lower and electricity is quite a bit cheaper than gasoline. Myth: It takes a long time to charge an EV Fact: If you are asleep, it probably doesn't really matter that it takes 4 - 6 hours to fully charge your PEV. At night is when most people do their charging, and conveniently, that’s also when electricity rates are at their lowest. If you need a top-off during the day, chargers are conveniently located in places where people tend to spend lots of time – such as shopping malls, parking lots, and places people work. Myth: It costs $15,000 to replace a battery after a couple years Fact: The Nissan LEAF and Chevy Volt have an 8-year/100,000 mile warranty which includes battery replacement. Great manufacturer warranties are typically part of the PEV package, so if battery replacement is something you’re worried about, take comfort in knowing you’ll not likely be the one paying for it. If you tend to keep your cars for many years, it’s more likely you’ll replace a few battery cells, rather than the entire battery. Myth: You can’t recycle the batteries and they are bad for the environment Fact: Batteries made of lithium are not toxic, and since batteries contain valuable metals, they can be recycled and have a high residual value in the secondary market. Used PEV batteries can also be used by utility providers as energy storage. Myth: Electric cars are untested technology Fact: Electric cars have been around since the mid-19th century, and were actually a lot more common than gasoline cars back then. The return of electric cars in the 1990’s has given the auto industry more than 20 years to perfect the technology. Between the auto industry’s PEV work and the infiltration of many other battery-powered technologies in daily societal use (cell phones, laptops, etc.), it’s safe to say batteries are pretty well tested. Myth: EVs are dangerous to pedestrians Fact: Advancements are happening across all vehicle types that are changing what we’re used to hearing and seeing on the streets. Today’s car companies have spent millions of dollars to quiet down their internal combustion gasoline engines – silencing them nearly to the sound level that electric vehicles naturally have. Meanwhile, manufacturers are working to make PEVs noisier, with artificial sounds that alert pedestrians of oncoming traffic. Between the two efforts, it’s likely there won’t be much difference in noise between the technologies, and we should probably prepare for a new reality of quieter streets.	212,890
In 2012, a Japanese man was allowed to take a supervised tour of the secretive country of North Korea, we’ve reported some of his observations about their fine dining, public transportation, and more. And now we bring you coverage of one of the most unique tourist spots in the world: the only currently captured United States Navy Ship, the USS Pueblo. Our correspondent’s tour guide and government appointed escort took him to the ship moored in Pyongyang where the guide told him “even today, America continues to beg the ship be returned.” Throughout the ship bullet holes are clearly marked, hoping to be seen as clear evidence of a violent struggle as the ship was taken and lend support to North Korea’s claim that the Pueblo was actually a warship rather than the observation ship that the US maintains it was. There was also an old man who was said to be a veteran of this “battle” and told the story of how the boat came into North Korean waters and was subsequently captured leaving one crew member dead and the rest prisoners. A video in Japanese could also be seen outlining the heroic deeds of North Korean sailors against the “savage” Americans. “I’ve always had my suspicions about the North Koreans, so as I listened to their stories I had a hard time buying all of it. The tour guide and escort were both very kind, but I still could shake this doubt coming from somewhere inside me. As a Japanese person I have a long history of not believing their actions, but I’m also willing to change my tune if they start doing honest things from now on. I think it’s not only the Japanese who feel this way either. After giving it a lot of thought though I still can’t trust everything they are telling me.” (Japanese visitor’s account) The Japanese people may be the ones who wear their distrust on their sleeves the most. Japan’s news outlets all have bluntly referred to North Korea’s recent rocket program with the word “missile.” As politically incorrect as that may be, it probably is what most people in the world are thinking to themselves. Photo’s and Story Courtesy of rocketnews24 • related story - North Korean Souvenirs Unwelcome in Japan, Travelers Must Throw Everything Away - A North Korean Wearing Pink Discovered Over 100 Meters Under Pyongyang - North Korean Gasoline-Baked Clams Taste Great, Could Reinvent BBQ As We Know It [ Read in Japanese ]	91,865
While roaches may not be among nature’s deepest thinkers, jewel wasps (Ampulex compressa, pictured below) pull off an impressive level of control by stinging the cockroach. The wasp walks the roach to the wasp’s nest, lays an egg on the roach, and the roach remains inside the nest and allows itself to be eaten by baby wasps. Importantly, the cockroach isn’t dying or immobilized or paralyzed – it just isn’t running away. (Video below, from supplementary material for this article.) Obviously the wasp is injecting some sort of complex chemical cocktail in its venom, but what does it do to the roach’s nervous system? Gal and Libersat perform a series of experiments to pinpoint just how the wasp venom is working. The wasp stings near the front end of the cockroach, where there are two major cluster of neurons: the brain (which gets called the supra-esophageal ganglion here) and the sub-esophageal ganglion (or, as some countries foppishly call it, the sub-oesophageal ganglion). The brain sits ahead of the “throat,” as it were, and the sub-esophageal ganglion sits just behind it. Intuitively, you’d expect that the wasp would be targeting the roach’s brain. When we think of the place that actions are started, that’s what we think of. But this is a somewhat backbone-centric view of things, as most invertebrates have taken an “eggs in many baskets” approach to their nervous systems: they’re less concentrated in one place. It was already known that the wasps do sting the brain, but do they also work their hoodoo on the sub-esophageal ganglion? Gal and Libersat first showed that when they removed the sub-esophageal ganglion from a cockroach, wasps given the opportunity to sting it took much, much longer compared to control. They interpret this as the wasp “looking” for its target, and it just keeps digging around in the roach’s body, looking for the missing neural tissue. Then, they showed in intact roaches that placing a small drop of venom on the sub-esophageal ganglion significantly impaired the cockroach’s walking and escape running. When the venom was placed on the brain, though, there was no difference in behaviour compared to the control animals. Not only did they see behaviour of whole animals depressed, when Gal and Libersat recorded from isolated sub-esophageal ganglia in a dish, they saw a significant decline in both spontaneous spiking, and spiking elicited by either wind or touch. And, as anyone who’s ever tried to hit a cockroach knows, these animals are very sensitive to wind and touch are normally very effective at running away from them. It looks like the initial movement away from these stimuli is not broken, but the normal running afterwards is messed up by the venom. All of these experiments suggest that the sub-esophageal ganglion is really critical for the wasp’s mind control trick. This region is probably involved in controlling the initiation of voluntary locomotion (much like some of the command neurons in crayfish I wrote about a while ago). But if so much of the wasp’s strange hypnotic power is exerted by controlling the sub-esophageal ganglion, the authors can only speculate on this: why does the wasp sting the roach’s brain? Gal, R., & Libersat, F. (2010). A Wasp Manipulates Neuronal Activity in the Sub-Esophageal Ganglion to Decrease the Drive for Walking in Its Cockroach Prey PLoS ONE, 5 (4) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010019 Photo by TGIGreeny on Flickr, used under a Creative Commons license.	51,745
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority’s (VTA) approved a contract for the purchase of 35 40-foot Gillig LLC buses powered by hybrid diesel-electric technology. Fifteen of the new buses will operate in regular service while 20 will operate on VTA’s popular Express service routes. The buses will be equipped with reclining seats, reading lights, luggage racks and free Wi-Fi. VTA’s current 425-bus fleet includes vehicles that have reached their useful lifespan with more than 600,000 miles on them and have been in operation for more than 16 years. With this new addition of buses, VTA will have converted one-third of its fleet to clean-energy vehicles, enhancing VTA’s bus operations that already achieves 90% on-time reliability and 99.7% service delivery. The new buses are anticipated to have 25% better fuel economy, similar to the results VTA is experiencing with the 90, 40-foot hybrid Gillig vehicles first introduced into its fleet in November 2010. “We’ve been very pleased with the fuel-efficiency savings and performance of the hybrid buses. Each new bus we receive allows us to replace 14 year old less efficient buses with state of the art, environmentally and community friendly buses,” said Michael Hursh, VTA’s chief operating officer. “Our customers are benefiting from the reliability of these buses and we are seeing near 100% service delivery which meets our goal to improve service and keep our customers satisfied.” The purchase of the 35 Gillig buses totals $27 million and is funded by a Federal Transit Administration grant, State Prop 1B money and local 2000 Measure A funds. The new buses are expected to be in circulation by Fiscal Year 2015.	224,301
Title: ¡Antifascistas de Todas las Ideologias! Title translation: Antifascists of All Ideologies! Author/Publisher Group: Partido Comunista de España (Sector Este) / Célula 34 Place of Publication: Madrid Publication Date: c. 1936-1939 "We know that unity is the foundation of victory; because of this we want that we, all workers, fight united under the banner of only one proletariat Party. The Single Party, the goal of our forces, has been the solid foundation where the pillars of our next triumph sit. United we will conquer and together we will build a Spain happy and free from all oppression, without that no one would be able to snatch away the integrity of our Country, because fascism will lose the decisive battle in the war with our unity." "	149,849
How do we improve Indianapolis schools and preschools? Afternoons with Amos turned itself into a special two hour Town Hall where listeners could share their views on making both K-12 and preschool better for African-American and all children. The special broadcast was part of the effort by What’s Possible Indy a collaboration wit between the Indianapolis Public Schools and the Mayor’s Office to engage Indianapolis residents to share, franky, their views on three critical questions. What is a Great School and how do we insure a great school for every child? How can we ensure every child has access to a high quality preschool experience? How can we ensure all neighborhoods have equal access to outstanding schools. In studio during the program was IPS Supt. Dr. Eugene White and Deputy mayor for Education Jason Kloth. Also participating United Way CEO Ellen Annala; Karega Rausch, Stand for Children/Indiana; Andrea Neely, UNCF/Indiana; David Harris, CEO The Mind Trust; Mark Russell, Indianapolis Urban League; Carole Craig, Indianapolis NAACP. Hear the full program and the many great suggestions for listeners and community. Or click the website below to share your views on this critical issue. Hour 1 of the Special Education Town Hall. Runs 59 Minutes. Hour 2 of the Special Education Town Hall. Runs 44 Minutes. ©2012 WTLC/Radio One.	147,979
Hazard Mitigation Plan: For information about our Hazard Mitigation Plan, please use the link at left The Town of Richmond has completed a certification within the State of Rhode Island’s Municipal Resilience Program (MRP). As part of that certification, the Rhode Island Infrastructure Bank (RIIB) and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) provided the Town with a community-driven process to assess current hazard and climate change impacts and to surface projects, plans, and policies for improved resilience. The Town wishes to thank its residents, stakeholders, and partnering agencies and organizations who participated in this important process of prioritizing resilience actions for the Town of Richmond. A link to the Richmond Community Resilience Building Summary of Findings can be found here During a natural disaster such as a flood or hurricane, the Town of Richmond’s Emergency Management team will respond. You can take steps to prepare yourself and your family for an unexpected event. Being prepared at home is important so that you can help ensure the health and safety of your family during an emergency or disaster. Make a Family Plan Choose Two Places to Meet - Right outside your home in case of a sudden emergency. - Outside your neighborhood, in case you cannot return home or are asked to evacuate. Plan What to Do if You Have to Evacuate Decide where you would go and what route you would take to get there. Keep in mind that an evacuation may occur during the day when family members are at work or school. Its important to have a plan in the event phones are not working properly so that you can reconnect with your family. Know your local evacuation route and where your emergency shelters are located. Richmond's emergency shelter is located at Chariho Middle School, 455B Switch Rd, Wood River Junction Plan Ahead for Your Pets Pets are not allowed in all shelters. Make a list of pet-friendly hotels / motels or make arrangements with a friend or family member that lives outside of your town. Assemble an Emergency Supplies Kit You need to have an emergency supplies kit in the event you have to evacuate on short notice or you are told to shelter in place. Make sure to plan for pets or any family member that have special needs. See how to build an emergency supplies kit (PDF). Know the Hazards or Risk Around You Identify the potential hazards in your area (PDF). Severe winter weather, thunderstorms, hurricanes, and flooding are natural disasters that can occur in our area. Each of these disasters can cause power outages and disrupt our day-to-day routines.	130,560
Machines and people Mota’s utilizes highly automated manufacturing in all phases of production: Robotic automation is integrated in the Aluminum casting process Machining is via CNC machines including operation beyond standard shifts Tubestack manufacturing employs automated processes for nearly all steps Mota invests heavily in the early stages of the development process, not only from a design standpoint, but also with a focus on simulation of the manufacturing and assembly steps to ensure its designs are the most cost effective to produce. Experience Allows Flexibility Mota’s broad experience and up-front focus on design, process and quality have allowed it to bring a variety of new solutions to meet the various needs of our customers: - Most efficient and reliable design is always the primary focus - Many solutions achieve simplicity by integrating multiple components or features of the cooling system into a single unit (thermostats, sensors, pressure valves, by-pass, etc) - Mota’s production and quality control process focuses on eliminating unnecessary costs - Mota’s flexible production systems make it capable of supporting limited volume runs with the highly fluctuating delivery requirements that some markets require. Since the creation of the company, the General Managing policy has always been to acquire automated production tools in order to combine: – Quality, productivity. The labour force in the company must remain available in order to take part at every moment to the manufacturing process improvement. Permanent control of the production In the plant, the NC machines have removed the burden of tedious, repetitive tasks and therefore allow the workers to be fully available to follow up the process operations and make sure that there is no malfunction.	39,749
Saturday, February 23, 2013 WHAT: Originally intended by Murnau to be entitled Our Daily Bread, this film was substantially altered by the Fox Studio without the director's involvement, and released as City Girl, in both part-talkie and silent versions. Only the silent version remains extant, and although it's certainly the Murnau film that feels the most like other Hollywood films (it fits snugly into a tradition of films involving women uprooted by marriage and placed into a more traditional, rural setting, also including Mantrap, The Canadian, The Wind, and A House Divided, just to name a few from the late twenties or early thirties that I've seen or written about in the past several months) it retains quite a bit of the director's inherent poetry. It's not that strange that a certain minority Murnau fans even prefer it to his canonized masterpiece Sunrise, which it invites comparisons to as it reverses the latter's scenario in a few crucial ways. WHERE/WHEN: Program starts 7:30 PM tonight only at the Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum in Fremont. WHY: If you were among the several hundred people who watched the San Francisco Silent Film Festival presentation of Faust a week ago, your reaction to Murnau's final film shot in his homeland of Germany, may have been something along the lines of "More! Now!" (Yes, that's basically how the director's name is pronounced). If so, you didn't have to wait too long. HOW: With a pair of short comedies, the animated Big Chief Koko and the live-action Isn't Life Terrible, all on 16mm prints, with live music by Jon Mirsalis (a great podcast interview with Mirsalis is found here by the way).	285,205
Here’s a recipe that is a sure-fire winner. Start with a hit musical written by one of Broadway’s all-time greats, have it performed by a top-flight theater company and then stage the show in a beautiful outdoor theater in one of the country’s most highly-acclaimed garden attractions. That’s just what the Brandywiners, Ltd. has cooking for the next two weekends. Every summer, the company presents a large-scale musical production at Longwood Gardens and contributes the proceeds to cultural, educational and civic causes throughout the Delaware Valley. This year’s production is the timeless musical favorite “Annie Get Your Gun.” The show will be performed July 25, 26 and 27 and August 1, 2 and 3 at 8:30 p.m. each night at the Open Air Theatre. Originally produced in 1946, “Annie Get Your Gun” starred Ethel Merman and played for 1,147 performances at the Imperial Theater on Broadway. In 1999, the show was revived at the Martin Beck Theatre with Bernadette Peters in the lead role. The fictional story is loosely based on the life of Annie Oakley, who was a sharpshooter who starred in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. It focuses on her romance with another sharpshooter — Frank Butler. In this production, Rebecca Buswell Kotsifas plays Annie and Robert Welch plays Frank Butler. The lively musical featured a number of songs that have become classics, including “There’s No Business Like Show Business,” “You Can’t Get a Man with a Gun,” “Doin’ What Comes Natur’lly,” “They Say It’s Wonderful,” and “Anything You Can Do.” Tickets for the Brandywiners, Ltd. production of “Annie Get Your Gun” include admission to LongwoodGardens beginning at 9 a.m. on the day of performance as well as a spectacular fountain display immediately following the show. What: The Brandywiners, Ltd. production of “Annie Get Your Gun” When: July 25, 26 and 27 and August 1, 2 and 3 - 8:30 p.m. each night Where: Longwood Gardens, Route 1, Kennett Square Tickets: $28 - price includes gardens admission Information: 800-338-6965 or www.brandywiners.org	36,668
Mumbai is one of the India city. It is located at the longitude of 72.807655 and latitude of 18.947655. Nanded is a India city located at the longitude of 77.277655 and latitude of 19.157655 . The total distance between Mumbai and Nanded is 470 KM (kilometers) and 477.51 meters. The mile based measurement distance is 292.3 miles Mumbai direction from Nanded:Mumbai is located nearly west side to Nanded. Travel duration from Mumbai to Nanded is around 9.41 Hours if your travel speed is 50 KM per Hour. Nanded travelers are welcome to visit our travel driving direction page for detail information with road map. Traveling from Mumbai to Nanded is connected by more than one route. Soon you may expect those various travel routes to reach Nanded. mumbai travel guide provides the travel distance guide from mumbai and the following cities; distance between Mumbai and Goa, distance between Mumbai and Gokarna, distance between Mumbai and Gondia, distance between Mumbai and Gorakhpur, distance between Mumbai and Gothenburg.	111,195
I am a traveller, I love travelling to places and it really gives me a lot of pleasure. There are some people who travel for the sake of pleasure. Corruption and cheating have become institutionalised and more dangerously are well developed habits. A person can escape from his daily routine and worries by travelling. Traveling or seeing places is an important part of our. I believe in pleasure, and in guilt, just not the two together. An essay about travel must consist of: Travelling also boosts our national economy and the development of tourism industry. When the time comes, this is a conversation I would like to have with my son about how he looks at women. Further, an unusual or off- beat essay is an excellent way to show your creativity. With Pain Comes Pleasure Misadventures. Student Essay Tips - Furman University. Essays on travelling is pleasurable, Custom paper Academic Service Some people believe that travelling alone really benefits in learning a country' s culture and experience, while others believe it is better to travel with someone you. The Bible is a lot of things to a lot of people, but to Christians, especially, it is a source of inspiration and a guide to daily living. We think it is highly unethical to put reputation of our customers under question. Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology. To do this, you first need to visit our order page, enter assignment criteria, click "Proceed to Payment", and call us when on the payment page. So you say to yourself, on one hand there is Blackpool and on the other there is Australia. Of course, travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way, but it is the most expensive too. An essay like this should inspire and teach others. A traveler should taste the local food of the place he is visiting. Essay about personal statement plan structure the fashion industry essay selfie introduction paragraph in essay writing rights 20 essay topic knowledge is power essay reading book comprehension outline example for essay family my motorcycle essay weekend short the markets essay with examples having a university degree essay research, writing introduction analytical essay persuasive damage environment essay writing in telugu. Having a university degree essay research child creative writing on my mother. Essay on education minister, uk academic writing service, business plan writers victoria. Essays of Travel, by Robert Louis Stevenson - Project Gutenberg enjoyment or satisfaction derived from what is to one' s liking; gratification; delight. Worldly or frivolous enjoyment: New areas are dangerous. Online dissertation and thesis japanese My first friend essay toy Sociology a science essay deviance Summary research paper darth maul personality essay topics great gatsby essay about personal statement plan structure??????? And, finally, there are two different sorts of hearing: The business people are made aware of the natural products of different countries by travelling. Different situations call for different actions and different methods. This essay has been submitted by a student. A cause or source of enjoyment or delight: People from all over the world travel long distances just to feast their eyes on the beauties of these areas. Nowadays people travel not only for pleasure but also on business.One of the principal values of travelling iWorld’s Largest Collection of Essays! Pu s that, it breaks the monotony of life and work. Life, for most people, is a mad rush from one place to another, from one activity to another, trying to gather as much as possible. Short Essay on the Importance of Travelling. Essay about travelling is pleasurable - Essay about. Travel some more— actually, we would travel less but now our travel would. Travelling is a pleasure. Most Important Thing in Travelling; Subjects Type of papers Show. Most Important Thing in Travelling I believe that your work is exceptional and I highly appreciate your assistance in writing my essay. Now it will certainly meet the expectations of my professor! Paul, CO. Travelling has great educational value. It increases the frontiers of our knowledge. While travelling, a person comes across people of different races, religions, castes, regions, etc. He also visits different places. Each place has a historical importance of its own. Many colleges and schools arrange educational tours for the benefit of their students. Travel Essay You are supposed to write an essay on travel, but your most recent trip left you speechless? Here at slcbrand.com our skillful and high-educated writers are there to put your impressions into words and provide you with the help you need to write a spectacular travelling essay. Sample Words Essay on Travelling Mili With the advancement of transport system travelling has become easier than what it was in the primitive days. The modern transport system has made the lives of the travelling people easier by decreasing the distance by the swiftness of vehicles. Essay on If I Were a Disciplinarian; Sample essay.Download	57,108
Is a messy and cluttered bedroom giving you nightmares? If so, it’s time to get organized! Here are some ideas to help you slay the bedroom clutter monsters and prepare your room for a good night’s sleep. Most professional organizers will tell you that if you want an organized bedroom, start by cleaning out the closet. According to the National Association of Professional Organizers, you should: - Go through your closet, and pull out everything you haven’t worn in the last year. Clothes tend not to improve with age. - Decide what you want at your fingertips and what can be hidden away in containers under the bed, on top shelves, or in drawers. - Keep the closet bright and inviting, and you should be able to see what you have. If not, consider installing good lighting. - Hang like items together—group shirts together, pants together, dresses together, etc. Once your closet is in order, what bedroom hotspot should you tackle? Some experts recommend improving function and organization by removing furniture and reading materials. For example, arm chairs may give your room a cozy look, but if a week’s worth of outfits end up “sitting” on the chair, then it’s time to remove the chair. If stacks of books and magazines contribute to your bedroom clutter, try to limit yourself to one piece of reading material on the nightstand. Put the rest in the bin or on a bookshelf. Experts also recommend removing computers, televisions and other electronics. These items are considered distractions that can make falling asleep and staying asleep difficult. If you fall asleep with the TV is playing you may soon find yourself jarred awake by a loud infomercial. There is a chance you’ll fall right back to sleep, but more often you’ll spend precious sleep time trying to get resettled and back into R.E.M. mode. It’s also not a good idea to use your cellphone as the alarm clock. With the sound engaged, you will be exposed to the routine buzzing of text messages, voicemail, and other sleep-disturbing sounds. Even if you ignore these alerts they will disturb your rest. Well-known home organizer, Peter Walsh (author of the book It’s All Too Much!) has this to say about organizing in children’s bedrooms: “When it comes to your kids’ rooms, remember that children learn more from what they see than from what they hear. So if your room is full of clutter, don’t be surprised if your kids’ rooms are messy. Model the behavior you want from your children!” Walsh is also a big proponent of establishing zones for activities and item storage: “Zones help kids understand the concept of everything having a proper place. It also makes it easier for them to tidy the room and take responsibility for their own space. Create zones for your children’s favorite activities (reading, art projects, etc.). Then, get creative in labeling these areas, and get your child involved. Make sure the shelving and storage units are the right height for your little one.” Another fun organizing technique in kids’ rooms is to use colorful plastic bins for storing loose items. They not only fit on shelves, under beds, and in closets, they add a splash of bright color to the room décor. Guest room or spare bedroom Do you still have that bag of old clothes destined for the local thrift store? How about craft supplies from last year’s holiday wreath project? Chances are that these items are stashed in a guest room where “out-of-sight out-of-mind” forgotten errands tend to pile up and cause clutter. Taming this monster becomes more challenging with time. It begins when you decide what to keep, what to sell or donate, and what to throw away. The best way to start is one step at a time. Start in one corner of the room and make your way around the perimeter where pesky items reside. Then hit the closet. Use these tips to systematically whittle away bits and pieces until you have created a neat, usable spare bedroom: Pack the items to be sold in boxes or bins. Then temporarily store them in the garage or shed so they are on hand and ready to display at your next yard sale. Make a date for this sale so that you are getting rid of clutter and not just moving it to a new place. - Pack the items to be sold in boxes or bins. Then temporarily store them in the garage or shed so they are on hand and ready to display at your next yard sale. Make a date for this sale so that you are getting rid of clutter and not just moving it to a new place. - Put items to be donated in your car. Deliver them ASAP. - Destined for the trash bin? Take it there immediately and don’t look back. If you put it in the trash box, you don’t need it. - If you have items that don’t fit in the other rooms, but still to be kept close at hand, the spare bedroom is the perfect place. But you have to make sure to organize it just as efficiently as your other rooms. If your spare bedroom is rarely used, fill the bottom dresser drawers with extra sheets, blankets, and bedspreads. It’s a nice idea to leave the top drawer empty for guests, but, if you only have visitors once or twice a year, you are better off utilizing the space to control clutter. - Under-the-bed storage containers are very useful for seasonal items, especially for winter sweaters, summer shorts, and shoes. Look for multi-compartment containers at favorite stores including Target, Wal-Mart, and The Container Store. If you need a little more assistance with organizing bedrooms, try the The Container Store’s online closet design tool. The “elfa” Design Center helps you design a closet organization system based on your personalized needs. It then gives you an option to buy the DIY closet shelves and hooks or request further assistance from professional closet designers. After all of the hard work turning your bedroom into a clutter-free haven, you will want to keep it that way. Take 5 minutes twice a day to discard errant items on bedside tables, relegate loose pieces of clothing to the laundry basket, and wipe away dust and crumbs from surface areas. The result? Beautiful bedrooms that soothe your mind and allow you to get a good night’s sleep.	121,465
Vol. 84, No. 6, June 2011 Copyright rights are constitutionally derived. The U.S. Constitution grants Congress the explicit power “[t]o promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors … the exclusive Right to their … Writings….”1 Congress has codified and elaborated on these 19 words through the Copyright Act,2 which has been overhauled and amended numerous times since the 19th century. Although we live in a time when people daily read, watch, listen to, and use a host of copyrighted works, the parameters of legal use and exploitation are fundamentally misunderstood. The public’s understanding of the law in this arena, while perhaps slightly improved by cases like those involving Napster,3 YouTube,4 and Grokster,5 still remains flawed and incomplete, probably because it is difficult to shake two centuries of myths, misconceptions, and misunderstandings (in this article, collectively referred to as “myths”). This article debunks what the author believes are the top 10 myths, conveying some basic facts about copyright law to improve Wisconsin lawyers’ understanding of the law. Myth 1: There is no copyright notice on the work, and so it’s not copyrighted and I am free to use it. Although true at one time in the United States, this has not been the case for more than three decades. Copyright rights arise automatically at the moment an original work of authorship “fixed in a tangible medium” is created, regardless of whether the work carries a notice or whether the copyright has been registered at the U.S. Copyright Office.6 Registration of works offers some significant benefits to the copyright holder in terms of expanded remedies if an infringement lawsuit is pursued.7 Myth 2: If I give credit to the creator of a work, it is legal to copy, distribute, or otherwise use the work. This is incorrect because the owner of a copyright has exclusive right to 1) reproduce the work; 2) distribute the work; 3) prepare derivative writing based on the copyrighted work (for example, make a film from a book or a play from a film); 4) perform the work; and 5) display the work.8 Only the copyright owner can give permission or a license for a third party to exercise one or more of these five exclusive rights. Myth 3: If I use less than 10 percent of someone’s copyrighted work, there is no infringement. There is no bright-line test for legal or fair use of a portion of a copyrighted work. Under the fair-use doctrine,9 there is no simple test to determine if a use is a fair use and therefore permissible under the law. The law articulates four criteria that are to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis: 1) the purpose and character of the use, including the commercial or noncommercial nature of the use; 2) the nature of the copyrighted work; 3) the amount of the copyrighted work that is used; and 4) the effect of the use on the potential market or value of the copyrighted work. Use of portions of a copyrighted work for review, criticism, or parody – especially in educational or news reporting contexts – often will be considered a fair use. However, the fair-use doctrine applies only in limited situations and will seldom shield wholesale copying of the mark regardless of its purpose.10 Gina Carter, Georgetown 1986 with honors, is an attorney at Whyte Hirschboeck Dudek S.C., Madison, and is cochair of the firm's intellectual property and technology practice group. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. Myth 4: If I receive no commercial or monetary benefits from my copy or other use of a copyrighted work, it is permissible. This is a common misconception. The absence of commercial activity does not make copying permissible. Monetary benefit is not required to prove an infringement, although it could affect the recoverable damages. Myth 5: When I buy a book or CD, I own it, and so I am permitted to copy it. The purchase of a CD, DVD, or other copyrighted work gives you only the right to use the purchased copy for personal use. The first-sale doctrine11 permits you to give away or sell the work to someone else, but not to make copies and then redistribute them. Myth 6: If I just change a copyrighted work somewhat, I have created a new work that I own. Using another person’s work in your own work is a “derivative work” and requires the copyright owner’s explicit permission. Myth 7: If I hire a professional photographer, video-grapher, or software developer to take photos or video or develop software, I own the work that is created. This assumption is incorrect. In the absence of a written agreement that assigns the copyright to the commissioning party or unless the work otherwise fits into one of nine categories set forth in the Copyright Act that are considered works made for hire, or is created by an employee within his or her scope of employment, the creator of the work will own the copyright.12 When a work is a work made for hire, the employer or the commissioning party is considered the author and therefore the copyright owner. Myth 8: I can’t get in serious trouble for infringing someone’s copyright. This is clearly false. Although most infringement cases are civil matters, the No Electronic Theft Act13 renders certain acts of infringement criminal matters, such as those involving works with a total value of more than $2,500. Penalties include significant fines and prison terms. Even if only a civil infringement action is filed against an infringer, the damages could include actual monetary damages. If the copyright is registered within three months after publishing the work or before an infringement, statutory damages of between $150 and $30,000 per work for unintentional infringement and up to $150,000 per work for intentional infringement and attorney fees may be awarded.14 Myth 9: I have a great idea for a new game and will copyright it. Ideas are not protected by copyright. A copyright only arises when an idea is tangibly expressed. The idea need not be unique, but its expression must be original to the author. Myth 10: There is no copyright protection if the work is really old. In the United States, works dating back to the 1920s could still have a protected copyright. The 1998 Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act15 extended the duration of copyright for many works that were about to fall into the public domain (for example, Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse). For works created on or after Jan. 1, 1978, the duration of the copyright is the life of the author plus 70 years. For works owned by an entity, it is the shorter of 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from the creation date.16 Where to Get More Information The U.S. Copyright Office (www.copyright.gov) is part of the Library of Congress (www.loc.gov) and publishes several guides that provide detailed information on all aspects of copyright protection for works of all kinds, including literary, audiovisual, and architectural works, software, and more. The Business Software Alliance (www.bsa.org) is another excellent resource for tips on avoiding infringement of software. 1 U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, clause 8. 2 17 U.S.C. §§ 101-1332. 3 A&M Records Inc. v. Napster Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001). 4 Viacom Int’l Inc. v. YouTube Inc., 718 F. Supp. 2d 514 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). 5 MGM Studios Inc. v. Grockster Ltd., 545 U.S. 913 (2005). 6 17 U.S.C. § 201(a). 7 17 U.S.C. § 501(b). 8 17 U.S.C. § 106. 9 17 U.S.C. § 107. 10 See, e.g., American Geophysical Union v. Texaco Inc., 60 F.3d 913 (2d Cir. 1994) (holding that buying a single professional journal or magazine and making copies for other employees of the company is not fair use). 11 17 U.S.C. § 109. 12 17 U.S.C. § 201(d). 13 Pub. L. No. 105-147 (amending 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 506, 507; 18 U.S.C. §§ 2319, 2320; 28 U.S.C. § 1498). 14 17 U.S.C. §§ 408, 412. 15 Pub. L. No. 105-298 (amending 17 U.S.C. §§ 108, 203(a)(2), 301(c), 302, 303, 304(c)(2)). 16 17 U.S.C. §§ 302, 303, 304. Gina Carter, Georgetown 1986 with honors, is an attorney at Whyte Hirschboeck Dudek S.C., Madison, and is cochair of the firm’s intellectual property and technology practice group. She can be reached at com carter whdlaw whdlaw carter com.	28,732
Finance Minister Arun Jaitley today said a discussion paper on first set of tax exemptions to be phased out would be put in the public domain shortly. “The government, as I told in the budget, will bring down the corporate tax level from 30 per cent to 25 per cent gradually,” Jaitley said at an ICC session here. He said that the effective rate of taxation is 22 per cent plus because there are a large number of exemptions. So, the first set of exemptions phase-out would be put in the public domain for discussion, he said. He also said that the government is working on schemes like agri-insurance and health schemes for senior citizens. “These are in active stages of consideration,” he said.	214,879
Does the chloride level in tap water exceed the suggested limit? Is there any relationship between the color of the button and conversion rate on an e-commerce website? Did the patient respond better to the treatment than the placebo? These are the questions that can be answered by certain hypothesis testings. In this module, you will learn the 7 major statistical testing techniques in: - One-sample t-test - Paired t-test - Two-sample t-test - Chi-square test - Fisher exact test - Correlation Analysis - Regression Analysis By the end of the module, you will be capable of applying these techniques to a diverse application in marketing, clinical, social research, financial and so forth.	257,218
As with many recent innovations, the genesis of the Internet lies in U.S. technology developed during the Cold War. In the days when the U.S. and U.S.S.R. were racing to the moon, the Department of Defense created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to spearhead cutting-edge military research. Scientists at ARPA wanted to find a way to connect computers located hundreds or thousands of miles from each other. In 1969 the ARPANet was born, linking four computers at universities in California and Utah. The ARPANet slowly grew during the 1970s, connecting computers at universities, research labs, and government agencies. By 1981 more than 200 computers were linked to the network. By that time it was no longer limited to military projects. The Defense Department and National Science Foundation opened access to the broader scientific and academic community. Meanwhile, several corporations, universities, and agencies in the U.S. and Europe began building their own computer networks. Everyone realized these networks needed to trade information with each other. Building on ARPANet technology, scientists developed standards for an Internet – an interconnected network of networks. Then along came the personal computer. In the 1980s and ’90s, millions of PCs appeared in homes and offices. In 1989 British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee led the development of a system that allows people to navigate the Internet using “pages” of text and images on a computer screen – a creation he dubbed the World Wide Web. Corporations got busy connecting computers around the globe. By the dawn of the twenty-first century, an estimated 360 million people had access to the Internet. By 2009, that number had reached more than 1.7 billion.	172,312
Whom does Hashem love more: Gentiles who love Jewish people and Israel or Jews who are against Jewish people and Israel? \|show 2 more comments\| Just as a first crack at this (and there is a lot more to say on the topic), we need to distinguish between different kinds of love. In human terms, a person loves their spouse, their children, and their close friends; but each of these is of a different type. Some of these may be "a love dependent on an external factor," others, "a love not dependent on such factors" (see Ethics of the Fathers 5:16). In somewhat the same way (to the extent that we can apply human terms to G-d at all), there is a difference between a Jew - who, as low as he or she may have fallen, is still a Jew and a "child of G-d" (Deut. 14:1 and R' Meir in Talmud, Kiddushin 36a, explaining this verse), and with whom He therefore has a supra-rational and indissoluble bond - versus a non-Jew, who does not have that special relationship (although it is of course true that G-d appreciates and rewards his or her good deeds - see Talmud, Bava Kamma 38b). Fascinating question. I would like to clarify a few things. First, I would like to make explicitly clear what you mean by "Hashem Loves more". In a strict sense Hashem does not love. He being perfect does not have any emotions. The Rambam states in the Moreh Nevuchim, Book I, Chapter 55 that no change or emotion can ever be predicated of Hashem. As the Novie states in Malachi Perek Gimmel, Pasuk Vov, "I, G-d, do not change." Rambam states in the Yad, Laws Concerning the Fundementals of our Faith, Perek Alef, Halacha Yud Alef, "and He does not change, for there is nothing that can cause change in him. There does not exist in him... anger or laughter, happiness or sadness…" Therefore we can not say that Hashem loves us, that would be attributing an emotion to Hashem.	58,243
You've probably taken some pictures of yourself at some point or another, but none of them were on Mars. Yesterday, everybody's favorite currently-active Mars rover, Curiosity, sent back a self-shot that is literally out of this world. In the picture, we finally get a great shot of Curiosity's face (well, its mast) including its lone eye, which is actually the rover's rock-busting laser. It's a nice snapshot, but it didn't come straight from Curiosity in such great condition. The original picture is obscured by the camera's dust-cover, and taken from a weird upside-down angle. The cleaned up image you see above is thanks to The Planetary Society's Emily Lakdawalla, who cleaned up the shot, and twisted it around so we could look at Curiosity eye to eye. The Rover has a lot of other work to get to, and none of the rest of it involves this level of vanity, but it's nice to see a good self-portrait of the robot that's out there, alone on Mars, furthering the knowledge of all mankind. [NASA, The Planetary Society via The Verge]	24,071
On a Monday morning at the Kokrajhar District Jail, paper and patience are both in paucity. “We don’t provide paper,” snaps the jailor across a grille. The crowd gathered on the other side — young mothers and toddlers, bent old men, newly married women — look on helplessly. A thin lone figure extricates himself from the din, and walks away. Rahman has travelled 300-odd km already, and 3 more to buy paper doesn’t make much of a difference. He has taken a bus, a train, and another bus to get here. He has carried three heavy bags filled with an assortment of things: bananas, apples, salt, tamul-paan, soap, oil, the Assamese traditional gamusa, and even a sari. But he hasn’t carried paper. He didn’t know he had to. Over the three-and-a-half years he has been visiting the Kokrajhar jail, the rules keep changing. “Earlier we just needed to sign or put our thumb impression,” Rahman says, holding a sheaf of paper he just bought from the market. “Now they want us to write an application stating why we have come here. Why have I come? Is it not obvious?” Standing a few feet away from the crowd around the jailor, he takes out a pen to write his application, but he doesn’t know where to start. Rahman is literate, but inside the small enclosure, the people who surround him are not. Many are silently weeping. Many are just silent. Ali, 28, however, likes to while away time — often it is hours before he gets to see his sister who is inside — by making conversation. “D niki (Is it D)?” he asks Rahman. Rahman nods. ‘D’ is perhaps the only letter of the English alphabet the small group recognises. In Assam, ‘D’ means you’re a dubious/doubtful voter — at the risk of losing your citizenship. It also means that unless you prove otherwise, you can be put into any of the detention centres, housed in six district jails, across the state. Like Ali’s sister was, two months ago. And Rahman’s mother-in-law, three years ago. The detention centre in Kokrajhar jail came up in 2012, along with the one in Silchar. The others are in Goalpara, Tezpur, Dibrugarh and Jorhat. In these are lodged men, women and children, allegedly “foreigners” who crossed over from Bangladesh into India after 1971, sharing space with those accused in or convicted of all kinds of crime, including murder. The condition inside these detention centres has been described as “a gross violation of human rights” by the few civil society members allowed inside. In January 2018, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) sought an “independent report”, as part of which a team visited two of these jails. Activist Harsh Mander, who led the team, later resigned from the office of special monitor saying the NHRC had blocked all queries on the lack of action on their 39-page report, which talked of “a situation of grave and extensive human distress and suffering” in the centres. At the Kokrajhar jail, a small board near the desk of the jailor, visible behind the bars that separate family members from the inmates, states that of the 417 inmates at the prison, 149 are ‘Declared Foreign Nationals (DFNs)’, 13 ‘DFN’ children, nine ‘Actual Bangladeshis (ABs)’ and two ‘AB’ children. “It is always crowded like this,” the jailor, who doesn’t want to be identified, says, breaking off to tell the crowd to disperse from front of the bars. “They just do not want to leave. We feel bad too.” The jostling visitors are supposed to wait their turn at a “waiting room” — a ramshackle structure, open to the elements. However, impatient, grief-ridden, and tired from hours of travel, they often hang around at the “meeting point”, which is right where the jailor sits. The visitors can meet the inmates between 10 am and 4 pm from Monday to Saturday. No prior appointment is needed. On either side of the meeting point are corridors dotted with tiny windows. Here a more private audience is granted to those accused of “bigger crimes” such as murder. The DFNs and their families have to make do with the crowded common area, where multiple conversations happen in parallel and bags stuffed with things such as food, oil, soap are passed through the narrow grille. After nearly two-and-a-half hours of waiting, Rahman finally gets to meet his mother-in-law, Khatun. The moment the 56-year-old sees him, she breaks down. As he hands over the bags he has got, a sobbing Khatun keeps referring to her father Kaffir Uddin’s voter list document from 1966 — clearly hoping that is her ticket to freedom. What Khatun doesn’t know is that she might be in “indefinite detention”. In 2015, a Foreigners’ Tribunal had declared Khatun, her husband Ayub and their two daughters “declared foreigners”. The case went to the Gauhati High Court, and finally, to the Supreme Court, where their plea was dismissed. So, for all practical purposes, Khatun and 61-year-old Ayub, who is at the Tezpur jail detention centre, are stuck in custody forever. Their daughters haven’t been picked up yet, but live in that fear — hence it is Rahman who comes to visit Khatun and Ayub, in turns. Rahman says that when he married their elder daughter in 2003, she was not a ‘suspected Bangladeshi’. “In 2005, her family received their first notice. Since 2015, when her parents were picked up, our lives have changed,” he says. The 30-year-old, who earns a living selling ginger in the hills of Karbi Anglong, recently built a “heavy tin door” at the entrance of their two-room home in No. 1 Barpayak Village, Nellie, in Morigaon district. “Before that, my wife would refuse to sleep in the house, she would sleep in different homes,” says Rahman. “She hasn’t seen her parents since the day they were picked up as she is too scared to visit.” In all these three years, it is only once that she has talked to her father. Rahman’s wife, back at their home in Morigaon, adds. “He was taken to the Guwahati Medical College for treatment. My husband put him on the line. He said ‘mai’ and I said ‘baba’, and we both just cried,” she says. Her son, 4, runs around, before ducking under their bed, from where he shouts, “Bring my naani back, will you?” At the Kokrajhar jail meeting point, the grandmother, who can’t stop sobbing, manages to tell Rahman she does not want any such updates on her family, before picking up two woolly mufflers she has knitted inside the jail, and pushing them across the bars. Within the jail premises, the DFNs are housed in separate quarters, surrounded by high walls. Inside, the hundreds of women are packed in a small space and sleep on bare floors. Talking about her time inside, 27-year-old Morjina Bibi, who spent eight months in the detention centre after being picked up in a case of mistaken identity, and came out in August 2017, says she can never forget the food they had: a cup of red tea (Assam tea, without milk) and a “thin” roti in the morning, followed by meals at 10.30 am and 4.30 pm. “I went a whole month without eating. The rice had bits of coal. Often, I would pick out the potatoes from the subzi, mash them with mustard oil given by my family and eat that.” For Bimal Baidya, who spent 13 months at the Goalpara jail detention centre, the worst part was being kept with hardcore criminals. “They would jeer at us. The security guards would say ‘Tohot Bangladeshi ghuri ja (You Bangladeshi, go back)’.” Last December, when Baidya, 60, was declared “Indian” by the courts and walked free, he came home to find that his wife had died months ago. While stressing that the condition of the prison does not fall under the jurisdiction of police but the Prison Department, Kokrajhar SP Rajen Singh says, “These people have been declared illegal foreigners after a judicial process. If some think they are not ‘hardened’ criminals, it is up to them. Also, they live according to the terms and conditions set by the Prison Department.” As per official records, as of February 4, 2018, there were 899 detainees in the six detention centres — 727 ‘declared’ and 172 ‘convicted’ of being Bangladeshis. A new dedicated centre is being built in Goalpara, with the capacity to house 3,000. The Tezpur jail where Rahman’s father-in-law Ayub is housed has the highest numbers in a detention centre, 268. Rahman makes his way here two days after the visit to the Kokrajhar jail, again bearing three bags, filled with fruits, and this time also carrying reams of paper. Near him stands a man with his two children, “Indians” waiting for their “Bangladeshi” mother to appear. When she comes to the window, the husband can’t bear to look and turns around and sobs into a pillar. Four hours later, Ayub, a soft-spoken 61-year-old, appears at the grille, and he and Rahman get down to business immediately. They talk of documents, lawyers and money. “It’s the same conversation — it starts matter-of-fact and ends in tears, every time,” says Rahman later. This time, however, Ayub had one new piece of information. A few weeks back he suddenly remembered the name of his high school teacher. “If you go to my school, and ask for ‘Rupraam Sir’, he will have my school certificate,” he told Rahman. “Don’t forget, ‘Rupraam’. Say it to yourself many times so you don’t forget it. Maybe this is the certificate that will save us.” Rahman nods, but he knows better. Full names in the story not given to protect identities.	153,487
Julius C. Monson Database Record Change Request \|Name at Enlist\|\|Julius C. Monson\| \|Lived\|\|ca. 1842 - 21 Aug 1899\| \|Resident of Muster-In\|\|Oconomowoc, Waukesha County, WI\| \|Company at Enlistment\|\|D\| \|Rank at Enlistment\|\|Sergeant\| \|Muster Date\|\|1 Jan 1862\| \|Cause of Death\|\|Heart disease\| \|Burial Location\|\|Laurel Grove Cemetery, Port Townsend, WA\| Julius C. Monson joined the WI 15th Infantry, Company D. The men of the company called themselves the “Norway Wolf Hunters.” They were also known as the “Waupun Company” because so many of its members were from that WI county. The army listed Monson as living in Oconomowoc, Waukesha County, WI, age 19, and unmarried. He enlisted for three years on October 25, 1861 at Oconomowoc and mustered at Madison, WI on December 8, 1861. On January 1, 1862, he was named Sergeant (Sersjant). Monson was sick in the hospital at Louisville, KY on October 1, 1862. He became unfit for service and was discharged from there on October 29, 1862. After the war, he relocated to WA. He was appointed a U.S. Postmaster on June 13, 1888 in Etna, Clarke County, WA. He died on August 21, 1899. His death record states that he was a widower, farmer, and died of heart disease. Sources: Series 1200: Records of Civil War Regiments, 1861-1900, Wisconsin Adjutant General’s Office, boxes 76-6, 78-3; Regimental muster and descriptive rolls, 1861-1865, Wisconsin Adjutant General’s Office, vol.20, p.56; Det Femtende Regiment, Wisconsin Frivillige [The Fifteenth Regiment, Wisconsin Volunteers], Ole A. Buslett (Decorah, IA, 1894), p.452; Nordmaendene i Amerika, Martin Ulvestad, 1907, History Book Co., Minneapolis, MN, p.260; Oberst Heg og hans gutter, Waldemar Ager, 1916, Fremad Pub. Co., Eau Claire, WI, p.302; Civil War Pension Index, Roll #T288_332; findagrave.com; Washington Deaths 1883-1960; Appointments of U.S. Postmasters, Vol. 58, p.578.	142,709
In 2010, digital textbooks accounted for just 1% of the U.S. textbook market. In 2012, it was 5.5 percent. And it's climbing. Victor offers a company-by-company look providing you with some idea of what lies ahead. The opportunity to extend access to technology in the classroom and at home is enticing, but school districts can get hung up on important details like providing a strong network, making sure each child has a device, and questions about around... According to the UN, there are 600 million adolescent girls around the world who live in poverty, are unable to complete school or see a doctor when they need one, and are victims of violence and exploitation. Access to information, and changing norms around opportunity are altering the landscape of education. Concurrently, the old paradigm of earning a degree to sufficiently signal qualification –in perpetuity– is changing. Learn how new types of education assessment that measure the full range of student abilities -- academic, technical, cultural and interpersonal skills -- is a real-world improvement on the artificial measures of paper-and-pencil testing.	137,162
Since Helen’s face launched a thousand ships, Isaac Asimov proposed that one millihelen was the amount of beauty needed to launch a single ship. And one negative helen is the amount of ugliness that will send a thousand ships in the other direction. When the taciturn Paul Dirac was a fellow at Cambridge, the dons defined the dirac as the smallest measurable amount of conversation — one word per hour. Robert Millikan was said to be somewhat conceited; a rival suggested that perhaps the kan was a unit of modesty. And a bruno is 1158 cubic centimeters, the size of the dent in asphalt resulting from the six-story free fall of an upright piano. It’s named after MIT student Charlie Bruno, who proposed the experiment in 1972. The drop has become an MIT tradition; last year students dropped a piano onto another piano:	202,846
Majumder, Rajarshi (2005): GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE. Download (262Kb) \| Preview Debate over Growth and Development are quite old in the history of economic thinking. It is argued that development encompasses comprehensive issues like health, education, equality, and liveability while growth is too narrow a concept. This paper analyses the growth and development experience in India using multiple indicators. Development seems to have lagged behind growth in recent times. Disparity seems to have increased in the post-reform period, caused mainly by further slowing down of low-income states. Imbalances seem to have percolated across economic groups also. This leads us to believe that the remarkable growth that has occurred recently has not been egalitarian and hence development has failed to keep pace with it. Important reasons behind this may be imbalances in Infrastructural facilities and Public Investment, as well as differences in governance. Still, developmental level seems to be higher in the high growth regions, indicating the necessity of the latter for the former. \|Item Type:\|\|MPRA Paper\| \|Original Title:\|\|GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE\| \|Keywords:\|\|Growth; Development; Regional Disparity; Reforms; Inequality; India\| \|Subjects:\|\|O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth > O5 - Economywide Country Studies > O53 - Asia including Middle East R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R1 - General Regional Economics > R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics > R1 - General Regional Economics > R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics > E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook > E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development > O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth > O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity > O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth > O1 - Economic Development > O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development \|Depositing User:\|\|Rajarshi Majumder\| \|Date Deposited:\|\|12. Sep 2007\| \|Last Modified:\|\|14. Feb 2013 04:48\| Ahluwalia, Montek S. (2000), “Economic Performance of States in Post-Reforms Period,” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 35, Bajpai, N. and J. D. Sachs (1999), “The Progress of Policy Reform and Variations in Performance at the Sub-National Level in India,” Development Discussion Paper No. 730, Harvard Institute for International Development, Harvard University, Harvard. Kundu, Amitabh (1980), Measurement of Urban Process - A Study in Regionalisation, Bombay, Popular Publishers. Kundu, Amitabh and Moonis Raza (1982), Indian Economy - The Regional Dimension, New Delhi, Spectrum Publishers. Lucas, R.E. (1988), “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol 22, No. 3 Mathur, Ashok (2000), National and Regional Growth Performance in the Indian Economy, in: Reform and Employment, New Delhi, IAMR and Concept Publishers. Mukherjee, Dipa (2003), “The Changing World of Work and No-Work,” Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 46, No.4 Sen, Abhijit and Himanshu (2004), “Poverty And Inequality In India: Widening Disparities During The 1990s,” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 39. Shand, Ric and S. Bhide (2000), “Sources of Economic Growth: Regional Dimensions of Reforms,” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 35, No. 42, October 14.	211,791
On Feb. 25, 1852, the streets and rooftops of a city just coming into its own were thronged with people mourning the death of the last known survivor of the Boston Tea Party. David Kennison was given a hero's funeral, his coffin paraded through the board-covered dirt streets then lowered into the ground under a volley of musket fire. It was, according to a newspaper account, "the most imposing military pageant ever witnessed" in Chicago. Today, Kennison is remembered on the City of Chicago's Web site as "a great patriot" who lived to the "astounding age of 115." A boulder of Wisconsin granite marks his grave in Lincoln Park and acts as a rallying place for modern-day tax protesters seeking to recapture the defiant spirit of the Tea Party. A local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution is even named after him. But there's something about Chicago's adopted son not mentioned on the boulder's bronze plaque, a detail missing from publications that for decades sang his praises. Kennison, it turns out, was a charlatan. "He was a con man," said Alfred Young, a senior research fellow at the Newberry Library in Chicago who has written extensively about the Boston Tea Party. "This gentleman claimed to live to the ripe age of 115 and said he was the last survivor of the Tea Party," said Russell Lewis, the Andrew W. Mellon director for collections and research at the Chicago Historical Society. "It's the reconfirmation of the old adage: If you're going to lie, tell a big lie and people are more likely to believe it." In Kennison's case, the lie was a doozy. Chronicled in countless newspapers and other historical records, he was alleged to have fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill; scouted for George Washington; witnessed British Gen. Charles Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown; and, of course, participated in the famous tea dumping. Historians, citing birth dates given on various government records, now say Kennison likely was about 85 when he died. That means he would have been about 6 or 7 years old when rebellious Americans dumped crates of British tea into Boston harbor in 1773 to protest taxation without representation. Nevertheless, Kennison went to a museum on Lake Street shortly after moving to Chicago in 1845 and installed himself and his fantastic story as the main attraction. "He made a living by presenting himself as the last surviving member of the Tea Party," Young said. "He displayed this little vial of tea and claimed it was from the Tea Party, and he had an affidavit to that effect." In many ways Kennison's creativity fits snugly into Chicago's history, right alongside deceitful politicians and fast-talking schemers who made up what writer Nelson Algren lovingly called a "city on the make." And like other local lore--Mrs. O'Leary's cow taking the fall for the Great Chicago Fire, to name one example-- Kennison's has stuck around. Lewis said he's amazed how much of the old man's fiction is still treated as fact and admitted the Historical Society, which first learned of flaws in the story in the mid-1970s, hadn't done much to publicize the truth about the huckster's history. "I think that the people in Chicago when he came here were so anxious to be connected to this great national event, to have this real Revolutionary War hero living in their midst, that they wanted to believe this person," he said. "And I think there are a lot of people today that still don't want to believe that he was a fake." Take Barb Head, president of the Tax Reform Action Coalition, who recently held a protest against property tax reassessment at Kennison's gravesite. More than 200 people showed up, including Lt. Gov. Pat Quinn, to rail against city property taxes and send teabags stapled to note cards to Mayor Richard Daley. "He's real to us!" Head boomed when told of Kennison's suspect past. "This isn't about historical accuracy. This is about the triennial reassessment!" Over the last three decades, the accuracy of Kennison's story has been chiseled away. Lewis said researchers have chased his story through documents in the states he claimed to live in and in the National Archives, piecing the truth together with military service rosters and recruiting records, pension lists and census data. Born in Maine, Kennison's real life was a mundane affair compared with the fantasy version he constructed. Young said Kennison spent most of his days in poverty, working as a farm laborer and wandering from Maine to Vermont to New York before finally moving to Chicago when he was in his late 70s. Although military records indicate Kennison fought and was injured in the War of 1812, those same records reveal a pattern of dishonesty dating to his early years, Lewis said. Researchers found that Kennison tried to join a Massachusetts regiment during the Revolutionary War, lying that he was 17 when it was clear to recruiters by his height that he was considerably younger. He was not allowed to join. Lied to enlist	155,286
Brain injury from contact sports doesn't just affect professional athletes. A new study of amateur athletes who died before turning 30 reveals that many .. New experiments show that the brain distinguishes between perceived and imagined mental images by checking whether they cross a “reality threshold." .. Stimulating the brain with electricity has been used for 30 years to treat Parkinson’s disease. Now, researchers are testing whether it could help restore .. Chronic drinking depletes the brain’s dopamine levels. A single dose of a gene therapy reset them, and stopped the craving for alcohol. .. Current treatments for depression after giving birth are either slow to work or hard to get. The FDA is considering a new tablet that relieves symptoms .. Researchers showed real people and a neural network the same art—and they all found the same images memorable. What does that mean for artistic expression? ..	137,326
Career Thought Leaders - topics related to lifelong employment and career fulfillment Quintessential Careers is a college and career guide that provides resources on cover letters, resumes, interviewing and networking. Career OneStop is a career exploration site that provides comprehensive information on careers including finding wage and employment trends, occupational requirements, state-by-state labor market conditions, and provides an extensive career resource library. Department of Public Instruction (DPI) - click here to find out more about the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction and job related to education. Wisconsin Education Career Network (WECAN)- Career and education source in Wisconsin. Wilenet.org - Administered by the Wisconsin Dept. of Justice to provide information regarding law enforcement employment, standards, and training to the general public. Learn How to Become - Learn How To Become provides useful ideas in getting hired for a job. Other Employment Pages: JuJu - Job Search Engine Federal Job Search Locanto Jobs Classifieds	247,666
California meat packing firm recalls 143M pounds of beef Sunday, February 17, 2008 \|I am dismayed at the in-humane handling of cattle that has resulted in the violation of food safety regulations at the Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company.\| —U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, In a press release today, California-based Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Co. indicated that it has voluntarily recalled just over 143 million pounds (65 million kilograms) of raw and frozen beef products, which is considered to be the largest single recall of beef products in U.S. history. The move follows an investigation by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) into allegations of animal cruelty and mishandling of cattle destined for the human food chain. The USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) had determined that beef products produced by the Chino, California company were unfit for human consumption as the cattle had not received "complete and proper inspection." The recall has been designated as Class II, which the USDA describes as "a health hazard situation where there is a remote probability of adverse health consequences from the use of the product." On Friday, Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer indicated that charges had been laid against employees of the plant alleged to have taken part in the mistreatment of cattle. "Today [Friday], the San Bernardino District Attorney filed felony animal cruelty charges against two employees who were terminated by Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company," said Schafer. "It is regrettable that these animals were mistreated and I am encouraged and supportive of these actions by the San Bernardino District Attorney in response to this mistreatment." The USDA learned of the possible inhumane handling of non-ambulatory (disabled) cattle at the packing plant on January 30 and has since suspended activities at the plant. "We continue to conduct a thorough investigation into whether any violations of food safety or additional humane handling regulations have occurred," said Secretary Schafer in a press release. "On February 8, our Office of the Inspector General took the lead on the investigation. At that time, USDA extended the administrative hold on Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company products for the National School Lunch Program, the Emergency Food Assistance Program and the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations while the investigation continues," said Schafer. The FSIS reported that Hallmark/Westland had not contacted the FSIS public health veterinarian, as required, when cattle became ill or disabled after undergoing ante-mortem (slaughter) inspection, putting the company out of compliance with FSIS regulations. "Because the cattle did not receive complete and proper inspection FSIS has determined them to be unfit for human food and the company is conducting a recall," explained Secretary Schafer. The cruelty charges stem from an undercover video that reportedly showed sick cattle being moved by crews using forklifts. "Words cannot accurately express how shocked and horrified I was at the depictions contained on the video that was taken by an individual who worked at our facility from October 3 thru November 14, 2007," said Steve Mendell, President, Westland Meat Co. and Hallmark Meat Packing. "We have taken swift action regarding the two employees identified on the video and have already implemented aggressive measures to ensure all employees follow our humane handling policies and procedures. We are also cooperating with the USDA investigators on the allegations of inhumane handling treatment which is a serious breech of our company’s policies and training." The USDA stressed that it is "extremely unlikely" that the cattle involved were at risk for Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad-cow disease due to the employment of multiple safeguards. The USDA felt the recall was required, however, as the plant had allegedly violated USDA regulations. The recall involves raw and frozen beef products produced on various dates from February 1, 2006 to February 2, 2008. For further information about the recall, consumers, media, and distributors are encouraged to contact Hallmark/Westland's Plant Manager Stan Mendell or Food Safety Consultant Steve Sayer at (909) 590-3340 or the FSIS website, www.fsis.usda.gov. - Press Release: "Statement by Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer Regarding Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company Two Year Product Recall" — , February 17, 2008 - Press Release: "California Firm Recalls Beef Products" — , February 17, 2008 (PDF) - AP. "USDA recalls 143 million pounds of beef" — , February 17, 2008 - Press Release: "Statement by Secretary of Agriculture Ed Schafer Regarding Animal Cruelty Charges Filed Against Employees at Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Company" — , February 15, 2008 - Press Release: "Westland/Hallmark Meat Co." — , February 3, 2008 - HSUS Undercover Investigation Reveals Rampant Animal Cruelty at California Slaughter Plant – A Major Beef Supplier to America’s School Lunch Program, video footage of the cruelty on the Humane Society of the United States' website.	45,002
One of the places I go whenever I am in a new place is the market, a holdover of sorts from my days as a street rat in Baybay, a small town tucked between the seas and the mountain. The market was and still is the nerve center of my town for various reasons. Money gets shuffled in exchange for products, gossip hops around like flies, friends meet for coffee or beer. Every market does have a persona. It can be downright in-your-face with aggressive vendors hawking their wares or as cozy as a walk on the beach. The transaction, though primarily economic, assumes a personal and even filial tone, quite unlike the distance one experiences with vending machines and cash registers. In the world of kids however, the marketplace is transformed into a whole different planet. The markets for us were sources of playthings–a pirate chest for everything good and wonderful. We collected empty cigarette packs as paper money, each brand or color denoting a corresponding value. Kids back in the day would fold these neatly between the fingers, or press inside a book or a wallet, to make it crisp to the touch. How do we use it? As money, of course. There is nothing as real as those tobacco-stained papers and, to many, those were even more valuable than the real thing. Indeed, they were very scarce that sometimes kids kept these in a treasure chest for the next cigarette money season. Bottle caps. Yes, we scavenged for them too. We gathered these near eateries and, oftentimes, the owner collected the caps in a plastic cup and hands them out like candies. We used these tin caps in a game called taksi. A square box is drawn on the ground where the caps are put. About five meters away, a line is set where players throw another cap to dislodge the “bets” (i.e., the caps) out of the square box. The cap that one uses for throwing, the mano, is the most cherished item of the entire pile. Kids go to great lengths for the mano. They would polish them until the color is erased and left with a distinctive shine, like the silver of a knight’s sword. Sometimes, kids would sneak in the church and secretly dump the cap fast in holy water to imbue it with some preternatural power, somehow wishing that an angel would guide the mano and hit everything like crazy. And well, as a kid, I did include my mano in my evening prayers too. I can go on and on with what children do with bottle caps. They can also be flattened like minute shields with two button holes at the center. In these holes a string is passed through them, sort of like a belt that turns the shield faster and faster when stretched. The edges of the shield have to be razor sharp so that it can cut through cleanly your opponent’s string. The game is really like a kitefight, the only difference is your “weapon” is right in front of your chest spinning. In other markets, such as this one in La Plaza del Mercado, the same intimacy can still be felt despite being situated right at the heart of Rio Piedras, a busy business and academic district. Relaxed and personalized, one can sense that the customers and the vendors have been transacting for years, if not for generations. There is this feeling of familiarity amidst the assortment of goods. Not only because the vendor knows the customer but also because the goods purchased resonate something deeply personal and cultural for the local residents. Take for example the Botanica. Medicinal herbs, potions, and religious icons are dispensed here for the believers. While statues of Catholic saints are on display, you can also find an eclectic assortment of religious artifacts on Buddhism, Vodou, Hinduism, Santeria, and New Age religions. According to Beloz and Chavez (2005): Most Latin American (Latino) immigrants to the United States participate in the dominant health care system. […] Oftentimes, while utilizing this health care system, they continue to use their own culturally appropriate health care practices […] In curanderismo, santeria, and espiritismo, the practitioners assess the patient and, depending on diagnosis, prepares a healing remedy or a variety of healing remedies. A remedy is any combination of medicinal herbs, religious amulets, and/or other products used for the prevention, treatment, or palliation of folk and somatic illnesses. It is usually administered by the practitioner and may involve several sessions. In other cases, a curandero, espiritista, or santero will provide his/her client with a list of herbs and/or religious amulets needed for the remedy. The client will go to the botánica with this “shopping list,” purchase the product(s), and return to the healer for preparation and administration of the remedy. If the remedy is to be administered over a long period of time, he/she may be instructed to administer the remedy at home. There is much syncretism in these botanicas. jrank.org has this to say: Botánicas that serve customers of the Santería religion offer articles pertaining to ceremonial rituals. Santería traces its beginning to the Yoruba people of precolonial Nigeria and Benin who were brought as slaves to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil. During their settlement in the Caribbean, the practitioners of Santería incorporated Catholicism for survival, as the open expression of native religious practices was prohibited. In the Yoruba belief system, the traditional orishas (gods) were associated with a specific health condition. For example, the orish Chango is associated with violent death. In the New World, Chango became Saint Barbara, the patron saint of those who died violently. Santeria botánicas tend to carry items of the orish and the clothing worn by practitioners during services. Other ritual merchandise includes ceremonial masks, elekes (beaded necklaces), drums, and other traditional musical instruments. Going to these stalls is equivalent to a crash course in cultural education. The story of commodity exchange goes beyond the shuffling of cash. What I find elegant in visiting these places is the opportunity to observe spaces where capitalism gets indigenized, localized, and perhaps even subverted: right at the heart of the money economy. Gomez-Beloz A, & Chavez N (2001). The botánica as a culturally appropriate health care option for Latinos. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 7 (5), 537-46 PMID: 11719946	143,087
Parents are a child's first teachers and their best advocates all through school. We understand that parents need information to be effective in their many roles. This section of the BKW website aims to provide valuable resources and references on a wide variety of topics, all with one goal in mind: To help you help your child become a more successful learner. Parent Today newsletter Parent Today addresses important, age-appropriate topics and gives accessible, easy-to-implement strategies through easy-to-read, blog-style posts. It also provides information to help families understand the dramatic changes taking place in school curriculum and public education. Subscribers can access the Parent Today website for ongoing information and support in dealing with the challenges of raising an educated child. Parent Today is provided free of charge to families in BKW. Subscribers must have Internet access and an e-mail address to receive Parent Today. Subscribe by visitng www.parenttoday.org and using the district ID 12023. Click below to find useful articles for: Don't forget to bookmark our useful links for parents, teens and kids. Just click on the link at the right of the page.	258,090
The impact of extensive planting of Miscanthus as an energy crop on future CO2 atmospheric concentrations Hughes, J.K.; Lloyd, A.J.; Huntingford, C.; Finch, J.W.; Harding, R.J.. 2010 The impact of extensive planting of Miscanthus as an energy crop on future CO2 atmospheric concentrations. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 2 (2). 79-88. 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01042.xFull text not available from this repository. process-based model of the energy crop Miscanthus×giganteus is integrated into the global climate impact model IMOGEN, simulating the potential of large-scale Miscanthus plantation to offset fossil fuel emissions during the 21st century. This simulation produces spatially explicit, annual projections of Miscanthus yields from the present day to the year 2100 under an SRES A2 anthropogenic emissions scenario and includes the effects of climate change. IMOGEN also simulates natural vegetation and soil carbon storage throughout the 21st century. The benefit of Miscanthus cultivation (avoiding fossil fuel emissions of CO2) is then compared with the cost of displacing natural vegetation (carbon emissions from vegetation and soil). The time taken for these effects to cancel out, the pay-back time, is calculated regionally. The effects of large-scale Miscanthus plantation are then integrated globally to produce an estimate of atmospheric CO2 concentrations throughout the 21st century. Our best estimate of the pay-back time for Miscanthus plantation is 30 years. We project a maximum possible reduction in atmospheric CO2 of 323 ppmv by the end of 21st century, with a reduction of 162 ppmv corresponding to the best estimate scenario. \|Item Type:\|\|Publication - Article\| \|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):\|\|10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01042.x\| \|Programmes:\|\|CEH Topics & Objectives 2009 - 2012 > Biogeochemistry > BGC Topic 3 - Managing Threats to Environment and Health > BGC - 3.4 - Produce models, maps, databases and inventories to assess compliance ...\| \|CEH Sections:\|\|CEH fellows Harding (to July 2011) \|Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:\|\|Open access paper. Click on URL for full-text access\| \|NORA Subject Terms:\|\|Agriculture and Soil Science\| \|Date made live:\|\|23 Jun 2010 08:44\| Actions (login required)	104,573
North sea cod stocks, heavily overfished in the 1980s and 1990s, have made a surprise recovery. Photograph: Brian J. Skerry/NG/Corbis North Sea cod stocks are improving rapidly and could be certified as sustainable within five years, according to fresh analysis. The fish, once one of the most disastrous examples of overfishing, is now closer to being certified as being sustainable as gurnard, a species which consumers have previously been encouraged to eat instead of cod. The finding was made as research was published that reveals just one in nine inshore fisheries are operating sustainably. Analysis of 450 inshore fisheries showed that 400 are either being overfished or suffer from serious failings in management or data. While the fish populations in many of the 400 problem fisheries might be healthy, no one knows the true status because of severe lack of scientific data on the stock size and how many are caught by fishermen each year. The research was commissioned by Seafish, the government-funded body which represents the seafood industry, and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) which certifies fish and shellfish as sustainable. Dr Tom Pickerell, technical director at Seafish, said the biggest surprise unveiled by the research was how close North Sea cod is to being healthy enough to be considered for certification as sustainable by the MSC. Cod was heavily overfished in the North Sea in the 1980s and 1990s but since 2006, with stringent regulations imposed on the industry, has shown a steady recovery and is approaching the level of maximum sustainable yield, the measurement widely accepted as the gold standard of responsible fishing. Gurnards were recommended by green groups and celebrity chefs as a sustainable alternative to overfished species but there are concerns about them because of a lack of data on their numbers and an absence of controls on catching them. “The biggest surprise was North Sea cod, ” said Dr Pickerell. “It is one of those that could potentially be a few years from entering MSC certification. It’s on a trajectory that if it continues then it can come into a level that’s long-term sustainable. “I would like to think within a decade we will have MSC-certified North Sea cod. I would like to put it closer – where within five years it could look at entering the system.” The Marine Conservation Society, which offers consumers advice on seafood consumption, still regards North Sea cod as a species to avoid because it remains at historically low levels but it recognises that the stocks are recovering and that there are “very positive” signs. Each of the 450 inshore fisheries was assessed against the criteria which the MSC uses to analyse fish and shellfish that are being considered for its prestigious ‘blue flash’ logo. The logo is one of the best known means of indicating to consumers that seafood comes from sustainable fisheries. Toby Middleton, commercial manager at the MSC, said the biggest problem identified by the report was a “lack of clarity” on who was responsible for looking after many of the fisheries, with too many “falling between” different authorities. “Someone needs to step up to the plate, ” he said. The Seafish report is part of an attempt to analyse all of England’s inshore fisheries and develop a “roadmap” designed to show what actions are needed to improve each of them. Despite eight out of nine still suffering from serious failings Dr Pickerell said there was cause for optimism rather than dismay. “It’s a question of glass half full or half empty. We are looking at it as glass half full because we now have an action plan. We would have been in the dark without this research, ” he said. Fish to eat, according to the Marine Conservation Society (MCS) • Cod from the north-east Arctic, east Baltic Sea and Iceland • North Sea and Iceland haddock • UK-farmed sea bass • Anchovies from the Bay of Biscay • Whiting from the Celtic Sea • Mackerel caught in EU and Norwegian waters • Mussels farmed in UK waters • Sardines caught in UK waters • Cockles from Wales (pictured above) • Dive-caught scallops Fish to avoid, according to the MCS • North Sea cod • Salmon and halibut that are wild-caught in the Atlantic • Atlantic clams caught through electrical fishing - https://tr.derilamemorypillow.com Derila Türkiye'de satın al. Hakiki deri satın.	69,836
Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) outline how projects could potentially affect the environment. Provide an EIS Summary and PDF The best way to have your EIS available to your audience is to offer a plain talk executive summary online. Outline the most important findings or facts. If the EIS is of a reasonable size, provide it in PDF format and link to it. Learn more about using PDFs online. Provide a CD for Large EIS Files If the EIS file is too large to post as a PDF, provide it on CD. Include a way to request the CD from your project page: - Use an information request form. The template is located in the CMS Template Gallery under Templates > Projects > ProjectFeedback or, - Provide a e-mail link to request the CD.	5,569
Conveyor systems are now highly advanced and are capable of handling multiple complex operations. A conveyor motor imparts the motive force behind the operation of a conveyor system; it conveys the desired motion of the belt according to the transportation need. Motors are among the important components of conveyor systems, and different types of conveyor motors are required in different areas of application, depending on various factors, such as power source, type of movement/operation, and load, to name a few. Ongoing advancements in the conveying industry and increasing transition towards automation are expected to cause a significant technology upsurge in conveyor motors. The market for electric conveyor motors is expected to witness positive growth at a steady intensity over the forecast period. The market analysis on electric motors for conveyor systems covers various types of conveyor systems, including roller conveyors, belt conveyors, chain conveyors, wheel, flat bed, magnetic, etc., which find application in various end-use industries including mining and metallurgy, construction, power generation, industrial production, commercial, and logistics & transportation.	276,532
When it comes to choosing a new bike or upgrading your components you’ll often face the same decision: whether to go for light weight or better aerodynamics. Which offers you the greatest advantage? Look at the ranges of most of the major manufacturers and you’ll see the performance race bikes divided up in this way. Trek has its Emonda lightweight bike and its Madone aero bike, Giant has its TCR lightweight bike and its Propel aero bike, Merida has its Scultura lightweight bike and its Reacto aero bike… You get the picture. Some lightweight bikes, like Specialized’s new Tarmac, blur the boundaries with aero features, and many aero bikes are pretty lightweight, but the point remains that you can’t have everything. So which should you go for, a lighter weight or better aerodynamics? When Merida launched the second version of its Reacto aero road bike (it recently launched the third incarnation, pictured below) it employed some outside scientific consultants to analyse the stages of the previous year’s Tour de France, and they concluded that there wasn’t a single stage where the lightweight Scultura SL Team (which has since been updated) offered an advantage over the more aero Reacto. Merida’s Head of Design, Jurgen Falke, said, “Bike weight is only relevant for acceleration and very steep mountains. The influence of the weight is the most overrated issue [in] road bikes.” Why? Perhaps because weight is so tangible. Pick up a bike and you can immediately tell if it’s lightweight or not. We all do it. These days we might have a vague idea of what an aero bike looks like but actually measuring aerodynamic efficiency is a lot more difficult. You need a wind tunnel and/or CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software. You can’t pick up your mate’s bike before a ride, whistle through your teeth and tell how aero it is. Merida told us that if you were riding at 30km/h (18.6mph) on a flat road at a given power output, a 2kg reduction in weight would increase your speed by just 0.05km/h (0.03mph) – you’d go just 50 metres further in an hour of cycling. And 2kg is a big reduction in road bike terms. To take Bianchi’s range as an example, the Specialissima lightweight road bike has a claimed frame weight of 780g and the fork is 340g, a total of 1,120g. The Oltre XR4 aero road bike has a claimed frame weight of 980g and a fork weight of 370g, a total of 1,350g. That means the difference between the two is 230g. Throw some aero wheels and an aero handlebar on the Oltre XR4 and the difference is still going to be a long way shy of 2kg. In other words, it’s very difficult to save enough weight on your bike to make a significant difference when you’re riding at a steady speed on the flat. Most of us don’t ride on the flat the whole time; what about when the terrain is lumpy? Wheel brand Swiss Side www.swissside.com feeds aero and weight data into a model that crunches the numbers for different types of ride profile and length, and then spits out the likely speed and timing penalties based on a reference ride. One of Swiss Side’s programs is a 120km (74.6 mile) rolling ride with 1,200m (3,937ft) of height gain. Swiss Side’s theoretical ‘average’ rider completes this parcours at exactly 30km/h (18.6mph, 211.4W average power). What difference would adding 100g (from an 8kg bike to an 8.1kg bike, with a 75kg rider) do to the ride time? It would add three seconds. Making a 100g weight saving is obviously far more realistic than making a 2kg weight saving, but the benefit is small. Aero gains are worth far more. On Swiss Side's rolling ride scenario, making an aero improvement of a given percentage will save you six times the amount of time you’ll get from a reduction in weight of that same percentage. On flat and rolling terrain it's worth going more aero and taking a hit in terms of weight. Is there a tipping point where weight becomes more important than aerodynamics? Yes. According to Swiss Side, for an average rider weight gains will mean bigger time savings than aero ones if the ride has an average gradient of 4.5% or more. So if you’re racing a hillclimb, or you’re on a really hilly ride, then shaving off the grams becomes relevant. At other times, you’re better off focusing on aerodynamics. “Ah,” you might say, “but I can sit in behind other riders when riding a non-aero bike on the flat and never get dropped. It’s on the hills where gaps most often appear so surely I want a bike that’s as light as possible to give me the biggest advantage at a time when I’m most vulnerable?” Chris Yu, Director of Integrated Technologies at Specialized – who you might have seen on videos from the brand’s Win Tunnel – says, “Races are dynamic and the calculation of which bike attribute to favour (in this case it’s aero versus weight) depends as much on the course and environment profile as it does on the race dynamics. This is something that we needed to take into account when working with our teams on equipment selection simulations. “If there is a Grand Tour stage that is primarily flat but has a finishing climb with a short but extremely steep section, a simplistic calculation would likely always point to the most aero setup as the fastest (almost regardless of weight penalty, within reason). However, we know that the selection and time gaps are likely created on that short and steep section, so it makes more sense to bias the results of the tradeoff calculation to that segment (or even only compare weight and aero in that section).” Makes sense although those are very specific circumstances. Swiss Side’s Jean-Paul Ballard says, “There are for sure arguments to be had here. However, this only plays out if it is a mountain finish stage. For hobby riders, the average gradient where weight is more important than aero is 4.5% or more [see above]. For pro riders who have a higher speed, it is around 7.5%. Once you are doing more than 15km/h (9.3mph), the aerodynamic drag is the biggest resistance for the rider. At 35km/h (21.7mph) it’s four times more potent than the effects of weight. “So, back to this question; normally people share the lead riding so one could say that the energy level is the same. Once they break, they are out on their own. If they remain on a climb to the finish and the average gradient is on or more than the figure(s) above, then they are better off with the lightweight setup. However, if the gradient is less after their break, and the speeds increase again, then they will benefit more from aerodynamics than weight to remain in the lead and not get caught.” You might have heard people say that they don’t ride fast enough for aerodynamics to be important. There’s definitely a view out there that it’s only something you need to think about if you’re habitually gunning it. Indeed, we’ve heard people put a figure on it: aerodynamics only matters when you’re riding at 25mph or faster. Why 25mph in particular, we couldn’t tell you. When road.cc’s Dave Atkinson visited a wind tunnel with the aforementioned Swiss Side he found out that the slower you ride, the more you stand to gain from fitting aero wheels, up to a point. The faster you go, the lower the range of relative wind angles you'll experience, Dave found out. Wind angles relative to the bike are usually referred to in terms of yaw. If you're cycling directly into a headwind the yaw angle is zero, and if you're at a standstill with a direct crosswind, it's 90°. When you're moving, the yaw is a combination of the wind speed, the wind direction and your speed. Straightforward stuff. “Professional riders in normal conditions won't see anything over about 10°, whereas us sportive bashers and lower-category chuffers will see much higher yaw for the same wind, because we can't go as fast through it,” Dave explained. “It’s those higher yaw angles that see the biggest gains, up until about the 20° mark when the airflow detaches from the rim and you lose the aero advantage.” It’s true that drag increases massively at high speeds but it doesn’t follow that faster riders will benefit most from aerodynamic improvements. “Faster riders generate more drag because drag is proportional to the square of velocity,” Swiss Side’s Jean-Paul Ballard told us. “But faster riders are also on the course for less time, and experience a narrower range of yaw angles. Through our simulations, we see that slower riders actually save more absolute time. They’re out on the road for longer and can therefore benefit from the aero gains for longer." Don’t believe him? Plug your figures into an online power/speed scenario calculator like CyclingPowerLab’s and see how much difference dropping 1kg, say, makes to your speed at a given wattage. As well as altering weight you can play around with the average gradient and wind speed, and also with CdA (coefficient of drag). You might well be surprised at just how little you’ll gain in most circumstances by dropping bike weight. So, that question we started with: will a lighter weight or improved aerodynamics offer you the greatest advantage? Well, in certain specific circumstances (see above) a lighter weight will help most… but, unlike the pros, the majority of us don’t have the luxury of different bikes for different ride profiles. When we buy, we have to choose between light weight and aero. We can’t afford both, so we have to plump for one or the other. We’ll leave the final word to Swiss Side’s Jean-Paul Ballard. “In general, I say that in more than 90% of cases (rides), you would choose the aero setup.” Mat has been in cycling media since 1996, on titles including BikeRadar, Total Bike, Total Mountain Bike, What Mountain Bike and Mountain Biking UK, and he has been editor of 220 Triathlon and Cycling Plus. Mat has been road.cc technical editor for over a decade, testing bikes, fettling the latest kit, and trying out the most up-to-the-minute clothing. We send him off around the world to get all the news from launches and shows too. He has won his category in Ironman UK 70.3 and finished on the podium in both marathons he has run. Mat is a Cambridge graduate who did a post-grad in magazine journalism, and he is a winner of the Cycling Media Award for Specialist Online Writer. Now pushing 50, he's riding road and gravel bikes most days for fun and fitness rather than training for competitions.	223,777
Birds Chicago Field Museum Stereoview c1905 Fox Lake Illinois History IL Q108 For Sale Birds Chicago Field Museum Stereoview c1905 Fox Lake Illinois History IL Q108: "Bird Life at Fox Lake, Ill." I believe this to be a view of an exhibit at Chicago's natural history museum, in the early 1900s. A lithograph print, also known as a "lithoview." This is a stereoview (also known as a stereograph or stereoscope card). It was one of the first forms of 3D photography. The images were captured with a special stereoscopic camera, which had two lenses - simulating the view of our left and right eyes. The two, nearly identical pictures were then mounted next to each other (most commonly on a piece of cardstock, glued on as photographs or printed as lithographs). The image could then be seen in three dimensions when viewed through a device known as a stereoscope, stereopticon, and/or televiewer. Standard-size stereograph, measuring about 3.5 x 7 inches. Will be shipped safely and securely! All of my paper items are protected in archival-safe polypropylene sleeves and packaged in rigged cardboard.	125,911
Assamese (মডেল:Lang-Assamese2 মডেল:Translit-Assamese2) (IPA: [ɔxɔmija]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the state of Assam in northeast India. It is also the official language of Assam. It is also spoken in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other northeast Indian states. Small pockets of Assamese speakers can be found in Bhutan and Bangladesh. The easternmost of Indo-European languages, it is spoken by over 13 million people. The English word "Assamese" is built on the same principle as "Japanese", "Taiwanese", etc. It is based on the English word "Assam" by which the tract consisting of the Brahmaputra valley is known. The people call their state মডেল:Translit-Assamese2 and their language মডেল:Translit-Assamese2. - উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: অবৈধ assamese-figuresনামের সূত্রের জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি - Medhi, Kaliram (1988). Assamese Grammar and the Origin of Assamese Language. Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam. - English-Assamese Online Dictionary - The Creative Visionary: Jyoti Prasad Agarwalla (1903-1951) - Assamese Language and Literature - Assamese Language Sample - Ethnologue report for Assamese - Xophura - Collection of writings in Assamese - Assamese - UCLA Phonetics Lab Data	282,107
“This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society.” – Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Farewell Address,” 1961. The other night, Audrey Watters and Kate Bowles were picking apart a new Sebastian Thrun interview on Twitter. While such activities are indeed highly amusing, I’ve been busy writing about refrigerators these last few days so I figured I would just let it go. But then Audrey linked to the job description of a Udacity Course Manager. Here’s my favorite part: “A Course Manager is a teacher, mentor, and technical reviewer in one. You should take pride in ensuring that your students receive the best possible learning experience by motivating and working with them 1-on-1, mentoring them as they develop their portfolio, reviewing course materials, and giving insightful feedback to the Course Development Team.” “Where I come from,” I tweeted, “they call course managers “professors.” But when I went back and looked at the ad again I noticed that no specific content knowledge is required to be a Udacity course manager at all. Does anybody else see a problem with this? If you’ve been paying attention to MOOCs for some length of time, you undoubtedly remember the infamous Sebastian Thrun Fast Company interview in which he basically called all of his company’s courses crap. It even gave birth to its own hashtag, #thrunpivot. In this new interview, he doubles down on that proposition: The MOOC that we created at Udacity was our first attempt to democratize education and we learned from it. Like everyone, we made mistakes. We learned we can drastically boost learning outcomes by adding a service layer around MOOCs. It has a huge impact on completion rates and learning outcomes. Many people in the industry would say, ‘We told you so.’ What, pray tell, is a “service layer?” Living breathing human beings who will help guide students through the corridors of knowledge: At the very beginning you do a Google Hangout and someone from Udacity talks to you. It’s our internal fleet of mentors [who provide coaching through the class]. When we make a class, we have a very different model from a classic MOOC. The team trains mentors specifically for the one class. I was so troubled by our [former] completion rates. When I called a MOOC a lousy product I wasn’t kidding. [With this new model] we have literally gotten a [course] completion rate of 60 percent. It would be interesting to know what the difference is between a course manager and a mentor. I’m guessing the course manager serves as the mentors’ boss. Yet some of those course managers are actually part time. Either way, if “the team trains specifically for one class,” who teaches the team? Certainly it can’t be the superprofessor, right? They’re too busy preparing the lectures and otherwise serving humanity. Do they just watch the same videos that everybody else does before they get released to the class? No matter what, this whole set up is most decidedly not automated education. It’s cheap. It’s online. But it’s not automated. People who need to be trained require money for their labor and the source of that money has to be the students. That’s why Thrun says: If you’re affluent, we can do a much better job with you, we can make magic happen. Pardon me while I go vomit. The New Profitable Non-Profit Model: While it would be really interesting to contrast Thrun’s new model with a new Boston Globe article in which Clayton Christensen (and a co-author) restate his now very old ideas, I’d rather compare it to another article you may have seen, this one about the University of Southern New Hampshire because I think there’s very little daylight between this and the new Udacity. And Jesus, if this story doesn’t give the average college professor the chills, I don’t know what will: Delilah Caldwell, a philosophy instructor at Southern New Hampshire University, may well represent the future of higher education’s teaching force. As one of the first full-time faculty members at Southern New Hampshire’s online college, Ms. Caldwell taught 20 online courses last year: four at a time for five terms, each eight weeks long. The textbooks and syllabi were provided by the university; Ms. Caldwell’s job was to teach. She was told to grade and give feedback on all student work in 72 hours or less. First of all, this: Second of all, the 72 hours or less is my favorite part. Suppose you actually want to have a life AND write half-decent comments on your students’ papers. What do you do then? Stupid me, who’s actually going to be dumb enough to assign papers if they’re facing a 72 hour turnaround time on all student-submitted work? Yes, the academic assembly line workers at the University of Southern New Hampshire get paid relatively well (compared to adjuncts), but I bet the course managers at Udacity do too. The problems here go well beyond that in both cases. No academic freedom. No research. Very little control over your own class. [In the case of MOOCs that goes for both the mentors and to some extent the superprofessor too.] These things aren’t just important to the faculty involved. They’re vitally important to the quality of the course. Happy, knowledgable teachers teach better than peons on an academic assembly line. Technological enthusiasts may be asking me right now, “Where’s your study on this?” I don’t have one. Neither do the MOOC people. As a recent study I saw via George Siemens has suggested: To date, there has been little evidence collected that would allow an assessment of whether MOOCs do indeed provide a cost-effective mechanism for producing desirable educational outcomes at scale. Gee, you’d think somebody would actually bother to study that BEFORE they decided to disrupt higher education. So why do such courses exist then? Are faculty so desperate to be superprofessors that they’re willing to act now and ask questions later? Are students simply pining for them? What if disrupting higher education isn’t such a hot idea after all? I think the reason that both these online facsimiles of real college college courses exist is, to paraphrase Eisenhower, the MOOC/online education – administrative industrial complex. “Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved”: The beauty of the Military-Industrial Complex (if such a word is even appropriate for use with such an awful thing) was that all that defense spending offered the economic benefits of being on a permanent wartime footing, but only occasionally did anybody have to go out and kill anybody. After the Manhattan Project, all those incredibly expensive nuclear weapons were never used at all. What made Eisenhower’s warning about the Military-Industrial Complex so powerful was that here was a guy who knew. The great regret of his presidency was that he hadn’t done enough to stop this reckless spending, and his warning was supposed to help prevent that spending from continuing too far into the future. But the forces that stood to gain the most from that spending, generals and defense contractors, thrust it upon a willing America anyway because it was in their interests, if not the interests of America at large. I’m beginning to think that administrators and edtech providers of all stripes, MOOCs or otherwise, have an evil tacit bargain all their own. Move college online, the deal goes, not because it will do anything in particular for education, but because it will help backfill all the government funding you’ve been losing over the last few decades. As an added benefit, it will certainly help you cut labor costs as your formally highly-paid, influential teachers can be replaced by an online army of the under-employed, or worse yet, robots. Meanwhile this revolution is being sold to students for reasons of cost and convenience. As an added benefit, administrators and their private sector clients can make it seem as if such courses will help make college more effective at solving the structural inequalities inherent in our modern economy than they really are. Here’s Christensen and co-author on precisely that point: Education technology companies and alternative learning providers — not just MOOCs — are finding disruptive footholds by targeting these non-consumers. They note that graduates from even well regarded colleges are struggling to launch their careers, make it into the workforce, or transition between jobs. Innovators are, therefore, beginning to address this widening gap by identifying what employers need and building those skill sets into their curricula. Why not just sell the college to Subway so that they can turn it into a sandwich university and just get it over with? Yet if the MOOC you’re taking sucks, why would it make a difference if you’re learning the exact skills that employers want or not? After all, you wouldn’t be learning them particularly well. Even if the MOOC you’re taking didn’t suck, the fact that so many people can learn those skills at the same time will only drive down the wages that graduates would earn for having them. If those skills are best practiced online, our students would then be facing the same kind of job market that new Ph.D.s are, and that’s not good news for anybody. In short, why would anybody pay to have “magic happen” if they’re never going to get a chance to make a decent living using the skills they learn? If there aren’t any journalists willing to ask Thrun that question, maybe his investors should.	218,441
China has announced a Care for Girls program with financial incentives for those who produce daughters. According to Chinas official news agency, 119 boys are now born for every 100 girls; the natural ratio is 103-107 for every 100. By 2020, it is estimated that China may contain 30 to 40 million restless bachelors. Unfortunately, the proposed cure merely continues the process that helped create the crisis: namely, social engineering. Social engineering occurs when a centralized power tries to manipulate or override peoples preferences to make them behave according to a social blueprint. It is the opposite of allowing a culture to evolve naturally according to the preferences of individuals. Rules are imposed, sometimes by dangling carrots but usually by wielding sticks. In the early 80s, the one-child policy was selectively imposed upon the Chinese people as a way to override the popular choice to have two or more children. Additional pregnancies were subject to coerced abortion. The one-child policy did not seek to disproportionately reduce the female population; it aimed at a general reduction. But the states vision of a family did not factor in the preferences of parents. Generally speaking, the Chinese have favored sons over daughters, partly because the culture has undervalued women. But there are also practical reasons. In rural areas where hard labor means survival, sons are usually stronger. Moreover, daughters leave home upon marriage and their adult labor enriches the husbands family. Thus, when rural families are forced to limit their families, they may act to ensure the birth of sons. If an ultrasound reveals that a fetus is female, the woman may abort. (Improved technology has also contributed to the sex imbalance.) If a female infant is born, she may be killed or sent away for foreign adoption. Thus, the latest Chinese census shows that the rural provinces of Hainan and Guangdong have sex-birth ratios of 135.6 and 130.3 boys to 100 girls respectively. The sex imbalance is what the social theorist Friedrich von Hayek called an unintended consequence. Every act has unforeseen and unintended consequences that may determine its impact far more than the acts intended goal. Hayek saw at least two practical problems with social engineering, both of which involve unintended consequences. The first problem speaks to the nature of a healthy society. If left to the labor and ingenuity of individual members, society tends to evolve answers to the problems confronting it. Hayek used language as an example of both problem-solving and unintended consequence. No one sat down to plan the development of language. Human beings evolved a sophisticated and standardized form of communication because they wanted to trade and establish intricate social relationships. Language was an unintended consequence a tool that evolvedas people individually pursued the intended goal of socializing. Or, Hayek would phrase it, language is the result of human action but not of human design. To Hayek, when a government oversteps its proper function of protecting freedom and begins, instead, to dictate choices, it damages the dynamics of a healthy society. It prevents individuals from adapting and evolving solutions. The second practical difficulty with social engineering was the knowledge problem. In accepting the Nobel Prize in Economic Science for 1974, Hayek explained, The recognition of the insuperable limits to his knowledge ought [to guard] the student of society ... against becoming an accomplice in mens fatal striving to control societya striving, which makes him not only a tyrant over his fellows, but which may well make him the destroyer of a civilization which no brain has designed but which has grown from the free efforts of millions of individuals. In terms of China, Hayek would argue that a centralized bureaucracy could not successfully design the choices or determine the outcomes for hundreds of millions of people with whom it has not even consulted. This becomes especially true as circumstances change over time. All the bureaucracy can do is to attempt to control people by limiting their options. And, the longer it imposes social control, the more unintended consequences stack up. Part of what China faces now are the unintended consequences of a two-decade long attempt to socially engineer the Chinese family. The proposed remedy is to introduce yet another program of social engineering this time with the seemingly benevolent goal of increasing respect for girls. But Chinese social control does not have a benevolent history. Those who view the Care for Girls program in such a light should remember that the one-child program was first applauded as progressive and voluntary by many Westerners. The ultimate folly of the Care for Girls program may well be that it is unnecessary. Simply by becoming scarce, girls have become more highly valued. The issue of the missing girls has social commentators speculating wildly about Chinas future. Will roving gangs of young men overrun the nation, or will China declare war in order to siphon off her surplus sons? With a new appreciation of their importance to society, the role of women in China seems poised for redefinition. The Chinese government can best help that process by getting out of the way.	216,464
Spider mite populations can become large in a short period of time. Spider mites damage plants by piercing and sucking the contents of cells, which results in speckling on leaves as the cells turn yellow and die. Although most mites are on the undersides of leaves, the damage is visible on both leaf surfaces. As damage increases, the whole leaf may turn yellow and wither. Spider mites prefer hot and dry conditions, therefore lowering temperatures and increasing humidity can reduce the pest mite population. Clean off any webbing with soap spray and damp cloth. All this should be done before the introduction of predatory mites and insects.	247,940
Officials say unclassified U.S. Navy computers were hacked in recent weeks by agents working for the government of Iran, the Wall Street Journal reports. The intrusions represent an escalation in an Iranian cyber-espionage campaign against the United States. The news comes just as President Barack Obama and Iranian President President Rouhani spoke on the phone Friday, the first direct contact between leaders of the two countries since 1979. Officials said no sensitive information was taken, but the incident caused alarm at the Pentago since the penetrations indicate a more sophisticated cyber-warfare capability in Iran than the country was previously known to have. Iranian officials didn’t comment to the Journal, but the country has previously denied such allegations as politically motivated.	43,088
A Pennsylvania judge ruled today that the Dover Area School District's science curriculum, which required the presentation of intelligent design (ID) the belief that the complexity of life is evidence that a superior intellect must have designed it as an alternative to evolution, is unconstitutional. The Kitzmiller v. Dover trial began Sept. 26, after parents sued the school district, which had required teachers to read a statement about ID prior to discussions of evolution in high school biology classes (see Geotimes online, Web Extra, Oct.21, 2005). Closing arguments wrapped up the case about six weeks later, and now, after more than a month spent reviewing the case, John E. Jones III, a federal judge for the U.S. District Court in Harrisburg, Pa., appointed by President Bush, announced a decision today. To preserve the separation of church and state, Dover Area School District teachers may not "disparage the scientific theory of evolution" and also may not "refer to a religious, alternative theory known as ID," Jones wrote in his decision. "We find that while ID arguments may be true, a proposition on which the court takes no position, ID is not science." Thus, this first federal case to challenge ID comes as a victory for the plaintiffs, who were supported by the American Civil Liberties Union and the National Center for Science Education (NCSE). "This is a home-run, grand-slam kind of decision," says Nick Matzke of NCSE, who says that he worked full-time to provide the plaintiffs' lawyers with the history of creationism and scientific information about evolution. Matzke says that Jones seems to have found the plaintiffs' argument convincing that ID is simply a new label for creationism. In his statement, Jones specifically discussed the district's use of the reference book Of Pandas and People, of which 50 copies were donated to the district in October 2004 (see Geotimes online, Web Extra, Nov. 12, 2004). During the hearing, Jones discovered that soon after the Supreme Court ruled in 1987 that creation science could not be taught in public schools, all occurrences of the word "creationism" in the Pandas book were replaced with "intelligent design." He also said that the school board the defendants lied "to cover their tracks and disguise the real purpose behind the ID Policy." John West of the Discovery Institute, a Seattle-based center that promotes ID, announced in a press release today that although Jones found that the Dover Board "acted from religious motives," he went too far in offering his own views of science, religion and evolution. "Anyone who thinks a court ruling is going to kill off interest in intelligent design is living in another world," West said in the press release. NCSE's Matzke says that he is interested to see what actions the Discovery Institute takes over the next year. Dover schools may no longer allow the teaching of ID, but Matzke thinks that creationists may continue to promote their ideas under new names. "As long as there's a large number of religious people who take that [creationist] view," Matzke says, "evolution is going to remain controversial in this society." Still, Wesley Elsberry, also of NCSE, says that school boards across the nation will likely look to this case as a "precedence case," and will not view ID with favor. "Evolution battles continue," Geotimes online, Web Extra, Oct. 21, 2005 "More challenges to evolution," Geotimes online, Web Extra, Nov. 12, 2004 National Center for Science Education Back to top	253,490
Welcome to the Sullivan County Schools Department of Special Education. Our goal is that this site will provide you with information about our department, the services we provide, how to access those services and links to resources in the community. We serve students with disabilities from the ages of 3 through 21 years of age. We offer a range of services for students from consultation to school settings based on the needs of each individual student. If you think you have a child who needs our services, please contact us and let us help you with the process. Providing a free appropriate public education for students is our only priority. Sullivan County special educators comprise a cohesive team of professionals who work collaboratively and individually to address the unique learning needs of students who qualify for services. We are committed to educating disabled students in regular classes to the maximum extent appropriate. School multidisciplinary teams give careful consideration to the design and implementation of effective Individual Education Programs. In addition, the district provides a full continuum of special education program models: - Regular Class with Support Services - Self-Contained Classes - Medical Homebound ALL children grow and develop at different rates. A problem in one or two of the skill areas described may not be serious, but it is important to be certain. Click here to see a chart of standard developmental skills. The sooner the delay in development is discovered, the sooner help can be offered. Screening is the first step in identifying children who may need special services. Are you concerned about your child exhibiting any of the following characteristics? - Slow development - Difficulty with seeing or hearing - Difficulty with moving - Long-term health problems - Difficulty with speaking - Difficulty with getting along with others - Advanced academic talent Sullivan County Schools will provide free screenings to assess skills in: - body coordination - getting along with others Sullivan County Department of Education 154 Blountville Bypass P.O. Box 306 Blountville, TN 37617	183,401
Creation matters because God in Christ entered creation in order to bring about complete renewal. Evangelical orthodoxy has more and more discounted created things because it features a docetic Jesus whose divinity tends to overshadow his humanity and who only brushes against creation for a time in order to lift (rapture) us to heavenly safety. If Christ is essentially unconnected with the created world except to come here and save some souls, then created things can never bring us in touch with divine reality. Or, more to the point of this study, sacraments can never be the means by which God unites us in Christ. -from Leonard J. Vander Zee, Christ, Baptism, and the Lord's Supper, as I prepare a Sunday School lesson on John 6: 47-59. Docetae: "An early heretical sect which held that Christ's body was merely a phantom or appearance, or that if real its substance was celestial." Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition, Unabridged (1938). Raymond E. Brown's thesis is that Jesus' words in John 6:51-58 refer "to the Eucharist," an event which is otherwise missing from that Gospel. (Brown, The Gospel According to John I-XII, page 281 ff..) Jesus in John 6 refers to his "flesh" not to his "body." (In verse 51b, "This bread is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world.") The other Gospels have "this is my body," which to me (and to Brown) seems less literal. "However," Brown notes, "there is really no Hebrew or Aramaic word for 'body,' as we understand the term; and many scholars maintain that at the Last Supper what Jesus actually said was the Aramaic equivalent of 'This is my flesh.'" The Lord's Supper is so watered down at our church (no pun intended). We do it by "intinction" and the minister seems to say about as little as he possibly can. It is brief, tacked on at the end of the service. At my Baptist church growing up, it was such a serious event, on the other hand. It took a long time. The deacons were arrayed at the front. The "table" was carefully prepared. Dr. Angell's words were straight from 1 Cor. 11. It was full of prayer. The bread and the grape juice were each introduced separately and the minister called upon a deacon to offer prayer at each introduction. (Now and then he asked my dad to pray, and I was very proud.) The people themselves were in prayer, with their eyes closed and their heads bowed. We waited until everyone had the wafer or the little cup, and then together we ate or drank. After eating the wafer or drinking the juice, we sat there in silence for several moments, and we thought about Jesus dying for us. It was very serious, very warm, and very good. At the end of the ceremony, we all sang "Blest be the Tie that Binds." Singing that hymn after such a solemn ceremony, you could almost hear the people relax; we all exhaled in a way, there were smiles, the hymn was happy. At the end of the hymn, Dr. Angell simply said, "And when they had sung a hymn, they went out." The Lord's Supper was over and we adjourned.	70,390
Scotland, north-east England and Northern Ireland look set to bear the brunt of the snowy conditions again today as severe weather warnings remain in place. The Met Office is not anticipating any let up in the freezing conditions that have gripped Britain, with further snowfall expected throughout the day and overnight. Northumberland and northern and eastern Scotland have experienced the worst of the weather, with approximately 40 cm of snow falling in these regions yesterday. The Met Office is predicting that eastern and central Scotland will have further heavy snowfalls throughout Sunday and these snow showers are expected to reach Northern Ireland as the day continues. In addition to the heavy snow, drivers have also been warned to be prepared for icy conditions on the roads. Several sporting fixtures in Scotland and northern England have been affected by the weather, with race meetings at Carlisle and Leicester both called off. Jimmy Stevenson, clerk of the course at Leicester, told the Press Association there is ‘no chance’ of the race going ahead due to the two inches of snow covering the track. Meanwhile, the Alba Challenge Cup final between Queen of the South and Ross County has also been postponed as a result of the severe weather warnings, with many other matches in Scotland suffering the same fate. Two FA Cup second round fixtures were also called off this weekend due to the disruption caused by the snow and ice.	250,875
Highmark, Inc., one of the largest health insurers in the United States, has announced grants totaling $2 million to twenty-five Pennsylvania organizations for career development and job training initiatives. Awarded through the Highmark Local Workforce Initiative, the grants recognize organizations with a proven ability to make a difference in diverse neighborhoods and for minority populations, individuals with disabilities, veterans, or displaced workers seeking career opportunities and advancements. To better understand where needs in the state are greatest, the foundation worked with union officials, community partners, and workforce development leaders. The grants will be awarded through donor-advised funds established at the Pittsburgh Foundation, the Foundation for Enhancing Communities, the Lehigh Valley Community Foundation and the Erie Community Foundation. Grantees include Blind and Vision Rehab and Family Services of Western Pennsylvania, the Community Education Council of Elk and Cameron Counties, the National Alliance on Mental Illness of Erie County, the Central Pennsylvania Workforce Development Corporation, and Child Care Information Services. "We know that there are often barriers that prohibit individuals from obtaining employment, and to create a vibrant and healthy community, individuals need access to sustainable employment," said Dan Onorato, executive vice president and chief of external affairs at Highmark. "Through this program, communities where we do business will have the necessary funding to address this pressing issue."	304,462
The Internet is a worldwide web of people and information; it can be difficult to navigate, so you need to know the basics. It may not seem like it from the outside, but through all the sharing, trolling, and seemingly temporary conversations, there are certain rules for using the Internet. Consider this your Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Interwebz. Wherever I am, it’s at least 1000 billboards shy of Times Square… 1. We’re All Judging You. Nobody likes to be judged, but the truth is, we’re all judging everyone. Part of growing up is realizing, understanding, and accepting that not only is everyone judging books by their covers, it’s actually what covers are designed for. Every profile, picture, or comment you post says something about who you are, whether you realize it or not. Even the metadata collectively builds a picture of you; how do you think your bank knows when there’s unusual spending on your account? 2. Your Security Is Your Problem. You know how there are signs in every parking garage saying they’re not responsible for lost or stolen items in your vehicle? The Internet works the same way. Social media sites, email providers, online retail—they all do what they can to protect themselves and you (in that order) from security breaches, but it’s ultimately up to you. I can build Ft. Knox, but if you keep giving out the key, the gold isn’t all that safe. 3. Porn and Pirates Exist. You’ll never clean up the Internet, and it’s not even worth trying. In trying to suppress the Internet, you’re trying to suppress people’s imaginations. That’ll never fly—individuals may be subdued, but you’ll never quell the collective mindset of the Internet. The more oppressed we are on the outside, the more we’ll rage online. People love porn and piracy; traffic statistics routinely prove this. Stop fighting it and work with it. 4. You’re Speaking in a Public Forum. Everything you post online is equivalent to posting it on the front page of the newspaper and delivering it to everyone around you. Some people may agree, and some may disagree. You may even strike a chord with enough people to spark a movement. You can’t control what people do with your message, but you can control your message. Only say online what you’re willing to say in front of your grandma. 5. It’s Not Just What You Post, but Where. The content of your posts matters, but so does where you’re posting. The audience of a particular website may not agree with your particular message (or at least with the way you’re presenting it), so be careful what you post where. Disquss and Facebook are pretty universally used as identification when posting online, and many community-oriented sites, such as The Huffington Post, are moving toward identifying commenters to keep things civil. 6. Whether You Agree or Not, Majority Rules. Take PR exec Justine Sacco for example. Late last year, this woman tweeted a joke on her way to Africa, and by the time she landed, she was fired. I don’t agree with her termination, and I’m sure she doesn’t either, but our opinions don’t matter, because the majority spoke. The Internet is as close to a true democracy as we have in this world, so, for good or bad, the majority rules. 7. Toughen Your Skin. There are some really mean people out there saying and doing some really mean things. It’s good to fight for justice. You should speak out when you see something wrong, but it’s not realistic to think the world will instantly change. Life’s not fair for anyone, so it’s fair in that sense. Thicken your skin and learn to take criticism because people would much rather learn and debate knowledge than argue and fight about morality. 8. Big Brothers Are Watching. You’re being monitored. Everyone is monitoring you. This is not a test, and it’s not some marketing ploy (although the marketing industry is involved in monitoring you). Understand you’re not just being judged by your peers—you’re being judged by the powers that be. It’s not just in the US either; everyone’s trying to pry into your private life. 9. Keep It Civil. Freedom of speech is important—everyone should have the right to say what they want, and a few idiots who abuse this freedom can’t ruin it for anyone. You can say whatever you want. This doesn’t mean there aren’t consequences to your words; however, so proceed with caution. From your end, put forth the effort to be courteous and considerate of people you interact with, whether online or off. 10. You Should Be Anonymous. Anonymous sounds like some crazy hacker group filled with rowdy kids, but it’s not. Anonymous is an ideal supported by grown and successful adults and innovators in every industry. The reason we all support Anonymous is because we believe every human being deserves the basic human right of choosing the size of their own personal bubble. You should be Anonymous too. All photos courtesy of Frost the Great If you think it’s a waste of time to just browse on the internet, nah-ah. 15 Websites That Make Your Time Spent On The Internet Productive Featured photo credit: esafety via esafety.ie Love this article? Share it with your friends on Facebook	256,434
Ideal Free Settlement of California's Northern Channel Islands - Author(s): Winterhalder, Bruce - Kennett, Douglas J - Grote, Mark N - Bartruff, Jacob - et al. Published Web Locationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2010.07.001 The prehistoric establishment and expansion of permanent settlements on the Northern Channel Islands of southern California generally follows a pattern predicted by the population ecology model, the ideal free distribution (IFD). We determine this by comparing the abundant archaeological record of these Islands against a careful quantification of habitat suitability using areal photography, satellite imagery, and field studies. We assess watershed area, length of rocky intertidal zone, length of sandy beach for plank canoe pull-outs and area of off-shore kelp beds, for 46 coastal locations. A simple descriptive anal- ysis supports key IFD predictions. A Bayesian model fitted with the Gibbs sampler allows us to recon- struct the Native assessment of habitat that appears to underlie this process. Use of the Gibbs sampler mitigates the impact of missing data, censored variables, and uncertainty in radiocarbon dates; it allows us to predict where new settlements may yet be discovered. Theoretically, our results support a behav- ioral ecology interpretation of settlement history, human population expansion, and economic intensifi- cation in this region. They also demonstrate Bayesian analytical methods capable of making full use of the information available in archaeological datasets.	25,934
Agriculture remains one of the strong parts of the economy in the eyes of the Federal Reserve. For the past two months, Fed economists have generally given agriculture high marks across its districts. “Strong crop yields were reported, while in general, agricultural commodity prices fell and drought conditions stabilized or improved. Richmond, Chicago, and Kansas City reported strong crop yields for fall harvests. Contacts in the Kansas City District noted decreases in farm incomes and increases in the demand for farm operating loans, as prices softened in response to rising yields. The Chicago, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco Districts indicated strong demand and increased profitability in livestock due to lower feed costs. Atlanta contacts reported making investments in various types of agricultural equipment as a means to further improve production and contain costs. Prices paid to farmers for wheat, corn, and soybeans fell in Atlanta, Chicago, and Minneapolis. However, in Chicago, higher exports cushioned the decline. The Kansas City District indicated rising farmland values, although the rate of increase slowed.” That is the summary of the Fed’s latest Beige Book, but what does the rest of it say? The Beige Book is prepared by Federal Reserve economists across the twelve Fed districts and the primary focus on agriculture is in the Cornbelt and regions that have substantial crop and livestock production activity. SEVENTH DISTRICT – CHICAGO Harvesting took longer this fall than a year ago given the larger size of the crop and delays from precipitation. Crop yields remained higher than expected across the District, even in areas that experienced yield losses from drought. In general, farmers tended to sell soybeans and store corn. Pastures and winter wheat fields were in better shape than they were last year. Crop prices fell over the reporting period, though higher exports of corn, soybeans, and wheat cushioned the decline. Lower fertilizer prices relieved some concerns about 2014 crop production costs. Milk and cattle prices were a bit higher; hog prices fell, although they remained above the level of a year ago. The prospects for livestock producers improved due to reduced feed costs. EIGHTH DISTRICT – ST. LOUIS As of mid-November, over 90 percent of the District corn, sorghum, and rice crops had been harvested, while harvest progress of the District cotton and soybean crops was 81 and 89 percent complete, respectively. Winter wheat planting was 87 percent complete, on average, across the District. NINTH DISTRICT – MINNEAPOLIS The agriculture sector saw slight contraction. In the Minneapolis Fed’s third quarter (October) survey of agricultural credit conditions, 28 percent of lenders reported that farm incomes decreased from the second quarter, while 15 percent reported increases; nearly half expect incomes to decrease in the final three months of 2013. October prices received by farmers decreased from a year earlier for wheat, corn, soybeans, milk, eggs, turkeys and cattle; prices increased for chickens, calves, hogs and dry beans. An early-October blizzard in western South Dakota killed an estimated 15,000 cattle there. Drought conditions abated in most of the District in late fall. TENTH DISTRICT – KANSAS CITY A steep drop in crop prices, which partly reflected better-than-expected corn and soybean yields, lowered District farm income and boosted demand for farm operating loans since the last survey period. Some livestock operators in Western Nebraska also faced significant herd losses due to a severe October snowstorm. Farm income was expected to remain weaker than last year despite some support from crop insurance and a gradual improvement in livestock sector profitability resulting from lower feed costs. With reduced incomes, agricultural bankers reported the number of requests for loan renewals and extensions edged up and demand for new farm operating loans also increased. Farmland values rose further, but the pace of gains moderated and most contacts expected values would hold steady through the end of the year. ELEVENTH DISTRICT – DALLAS Drought conditions continued to ease, although the Texas panhandle area remained particularly dry. Corn and sorghum production was higher, while cotton production was down. The livestock sector continued to benefit from improved pasture conditions, lower feed costs, and high selling prices for cattle. Recovery from the drought in most locations allowed improved crop production across the agriculturally-based Federal Reserve Districts in 2013. While some areas were challenged from weather conditions, the majority of production returned to normal and above normal levels. Prices of commodities responded at lower levels, creating better economic conditions for end users, including exporters. Due to lower outlooks for grain prices, land values have softened and slowed their rate of upward movement. Farm income and farm debt conditions are being monitored.	138,013
Landscaping Problems that Lead to Crawl Space Water Damage Crawl space water damage and basement water damage are unfortunately very common. This is because crawl space water damage and basement water damage can come from both outdoor and indoor sources. Since they're the lowest points in your house, crawl spaces and basements are typically the final traveling point of moisture that has leaked anywhere inside your home. The rising groundwater from soil that's underneath your house is another moisture source that feeds crawl space water damage and basement water damage. One of the biggest outdoor moisture factors is your landscaping. Because water runs downhill, and because it always follows the "path of least resistance," your landscaping dictates whether your crawl space or basement stays dry or is prone to water intrusion. The good news is that there are several preventative measures you can take to ensure that your landscaping doesn't contribute to crawl space water damage or basement water damage. How to prevent crawl space water damage with landscaping? - Focus on the grade of your landscape. The grade of your landscape should be sloped away from your home, ensuring the water flows away from your crawl space or basement. The soil covering the first four feet outstretched from your foundation should slope downward, away from the home, so that water is diverted away and prevented from pooling near the crawl space or basement walls. Once you've gotten into the yard, your slope can be less extreme - just keep in mind that no areas of ground in your yard should slope toward the home. - Never use topsoil. Always make sure to use clean fill dirt for the areas of your yard directly adjacent to the house. Topsoil is porous and provides little to no resistance to water that could soak into the ground around the crawl space or basement, which would then infiltrate the home through cracks in the walls. - Keep flower beds away from the foundation. While they're beautiful to look at, flower beds next to your foundation could unfortunately promote crawl space water damage and basement water damage. Flower beds are typically made up of a large surface of soil that's porous and exposed, meaning it's ready and willing to absorb moisture that will then trickle downward along the foundation's wall. Call AdvantaClean for 24/7 Water Restoration Is Your Home Vulnerable? 93% of water damage can be prevented, request a service appointment today! How to know if you're experiencing crawl space water damage? Common signs of crawl space water damage issues include wood rot, termite damage to subfloor materials, hardwood flooring "cupping," and visible mold growth on the wood surfaces underneath your home. Many crawl spaces have exposed earthen floors, which can allow ground moisture to seep out from underneath your home and increase the humidity levels - especially if you don't have a dehumidifier for crawl space. How to prevent crawl space water damage with dehumidifiers? Another issue that stems from not having crawl space dehumidifiers or crawl space fans is the mixing of cooler crawl space air with the surrounding outside air. Without a crawl space fan, when warm, humid air from the outside enters the crawl space through crawl space vents, it clashes with the cool crawl space surfaces and results in condensation. This repeated wetting of building materials day after day provides the perfect environment for mold growth, which is what makes crawl space dehumidifiers and crawl space fans so important. To make matters worse, groundwater enters under our homes through leaks and seepage caused by improper grading, waterproofing, or guttering. The combined high levels of moisture along with a lack of crawl space dehumidifiers and crawl space fans can cause wood rot, mold growth, and even attract termites causing further damage to your joists and subfloor inside your crawl space. Most crawl space ventilation systems, such as passive crawl space ventilation openings and crawl space ventilation flood vents, can often make the problem worse than having no crawl space ventilation at all, especially in extremely humid environments. To combat this, AdvantaClean has the expertise with these common issues to diagnose your specific issue and prescribe a solution; and once a moisture source is confirmed and addressed, our mold specialists can perform a professional remediation of the mold. How to prevent crawl space water damage with a vapor barrier system? A crawl space vapor barrier system prevents ground moisture evaporation from entering your crawl space air. When you couple a crawl space vapor barrier system with a waterproofing system, moisture and water can be barred from the crawl space before it has a chance to cause problems - which means no more mold, foul odors, rot, rust, insects, rodents, and other humidity- or moisture-related problems. A vapor barrier itself is designed to resist the flow of air. By stopping air movement, it turns your crawl space into a semi-conditioned area by making the temperature close to the living spaces in your home above the crawl space. When the temperature in your crawl space is similar to the temperature in your home's living areas, your floors feel warmer in the winter. A crawl space vapor barrier system also has been known to slow the movement of harmful gases like radon from infiltrating the soil, helping the crawl space vapor barrier system greatly reduce the levels of radon found in the home. More info? For more information about how to protect your crawl space from water damage, check out our other post: 5 Benefits of Having a Dehumidifier in Your Crawl Space.	204,625
Loads environment variables from `.env` to `getenv()`, `$_ENV` and `$_SERVER` automagically. MySQL: populate database tables by parsing the SQL schema file. Test resulting databases without real/sensitive data. The PHP Simple Encryption library is designed to simplify the process of encrypting and decrypting data while ensuring best practices are followed. By default is uses a secure encryption algorithm and generates a cryptologically strong initialization vector so developers do not need to becomes experts in encryption to securely store sensitive data. Underlying code of https://wikipediaviews.org with sensitive parts redacted The official Airbrake PHP error notifier A PHP error handling library, with stackable, type sensitive error handlers Send yii2 logs to slack. Custom Target class. Hide sensitive information before sending. Document tracing and tracking. Dracker lets you "tag" documents with a phone home call when MS Word documents are opened. This application can be used as a honey pot to detect when "users" have opened "honey" docuements in shares they should not have accessed, or it allows you to track sensitive confidential documents within the organisation to see if its being passed around to users not authorised to access the documents. You’re taking a lot of notes and need a solution to manage them i.e. put your knowledge base in one central place and being able to retrieve quickly information’s, display them nicely through the browser as a HTML page or a slideshow, export them in many file formats (docx, odt, pdf, txt, …). Sensitive information’s can be encrypted and notes can be edited online. Online demo: https://www.marknotes.fr \| Stay informed, follow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/marknotes789	238,897
Bruce Waldner, M.A. - All books by this author Let's Review Series - All books in this series This review book offers high school students in New York State advance preparation for the Regents Exam in Algebra 2 and Trigonometry. Fourteen chapters review all exam topics and include practice exercises in each chapter. The book concludes with a sample regents exam presenting problems similar to those that will appear on an actual exam. Answers are provided for all questions. Topics covered in this book are: Would you like to practice taking the NYS Regents exams online and have your exam automatically graded too? Just click here to see the Barron's Regents exam prep Website. Paperback / 512 Pages / 6 x 9 / 2012	6,949
In her book Minds Online: Teaching Effectively with Technology, Michelle Miller provides a framework for selecting and using digital technology in higher education. Drawing on her experience as a professor of psychological sciences at Northern Arizona University, she incorporates classic research as well as recent findings on how our minds take in and use information. Miller will provide the latest insights from her work in a keynote address at the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Distance Teaching & Learning Conference on August 9-11. The conference has helped educators stay on top of emerging technologies for more than 30 years. It attracts college faculty, campus leaders, researchers, instructional designers, K-12 teachers, corporate and military trainers, and vendors of new technologies and services, who network with colleagues and learn evidence-based strategies from experts in the field. In “Getting into the Minds of Learners to Guide Teaching with Technology,” Miller will explain how cognitive, brain, and learning sciences offer great potential for improving online learning. Attention, memory, and thinking skills all play pivotal roles in learning, and the research literature offers a rich set of ideas for how to take advantage of these processes in teaching with technology. These approaches often require more effort from students, however, and those lacking in self-regulated learning abilities will miss out on many of their benefits. Miller’s keynote will address this problem, showing how educators can reach all students. She’ll present a framework for bringing cognitive and motivational research together through online learning designs that make the most of what we know about how the mind works. Miller previews her speech in the following interview, explaining how educators can help students become better learners. WHAT WILL YOU EMPHASIZE DURING YOUR KEYNOTE SPEECH AT THE DISTANCE TEACHING & LEARNING CONFERENCE? Miller: I’ll focus on intersections between the discipline I come from, cognitive psychology, and student motivation. Getting students to put in effort and take charge of learning are hot-button issues with faculty, and I think these seemingly disparate areas actually cross over with cognition in some intriguing and important ways. I’ll start by framing the reasons why this is such an important issue, especially for those of us teaching online and blended courses. Then I plan to present examples of how we can get students to do more of the substantive learning activities we know are most effective. Next, I’ll describe some specific knowledge and skills that I think we can help students build. These are things that we might not conventionally try to teach but that will make our students better learners. We can help students learn to study effectively and efficiently, and also help them learn how to resist procrastination and distraction. I’m hoping to leave attendees with a new sense of urgency, but also agency. I want them to believe that motivating students, eliciting effort, and building their ability to learn are all critical parts of what we do, and that they are things we can do something about. I want them to also have a new appreciation for how the cognitive side of the mind—memory, attention, things like that—actually work together with the motivational side. And of course, I want to leave people with ideas they will be eager to try out the next time they teach. HOW DO YOU HOPE CONFERENCE ATTENDEES WILL TRANSLATE WHAT YOU TALK ABOUT INTO PRACTICAL ACTION FOLLOWING THE CONFERENCE? Some may take my design suggestions or assignment examples and use them as is, and that’s a wonderful outcome if it happens. But at least as important, to me, is when people take some core idea and elaborate on it, or best of all, invent a completely new idea, one that fits their own students and discipline or solves a problem they have struggled with. I also hope to reach the campus leaders who work with faculty in many capacities: instructional designers, course design specialists, faculty professional development staff. These individuals have major influence over the culture of their institutions and the practices that get put into place across multiple courses. So I’m hoping they get inspired by what I have to say and can pass that inspiration along to faculty at their home institutions. Especially when we are talking about student effort and motivation, the conversation can easily dead-end into just complaining about students or rehashing all the things that don’t work. I want to take some of the energy around these topics and redirect it into productive, creative problem-solving. If I can help campus leaders accomplish that, that to me is a major success. HOW ARE ONLINE EDUCATORS DOING IN APPLYING CURRENT LEARNING SCIENCE RESEARCH TO THE DESIGN OF LEARNING? WHAT CHANGES WILL HIGHER ED NEED TO MAKE TO BEST SERVE TODAY’S STUDENTS? I think we have seen some real success stories, particularly in the application of principles from memory research. For example, many people have gotten the message about the need to actively and frequently test knowledge as part of learning, and this is reflected in how we set up courses and even in some of the educational technology products on the market today. But there are areas where we can do a lot more. As much as some aspects of memory research have made it into our designs, there are others—such as interleaving, or more strategically timing when we present different kinds of content—that really haven’t. I also think multimedia is an area that’s ripe for improvement. There is a rich research literature on exactly this topic, but I don’t see this reflected enough in materials that are widely available to teachers. We need better multimedia—things like narrated diagrams or really good animations – and we need more of it. Here, I think the responsibility doesn’t rest solely with higher education, but also with the educational technology companies that have really become part of the fabric of what we do. I believe there is a genuine desire to provide great tools, as well as interest in innovating, and to a certain extent the resources are there too. But we all still need to dream bigger and envision more ambitious applications of the research. Especially when it comes to top-quality media, this won’t come easy or cheap, which is perhaps why we don’t see enough of it. And so I think we are due for another big leap forward in what educational technology looks like and what it does. That will happen as a result of better collaboration among technology providers, faculty, instructional designers, even administrators who make a lot of the crucial decisions about educational technology. WHAT RESEARCH HAS AFFECTED YOU THE MOST AS YOU TEACH YOUR OWN STUDENTS WITH TECHNOLOGY? I’ve been deeply affected by research on the importance of knowing what to expect out of information you’re about to hear or read, and on having a framework set up to accommodate that new information. Your brain is fundamentally not set up to just absorb facts indiscriminately—it needs to have a question you’re trying to answer or goal you’re trying to accomplish. Or at the least you should have expectations about it, so you can interpret it and integrate it with what you already know about the world. The research on how we take in and combine information from different modalities—text, visuals, auditory, and so on—has also influenced me. I don’t mean the idea of visual or auditory learning styles; like most cognitive psychologists, I am highly skeptical of the idea that students are somehow locked into one modality over others. But I do keep in mind the power of offering different sensory modalities and ways of experiencing information. It also helps me to think about the special characteristics of seeing versus hearing versus reading information as I structure my course materials. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE PITFALLS OF TEACHING WITH TECHNOLOGY? WHAT ARE SOME OF THE BEST WAYS TO AVOID THEM? One that always gets to me is when students superficially engage with the course. I don’t think it has to be this way, but some students do seem to approach online learning with a distinctly minimalist attitude. What is the least I can write, or do, in order to get by? This is by no means unique to online courses, but in face-to-face teaching you can at least more easily get a positive group contagion going, where students see others putting in effort and are nudged toward aiming higher themselves. This is a tough issue to tackle, but continually reinforcing and referencing expectations can help. One way I do this in my own online teaching is making a daily morning announcement that talks in an upbeat way about what students ought to be working on that day, even if nothing is due. I also am a big fan of public sharing of work among students. For example, in a class I’m teaching right now, most assignments are done in Voicethread, where students watch each other’s presentations and are expected to comment. I think this can also help set higher standards and push students to put in more than the minimum. I even question why, given the technology we have now, we ever have totally private work that is just shared between teacher and student. It’s something to think about, in any case. WHAT INTERESTS YOU MOST ABOUT SPEAKING AT THE DISTANCE TEACHING & LEARNING CONFERENCE? I’m just in awe of the speakers and projects on the conference schedule, and can’t wait to hear from these leaders about their current thoughts and projects. I am also looking forward to the conversations that happen outside of the presentations, especially with faculty, administrators, and instructional designers who are at the forefront of innovation and change on their campuses. These discussions fuel a great deal of my work, both by sparking ideas for new projects and showing what faculty today are most concerned about. Lastly, I’m hoping to interact with people from educational technology companies and check out what they are working on right now. Events like these are an opportunity to see the latest products and get a feel for trends, and I do think the interplay between academia, developers, and entrepreneurs is a fascinating story that’s unfolding all around us right now.	78,587
TUSTIN – Barbra Jernigan concentrates as she reads aloud. She sounds out the word "scholarly," rolling the syllables over her tongue, feeling out the correct pronunciation. She underlines the difficult word. The words come in a whisper as Jernigan, 56, sits with her tutor, Janice Jeng of Yorba Linda. The women meet weekly in the Brea Library. "I always knew I had a problem (reading)," says Jernigan, who lives in Orange. But she didn't know why. As a child, in Virginia, she read well enough to guess at the meaning of many words, and faked the rest well enough to graduate high school. It wasn't until decades later — last July — when Jernigan approached the county reading program, Read OC, that she learned she was dyslexic. She's not alone. About 400,000 adults in Orange County – roughly one in five — do not read or write English well enough to meet their daily needs, according to a 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Literacy, experts say, isn't about intelligence. Some of those who can't read English well are adults with dyslexia, like Jernigan. Others grew up speaking languages other than English. Still others slipped through the cracks. Craig and Karen Ruhl of Tustin work the other side of adult literacy, as instructors. Their involvement with Read OC has grown in stages. Karen's marketing company, Lighthouse Creative Group Inc., works with a nonprofit every year. About seven years ago her husband, Craig, read a newspaper story about a man in his 50s who couldn't read. Soon, they were volunteering at Read OC. A few years into their work with the group, Read OC received grant funds and hired Karen to create new brochures, training materials and outreach videos. But it wasn't until the Ruhls interviewed Read OC students as they created those videos that the couple felt an emotional connection to the cause. "It was hard for both of us to be behind the camera," Karen said. "We were tearing up." The issue hit home for Karen. She says two of her three brothers struggle with reading. The family moved often — Karen recalls attending 17 schools before high school – and the boys went from teacher to teacher without getting extra help. "Back when we were going to school it wasn't noticed so much," she says. As they worked with Read OC, the Ruhls learned the tricks employed by people who can't read well. Some might choose a restaurant order by the pictures on the menu, or walk out of a doctor's office because they cannot fill out the intake forms. Some even struggle with medications because they don't understand the label. Others can't write notes to their child's teacher, or read a bedtime story. "It opened my eyes to kind of a hidden problem," Karen says. "It impacted me in a way I never expected it to." These days, the Ruhls meet every Tuesday with 18 Spanish-speaking parents at Rea Elementary School in Costa Mesa. It's not the usual Read OC format, but the couple agreed to set up a special class after the parents asked for help. One of their students, Margarita Aviles, is learning to read for her children. She wants to be able to check their homework. For now, her son, Manuel, 14, checks hers. "Sometimes he checks and only two letters are no good," Aviles says proudly. For now, just a fraction of the 400,000 are working with Read OC. Some 460 students study through Read OC, learning from 382 volunteer tutors. More than 100 people sit on a waiting list hoping a tutor will become available. Tutors and learners commit to 50 hours a year, based on one hour a week. But getting student and tutor together isn't easy. In addition to overcoming the social stigma associated with illiteracy, potential clients for Read OC sometimes face resistance from an unexpected source – their own families. Craig Ruhl says it's a big reason Read OC protects privacy for all its clients. "This is not always easy for the learners," he says. Orange County's top librarian, Helen Fried, points out that not being able to read well, even as an adult, is not a lifelong condition. "Illiteracy can be overcome." But for those trying to learn – or teach – reading in O.C., more hurdles await. This year, even as Read OC celebrates its 20th anniversary, the agency is in a funding crisis. The budget for Read OC has been cut nearly in half over the past two years, to last year's $323,448. The group lost all its state funding this year and now is funded mostly through a tiny portion of property tax bills from member cities. "We were expecting it," says Program Administrator Matthew Le of the financial cuts. "We saw the writing on the wall when we saw the state budget. We've been reallocating the workload." So the program is volunteer heavy. Four county employees (led by Le) oversee 382 volunteer tutors, and another 72 volunteers help out in other ways, such as fundraising. The payoff, say Fried and others, remains huge. "We hear about grandparents reading for the first time to their grandchildren," Fried says. "To me, that's priceless." Jernigan, the student, is learning to read because of her kids and her grandkids. Two granddaughters are in college, she says, and she wants to be at their level. She's studying to take school entrance exams. Her goal is to become a surgical technician. So she and tutor Jeng pour over practice test questions at their table in the Brea Library. Through Read OC, Jernigan learned she has dyslexia, and that, in her case, her dyslexia can be mitigated by a device – a tinted screen – that she can place over the paper from which she is reading. The screen, she says, takes away the glare and makes the words appear clearer. Reading, for the first time in her life, isn't impossible. Since she's been working with Jeng, Jernigan's confidence has grown. "I realize I knew much more than I thought I knew. If I conquered this, I can conquer anything." Information: 714-566-3070 or readoc.org. Contact the writer: 714-796-7949 or email@example.com	81,317
What Is Projection Psychology And What Does It Reveal About People? When you’re arguing with someone, it can be difficult to break through their defenses. One technique they may be using is projection. You have more than likely met someone who projects when they are angry or all the time. You have probably done it as well. Projection is something everything does. In this post, we’ll explain what projection is, how you can argue against someone who is projecting, and how to check your projection. What Is Projection Psychology? There are many types of psychology out there such as transference psychology, transpersonal psychology, personality psychology, humanistic psychology, and projection psychology. When it comes to projection psychology, the best comparison we can make to projection is a movie theater. In a theater, you see a big screen, and that’s where you see the movie. The movie comes from a projector located in the back, in a small area. Sometimes, you may not even notice the projector. Please think of the projector as someone trying to cast their flaws onto that screen where other people see it. Projection is when someone tries putting their feelings, flaws, and other quirks toward someone else, usually someone they argue with. Someone who projects will shift the blame to ignore their problems. Before delving into the complexities of projection, it would be best to get to know the different personalities of people by reading about personality psychology. What’s an example of projection? Let’s look at jealousy. Say a person is always jealous they’ll lose their spouse, and they constantly cling to them and watch their every move. One day, the spouse confronts them about their clinginess. The projecting person will call the spouse jealous for an irrelevant reason. Projecting jealousy onto the spouse is an obvious defense tactic for someone who knows about projection, but you may believe the other person if you aren’t familiar with projection. Projection can be made on an unconscious level, but other times, it’s done deliberately as a defense tactic. A politician, for example, will use projection to distract from their flaws and shift the blame. History Of Projection Even though, Wilhelm Wundt is the father of modern psychology, the first modern psychologist to point out projection was Freud. He believed that every thought, desire, and feeling could be projected to another person if you could not accept their reality. The concept of projection has been constantly revised since it was first discovered. Everyone has their theory of projection, but the gist is that people will use projection to shift the blame. Why Do People Project? The biggest reason, conscious or unconscious, that a person project is that they can’t admit they were wrong about something. For some, the idea of admitting you were wrong is an honest one. It’s a sign you are willing to grow and learn from your past mistakes. If someone doubles down and shifts the blame, it makes them seem like they are stubborn. Humans tend to have a hard time admitting fault. No matter who you are, it takes some courage to shatter your ego and admit your mistakes. With that said, why do some people have a harder time admitting fault? Here are a few ideas. The Belief You’re A Bad Person If You Are In the Wrong Many people see themselves as the hero, and if the hero has a flaw or admits they were wrong, they are no longer the hero but the villain. This is a binary view that is skewed the more you think about it. Many heroes have flaws, and a good hero is willing to correct themselves should they have a flaw. Sometimes, even the best people make mistakes. That doesn’t mean they are bad, but instead, simply human. If you can admit that you were wrong, that means that you are strong enough to admit your flaws. Defense Comes Naturally Defending yourself is an emotion that is embedded in our minds. We used to be part of tribes that would defend each other, and our mind still behaves in ways that shield us from danger. Whenever you’re confronted, your mind thinks you’re in danger, and you must defend yourself or die. While some people know that they are not in physical danger, others will fight, flight, fawn, or freeze. We Have Pride Someone’s sense of pride comes before wanting to admit they were wrong, which is a challenge for many. You may think that admitting you were wrong means sacrificing your pride, and you may think that people will dislike you. But being prideful can sometimes mean that you admit you were wrong. The people who we look up to have their problems as well, so admitting fault isn’t a bad thing. We Don’t Want People To Get Mad At Us In some situations, admitting fault means that people are going to criticize us harshly. This especially applies to a famous person. If a celebrity or politician admits they were wrong, the public tends to go after them. Sometimes, the public goes after a famous person due to the projection of their own. With that said, if people are harsh with you for admitting you were wrong, you should probably see new people. There are more reasons why we get defensive. Humans have many motivations, both unconscious and conscious. Sometimes, we may be defensive because of our society, where it seems that admitting you were wrong is the end of the world. However, if everyone could be humble and admit fault, the world would be a lot better. A person who projects may use other techniques not to admit fault. Here is a list of projection techniques that you may find people using against you. - Someone may bully you into projecting their feelings. If a person is bullying you, they want to make you feel weak. However, the bully is usually the one with insecurities. - They may victim blame. This is when someone is the victim of a crime, and someone blames their actions for the crime happening. If someone was sexually assaulted, the projector might blame the person assaulted for dressing provocatively. The projector may use other tactics to seem honest. This is just a small sample of what they may do. Fighting Back Against Projection Let’s first talk about what you should do if you’re the person who is projecting. Self-awareness is the first step to stop. The projection may come unconsciously, and if there is self-awareness, you can take steps to fix it. Awareness is a good first step to stop projecting. You can then learn how to cope with your arguments by speaking to a professional or changing them with time. You won’t change them overnight, and that shouldn’t stop you from working on your techniques. Arguing With A Projector How does one argue with someone who is a projector? Do they tell them about their projection, and the projector realizes it? Probably not. The best approach to confronting a projecting person is after the argument. During an argument, emotions fly high, and the person will probably not listen. According to emotion psychology, most emotions are complex and may influence our actions and behaviors. Once the argument is over and there are cooler heads, talk to them about it. If they see their flaws and they want to improve, then good job. Don’t feel like you are obligated to change a person. Unless you are a professional, you may not be able to. Instead, the person projecting needs to talk to a professional to live a better life without projection. Projecting is a way for you to ignore your flaws. If you’re noticing you’re projecting and want to change, or help a loved one change, don’t be afraid to speak to a therapist. A therapist can help bring the projecting to the conscious forefront of your mind and teach you how to project less. Often, the projecting is unconscious. A therapist can teach a person how to be more mindful during a conversation and teach them ways to explain their points without projecting. Then, they can improve on the flaws they find themselves projecting onto others. There are many ways to treat projecting so you can stop projecting and start improving. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) What is an example of projecting in psychology? Psychological projection is any behavior in which someone asserts that someone else has beliefs, behaviors, problems, or insecurities that they themselves have. This includes complementary projection, in which people assume that others “complement” their way of thinking (e.g., impart certain viewpoints or attitudes), and complimentary projection, in which they assume that others have the same skills they do (e.g., that everyone can drive a car). Sometimes, projection can be toxic. For example, some public figures who expressed homophobic opinions or voted against gay rights later admitted to struggling with their sexual orientations. They picked up on negative attitudes about homosexuality projected onto them, and they internalized that negativity. Over time, these negative feelings welled up and caused them to fight against homosexuality publicly. This is an example of projective identification. One of the most common types of projecting is when someone accuses others of being angry or a bully. This can be a way to deflect attention from that person’s own feelings of anger and their guilt over having those feelings. However, psychological projecting is not always this cut-and-dry. Complimentary projecting is very common and can lead to relationship issues when people assume that everyone around them has the same skills, talents, and knowledge they do. How can you tell if someone is projecting? Common signs of psychological projection include unprovoked or exaggerated statements about other people. People who project may claim to know what someone else is thinking or feeling, or they may accuse them of poor behavior. If a person’s statements don’t add up or seem to whip out accusations whenever they are uncomfortable, they may be projecting. Another tell-tale sign is when you talk to someone about their behavior or thoughts, and they immediately re-direct the conversation to you or another person. Is projection a sign of mental illness? Yes and no. While psychological projection itself is not a mental illness, people experiencing depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and/or codependency may struggle to cope with negative feelings or perceive criticism. This can lead to projection as a defense mechanism to deflect those uncomfortable feelings rather than process them healthily. These people are also more susceptible to projective identification, in which they internalize feelings that are projected onto them. For example, someone who feels overweight may project their anger onto a friend who has low self-esteem. The first person feels better after the project, but now the friend with low self-esteem feels fat. Of course, projection is also a natural occurrence. It partly stems from our assumptions as we relate to others. For example, complementary projection happens when you assume that other people feel the same way you do, and complimentary projection is when you assume they can do things as well as you can. These types of psychological projections aren’t necessarily harmful, although they can lead to confirmation bias (e.g., you don’t see others’ viewpoints because you assume they’re thinking the way you are). What is the difference between transference and projection? Technically, psychological projection is a natural result of egocentric bias. We all tend to assume that other people have similar thoughts and feelings to us. This concept of projection is called social projection, and it’s the basis of projection behavior that can be problematic. Transference is a bit more nuanced. When your feelings about one person are subconsciously shifted to another person, especially if that person holds a similar role to the original person, for example, after you move away from home and get your first job, you may see your boss's mannerisms that remind you of your father. The psychological projection may happen if you have unresolved feelings toward your father that you act upon toward your boss. What is toxic projection? Most types of projection, while frustrating, are relatively benign. People project when they feel stressed. In the workplace, someone may project their insecurities onto a coworker. Couples may quarrel over household chores, each partner projecting their annoyances onto the other. These situations can often be resolved by good communication. But in some cases, projection behavior becomes toxic and potentially abusive. For example, in emotional abuse, psychological projection and gaslighting often go hand-in-hand. The abuser will deflect their problems and flaws onto the victim, then create situations to justify that deflection. One classic example is the woman who complains that her husband is distant and forgetful. In response, he turns on the lamp after she’s already turned it off, then accuses her of being forgetful and nearly burning the house down. After he repeats this behavior, she begins to doubt her sanity. This is projective identification in action: eventually, the victim feels full responsibility for the projected feelings from their abuser. Toxic projection creates a powerful sense of self-blame in the victim, while the abuser gets to absolve themselves of responsibility. What is projection in narcissism? People with narcissistic tendencies tend to project differently than many other people. In the narcissist’s mind, any criticism is unacceptable. Any mentions of their flaws or poor behavior cause a cognitive dissonance that runs counter to a narcissist’s exaggerated self-image and feelings of power. Rather than admit any problems or weaknesses, they redirect the conversation to someone else. Many narcissists also feel an overpowering need to control other people. This is not necessarily malicious but rather a side effect of their deep-seated sense of superiority. Psychological projection can be an effective tool for manipulating a social situation. For example, a narcissist may respond to someone’s complaint about their behavior by deflecting the accusation onto them. This makes the other person feel uncomfortable and defensive, while the narcissist feels relief because they no longer have that cognitive dissonance. What to do when someone is projecting onto you? Remember, the primary goal of psychological projection is to shift the focus to someone else. So as soon as you take that bait, the projector has successfully avoided taking responsibility for their negative thoughts or behavior. The best way forward is with compassion, not defensiveness. If you’re trying to talk to a loved one about your concerns, do not let them redirect the topic to your flaws. Ask constructive questions to help them identify their projected feelings. Never respond to their accusations with more accusations. If a stranger is projecting onto you, it is best to disengage from their behavior. The projection reflects their issues more than yours. Why do I project my feelings on others? Psychological projection is often a subconscious activity. People project to deflect that threat away from themselves. So if you harbor negative feelings toward yourself, struggle with feelings of inferiority, or are guilty about something you’ve done, you may find it easier to identify that behavior in other people — even if they are not doing it. How is one's behavior affected by projection? Are you always aware when you are projecting?	301,908
This diagram shows the different layers found inside the Earth. Click on image for full size Structure of the Interior of Earth The Earth's interior is made of rock and metal. It has four main layers: 1) the inner core: a solid metal core 2) the outer core: a liquid molten core 3) the mantle: dense and mostly solid rock 4) the crust: thin rock material The temperature in the core is hotter than the Sun's surface. The heat causes stuff in the outer core and mantle layers to move around deep inside the Earth. The movement of material deep within the Earth may cause large plates made of the crust and upper mantle to move slowly over the Earth’s surface. It is also possible that the movements generate the Earth's magnetic field, called the magnetosphere. Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! You might also be interested in: The Earth has a magnetic field with north and south poles. The magnetic field of the Earth is surrounded by the magnetosphere. The magnetosphere keeps most of the particles from the sun, carried in solar...more Plates at our planet’s surface move because heat in the Earth’s core causes molten rock in the mantle layer to flow. We used to think the Earth’s plates just surfed on top of the moving mantle, but now...more Motions within Earth's metallic core generate the planet's global magnetic field. This magnetic field extends beyond Earth's surface and atmosphere into the space surrounding our home planet. The interaction...more Earth has a magnetic field. If you imagine a gigantic bar magnet inside of Earth, you'll have a pretty good idea what Earth's magnetic field is shaped like. Of course, Earth DOESN'T have a giant bar magnet...more In places where continents are slowly smashing into each other and mountains are growing, could it get hot enough in the Earth’s crust for rocks to melt? A team of scientists looked at this question. They...more Mercury has a magnetic field. Its field is weak. Earth's magnetic field is tilted. So is Mercury's. That means Mercury's magnetic poles are not in the same place as its geographic poles. Mercury has a...more The Earth's mantle is a rocky, solid shell that is between the Earth's crust and the outer core. The mantle is made up of many different reservoirs that have different chemical compositions. Scientists...more	1,252
The Office of School Safety and Prevention (SS&P) provides funding, training, and technical assistance for safe and supportive learning environments that meet the continuum of school safety ~ prevention, intervention and response. Through collaboration with diverse local, state and federal partners, the Office supports Arizona schools so that students are safe, healthy, and ready to learn. Strategies utilized by SS&P are grounded in evidence of effectiveness, and the Office contributes to the knowledge base through its own data collection, program evaluation, and research efforts. All Arizona school communities will provide a safe and supportive learning environment that cultivates positive child and youth development, well-being and success in education and in life. School Safety and Prevention works collaboratively across disciplines to empower schools in utilizing evidence-based practices to create safe and supportive learning environments. What You Should Know Research supports the relationship between risk behaviors, conditions on campus, and academic performance. - A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that school violence and disorder interfere with normal psychosocial development and academic learning. - Students who feel safe at school perform better academically than students that do not feel safe. - The use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs is closely related to reduced attention span, lower investment in homework, negative attitudes toward school, lower motivation, and increased absenteeism. - Students who are threatened with violence on school grounds have lower academic achievement scores than students that have not been threatened with violence. - Kids who feel connected to school are less likely to be involved in risky health behaviors: drug use, cigarette smoking, early sex, violence, and suicidal thoughts and attempts. - Considerable overlap exists among the risk factors that predispose youth to substance abuse, violence, teen pregnancy, and school failure. The same is true for protective factors that buffer them against negative like outcomes. - Teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school than girls who delay childbearing… A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analysis of 2009 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) results show a negative association between alcohol/substance use, violent behaviors and sexual risk behaviors and academic achievement among high school students after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade level. Correspondingly, an analysis of 2009 Arizona YRBS data shows students who reported any of the following behaviors were more likely to have lower grades: current alcohol use; being in a fight on school property; missing school because they felt unsafe; and being a victim or aggressor of electronic bulling. The more frequently a student reported being bullied or harassed at school, the more likely they were to report lower grades.	44,238
Hillary Clinton likes to claim that she represents the average everyday workers and the middle class. This was just an attempt to swoon Bernie Sanders’ supporters after she cheated to beat him in the primary. Hillary Clinton only thinks of herself and is deeply embedded in the mega banks and Wall Street, shown by the millions of dollars she raised in her Super PACS from Wall Street and the hundreds of thousands of dollars she was paid for speeches. Now WikiLeaks has just exposed the truth of how Hillary Clinton will really operate if she were to get elected. Remember all of those times in every single debate that Hillary claimed that she would give tax cuts to the middle class? Wrong. She never had any intention of doing so. Clinton: "I don't think this is time for a middle class tax cut" — TakebackAmerica2016 (@Fight4America16) It’s not the “right time” for a middle class tax cut because it wouldn’t benefit Hillary Clinton personally. “I don’t think this is the right time for a middle class tax cut. I think liberals will see it a craven 90s centrism driven out of fear and liberals seem to be driving the narrative these days.” The only time that Hillary Clinton will do something that will benefit other people is when it benefits her as well. Hillary Clinton is the most corrupt and two-faced politician in United States history. She doesn’t care about the average workers or the middle class like she claims over and over again. She only cares about herself and that is why she should not hold the office of President and represent the entire country.	15,254
Software Requirements, Second Edition \|\|Author: Karl E. Wiegers\| List Price: $39.99 Our Price: Click to see the latest and low price Publisher: Microsoft Press (26 February, 2003) Sales Rank: 2,490 Average Customer Rating: 4.68 out of 5 Customer ReviewsRating: 5 out of 5 Best Practices in Requirements Engineering. Must-Have. How do you know if you have good software requirements? Some use the simple technique of checking if the requirements definition is complete, clear, and consistent. Every book on requirements engineering has some variation of this theme and in this book, you are advised to check if the requirements statement is complete, correct, feasible, necessary, prioritized, unambiguous, and verifiable. If you haven't used techniques like this one before, it is definitely a good idea to pick up a solid book like this one on the best practices in requirements engineering. There are several good books in the market on the topic of software requirements and this is one of the best ones out there. I found three other books that complement this one - Requirements Engineering by Kotonya and Sommerville (used more as a textbook), Managing Software Requirements by Leffingwell and Widrig (part of the Object Technology Series), and Effective Requirements Practices by Ralph R. Young (comes with a CD-ROM). If you are a project manager, business analyst or anyone that has a lot to lose because of bad requirements, you will benefit tremendously from this current book being reviewed. The book is divided into three parts - What and Why, Development, and Management of Software Requirements. The part names are self explanatory. This book is very readable and is full of best practices that stand true to their name! The unique things about this book - in chapter 2, the author outlines the Requirements Bill of Rights for Software Customers and the Requirements Bill of Responsibilities for Software Customers. When I first read this, I felt like every customer has to read this before attempting a software project. Chapter 10 has an excellent description of different diagrams useful in requirements documentation - DFD (data flow diagram), ERD (entity-relationship diagram), STD (state transition diagram), dialog map, and class diagrams. I think all books on software requirements should ideally have some variation of these topics. Important topics like traceability are given an excellent treatment in this book but the only thing lacking is how to manage requirements in software processes involving iterations (the mainstay of the Rational Unified Process and other newer software development methodologies). There are only 13 pages devoted to this topic and even then it is indirect - Chapter 12: Risk Reduction Through Prototyping. Otherwise, I have no complaints about this book and I believe that it is a basic to intermediate in level (definitely not an advanced book). Overall, I believe it indeed captures the best practices in the field of requirements engineering. It is also a good price, so enjoy! Rating: 5 out of 5 Great practical advice on requirements I'm somewhat of a software engineering/process geek. I find the process of creating a product more interesting than the actual code these days (though I like to code). Wiegers' book is THE bible, in my opinion, for eliciting and maintaining requirements. He covers the issues involved in gathering requirements and keeping them up to date, often offering multiple ways to resolve issues. Wiegers, unlike many academic oriented books, fully acknowledges the political and cultural difficulties that arise when trying to institute a requirements program. Much of his advice is practical and he gives good pointers on the highst ROI practices, so you can inject a little at a time, rather than trying to change culture wholesale. I'd give a 4.5 out of 5 if I could, due only to the "Next Steps" sections at the end of each chapter. The "Next Steps" are supposedly be small steps you can take to start using the advice Wiegers offers. Unfortunately, most of the steps start with "Take a page/chapter from your current requirements document...." I've worked at few companies that even have a requirements document, so I'm not sure how useful the "Next Steps" really are. But, that complaint aside, this book is the best combination of reference information for techniques and advice on how to use them on the job. Rating: 4 out of 5 Great treatment of traditional, rigorous requirements mgmt When it comes to the development life cycle, there are generally two broad schools of thought: rigorous, waterfall approach; and the agile, iterative approach. This text sits in the heart of the rigorous, waterfall approach. Iterative approaches are proven to be more effective at eliciting requirements, a fact which is somewhat embraced in the author's discussion of use cases; however, Jacobson originally envisioned use cases to replace other requirements documents as a central element in elicitation, rather than just being a quick diversion. In reality, most of us strike a middle ground. Projects can't be run in most organizations without rigor, and Software Requirements is a thorough treatment or requirements development and management. The well-organized book is a quick read, and is filled with prescriptive advice, risks, sample forms, and checklists that can be applied to your requirements effort. No wonder the author won a Software Productivity Award for the effort! · Writing Effective Use Cases · Rapid Development · Managing Software Requirements: A Unified Approach (The Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series) · Software Project Survival Guide · Mastering the Requirements Process	281,342
..the code that i have written already defines a file name.. The script I wrote, was on the premises that you want to write your selected "data", from each of the file, to a new file each. So, if your intention, then is to use just one file, to get all the selected "data", from various files in the directory ( or directories ), since you said you already have a filename. Then, you might have to modify, your code a bit. However, I might be wrong here. Please, if I may clear thing out. How are you getting your new files? Are you writing, all your output to a single file? Or to a new file for EACH file you are reading from? Posts are HTML formatted. Put <p> </p> tags around your paragraphs. Put <code> </code> tags around your code and data! Read Where should I post X? if you're not absolutely sure you're posting in the right place. Please read these before you post! — Posts may use any of the Perl Monks Approved HTML tags: Outside of code tags, you may need to use entities for some characters: - a, abbr, b, big, blockquote, br, caption, center, col, colgroup, dd, del, div, dl, dt, em, font, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, hr, i, ins, li, ol, p, pre, readmore, small, span, spoiler, strike, strong, sub, sup, table, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead, tr, tt, u, ul, wbr Link using PerlMonks shortcuts! What shortcuts can I use for linking? See Writeup Formatting Tips and other pages linked from there for more info. \| & \|\| & \| \| < \|\| < \| \| > \|\| > \| \| [ \|\| [ \| \| ] \|\| ] \|\|	173,880
Albert I. Lodwick was born in Mystic, Iowa on March 4, 1904, the youngest son of a coal mine owner/operator. He attended local public schools and worked in his father's coal mining business before beginning his college studies at Iowa Wesleyan College. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1925 and went on to Harvard Business School, from which he received a Master of Science degree in Business Administration in 1927. After spending two years working on a cattle ranch in Arizona, Lodwick began what would be a life long career in the aviation industry with an appointment as a statistician in a subsidiary of the Curtiss-Wright Corporation in 1929. He worked his way up the corporate ladder of Curtiss-Wright, eventually becoming assistant to the president. Lodwick remained with Curtiss-Wright until 1938 when he resigned to become president of the Stinson Aircraft Corporation. He also continued to serve as an officer or board member of a number of companies prominent in the aviation industry, including the Hughes Tool Company. It was this latter affiliation that brought him into contact with Howard Hughes. Their mutual interest in aviation resulted in both a business and personal relationship. When Hughes made an attempt to set a speed record for an around the world flight in 1938, Lodwick served as his flight operations manager and handled all of the details necessary to make the attempt possible. Due in part to Lodwick's organizational skills, Hughes set a world record for around the world flight of 3 days, 19 hours and 14 minutes. In 1940, Lodwick purchased an interest in the Lincoln (NE) Flying School and moved its operations from Lincoln, Nebraska to Lakeland, Florida. He renamed the school the Lakeland School of Aeronautics, later the Lodwick School of Aeronautics and established its headquarters at the Lakeland Municipal Airport. A year later he established the Lodwick Aviation Military Academy in nearby Avon Park, Florida. Both schools were civilian operations under contract to the Army to provide primary flight training to army air force cadets. During its nearly five years of existence, the Lodwick School of Aeronautics admitted more than 8,000 cadets, graduating more than 6,000. The school closed in August, 1945. The site is now the spring training home of the Detroit Tigers baseball team. Lodwick wasted little time in converting his war time operation into a peace time industry. He incorporated Lodwick Aircraft Industries in February, 1946. The new company engaged in the business of converting war surplus military aircraft to commercial use and contracted with the War Assets Administration to sell war surplus aviation parts and equipment. The company foundered after some early success. The number of military aircraft available for conversion to commercial use dwindled and most of the surplus parts and equipment it contracted to sell were obsolete and had no market. By 1954 the company was moribund. It had lost most of its assets in a bank foreclosure and ceased operations in September. Lodwick sold his home in Lakeland in 1955 and moved briefly to the Miami area and then to Washington, D.C. where he worked as a consultant to government agencies and business firms. He died in Washington on October 22, 1961 at the age of 57.	299,770
It’s a fairly common fantasy trope: The full sheet of plate armor with two gigantic spheres to accommodate the bounteous female breasts of way too many women in fantasy games, comics, and movies. But at least it’s better than the chainmail bikini, right? While the feminism of that question is debatable, the science isn’t: Boob armor is basically a deathtrap. Emily Asher-Perrin breaks out, hilariously, just what would go horribly, horribly wrong: Let’s say you even fall onto your boob-conscious armor. The divet separating each breast will dig into your chest, doing you injury. It might even break your breastbone. With a strong enough blow to the chest, it could fracture your sternum entirely, destroying your heart and lungs, instantly killing you. If that weren’t enough, Perrin notes that the design of the armor actually drives attacks inward, towards your chest, as opposed to directing the energy outward. And considering plate armor involves having what amounts to a ton of padding stuffed into it before you even get in, since surprisingly being a walking tank with pounds of steel pressing down on your body is painful and uncomfortable, the whole boob container thing is kind of pointless anyway. But we guess it’s the fantasy that’s more important. So we suggest a compromise: Everybody, regardless of gender, has to wear boob plate armor. Sound good? I want more like this! Follow us on Facebook and get the latest before everyone else.	286,429
Shopping for gifts is hard. Sometimes it seems like the better you know someone, the harder it is to decide what to get them. If you’re stuck, take some advice from psychology: People value an item more if they put it together themselves. In 2012, behavioral economist Dan Ariely, along with Tulane marketing professor Daniel Mochon and Michael Norton of Harvard Business School, set out to study what they call the “IKEA effect”: that is, the idea that people value something more when they put it together themselves. For the study, they recruited 52 college students and had half assemble a plain black IKEA storage box. The other half got a fully assembled box and were asked to inspect it. Next, the researchers asked the volunteers to make a bid on the box, telling them that if their bid was equal to or above a random price they pulled out of a hat, they could pay the bid and get the box. As you might expect, those who built the box were willing to spend more — 63 percent more, to be exact — than those who got the box fully assembled. In another experiment, they gave volunteers high-quality origami paper and instructions on how to fold either a crane or a frog. Once they were done with their creations, they were asked to bid on them in the same way previous volunteers bid on their IKEA pieces. Next, the researchers showed the pieces — along with some masterful pieces created by experienced origami artists — to strangers. Sure enough, the volunteers were willing to pay nearly five times as much for their own creations as strangers were, and almost as much as strangers were willing to pay for the expert creations. “Thus,” the researchers write, “while the non-builders saw the amateurish creations as nearly worthless crumpled paper, our builders imbued their origami with value.” Harsh, guys. Business owners have been aware of this tendency for a while. In response to a plateau in sales of cake mix in the 1950s, food manufacturers changed the recipe to require consumers to add an egg, thereby putting something of themselves into an overly simple task. Although the impact that had on cake-mix sales is questionable, the motivation holds up. You’ve probably heard of plenty of farms that let you pick your own pumpkin at Halloween and cut down your own tree at Christmas. From the hands-on customization of Build-a-Bear to the viral popularity of DIY frozen-yogurt shops, businesses know that people love the stuff they do themselves. So gift givers, take note! But also be wary: There was one more phenomenon Ariely and his team noticed in their study. When people didn’t finish assembling their box, that extra value they placed in the item vanished. That means if your gift is too hard to put together, the idea may backfire. So go ahead, buy your sweetie a new desk or give your kid a build-your-own-robot kit. Just maybe don’t make grandma build a PC — unless your grandma is Shakuntala Devi. Check out my related post: How did Hallmark come about?	125,917
The ABC is more focused on LGBT inclusion events than the homeless and national security The ABC’s strategy for “diversity and inclusion” probably doesn’t include you, unless you’re a member of the LGBTQ+ alphabet community. To demonstrate why, below are several programs the nation’s taxpayer-funded broadcaster has recently signed their employees up to. Pride in Diversity: According to FOI documents released last month, the ABC has signed up to the “Pride in Diversity” program – an initiative of the Aids Council of NSW – that acts as “a national not-for-profit employer support program for LGBTQ workplace inclusion, specialising in HR, organisational change and workplace diversity”. ACON is part the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) – a global federation of LGBT organisations that enjoys consultative status at the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and is pushing an agenda for worldwide “social change”. The ABC pays $10,250 per year to participate in the Pride in Diversity program and the LGBTIQ Inclusion Awards are dangled as a carrot for businesses that have spent their working year striving to satisfy a dizzying range of requirements laid out in something called the Australian Workplace Equality Index or AWEI. The total cost to the Australian taxpayer in terms of staff hours can only be imagined. Australian Workplace Equality Index: The ABC’s 286-page submission to AWEI for 2020 boasts of the following “big-ticket” diversity and inclusion initiatives for 2019–22: - Recruiting for diversity - An inclusive mentoring program - Monitoring and reporting the diversity of our workforce, - Ensuring our leaders are engaged and accountable for diversity and inclusion - Diversity and inclusion training program - Tracking and measuring diversity in our content - New commissioning diversity guidelines - Diverse on-air talent identification and management - A central database of on-air contributors able to represent all corners of the Australian community. On top of this, all HR documents need to be redrafted to make it “explicitly clear” that they apply to gender and sexually diverse employees. And LGBT-specific support services need to be provided, such as paid gender transition leave, counsellors trained specifically in the unique challenges of LGBT relationships, “all gender toilets”, “inclusive” dress codes, and diversity and inclusivity training days. Special LGBTQ+ Days: The ABC actively participates in Mardi Gras, IDAHOBIT, Wear it Purple Day and Pride Month. According to the FOI documents, the ABC believes it’s important to ensure staff are repeatedly encouraged to donate to LGBT causes and to gather evidence that they have donated because all that feeds into the ABC’s Australian Workplace Equality Index score total at the end of the year. The Pride Committee has advised the ABC to “to ensure that LGBTIQ+ inclusion is achieved within our workforce but also within our content”. According to the FOI documents, Christopher Nelson (the ABC’s Pride in Diversity support person) wrote to congratulate the ABC on a radio interview with Ed Ayers about the importance of Wear it Purple Day. “Ed spoke beautifully about why it is important for young LGBTQ people and about her own journey as a trans man. I think this is AWEI worthy.” You’re paying for this, Australia. While 116,000 Australians sleep rough every night, the latte sippers at the ABC are too busy worrying about their gender identity and the next Mardi Gras pride float. No wonder more than 52.6 per cent of those interviewed said, if they had a choice, they wouldn’t be prepared to pay anything for access to the national broadcaster’s television content in its current form… Do you like this page?	106,884
Since Obama is touting global warming again, as if, I figured it would be a good time to revisit Michael Crichton and a lecture he gave at CalTech. Originally posted on Watts Up With That?: The “exoneration” by Climategate investigations (like Muir Russell) that never bother to talk to skeptics, create an impossible conundrum of having essentially a trial with judge, jury, reporters, spectators, and defendant, but no plaintiff. The plaintiff is locked outside the courtroom sitting in the hall hollering and hoping the jury hears some of what he has to say. Given this, I thought it valuable to revisit this Caltech lecture on the state of science and consensus by the late Michael Crichton. – Anthony Watts Caltech Michelin Lecture – January 17, 2003 My topic today sounds humorous but unfortunately I am serious. I am going to argue that extraterrestrials lie behind global warming. Or to speak more precisely, I will argue that a belief in extraterrestrials has paved the way, in a progression of steps, to a belief in global warming. Charting this progression of belief will be my task… View original 5,876 more words	115,765
View Full Version : AR-10 Tutorial??? Is there a "How to Build an AR-10" tutorial or book available? I know there's a few for AR-15's. When I was building out my AR-10 last year, there were no comprehensive guides available. The best one I've used is the Calgun's "OLL Assembly Guide (http://www.calguns.net/OLL/assembly.html)" - the link is in the top-right of the screen, right above where it says your username. This guide was written for the AR-15, but you can apply the instructions to your AR-10. Some of the placements of some of the detents/springs are in different locations on the lower, such as the buffer plate (I think that's what it's called), but the overall build is pretty much the same. You just need some common sense and a basic understanding of how your rifle works. It was pretty easy, and I'm all thumbs. :thumbsup: 05-14-2010, 9:52 AM I figured if you could build the 15 building a 10 should be the same at least thats what I have experienced vBulletin® v3.8.9, Copyright ©2000-2016, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.	37,131
China cuts rates to drive growthPUBLISHED: 07 Jun 2012 23:22:14 \| UPDATED: 08 Jun 2012 14:25:54PUBLISHED: 08 Jun 2012 PRINT EDITION: 08 Jun 2012 China’s rate cuts and $US23bn in construction programs are expected to boost the iron ore price. Lisa Murray and Angus Grigg AFR correspondents Shanghai The Chinese central bank has cut interest rates for the first time in four years to kickstart the world’s second biggest economy amid the deepening debt crisis in Europe. The People’s Bank of China announced late yesterday it had cut its one-year lending rate by a quarter of a per cent to 6.31 per cent, the first drop since 2008. The deposit rate was cut to 3.25 per cent from 3.5 per cent. In a sign of how concerned China is about its slowing growth rate, the central bank also relaxed the rules for banks so that they may offer a 20 per cent discount to the benchmark lending rate, up from 10 per cent previously. “This move carries a significant message,” said Qu Hongbin, co-head of Asia Economics at HSBC. “It is official: Beijing will do whatever it takes to support growth this year.” The bold moves comes just days after China ruled out an official stimulus package, similar to its 2009 response to the global financial crisis and suggests the government will try to boost the economy using monetary policy instead of government spending. Chinese demand for Australian commodities has been vital to sustaining Australian growth. Figures out yesterday showed the Australian job market rebounded in May as the resources boom – driven by Asian demand for iron ore, gas coal – offset job losses in other industries. Last month’s 38,900 job gain means employment has jumped 1.1 per cent this year, the best January-to-May result in five years, upsetting forecasts that the jobless rate was heading to 5.5 per cent or more. On Wednesday, the national accounts showed the economy expanded at an annual pace of 4.3 per cent in the first quarter, a big increase that surprised economists. Chinese officials hope the rate cut will prompt companies to borrow more and expand their business so a pick up in domestic consumption can offset a slowdown in exports to Europe. “It’s totally necessary to do so,” said Yang Fan, a senior economist at China University of Political Science and Law. “It is to prevent the possibility of China’s economy deteriorating further.” China accelerated approvals and funding for a swag of infrastructure projects in recent weeks, including airports, highways and green energy projects across the country as well as $US23 billion of new steel projects, which should boost demand for Australia’s iron ore. “I think you will see an increase in infrastructure investment and a pick up in steel demand,” said Andrew Driscoll, CSLA’s head of resources research. “Speaking with companies on the ground, they have moved to quickly approve a lot of projects.” The surprise move comes ahead of the release of inflation, fixed assets investment, trade and industrial production data on Saturday. Most analysts had expected the Chinese central bank to wait until later in the month when there may be a clearer view on the euro crisis. CSLA economist Andy Rothman said in a recent report that interest rate cuts were largely symbolic as the government controlled lending through monthly quotas with all banks. “The [Communist] Party does not have to rely on open-market operations to manage the economy. Interest rates and reserve requirements are somewhat symbolic tools when the party can pick up the phone and assign a monthly loan quota to every bank,” he said in a recent report. Stephen Green from Standard Chartered Bank said recently he did not think the government needed to cut interest rates as they had already lowered inter-bank lending rates which has pushed more money into the economy. The shift in policy from the government to a more pro-growth stance comes after a May 23 meeting of China’s state council, after which Premier Wen Jiabao said the government would “attach greater importance to stabilising economic growth”. Economists say the government moved too aggressively to tighten the country’s housing and infrastructure markets and rein in inflation following the surge of money into the economy from the 2009 stimulus. Infrastructure spending slumped to just 2 per cent, year on year, in December. The government has been wary of a repeat of the high debt levels and inflation that resulted from its stimulus package. Headline inflation remained above the 4 per cent government target for 16 consecutive months while debts racked up by local government surged to $1.7 trillion, or 23 per cent, of GDP. Analysts had been expecting an interest rate cut from the government as it moved to boost the housing market. There have been some promising signs in recent days. Car companies reported strong sales while house purchases have also been increasing. The Australian Financial Review	163,121
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention plans to announce additional protocols for screening for Ebola at airports, according to the head of the agency. These plans are not yet finalized, said CDC Director Tom Frieden, but there are teams "working very intensively" on developing an appropriate response. "I can assure you that we will be taking additional steps," Frieden said at a Tuesday afternoon media briefing, explaining that an announcement will be made in "coming days." The CDC director said these measures could involve identifying people who come from West African nations via indirect flights. Frieden emphasized that CDC-trained personnel have already screened roughly 36,000 individuals at West African airports over the past two months. As for the Ebola case in Dallas, the CDC director said the most recent figures indicate that there are 10 definite patient contacts and 38 possible contacts all being monitored—none have so far developed fevers or any symptoms, he said.	94,074
The use of health information technology enhancements, such as clinical decision support tools, can help reduce adverse drug events (ADEs) in hospitals by between 27.3 and 69.2 percent, according to a recently released study of Florida hospitals. The research scrutinizes what impact Meaningful Use (MU) requirements for implementing electronic health records (EHR) systems had on patient care, and the results seem to be promising for supporters of health information technology improvements. In addition to a reduction in ADEs, the study found a perhaps more telling trend: hospitals with physicians who resisted the introduction of the MU requirements examined in the study saw a 14.3 percent increase in ADEs. By comparison, hospitals with no physician resistance saw a 51.7 percent decrease in ADEs. In the study, Encinosa and Bae looked at 2.4 million Florida hospitalizations from all hospitals in the state in 2010 to determine the impact of five MU requirements related to medication management. These requirements are part of a larger Medicare and Medicaid EHR incentive program that offers payments to providers and hospitals that show they’re using EHRs to improve patient care. This research joins earlier work of Encinosa and Bae on the costs of ADEs that estimated 55,700 ADEs would have been averted at a savings of $267 million per year if all Florida hospitals had adopted these five MU requirements. The new study, appearing in the August issue of the Journal Healthcare, considered the following first-stage Meaningful Use core measures that pertain to medication management: - Use of computerized ordered entry for medication orders. - Implementation of decision support systems for drug-drug and drug-allergy interaction checks. - Capability to exchange key clinical information, such as diagnostic test results, among providers electronically. - Maintain active medication list. - Maintain active medication allergy list. The study broke hospitals into eight categories that included high and low quality hospitals, facilities with physician resistance, and those that reported the five medication MU measures as major challenges to implementing the larger set of MU requirements. Those that saw these five requirements as challenging started with the greatest percentage of ADEs before the five measures were implemented. Once the requirements were put in place, these hospitals saw the greatest percentage decrease in their rate of ADEs at 69.2 percent. At the other end of the spectrum, hospitals described as high quality started with the lowest percentage of ADEs before introducing the five requirements. These hospitals, in turn, saw the lowest percentage decrease in their ADE rate at 27.3 percent. A key factor of the push to improve health information technology is through the use of clinical decisions support tools, such as YouScript Personal Prescribing software. When used with cytochrome P450 genetic testing, YouScript has the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce adverse drug events. Learn more about the software here.	61,877
For this purpose, SEED will develop novel high-order compositional methodologies for the semantic segmentation of video data acquired by observers of dynamic scenes, by adaptively integrating figure-ground reasoning based on bottom-up and top-down information, and by using weakly supervised machine learning techniques that support continuous learning towards an open-ended number of visual categories. information would make it easier to judge how fast it was moving and whether you should turn or not. However, the new format is less tectonic; the former dense, fully colored surfaces now yield to an airy, freer figure-ground Arthur Turner's "Color Perceptions" (9781562907990) focuses especially upon color phenomena, including proportion of colors, hue, value, intensity, figure-ground relationships, luminosity, and iridescence. Challenging the traditional figure-ground relationship, Appel offers us the figure as . This argument of the critics of emergence ignores figure-ground Key themes include the history of Gestalt theory and it relevance to contemporary neuroscience, the relationship between perceptive and receptive fields, the spatiotemporal unity of perception, self-organizing properties of the visual field, the role of attention and perceptual grouping in forming non-retinotopic representations, figural distortions following adaptation to spatial patterns, illusory changes of brightness in spatial patterns, the function of motion illusions as a tool to study Gestalt principles in vision, conflicting theories of color vision and the neural basis of it, the role of color in figure-ground segmentation, chromatic assimilation of visual art and perception, and the phenomena of colored shadows. Extremely bright colors, as well as contrasting figure-ground patterns also should be avoided in rooms used by psychotic patients who can find them intimidating or overwhelming, according to the study. Although the book is light on figure-ground plans that could help graphically demonstrate the evolution of the Old Brick Row and other campus groupings, the author's descriptions are very informative. The visual perceptual processes of figure-ground perception may involve overlapping of figures, enclosure, and proximity of figures, size difference and linking of images. The MVPT-3 assesses participants for five theoretical constructs of visual perception, including: spatial relationships, visual discrimination, figure-ground , visual closure, and visual memory (Colarusso & Hammill, 2003). This can be a Figure-Ground relation, in which one entity (i.	189,089
Several classes of drugs are used to treat hypertension. Diuretics help the kidneys get rid of excess salt and water. They are the mainstays of anti-hypertensive therapy and are often the first type of drug selected for most people with hypertension. They are also especially helpful for treating patients with heart failure, patients with isolated systolic hypertension, the elderly, and African-Americans. (African-Americans are more likely to be salt-sensitive, so they respond...Read more Full Question: I suffer form Migraines during my menstruation. Sometimes my blood pressure rises 160's and 90's for about 20 minutes... Read more » Full Question:Normally, my blood pressure runs 105/65, but during a migraine it goes up to 185/120 (average) with my pulse rate... Read more » Full Question: Since July of 2006, I have been experiencing very strange visual sensations (deja vu - seeing repetitive visions of... Read more » If you've been told you have high blood pressure you should be thankful for a timely diagnosis. For many people their high blood pressure... Read more »	276,633
By Marie Cocco WASHINGTON—When the National Guard helicoptered her husband, Mark, to Staten Island to work as a wireless technician setting up a communications network for thousands of emergency workers who were descending upon Lower Manhattan on Sept. 11, 2001, Jeanmarie DeBiase did not know this would begin the unraveling. She would not realize it until Jan. 8, 2006—her birthday—when, during a family celebration, Mark broke down in tears. “He sat at my dining room table crying that there was something wrong, that he didn’t want to die,” DeBiase recalled in an interview from her home in Jackson, N.J. Her husband, who worked at the landfill where debris from the fallen World Trade Center was dumped, had suffered a cold for a few days—nothing serious, it seemed. He was a vigorous man of 41, an exercise aficionado who was so careful about his diet that his wife packed his lunch every day. Yet that night at dinner, he sobbed that he wanted to watch his young sons grow up, to play ball with them, to know his grandchildren. The initial diagnosis was pneumonia, but Mark failed to respond to antibiotics; lung X-rays could not confirm any diagnosis at all. “There was so much stuff in his lungs I don’t think they could pinpoint anything,” Jeanmarie says. “They really didn’t know how to treat it.” Visits to the prestigious Deborah Heart and Lung Center did not bring hope. Mark DeBiase died on April 9, 2006, in Philadelphia, while awaiting a double lung transplant. “A lot more illness and death is going to come out of this,” says his widow, who is supporting her three sons on about $3,400 a month in Social Security survivors’ benefits. Health insurance, still provided by Mark’s employer, the wireless company Cingular, cost $64 a month during the first year after her husband’s death. In May, the monthly premium rose to $394. DeBiase considers herself fortunate—she has supportive family and friends, and access to health insurance. She has filed a worker’s compensation claim under a New York state program for workers who were consistently exposed to health hazards in the days and months after the Twin Towers collapsed in a poisonous concoction of dust, burning fuel, chemicals and metals. The contents and lethality of the toxic stew still aren’t entirely known. Typically, employers fight the claims, lawyers say. And typically, a claim takes one to two years to wind through the bureaucracy. The country says it will always remember 9/11. Few politicians miss the chance to appear at this or that commemorative service. Perhaps it is true we have not forgotten those who died that day. But we have abandoned those who are dying now. Thousands of construction workers, janitors, communications specialists, food-cart vendors and others who worked amid the noxious fumes for weeks or months—removing debris not only from Ground Zero but from the office buildings that still stood, reviving communications, feeding and providing aid to those who toiled—are sick with lung disease and all manner of rare cancers, according to various health officials. An expert panel created by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg concluded that as many as 410,000 people faced sufficient exposure to health hazards that they could become ill. About 59 percent of those screened at a city center for patients suffering from World Trade Center-related illnesses are uninsured. The majority have incomes of less than $15,000 a year. Even at a screening center run by Mount Sinai Medical Center for “first responders”—an elite group among those who are turning up sick—an estimated 40 percent lack insurance. New York politicians have persistently pursued more federal involvement and funding. The federal government has perennially rebuffed them. Here is one measure: After federal health authorities involved in monitoring and treatment of World Trade Center emergency responders estimated they would need $283 million a year to run the program, President Bush’s budget allocated $25 million. Rep. Jerrold Nadler, D-N.Y., whose district encompasses Ground Zero, and other New York lawmakers used the sixth anniversary of the attack to introduce legislation to require health monitoring and care for all those who are sick from exposure to what may be the most serious environmental catastrophe in the nation’s history. Yes, it would be an “entitlement.” And yes, it would be costly—certainly more expensive than a ribbon of remembrance. It would, at last, require the country to come to grips with the knowledge that the official toll of 2,750 from the World Trade Center attack isn’t the final death count. It’s only the first. Marie Cocco’s e-mail address is mariecocco(at)washpost.com. © 2007, Washington Post Writers Group	138,311
1. The learned Counsel for the appellants has taken me very carefully through he whole facts of the case, but he has not been able to satisfy me that the appeal can succeed in face of the findings of face. He took exception, in the first place, to what he suggest d was an improper admission of evidence by the lower Appellate Court. The learned District Judge wrote: 'One thing was wanting in the lower Court which, to some extent, is responsible for the lower Court's judgment, i.e., khasra showing corresponding plots. As it was a matter of Revenue Records I have accepted it now and accept the contention that the sir plots in question really appertained to the old khewat No. 16.' 2. The learned Counsel would argue from these words that the learned District Judge had admitted improperly in evidence, in appeal, documents which had been rejected by the Trial Court. He has not, however, been able to point out to me that the learned District Judge admit ed any document in evidence which the Trial Court had rejected, and in so far as the admissibility of the khasras go, they would all be admissible in themselves as certified copies of public documents. With regard to the conclusion drawn by the learned District Judge from the Revenue papers it is necessary to distinguish carefully between, to what extent his conclusions are conclusions of fact and to what extent they are conclusions of law. The distinction as to how far a decision upon the contents of a document is a question of fact and how far it is a question of law, has never perhaps been more happily expressed than by Lindley, L.J. in Chatenay v. Brazilian Submarine Telegraph Co., Ltd. (1891) 1 Q.B. 79 at p. 85 : 60 L.J.Q.B. 295 : 63 L.T. 739 : 39 W.R. 65: 'The expression 'construction', as applied to a document, at all events as used by English lawyers, includes two things: First, the meaning of the words; and, secondly, their legal effect, or the effect which is to be given to them. The meaning of the words I take to be a question of fact in all cases, whether we are dealing with a poem or a legal document. The effect of the words is a question of law.' 3. What has the learned District Judge done here? He has read entries in many revenue papers and he has simply decided to what extent these entries indicate the plaintiffs' possession of certain plots. He has in no way interpreted these entries to indicate any legal point, so his decision interpreting these documents is a decision of act and not of law. The learned Counsel has assailed the reasoning of the learn d District. Judge but he cannot possibly attack a finding of fact on the ground that the reasoning is on his argument weak or inconclusive. It is only necessary to refer to the well-known decision of their Lordships of the Privy Council in Durga Chowdhrani v. Jewahir Singh Chowdhri 17 I.A. 122 at p. 127 : 18 C. 23 : 5 Sar. P.C.J. 560 : 9 Ind. Dec. (N.S.) 16 (P.C.): 'It is enough in the present case to say that an erroneous finding of fact is a different thing from an error or defect in procedure and that there is no jurisdiction to entertain a second appeal on the ground of an erroneous finding of fact, however gross or inexcusable the error may seem to be. Where there is no error or defect in the procedure the finding of the first Appellate Court upon a question of fact is final, if that Court had before it evidence proper for its consideration in support of the finding' Here there was no error or defect in the procedure. The evidence was before the tower Appellate Court and the lower Appellate Court had sufficient evidence to support its finding. For the above reasons I dismiss this appeal with costs which will include fees on the higher scale.	36,187
Asked and Answered: A Response to Grant H. Palmer Reviewed by James B. Allen Reviewing Grant Palmer's first published work, An Insider's View of Mormon Origins, became an unusual personal challenge to me. It was not that the book had any effect on my beliefs—I have seen nearly all the arguments before and long since dealt with them. It was because it touches on two things I hold dear. One is balanced scholarship and academic integrity, which I have spent a career trying to preach and practice. The other is something especially sacred to me—my personal belief in the reality of Joseph Smith's first vision, the authenticity of the Book of Mormon, and the restoration of priesthood authority. Reviews ordinarily center just on scholarly matters, but somehow I could not approach this particular one without intermixing the two. My commentary, therefore, is in first person and very personal.1 Early in the book, Palmer admonishes historians to have a questioning attitude, honesty and integrity in their dealings with fellow church members, no fear of coercion to secure uniformity of thought, and a willingness to face difficult issues head-on (pp. xi, xiii). This is an ideal shared by historians, even though in their efforts to pursue it they do not always agree. Palmer is persuaded that the evidence does not support the foundational stories of the church, including the literal reality of the first vision, the Moroni visits and other spiritual manifestations, or the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon. On the other hand, highly respected Latter-day Saint scholars have examined the same evidence and drawn different conclusions. I will not attempt here to answer all the problems raised by Palmer; a few examples will illustrate the kind of faulty speculation, incomplete evidence, and misleading "parallels" that plague his book. My intent is simply to summarize some of his assertions, show that nearly all of them have been dealt with in detail by well-qualified LDS scholars, and point the interested reader to some of their readily available writings. These scholars all have advanced degrees, usually doctoral degrees, with a wide variety of specialties, among them early American history, ancient civilizations, ancient languages, linguistics, anthropology, law, and philosophy. It is clear in their writings, moreover (though they avoid belaboring the point), that they are also believers.2 I recognize that simply piling up names of authorities is not sufficient, but I would remind readers that in their search for truth they must read not only the naysayers but also the proven experts. "Asked and answered," we frequently hear lawyers say during trials on television crime shows when their opponents persist in bringing up old questions, and "asked and answered" is a good part of my response to many of the questions Palmer puts forth. I believe that the evidence favoring the foundational stories is powerful and convincing, but I also believe that the literal reality of the first vision and other sacred experiences can be neither proved nor disproved by secular objectivity. Of course, Latter-day Saint scholars usually look at the evidence through the eyes of faith as well as through the eyes of scholarship, and most will tell you that, ultimately, their testimonies rest on the affirmation of the Spirit. On the other hand, church members who know of Palmer's background will be disappointed to find that he has no confidence in such spiritual confirmation for, he says, the Holy Ghost is an "unreliable means of proving truth" (p. 133). It may be that this lack of confidence in the Spirit helps account for his divergence from what he was presumably teaching when employed by the Church Educational System. Nevertheless, scholars who take it upon themselves to write about these foundational events should be held to common scholarly standards, and it is evident from the writings of those discussed below that their faith has not kept them from applying such standards to their research and writing. Palmer, however, seems to have allowed his desire to debunk traditional faith to blind him to some of those standards. An Insider's View of Mormon Origins portrays Joseph Smith as a brilliant, though not formally educated, young man who made up the Book of Mormon, as well as other LDS scriptures, by drawing from various threads in his cultural environment. His early religious experiences (the first vision, the visits of Moroni, and priesthood restoration) were not real or physical, but only "spiritual." The stories evolved over time from "relatively simple experiences into more impressive spiritual manifestations, from metaphysical to physical events" and were "rewritten by Joseph and Oliver and other early church officials so that the church could survive and grow" (pp. 260-61). Even the witnesses of the gold plates never really saw them. They had only a spiritual experience. (Why Deity or gold plates seen with "spiritual eyes" could not also be physical realities is never satisfactorily explained.) Despite such assertions, Palmer does not see himself either as an anti-Mormon or as someone bent on undermining the faith. He presents himself as a faithful Mormon whose "intent is to increase faith, not diminish it" (p. ix). He recently retired after a long career in the Church Educational System, and at the time he wrote the book he was a high priest group instructor in his ward in Sandy, Utah. His announced twofold purpose is (1) simply to introduce church members who have not kept up with the developments in church history over the last thirty years to "issues that are central to the topic of Mormon origins" and (2) to help church members "understand historians and religion teachers like myself" (p. x). Palmer's readers may well wonder what kind of faith he is trying to increase, for nothing in the book generates confidence in Joseph Smith or modern scripture. He says that he wants church members to understand that the stories of the first vision, the angel Moroni, the Book of Mormon, and priesthood restoration are simply religious allegories (p. 261). Nevertheless, a certain inspiration went into the development of Joseph Smith's teachings, and Palmer says he cherishes many of them. He claims that the focus of his worship, and the object of the faith he wants to promote, is Jesus Christ. Mormon history gives him "a great commitment to Christ's teachings," and he cites Joseph Smith to the effect that all other things are only appendages to the testimony of Christ. As Latter-day Saints, he says in his concluding paragraph, "our religious faith should be based and evaluated by how our spiritual and moral lives are centered on Jesus Christ, rather than in Joseph Smith's largely rewritten, materialist, idealized, and controversial accounts of the church's founding" (p. 263). As I read that statement, I could not help but wonder whether Palmer really knows the message of the Book of Mormon. Is he actually saying that telling the foundational stories undermines or takes precedence over the worship of Christ in his or other wards of the church? Leaving aside, for a moment, the question of whether those stories are accurate, it seems to me that in his pursuit of the "truth" about them he has seen only part of what really goes on in church—at least in the church I go to. I have attended wards in many parts of the United States, and invariably I find that the major focus in sacrament meetings and Sunday School is Christ. Of course we talk about the church's founding, but in the larger scheme of things, that always takes second place to the Savior and his teachings. Of course we regularly quote from the Book of Mormon, but the all-important, and most prominent, message of that book is Jesus Christ and his atonement. I could not agree more with Palmer's assertion that, as Latter-day Saints, our chief focus should be on Christ and his teachings, but Palmer is wrong if he is implying that we do otherwise. Palmer says that he wants to help church members "understand historians and religion teachers like [himself]," but the reader may be confused, initially, as to who those historians and religion teachers are. He does not specifically identify them, but in his preface he gives high praise to "the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History at Brigham Young University, BYU history and religion professors and scholars from other disciplines and other church schools, and seminary and institute faculty" who have done painstaking work in all the primary sources, gathered data from the environment, studied the language of the revelations and scriptures and compared it with the language of the time, excavated and restored historical sites, and "published, critiqued, and reevaluated a veritable mountain of evidence." However, he complains, "too much of this escapes the view of the rank-and-file in the church" (p. viii). Such a statement may mislead some into assuming that the Latter-day Saint scholars and teachers alluded to agree with his perceptions—or, at least, that he draws his conclusions from their works. For the record, nothing could be further from the truth.3 There seems also to be an implication that, over the years, Palmer has discussed these issues with other Latter-day Saint scholars and that some may agree with his analysis.4 I have no personal knowledge of any such conversations, but it is important for the reader to understand that when scholars meet together they discuss candidly whatever issues may arise and whatever new information may have come to light. As new sources become available, or divergent insights are presented, scholars seldom write them off as unimportant or insignificant. They consider them straightforwardly and may well say something like "Hmm, that is really interesting, let's look into it," or "Yes, that raises some interesting and important questions." But such responses hardly imply that they agree with whatever viewpoints they are discussing, though some observers may be misled into thinking so. Of course there are people who agree with Palmer, but those he seemingly alludes to in his preface are not among them.5 There is another implication, not stated by Palmer but apparently circulated in much of the discussion that goes on through the Internet and other places, that some people still in the employ of the church dare not come out with their "true" feelings because they are intimidated by fear of loss of employment and even loss of church membership. Palmer himself may have felt such fear, for he did not publish any of this before he left church employment. But "now that I am retired," he says, "I find myself compelled to discuss in public what I pondered mostly in private at that time" (p. x). It amazes me, however, that some people (not Palmer, perhaps, but some of his disciples) can impute such hidden sentiments to scholars whom they do not know but who have continually published their own findings and interpretations for years. Moreover, many who are now retired, or who otherwise are not dependent upon the church for their livelihood (and are therefore "safe" from intimidation), still continue to publish and lecture on Mormon origins with no change at all in their perspectives. Such people include Richard L. Bushman, who serves part time as chairman of the board of the Smith Institute. The reader may be interested in going to the Institute's Web site for a list of the rest of the faculty as well as of the Institute's senior research fellows, including six BYU retirees, all of whom have published widely in LDS history and none of whom supports the conclusions reached by Palmer.6 Other people who might be included among the "historians like myself" to whom Palmer alludes include the staff of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies,7 other BYU faculty members, and other Latter-day Saint scholars. Palmer would no doubt say that he did not intend to imply that all these people agree with him, which still leaves us asking who are the "historians and religion teachers like myself" that need to be understood—and who, presumably, share his views? It would be amiss for me to speculate on an answer, but they are not among the groups mentioned above. Palmer complains about the "Sunday school" type of history, claiming that his "demythologized" versions of the foundational stories "are in many cases more spiritual, less temporal, and more stirring" than what is generally taught (p. ix), though he spends little time trying to demonstrate this curious pronouncement. What we must do, he says, is address and ultimately correct the "disparity between historical narratives and the inspirational stories told in church" (p. xii). This, I think, tends to beg the issue. The leaders of the church are well aware of the various accounts of the first vision and other foundational stories, as well as the sometimes confusing reports by Joseph Smith's contemporaries. Latter-day Saint scholars have been writing about these matters for years. However, in Sunday School there is little time to go into all the details of church history, and especially not the controversies concerning those details. That is not the purpose of Sunday School. Nevertheless, the scholars Palmer claims to admire have gone into great detail on nearly all the issues he brings up and have published significant books and articles about their findings. These publications frequently "demythologize" in the sense that they correct false impressions and tend to modify old ideas, bring to light various contextual considerations, and reveal a great deal of new information about Joseph Smith, his contemporaries, and the Book of Mormon. These writings usually do not find their way into "official" church literature—that is, the Ensign, the New Era, the Church News, the Liahona (the church's international magazine), and Sunday School, priesthood, and Relief Society manuals—and for good reason. Such publications are not intended to be a forum for academic discussion of controversial issues. Just the opposite, they are designed for the entire population of the church, from the "seasoned" member to the newest convert, so they deal primarily with basic gospel principles and gospel living. Nonetheless, Latter-day Saint scholars who do such cutting-edge research are encouraged by the church to find outlets for their work in church-supported scholarly publications such as BYU Studies, the Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, the FARMS Review, several other journals that direct themselves to Latter-day Saint audiences, and various reputable publishing houses, including Deseret Book and various national book publishers. The work of these scholars, who, as Palmer says, have "published, critiqued, and reevaluated a veritable mountain of evidence," is out there to be read and is easily found by anyone who has the interest. Palmer is right, unfortunately, in saying that not enough LDS historical scholarship has come to the attention of the "rank-and-file" in the church, but this is hardly the fault of either the church or its scholars. It illustrates the sad fact that the vast majority of the reading public seems less interested in history than in lively fiction (largely mysteries, adventure, romance novels, and historical novels) and books on health and diet.8 History is almost at the bottom of the list, and, though Latter-day Saints often gain certain historical insights from historical novels, they seldom seek out the scholarly literature that deals with complex issues and problems such as those discussed by Palmer. Again, this is not the fault of the church—it is just human nature. However, the material is out there for those who want to find it.9 Given Palmer's high praise for all this work in his introduction, it seems ironic that he virtually ignores it in the rest of the book. The Book of Mormon In his first chapter, Palmer attempts to demonstrate that Joseph Smith did not have the power to translate anything and that therefore not just the Book of Mormon but also his Bible translations and the Book of Abraham were fabricated (albeit, Palmer seems to feel, in some kind of "inspired" way). The Book of Mormon, he argues, is neither a "translation" nor a direct dictation from God but, instead, "a nineteenth-century encounter with God rather than an ancient epic" (p. 36). In other words, it is inspired fiction. Among his arguments is the fact that there are so many passages in the Book of Mormon that are similar to, or the same as, passages from the King James Version of the Bible. In fact, he says, "scholars have determined that he [Joseph] consulted an open Bible, specifically a printing of the King James translation dating from 1769 or later, including its errors" (p. 10). Later in the book, Palmer suggests that Joseph Smith knew the Bible thoroughly—even, perhaps, having it memorized—thus accounting for his ability to insert Bible passages as he constructed the Book of Mormon (pp. 46-47). One problem here is that the writers he cites really have no way of knowing whether Joseph did or did not have a Bible in front of him, and there is no evidence that any of his associates said such a thing. In fact, the statements usually cited are not always contemporary (some were made years after the fact), they do not always agree in detail, and some of those who made them were not actual witnesses to the translation, or dictation, process. LDS scholars have already dealt with the issue of biblical passages in the Book of Mormon many times, but Palmer chooses either to ignore or to brush too lightly over what they have to say. In a review of an earlier work casting doubt on Joseph Smith as the translator, Royal Skousen, who has spent years in painstaking study of the Book of Mormon text, shows from contemporary accounts that the youthful Joseph was not that great a Bible student (for one thing, he did not even know that there were walls around Jerusalem) and that contemporary witnesses affirm that he did not have a Bible with him while translating. Skousen also discusses numerous other points raised by earlier doubters and repeated by Palmer.10 Another scholar, John W. Welch, explores in depth the section in 3 Nephi that is highly similar to the Sermon on the Mount as recorded in Matthew.11 In comparing the two sermons he emphasizes not just the similarities but, more importantly, the differences, showing that "the relationship between these texts cannot be attributed to a superficial, thoughtless, blind, or careless plagiarism. On the contrary, the differences are systematic, consistent, methodological, and in several cases quite deft."12 In his only allusion to Welch, Palmer faults his speculation that God brought the biblical text to Joseph's memory as he was translating, asserting that the Bible edition Joseph used contained mistakes and asking why, if God inspired Joseph, these mistakes were perpetuated in the Book of Mormon (pp. 135-36). Again, however, Welch has already dealt with that issue, in chapter 8 of the same book. Drawing on his own knowledge of Greek texts, he shows that there is no way to know that, in the edition Joseph may have used, the passages in question were, in fact, erroneous translations. Numerous other works by Latter-day Saint scholars deal with the authorship of the Book of Mormon and, as a group, consider nearly every issue raised by Palmer. The point, however, is not just that they present more sophisticated arguments, but that none of the questions raised by Palmer has been hidden by the church or ignored by its scholars and, as ingenious and seemingly overwhelming as the arguments of Palmer and others are, their readers must not presume that they can withstand the scrutiny of well-trained scholars and students of scripture who have spent their careers studying the same issues. Palmer includes a discussion of the discredited Kinderhook plates, showing that they were a hoax and suggesting that Joseph Smith nevertheless claimed that he could translate them (pp. 1-38). What he does not say, however, is that all this information has been dealt with earlier, in church publications, so it is no secret. In his article on the Kinderhook plates,13 Stanley B. Kimball tells the story in detail. Joseph may, at first, have thought these plates were authentic, and the Times and Seasons even published a statement to the effect that a translation was forthcoming. But the translation did not appear, according to Kimball, simply because Joseph Smith was not fooled for long and soon dropped the matter. The statement in Joseph Smith's History saying that "I have translated a portion of them" did not come from Joseph Smith. Rather, this statement stems from the diary of William Clayton, who wrote on 1 May 1843 that "I have seen 6 brass plates. . . . Prest J. [Joseph] has translated a portion of them." Whether Joseph Smith actually tried to translate the plates or was just speculating on their contents in Clayton's presence, or whether Clayton himself was just speculating, is unknown. The statement got into Joseph's history later, when Clayton's diary was used as a source and third-person references were transposed by the editors into first-person statements. The fact that the plates were a hoax was not revealed until many years after Joseph's death, but modern scholars have not been hesitant to discuss the issue and the church has not hidden the facts. Palmer also attacks the authenticity of the Book of Abraham and Joseph Smith's interpretation of the other Egyptian papyri he possessed (pp. 12-30). Without going into detail here, let me simply refer the reader to the voluminous writings of Hugh Nibley, one of the church's most learned scholars of ancient civilizations and languages, who has dealt openly with all the major issues. Even he recognizes that there are various ways to interpret such ancient material and that all the answers are not in, but one would be amiss to doubt his integrity as a scholar.14 Palmer, relying on the work of another doubter, criticizes Nibley for focusing primarily on Egyptian temple rituals (p. 16), but a careful reading of the Improvement Era series as well as The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri will show that his work is broader than that. Having satisfied himself that Joseph Smith must have concocted the Book of Mormon by drawing from his biblical knowledge as well as a variety of sources in his environment, Palmer proceeds to amass his evidence in four succeeding chapters. In chapter 2, "Authorship of the Book of Mormon," he comes up with what he considers a "plausible scenario" on how the book came to be. Perhaps, he hypothesizes, the idea began to form in Joseph's mind even before Martin Harris became his scribe in 1828, for he had already experimented with seer stones and thought that maybe God would open his mind to other things. After the loss of the first 116 pages of dictation, "an apprenticeship had been served," and Joseph had nine months before Oliver Cowdery came to help to "ponder the details" and flesh out the story. Then, before the book was published, he had eight more months to make textual refinements. In LDS-history-according-to-Palmer, Joseph actually had at least three years to "develop, write, and refine the book" (pp. 66-67), or six years, if one counts from when he first told his family about the project. This is conjecture, of course, and is clearly a challenge to what LDS scholars have written on the issue. John W. Welch, for example, has determined that, in fact, it took only about sixty-five to seventy-five days to complete the translation,15 not several years to make up a story. Of course, Joseph made modifications and corrections during the time the book was in press, but these were not extensive and had no effect on its story line or basic substance. (Incidentally, Palmer makes a mistake when he uses Welch's Ensign article for his statement that Joseph Smith dictated the final manuscript in about ninety days [p. 66]. In the article cited, Welch says sixty-five days, though in a later revision of the article he says sixty-five to seventy-five.) Palmer's estimate is based on his assumption that Joseph Smith somehow began plotting his publication very early, memorized it in detail, and then dictated it from memory over a short period of time. However, as LDS scholars have consistently pointed out, there is a singular internal consistency within the Book of Mormon, including recurring threads and patterns that would be most difficult if not impossible for Joseph Smith to keep in mind as he made up a story and then dictated it, without the use of notes, over a period of sixty-five to seventy-five days, always taking up exactly where he had left off the day before. Moreover, the central material in the Book of Mormon is not the story line but, rather, the powerful, often profound and beautiful, spiritual messages given throughout—most of them centering on Christ and his teachings. They are so abundant, and impress me so deeply, that it seems highly improbable to me that someone trying to perpetrate a fraud could work all that, along with a consistent, highly complex narrative, into a book of fiction dictated in so short a time. With what we know about Joseph Smith's inherent lack of literary prowess, it becomes especially difficult to believe that he was the author. There are better ways, I think, of looking at this. If one looks at the story through the eyes of faith and assumes that the gold plates were real, an equally or perhaps even more "plausible scenario" emerges. There can be little doubt that young Joseph was thinking about his future task and probably even had some good ideas about what was on the plates before he was actually given them and told to translate them. After all, he was visited and instructed by Moroni several times before he got them. The only authoritative statement on how the Book of Mormon was translated is Joseph Smith's own affirmation that he did it "by the gift and power of God," but we can still imagine several possible scenarios. Royal Skousen and others have argued that Joseph may have received the translation word for word, though not without previous prayerful thought and effort.16 A similar possibility is that, being already familiar with some of the history of the Nephites and Lamanites (from Moroni's several visits), and also being familiar with the Bible, as Joseph studied prayerfully words came to his mind and he had the experience alluded to in the Doctrine and Covenants: "If it is right I will cause that your bosom shall burn within you; therefore, you shall feel that it is right" (D&C 9:8). The words may have been his own words, in the language he best understood (though, as scholars have repeatedly shown, they were beyond his own limited linguistic talents, so there was clearly inspiration or revelation as the words came), but he also received spiritual confirmation that they accurately reflected what the Book of Mormon prophets meant to convey. So far as biblical passages are concerned, it is well known that different translators will not translate the same document in exactly the same words, but each of their translations may still be "correct" representations of what the original document said. Joseph used words that he and the people he knew could best understand as scripture—words as close as he could come to the scriptural style they knew, the King James Version of the Bible. When it came to Isaiah passages and other passages that reflected ideas that were the same as those of the Book of Mormon prophets, it was only natural that he render them in the King James style—even word for word—if they still reflected the same ideas. (It does not bother me to think that, somehow, he had access to and used his Bible during that part of the translation process—hence the word-for-word rendition of Isaiah—but, if the process was inspired, this allows for the significant differences in wording that resulted.) Further, if Christ really did appear to the ancient Nephites, why would he not have delivered his message in almost the same words he employed in Jerusalem? Would this not help account for the similarities between the Sermon on the Mount and the Sermon at the Temple? Nephi reminds us that "the Lord God giveth light unto the understanding; for he speaketh unto men according to their language, unto their understanding" (2 Nephi 31:3), and the Lord reminded the Saints with respect to modern revelation that "I am God and have spoken it; these commandments are of me, and were given unto my servants in their weakness, after the manner of their language, that they might come to understanding" (D&C 1:24). We don't know what would happen if someone were to translate the same material today, even under inspiration, but it is conceivable that the words would be different, perhaps even in more modern English, such as that in the New International Version of the Bible, but the meaning would be the same and the translation would be "correct." To his credit, even though Palmer discusses some of the parallels between the Book of Mormon and Ethan Smith's View of the Hebrews, he does not claim, as some before him have, that View of the Hebrews is a direct source for parts of the Book of Mormon. Rather, he uses the parallels to show that in Joseph Smith's cultural setting there was a belief that American Indians were descended from Israelites and that this idea could have provided the inspiration for Joseph Smith to make the same claim in the Book of Mormon (pp. 58-64). Palmer is right about the perception of American antiquities held by many people at the time, but that is not proof that it provided the idea for the Book of Mormon. Because A is similar to B is not necessarily a reason to assume that A was the source for B, especially, in this case, when Palmer himself recognizes that internally View of the Hebrews and the Book of Mormon are not similar. Interestingly enough, information about View of the Hebrews has been available through LDS sources for many years, and in 1996 BYU's Religious Studies Center republished, in its entirety, the 1825 edition.17 Again, nothing about this issue has been hidden by the church or its scholars. Palmer points to a statement in the introduction to the current edition of the Book of Mormon to the effect that Book of Mormon people are the "principal ancestors of the American Indians" (p. 57) and attempts to use linguistics as well as DNA evidence to show that no Native Americans could be of Hebrew descent. The linguistics argument is slippery for Latter-day Saint scholars, since as yet they have not found an abundance of evidence that there are traces of Hebrew in Native American languages, partly—John L. Sorenson and others believe—because there have not been enough interested and competent scholars working on the matter.18 It is a painstaking and expensive process. There have been a few interesting discoveries, however, as noted by Sorenson. Some names associated with the Mayan calendar, for example, seem to be related to Hebrew. In addition, Sorenson refers to one unpublished study that has noted a degree of similarity in the basic vocabulary of the Hebrews and the language of native groups just north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (the area where most LDS scholars believe the Book of Mormon history took place).19 On the DNA issue, knowledgeable LDS scholars have responded quickly and decisively to the argument that DNA studies show no connection between Israelites and Native Americans. DNA investigation is both extremely complex and tentative, but Michael Whiting, Sorenson, and others have shown that the evidence is still so tentative that no firm conclusions can be made, one way or the other. This is partly because we really don't know enough about the colonization patterns of ancient Americans.20 One hypothesis is what Whiting calls the "local colonization hypothesis," but it presents especially complicated challenges for investigation. This hypothesis, as explained by Whiting, suggests that when the three colonizing parties came to the New World, the land was already occupied in whole or in part by people of an unknown genetic heritage. Thus the colonizers were not entirely isolated from genetic input from other individuals who were living there or who would arrive during or after the colonization period. The hypothesis presumes that there was gene flow between the colonizers and the prior inhabitants of the land, mixing the genetic signal that may have been originally present in the colonizers. It recognizes that by the time the Book of Mormon account ends, there had been such a mixing of genetic information that there was likely no clear genetic distinction between Nephites, Lamanites, and other inhabitants of the continent. This distinction was further blurred by the time period from when the Book of Mormon ends until now, during which there was an influx of genes from multiple genetic sources. Moreover, the hypothesis suggests that the Nephite-Lamanite lineage occupied a limited geographic range. This would make the unique Middle Eastern genetic signature, if it existed in the colonizers at all, more susceptible to being swamped out with genetic information from other sources.21 Whiting's many observations in this long and fascinating article make clear how tentative DNA investigators must be in trying to determine the relationship between Lamanites and American Indians. Among these observations are the following: "The local colonization hypothesis is hard to test because of complications associated with the Lamanite lineage history, such as founder effect, genetic drift, and extensive introgression." "DNA evidence is not likely to unambiguously refute or corroborate this hypothesis." "This hypothesis has never been specifically tested." "DNA evidence does nothing to speak to the authenticity of the Book of Mormon text." "I would be just as critical of a claim that DNA evidence supports the Book of Mormon as I am of the claim that it does not."22 On the matter of the Book of Mormon people being the "principal ancestors" of the American Indians, Palmer (inadvertently?) sets up a kind of straw man. That introductory Book of Mormon statement itself suggests that there were other people on the continent. Beyond that, Latter-day Saints (including church leaders) have long recognized that the book is a history of only a relatively small group of people in a very limited region, and that there were other people on the continent when the Jaredites (the earliest group mentioned by the Book of Mormon) arrived. Given that fact, there is no necessity to assume that the Book of Mormon people were the only ancestors of the American Indians, or even that the majority of the current inhabitants of North, Central, and South America are descended from the Nephites and Lamanites. In 1909, Elder B. H. Roberts suggested that the American continent was not empty when the Jaredites came, and a 1927 commentary on the Book of Mormon as well as a 1938 Book of Mormon study guide published by the Church Department of Education held the same view.23 In 1960 Elder Richard L. Evans of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles clearly recognized the issue when he referred in writing to the Book of Mormon as "a sacred and secular record of prophets and people who were among the ancestors of the American 'Indians.'"24 Sorenson has made the case even stronger, arguing in a noteworthy 1992 article not only that there were "others" on the continent but also that there is evidence within the Book of Mormon itself that the Nephites and Lamanites knew they were there and, to some degree, interacted with them.25 All these issues, and others, are brought up in the chapter on authorship, and yet most of them have been "asked and answered" earlier by Latter-day Saint scholars whom Palmer, for some reason, generally ignores.26 In chapter 3, "The Bible and the Book of Mormon," Palmer fleshes out his previous argument that Joseph Smith drew upon his knowledge of the Bible while constructing the Book of Mormon narrative, as demonstrated by so many parallels. Among those parallels are the story of Lehi and his family journeying to the promised land in the Book of Mormon and that of the exodus of Moses and the Israelites in the Bible. This phenomenon has already been recognized and dealt with in great detail by S. Kent Brown.27 Referring to questions raised earlier about the parallels, Brown observes that they are actually recognized by the Book of Mormon prophets and writers themselves and were deliberately used as a teaching tool: Such interest is reasonable because Nephite teachers themselves drew comparisons between Lehi's colony and their Israelite forbears. For instance, in an important speech, King Limhi referred to Israel's escape from Egypt and immediately drew a parallel to Lehi's departure from Jerusalem (Mosiah 7:19-20). Alma, in remarks addressed to his son Helaman, also consciously linked the Exodus from Egypt with Lehi's journey (Alma 36:28-29). More than once a prophet or teacher who wanted to prove to others that divine assistance could be relied on appealed to God's acts on behalf of the enslaved Israelites. This replication was the technique used by Nephi, for example, in his attempt to convince his recalcitrant brothers that God was leading their father, Lehi (1 Ne. 17:23-35).28 There are thus good reasons for the parallels, and there is no good reason to claim that they represent plagiarism by Joseph Smith. Palmer points to other parallels. One example is his comparison between the book of Judith in the Apocrypha and the story of Nephi killing Laban in the Book of Mormon (p. 55). This and other apocryphal parallels are dealt with by John Tvedtnes and Matthew Roper in their extensive critique of the same charges originally made by Jerald and Sandra Tanner. They point out that Nephi's story "has much more in common with that of David and Goliath than that of Judith and Holofernes, but to cite from 1 Samuel 17 would have detracted from the Tanners' [and thus Palmer's] thesis that Joseph Smith got the idea from the book of Judith."29 In reality, the story of Judith and Holofernes is so different from the story of Nephi that the so-called similarities are really superficial. In the Apocrypha, King Nebuchadnezzar sends his general, Holofernes, to conquer the rebellious Jews, but the city of Bethulia refuses to submit. Finally, however, after their water supply has been cut off, the people consider surrendering in five days if God does not rescue them. At that point Judith, a beautiful widow, declares that she will deliver them. Entering the camp of the Assyrians, she captivates Holofernes with her charms and finally, when he is lying on his bed drunk, cuts off his head with his own sword and takes it to her city to show what she has done. The Jews, thus encouraged, sally forth and scatter the invading army and plunder its camp. Palmer's supposed parallels are limited to such incidentals as the fact that an enemy wants to destroy the people of God (a frequent theme throughout the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and Christian history in general, but in this case it is not even a similar story: Nephi goes back to Jerusalem not because he knows Laban wants to kill his people but only to get the records); Judith, like Nephi, enters the city at night (but the purpose is different than that of Nephi: she goes into the city intending to kill the general while Nephi has no such intent and kills Laban only when the opportunity presents itself and then only after considerable soul-searching); Judith cuts off the general's head with his own sword (a kind of parallel, but the description of how she does it is quite different from the description of Nephi killing Laban, and Nephi is certainly not vengeful enough to carry the head away in triumph); then, according to Palmer, Judith takes some of Holofernes's possessions (the Apocrypha says nothing about Judith taking anything out of the general's tent except his head in a food bag, though her people later come in and plunder the enemy camp; in Nephi's case he does not take the head but does take Laban's clothes, sword, and armor as well as the records he initially came for); and both groups celebrate by burnt offerings to the Lord (well, what do you expect of a group of Israelites: were not burnt offerings the norm, and would not the story of Nephi be suspect if they had not offered burnt offerings?). Such strained parallels make Palmer's argument weak indeed—the stories are not at all identical, as he claims, and neither are the phrases and sentences.30 Surprisingly, Palmer does not discuss the numerous passages from Isaiah that are included in the Book of Mormon, yet this is one issue that critics of the Book of Mormon often bring up. The reader should know, however, that this issue also has been dealt with exhaustively by respected church scholars, at least as far back as 1939 when Sidney B. Sperry published an extensive two-part article in the church's Improvement Era.31 Palmer includes a chapter on the parallels between evangelical Protestantism and the Book of Mormon. He finds words and phrases in the Book of Mormon that are similar to words and phrases in the emotionally charged sermons of evangelical ministers and finds teachings that parallel evangelical doctrines. Some of this seems persuasive, though reading through the eyes of faith leads one to ask "why not?" If the same kinds of problems existed in Book of Mormon times, why not scold the people in language that, when translated into the English Joseph knew, sounds evangelical? Moreover, Palmer would be hard-pressed to put Joseph Smith at the camp meetings where Lorenzo Dow, Alfred Bennett, Eleazar Sherman, George Whitefield, or other evangelicals spoke or to show that Joseph had read their speeches. There is evidence from Joseph Smith himself, of course, that he did attend some revivals, and must have been acquainted with revivalist language, but even though some of that language appears in scattered places in the Book of Mormon, it is just that—scattered—and not a wholesale incorporation into Book of Mormon sermons. One of the things Palmer asserts is that the Book of Mormon contains doctrines that are different from doctrines Joseph came up with later. One of these concerns the Godhead, and Palmer cites several passages that seem to make no distinction between the Father and the Son (as opposed to Joseph Smith's later teaching that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are three distinct beings; see Mosiah 15:1-4, for example). What Palmer fails to point out, however, is that there are numerous other passages that clearly distinguish between the persons of the Father and the Son. We read in 3 Nephi, for example: And behold, the third time they did understand the voice which they heard; and it said unto them: Behold my Beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased, in whom I have glorified my name—hear ye him. (3 Nephi 11:6-7) Then, a few verses later, the Son says: Behold, I am Jesus Christ, whom the prophets testified shall come into the world. And behold I am the light and the life of the world: and I have drunk out of that bitter cup which the Father hath given me in taking upon me the sins of the world, in the which I have suffered the will of the Father in all things from the beginning. (3 Nephi 11:10-11) There are other such passages in the Book of Mormon (1 Nephi 11:21 and 13:40, for example). Such seemingly contradictory statements exist not only there, however, but also in the Bible and the Doctrine and Covenants. In these books "proof-texters" can find support for any view of the Godhead they want, but to imply that the Book of Mormon portrays only one view is misleading. (It may even be that, at the moment they wrote or spoke, some Book of Mormon prophets themselves did not fully comprehend the Godhead, thus accounting for some differences between them.) For the benefit of church members, however, the apparent contradictions were reconciled by the First Presidency and the Twelve in 1916.32 Actually, the only thing Palmer demonstrates effectively in this section is not that Book of Mormon doctrines are fundamentally different from current church teachings but simply that some things, such as temple work, are not there. This may present a dilemma to believers who are reminded in the Doctrine and Covenants that the Book of Mormon contains a "fulness of the gospel." The "fulness of the gospel" as taught consistently throughout the Book of Mormon has been amply documented from the text as a six-point formula that includes faith, repentance, baptism of water, baptism of fire and the Holy Ghost, enduring to the end, and receiving eternal life.33 This matches exactly the formula presented repeatedly in the Doctrine and Covenants (D&C 10:67-69; 14:7, 10; 18:17-22; 20:25-29; 33:11-12; 39:6; 50:5; 53:3, 7). The answer, of course, is that in its testimony and explanation of the mission of Christ (which, in Palmer's mind, is the most essential thing), the book does contain a "fulness." In addition, part of the "fulness of the gospel" is the concept of continuing revelation, by which Saints in any period of time may receive additional light and knowledge as they are prepared for it. As part of his effort to show that the Book of Mormon teaches doctrines that were later changed by the church, Palmer includes an interesting quotation from Brigham Young, who said in 1862 that "I will even venture to say that if the Book of Mormon were now to be re-written, in many instances it would materially differ from the present translation."34 However, this quotation is taken out of context. President Young was not talking about doctrinal or other substantive differences. It was simply an aside in a much longer statement in which he was trying to show that God speaks to different people in different ways, "in a manner to suit their circumstances and their capacities." If the Bible were to be rewritten today, he said, it would "in many places be very different from what it is now," meaning that those who wrote the books of the Bible might very well be inspired to say some things differently if they were speaking to the circumstances and concerns of today. The same would be true of the Book of Mormon writers. Such isolated, out-of-context quotations should not be taken so literally, for no one can say that Brigham Young really meant that Joseph Smith would translate things differently in 1862 than he did in 1829. He only meant that if the Book of Mormon writers were writing in 1862 they might well have had a different message, or said things differently, than they did over fifteen hundred years before. Perhaps the most strained "parallel" in Palmer's book is his appeal to the "Golden Pot," by E. T. A. Hoffmann. In a way, however, I owe Palmer a debt for introducing me to Hoffmann and at least one of his fantastic short stories. Hoffmann (1776-1822) was a brilliant German writer. He at first aspired to be a musician and even changed his middle name, Wilhelm, to Amadeus, in honor of Mozart. Later, he turned also to writing, becoming most famous for his fantasy and horror. His work had wide influence, including an effect on many composers and writers. One collection of his stories inspired Jacques Offenbach to write his opera The Tales of Hoffmann. His 1816 story, "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King," inspired Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker ballet. In the United States, his writings directly affected the work of such luminaries as Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Edgar Allen Poe, and they even influenced Sigmund Freud and the psychiatrist Carl Jung's theory of archetypes.35 It is Palmer's contention that "The Golden Pot" had a direct influence on Joseph Smith's story of how the Book of Mormon came to be. Palmer believes that Joseph Smith's understanding of, or acquaintance with, the tale "The Golden Pot" "most likely" came through Luman Walters, a magician and necromancer who may have once studied in Europe and there have become acquainted with Hoffmann's work (p. 141). Palmer does not claim that Joseph Smith ever read "The Golden Pot" but only that he got ideas about it from hearing Walters. The problem with this assumption is that the evidence for a direct connection with Walters is tenuous, to say the least. Citing D. Michael Quinn, Palmer says that Brigham Young, Lorenzo Saunders, Abner Cole, and others "confirmed" the fact that the Smith family had contact with Walters in the 1820s. For the most part, however, such "confirmation" is based on secondhand information or on long-term memory, and it seems from reading the writings of Brigham Young that he himself was really not clear on the possible connection. In the 18 February 1855 speech cited by Palmer, for example, Young does not identify Walters by name, though it is evident that this is the man he described as "a fortune-teller, a necromancer, an astrologer, a soothsayer," who, he said, "possesses as much talent as any man that walked on the American soil, and was one of the wickedest men I ever saw."36 How Brigham knew him is not clear, but the only story he tells is simply that Walters "rode over sixty miles three times the same season they [the gold plates] were obtained by Joseph" in an effort to get the plates for himself, and that he was sent for by some of Joseph's neighbors. Brigham told essentially the same story, with a few variations in detail, a little over two years later, noting that he did not even remember the name of "this fortune-teller."37 The point Brigham was trying to make was that many people believed there was treasure, or gold, buried in the Hill Cumorah, and that three different times they sent for a fortune-teller to help them find it. When he repeated the story to Elizabeth Kane in 1872, he finally remembered Walters's last name. None of this, however, provides evidence that Joseph Smith actually knew Walters, or, even if he did, that he knew him well enough to get the "Golden Pot" story from him, if Walters was at all familiar with Hoffmann's tale. Palmer also cites an obscure 1884 statement by Clark Braden, an anti-Mormon Congregational minister, to the effect that Joseph Smith had "made the acquaintance" of Walters, but it is not clear at all how Braden came to that conclusion. More important, however, is the fact that Palmer's comparisons between Joseph Smith's story and "The Golden Pot" rely on carefully chosen, widely spaced examples that, when read in context, are not really what Palmer makes them out to be. Not even the general story line is recognizable in Palmer's selected references. "The Golden Pot" is a remarkable, complex fantasy told in twelve "vigils," or chapters. The edition I read covers one hundred pages.38 Palmer's parallels are highly selective and do not reflect the whole story, either of Anselmus (the hero of "The Golden Pot") or Joseph Smith. What's more, Palmer finds it necessary to pull strands from four different accounts by Joseph Smith in order to make his case. "The Golden Pot" is the story of the student Anselmus, who is introduced in the first vigil running madly through the city after having a horrifying experience with a witch that discourages him and convinces him he is a born loser. His self-detesting reverie goes on until it is interrupted by a strange rustling in the grass that soon moves up into an elder tree, or bush. He also hears whispering, lisping, and sounds like crystal bells. He then sees three little gold-green snakes and hears more whispering as the snakes glide up and down through the twigs as if the elder bush were "scattering a thousand glittering emeralds" through its leaves. Soon he sees some glorious dark-blue eyes looking at him in longing, hears the elder bush and then the Evening Wind speak to him, and finally watches a mysterious green flame vanish in the direction of the city. Does any of this sound like the Joseph Smith story? Palmer sees a parallel between Anselmus's dwelling on his stupid bumbling as a student (he calls himself a "jolthead" in the translation I read) and Joseph Smith's lament, in 1838, that after his first vision he fell into foolish errors and displayed the foibles of human nature that were "not consistent with that character which ought to be maintained by one who was called of God" (JS—H 1:28). One who reads Hoffmann must immediately ask what makes Palmer think that Joseph Smith would draw on just this one, not necessarily essential, element of Anselmus's story when nothing else in the first vigil fits or parallels anything in Joseph Smith's story? Joseph was writing about sins for which he needed forgiveness (he was led "into divers temptations, offensive in the sight of God" [JS—H 1:28], he said in a passage not quoted by Palmer), not the kind of bumbling that plagued Anselmus. If one wishes to look for parallels, or sources for this kind of statement from Joseph Smith, they are more easily found in the personal and oft-told experiences of the revivalists of the day. But Palmer goes on, reporting on "a shock, a vision of angels, and a message" (p. 147). Again, the parallel seems more contrived than real. The word angel, for example, appears nowhere in this vigil. What Anselmus sees are the three snakes (which Palmer evidently thinks Joseph Smith transformed into angels as he concocted his story) gliding up and down the twigs of an elder bush. He then hears the bells, receives a shock, and sees a blue-eyed snake looking at him. It is then that the elder bush—not a snake, or "being" as Palmer puts it—speaks to him (though it may have been speaking for the snake), and gives him a message of love. Palmer says that Anselmus does not fully understand the "being's" message, but the text of the story says that it is the Evening Wind (not the snake but perhaps speaking for the snake) that glides by, saying "I played round thy temples, but thou understoodst me not,"39 and continued with a message of love. Then the "Sunbeam" breaks through the clouds and gives a similar message. Palmer also says that these strange "beings" are from the lost civilization of Atlantis—something that is not suggested in this particular vigil but is explained much later on in the story. It is another strain on credulity to figure out how Palmer parlays this into a source for Joseph Smith's 1835 statement that after he had retired to bed he received "a vision of angels in the night season" (p. 148), in which the room was illuminated and an angel sent from God appeared before him. Then, in 1842, he said that the light produced a shock in him, and Palmer further quotes a letter from Oliver Cowdery to the same effect. Anselmus had a vision? Well, if that's what you want to call it, but Hoffmann didn't. Angels? No. Snakes, bells, an elder bush, and the Evening Wind—hardly the kind of "beings" that would give Joseph the idea of reporting the visit of angels. A message? Yes. In Hoffmann, Palmer says, the "being" gave him a message that he did not fully understand, though Hoffmann makes it clear that the message was, in some way, one of love. Joseph Smith, on the other hand, received a very clear message, and even though he speaks of "marveling greatly" at what he was told and being "overwhelmed in astonishment" (JS—H 1:44, 46), he clearly understood what he was supposed to do. Again, the so-called parallels go wanting. In the second vigil Anselmus is first perceived as mad, but he wakens from his stupor long enough to accept a ride across the river, offered by his friend and professor, Conrector Paulmann. However, partway across he again sees the three snakes and cries out, convincing his companions on the boat that he may, indeed, be mad. But Veronica, the lovely, dark-blue-eyed daughter of Paulmann, defends Anselmus, which immediately changes his demeanor. Later in the day he hears Veronica sing in a voice like a crystal bell (clearly, her blue eyes and the voice are reminiscent of Anselmus's experience with a snake). Still later he is told that Archivarius Lindhorst, who lives by himself in an "old sequestered house," possesses various manuscripts, written in ancient languages and strange characters, that he wishes to have copied—meticulously and with no mistakes—and he is willing to pay for it. Anselmus, who has a flair for both penmanship and calligraphy, is delighted and dreams that night of the fact that, at last, he is going to prosper financially. The next day he goes to apply for the job but who should meet him at the door but the old witch who had frightened him before. Astonished, he reels back and grabs the bell-rope, which turns into a serpent that attacks and nearly kills him. He quickly loses consciousness and later awakens lying on his bed. Where are the parallels? Presumably Lindhorst's strange manuscripts became the gold plates in Joseph Smith's reconstruction, and in Palmer's reconstruction of Hoffmann the desire to have them copied becomes a desire to have them also translated (p. 148). This is indeed a stretch, for nothing in the story suggests that Lindhorst hired Anselmus for any purpose but to copy. The only place that translation is even hinted at is much later in the story, in vigil eight, where Anselmus is copying some especially important records in a special gardenlike room. Suddenly, as if in answer to his own concerns, he feels "from his inmost soul" that the only thing the characters on the manuscript could denote are the words "Of the marriage of the Salamander with the green Snake."40 Immediately Serpentina—the green snake with the blue eyes—comes winding down a palm tree, and Anselmus enjoys the rapture of knowing that his beloved snake loves him. Palmer's transforming this story into the idea that Anselmus was hired to translate the records for Lindhorst is the most far-fetched stretch yet. Continuing, for a moment, with vigil eight, after Serpentina declares her love, she proceeds to tell Anselmus the wonderful story of her race. When she is finished, Anselmus realizes that during all this time he has not copied anything from the manuscript and yet, mysteriously, the copy is complete. He also realizes, on looking at it, that the writing must contain the story he has just been told. It is this that Palmer says parallels Joseph's claims to have translated by inspiration—a complete misreading of what Hoffmann's story is all about. In a subsequent statement, after being questioned on this matter, Palmer qualifies himself slightly by repeating the story and saying that thus "Anselmus is a kind of 'translator' (as well as a copyist), just as Joseph Smith claimed for himself."41 But even being a "kind of 'translator'" in this one instance is hardly the same as being hired, or assigned, to translate—something the wizardly Lindhorst hardly needed anyone to do. From the second vigil, Palmer draws a parallel between Joseph Smith walking to the Hill Cumorah the day after Moroni's visit and Anselmus walking to Lindhorst's residence—both appointed places. Fine—as if this were the only time anyone walked somewhere he was told to go. But Palmer characteristically distorts the record in his reporting of the Hoffmann story. "As Anselmus walks to Lindhorst's house," he says, he "'saw nothing but clear speziesthalers [dollars], and heard nothing but their lovely clink . . . [F]or here, thought he, slapping his pocket, which was still empty, for here [dollars] will soon be clinking'" (p. 149). A problem here is the fact that Hoffmann wrote the first part of this passage as a description of what Anselmus was thinking about during the night, not while he was walking to the house the next morning, though the last part is chronologically correct. It is also true that Joseph reported in 1832 that at first he sought the plates to get riches. But is Anselmus's thought of getting paid to copy old manuscripts really a parallel with Joseph Smith's youthful temptation to somehow use the gold plates to get wealthy? Perhaps, but hardly enough of a parallel to be a source. Such comparisons continue throughout Palmer's chapter, but there is no space here to deal with all of them. Suffice it to say that nearly all the parallels are equally forced, merely "proof-text" in nature—that is, they are presented in such a way that the context in "The Golden Pot" is distorted and the comparison with Joseph Smith's story is contrived, often depending not on what Joseph Smith himself said but on what someone else (Abner Cole, Oliver Cowdery, Lucy Mack Smith, Orson Pratt, and others) said he said. This is neither good history nor convincing evidence that "The Golden Pot" was the source for anything that Joseph Smith reported. There may be a few similarities between "The Golden Pot" and Joseph Smith, if the text is strained, but they are ripped out of a hundred-page story line that has no similarity at all to that of Joseph Smith. However, let me encourage the interested reader to go to Hoffmann's work itself and make his or her own comparisons. You will find the story so different in thrust from what is presented in Palmer that you will wonder how and why he ferreted out such obscure parallels at all, when the whole story itself is one massive unparallel. But if you like Old World fantasy, you will have a delightful read. The significance of all these parallels, many of them superficial, pales in comparison with things about the Book of Mormon that Palmer does not consider but that LDS scholars have studied and written about for years, and that provide powerful evidence of the book's authenticity. In addition to numerous noteworthy articles, for example, John L. Sorenson has published two particularly important books. In the first, An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon, he studies the geography and ancient life and culture of Mesoamerica and makes comparisons with the geography and culture described in the Book of Mormon. He does not set out to "prove" that the Book of Mormon is true. As a highly qualified anthropologist, he recognizes the limitations of his study, but he nevertheless provides what I find convincing evidence for Book of Mormon locations. "The geographical setting identified meets the criteria set out unintentionally by the Book of Mormon," according to Sorenson. "Dimensions, climate, topography, configuration of land and water, and cultural levels exhibited in scriptural statements were found to agree with characteristics of central and southern Mesoamerica. . . . The Book of Mormon shows so many striking similarities to the Mesoamerican setting that it seems to me impossible for rational people willing to examine the data to maintain any longer that the book is a mere romance or speculative history written in the third decade of the nineteenth century in New York State."42 Those bothered by Palmer's much less well-founded conjectures should take note. Further, noting the complexity of the Book of Mormon, Sorenson deals with war, dissent, agriculture, secret societies, kinship, tribes, trade, conquest, migration, and missions, showing in every case a remarkable correlation with the culture of the region under study. In Images of Ancient America: Visualizing Book of Mormon Life, he deals with similar issues, though in a more "popular" format. This volume, a handsome, coffee-table book, is filled with photographs that help elucidate the culture of both the Book of Mormon and ancient America. Again, Sorenson is careful not to say that he has "proven" the authenticity of the Book of Mormon, but the evidence, taken as a whole, is powerful and persuasive.43 Some of Sorenson's findings are summarized in a more recent essay, "How Could Joseph Smith Write So Accurately about Ancient American Civilization?"44 Martin Raish, in a summary of various recent works on the Book of Mormon, calls attention to the impossibility of creating a fictional society that in some way parallels a real society that the author knows nothing about. He refers to a discussion of this point by the widely read LDS novelist, Orson Scott Card: My final recommendation is a short essay by Orson Scott Card, "The Book of Mormon: Artifact or Artifice?" in A Storyteller in Zion. Card examines whether the Book of Mormon could be a 19th-century hoax rather than an authentic ancient record. He approaches the question from the experience of an author who has tried to do similar things (that is, to create epic works of fiction) and who knows that "writing something that purports to be an artifact of another culture is the most complicated, difficult kind of science fiction" and that such "is almost never attempted under circumstances where the author actually tries to pass it off as a genuine document." If the book is fiction, Card writes, "we should find Joseph Smith's or someone else's influence there as author. In that case all of the ideas and events in the book should come out of the mind of an 1820s American." But this is not the case. Card searched for flaws and oversights but could not find them. Instead, he found examples of language, culture, and literature that demonstrate the improbability, if not the downright impossibility, that Joseph Smith was the author rather than the translator of the Book of Mormon. These conclusions are not startling, but the way Card approached and presented them from the viewpoint of a writer rather than a scholar has left an indelible impression on me.45 Other areas of investigation not approached by Palmer, but which readers must consider, include the mounting evidence of Hebraisms and other literary forms in the Book of Mormon. John Welch has made a marked contribution to Book of Mormon studies with his work on a distinctive literary form known as chiasmus, which appears regularly in the Book of Mormon. According to Welch, chiasmus has appeared in Greek, Latin, English, and other languages, but it was more highly developed in Hebrew. It is prevalent in biblical texts but did not become well known among students of literature until long after the Book of Mormon was published.46 John A. Tvedtnes shows that the Book of Mormon has many other characteristics of the Hebrew language and that "in many places the words that have been used and the ways in which the words have been put together are more typical of Hebrew than of English."47 Since the Nephites seem to have been familiar with Hebrew, this is to be expected. Donald W. Parry also finds many ancient literary forms in the Book of Mormon, including simile curses, names, poetic forms, and the expression and it came to pass.48 Most recently, James T. Duke brings together and discusses in depth the numerous literary forms and devices found in the Book of Mormon—some biblical in nature, others unique but not found in the language of Joseph Smith's culture.49 Such things could hardly be the creation of a young man with the limited literary talent of Joseph Smith, nor could they have come about by happenstance. The interested reader may also want to consult the various Book of Mormon wordprint studies that seem to demonstrate a significant difference in authorship between various authors in the Book of Mormon, suggesting that even in translation the distinctive style of different writers shines through.50 I could go on and on, especially with the variety of studies carried out and published under the auspices of FARMS, but enough has been said to establish the fact that an abundance of scholarly work is available for the benefit of anyone who wishes to find it. Four recent compilations provide valuable examples of studies relating to the authenticity of the Book of Mormon as well as new insights into the complexity and richness of the book itself.51 Palmer next attacks the testimonies of the witnesses to the gold plates, claiming, in part, that they were all visionaries who believed that it was possible, with something he calls "second sight," to see all kinds of hidden treasures. They saw the gold plates, he claims, through "spiritual eyes," but the plates were not real. He also asserts, however, that Joseph Smith may have manufactured "a plate-like object" in order to engender belief in some who later said they felt the plates through a cloth (p. 207)—which is not only pure speculation but also somewhat inconsistent with the idea that the witnesses actually saw or handled nothing. But again—asked and answered. Nearly everything he raises in this chapter has already been dealt with by Latter-day Saint scholars, a few of whom are referred to briefly, almost in passing, but none taken seriously. As part of his argument Palmer uses some questionable sources to establish the idea that Joseph Smith had a rather unsavory reputation, particularly with respect to his early money-digging. These include statements made many years after the fact, statements made by avowed enemies or apostates, and numerous statements collected by Philastus Hurlbut and published in 1834 by E. D. Howe in Mormonism Unvailed. (Curiously, Palmer cites Howe extensively in his footnotes but does not include this controversial book in his bibliography.) Richard Lloyd Anderson has shown, however, that the affidavits published by Howe are unreliable, not only because both Hurlbut and Howe were bitter anti-Mormons (and Howe, even, at one time called Hurlbut unreliable) but that internal evidence reveals that they were probably doctored by Howe. Anderson focuses on statements accusing Joseph and his family of lack of industriousness, but his observations apply equally as well to the rest of Joseph's reputation.52 Palmer's chief focus is on the testimonies of the witnesses to the gold plates, and here he takes a slightly different tack from that of most earlier naysayers. Though he implicitly raises questions about their character (an old approach that has been dealt with extensively by LDS scholars),53 his main argument is that the witnesses were deeply immersed in the magical worldview of the times, believed in hidden treasures guarded by strange creatures, and were so susceptible to suggestions that they received "visions" with their "spiritual eyes" and that "such visions of the mind erased the boundaries that separate the spiritual and the physical worlds, a perspective consistent with how a number of people of that day perceived reality" (p. 202). Their very cultural orientation, then, made them gullible enough to "see" whatever Joseph Smith wanted them to see. Interspersed in this line of reasoning is also the old argument that the witnesses were inconsistent and, at times, denied actually seeing the plates. The question of the integrity of the witnesses' testimony is dealt with effectively by Richard Lloyd Anderson. In one instance, Palmer claims that Martin Harris testified publicly in 1838 that "none of the signatories to the Book of Mormon saw or handled the physical records" (p. 204). His source is a letter from Stephen Burnett to Lyman E. Johnson. However, Anderson shows that Burnett's statement is a highly interpretive "first-hand report of a half-truth" and that Burnett probably "bends words" to support his own theory that Mormonism was a "lying deception." The incident Burnett was reporting concerned Martin Harris standing up in a meeting in the Kirtland Temple to challenge charges made by Burnett and other apostates. Anderson's analysis of Burnett's statement shows that he was trying to ridicule Harris and therefore may not have been quoting him correctly but, rather, in derision, saying that he had seen the plates "only" in vision, and that he had seen them "only" four times. The term only seems to be Burnett's caustic addition to what Harris really said.54 Anderson goes into much more detail, demonstrating the long-term integrity of all the witnesses, and the reader would do well to read Anderson's work before accepting uncritically what Palmer has to say. The magical worldview of the time has also been recognized by LDS scholars, who have described it in detail and have cautioned their readers not to be surprised at such revelations.55 For a more detailed discussion of the problems inherent in this part of Palmer's work, however, the reader is urged to consult Mark Ashurst-McGee's essay in the previous issue of the FARMS Review.56 Palmer also devotes a chapter to the restoration of the Aaronic and Mechizedek Priesthoods, calling the early accounts "more nuanced and fascinating than the simple, unified story that is told today" (p. 215). This is a bit misleading, for even though in Sunday School we may hear an abbreviated version, the complex and fascinating story examined by LDS scholars is readily available to church members. Years ago Anderson dealt with Oliver Cowdery and his various accounts of priesthood restoration in his "The Second Witness of Priesthood Restoration."57 Bushman has looked at the complexities of the issue, raised questions about the date of the restoration of the apostleship, and opined in print that it came only after the organization of the church—a nontraditional view.58 Larry C. Porter, on the other hand, supports the traditional view.59 But Palmer's main thrust in this chapter seems not to be whether or when the priesthood was restored but, rather, whether it was done by the physical process of the laying on of hands by heavenly beings. At this point he does not seem to be arguing with the idea that Joseph Smith had priesthood authority, but simply with the current concept that it was given through a physical ordination rather than just some kind of spiritual manifestation. The earliest accounts, he claims, made no such references, and not until about 1835 did the story "evolve" to become one of a hands-on bestowal of authority, or the receiving of authority through the ministering of angels. As in the rest of the book, the sources Palmer quotes can be interpreted variously, but even though they do not always say "ministering of angels" or "laying on of hands," they are not inconsistent with that perception. Further, Palmer fails to cite Joseph Smith's earliest attempt, in 1832, to write his own history. He began this early account by referring specifically to "the reception of the holy Priesthood by the ministring of Aangels."60 This and other problems with this chapter are also discussed in detail in Ashurst-McGee's review.61 The First Vision Palmer also takes up Joseph Smith's first vision in his final chapter. As he does with other foundational stories, Palmer takes the position that current LDS interpretations "simplify and retrofit later accounts to provide a seemingly authoritative, unambiguous recital" (p. 235). He focuses on Joseph Smith's various accounts of the vision in an attempt to show not only that they are inconsistent but also that in 1838 he rewrote the story in order to meet certain institutional needs. Like other foundational stories, Palmer insists, it was transformed from a "spiritual," or metaphysical, experience into one depicting a physical reality. Exactly why this new kind of story was so essential is never satisfactorily explained, though Palmer theorizes that, as a result of troubling apostasies, Joseph found it necessary to embellish his story to reassert his authority. Accordingly, he "then told a revised and more impressive version of his epiphany" and announced for the first time that "his initial calling had not come from an angel in 1823, as he had said for over a decade, but from God the Father and Jesus Christ in 1820" (pp. 248, 251). This is pure speculation and also distorts the various accounts themselves. In a way, however, Palmer's emphasis on the "spiritual" nature of Joseph Smith's first vision is not inconsistent with LDS thought. Latter-day Saints have no trouble accepting the proposition that Joseph saw the Father and the Son with something other than his "natural eyes." He reported in 1838 that after the vision closed "I came to myself again, I found myself lying on my back, looking up into heaven" (JS—H 1:20). This suggests that he was having an experience something like that of Moses: "But now mine own eyes have beheld God; but not my natural, but my spiritual eyes, for my natural eyes could not have beheld" (Moses 1:11). But seeing through "spiritual eyes" does not preclude the possibility that what Joseph saw was real and physical. Palmer's reasoning to the contrary is not persuasive. There are several contemporary accounts of Joseph Smith's first vision (i.e., accounts prepared by or under the direction of Joseph himself or accounts of someone who heard him recite his experience). Recorded at different times and places, under different circumstances, and in connection with different audiences, they naturally differ in some details. Four of these accounts were recorded directly by Joseph Smith or under his direction. The 1832 account represents his first effort to write the history of the church. Recorded partly in his own handwriting and partly in the handwriting of his scribe, Frederick G. Williams, it is grammatically unpolished but deeply moving, written in a style similar to that of the evangelical spirit of the times. The 1835 account was recorded by Joseph's scribe Warren Cowdery as Joseph was telling a visitor of the rise of the church. The 1838 account was prepared under Joseph Smith's direction and is now published in the Pearl of Great Price. It has become the "official" version of the story. The 1842 account is part of a letter written by Joseph Smith to John Wentworth and published in the church's Times and Seasons on 1 March. All of these accounts are readily available.62 No one should expect Joseph Smith, or anyone else, to repeat a verbatim account each time he tells it. Palmer goes to great lengths to try to show that the revival Joseph Smith discusses in his 1838 account did not occur in 1820, as that account declares, but rather in 1824 (pp. 240-44), thus casting doubt on the accuracy of that account. This discussion is hardly new, for Mormon historians and anti-Mormon writers began arguing over that and related issues as early as the late 1960s, after Wesley P. Walters challenged the traditional account.63 Walters averred that there was no revival in Palmyra in 1820, as supposedly claimed by Joseph Smith, and that if Joseph Smith's description of what went on that year cannot be trusted neither can his description of the first vision itself. I call his article "pseudoscholarly" because, as Marvin S. Hill observed in his thoughtful analysis of the scholarly debates over the first vision, "Walters' scholarship is one of sectarian advantage, not objectivity." Then, referring to Walters as well as to other anti-Mormon writers, he said that the sources they employ, "the conclusions they reach, the places where they publish, and their strong anti-Mormon missionary activities suggest that they have other than scholarly concerns." The real point, according to Hill, is not whether a revival occurred in 1820—some agree that it did not—but the fact that all the textual evidence shows that Joseph Smith had a vision between the ages of fourteen and fifteen.64 It would hardly be a blot on Joseph Smith's veracity to say that, when preparing his "official" history in 1838, he confused the date of the revival and somehow superimposed what he experienced in 1824 over his memory of what led to his great 1820 epiphany. Most LDS scholars have not done that, however, thanks, in part, to the work of Milton V. Backman Jr. Even before Walters produced his article, Backman was at work scouring the religious records of Palmyra and its vicinity, including records Walters neglected. Drawing first on a highly regarded study of religious fervor in western New York, Backman observed that between 1816 and 1821 "revivals were reported in more towns and a greater number of settlers joined churches than in any previous period of New York history."65 But he went further than that, demonstrating that in the great revival of 1819-20 there were numerous reports of "unusual religious excitement" within such reasonable distance of Joseph Smith's home (up to about 15 miles) that young Joseph and his family could easily have known of, and even attended, some of them.66 An interesting controversy followed, focusing at one point on a debate between Walters and Bushman over Joseph Smith's meaning when he described the revival. Interpreting narrowly Joseph Smith's words that there was "unusual excitement on the subject of religion" in "the place where we lived," Walters insisted that the revival had to have taken place in the village of Palmyra, in 1820, for it to fit Joseph Smith's story. Bushman looked more broadly at Joseph's complete statement, wherein he said that the religious excitement "soon became general among all sects in that region of country. Indeed, the whole district of country seemed affected by it," suggesting that Joseph was remembering revival activity that occurred over a broad, though accessible, area.67 Two things should be obvious to those who read all that has been written on these issues: (1) that Walters and others like him clearly have an anti-Mormon ax to grind and are not always the careful scholars they claim to be and (2) that Backman, Bushman, and others are careful scholars who look at the documents not only with the benefit of their scholarly skills but also through the eyes of faith; they have a prochurch bias, of course, but it is well balanced by their careful scholarship and open recognition of the problems and issues involved. Palmer seems overly concerned with two issues relating to the first vision: (1) was Joseph Smith called of God and Christ at that time to restore the fulness of the gospel or was he called only later by the angel? and (2) what was his purpose in praying in the first place? On the first question, Palmer concludes that Joseph Smith did not announce that it was in the first vision that he was "called of God" to restore the ancient gospel until he wrote the 1838 account, and then it was only to bolster "his authority during a time of crisis" (p. 251). One problem with this interpretation is that it does not take into account the natural development of Joseph Smith himself as his own understanding of the significance of the vision unfolded. Palmer's supposition that the differences between the accounts reflect Joseph Smith's deceptive effort to bolster his own authority is not the only possibility. Latter-day Saint scholars have already spent considerable time on this issue of multiple accounts and what they mean. The first such article was my own, which appeared in 1970 in the church's Improvement Era. It discussed eight contemporary accounts, observing that the differences may be explained by such factors as (1) Joseph Smith's age and experience at the time a particular account was prepared; (2) the particular circumstances surrounding each account, including the special purposes Joseph Smith may have had in mind at the time; (3) the possible literary influence of those who helped him write (or, in the case of the 1835 account, the one who recorded it as Joseph related his story to the visitor); and (4) in the case of versions recorded by others, the fact that "different points would impress different people, and therefore they would record the story somewhat differently. One would hardly expect to find every account to be precisely alike."68 In a more direct response to the Palmer-type argument, Bushman has explained the differences between the 1832 and 1838 accounts in terms of a broadening of Joseph Smith's own understanding of what the vision really meant. As explained by Bushman: But to understand how Joseph Smith's life unfolded, it must be kept in mind that in 1820 he did not know this was the First Vision, nor could he be expected to grasp fully everything that was said to him. Like anyone else, he first understood a new experience in terms of his own needs and his own background. By 1832, when he first wrote it down, Joseph knew that his vision in 1820 was one of the steps in "the rise of the church of Christ in the eve of time," along with Moroni's visit, the restoration of the Aaronic Priesthood, and the reception of the "high Priesthood." But even twelve years after the event the First Vision's personal significance for him still overshadowed its place in the divine plan for restoring the church. In 1832 he explained the vision as he must have first understood it in 1820—as a personal conversion. What he felt important to say in 1832 was that a "pillar of light" came down and rested on him, and he "was filld [sic] with the spirit of God." "The Lord opened the heavens upon me and I Saw the Lord and he Spake unto me Saying Joseph my Son thy Sins are forgiven thee, go thy way walk in my statutes and keep my commandments." It was the message of forgiveness and redemption he had longed to hear. . . . That was half of it. He had also mourned the sins of the world. . . . Like countless other revival subjects who had come under conviction, Joseph received assurance of forgiveness from the Lord, and, in the usual sequence, following the vision his "soul was filled with love and for many days I could rejoice with great joy and the Lord was with me. . . ." In actuality there was more in the vision than he first understood. Three years later in 1835, and again in another account recorded in 1838, experience had enlarged his perspective. The event's vast historical importance came to overshadow its strictly personal significance. He still remembered the anguish of the preceding years when the confusion of the churches puzzled and thwarted him, but in 1838 he saw the vision was more significant as the opening event in a new dispensation of the Gospel. In that light certain aspects took on an importance they did not possess at first.69 Bushman continues with this same tight reasoning in his lengthy discussion of the first vision, but enough is quoted here to illustrate that there are more reasonable explanations than Palmer's of the differences between the accounts. Other LDS scholars have also dealt with these differences in detail. Though Palmer plays on the differences between the accounts, they are actually remarkably consistent—much more so than Palmer seems willing to admit. All four of Joseph Smith's personal accounts rehearse his disillusionment over the differences in the religions of the day, though the 1832 account also goes into great detail concerning his quest for forgiveness of personal sin. All four accounts refer to his anguished prayer. Though worded slightly differently, three of them (1835, 1838, and 1842) make it clear that trying to find out who was right or wrong was the reason he went into the grove to pray. This is not specific in the 1832 account, which focuses on Joseph's quest for forgiveness, but it may be implied in his comment that the churches of his day were in a state of apostasy and did not build on the gospel of Jesus Christ as recorded in the New Testament. It is certainly logical to assume that he had both concerns in mind—his own sins as well as his concerns for which church, if any, was right. All four accounts are consistent in their timing of Joseph's religious concerns. The 1832 account says that his concerns began at the age of twelve, and that he pondered them in his heart until the age of fifteen; in 1835 he said that he was "about 14 years old," the 1838 version says he was in his "fifteenth year," and in 1842 he said he was "about fourteen." A revival, or religious excitement, is mentioned specifically only in the 1838 account, but there are strong suggestions of it in all of the others—else why was Joseph's young mind so wrought up on the subject of religion and why, in the 1832 narration, did he write in language so reminiscent of the revivalists? It is significant, too, that after having discussed the revival explicitly in 1838 Joseph did not do so in 1842—the same year the 1838 account was actually published for the first time. Evidently that specific issue was not of as much concern to him as it is to some today whose time is devoted to ferreting out problems. The major discrepancy between the various accounts is that in 1832 Joseph mentioned only the appearance of "the Lord," who forgave him of his sins. This may well be explained by the perspective presented by Bushman, that what Joseph Smith wrote later represented a more mature understanding of the importance of everything he saw. None of the accounts use the words "the Father and the Son," but three tell of two personages appearing to him and one of them delivering the important message(s). Palmer says that Joseph does not mention the appearance of God the Father in his 1835 account (p. 240), but this is certainly stretching the point—the fact that he tells of two personages appearing and that the "second was like unto the first" is certainly as direct a reference to the Father and the Son as the statements in the 1838 and 1842 accounts. The fact that Joseph was forgiven of his sins is stated in both the 1832 and 1835 accounts, and even though it is not stated in the 1838 account it was duly reported in the first account actually to be published. This was prepared by Orson Pratt (who obviously received his information from Joseph Smith) and published in Scotland in 1840. Even though Joseph did not repeat that part of the story in 1838, it is clear that it was in no way hidden from the Saints. The Book of Commandments, printed in 1833, contained an 1830 revelation that stated: "For after that it truly was manifested unto this first elder [Joseph Smith], that he had received a remission of his sins, he was entangled again in the vanities of the world; but after truly repenting, God ministered unto him by an holy angel."70 That same statement continued in the Doctrine and Covenants after it was published (D&C 20:5-6). Just because Joseph Smith did not say in 1838 that he had been forgiven of his sins during the first vision is no evidence that he changed what he wanted the Saints to understand. Palmer says that Joseph Smith did not say that he was "called of God" to restore the gospel until 1838, but the fact is that not even in that account is there a statement to that effect. What Joseph does say is that after his first vision he succumbed to various temptations and his actions were "not consistent with that character which ought to be maintained by one who was called of God as I had been" (JS—H 1:28). But called of God to do what? The account simply does not say. In 1840 Orson Pratt reported that during the vision Joseph Smith "received a promise that the true doctrine the fulness of the gospel, should, at some future time, be made known to him," and in 1842, in the Wentworth letter, Joseph said the same thing. Not even these statements, however, specifically said that he was "called" to do the restoring—only that he would eventually receive a full knowledge of the gospel. This could be a hint, of course, at the idea that he would be instrumental in restoring that gospel. But this is hardly inconsistent with earlier accounts—only another added detail. Palmer's second "important question" concerns the reason Joseph Smith sought the Lord in 1820. The motive, says Palmer, differed between 1832 and 1838—the first being a quest for forgiveness of sins and the second being a desire to know which church was right. In view of the probability, already discussed above, that Joseph's accounts of the vision differed simply because of the differing circumstances under which each was given, as well as his maturing understanding of what the vision really meant, why should it be surprising that he should emphasize one motive at one time and another at a different time, especially when he probably had both motives in mind? Palmer avers that in 1832 Joseph "does not mention concern for doctrinal corruption" (p. 252). What in the world, then, does the following statement from that account mean? "And by searching the scriptures I found that mand The reader who wants to ferret out for himself the facts about the first vision accounts, and to see what the LDS scholars have said about them, must go to the works of those scholars themselves. Some have already been discussed here, but a few more seem appropriate at this point. My own work includes the Improvement Era article cited above as well as two articles dealing with the growth of knowledge and understanding of the first vision within the church.73 Anderson has dealt in detail with various circumstantial evidences from Joseph Smith's times, including comments on the setting for the vision as described by Lucy Mack Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and William Smith as well as by non-Mormons Orsamus Turner and Pomeroy Tucker.74 In addition to his very important book on the first vision, which brings together much of his earlier research, and his article on "Awakenings in the Burned-Over District" referred to above, Backman has published various articles that explain and reconcile the first vision accounts.75 Bushman, in a fine article on the visionary world in which Joseph Smith lived, looks at many of Joseph's contemporaries who had similar religious conversion experiences, showing, in part, that the language of Joseph Smith's 1832 account not only is reminiscent of the visionary language of the time but ought to be expected in the kind of account Joseph was trying to prepare that early in his career.76 Neal E. Lambert and Richard H. Cracroft have also dealt effectively with the revivalistic language found in the 1832 account.77 Peter Crawley, Marvin S. Hill, Dean C. Jessee, and Stanley B. Kimball have also made distinctive contributions.78 I do not say that Palmer is dishonest or deliberately deceptive. I believe, however, that in his enthusiasm to rationalize his own lack of faith in the foundational stories he misleads his readers by imputing motives to Joseph Smith that are not there and by emphasizing changes and inconsistencies that are either insignificant or nonexistent. In doing this he largely ignores the findings of the very LDS scholars he praises in his preface who have "published, critiqued, and reevaluated a veritable mountain of evidence," too much of which "escapes the view of the rank-and-file in the church." It still escapes their view, for Palmer does little to lead the "rank-and-file" to it—not even by using footnotes to show what the "other side" of his arguments might be. He lists some of these scholars in his bibliography, but cites them in his text only sparsely and then only when they happen to have said something that he can use to support one of his arguments. It is easy to find all kinds of anti-Mormon literature, both in print and on the Internet. It is also becoming disturbingly easy to find people, like Palmer, who claim to be faithful church members but who nevertheless take aim at our foundational stories, hoping that we will see them as inspiring myths but not true history. Some arguments, like those presented by Palmer, seem more sophisticated than others because they do not carry the bitter, polemic tone of anti-Mormon diatribe. Some attack the historicity of things discussed here while others attack doctrine, some even claiming that Mormons are not Christians (something also "asked and answered" not just by Latter-day Saint writers but by other scholars as well).79 But believing Latter-day Saint scholars have also been busy and have answered their arguments—sometimes, as in the case of most of Palmer's book, long before they were made. Those who genuinely seek the truth will read not only the works of naysayers, who obviously look at the evidence through the eyes of disbelief, but also the works of LDS scholars who look at it through the eyes of faith and whose works are readily available to those who want to find them.80 A shorter version of this review appears in the book review section of BYU Studies 42/2 (2004): 175-89.	92,193
Rethinking The Spanish Imperial Archives There are manifold challenges a scholar faces when studying the political consequences of the intense worldwide mobility of the seventeenth-century Spanish imperial officials, early modern functionaries permanently on the move while serving the King from one region to another, transiting across the whole world. Over the past year I have been digging in several Spanish archives holding documents related to the governance and administration of this far-flung early modern polity: The General Archive of the Indies (AGI) in Seville, the National Archive (AHN) and the National Library (BNE) – both in Madrid – and the General Archive of Simancas (AGS), in Simancas, Valladolid. Conventional understandings of the Spanish Empire have focused on contemporary nation-states as analytical points of departure, concentrating on colonial “Peru” or Spanish “Italy”. These views have paid little or no attention to the dynamic connections that linked geographically distant parts of a truly global empire. When scholars think of the Spanish Empire they tend to think of Hispanic America, overlooking imperial doings in Asia, Africa, and Europe itself. Something similar happens when European historians ignore or disregard American possessions as critical components of imperial making, a process otherwise presented as solely European. This anachronistic geopolitical approach has also been nourished by the nation-state-based organization of Spanish archives and collections. The AGI holds documents related to the Spanish Empire in America and the Philippines. There is a fantastic review on this archive and on how research is conducted there (http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/6873). The AGS has information related to the Councils of Italy, Flanders, and Portugal. Finally, the AHN in Madrid has documentation pertaining to the Spanish kingdoms of Castile, Aragon and Navarre. This seemingly clear administrative organization follows a fictional division of the Empire that reflects to contemporary geopolitical realities while neglecting the polycentric nature of a global monarchy. Back in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries all three of these archives were part of one unique imperial repository. In following centuries, this imperial repository became fragmented and organized according to the logic and historical needs of emerging nation-states, disregarding the complex nature and globalizing trends involved in the making of the seventeenth-century Spanish Empire. All three archives hold critically related if not completely similar documentation. The careers of imperial officials were recorded from different posts and in multiple languages, and the documents these careers produced are scattered in all these archives. The problems faced by the Empire and its officials were, in many ways, similar and related to the various regions that constituted the empire — and were expressed in peculiar and equally different ways. By holistically rethinking the Empire as a whole, my research knits together these atomized sources and the rich historiographies of disparate locations, recasting them as a coherent, integrated and interconnected expressions of a global polity. The challenge is to revisit these archives looking for those interconnections, attempting a hypertextual reading of their documental holdings. This is, of course, no minor task. Archival collections are exceedingly large and they hold a vast amount of documentation. It surely comes as no surprise those thousands of books written solely using the information found in one of these archives. Among the tools available for navigating such a colossal amount of information, Internet has become something indispensable. The Spanish government has undertaken an outstanding effort over the past years in cataloguing and digitizing its archives. Available resources, and the development of this project, are completely dissimilar for both archives and collections within archives. This project goes by the name of PARES, acronym for Portal de Archivos Españoles (Portal of Spanish Archives). The website (http://www.pares.mcu.es) is the front door of these archives. At first, PARES seems intimidating and fairly hard to follow. A a useful, new webpage (http://www.scottcave.net/taming-pares/) helps us understanding and navigating PARES —although it is primarily intended to serve Americanistas researching at the AGI, so I will not expand on this issue. Nevertheless, it is necessary to reemphasize the importance of PARES for conducting systemic studies of the Spanish empire. PARES is, on the one hand, a door for accessing the large —and everyday growing— number of digitized documents, while at the same time providing simultaneous access to eleven archives (including the three largest Spanish archives), covering a great portion of the whole system of Spanish archives. One may focus on just one archive, on a specific section or, instead, may search and look at multiple archives. With enough fortune, the search function will assist you in finding related documents scattered throughout many archives. Furthermore, the Inventario Dinámico provides a fantastic overview of the archival holdings and helps us looking at and getting a grasp of the archives’ internal organization, their information systems, and how diverse holdings and dispersed collections are related. In mastering PARES, a key understanding of archives and archival thinking emerges Given that the information contained in different archives is connected in many ways, it is possible to track the journey, life, and professional development of imperial peoples – officials, families, and others. The letters of Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera – Governor of Panamá, Captain General of the Phillipines, Corregidor of Córdoba, and Captain General and President of the Audiencia of the Canary Islands – are found in the AGI, AGS, and the AHN. Other documents related to his will and assets are placed in the small Archivo Histórico Provincial de Alava, and information regarding the familiar juro in the AGS. Documental connections, however, transcend individual names; the production of documents were intrinsically related and remain inexorably linked. Let us think, for example, about the consultas. These are documents produced by the many local councils that enabled the governance of a global monarchy. The geopolitics of councils was diverse. Some had a territorial scope, such as the councils of Castile, Indies, Portugal and Italy. Still others corresponded to the geopolitics of an imperial framework, such as the councils of Treasury, War, and State. The consultas were provisions of information and requests for advice and decision-making to the Monarch – ultimately responsible for a final resolution. Though every council had its own organization and dealt with its own issues, consultas produced by all of them are very similar in nature. As they were legal expressions of the same political entity, it should come as no surprise that different and often geographically distant councils addressed common concerns. The consultas are dispersed throughout many archives; most of the consultas produced in governing the Indies are placed in the AGI, while those from Italy are located at the AGS. However, as I have suggested above, these boundaries and divisions usually do not work well. Insofar as consultas of the Council of Castile are distributed between the AGS and the AHN, it is indispensable to look at both archives. Similarly, imperial issues such as the Eighty Years War or problems related with defending and financing of the Empire and its possessions are found in every single archive. Once again, it is important to rethink of the limitations of these archival organizations and how they model and shape our research, compartmentalizing and distorting a holistic understanding of the Spanish empire. In overcoming these fragmentations, archivists are sometimes a good source of guidance. While many times they are also blind to documental and archival interconnections, masterfully knowing what lies in their own backyard with a tad bit of a tunnel vision, sometimes they do have a broader vision and can assist you in transiting to other archives and collections. Finally, I would like to spend a few words on the National Library at Madrid. Although it is not an archive per se, the Sala Cervantes holds an impressive amount of manuscripts and printings from the early modern Spanish Empire. Although it has a disperse and dissimilar collection, it holds documents concerning the globalness of imperial affairs and should be a mandatory stop for scholars, regardless of their particular focus. Online cataloguing and the momentum of digital resources also deserve a separate word. The BNE has a thorough on-line catalog (http://www.bne.es) and Biblioteca Digital Hispánica provides access to a vast number of digitized books and manuscripts. Accessing these digital and virtual resources has been a pillar of my research. Adolfo Polo y La Borda University of Maryland, College Park Image: Interior of the General Archive of the Indies (AGI). Courtesy of Turespaña.	311,312
26 April 2014 Spanish rain in Russborough and a reminder of Russia’s past in Kiev In My Fair Lady, Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering are successful in teaching Eliza Doolittle that “the Rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.” The song is a key turning point in the musical as they try to break her Cockney accent and speech patterns. The truth is, however, very different – Spanish rain falls mainly in the northern mountains. Nevertheless, I was all washed out in Torremolinos for most of Sunday and all of Monday this week, and whenever I ventured out for a walk on the nearby beach or for a coffee on either day I found how heavy the rain in Spain can be, even on the Costa del Sol. The rain cleared away completely for my visits to Granada and the Alhambra on Tuesday, to Gibraltar on Wednesday, and my closing early morning walks on the beach on Thursday. But that heavy rain seems to have followed me back to Ireland, and today was as rainy a day as any in winter. Undeterred, two of us were determined to see the countryside this afternoon, and drove up into the mountains, through Brittas and Blessington, and along the shores of the lakes. At the last moment, we decided to visit Russborough House, the Palladian mansion built in the 18th century as the Co Wicklow country seat of the Leeson family, Earls of Milltown. The house was designed in 1741 by Richard Cassels, and took 10 years to build. It was bought in 1952 by Sir Alfred and Lady Beit to house their art collection. The collection includes works by Goya, Vermeer, including his Lady writing a Letter with her Maid, Peter Paul Rubens and Thomas Gainsborough. After this week’s visit to Spain, it would have been interesting to see Goya’s Portrait of Dona Antonia Zarate. Unfortunately, the last tour of Russborough had started by the time we arrived in the late afternoon, and instead we settled for double espressos and a walk around the grounds, including the bluebell covered woodlands and the grave of one of Edward Nugent Leeson (1835-1890), 6th Earl of Milltown. On the way back, I was listening to ‘The Great Gate of Kiev,’ the tenth and final movement in Pictures at an Exhibition, composed for piano by the Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky in 1874. It is a moving piece of music, but also a reminder of the centuries-old dimensions to the present conflicts between Moscow-backed Russian nationalists in Crimea and East Ukraine and the Ukrainian government in Kiev. Mussorgsky’s great works include the opera Boris Godunov, which is considered his masterpiece, and the orchestral tone poem Night on Bald Mountain. But the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition is his most famous piano composition, and has become a showpiece for virtuoso pianists. Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881) is one of the group of Russian composers known as “The Five.” Many of his works are inspired by Russian history, folklore and nationalism themes. Mussorgsky probably first met the artist and architect Viktor Hartmann in 1870. Both were devoted to the cause of Russian art and quickly became friends. Hartmann’s sudden death at the age of 39 in 1873 shocked Mussorgsky and many others in the art world in Russia. Their mutual friend, the art critic Vladimir Stasov immediately organised an exhibition of over 400 works by Hartmann in the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg in February and March 1874. After viewing the exhibition, Mussorgsky was inspired to compose ‘Pictures at an Exhibition,’ which was written over the space of six weeks and depicts an imaginary tour of an art collection. The title of each movement alludes to a painting by Hartmann. Mussorgsky links the suite’s movements in a way that depicts the viewer’s own progress through the exhibition. Two ‘Promenade’ movements serve as portals to the suite’s main sections. Their regular pace and irregular meter depicts the act of walking. Three untitled interludes present shorter statements of this theme, varying the mood, colour and key in each to suggest reflection on a work just seen or anticipation of a new work glimpsed. The drawings and watercolours were produced by Hartmann during his travels abroad, and include works he had completed in Poland, France and Italy. The tenth and final movement depicts an architectural design for Kiev, the capital city of Ukraine. Most of Hartmann’s pictures from the exhibition have since been lost, making it impossible to be sure which works Mussorgsky had in mind, although the musicologist Alfred Frankenstein claimed in The Musical Quarterly in 1939 to have identified seven of the pictures. The theme reaches its apotheosis in the suite’s finale, ‘10, Богатырские ворота (В стольном городе во Киеве)’ Bogatyrskiye vorota (V stolnom gorode Kiyeve), The Bogatyr Gates (in the Capital in Kiev). The title of this movement is commonly translated as “The Great Gate of Kiev” and sometimes as “The Heroes’ Gate at Kiev.” Bogatyrs are heroes that appear in Russian epics called bylinas. Stasov noted at the time that “Hartmann’s sketch was his design for city gates at Kiev in the ancient Russian massive style with a cupola shaped like a Slavonic helmet.” Mussorgsky’s final movement is inspired by a spirit of Russian nationalist fervour. Hartman had submitted a design for the proposed new, grand entrance to Kiev, which was to commemorate Alexander II's narrow escape from an assassination attempt there in 1866. No winner was ever selected from the competition, and the gate was never built. But Hartmann’s impressive fired the pride of many Russians in their nation and heritage. His sketch included a chapel, and as Kiev had a long history of religious importance Mussorgsky adopted a sense of reverence in his tribute to the proposed gate and the city of Kiev. The movement includes a theme is based on the baptismal hymn in the Russian Orthodox Church, .with the suggestion of bells, and the extended leave-taking acts as a coda for the suite as a whole. The piece is known today primarily through the orchestral version created by Maurice Ravel in 1922. Douglas Gamley scored a spectacular version of ‘The Great Gate of Kiev’ for full symphony orchestra, male voice choir and organ, and the finale has inspired musicians, composers and performers from Rimsky-Korsakov and Vladimir Ashkenazy to Michael Jackson. So, in the end, there is no Great Gate of Kiev. But this movement is a reminder of how Kiev has been closely associated for generations with stories, images and depictions of Russian nationalism and identity.	299,888
Photography is a way of life for John Tunney who is always striving to capture what many would deem the uncapturable: a distinctive sentiment or idea immortalized in a picture. When asked which of his photographs is his favorite, John Tunney says, “It’s usually the latest one.” For a photographer, that drive to always capture something new and different is an almost innate quality, one that Tunney has in spades. From his first camera—a plastic Kodak—Tunney has always viewed the world with an intensity and eye for detail that lends itself well to his career, and with each new photograph Tunney creates something simply, inimitable. “I think the thing that makes any artist’s style unique is who they are as a person and what they are trying to express,” shares Tunney. “I often look for images that create a feeling or an experience, that invite you into a different place or state of mind. The objects in the picture aren’t necessarily the subject; it is the overall feeling that is most important.” When asked what makes a successful photographer, and subsequently a successful photograph, Tunney echoes that same sentiment, commenting that a photograph should communicate something—an idea or a feeling—and that, by virtue of that, a photographer should feel happy with what they are doing. As technology has rapidly advanced, the avenues by which a photographer might achieve that special, thought-provoking shot have increased tenfold. As Tunney explains it, “Software for the digital darkroom—Lightroom and Photoshop primarily—give photographers much more control over the final image than we had with the chemical darkroom.” He also notes that people’s perceptions and consumption of photography have evolved with the rise of social media and smart phones. “Artistically,” he continues, “my understanding of the medium and technique has evolved, but I’m still me, and my work reflects that regardless of technology.” Photography is something that has permeated itself into almost every aspect of Tunney’s life. When he’s not snapping photos on the beaches of the Lower and Outer Cape, he teaches photography classes at the Cape Cod Art Center (CCAC), where he also served on the board for nine years and completed one term as president. He is additionally the chairman of the CCAC annual CLICK! Photography Conference and a member of the steering committee of CCAC’s camera club. He is a frequent exhibitor at art shows and festivals across the region and has even further immortalized his work within his book, “The Four Seasons of Cape Cod.” “Cape Cod is so visually rich: the beaches, harbors, marshes, dunes, and even the people provide great material for a visual artist,” says Tunney. As a young photography enthusiast, Tunney enjoyed comparing what he saw through the viewfinder of his plastic kodak to what actually showed up in print. “Sometimes, the difference was quite surprising,” he remarks. “I always liked pondering more than just a pretty flower—seeing the way the light, lines, shapes, and colors interact. I guess it’s a way of viewing things abstractly.” And, as Tunney points out, the rich landscape of the Cape certainly provides plenty of opportunity for abstraction. Check out our previous photo portfolio here!	201,152
How a barely remembered island in the Sunderbans delta links to the chain of events that has led to the Indian State’s woes with Maoists. Hunting Down Naxals; BJP's Invisibility Cloak; Tweet Like Tharoor; MA in Karunanidhi-giri; and Losing the Race on Caste So long as Nepal cannot attain political stability without them, the landlocked country’s Maoists have the strongest hand to play. What might Prachanda’s next move look like? Though fighting oppression in West Bengal, Maoists are busy oppressing their own cadres in Jharkhand. Dissent is not an option in their ideology The police orders are to ‘flush out’ Maoists, and since actual militiamen are hard to locate the State forces end up treating every villager as a closet Maoist. It all adds up to further alienation Peace in Nepal, or merely the absence of war, continues at the pleasure of the Maoists. For how long will this carry on?	21,949
\|FAT File System Technology and Patent License\| Most operating systems store computer files by dividing the file into smaller pieces and storing those pieces in separate clusters of a hard disk, floppy disk, or flash memory card. The FAT file system allows an operating system to keep track of the location and sequence of each piece of a file, and also allows the operating system to identify which clusters are unassigned and available for new files. When a computer user wants to read a file, the FAT file system also reassembles each piece of the file into one unit for viewing. The first FAT file system was developed by Microsoft in 1976. That system was based on the BASIC programming language and allowed programs and data to be stored on a floppy disk. Since that time, the FAT file system has been improved upon multiple times to take advantage of advances in computer technology, and to further refine and enrich the FAT file system itself. Today, the FAT File system has become the ubiquitous format used for interchange of media between computers, and, since the advent of inexpensive, removable flash memory, also between digital devices. The FAT file system is now supported by a wide variety of operating systems running on all sizes of computers, from servers to personal digital assistants. In addition, many digital devices such as still and video cameras, audio recorders, video game systems, scanners, and printers make use of FAT file system technology. Microsoft is offering to license its FAT file system specification and associated intellectual property. With this license, other companies have the opportunity to standardize the FAT file system implementation in their products, and to improve file system compatibility across a range of computing and consumer electronics devices. If you are interested in obtaining a license, please contact our Intellectual Property and Licensing Group at firstname.lastname@example.org for more information. Pricing and Licensing Microsoft offers a commercially reasonable, nonexclusive license so that other companies can use the FAT file system in their own products. Currently, Microsoft offers two specific types of licenses: A license for removable solid state media manufacturers to preformat the media, such as compact flash memory cards, to the Microsoft FAT file system format, and to preload data onto such preformatted media using the Microsoft FAT file system format. Pricing for this license is US$0.25 per unit with a cap on total royalties of $250,000 per manufacturer. A license for manufacturers of certain consumer electronics devices. Pricing for this license is US$0.25 per unit for each of the following types of devices that use removable solid state media to store data: portable digital still cameras; portable digital video cameras; portable digital still/video cameras; portable digital audio players; portable digital video players; portable digital audio/video players; multifunction printers; electronic photo frames; electronic musical instruments; and standard televisions. Pricing for this license is US$0.25 per unit with a cap on total royalties of $250,000 per licensee. Pricing for other device types can be negotiated with Microsoft. Microsoft's FAT file system license offers limited rights to issued and pending Microsoft patents on FAT file system technology, as well as rights to implement the Microsoft FAT file system specification. In order to ensure interoperability between the licensed media and devices and Microsoft® Windows®-based personal computers and to improve consumer experience, the license requires that licensees' FAT file system implementations in the licensed media and devices be fully compliant with certain required portions of the Microsoft FAT file system specification. To help licensees implement the FAT file system, Microsoft will also provide certain reference source code and test specifications as part of the licensing package in both licenses. In some cases, companies may wish to negotiate broader or narrower rights than the standard Microsoft license for FAT file systems. In this case, pricing may vary. Microsoft remains flexible to adjust terms to reflect crosslicensing, unit volume, version limitation, geographic scope, and other considerations. FAT File System-Related Patents The FAT file system licensing program includes rights to a number of U.S. Patents, including: U.S. Patent #5,579,517 U.S. Patent #5,745,902 U.S. Patent #5,758,352 U.S. Patent #6,286,013 In addition, the FAT file system licensing package includes rights to FAT file system innovations for which Microsoft has filed a claim for a patent that the U.S. Patent Office has not yet granted. This licensing program also provides licensees rights to Microsoft FAT file system issued and pending patents outside the United States, and to the Microsoft FAT file system specification and certain test specifications. This document describes the FAT file system specification and intellectual property licensing program as of December, 2003. Microsoft reserves the right to make modifications to the terms and conditions of this licensing program at any time. The licenses presented here do not provide rights beyond those explicitly stated above, including rights to other Microsoft patents, technical know-how or other forms of intellectual property.	307,250
Pediatric Kare Klinic Pllc Primary Care Practice located in Forney, TX Annual exams in children can detect or rule out medical problems or developmental delays before they become serious. At Pediatric Kare Klinic Pllc in Forney, Texas, Renee Harwell APRN, MSN, CPNP-PC, and her experienced team offer child wellness exams for babies, children, and teenagers. Schedule your child’s next annual exam with Pediatric Kare Klinic Pllc by phone or online today. Annual Exams Q&A What are annual exams? Pediatric annual exams are yearly checkups for your child that help detect or rule out health issues before they become problematic. The Pediatric Kare Klinic Pllc team completes wellness checkups for children of all ages to ensure they’re growing and developing as they should. What happens during annual exams? When arriving at Pediatric Kare Klinic Pllc for an annual exam, the providers want to emphasize comfort. Please bring your child their favorite blanket. Their pediatric specialist completes the following: Vital signs check During a vital signs check, your provider evaluates your child’s height, weight, head circumference in babies, temperature, and pulse. They might also check your child’s blood pressure. Medical history review Your Pediatric Kare Klinic Pllc specialist asks questions about your child’s behavior, developmental milestones, medical history, medications, and past diagnoses and surgeries during a comprehensive medical history review. During a physical exam, your child’s provider examines them from head to toe. They evaluate the eyes, ears, nose, throat, limbs, abdomen, reflexes, breathing, and heartbeat to detect or rule out signs of physical health problems. Screening tests your pediatric specialist might perform include developmental screening, vision tests, hearing screening with Pure Tone technology, and speech, nutritional, and mental health screening. If your child is at risk of or exhibits signs of an illness or disease, your provider might recommend blood tests, urine tests, nasal or throat swabs, or diagnostic imaging procedures. The Pediatric Kare Klinic Pllc team offers a variety of preventive medicine services, such as vaccinations and health education. They can treat illnesses and diseases. Your provider might recommend diet and other lifestyle changes, medications or dietary supplements, further diagnostic testing, or referrals out to pediatric specialists. How often should I schedule a child wellness exam? Your pediatric specialist lets you know how often to schedule childhood wellness exams based on your child’s age and health. They might recommend a checkup once yearly starting at age three. Babies and young children require wellness exams more often. Schedule a checkup at one to two weeks of age and again at one, two, four, six, and nine months old. See your child’s provider again when they are 12, 15, 18, 24, and 30 months of age. Give your child the best chance of staying healthy and thriving in life. Schedule their next annual exam at Pediatric Kare Klinic Pllc by phone or online today.	38,765
- Standard Number: OSHA requirements are set by statute, standards and regulations. Our interpretation letters explain these requirements and how they apply to particular circumstances, but they cannot create additional employer obligations. This letter constitutes OSHA's interpretation of the requirements discussed. Note that our enforcement guidance may be affected by changes to OSHA rules. Also, from time to time we update our guidance in response to new information. To keep apprised of such developments, you can consult OSHA's website at http://www.osha.gov. March 6, 2000 David B. Harold Construction Safety Field Manager Bechtel Savannah River, Inc. Project Engineering and Aiken, South Carolina 29808 Dear Mr. Harold: Thank you for your letter dated December 14, requesting clarification regarding the recording requirements of injuries as they apply to employer efforts to avoid radioactive contamination of minor wounds. In answering your request, I will cite the Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses by page and Q&A number whenever possible. On occasion, we have employees who suffer a small scratch or abrasion that requires first aid treatment only, and due to our site-specific medical policies, they are temporarily denied access to radiological controlled areas. The specific injuries in question do not inhibit the employees' ability to perform all their normal duties during any part of a normal workday (including the day of injury). These subject cases also represent employees who are capable of performing all of their normal work duties without any physical or mental limitations. When an employee is temporarily denied access to radiological controlled areas, they are simply assigned to perform all of their regular or same work duties in non-radiological work locations. Are these cases recordable on the OSHA 200 log? No, these cases are not recordable. The concept of restricted work activity and transfer/rotation to another job hinges upon the employee's ability to perform all of his or her normal job duties for all of the normal work shift. (See Q&A B-15, B-17, B-19, page 50 of the Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses). If an employee is able to perform all normal work duties during all normal workdays (including the day of injury), then the case does not involve restriction of work or motion and would not meet the criteria for a recordable case. Thus, if an employee is denied access to the radiological areas (while he or she is fully able to perform all of his or her normal job duties for all of the normal work shift) as an effort to protect the employee from potential radioactive contamination, the case does not meet the recording criteria. However, when an injury does involve job restriction or modification, OSHA presumes that the modification resulted from the employee's inability to perform all or any part of his or her normal job duties for all of the normal work shift. Medical evidence that the employee was able to perform all of his or her normal job duties for all of the normal work shift must be presented to rebut this presumption. For example, an employer may rebut this presumption with a written medical opinion that the employee was fully able to perform all normal work duties during all normal workdays. 29 CFR Part 1904.12 (c) provides three severity categories of recordable cases: Fatalities, lost workday cases (i.e. case involving days away from work and/or restricted work activity), and cases without lost workdays. Lost workday cases are considered the most serious nonfatal injuries and illnesses because the injured or ill employee is unable to perform work at full capacity. For this reason it is important to base the recording determination on the employee's physical ability to perform the work rather than on an administrative decision to bar the employee from entering the radioactive area as a preventative measure. The small scratch or abrasion described in your scenario does not meet the intent of the severity of a lost workday case classification. I hope you find this information useful. If you have any questions, please contact the Division of Recordkeeping Requirements at (202) 693-1702. Cheryle A. Greenaugh Directorate of Information Technology	144,528

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