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The technology development and standardization of 5G radio access have been rapidly progressing. A major agreement was reached in the past few weeks, enabling industry to complete its product development, with early commercial network deployments expected in 2018. In addition to enhancing mobile broadband services, which have dominated 4G, 5G aims to enable critical machine type communications (cMTC) and support Internet of Things (IoT) using the same network. This ambition poses stringent design requirements and performance objectives in many different dimensions. For example, in addition to significant improvements in peak data rates and network capacity compared to existing cellular technologies, 5G performance objectives further include ultra-low latency and ultra-reliability for cMTC, and superior device energy efficiency, low device cost, ubiquitous coverage reaching devices deep indoors, and ultra-high device connection density for IoT. The three pillars of 5G technologies, enhanced MBB, cMTC, and IoT, extend 5G services vastly to many new use cases. In this talk, we first describe the principles adopted in 5G to achieve its performance objectives. We give an overview of upcoming early deployments, which address MBB primarily. We also give examples of how 5G enables smart city and connected industry. Finally, we discuss the next steps in 5G and what may come beyond 5G. Ali Khayrallah has been with Ericsson in various research positions, presently in Santa Clara, CA, where he is engineering director, and earlier in Research Triangle Park, NC. He leads a team shaping future wireless technology. He has contributed to the development of 5G, 4G, 3G, Bluetooth, mobile satellite etc. Previously, he was on the faculty of the University of Delaware. He received a Ph.D. and an M.S. from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and a B.Eng. from the American University of Beirut. He holds more than 100 patents and received the Ericsson inventor of the year award.	29,391
The first sentence structure in English is the simple sentence. Simple sentences consist of one verb clause. A verb clause is an independent clause that is formed by a subject and a predicate. Verb clauses are also referred to as main clauses or matrix clauses. For example, the following sentences are simple sentences: - Subject \| Predicate - The dancer \| sat on the pie. - The flower and the pumpkin \| have blown away. - That Max likes cucumbers \| surprises his mother. - Dancing \| is my favorite exercise. The second sentence structure in English is the compound sentence. Compound sentences consist of two or more verb clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or a correlating and coordinating conjunction pair. For example, the following sentences are compound sentences: - Correlating Conjunction \| Verb Clause \| Coordinating Conjunction \| Verb Clause - Ø \| Jack Sprat did not eat fat, \| and \| his wife would not eat lean. - Ø \| The storm destroyed our squash, \| so we ate eggplant instead. - Both \| the shed fell down \| and \| the garage blew up. - Either \| you need to study harder \| or \| you need to drop the class. The third sentence structure in English is the complex sentence. Complex sentences consist of one verb clause and one or more adverb clauses. An adverb clause is a dependent clause that is formed by a subordinating conjunction followed by a clause. The adverb clauses may either precede or follow the verb clause. For example, the following sentences are complex sentences: - Adverb Clause \| Verb Clause - Because of the rain, \| the museum cancelled the picnic. - Although she studied all weekend, \| she still failed the test. - Verb Clause \| Adverb Clause - I will join you for lunch \| after I wash my hands. - Linus will be sad \| if he misses the Great Pumpkin again. - Adverb Clause \| Verb Clause \| Adverb Clause - Even though he enjoyed the movie, \| he will not buy the DVD \| because he only watches films once. - After she left work, \| the woman stopped at the store \| before she went home. The fourth sentence structure in English is the compound-complex sentence. Compound-complex sentences consist of two or more verb clauses and one or more adverb clauses. In other words, compound-complex sentences are combinations of one or more compound sentences and one or more complex sentences. For example, the following sentences are compound-complex sentences: - Verb Clause \| Adverb Clause \| Conjunction \| Verb Clause - He went to the market \| because he needed more milk, \| and \| then he made pudding. - Adverb Clause \| Verb Clause \| Conjunction \| Verb Clause - Unless the coffee is hot, \| I will not drink it, \| so \| please put on a fresh pot. - Verb Clause \| Adverb Clause \| Conjunction \| Verb Clause \| Adverb Clause - I went to the bathroom \| before I sat down, \| but \| my husband visited the facilities \| after he watched the movie. For a printable reference study sheet of the sentence types in English, please download the supplement to this article English Sentence Structure: The Four Types of Sentences in English.	227,707
Jesus Is All You Need! Theme: Jesus is all you need! Object: A Swiss Army knife. (If you can't find one, use some similar all-in-one tool.) Scriptures: His divine power has given us everything we need for life and godliness through our knowledge of him who called us by his own glory and goodness. 2 Peter 1:3 Look at what I have this morning. How many of you have ever seen one of these? Did you know that these knives have been around for over 100 years? In the late 1800's, a knife maker in Switzerland named Karl Elsener designed a pocketknife that he called the Soldier's Knife. He sold it to the Swiss Army in October 1891 and soon they were being sold not only in Switzerland, but around the world. They became even more famous in the 1940's when they were shipped to the United States to be sold on U.S. Army bases. In fact it was American soldiers who gave them the name by which they are known today, the "Swiss Army Knife." The purpose of these little knives was to give the soldiers an all-in-one tool which would meet their every need. It has a can opener, a screwdriver, scissors, and of course, a knife. There is a tool there to do just about anything you might need to do. There a lot of cheap imitations of the Swiss Army knife, but the real thing is still made in Switzerland. It is one of the finest pocketknives available, and is backed by a lifetime guarantee. The Swiss Army knife reminds me of Jesus. Every day we face many difficult situations. The Bible tells us that Jesus will meet every need that we have in life. It doesn't matter what situation we may face, Jesus is the answer. There are a lot of cheap imitations out there that claim to have the answer to our problems, but the real thing is Jesus, and He comes with an everlasting life guarantee! He is the only one that can make that promise! Don't accept a cheap imitation. Choose Jesus. He is the only one who can meet your every need! Dear Jesus, may each of us choose you to be our "all in all" and to accept your everlasting life guarantee. Amen.	32,442
Stress causes sleep disorder in such a way that the brain is active as the person thinking about things such as finances, marital problems, health issues and extreme boredom to name a few. Environment also plays a role in such a way that a noisy neighborhood can disrupt your sleep if not stop you from getting your well deserved rest. Living in a loud environment, working on the night shift, excessive consumption of caffeine-containing products, these may cause you to lose sleep. The three most common of sleeping disorders are: sleep apnea (snoring), restless legs syndrome (RLS), and insomnia. The term apnea was derived from the latin prefix a- for absence, and the suffix -pnea for breathe. Snoring starts when the air passage is not fully open and it air is forced through it. Those with RLS feel a strong urge to move their legs, it is characterized by a tingling feeling in the legs while sitting or lying still as if something is crawling on the legs. Worst cases of RLS prevents a person from falling asleep. Insomnia, being the most common among the three disorders listed, is the inability to fall asleep, remain asleep or sleep restfully through the night; this may include constantly awakening too early. There are several ways to work around insomnia. Regular exercise, especially during the afternoons or early evenings have proven beneficial to getting a good night's sleep. Engaging in relaxing activities such as reading, watching TV, or taking a warm bath is also helpful to induce sleep as it calms the mind and body. In cases where hunger is the reason for having difficulty sleeping, a light snack might help. Resisting the urge to smoke before bedtime also helps as nicotine is a kind of stimulant that may keep you awake for the rest of the night. The best way to get around it is to establish a regular bedtime until the body has been accustomed to sleeping at a specific time of day. If all else fails, take a sleeping pill. Sleeping pills are sleep-promoting medications that are generally used to establish a sleeping habit when all other natural means have failed. These medications are closely related to sedatives as it is a mild form of sedative. Heavy doses are prescribed for people with anxiety disorders. It is only effective if difficulty sleeping is still on its early stage. Once insomnia has been on-going for a long while, it will prove to be less helpful as no sleep-inducing medication should be used as long term treatment. According to recent surveys, health professionals have decreased prescribing sleeping pills. Only when the sleeping disorder proves to be hazardous to a patient's health do they advise the use of these pills. Over the counter sleeping pills are available in the market, though it is advised that sleeping pills should never be taken if it isn't prescribed by a doctor as side effects might emerge. Side effects of sleeping pills being used for long periods of time include increased mortality rate. Research shows that people who use it long term are more likely to die early than those who smoke. Sleeping pills doesn't cure chronic insomnia, but continuous ingestion of the medication may cause chemical dependency to it. It may also affect short-term memory, giving you a sort of hangover effect. Sleeping pills intensify certain neurotransmitters that stop the lungs from firing up, causing asphyxiation. People with sleep apnea must not use sleeping pills because it will increase the number of pauses and lengthen the pause time in breathing which may cause serious brain damage due to lack of oxygen. Sleeping pills, however convenient it is to use, isn't a cure for any sleeping disorder. It cannot be used to treat insomnia's underlying causes, it can only give you temporary relief by giving you the rest you need at the moment. It is best to exhaust all natural means of getting through sleeping disorders as their effects are longer lasting than that induced by sleeping pills. Loan Information for low income singles, families, seniors and disabled. Includes home, vehicle and personal loans. Famous People with Disabilities - Well known people with disabilities and conditions who contributed to society.	28,510
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION - Top of Page Many wireless digital broadcast services are available to the public which include terrestrial digital radio, such as HD Radio and satellite radio, such as XM Radio. Many of the terrestrial radio broadcasters are either independently owned or are individually programmed/formatted all or part of the day. Most digital broadcasters are on a limited budget and are looking for ways to promote and expand their digital listeners, especially with increasing internet and TV/cable competition. HD Radio stations have spent a great amount on licensing fees and equipment to upgrade or built new facilities to become a digital radio broadcaster and are looking for ways to bring new customer/listeners to HD Radio. Also the possible new HD Radio user would have to purchase a digital capable receiver/radio to listen to HD Radio. HD Radio broadcasters can broadcast in various kilobit rates and may have multiple channels with each channel on a different kilobit rate. X M customers also have to purchase a satellite digital capable receiver/radio plus pay fees to listen to X M Radio. The X M Radio satellite network has been quite expensive to construct. Currently these digital broadcasters broadcast songs with display of information about the song played such as song title, artist and possibly album information. However, these digital radio broadcasts could be enhanced by the transmission and display of songs with lyrics also displayed which would be entertaining and possibly educational. Also, there is no current means to broadcast and receive digital radio simultaneously transmitted song with displayed lyrics. In patent U.S. Pat. No. 8,121,534, Mantel, et al, have a very complicated and expensive system that a digital radio network may use “in house” to insert images into a data stream of a digital radio transmission. Mantel's system does not produce a song with lyric data stream that is specifically produced for nonaffiliated independent broadcasters where the bitstream format is encoded for each broadcaster and encoded for receiver/decoder equipment requirements. Most digital radio broadcasters cannot afford the time; not have the technical ability nor could they usually afford to produce numerous songs with lyrics in digital data streams and/or produce them in the various bit rate sizes for the various Data Services fixed bit rate. Many, if not most, digital radio/receiver channel/mode displays are small or the pixel rate is very low that even though these displays can be used to view the song lyrics they are somewhat inadequate in viewing the image flow of song lyrics with enhanced lyric presentation backgrounds. When there is a digital radio broadcast in a moving vehicle there needs to be a way for the driver to view the channel/mode display with the PAD data (Program Associated Data), that gives information about the song such as title, artist and maybe album, but the driver does not need to view the display distraction of continually changing lyrics. What is needed is a non-complicated and economical means to digitally produce, broadcast and receive songs with the song's lyrics in such a manner that would compliment and not interfere with current broadcasting and receiving of digital radio transmissions and would be formatted to allow for vehicle viewing safety standards. - Top of Page OF THE INVENTION This invention consists of a proprietary formatted pre-encoded data stream consisting of: PAD data (Program Associated Data); song with lyrics; with possible other added information or Encoded Information Song with Lyrics (EISL) data stream that is produced and distributed to digital radio broadcasters. The pre-encoded EISL's data bit stream is sized to fit into the fixed rate of the digital broadcaster's Data Service. When the digital broadcaster broadcasts the EISL is received by an EISL enabled digital receiver/decoder. The digital receiver has an antenna that receives the over the air signal and moves the data to a tuning receiver and then the data is moved to a channel decoder which converts the signal into a bitstream plus lets the user possibly know that the channel transmission is an EISL transmission. Next the bitstream is sent to a source decoder which separates the audio/song data and the video/lyrics with song data in the bitstream. The audio components are sent to a proprietary audio decoder and then the audio data is sent to amplifier/speakers, earphones or possible storage device. The song and information components are extracted and sent to a proprietary image decoder which converts the data into a format that allows the video/lyric to be displayed such that the video data may be split where the PAD data may be sent to the channel/mode display and/or to the lyrics display screen. When an EISL enabled receiver/decoder receives an EISL song transmission, such as in a car or other vehicle, the smaller channel/mode display will show the PAD data and the lyrics are viewed on a separate larger, higher pixel display screen. The proprietary encoding of the EISL will not let the lyrics be displayed upon on the channel/mode display (the radio/receiver display that the driver can view) when the EISL is received on a vehicle radio/receiver. If an EISL song is received by a non-EISL radio/receiver the audio/song is sent to the amp/speakers and PAD data is displayed on the receiver channel/mode display. Also, when a non-EISL digital broadcast song is received by an EISL enabled receiver/decoder the audio/song is sent to the amp/speaker or earphones and the PAD is displayed on the channel display, if present, and possibly on the lyric display. The invention of the proprietary pm-encoded EISL is the reverse of Mantel, U.S. Pat. No. 8,121,534 where Mantel is used for internal production in a network and there is no song/lyric specific production means. Also Mantel provides no means to distribute specifically encoded song/lyric data streams to individual broadcasters or there is no receiver decoding or equipment configurations to meet the listener/customer needs. In the invention the EISL is primarily independently produced and then distributed to various digital radio broadcasters. Also the EISL is specifically encoded and designed to be received by EISL and non-EISL receivers in various radio/receiver equipment configurations. In Jean, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 8,143,508, the streaming music with lyrics is designed for the internet where a server can be accessed by the user and then the user charged for accessing the data. In the invention the Producer produces proprietary encoded song with lyric data streams specifically designed for digital radio broadcasting and receiving. In the illustrative embodiments of the invention further is described in producing/distributing, broadcasting and receiving the EISL and other associated transmissions is further described. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS - Top of Page FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an illustrative embodiment of the system and method for producing, distributing and broadcasting digitally radio encoded information, song and lyrics (EISL) data stream. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an illustration of a digital radio receiver receiving an EISL data transmission where the digital receiver/decoder is a separate unit from amplifier/speakers and display screen. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an illustration of a non-EISL enabled digital radio receiver receiving an EISL transmission where the source decoder, audio decoder and image decoder is a separate unit from the receiver, the amplifier/speakers and the lyric display screen. FIG. 4 is also a block diagram illustrating a transmission to EISL enabled digital radio receiver/decoder with speakers and lyric display screen as part of the receiver/decoder unit. FIG. 5 shows in a block diagram a digital radio receiver/decoder receiving an EISL transmission where the display screen is part of the receiver/decoder unit but the amplifier/speakers are separate. - Top of Page OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows in a block diagram illustration the production, distribution and broadcasting means of the Encoded Information Song with Lyrics (EISL) 10. The production starts at the Producer/Distributor 11 with the audio/song 12 with the PAD data (Program Associated Data) 13 being encoded with the song lyrics 14 and any added song information 15 by the audio/video encoder 16 to produce the proprietary encoded information, song with lyrics (EISL) 10 data stream. The EISL 10 is then sized, if needed, by the bit rate sizer 17. The EISL can then be sent either physically, by internet or transmitted to the digital radio Broadcaster(s) 18. The Broadcaster 18 may be a multi-station terrestrial Broadcaster 19 or a satellite network 20, which sends the EISL either to other stations or satellites 21, or an individual or smaller Broadcaster 22 that might directly broadcast 23 the EISL. FIGS. 2 through 5 show various different block diagram of the EISL enabled and non-enabled receivers and various equipment configurations. In FIG. 2, the EISL receiver/decoder embodiment 24 has an antenna 25 that receives the over the air signal and then the received data moves through the tuning receiver 26 to a channel decoder 27 which converts the signal into a bitstream 28. Next the EISL bitstream 28 is sent to the EISL source decoder 29 which separates the audio data 30 and video/lyrics 31 with song information data 32 components in the bitstream. The audio data is sent to an audio decoder 33 first and then to an amplifier 34 and speakers and/or earphones 35. The video data is sent to an image decoder 36 and then the video data is sent possibly to a channel/mode display 37 and/or a lyric display 38. The receiver/decoder 24 that is enclosed in the outlined boxed receiver unit 39 is one unit. This EISL receiver/decoder embodiment 24 is a very useful equipment configuration where the receiving unit 39 can be an addition to most non-EISL enabled audio/amplified system where the digitally received and decoded audio may go into the “in audio”, the “mp3 in”, or maybe “accessory or auxiliary in” of the system and the video can be displayed on a TV screen, karaoke machine, mobile device, computer screen or independent display screen. In automotive or other mobile transportation application the above EISL receiver/decoder unit 39 may be able to be connected to the existing DVD player with display screen(s). Shown in FIG. 3 in a block diagram is another EISL embodiment 24 where a non-EISL enabled receiver can receive an EISL transmission. Shown are the receiver antenna 25, tuning receiver 26, and channel decoder 27 which is separate from the source decoder 29, audio decoder 33 and image decoder 36 which is one unit 40. The channel decoded 27 data that is sent to the EISL source decoder 29 separates the audio data 30 from the video/lyric 31 data. The audio data could be sent back to the amplifier 34 after passing through the source decoder 29 un-decoded or the source decoder could be set to decode the audio by the audio decoder 33 and back to the amplifier 34, which ever works best for the sound system. The video data from the source decoder 29 is sent to the image decoder where the song lyrics and/or PAD data may be sent to a channel/mode display 37 with song lyrics and other song information may be sent to a lyric display 38. Further in FIG. 4 the block diagram shows another EISL embodiment 24 embodying an EISL enabled receiver/decoder 41 where the antenna 25, the tuning receiver 26, channel decoder 27, source decoder 29, audio decoder 33 and image decoder 36 plus amplifier 34, speakers 35, possible channel/mode display 37 and lyric display screen 38 are one unit. This configuration is basically a digital displayed EISL enabled receiver/amplifier which may have many of the same features as a Karaoke style machine except the song/lyric data comes from a digital radio broadcast. FIG. 5 shows in a block diagram another configuration of an EISL use embodiment 24 where the EISL enabled receiver/decoder 42 is an addition to an existing audio/video system, such as being used in a vehicle/transportation application. Here again as in FIGS. 2 and 3 the display screen(s) need to placed where driver viewing, while driving, is minimized for safety considerations. The antenna 25, tuning receiver 26, channel decoder 27, source decoder 29, audio decoder 33, image decoder 36, channel/mode display 37 are shown along with lyric display screen(s) 28 are included in the EISL enabled receiver/decoder unit 42. The radio/receiver display screen 43 showing the station, song, artist and other PAD information is shown. The audio data 30 can be sent to the amplifier 34 and then to the speakers 35 of the possible already existing or installed auto radio, CD, DVD or other audio/video unit. The present invention has been described herein with reference to various embodiments of production, distribution, broadcasting and receiving. Those having ordinary skills in the art and access to the present methods and means will recognize additional modifications, applications and embodiments within the scope thereof. It is the intention of the attached claims to cover any and all such applications, modifications and embodiments within the scope of the present invention.	183,970
Fall Arts Preview 2012: Visual Arts Why, in 2012, do we need an exhibit focused solely on women artists? Try this: Make a quick tally of the names you’d expect to find on a list of the most important visual artists of the 20th century. Picasso, Matisse, Duchamp, Monet, Hopper, Pollock, Warhol…all these come to mind so easily (and need only be noted by last names!). But women artists made huge, influential strides during this period as well—albeit under the radar. The female gaze is a force to be reckoned with, however, in Elles: Women Artists from the Centre Pompidou, Paris, a stunning show of 125 works by 75 women artists whose work spans nearly 100 years (1909–2007). Pulled from the original Elles exhibit at the Pompidou, it reflects the world through a distinctly feminine filter, and in doing so offers a completely different version of 20th-century art history. Featuring daring painting, sculpture, photography and video by artists you’ve heard of (including Frida Kahlo, Diane Arbus, Marina Abramović, Louise Bourgeois, Cindy Sherman, Nan Goldin) and countless others you’ll be happy to have met. The work is shocking, funny, disturbing, sexual, pissed off, poignant and exuberant (as all good art tends to be). It’s such a compellingly fresh take that SAM has expanded the concept beyond its own doors, inviting other Seattle arts institutions to celebrate pioneering women in a variety of genres. Watch for community partner events later this season at the Seattle Repertory Theatre, the Henry Gallery, Seattle Public Library, Seattle Arts & Lectures, Seattle Symphony and dozens more (see the complete rundown in our October issue). Meanwhile grab a helmet: Your mind is about to be blown. 10/11–1/13/2013. Times and prices vary. Seattle Art Museum, 1300 First Ave.; 206.654.3100; seattleartmuseum.org Rest in Paper Innovative local artist Greg Lundgren is inciting a revolution, revitalizing the “death care” industry with his beautiful, contemporary takes on cemetery monuments and cremation urns (such as the one shown left, made from tissue paper). In addition to his own creations—including artful cardboard coffins, and urns made from gorgeous wood and colored glass—Lundgren invites other local artists to try their hands at updating urns. For this show, the focus is paper, meaning everything from cardboard to notebook paper is fair game. Featured artists include Scott Fife, Celeste Cooning, Janet Galore and Arne Pihl. 9/6–10/13. Free. Lundgren Monuments, 1011 Boren Ave.; 206.910.2432; lundgrenmonuments.com MW [Moment Magnitude] While at press time the details of the fall show MW [Moment Magnitude] remained a mystery, we have been promised “a focus on Seattle as a global epicenter of creative activity” and an exhibit that is “in constant motion and transformation…that spreads throughout the Frye…and overflows into additional venues in the city.” We don’t know exactly what we’re in for, but we’re nonetheless completely stoked. 10/13–1/13/2013. Exhibit and museum times vary. Free. Frye Art Museum, 704 Terry Ave.; 206.622.9250; fryemuseum.org BAM Biennial: High-fiber Diet Bellevue Arts Museum is holding its second-ever biennial, this time focused on contemporary fiber artists. Expect to be wowed by the work of Northwest artists Lou Cabeen (artful cartography), Christine Chaney (painstaking fabric urns), Celeste Cooning (astonishing paper cutouts), Scott Fife (huge heads made from layered cardboard), Luke Haynes (modern quilts), Margie Livingston (crafstily peeled paint), Allison Manch (ironic embroidery), Sherry Markovitz (elaborately beaded animal figures) and many more fantastic fiberheads. 10/25–2/24/2013. Times vary. $7–$25. Bellevue Arts Museum, 510 Bellevue Way NE, Bellevue; 425.519.0770; bellevuearts.org Like a Valentine: The Art of Jeffry Mitchell Seattle ceramics hero Jeffry Mitchell uses elemental, simple earthenware to express complicated ideas about the intersection of love, sex, death and the human travails in between. Culled from work Mitchell created over the last 25 years, this collection reveals how his forms pulsate with an over-the-top exuberance and often use childlike imagery to delve into issues involving gender, politics and religion. 10/27–1/27/13. Times and prices. Henry Art Gallery; 206.543.2280; henryart.org	87,670
On this page, we will provide you with a CBT for Emotions worksheet that will help you regulate emotional eating by challenging negative thoughts that cause emotional eating and look for better coping strategies instead of engaging in emotional eating. CBT for Emotional eating worksheet. Emotional eating is often used as a coping skill to deal with unpleasant situations, emotions, or behaviours. When emotional eating is used as a coping skill, it can cause harmful effects on both our physical and mental health. To help you manage unpleasant situations, we will use CBT therapy techniques, which are healthy alternatives compared to emotional eating. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is an effective therapeutic model used around the world to treat psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, trauma and mood disorders. It is a short-term treatment method that is structured over a period of 10 or fewer sessions. CBT works by evaluating our thoughts, emotions, and behaviour and establishing how they affect one another. How will the CBT for Emotional eating worksheet help? This worksheet will help you to identify the thoughts that lead you to emotional eating, challenge the thoughts behind these emotions so that you make the right behavioural changes and come up with better coping mechanisms instead of engaging in emotional eating. Instruction on how to use the CBT for Emotional eating worksheet Identify the triggers to your emotional eating, thoughts that make you engage in emotional eating, evaluate them, and challenge any thoughts that arise from and before you engage in emotional eating. Come up with better coping strategies for stressors instead of engaging in emotional eating. You can download this worksheet here. On this page, we provided you with a CBT for Emotional eating worksheet. We hope it helped you manage emotional eating and its symptoms. If you have any questions or comments, please let us know.	231,180
Make like a laser and focus The final report of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel will be released next week, and indications are it will contain several solid proposals while also avoiding many of the contentious "math wars" issues. According to the Wall Street Journal, the panel's big recommendation for fixing the country's "‘broken' system of mathematics education" is a "laserlike focus on the essentials." Essentialists ourselves, we think that's a fine idea. And the benchmarks the panel puts forth "mirror closely a September 2006 report by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics," which is cause for optimism because the 2006 document (unlike sundry earlier NCTM products) was well done (see here). Math panel chairman Larry Faulkner believes "it's time to cool the passions" that divide those who prefer traditional arithmetic instruction from advocates of "fuzzy math." Therefore, next week's report does not specify which instructional method is superior, nor does it take a position on whether students should use calculators in early grades. But a "laserlike focus" is fundamentally at war with fuzziness, so the panel's findings are certainly a positive development, maybe as important to math education as the National Reading Panel's were to reading. "Education Panel Lays Out Truce In Math Wars," by John Hechinger, Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2008	257,345
Policy and Institutional Frameworks Ceremony Marks Opening for Signature of Treaty on Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Rome, Italy, 18 July 1998. UN Photo, photographer unknown Governance refers to the formation and stewardship of the formal and informal rules and institutions that regulate the public realm, the arena in which state as well as economic and societal actors interact to make and implement decisions. It describes the modalities, values and institutions that we employ to organize human life at all levels, within and between societies. Global governance refers not to world government, but to an additional, mediating layer of international decision-making between governments and international organizations which is comprehensive, multisectoral, democratically accountable, and inclusive of civil society actors in the shared management of the troubled and fragile world order. Recently Completed Projects: - Regulation of the Private Security Sector in Africa - Regionalization of Northeast Asia - Regulating Globalization - International Commissions and the Power of Ideas - Reforming from the Top: A Leader's 20 Summit - Making States Work Page last modified 2011.06.07.	281,751
Nunavut firm to bring Inuktitut gaming to mobile devices “[We] provide a useful tool for Nunavut and Nunavik parents, daycares and schools" (updated, 11:30 a.m.) A new, Inuktitut-first gaming provider, based in Pangnirtung, plans to bring popular computer games to Inuit and other aboriginal Canadians. Pinnguaq — which means “game” in Inuktitut — launched its website Nov. 9 and is in the process of providing two mobile-app, or app games for Inuktitut-speakers. “I started the company for the purpose of seeing gaming available in indigenous languages,” said Pinnguaq’s project manager Ryan Oliver, who has lived in Nunavut for seven years. “Being in Nunavut and surrounded by Inuktitut, it was a no-brainer to start with a few Inuktitut projects, but my hope is to expand these type of ideas to all indigenous languages.” Ryan said the original incentive for Pinnguaq came from his two young children, aged three and one, who both are learning and speaking Inuktitut. “I wanted to ensure they, as well as their friends, had gaming experiences in Inuktitut,” said Oliver, who works on Pinnguaq in his spare time when he’s not at his job with Government of Nunavut’s economic and transportation department. The first app (short for “application software”), called “SongBird,” is an original game made by Pinnguaq to help users learn traditional and original songs by Inuit musicians. In the application, users can practice songs in Inuktitut. After recording a “final performance” gamers can share their songs with friends. Oliver said he obtained copyright permission to use some Inuktitut songs specifically for “Songbird”. “The songs we’re using are from a group called Nukariik out of Nunavik,” Oliver said. Pinnguaq plans to issue formal press release towards the end of December which will link to samples of the songs, he said. Oliver’s hope is that SongBird will help schools in helping and encouraging kids in learning Inuktitut. “[We] provide a useful tool for Nunavut and Nunavik parents, daycares and schools who wish to complement their Inuktitut and cultural lessons with an interactive element,” Oliver said on Pinnguaq’s website. This app will be released on March 31, 2013 and will be available for the iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch. Pinnguaq’s second ongoing project is the already popular mobile app game called “Osmos.” Osmos, which received Apple’s Game of the Year honour for the iPad in 2010, is set to launch in the spring of 2013 in Inuktitut. Osmos is a game similar to that of the 1980s arcade sensation, “Asteroids.” The game is created by Hemisphere Games — a Canadian based firm that produces apps and is working with Pinnguaq on the Inuktitut version. “We believe that translating quality games like Osmos is an important first step in building capacity and market for indigenous languages gaming,” said Oliver on Pinnguaq’s website. Pinnguaq isn’t translating this game alone, however. The company is also encouraging Inuktitut speakers to help translate the game. Inuktitut speakers can log on and take a quiz. Then, you’ll be asked to translate 15 random terms from the game, but you don’t need to be familiar with the game or computer gaming to do that. You can complete the quiz as many times as you want, and, for each time you complete the quiz, you’ll be entered into a draw to win an Osmos Prize Pack (composed of iPad versions of a variety of Canadian iOs games), and the grand prize, the new iPad Mini. “Together we are going to build all of the necessary translations so that people in Nunavut can enjoy this award winning game in our own language,” Pinnguaq’s website says. As for issues with bandwidth in Nunavut and other Inuit regions in Canada, once an app is downloaded, there are no bandwidth requirements. “It’s on the iPad/iPod and can be accessed at any time,” Oliver said. “Having said that, Osmos does have a multiplayer mode that we are translating, and that would require a constant internet connection.” Oliver said he’s tried the multiplayer Osmos in Pangnirtung and never run into any problems with lag. “It is not a bandwidth intensive game,” he said. Pinnguaq is also looking for artists and programmers to join its team. The project, supported by the Nunavut Literacy Council, is an attempt “to make the world seem a little bit smaller,” Oliver said. “Making high-quality experiences available in your home language opens up new doors and new possibilities that may not have even been considered before. The gaming industry in Canada is at unprecedented heights and this is an opportunity to open that door to Nunavummiut,” he said. To contact Pinnguaq, click here. with files from David Murphy	23,621
Creating a zero-waste Nigeria one community at a time. Environmental sustainability awareness through education and hands-on workshops in schools. Our creative vocational/skills acquisition training programs. Global Action Days - Celebrating global action days with the global community. Our programs are designed specifically to encourage environmental sustainability through experiential advocacy. We do not just teach you, we show you how to make your environment conducive for you and your neighbors while advocating Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To promote and improve environmental sustainability, consciousness, and attitudinal change by engaging young people, particularly women in the identification, exploration, and facilitation of sustainable eco-solutions to the problems caused by the impacts of climate change and pollution, affecting the health and environment of biodiversity in Nigeria and Africa through experiential advocacy, education, and creative climate-smart innovations. Join us for our Mission - ECOSCHOOLSNG N 25, 000, 000. TO GO In collaboration with ACT Foundation, we are working assiduously to train 50000 secondary school pupils and people living around schools in the art and craft of gardening. Participants will be involved in recycling, upcycling, and reusing in the building of beautiful gardens in participating schools and their surroundings. Join us for our Mission - TIDYNIGERIA N 25, 000, 000. TO GO The TidyNigeria project sponsored by the Coca-Cola Foundation aims to reduce the number of plastics that ends up in the Ocean by at least 50%. Our recycling hubs encourage community members to recycle by giving cash in exchange for recyclables. Join us for our Mission - 2023 FABE STUDENT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AND INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME The FABE International Foundation Student Industrial Training (SIT) and Summer Internship Programme (SIP) are designed to empower, educate, and provide Nigerian students in higher institutions with the opportunity to gain hands-on experience in sustainable practices and environmental stewardship. Through engaging workshops and projects, interns will develop the knowledge and skills necessary to compost, recycle, garden sustainably, and upcycle materials, while also fostering a deep understanding of the importance of environmental conservation. Take a bold step - JOIN US NOW. Not Tomorrow. We can make it happen!. Let us work hand-in-hand to save mother earth. We are glad to be partners with the following organization.	174,332
Census Records Military Other States New Titles E-BOOKS Iberian Publishing Company's On-Line Catalog: Harrison County Virginia First settled in 1764, the area of Harrison County was populated quickly and by the 1770s it had reached the stage of petitioning for division into a separate county. Harrison County was formed in 1784 from the southern lands of Monongalia County. It was named in honor of Benjamin Harrison, governor of Virginia and signer of the Declaration of Independence. In 1786 and 1798, respectively, all of the counties of Randolph and Wood were formed from Harrison. Harrison received another parcel from the southwestern corner of Monongalia in 1799, and in 1801 the region known as 'Buckhannon Settlement' was returned to Harrison from Randolph County. In 1804 part of southeastern Ohio County went to Harrison; in 1816 Lewis County was created from the southern lands of Harrison. In 1842 Marion County was formed from lands cut off from Monongalia and Harrison counties; in 1842, 1843, 1844 and 1845, respectively, parts of Marion (1842), Ritchie 1843), Barbour (1843), Taylor (1844), and Doddridge counties were created from Harrison's territory. In 1863 several farms passed from Harrison to Taylor jurisdiction; and in 1871 the line between Barbour and Harrison was adjusted. For a better understanding of county boundary changes, see our new section Virginia in Maps Harrison County,Virginia 1810 Federal Census: A Transcription with index John Vogt, 2010, x, 35 pp., 8x10 format, illustrations, maps, full name index. A faithful and accurate transcription of the first surviving census for this Virginia county. Also available as a digital e-book in PDF format: HOW TO ORDER A Gazetteer of Communities in Harrison County, West Virginia, with extinct towns By Carrie Eldridge. 1992. 23 pages, map, 8«x11. Harrison County was formed in 1784 from the southern lands of Monongalia County. In 1786 and 1798, respectively, all of the counties of Randolph and Wood were formed from Harrison. Harrison Co. 1815 Directory of Landowners by Roger G. Ward. 2005. 67 pages, map, 5 1/2X8 1/2. For a full description of the 1815 LAND DIRECTORY Records and a listing of available counties, see: Individual County Booklets, 1815 Directory of Virginia Landowners For records pertaining to HARRISON COUNTY, VIRGINIA see: \|\| Virginia/W.Va. \|\| General Reference \|\| Military Records \|\| \|\| Other States \|\| Genealogy Links \|\| New Titles \|\| Home Page \|\| E-Books \|\| Copyright © 2014 Iberian Publishing Company	203,113
MAY 25, 2013 IN AN ARTICLE in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung following the 2009 death of Austrian author Gert Jonke, literary critic Richard Kämmerlings describes Jonke’s unique tactics for expressing dissatisfaction with the world as we know it: “Repressive structures, traditions, and norms aren’t subject to a frontal attack, but rather, in the form of language games that constantly generate themselves — later you were supposed to call this autopoetic — they’re weakened and corroded from the inside out.” The balance between destruction and creation, between critical and poetic functions, has always made Jonke a difficult-to-categorize writer. Jonke’s profile has risen steadily in the past decade, not only in English but also in German-speaking countries. His loosely linked trilogy following the surreal exploits of a failed composer named Burgmüller represents a significant contribution to German-language experimental literature. The 1982 novel Awakening to the Great Sleep War, the trilogy’s final book (translated into English by Jean M. Snook), was long-listed for the Best Translated Book Award 2013. Awakening to the Great Sleep War is mainly concerned with Burgmüller’s relationships with three women and his interactions with his surroundings, particularly cities. Jonke composes a wildly imaginative, deeply poetic hymn to landscape: “From the light surf on the sun tide, the time that was yet to come pulled many colorfully shining schools of fish to shore with its nonce nets, while the blossoms on the bushes and trees in the parks began to sing.” Snook’s translation is pure and clean, and her prose has a ceaseless energy that fluctuates gracefully between crisp philosophical enigma and exuberant poeticizing. The world of the novel radiates life and benevolence, but also constant flux and complete disregard for the rules of reality. This is not, however, a naïve expression of optimism: Awakening to the Great Sleep War was clearly written by someone who loves the world deeply but wishes it were different. At times the tenderness and empathy with which Burgmüller approaches his surroundings recall Christian notions of a creation, in which everything is imbued with the essence of God, and yet is imperfect. But however devout Burgmüller’s manner at times, his sorrows are certainly of this world. Besides his relationship problems, he also feels life’s invisible weight on his shoulders: a peculiar feeling, namely that he was playing the role of a very mobile caryatid, no, a very mobile atlas [sic] who, to be sure, had no building, no gateway, no ortel to support or to carry on his shoulders, but in its place, and certainly comparable in terms of weight, he had a column of air. He is a sensitive, earnest protagonist whose thoughts circle back on themselves in melancholic, meditative arcs. Jonke describes a universe in which the typical categories of animate and inanimate are conflated. There’s something cartoonish about the way his cities come alive, their components jumping and twitching, like when “the manhole covers on the city streets started flapping up and down like big round book covers.” By blurring the distinction between active and passive, Jonke also muddles the traditional line between setting and plot. A city is what happens in it, not a place where things happen. In his essay “Individual and Metamorphosis,” translated in the Summer 2012 issue of The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Jonke recounts an astounding story from his life that casts the far-flung experimentation of his landscapes in an entirely different light. In 1976, he had been contemplating suicide, and he walked to the Reich Bridge in Vienna, intending to throw himself into the water, only to find that the bridge had just collapsed. From his account: [T]he bridge from which I wanted to plunge into the river went and spoiled it by taking a plunge of its own immediately before I could take mine, simply locked me out, took off just as I was getting there, ran away from me at a mad dash, at the last minute, head over heels, wanted absolutely nothing to do with me. In a critical essay accompanying “Individual and Metamorphosis,” Vincent Kling, a translator of some of Jonke’s works who knew the author personally, argues that personal experience was significant to Jonke’s achievements: “Hope springs eternal because the imagination leaps high in Jonke’s reshaping of his own life into an art that only seems remote from the everyday.” Jonke himself says the Reichsbrücke story appears “in sublimated form” in Awakening to the Great Sleep War. We are not wrong to read Burgmüller’s experiences as surreal: that is, based on the real, above, but in relation to reality. Early in the novel, Burgmüller strikes up a friendship with caryatids and telemones (stone figures, common in Vienna, that act as architectural support elements, like columns), and tries to teach them to sleep (the most inactive thing a person can do without dying). The stone figures cannot understand, let alone practice sleep themselves — though Jonke envisions the architectural destruction that would ensue if they did, a great sleep war laying the city to waste. Burgmüller, meanwhile, has ruined his own ability to sleep by trying too hard to teach it. This is the first of many episodes in which Jonke expresses skepticism that experience can be communicated. Trying may even hollow out authentic experience, leaving former sleep-master Burgmüller at the mercy of tranquilizers for rest. Similarly, a delightful argument between Burgmüller and his first girlfriend about whether they should go to “hither” or “thither” foregrounds Jonke’s concern that our points of reference are inadequate to our shifting destinations. Maps, which contain “insidious disguises for incorrect, misleading topographies,” prove useless for describing reality. It is the changing nature of reality and the passing of time that make maps so utterly inadequate: “But they were unreliable aids to orientation, because aside from the fact that their names and signs were in a constant state of flux, you could often see with the naked eye how the landscape depicted on them was in the process of changing.” You could say that the hyperactivity of Jonke’s scenery, with the roofs of its houses levitating above their walls and its benches complaining of boredom, is a dramatization of the volatile nature of existence. A map might purport to describe something static, but in Awakening to the Great Sleep War, this is manifestly untrue. As he negotiates this unmappable world, Burgmüller dreams of a language that will make true communication possible, unlike our “fabricated language of undiscoverable falsifications.” Love, the other great beauty besides landscape in Awakening to the Great Sleep War, motivates his desire. The book displays a complete lack of cynicism regarding romantic relationships. Though his relationships eventually founder in tragicomic absurdities appropriate to the Jonke-universe — one following the “hither–thither” dispute, the next after his girlfriend becomes obsessed with a housefly, the third because her understanding of reality is so different from Burgmüller’s — the sex and companionship that Burgmüller experiences with his lovers is genuine and whole. It’s language that fails them. The fullness of their connection cannot be communicated in words. Jonke’s final girlfriend is the paramount embodiment of this problem. She’s writing a book that she insists isn’t about experience. Rather, it is an experience, which she lives as she writes it, her typewriter a machine for creating reality. Unfortunately for Burgmüller, he continues to exist outside of her book. There is an aching eagerness that underlies this woman’s desire for language to be absolutely, literally commensurate with experience. It manifests itself not only in her book project, but also in her dialogue with Burgmüller: And then she whispered something to him very quietly in confidence: Listen, don’t tell anyone what I’m going to say to you now, because it’s one of my most intimate secrets that no one else will know now other than you, listen, my breasts, they look like, what do you think, yes, they look like a capital B from the German word LIEBE written in capital letters, which means LOVE…! The form of the secret, often invoked by Burgmüller’s girlfriends, approximates the structure of a romantic relationship, which is a private and singular connection denied to the rest of the world. Even if your lover tells you something utterly universal, that the letter B looks like breasts and is contained in the word Liebe, only being told so as a secret is appropriate to the experience of communicating with your lover. But it’s not enough to find structures within our existing language that are near to the nature of experience. What is needed, according to Burgmüller, is: a language in which the remaining incomprehensibly personal strangeness would soon be more familiar to us, as we would someday catch hold of this word-sail far ahead of us, disappearing before our eyes, whose ranges of tonal expression would be made up of incomparable ways of speaking on the writing routes between the lodgings of so liberating a future grammar. Language is what will free us and propel us together, through landscape, toward what is to come. In this sense, Awakening to the Great Sleep War is a utopian book, not only in its glowing depiction of love and the world, but also in its hope that human understanding can someday contain these wonders. The book focuses relentlessly on the future, ending with this lovely, mysterious, forward-looking dream: “Much that is now invisible will soon be very easy to discover, because everything has suddenly become so transparent that one can’t see through anything anymore.” In his FAZ essay, Kämmerlings traces Jonke’s fall from popularity in the 1980s to this focus on alternate reality, a trajectory that left his writing nowhere to expand: “Narratively, he, like many of his characters, reached the limit that art cannot go beyond if it wants to maintain an anchor in reality. To imagine freedom for yourself, which suffocates under social constraints, leads to escapism, after all.” This statement might say more about the attitudes of prominent contemporary German literary figures toward the avant-garde than about the actual potential for development within Jonke’s writing. After all, his books are readable if challenging, and a lag in his production does not mean that his writing stopped developing. In an interview with Matthew Jakubowski on The Quarterly Conversation, Kling, in keeping with a more biographically informed reading of Jonke’s works and career, suggests that it was Jonke’s spiral into alcoholism that stifled his career. Whatever the reason, Jonke reemerged in the 2000s in German-speaking countries with a series of extremely successful plays, and in 2010 his hometown of Klagenfurt created a bi-yearly literature prize in his name with a 15,000€ purse. His stock rose in English around the same time, as Dalkey Archive Press began publishing translations of his significant works, with Awakening to the Great Sleep War being the latest. Such cyclical patterns, such rising and falling, decline and renewal, are to be found within Jonke’s books, as well as in the course of his career. For all that it is focused on the future, Awakening to the Great Sleep War never arrives there. For all that it is a visionary book, it is also an extremely repetitive one at every level, from sentence to theme to plot. Burgmüller communes with his city, philosophizes, loves and loses, dreams his dreams. The world as we know it shudders, ripples, finds itself reinvented. This is necessary. This is the only way forward, or perhaps it’s just the only way. As one of Burgmüller’s girlfriends emphasizes, “[T]he march of time could be thought of as a recurring cycle of terrible library fires alternating with incessant library reconstructions and expansions, which then led again to new library fires.” This review is part of a series dedicated to several German-language books long-listed for the 2013 Best Translated Book Award, including: Amanda DeMarco is a Berlin-based translator, and a contributing editor for the international book industry news website Publishing Perspectives. She is also the founder of Readux Books, a publishing house dedicated to individually published short works of (mostly) translated literature, whose first books will appear in October 2013.	17,186
Arctic Regions, the Sámi and Global Climate Change Debate Collection of essays and papers written 2001/2002 within the Arctic Studies Program Sammelband 2002 87 Seiten Table of contents: Part A Excursion the North Calotte The Glacial Landscape of Northern Scandinavia and the main vegetation zones of Finnish Lapland The Northern Society of Lapland: Impressions and Evaluations Sámi and their Culture Part B The Sámi and indigenous people in general The Assimilation Process and how Indigenous Societies try to face it The Sami as an Example The Sami Political Movement since the early 1970’s Sami Culture and Modernisation - The Occupation of Reindeer Herding as an Example - The Definition of Indigenous People The Definition of "Indigenous People" - Are they like a normal minority? - Part C Environmental systems, economic development and Changing land use and the causing feedbacks in the Arctic region Reindeer Herding vs. other Land Uses - A general overview about the Disturbances to Reindeer Herding - Facing Problems of Reindeer Herding - Environmental changes, human disturbances, economic pressures and the future of Reindeer Herding - Part D Global Climate Change Debate Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Ozone Depletion and UV Radiation Air Pollution in the Arctic Region and its Impacts on Forests Global Climate Change, Boreal Forests and Indigenous Communities Part E Annex Timetable for the Arctic Studies Program: autumn term 2001 Timetable for the Arctic Studies Program: spring term 2002 From September 2001 till May 2002, I studied within the Erasmus exchange program of the European Union two terms abroad at the University of Lapland (Lapin Yliopisto) in Rovaniemi/Finland. There I took part in the Arctic Studies Program (ASP). This is a very interdisciplinary program offered by the Arctic Center (Arktinen Keskus) at the University of Lapland. The program is open for both Finnish and international students. The full content of the ASP can be seen in the Annex (Part E). Here the full timetables of both terms are given. The researchers at the Arctic Center and the lecturers in the ASP are also very interdisciplinary and international. They are coming from many different countries all over the word (Finland, France, Denmark, United States, Great Britain, etc.) and doing research work in many different fields of sciences (e.g. biodiversity, geomorphology, climatology, sociology, economic development, law, minority rights, indigenous people (especially the Sami), tourism, environmental protection and ethnology). Regarding the timetables of the ASP, one can see, that many different topics and subjects are includes in the ASP. You will find courses about the Arctic in general, about environmental issues, tourism, the Sami and indigenous people in general, social and economic development, politics and international relations and as well international law. In the first week of the ASP an excursion the North Calotte took place, where the students got an introduction in the topics and the geographical area of the ASP. Every term of the ASP was concluded with a research seminar. In this book, the essays and papers I’ve written and the presentations I’ve hold within the ASP, are published. For this reason, the present book is a very interdisciplinary one, covering many different topics concerning the arctic regions. Comparing the following articles with the list of courses in the Annex one can see that not for every lecture or seminar a text is given here. The reasons therefore are miscellaneous. First of all, the examination conditions varied from course to course. Some courses were (only) finished by a written exam or a little homework and these will not be published (here). Even if I attended every ASP-lecture, in some courses I didn’t make any examination so that nothing can be published. The papers written for the research seminars at the end of each term are about the Arctic Council, an intergovernmental arctic forum for circumpolar environmental co-operation. One of them is written together with a college mate. Both research-papers might be published later separately, so that they are not part of this book. Already publicized and by that reason not included in this collection is the “Climate Atlas of Eurasian and North American Arctic regions” which I wrote for the course “Ecological and Historical Biogeography of Arctic and Alpine Regions”. The articles given below are not in the chronological order they have been produced during my studies abroad. They are divided into four subject areas. In the first chapter (Part A) you will find the papers written after being back from the introductory “Excursion to the North Calotte” as compulsory tasks to get the needed credit points for the lectures hold during the excursion. Part B has the title “The Sámi and the indigenous people in general” and contains the essays and handouts for all ASP-courses concerning indigenous matters. In the third chapter (Part C) essays about environmental, social and economic topics are given. One ASP-course of the spring term was titled “The Global Change Debate; Science and Politics from a Northern Perspective”. Therefore four short essays – three to four pages each – had to be written. Those are given in Part D. “The collection of essays and papers written within in the Arctic Studies Program” is closed by the full timetables for both terms (Part E: Annex). Part A: Excursion to the North Calotte In the first week of the Arctic Studies Program (ASP), we made an excursion to the north calotte, which means that we travelled through Finnish Lapland and north Norway. Our route led us to the following stops (given in the order we travelled): Pallas-Ounas-Tuunturi National Park; Karasuando (Sweden), Kilpisjärvi, Skibotn (Norway), Olderdalen (Norway), Kilpisjärvi, Hetta, Kautakeino (Norway), Utsjoki, Varanger Fjord (Norway), Inari, Urho-Kekkonen-National Park, Sodankylä. Topics had been the arctic in general, nature, landscape and geomorphology of the visited region, tourism and the Sámi as the indigenous people of this area. The following articles in this Part of the collection are written after being back in Rovaniemi as compulsory tasks to get the needed credit points for the lectures hold during the excursion. Christian Momberger 20.09.2001 The Glacial Landscape of Northern Scandinavia and the main vegetation zones of Finnish Lapland Around 10,000 years ago the last ice-age came to an end, the temperature rose and a global warming started. During the Weichselian glaciation, Scandinavia was laying under a big sheet of ice, which had a thickness up to 3,000 m. Also Carelia and other parts of north-western Russia, the Baltic Region, northern Poland and north-eastern parts of Germany were covered by the ice. The centre of this sheet were situated in parts of northern and central Scandinavia. A ice-sheet means a glacier, which has an continental size, e.g. nowadays the Greenland ice-sheet, and is not influenced by the underlying topography. Only on his ends, the glacier will be follow the topography, containing a lot of sediments, taking rock parts, e.g. from the ground, with him and forming moraines, if he is staying at the same point for several years. In the centre of the sheet, the glacier flows very slow and you will have a very dry climate. For this reason northern Scandinavia was more formed by the melting water that arose by the retreating ice, than by the ice laying over the landmass. But melting water could and can also be found on the ground of the glacier, where it flews in tunnels under the ice. Western parts of Finnish Lapland, for example the region of the Pallas-Ounastunturi National Park, were laying under the centre of the Scandinavian ice-sheet and so only very little formed directly by the ice. For this reason, in the area of the national park you will find a very old bedrock, which was formed about over 2.000 millions years ago (Johansson, 1998). Since this time the bedrock had been eroded. In the last two million years, during the several ice-ages, the hills were only rounded. During the period of the retreating ice after the last ice-age, named the Weichselian, about 10.000 years ago, meltwater formed ice-dammed lakes. Nowadays the region of the National Park is covered by loose deposit material like till, “a mixture of particles of all sizes from clay to boulders” (Hambrey Alean, 1992), that was transported there and deposited by the ice. You can also find eskers in this area, which are a most common depositional form of the meltwater actions. (Johnson, 1998) The debris was washed and sorted into layers of different grain size by the meltwater. During the cold and dry periglacial climate, that prevailed after t]he ice had gone, sand was transported there by the wind and piled up to dunes. They are now covered with vegetation. Peatlands, which are formed by a developing subterranean ice core, can also be found. At the edges of an ice-mass you will find much more glacial activity, the glacier could be moving very fast and the landscape will be much more formed by the ice. Here for example you can find moraines. For the reason that the ice is much thinner than in the centre of the sheet, it will follow the topography and for example form valley glaciers. Normally you will find glacial forms which are parallel to the flew-direction of the ice. At the margin of the Scandinavian ice-sheet was the Norwegian coast line, which nowadays consists of many fjords. The fjords are very deep u-shaped valleys, which were carved out by the ice of the valley glaciers. Later, when the ice had gone, they filled up with sea water from the Atlantic Ocean which penetrated into the valleys. Most of the fjords “have a shallow sill at the entrance”. (Mangerud, 1991) Over and above that hanging valleys can be found on the Norwegian side of the Scandinavian Mountains. A hanging valley was also formed by a glacier. It means a side-valley, which had been not so deep carved out by the ice so that his mouth ends abruptly part way up the side of the main valley. At the mouth you will often find waterfalls going down “the step”. The retreating ice, had arisen a lot of melting water, so the sea level rose up. But the landmass also came out of the sea for the reason of loosing the mass of ice with its huge weight on it. This is the reason why you can find many raised beaches in the Varangerfjord area (north-eastern Norway), which represent the different shorelines or sea level that had existed in the last 10.000 years. Nowadays the landmass still rises up in the area of the former centre of the ice-sheet, e.g. in the Kemi-Tornio region 9 mm/year compared to the sea level. Today the rounded sloping fells of the Pallas-Ounastunturi National Park reaching an elevation of over 700 m. The lower parts are covered by forest, the higher sections are forming a treeless tundra-region. The forest of the national park consists mainly of trees with an age over 200 years, some pine-trees are even over 400 years old. (Johansson, 1998) In northern Lapland the birches are forming the timberline. In these elevations the birches are no longer a tree - they will form dwarf shrubs. In lower regions you will also find spruces, they are the fist type of tree that disappear with the elevation, and pines. Over the timberline you can find a tundra vegetation, consisting of lichen and moss. Johansson, Peter: Explanation to the Map of the quaternary deposits of Pallas-Ounastunturi, Rovaniemi 1998 Hambrey, Michael and Alean Jürg: Glaciers, Oxford 1992 Magnerud, Jan: The Last Interglacial/Glacial Cycle in Northern Europe, in: Shane, Linda C. K. and Cushing, Edward J. (Eds.): Quaternary Landscapes, pp. 38-75, Minneapolis 1991 Christian Momberger 03.10.2001 The Northern Society of Lapland: Impressions and Evaluations 1. Introduction - Lapland in general Lapland, the most northern region of Finland, with a size of 98.937 km², has 191.768 inhabitants at the end of the year 2000. (Regional Council, 2001) But the number is again decreasing in the last few years. Only in the year 2000 it lost about 1,3% or 2.584 inhabitants (Regional Council, 2001) If you dived Lapland into towns and rural areas you can see, that both are losing people, but the decreasing percentage is much higher in rural municipalities than in towns (1,68% to 0,99%). (Regional Council, 2001). The loss of inhabitants is nearly only caused by a negative balance of migration. If you will look at the jobs, existing in Lapland, you see that there will be a plus of 1,5% from 1997 to 1999. In 1999 6,4% are working in the primary sector, 22,4% in the industrial sector and 67,3% in the third sector (including services, traffic, communication, public sector). (Regional Council, 2001). In Lapland, the primary sector, including the forestry industry, agriculture and reindeer herding, and the public sector, like health service or education facilities, departments and authorities, etc., employ more people than in the national average. The unemployment rate in 2000 was about 21,0%, much more than in whole Finland (13,9%). (Regional Council, 2001) These figures show that the development of Lapland is not very well and that there are some problems. Maybe you can call the region of Lapland an area with a lack of infrastructure or a lessdeveloped area. That’s why you should ask the question, how you could improve the situation in Lapland and how you could make the people stay in this or even getting new people coming to this region. The answer of this question is indeed not just easy and there is not only one right solution to solve it. One reason for this is, that there are many different factors causing this above shown situation. 2. Creating new jobs and getting people to move to Lapland One important thing for making the inhabitants stay in this Lapland is, that there will be (enough) possibilities to find a job and to reach a high standard of living as well as prospects for the future. If the people don’t see a chance to get these things, they will immigrate to regions of which they believe to have better possibilities. But for making the companies to investigate in Lapland and to offer sufficient jobs, you will need enough well qualified people living there. As you can see, the problem of losing population might become a vicious circle. But these aspects mentioned here are also relevant for new people who might come for working and living in Lapland. However, what kind of jobs can be offered in a mostly rural area like Lapland that might be attractive. First, I think, education and research is a very important field, that must be well developed in such a region. Therefore you can already find positive examples in Lapland, e.g. “the University of Lapland” in Rovaniemi and the “Education Centre of the Sami area” in Inari. These faculties, especially the University, attracting younger persons to go to Lapland for at least a period of time. But they won’t stay automatically here after their studies - perhaps most of them are moving (back) south, but maybe a few people will found their own company or business in or around Rovaniemi and so create new jobs. Just for that reason you should support these group of persons in their aims, for example by founding a technology park. In such an area, you can also improve and strengthen the technology transfer between this new academic graduated and so well educated persons and the region of Lapland or existing companies everywhere else. In my comprehension, a technology park provides buildings and infrastructure that could be hired for a low rate during the first few years and focuses a lot of company-founders at one place, so they could transfer their technology or knowledge between each other. These new companies might be for example supporters for bigger already existing companies, like big national or international incorporations, doing research or development work for them. The result of these efforts could be the existence of a technology-cluster in and around Rovaniemi. Another field for creating jobs and getting new people to Lapland could be the sector of marketing and advertising. In my opinion, by using the modern means of telecommunication you will as well find possibilities for founding new companies or forcing existing ones to move to Lapland. Here the University might also play an important role by providing well-educated persons. Some founder of this sector may also join the technology park. Connecting to these two fields, modern telecommunication plays an important role and this will increasing in the next decades. One kind of work, that should be mentioned here, is tele working. Such jobs can also be created in rural regions and far away form any industry or other business, e.g. in (northern) Lapland. And perhaps Lapland will even be interesting for those workers and the companies offering these jobs by the case of the beautiful landscape and the nature that can be found here. In my opinion, this fact and the therefore resulting possibilities for recreation is an important pull-factor for Lapland. At least the wages are an important factor for workers or job seekers to accept an offered job in Lapland. Maybe they will know that the cost of living are less than in southern Finland, but if you can earn more money in southern region you will go or stay there. If people, not born in Lapland, will live here for a longer time their overall welfare might not be equal compared with other regions of Finland under the conditions, existing today - the level will be a bit lower. Reasons for that might be lower wages and fewer possibilities of prospects of promotion than in other regions. On the other hand you will have less pollution and much more nature and silence in Lapland than in more urban regions of South Finland. The most important thing for keeping these new people in this area is, that there is a well developed infrastructure - like transport-, education-, health serviceand leisure time-infrastructure - that will be equal to other Finish regions. In Lapland I think you can already find a quite good infrastructure, created by the public hand that has to be maintained. Therefore it is not a good idea to privatise facilities or companies of the public sector like it is popular today, because the than private owned companies only want to earn profit. They aren’t going to maintain the service or infrastructure in that extent it had existed before the privatisation, and they will also cut of jobs and so rising up the unemployment rate. Over and above that the working conditions will get worse, so the standard of living will decrease for some families. Lapland may also be interesting for retired people, who could have their old-age residence in the wide, beautiful and peaceful nature of Lapland. I also can imagine myself, that there will be people, who were born in Lapland and later moving south for working, coming back after their retirement. 3. Tourism - The best solution? Another popular and maybe even often preferred solution of this in the beginning shown problem might be tourism. But the increasing in the number of tourists, visiting a place or a region, e.g. Lapland, every year, will bring some other problems with it. So it won’t be the panacea, the best solution. Tourism and Tourists need a well-developed infrastructure, like roads, hotels or other accommodations, shops, hiking trails in summer and ski tracks in winter, etc. And for this reason, it could be positive for the development and the standard of living in one region like Lapland, because the inhabitants could also use these infrastructures. But tourists also cause a lot of problems, which are not only environmental ones. Tourism must not be seen separated from the existing or causing social, economically and environmental facts and factors. The causing costs and cumulative effects of tourism must also be considered if you will be successful with the aim of becoming the sector of tourism a leadership in general further development of Lapland. One example therefore might by the disturbance of the traditional way of living of one community or rural area, like the Sami region, by increasing the number of tourists and the therefore needed infrastructure - the new influences can destroy the existing traditions. At least you should not only protect the human influences but also the biodiversity of the nature, which can be easily destroyed by tourists. An example therefore might be hikers and bikers in a large number who will destroy the nature while using them - they might create new tracks on their own or leaving every kind of trash back in the nature. Other environmental problems caused by tourism are for example an increase in (traffic) pollution and arising trash. A region with a high frequency of Tourists in one area or especially at one place might be less attractive for many persons. In my opinion, the most visitors like more diversified areas, not consisting of agribusiness and forest plantation, and prefer little cottages opposite big hostel areas with a huge number of flats or hotel-rooms. Otherwise you might even have a decreasing number of tourists. But indeed, Lapland is an interesting region for tourists and still can be more developed in this sector of economy. I’m thinking that especially the winter-tourism like skiing could be better developed or more advertised. Developing this sector further on will create new jobs and indeed increasing the standard of living in Lapland. Tourism for example might be an additive income for persons working in the sector of agriculture or doing hunting. But you have to be careful and you shouldn’t make the mistake to try to concentrate all tourists a one place. So in my opinion I’m not sure, if it’s positive to expand the recreation site of Sarriselkä like it’s planed. Lapland still possesses the advantage of a diversified region in the way mentioned above and having not too much tourists at one place at the same time. If you will meet the markets need and current preferences you can increase the number of visitors in Lapland. It is not easy to make Lapland attractive for people to moving here or to visit this region as a tourist. The above-mentioned ways for solving this problem are not the only ones and therefore not easy to carry out. But as the past has shown, the further development of the education and research facilities, like the founding of the “University of Lapland” in 1979, could stop the wave of emigration and bring new inhabitants to Lapland. So I think the shown ways are possible solutions, which can work in a positive way. To improve the sector of tourism is, as shown above, no solution without any disadvantages, but might be also an idea if done in the right way. Regional Council of Lapland (pub.): Lapland by figures 2001, Rovaniemi 2001 Christian Momberger 03.10.2001 Sami and their Culture 1. The Sami – a definition The Sami are the indigenous people of Northern Europe or strictly speaking northern and central Scandinavia. Their (main) settlement areas are the most northern parts of Finland, northern and central-western Sweden, northern and central Norway and the Kola Peninsula (Russia). There are more than 75.000 people belonging to the Sami-Nation, about which are living over 40.000 in Norway, about 20.000 in Sweden, a good 7.000 in Finland and about 2.000 in Russia. (Sami Parliament, 1999) “But the number of Samis in the various countries are difficult to estimate,” (Somby, 2000) and so also the total number of Samis varies in the different publications. The definition who belongs to the Sami-Nation is not yet clear in the case of the fact, that each country has his own definition of who is Sami. In Finland for example a Sami could be only these persons who learnt Sami as their first language or have at least one parent or grandparent who has done so and also these persons, who has at least one ancestor who has been recorded as a “Lapp” in the historical land-tax book, which had existed in Finland from 1695 until 1932. (Sami Parliament, 1999) In Sweden only Sami people can herd reindeers. The Sami in Finland, Sweden and Norway have nowadays their own parliaments, which are democratically elected. 2. The Sami history – from past to present The oldest excavations of first Sami-settlement can be found in the Varangerfjord area (northeastern Norway) - they are about 10.000 years old. The earliest Sami were settlers coming from the east, like northern Russia. The Sami-language has a common language root with the Finish, but they dived into two languages during the period before the born of Christ. The Sami people did hunting, fishing and reindeer herding and could be described as nomads’ ore semi-nomads. They also developed their own religion and their own business and trade. In the first Millennium after Christ, different Sami-languages separated from each other (Sami Parliament, 1999), so that nowadays nine Sami dialects can be found (Somby, 2000) During the last middle age the Samiregion was divided and claimed by Norway, Sweden and the so called Russia. The Sami were from now on not only controlled by the government but also by the Catholic or Russian Orthodox Church. Over the centuries the Sami formed more and more real settlements. From 1551 to 1808 whole Lapland belonged to Sweden. During this period the Sami people had to pay the “Lapp taxes” for holding their land and waters in permanent possession and delegated a member to the Swedish Reichstag. (Sami Parliament, 1999) For the last three hundred years, the states of the sami-area have tried to assimilate the Samis and taken their rights. They were forbidden to speak Sami at school until 30 years ago. In Finland also their lands rights were taken and the area outside of the existing settlements where claimed as land, owned by the state. This land was given to new settlers or changed into protected areas like national parks. The Sami in Finland over and above that lost their privileges of doing traditional business like reindeer herding, hunting and fishing in this area. Nowadays the Sami will receive more rights and possibility to save or develop their own culture and language. Sami is being taught in school and there are several newspapers in the different Sami-languages published. There is also a Sami radio station. The problem of the land rights is today in settlement but it may take a quite long time until it will be solved. In 1956 the Sami Council was founded, nearly every private Sami organisation are now a member, which has a consultative status in the system of the United Nations. (Somby, 2000) For example it is taking part in the word council of indigenous people. Finland was the first state, which established a Sami parliament - it was founded in 1973. It has to be heard by the Finish government and parliament in things that are related to the Sami. 3. The Samis and their culture today “The Sami have their own identity based on history, language, costume, crafts and livelihood” (Somby, 2000). And for the reason that the culture and the language of the Sami have survived since nowadays, even there was a assimilation policy in the last centuries, you will find today many Sami artists, working in fields like art, music, literature, etc. For some Sami people, another field of work in these days is doing Handicrafts, called “duodji”. Many Samis are also still working on their traditional business such as reindeer herding and fishing - nearly 40% of the population of their home area in northern Lapland is living on these sector of economy. (Sami Parliament, 1999) The sector of tourism also provides an income for the Samis. About 4.000 Sami people live in finish Lapland, nearly all of them in the municipalities of Enontekiö, Inari and Utsjoki as well as in northern parts of the municipality of Sodankylä. Utsjoki is the only community with a Sami majority in Finland. In their culture and their vocabulary natural phenomena are taking a big place. The written language was originated in the year 1619 (Sami Parliament, 1999) and during the last century you can find quite a lot of books, e.g. novels and sagas, written in Sami. Today you will find much well known international literature, translated and printed in the different Sami languages. In 1906 Isak Sabra wrote the national Sami hymn “The song of the Sami Family”. (Sami Parliament, 1999) There are also special Sami songs, called “Joiku”. One of the famous Sami painters was Andreas Alariesto (1900-1989), whose pictures can be found in the “Alariesto Galleria” in Sodankylä. Since 1986 the Sami had their own common flag, consisting of bright colours of their national dresses - blue, red, yellow and green - and symbolising the halos of the sun and the moon. The national day is the 6th of February. (Sami Parliament, 1999) The traditional clothes, named “gáki”, (Somby, 2000) identify the people with a special area. Nearly every village has an other design of their costumes, which they will normally use only for festivities, special holidays, weddings or other important dates. Merely some older people might use them daily. They are often very colourful and made of fine wool. Differences in the decoration of the clothes are illustrating the differences in culture between the Sami peoples and areas. The sami-handicrafts are made of natural materials like wood or reindeer skin, antlers and bones and decorated for example with textiles and pearls. They are not only produced for selling them to tourists in special shops, although for using themselves. This part of business has as well long traditions as working in the primary sector. Reindeer herding is still done in a traditional way by the Sami who have knowledge of more than thousand years in this field. Sami people own nearly 35% of all finish reindeers. In 1977 the educational centre of the sami area was founded in the municipally of Inari. (Sami Parliament, 1999) Its purposes are to provide education mainly for this area to maintain and develop the Sami culture and nature-based occupations. Here the education is provided in Finish and Sami and contains many different subjects, e.g. crafts and design, Sami language and culture, hotel and restaurant services, information technology, healthcare or tourism. After your studies you will a get vocational qualification. Beginning form the eighties, the lessons in primary school in the Sami area were also given in Sami language. In 1994, the first pupils in Finland made their highschool graduate in Sami. There are also a lot of museums in Lapland and other Sami inhabitant-areas in Scandinavia that are occupied with Sami aspects, like their way of living, their costumes and their culture. In Inari you can find the “Siida-Museum”, Sami Museum and Northern Lapland Nature Centre, which has the aims to be a home for the Sami culture and by this way to support the cultural self-esteem of the Sami (Sami Parliament, 1999). It was opened in 1998 and contains also an open-air museum; the former established “Inari Sami Museum”. The open-air museum present typical Sami buildings and tools like those of fishermen, hunters or nomads. In Varangerbotn (Norway) there is the “Varanger Samiske Museum”, which shows an exhibition about the Sea Sami and their changes from early settlement to nowadays. The “Artikum” in Rovaniemi also has a part in his exhibition about the Sami culture. Here for example you can see different costumes from Sami in Lapland. During the last three hundred years, the states of the sami-area have tried to assimilate the Samis and taken their rights. They had nearly the same problems than other indigenous people in the world, e.g. the Inuit in Greenland. But in the last decades, the situation has improved and different Sami organisations were founded. Today the Sami people and organisations but also the Finish states government do many efforts to keep and develop the Sami culture and language. But the Samis pick not all decision of the Finish government up positive. I my opinion there are a lot of cultural and other things that have survived during the worse period. The situation of the last centuries has led to the fact that the Sami nowadays define themselves as “one” minority group which only can survive by speaking with one voice by means of common organisations like the Sami council and the national Sami parliaments. But there was also a lot of assimilation in the last hundreds of years, which is still going on. One big problem in this field is, that there is today only a little number of Sami - they are forming a small minority in Finland. I don’t know many about the culture of other indigenous people yet, so I can’t compare the Sami culture with them. Although I’m thinking that there are many things that should to be kept for future generations. So I think it is important to do much efforts as possible to improve the situation of the Sami and to support and strengthen their culture and identity. So I find it a good thing that there is the possibility to learn Sami in school. Liv Inger Somby: Sápmi. The indigenous people of Northern Europe, leaflet published by the Sáme-diggi/Sami Parliament, Anár/Kárá johka/Giron 2000 The Sami Parliament (pub.): The Sami in Finland, Inari 1999 Part B: The Sámi and indigenous people in general One main focus of the Arctic Studies Program (ASP) was on the Sámi as the indigenous people of the European Arctic Region. Themes were their culture and traditions, the oppression in the 19th and 20th century and the thereby caused process of assimilation, the raising political movement in the 2nd part of the 20th century, their social and economic status today and the challenges of the modern societies they have to face to. Included in the ASP were also two courses “on the Rights of Indigenous People and Minorities” in general. The first three articles and essays are about the Sami, the last two are papers about the definition of indigenous people. The articles are both from the autumn term and the spring term. Awakening of Indigenous People in the Arctic: Study of Identity Revitalisation’s Process Autumn Term 2001 Lecturer: Nicolas Gunslay Author: Christian Momberger The Assimilation Process and how Indigenous Societies try to face it The Sami as an Example 2. A Quotation from John Erling - the situation of the Sami now and in future 3. The assimilation policy and how the indigenous societies try to face it 3.1.The Sami as an example 3.2.General conclusionsfor indigenous societies Nowadays, the societies of indigenous people are still faced with an on-going assimilation policy of the national countries and their non-indigenous societies. This policies had his roots in the colonial exploration of the areas were the indigenous people lived since centuries or thousands of years. This policy made the indigenous people to give up their rights and their land and transformed the society of the indigenous people a lot. In some cases, a indigenous group or bigger part of a indigenous-society fully give up their way of living and don’t wanted to be indigenous anymore - they no longer considered themselves a belonging to the indigenous group. During the last decades, the indigenous-societies organised themselves in different organisations to face the assimilation policies and to fight for their rights. This process is regarded in chapter three. Therefore the Sami-society is used as an example. In chapter two a quotation from the famous Sami author John Erling about the situation of the Sami nowadays and in future is given and briefly discussed. In this text, the author sees the Sami doomed to extinction. 2. A Quotation from John Erling - the situation of the Sami now and in future “Many say we are bound to disappear. We are just remnants of a primitive people doomed to extinction. Doomed by whom? By the prophets of development? By well-meaning democratic people? By knowledgeable technocrats? By informed anthropologists? Perhaps more than anyone else, we are doomed to extinction by all those who have wanted to and still want to exploit our land. They still see us as an obstruction to the development they envision, of which we should be smart enough to become a part.” John Erling UTSI: We are still alive, in: The Sami, People of the Sun and the Wind, Ajtte/Jokkmokk 1993, pp. 4-5 In this above given quotation, the author is referring to the history of the indigenous people, in this case the Sami, and the problems they (still) have today. The history of the last centuries of the indigenous people, not only in the arctic region, was not a good one at all. They’ve lost their rights and their land and were treated as indigenous, which means, that, even if they were the first persons that settled in an area, had to give up their land and their traditional way of living. They were also forbidden to speak their own language and to face with a strong assimilation process (for the Sami as an example see Aikio et al., 1994). In some regions, like the Indians in America, they were even killed, so that some tribes of indigenous people nearly or totally died out. Today, the assimilation policy is still going on, even if the indigenous people, like the Sami, gained more and more rights, like being allowed to speak their language and living there traditional culture as much as possible under the today conditions. The assimilation policy is a big problem, against which the indigenous people try to face nowadays in different was. This theme will be discussed later on in chapter three. Beside the assimilation process, the question of the land-rights is in most cases, especially for the Sami, a problem the indigenous people today (still) have. The question is under discussion since many years and in Finland, a commission is still working on this case (The Sami Parliament, 1999), so the problem is not yet solved. There is also a lack of knowledge about the indigenous people, like the Sami, a lack about their way of living, their culture, their way of thinking and their habitats in general, considering the mind of the non-indigenous or non-Sami people. But what does the author with the phrases “prophets of development”, “well-meaning democratic people”, “knowledgeable technocrats” and “informed anthropologists” mean? Prophets of development are in my opinion those people, who pray the modern non-indigenous civilisation and its technologies and way of living as the best for now and the future at all. They think, that the Sami should or even must live like the non-indigenous people, e.g. sharing the same modern habitats and using the same latest technologies. Well-meaning democratic people are such non-Sami persons, who are giving “equal” rights to the Sami and installing a Sami-Parliament without many rights, for the reason to provide them to gain strong power in the national parliament. These people are thinking, that they are democratic to the Sami, but in real, they forgot to consider the demands and traditional way of political organisation and participation of the Sami-society. They are also deciding the most important cases without asking the Sami about their opinion and do not give them real equal rights, which in my opinion contains to have equal opportunities and to have some traditional privileges, like the exclusive rights for fishing and hunting in their home area. Knowledgeable technocrats are such persons, who are passing laws or making judges in a technocratic way, by not considering the still existing differences between the non-Sami and the Samisociety. By that way, they are giving “equal” rights to everyone (e.g. the Finnish and the Sami) and so abolish their special privileges or rights. As informed anthropologists could those former scientists be seen, which had treated or recognised the indigenous people, e.g. the Sami, as primitive people. If you look at the case of the Sami, the things listed or mentioned in the above given quotation are true. The text doesn’t praise a well future to the Sami people and even says, that they will die out at all. For the last part, I can’t agree with the author, but in deed, the future for the Sami won’t be so easy and bright. The Sami society has already transformed a lot and this process will go on. By that way, you can ask in my opinion the question, whether if there is still an old traditional Samisociety or not, because they already changed their traditional way of living in a huge rate, e.g. livelihood, and integrated much “foreign” aspects in their culture. In my opinion, the market and the economy destroy a lot of the culture and the habitat of “indigenous people”, like the Sami. At least also the environmental perspectives for the Sami doesn’t look well. On the other hand, you may criticise, that they had excluded and still exclude themselves from the (modern) development, by exclude such members of the society, who wants to live in a modern way, like having a modern job outside the Sami area, or getting marriage with a person not belonging to the Sami-society. Even if a Sami person had lived outside the Sami-area for many years it would not considered as member of the Sami group anymore by the other Sami when coming back to its hometown or village. But one of the biggest problems, the Sami are faced today and which is indirectly mentioned in given quotation, is the use of the land in their home area (the exploration of the land). The land, the Sami former used, e.g. for herding, will be now used for conservation (creating national parks and other restricted areas), recreation and tourism and forestry (Sami Parliament, 1999). They also lost their exclusive, traditional right of fishing in their home area and so they could not follow their culture anymore.	109,369
The inevitable decline that comes with aging, from hair loss to wrinkles, from muscle loss to the loss of mobility, and the increased risks of numerous serious diseases from cardiovascular disease to cancer, have made the search for methods to slow the aging process a top research priority. Several methods, including simple lifestyle changes, have been shown to slow the aging process and to benefit an individual’s overall health. The easiest and most important of these lifestyle changes include changes in diet, an increase in physical activity, and control of high blood pressure. However, the concept of an elderly person actually regaining aspects of their youthful vitality and health has remained in the realm of science fiction. Now, in a groundbreaking study led by Dr. Shin-ichiro Imai, a professor of developmental biology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, the possibility of reversing the aging process has entered the realm of science. It has been known for many years that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a cofactor found in all living cells, plays a fundamental role in the aging process. NAD is required for DNA repair, regulation of metabolism, energy production, and the overall health of the body. As people age, their cells have greater difficulty producing adequate amounts of NAD. A critical component for the proper functioning of NAD is the enzyme eNAMPT. This enzyme turns out to be a rather accurate marker for longevity. In the words of Dr. Imai, “We could predict, with surprising accuracy, how long mice would live based on the levels of circulating eNAMPT.” Dr. Imai and his colleagues used this finding as the starting point for further research. The team decided to take eNAMPT from younger mice and give it to older mice. The results were startling. Not only did the eNAMPT boost NAD levels in the elderly mice, it helped to slow the aging process and even reversed numerous age-related problems that the older mice were suffering from. Among the important results demonstrated by the researchers was that the infusion of eNAMPT into elderly mice improved their insulin resistance, mobility, cognitive function, sleep quality, and even their overall appearance. Again quoting Dr. Imai, “These are old mice with no special genetic modifications, and when supplemented with eNAMPT, their wheel running behavior, sleep patterns and physical appearance — thicker, shinier for, for example — resemble that of young mice.” The researchers published their findings in the journal Cell Metabolism. Their research demonstrated conclusively that eNAMPT levels were directly proportional to lifespan. They also showed that an infusion of eNAMPT prolonged the lifespan of mice by an average of 16%. Further research is required to determine the amount of eNAMPTand the number of infusions that will achieve the greatest impact on lifespan and overall health. In many cases, studies in mice do not accurately represent the effect a process or procedure will have on humans. However, numerous studies have demonstrated the fundamental role NAD plays in the process of human aging. Studies are currently taking place to evaluate the efficacy of various supplements which attempt to bolster NAD levels in people, in the hope that this will provide a variety of health benefits, including slowing the aging process. This new research has shown that targeting eNAMPT may be far more important in terms of its therapeutic value. Who knows, the elusive fountain of youth may not be so far away after all. Until that magic elixir is finally attainable, the best way to promote good health in the elderly is in an atmosphere conducive to physical and emotional wellbeing. At Hamilton Grove Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center, in Hamilton, NJ, our care programs are designed specifically to meet the unique needs and interests of seniors and long-term care patients. We emphasize restorative care, maximizing each patient’s potential to regain and maintain function and mobility. We foster an environment that is cheerful and enthusiastic, so residents truly relish and appreciate life. Our outstanding Social Services team works hard to ensure that every resident thrives socially, emotionally, and spiritually. We promote a culture of independence, crucial for emotional, social, and physical health. Residents are encouraged to choose their activity and meal preferences, and to perform tasks and activities as self-sufficiently as possible. We carefully select, train and re-train our wonderful caregivers, who are especially sensitive to the needs of our long-term care patients. They treat residents with love, compassion, and dignity. Or better yet, come see for yourself: Contact us to schedule a tour by calling 609-588-5800 or by clicking here.	169,442
Virgo is a mutable sign (a very mutable sign) that is symbolized by “the virgin”, but in reality, Virgo is usually anything but one. Virgo is a very moral, grounded and logical sign that identifies with its earth symbol that prefers to keep things real. Virgos can be prone to “black and white” thinking, which make them seem sometimes like it’s “all or nothing at all” and this can be their downfall, but if Virgo really loves you, they will work to get past their judgments. Virgo needs to learn to bury the past (forgive what’s over with) and focus on the future, their own happiness and try to cherish the significant moments in life. Virgo could be wasting their best years dwelling over something or someone that they need to let go. Virgo doesn’t commit to things they are uncertain of, which means if they commit to you, they truly mean it. Virgo is critical and judgmental by nature, you may perceive Virgo’s opinions negatively, but a lot of the time, most of the time, Virgo’s criticism is form of loving you—they just want to see you at your best self-living your best life. Also, if you are an extension of Virgo, they want you to possess the same wholesome attributes that they do. Virgo in turn, may also enjoy a critical partner that challenges you to be your best oppose to being a lovesick, doting lover who thinks you are without flaw or improvement. Virgo at Home Virgo is a homebody by nature, they like their personal, private space and usually require some alone time in between socializing. This does not mean that Virgo can’t have a good time (just give them a few drinks), it just means that they often do feel a call to duty and responsibility. It is in Virgo’s nature to do the “right” thing even if this isn’t always the case. Virgo will be obligated to a moral code that alerts them when they are doing wrong, even if they do it anyway. Virgo is well-known for being the anal, clean-freak of the zodiac, which is often true, but there are some messy Virgos. Regardless if Virgo is messy or clean, they will have some aspect of their life very organized. Virgo is usually the opposite of a pack-rat, they are more of a minimalist. In their fashion, they tend to pick neutral colors like earth tones and shade of black, white and grey. Virgo is modest by nature and usually is not trying to stand out with some crazy printed outfit. Virgo and Friendships Virgo is the type to be close with a select few, which they will likely remain loyal to for their whole life. Virgo will not grudge lightly so try not to piss them off. If they forgive, they don’t forget. Virgo doesn’t take things lightly and no matter how small matters might be in size, Virgo will always throw down in a fight because Virgo is nobody’s bitch. In fact, Virgo will know exactly where to hit you with an insult. Virgo can be beyond mean. You might come to realize that Virgo can be the meanest bully in the park if you so test them. Virgo is not the type to let anyone have control over them, or step to them with confrontation. They like to do what they want and they intend to keep it this way. Virgo is probably one of the most real friends you will ever have. Virgo hates fake people and cocky showboats, even if Virgo is super, super great, they will display a rather modest attitude. Virgo might not even beware of their greatness, which it is important that you tell them on the regular that they are appreciated. Virgo works hard by nature, but they hate doing something for nothing. Virgo want their hard work to pay off and they want to see and enjoy the fruits of their labor. Virgo and Love Virgo is very picky in love, so they may play the field for a long time until they settle down with what they perceive as “the perfect person for them.” Virgo tends to set a lot of standards for a long-term partner, which doesn’t mean they won’t date the wrong people prior to this—they will. Virgo might even find themselves attracted to dangerous or rebellious people, sometimes for the wrong reasons, but usually this is a phase Virgo overcomes. Virgo does care what other people think about their partner, and it is unlikely that they would marry someone with a poor reputation. Virgo is the “sign of service” so they will go above and beyond to please you. Virgo isn’t a cheesy person, but their love is sincere and the fact that they are even with you in the first place is a huge testament of their sometimes, unspoken love. Virgo will strive to bring out the best in you because they see your potential and they will support you in all of your life goals—as long as they don’t go against Virgo’s principals. Just be careful because Virgo is capable of carrying on with someone they are not serious about. Know Virgo’s intentions before you get intimate with them because Virgo can make you hooked just by being in your life, and that situation usually never ends the way you want It too. Let Virgo mature on you before you propose forever after with them because in their younger day’s Virgo will be distracted by attention and variety.	250,015
Browsing for the best woodworking strategies that can subsequently aid you to attain the best woodworking jobs can be a time-consuming task. In this post, we will understand more on Woodworking Plans Outdoor Furniture Free as well as variables to consider when picking a woodworking strategy. Woodworking Plan Summary A Woodworking plan refers to the instructions for creating woodworks which can include rough sketches drawn with pencils or pen and also paper. It also includes more detailed illustrations in the type of scaled design templates called patterns with measurements needed for making joints like mortise & tenon joints. Woodworking plans typically consist of instructions of what timber to acquire for the task, along with device lists as well as cutting diagrams. Woodworkers can function from a Woodworking plan by reading it in order to establish their next phase of action or they may pick not to seek advice from the Woodworking strategy in all. These woodworking guides consist of images highlighting exactly how each piece should look during the setting up process which enables customers to see if they have the woodworking skills required for finishing a project efficiently. Woodworkers can also make use of woodworking Plans as referral points as well as change them to match their requirements, or they may refer to online databases of woodworking plans that are offered by experienced craftsmen in different places. Truth About Woodworking Plan Woodworking is the task of reducing, shaping, and setting up wood. Woodworkers are typically carpenters, closet manufacturers, shipwrights, and other people who work with timber as their main material or product. Woodworking has actually been going on for a long time. It is among the earliest crafts in existence – archaeologists have actually discovered proof that humans were making hand devices out of timber about two million years back. By discovering woodworking you can use your hands as well as creativity to develop something lovely. Woodworking is not nearly making points for other people, you can make distinct projects or presents on your own, also! Woodwork entails the development of furnishings, closets, floor covering, and also far more. Woodworkers typically work with wood alone however likewise include steel such as nails and also screws in their work. Understanding Woodworking Woodworking Plans Outdoor Furniture Free To discover Woodworking you require to start with the fundamentals to obtain a feel of how Woodworking works. Woodworkers can construct everything from furnishings, cabinets, and doors to toys like rocking equines or wooden trains. Newbies can take into consideration taking woodwork tutorials in order to discover the fundamental tools such as hammers, screwdrivers, and saws – both handsaws and power circular saws called scroll or reciprocating saws. Various other woodworking tools that are very important are wood chisels, planes, clamps for holding boards together while they are being serviced, bench dogs that keep points lined up during preparing procedures, metal shaping devices called bending irons made use of for making rounded surface areas along a side. Choosing Woodworking Projects Choosing the best woodworking job is vital considering getting into the craft. Woodworking projects can range from easy to extremely complex, however, they all have one thing alike, you will require wood for them. Understanding what type of job is the finest match for your ability level and also offered information is vital when it concerns selecting a job. If you are relatively skilled with tools however don’t desire anything too difficult, then a little side table would certainly be perfect. On the other hand, if you only recognize the essentials of using power devices as well as might make use of more practices before taking on something bigger like an end-table or shelf, then starting with a birdhouse may be right up your alley. Regardless of which kind of woodworking project attract you, it is very important to make certain that you have the appropriate woodworking plan that reveals to you the right way to go about your task. Woodworking strategies are offered online, in magazines and also publications, or from various other woodworkers that have experience with the sort of woodworking job, you want to carry out. Types of Timber For Woodworking The standard of wood is the most essential consideration when choosing the wood that will be made use of for your woodworking job. Wood quality describes how thick and difficult the grain of the timber is, which establishes what sort of surface can be related to it. For instance, top notch timber like oak can have numerous coats of polyurethane. Woods with great unrefined durability are usually harder timbers such as mahogany or walnut while softer timbers include pine, cedar, poplar, or fir. Plywood originates from slim sheets of fairly low-cost as well as uniform material typically made from softwood veneers pressed along with adhesive in between layers so they stick well without making use of nails or screws. Given that it is affordable and available in great sizes. Building woodworks at home is a suggestion that has actually always been preferred and also related to a sensation of self-sufficiency. Woodworking is not only for individuals that have experience or ever before done it as a task. With the ideal woodworking plan, wood products, tools, and the determination to place in a long time as well as initiative by themselves home jobs, every person can do it on their own as well as construct a piece of furniture, made specifically for their home. Woodworking skills are conveniently offered to any individual with the right perspective as well as motivation, and also much of these artisans have amazing creations that you can make at home. The kind of woodworking projects that can do in your home are infinite, they can consist of small tasks such as a cutting board, birdhouse, or plaything box large pieces of furniture consisting of tables and also chairs. Woodworking is an art that always has time for beginners who have never ever done it before and the more knowledgeable woodworkers as well. A couple of instances of home Do It Yourself woodworking: – A cradle for your newborn baby constructed of wood from lumber trees in your backyard. – An outdoor bench used by buddies during an evening barbeque party. Last Word Woodworking Plans Outdoor Furniture Free It holds true that woodworking can seem confusing and also daunting. However, with the right Woodworking Plans Outdoor Furniture Free, materials, and also tools in position, it doesn’t need to be. You do not need any kind of experience or understanding in woodworking whatsoever before you begin a woodworking project. You just know what your skills are and how much time you wish to devote to this new leisure activity. If you’re someone that’s seeking a very easy DIY woodworking task, however, desires something greater than paint furnishings or building flatpacks from the ground up, we advise either starting little. You can choose standard woodworking projects like cutting boards out of plywood or tackling one of our intermediate plans such as making a potting bench. These tasks aren’t too complex yet still, provide superb outcomes! So do not hesitate to attempt woodworking.	225,064
The president of Emirates Airline has hit out at taxes applied by European governments on passengers travelling on long-haul routes, as the Dubai-based carrier launched a major alliance with Australia's Qantas Airways. Under the ten-year deal between Emirates and Qantas, which was first announced last year but formally began on Monday, the latter will replace Singapore with Dubai as its hub for European flights, while the two will co-ordinate on pricing, sales, schedules and frequent flyer programmes. The agreement is expected to shave two hours from journey times from the UK to Australia and vice versa. Speaking in Dubai, Tim Clark said that increasing passenger duties in countries such as the UK were making it harder for carriers to keep down the cost of such long distance air travel amid economic hardship across much of the European continent. "At the moment the real inhibitors in Europe are not so much the economies, but when you look at the United Kingdom, and the amount of money they charge through taxation on passenger tickets, it's really doing a lot of damage," Clark said. On April 1 the British government increased the fees it levies on passengers travelling on long-haul routes from UK airports. Those travelling to destinations in economy class up to 4,000 miles away have seen duties rise to US$102 per ticket, while passengers on longer distance routes such as those to Australia face charges of up to US$145. Those travelling via business or first class pay around double these amounts in airport levies. Comparatively, the German government charges up to US$54 in passenger tax per ticket. "Without [these taxes], in certain states in Europe and the euro zone, you'd see a lot more business coming out of them. Hopefully governments will recognise this and back off a little bit, and make life a little bit more affordable, bearing in mind the airlines are trying to accommodate this and trying to provide the value proposition that we are required to do to make it work," he added. The alliance between Emirates and Qantas was awarded final approval by competition watchdog the Australian Competition and Consumer Competition at the end of March, with the caveat the carriers maintain their pre-alliance capacity on routes between Australia and New Zealand. The deal means that Qantas and Emirates now offer 98 services to Dubai per week, with onward travel to 65 destinations in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.	271,705
The Americans wanted tough rules, fast. The Germans pushed back. The British, Swiss, Japanese, and French joined the fray. It's rare that international regulatory talks command such attention, let alone passion. Yet for once global bank reform is center stage. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, made up of bank supervisors and central bankers from 27 countries, has struggled in the Swiss offices of the Bank for International Settlements to construct new rules of the road for a global banking industry that is just staggering out of the wreckage of the 2008 crisis. The rules they have devised could prevent another crisis or unwittingly set the stage for one. The results, reached on Sept. 12, were new capital and liquidity rules that satisfy few. The committee set standards many banks will find hard to meet. Yet banks have up to eight years to comply with most of them and as long as 13 years for some. "They missed an opportunity to strengthen the banking system quickly," says Jeremy I. Stein, an economics professor at Harvard University and a former adviser to the U.S. Treasury Dept. "Before these implementation deadlines arrive, we'll probably have another crisis." When the talks to tighten bank regulations started last year, central bankers and bank supervisors had to construct rules tough enough to prevent another financial crisis yet flexible enough not to strangle the banks. The main task was to increase banks' capital requirements. Those are the funds set aside by a bank to provide a buffer against the possibility that its assets lose some or all their value in a crisis. Here the Basel committee showed some backbone. It tripled the minimum capital a bank must hold in the form of common equity and boosted the share of capital a bank must hold in the form of preferred stock. Banks' Argument Prevails The banks, however, secured a long phase-in period with a powerful argument: Too much pressure on them to build up a capital cushion would curtail lending. That's because a bank can increase its capital ratio—the size of the safety buffer compared with all it assets—in two ways. It can sell more stock to increase the numerator of the ratio, or it can cut lending to reduce the denominator. When the Basel committee gave banks four years to comply with its first worldwide capital standards in 1988, many reduced lending, which caused a credit crunch. Committee members didn't want to repeat that mistake, says Joseph R. Mason, a former bank regulator who teaches finance at Louisiana State University. "This is a tacit admission of how fragile the recovery of the world economy is," he says. Harvard's Stein counters that regulators could have gotten results quickly by limiting the amount banks could spend on executive pay and dividends until they raised new capital. That's what the U.S. did after stress-testing its 19 biggest banks and demanding $75 billion of fresh capital injections within six months. The banks managed to meet and even exceed the capital levels in two months, so eager were they to rid themselves of the restrictions on pay and dividends. Sheila C. Bair, chairman of the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., and Daniel Zuberbühler, vice-chairman of Swiss banking regulator Finma, pushed for a phase-in period of five years as well as higher ratios, according to participants in the meetings and others briefed on the discussions. Axel A. Weber, head of Germany's Bundesbank, wanted lower ratios—and 10 years to phase in the rules. Banks owned by Germany's regional governments are saddled with bad U.S. assets and local loans gone sour. They would need further bailouts to meet the new rules quickly. Germany's 10 largest banks (including some of the regional banks) would need more than $100 billion of fresh capital to comply, according to estimates by the Association of German Banks. U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner pushed for higher capital ratios, too, according to people close to him. Yet the U.S. had to heed others' concerns about the economy, one committee member says. "It's certainly a compromise, but an acceptable compromise," Bundesbank Vice-President Franz-Christoph Zeitler says. It wasn't only Germany that won breathing space. Other European banks, such as France's Crédit Agricole (ACA:FP), which might have been forced to raise fresh capital were the rules to go into effect sooner, will "benefit significantly from the delay," Credit Suisse (CS) wrote in a Sept. 13 report. "The transitional times are much longer than anyone had expected," says Cory Gunderson, head of global risk and compliance practices at Protiviti, a consultant to banks. The committee also narrowed the definition of what constitutes common equity. Jamie Dimon, chief executive of JPMorgan Chase (JPM), said on Sept. 14 that due to the change in definition his bank's current common stock ratio would go from 10 percent to 7 percent. That would be the minimum acceptable level under the new rules. By holding onto some of its profits and by lending a little less and reducing some derivatives positions, JPMorgan aims to increase its common-stock ratio to 9 percent by late 2011, Dimon said. One new rule, the liquidity coverage ratio—which ensures that a lender has enough cash or easy-to-sell assets to cover a month's worth of liabilities—faced much less opposition from bankers, who know that a lack of liquidity finished off Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns. Yet the rule's starting point is early 2015 instead of the next year or two. "We were expecting earlier implementation, but to their credit, the regulators decided to take a harder look at it to make sure it doesn't have unforeseen consequences," says Mary Frances Monroe, vice-president for regulatory policy at the American Bankers Assn., the leading bank lobby. The unforeseen consequence could be delay of a rule that might prevent the next crisis. The bottom line: The Basel committee imposed strict new capital rules to avoid another bank crisis. Yet the banks have a long time to comply.	146,361
In The Scientific Outlook,1931, Freemason Bertrand Russell described the neo-feudal society consisting of rulers and slaves that is emerging today. On those rare occasions, when a boy or girl who has passed the age at which it is usual to determine social status shows such marked ability to seem the intellectual equal of the rulers, a difficult situation will arise, requiring serious consideration. If the youth is content to abandon his previous associates and to throw himself wholeheartedly with the rulers, he may, after suitable tests, be promoted. But if he shows any regrettable solidarity with his previous associates, the rulers will reluctantly conclude that there is nothing to be done with him except to send hi to the lethal chamber before his ill-disciplined intelligence has had time to spread revolt. Russell was an atheist who believed in the power of science. Perhaps we ridicule those who make idols of “the science” today after seeing what that has brought us by following Fauci, Gates, et al. Russell promoted the previous 19th century “science” of Darwin, for example, which tried to make atheists out of us all by claiming we evolved from apes on a spinning ball planet created out of nothing from the Big Bang. One thing Russell mentioned specifically was fertilizers as a key thing to control world production of food. Fertilizer shortages? Fake, GMO food? The US government paying farmers one-and-a-half times the value of their crops to destroy them? Isn’t that exactly what we’ve seen in the news lately? Russell also mentioned in 1931 the idea of weather modification to aid this food supply shortage. Finally, besides killing people and starving them nutritionally with fake food, Russell was a proponent of controlling the survivors and their minds….but only of the non-elite, of course. Lord Bertrand Russell was a 20th century version of a long line of philosophers and scientists, stemming from Darwin, back to Newton, and even further back to Copernicus and Galileo.	251,726
The best-selling case-based text, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, sharpens its focus on issues in education in its Fifth Edition. Weaving this focus throughout every chapter with new features and chapter sections covering diversity, reform, urban education, and technology, the text ensures that prospective teachers gather all the needed information to create an up-to-date picture of the ever changing face of education. The authors take this information and bring it to life with cases, classroom examples and videos, again ensuring that the living, changing, challenging and fulfilling life of an educator is as clear as it can be. MyEducationLab with Video-Enhanced Pearson eText. * Included in this package is access to MyEducationLab with the new Video-Enhanced eText for Introduction to Teaching, exclusively from Pearson. Experience all the advantages of the MyEducationLab with Video-Enhanced eText along with all the benefits of print for less than a print bound book. MyEducationLab delivers customizable content and highly personalized study paths, responsive learning tools, and real-time evaluation and diagnostics to help prepare students for the classroom. MyEducationLab provides instructors and students access to the video-enhanced Pearson eText, which includes: - Full-color online chapters with dynamic videos that show what course concepts look like in real classrooms, model good teaching practice, and expand upon chapter concepts. Over 30 video links, chosen by our authors and other subject-matter experts, are embedded right in context of the content you are reading. - Instant online access from your computer or download the Pearson eText App to read on or offline on your iPad and Android tablets.** - Other features such as note taking and sharing, highlighting, search and more. To access, your Instructor must set up a course, provide you with a Course ID. The Pearson eText App is available for free on Google Play and in the App Store. Requires Android OS 3.1 – 4, a 7” or 10” tablet or iPad iOS 5.0 or newer Table of Contents Part 1: Teachers and Students 1. Do I want to Be a Teacher? 2. Changes in American Society: Their Influences on Today’s Students 3. Student Diversity: Culture, Language, Gender, and Exceptionalities Part 2: Foundations 4. Education in the United States: Its Historical Roots 5. Educational Philosophy and Your Teaching 6. Choosing a School 7. Governance and Finance: Regulating and Funding Schools 8. School Law: Ethical and Legal Influences on Teaching Part 3: Teaching 9. The School Curriculum in an Era of Standards 10. Classroom Management: Creating Productive Learning Environments 11. Becoming an Effective Teacher Part 4: Entering the Profession 12. Educational Reform and You 13. Developing as a Professional	72,962
Actions Necessary to Prevent Childhood Obesity: Creating the Climate for Change Version of Record online: 2 MAR 2007 The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics Volume 35, Issue 1, pages 78–89, March 2007 How to Cite Schwartz, M. B. and Brownell, K. D. (2007), Actions Necessary to Prevent Childhood Obesity: Creating the Climate for Change. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 35: 78–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00114.x - Issue online: 2 MAR 2007 - Version of Record online: 2 MAR 2007 Options for accessing this content: - If you are a society or association member and require assistance with obtaining online access instructions please contact our Journal Customer Services team. - If your institution does not currently subscribe to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian. - Login via other institutional login options http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/login-options. Login via OpenAthens Search for your institution's name below to login via Shibboleth. Registered Users please login: - Access your saved publications, articles and searches - Manage your email alerts, orders and subscriptions - Change your contact information, including your password Please register to: - Save publications, articles and searches - Get email alerts - Get all the benefits mentioned below!	86,922
The program involve Master of Heritage Science degree (in two years) and Graduate Diploma of Heritage Science (in one year) in two areas of specialization: Conservation Science and Museum Management). The Study Duration: Minimum 2 main semesters and Maximum 6 main semesters Minimum 4 main semesters and Maximum 8 main semesters The applicant must select the study system (Full Time or Part Time) during the online application. - The admission process and requirements for both Diploma and Master Degrees are the same, for more information about admission requirements, please click here - Student can exit after the first year of study with a Graduate Diploma Certificate or proceed to the second year to be awarded the master degree. - Student who want to proceed to the second year of study to obtain the Master Degree must meet the admission requirements mentioned below. To proceed for a Master’s Degree (second year), an applicant is required to: - Complete the first year course work ”first year diploma” (24 credit hours at least with CGPA of 3 with a minimum GPA (2) in each course). - Defend his/her Master Thesis Research Protocol at the end of the 1st year(Diploma). - Pass the Personal interview before proceeding to the master’s program in Heritage Science. In this procedure, the screening committee assess the applicant’s potential to succeed in his/her study. - E-JUST University reserves the right to review the academic records and course work results of applicants to determine whether the academic credentials presented qualify for proceeding to master degree in Heritage Science. Areas of Specializations The Heritage Science Program in E-JUST has two areas of specializations. The Conservation Science area of specialization is for those who have relevant knowledge in conservation, natural sciences, engineering, computer science, information technology or any allied disciplines and want to improve their performance and acquire innovative knowledge and skills to become experts in heritage conservation. Conservation problem-solving requires understanding of fundamental material properties and the chemical, physical, and biological deterioration processes as well as the scientific criteria to preserve and manage heritage materials. Conservation Science is a specialized field that provides technical support for the interpretation, management, access, planning and preservation of heritage material. Conservation Science helps in revealing the meaning and significance of heritage material, understanding deterioration mechanisms, developing accessibility and preservation treatments and informing conservation and presentation procedures and decisions. The Conservation Science area of specialization is for those who seek technological and scientific applications to interpret and evaluate the significance and sustainability of heritage based on the conservation, management, ethical, historical and aesthetic contexts. Most international museums have scientific research department which mainly consists of conservation scientists who help conservators, exhibition designers, curators and museum managers, architects, and those responsible for the safe handling, packing and transportation of heritage material. Conservation scientists also collaborate with a variety of museum professionals, policy makers and industrial scientists in order to accomplish all of their responsibilities and tasks. This area of specialization will have unique research domains including diagnosis and technical analysis of heritage materials and its environments, and technological development of conservation-restoration materials and techniques. The Museum Management area of specialization is for those who want to improve their performance and acquire innovative knowledge and skills to be an expert in the management and planning of heritage. Museums in Egypt and Arabic countries preserve the unique cultural and natural heritage witnesses of the successive civilizations which are major resources for identity and social cohesion and also have economic significance. Since the museums currently face different types of crises and risks, evolution of museum management has now become a priority to save and promote the indigenous heritage to guarantee their presence in the global map of heritage tourism. Significant changes in museum management have been noticed in the last decades with a shift towards community, the development of work ethics, education programs and strategic planning responding to workplace demands, social needs and technological advancement. The Museum Management area of specialization introduces the student to organizational structures; ethics as well as museum hospitality; governance; polices; strategic planning & marketing; leadership styles; teamwork, financial management; project management & personnel management in museums and other cultural resources. Within the museum context, a qualified curator or conservator, for example, is very likely to have responsibility for managing valuable resources, including collections, people, equipment, projects and their budgets with understanding of the relevant ethical standards and national and international laws and regulations affecting both museum operations and museum management. Continuous education and training of museum personnel enhance the institution’s ability to grow, to serve the public and the collections, and to meet the international standards of museum management. There is also a need to widen the emphasis from preservation of the museum objects to include the care of the museum staff and communities to ensure a better future and management of our museums. Whilst, it is necessary to train museum staff to look after the collections in their care, at the same time, it is expected that communities will be involved in creating the new structures of our strategy of preservation. The curriculum will draw upon the expectations of the international museum management standards programs in Japan and present these within an international context. This area of specialization will emphasis some research domains including the interpretation of material culture through innovative exhibitions, educational and community awareness and marketing within museums mission, governance and operation. The selection of the Areas of Specialization of the Heritage Science: During the online application, the applicant must select the desired area of specialization and the research area.For more information about the available research areas in each specialization, please click here In order to provide better educational guidance, we recommend that students consult the staff about possible research topics before filling the applications. Applicants are also welcomed to visit E-JUST labs before applications. • Prof. Abdelrazek Elnaggar – Associate Professor of Heritage Science Email: [email protected] • Prof. Takao Kikuchi – Professor of Heritage Science Email: [email protected] • Admission Office Contact: Email: [email protected] Call Center: 01210435555	165,018
Join us for a presentation of the wonderful world of benchmarks and monitoring tools. Here you will learn what is available, how each tool works, and a demonstration using each tool against a running database. Tom Hanlon, a veteran MySQL expert, will cover the strengths and weaknesses of each, where and how to obtain each tool, and an overview of installation and use. So you want to know how many requests your database can handle before performance begins to degrade? What is the cost/benefit of various indexing strategies? What is the cost of foreign keys, triggers, and stored procedures? What is faster in your situation: MyISAM or INNODB? Perhaps your boss wants to know what sort of machine he should purchase for the migration to MySQL. Or perhaps your web site traffic is growing exponentially…how do you make the big decisions about capacity, hardware utilization, budgeting, and future planning? The answer is benchmarks. This session will show you the tools you need to gather relevant useful benchmarks. In addition you might want to know, how much disk is left after your online subscriptions grow by %100. Or how much CPU or network traffic is your MySQL server generating. What you need in this case is good Monitoring tools. There is a wide variety of monitoring tools available, from the text based, to the graphical, from the email alert to the phone call, the pager, the alarms, and the red lights. Learn how each tool works and find the one that works best for you. 45 minutes on benchmarking: Obtaining realistic and relevant benchmarks of the performance of your MySQL servers is invaluable. So where does a weary DBA turn to when he needs to get this data? Fortunately there are many tools available for you. However, deciding what tool is right and understanding the features and details of each can be a lengthy process of its own. In this session you will get working examples of most flexible, easy to use, and configurable tools available today. Every dataBase is different and every use case is different, so you need accurate benchmarks that reflect the performance of YOUR database. In this session we will cover the following tools: 45 minutes on monitoring: Benchmarking your servers performance is just half the picture however. What about Monitoring a running server? Monitoring your server is at least as important as Benchmarking and there are a wide array of tools available for the job. In the next 45 minutes of the session Hanlon will demonstrate and review the features of the available MySQL monitoring tools: DBAs, developers, managers assessing MySQL performance, system admins. Tom Hanlon is currently an instructor at Cloudera where he delivers courses on the wonders of the hadoop ecosystem. Before beginning his relationship with hadoop and large distributed data, he had a happy and lengthy relationship with MySQL with a focus on web operations. He has been a trainer for MySQL, Sun , Percona. View a complete list of MySQL contacts.	81,756
The EMD project investigates how professional A/V systems can be integrated into corporate and public networks. The focus of this study is on the critical technologies required to deploy an elastic media distribution platform across networks with different characteristics. These technologies should provide a basis for online video applications capable of combining high quality with low delays, while ensuring high security and usability. “With EMD, we pursued the creation of a flexible, scalable and reliable cloud-based platform for the real-time and secure distribution of A/V content. A collaboration platform that comes with a guaranteed QoS, yet flexibly supports a variety of devices and varying numbers of users. A generic platform, as well, that can be used in different application scenarios,” explains project lead Jürgen Slowack (Barco). “One of the major challenges was the number of dynamics at play. To find the right balance between QoS and the usage of a shared, cloud-based infrastructure, one needs to have a good view on how the system is behaving and how much bandwidth and computing power is required at any given time. Hence, an important part of the project included investigating ways to intelligently reserve – and release – the proper cloud resources,” adds research lead Bruno Volckaert (imec - Ghent University). 1. A dynamic provisioning tool for Virtual Machines that allows people to set up and join a high-quality collaboration session within seconds First of all, the consortium investigated how to translate the benefits and robustness of Barco’s hardware-based A/V collaboration tools in a software solution – turning the various pieces of hardware into software components that can be installed on Virtual Machines in the cloud, while also shifting from a dedicated network to a shared one. Bruno Volckaert: “But that led us to ask the question: how can we provision the proper cloud resources in the most optimal way? Today, setting up a collaboration session using Virtual Machines takes up to two minutes – which doesn’t work in a business context. Moreover, reserving high numbers of Virtual Machines (to guarantee QoS, no matter the number of online collaborators) can become pretty expensive. So you want to make sure cloud resources are used as efficiently as possible – and reserved/released in function of the actual demand.” Hence, a novel Virtual Machine provisioning approach was developed. It dynamically reserves and releases idling Virtual Machines, enabling collaborators to connect within seconds while upholding the required QoS and using resources as (cost-)efficiently as possible. Importantly, the technology learns from its past behavior – so that efficiency increases even more over time. 2. A network optimization algorithm that decides where to put A/V transcoders – optimizing QoS at a reduced cost When setting up a collaboration session, you want to make sure that the A/V streams are transcoded in function of the collaborators’ screens – as to avoid the network gets overburdened. Sending out 4K video streams to people joining a session with their mobile phones, for instance, doesn’t make sense. Hence, EMD resulted in an algorithm that takes into account a variety of collaboration requirements, constraints (available bandwidth, latency, etc.) and parameters (such as cost) to decide where A/V software components should be put in the network – translating in a better QoS at a reduced cost. 3. The world’s first SDN Controller providing an improved QoS by supporting IP switches from different vendors In a business context, offering A/V collaboration services with the highest QoS – even if transported over a shared network – is a must-have. Yet, the network’s IP switches (which process and route the various A/V packets) are typically optimized for chunks of traffic (e.g., file transfer, internet browsing) and are sometimes unable to cope with traffic bursts, causing video streams to stall. Today, (re)configuring those IP switches is not easy – with hundreds of parameters that need to be set. Hence, EMD laid the foundation of the world’s first generic SDN Controller (the brain of the network) that supports IP switches from different vendors in a uniform way. As such, guaranteeing a high QoS – by avoiding packet loss and limiting latency to an absolute minimum – suddenly becomes a lot easier and considerably less expensive, with the SDN Controller reserving and managing the proper resources to uphold the agreed-upon QoS. Building on the EMD project results, SDNsquare’s new SDN Controller readily supports IP switches from different vendors – providing them with a major competitive advantage. Barco is looking to include a number of EMD components in the roadmap of its ClickShare product portfolio; moreover, they are investigating the technology’s potential in application domains such as education (virtual classrooms with remote students), healthcare (digital operating theatres), etc. Axians continues to explore the technology’s potential to improve its ‘business continuity as a service’ offering – which focuses on anomaly detection and predictive network maintenance (flagging issues before they impact the actual service). Elastic Media Distribution for Online Collaboration. EMD is an imec.icon research project funded by imec and IWT. It ran from 01.01.2015 until 31.12.2016.Download as pdf - IMTECH ICT - imec - IBCN - Ghent University - imec - DistriNet - KU Leuven - imec - MOSAIC - University of Antwerp - Project Lead: Jürgen Slowack - Research Lead: Bruno Volckaert - Innovation Manager: Piet Verhoeve	11,443
After the safest locations have been found in the bomb shelter and the people have moved there (if they weren’t there already), use the survey meter to make detailed measurements of the radiation levels in and around the area where the people are located. During the first rapid, spread-out survey of the room, you may have noticed that your survey meter readings were higher in certain places within the room. This variance could be the result of: 1. Uneven piling-up of fallout around and above the bomb shelter. 2. The layout of rooms, walls, and stairways. 3. Openings in walls. 4. The use of lighter-weight construction materials in some places. It may be possible to use the survey meter to locate a specific place where gamma radiation is entering or “leaking” into the bomb shelter to cause higher readings. When such an area is identified, any available materials should be used to cover it in order to reduce the level of radiation. For the measurements you made to find the safest places in the bomb shelter, you held the survey meter out from your body about two feet, and, in crowded rooms, people were asked to sit or lie down, so their bodies would cause less interference with the reading. But for finding gamma leaks, you can make use of that interference. The survey meter responds to gamma rays almost equally as well from all directions. If gamma rays come in greater intensity from one particular direction, you can’t detect the direction just by pointing the instrument toward it. But you may be able to use the shielding provided by your body and others to reduce the radiation coming from the direction where you and others are grouped together; the survey meter will then respond more to radiation coming from OTHER directions than from where you are standing. For example, if a group of people crowd around a survey meter and leave an opening in only one direction, the reading on the instrument will be caused mostly by radiation coming through the opening, providing there isn’t a lot of radiation coming down through the ceiling or up from the floor. This method has not been tested in practice, and you may be able to improve it as you try it. Also, you may find that it does not work in your particular circumstances. The measurements are made as follows: 1. Select a starting place somewhere along a wall, at a corner, at a door or window in the bomb shelter room. 2. Mark that location on the floor or on the wall with a piece of tape or by writing directly on the surface. Use a letter to designate the room and a number to designate the place where the measurement is taken in the room. For example, the first measurement in the apartment example mentioned earlier would be taken at a spot marked “G-1”, because the room marked “G” on the bomb shelter floorplan sketch is the room where the people are bomb sheltered. 3. Hold the survey meter against your waist and face the wall with the survey meter against the wall or a few inches from it. Have an assistant write down the location designation, the time, and the survey meter reading in the RM log or on a sheet of paper. 4. Move three or four feet to your right or left (it doesn’t matter which direction you go as long as you keep going in the same direction) along the wall and mark the location with the same letter as before, but with the number “2” (“G-2” in the apartment, for example). 5. Hold the survey meter as before, read the dial, and again record the location, time, and reading. 6. Continue the measurements until you have gone completely around the room and have reached your starting point. It is important that you take readings in the middle of doorways, windows, other openings or irregularities in construction. You may have to break your pattern of equal spacing between measuring locations in order to obtain these special measurements. You will very likely be taking these measurements while fallout is still coming down. As you go around the room, the readings will become higher and higher in a fairly regular pattern unless you find a place that appears to be a “leaky” area. As you approach such a place, the readings will increase more between readings than before, and as you go beyond the area, there will not be as much of an increase in the readings; in fact, there may be a decrease in the reading. Because the radiation levels will be increasing at a fairly regular rate under most conditions, you should try to maintain an equal time interval between measurements as you go around the room. A time interval of 20 or 30 seconds may be about right. Don’t try to go too fast or you might not be able to keep up with the schedule. If you notice an area that appears to be “leaky”, don’t slow down. Continue with your measurement schedule around the room. You may need to ask the bomb shelter Manager to give you some assistance to make sure that nothing will interfere with your schedule of measurements. After you have completed your measurements around the room, examine the numbers your assistant wrote down for indications of “leaky” areas. If you find any indication of such areas, tell the bomb shelter Manager. You should also tell him or her that you will need the assistance of several people to help you decide whether there is an actual leak of gamma radiation at the locations or whether the readings are a result of the way the scattered gamma radiation happens to be focusing at that location. You will need to repeat your measurements in the vicinity of the suspected area, starting at the location just before the increased numbers were recorded, and make measurements, again at regular time intervals, until you have passed the suspected area; but this time the people in the vicinity of the area should be asked (possibly by the bomb shelter Manager, depending on the situation) to stand and press fairly close to you while you make each measurement. The shielding that is provided by their bodies will block out scattered gamma radiation that comes from different directions inside the room. If the readings still show an increase as you approach the area and a decrease as you go past it, there is a “leak” of gamma radiation in the area you are surveying. This leak could come from the area in front of you, or it could come from above (or below, if you are in an underground bomb shelter). If the readings no longer show an increase as you approach the area and a decrease as you go past it, the previous reading (without the people standing closely behind you) was caused by the pattern of scattered gamma radiation in the room, not by a gamma leak. If you are trying to find gamma leaks in an empty room, you may use the “front-to-back” method. In this method, your own body is used as a shield to try to find from what direction the gamma radiation is coming. Again, this method has not been tested in practice, and you may be able to improve it as you try it, or you may find that it won’t work in your particular circumstances. To try to find a gamma leak, hold the survey meter tightly against your stomach and face the area where you expect extra gamma radiation to be coming from. If you are working with the range-selector switch turned to “X0.1”, wait a few seconds before taking a reading. This reading will be called a “front” reading. Turn around so your back faces the suspected leak, and with the survey meter still held tightly against your stomach, take another reading. This reading will be called a “back” reading. If there is more radiation coming from the direction you faced for the first reading than from the opposite direction, the front reading will be higher than the back reading. As you slowly turn around, you may notice that the meter needle goes through the lowest reading when you are facing a particular direction. The radiation leak is then at your back. Repeat these “front-to-back” readings at different places and directions until you have a fairly good idea of where the extra radiation is coming from. The difference between the front and back readings may be made greater, if the radiation is actually coming from one direction more than another, by having several others stand alongside and behind you when you make the measurements. The extra shielding provided by their bodies will take out more of the radiation from the rearward direction, which is what you want to do while making this type of measurement. When you are fairly certain you have found a radiation leak, tell the bomb shelter Manager. A work party should be organized to build a gamma barrier to cover up the leak. If you had the time and opportunity, you should have gathered materials for this purpose before fallout arrived, as discussed earlier. Work on construction of this barrier should begin as soon as possible, before the radiation climbs to higher levels. The barrier can be improvised from any materials on hand. If you have lumber, nails, and carpenter’s tools available and have hauled the piles of earth or sand into the bomb shelter before fallout arrived, you may be able to construct a very good barrier. Stacks of bricks will also make good barriers. If these materials aren’t available, items such as furniture, books, magazines, newspapers, and water containers may be used. While the barrier is being constructed, do not forget to take the regular readings which tell whether the radiation levels are rising or falling. Write these readings on a piece of paper or on the survey meter readings form. Then, tape or tack it to a wall or post near the place where the reading was made. After the barrier is constructed, take several measurements of the kind you took to find the leak, to see if the radiation leak has been covered up. If you found the leak by taking a series of measurements from one side of the area to the other, with several people standing closely behind you, you should repeat that kind of measurement. You should be able to tell by these measurements if the barrier has improved the shielding in the leak area, or if more work is required on the barrier. If there is no change in these readings from your earlier readings, there is a possibility that the barrier may have missed the area through wich the extra gamma radiation is passing. In this case, more work should be done to locate the leak and construct the barrier. Again, let us look at the apartment floorplan example. The bomb shelter sketch is show earlier in this chapter. In making a detailed survey of room G, the RM found readings in two places which were 15 – 30 percent higher than at other places in Room G. One location was by the closet under the stairs and the other location was by the open door to Room F. The reading by the stair closet was about 15 percent higher than elsewhere. The radiation was assumed to be coming from above, through the stairways. The bomb shelter Manager, RM, and Unit Leaders decided not to pile material on the stairs because the occupants would then have trouble getting out if there were a fire. Instead, they blocked off an area by the closet and planned to rotate people in and out of that area so the radiation dose would be evenly spread out among people in radiation sensitivity category Y/A (see Table near front of this Chapter). The reading by the door to Room F was about 30 percent higher than elsewhere. in the time-averaging readings, Room F (location 5) was found to have a higher reading than the other rooms, as shown in the Time-Averaging Table above. This higher reading was expected, because in improving the radiation shielding of the bomb shelter, all windows around the basement had been covered except two in Room F. Materials were not available to construct baffles around these windows, such as shown in the Figure in the section, “Openings and Ventilation” earlier in this Chapter. Instead, a wall of earth was piled up a few feet away from the window to shield the window against gamma radiation coming from fallout on the ground beyond the earth barrier. It was considered absolutely essential to leave these windows open to provide cooling for the people packed in Room G. Fresh air was coming in from those windows, passing through the open door to Room G, and flowing out the door by the stairs. After examining the sketch of the floor plan, it was decided that a hole could be knocked in the wallboard partition to allow air to fow between Rooms C and F and the door between Rooms C and G could be left open. The door between Rooms G and F could then be closed and covered with a barrier. The hole between Rooms C and F was made on the far side from the door by the outside wall, so the gamma rays from the two open corner windows would not have a direct open path to the door between Rooms C and G. The door between rooms F and G was closed, and a stack of bricks was built in front of it. These measures reduced the radiation in Room G near the door to Room F to levels that were about the same as elsewhere in the room (except by the stairway closet). Ventilation became much better for the people along the north half of the room, but the people in the hall leading to Room F soon complained about lack of ventilation. The bricks in front of the door to Room F were restacked so there were one- to two-inch gaps between the bricks on the bottom four layers. The door was propped open a few inches so air could flow through the gaps left between the bricks. Another wall of bricks, only six layers high, was constructed about six inches back from the door-high stack of bricks, to block off gamma rays coming through the gaps.	298,707
Published on July 21st, 2012 \| by Becky Striepe2 Why do you craft green? I got the chance to chat with the ladies over at Celbrate Green about green crafting, and it got me thinking about why choosing eco-friendly craft supplies is important to me. It also made me curious about you guys! What made you decide to ditch conventional craft supplies in favor of one that are better for the planet? What does green crafting mean to you? I’ll tell you mine, and I’d love to hear your thoughts in the comments! For me, choosing eco craft supplies has always been important, but what’s really changed for me is my awareness about what’s in the supplies I’m using. For example, it wasn’t until I learned about GMOs and Indian farmers that I realized that I wanted to avoid conventional cotton as much as possible. The social impacts of my purchases – including craft supplies – fall under the “green” umbrella for me. How can we protect the planet if we don’t protect each other, right? Of course, there have been eye-opening moments beyond the fabrics we use. Once you start paying attention to what things are made from, it’s hard to miss the petroleum products – aka plastic – in so many craft supplies. From glues and tapes to paints and even some paper products, plastic seems to be everywhere. In some cases, especially glues and tapes, it feels like it’s often unavoidable. Crafting Green Without Burning Out Really, any craft supply you purchase or make is going to have an impact. There’s packaging to consider, the energy to produce and ship the product, and the impact of the raw materials. I think the key to making green crafting work for you is using the safest, most eco-friendly materials that you can. That might mean sometimes using materials that you’re not as crazy about because you can’t afford or can’t find alternatives. No one is going to be perfect, and it’s very hard to craft with zero impact. What’s important for me is staying mindful about where my supplies come from, where they go when I’m done using them, and what impact they have on the Earth and on other peoples’ health. Keep up with the latest in the world of green crafts by signing up for our free newsletter. CLICK HERE to sign up!	260,701
Tucked away between parallel rocky ranges in southern Jordan, Petra is awe-inspiring. Popular but rarely crowded, this fabled site could keep you occupied for half a day or half a year: you can roam its dusty tracks and byways for miles in every direction. Petra was the capital of the Nabateans, a tribe originally from Arabia who traded with, and were eventually taken over by, the Romans. Grand temples and even Christian-era church mosaics survive, but Petra is best known for the hundreds of ornate classical-style facades carved into its red sandstone cliffs, the grandest of which mark the tombs of the Nabatean kings. As you approach, modern urban civilization falls away and you are enveloped by the arid desert hills; the texture and colouring of the sandstone, along with the stillness, heat and clarity of light bombard your senses. But it’s the lingering, under-the-skin quality of supernatural power that seems to seep out of the rock that leaves the greatest impression. As in antiquity, the Siq, meaning “gorge”, is still the main entrance into Petra – and its most dramatic natural feature. The Siq path twists and turns between bizarrely eroded cliffs for over a kilometre, sometimes widening to form sunlit piazzas in the echoing heart of the mountain; in other places, the looming walls (150m high) close in to little more than a couple of metres apart, blocking out sound, warmth and even daylight. When you think the gorge can’t go on any longer, you enter a dark, narrow defile, opening at its end onto a strip of extraordinary classical architecture. As you step out into the sunlight, the famous facade of Petra’s Treasury looms before you. Carved directly into the cliff face and standing forty metres tall, it’s no wonder this edifice starred in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade as the repository of the Holy Grail – the magnificent portico is nothing short of divine. Petra (daily 6am–sunset) is 240km south of the Jordanian capital, Amman. The adjacent town of Wadi Musa has restaurants and hotels. Check out petranationaltrust.org.	188,257
…do not set interest upon him (Exodus 22:24) Loans between private individuals may not include interest. (Rules are different for corporations such as banks.) Taking any part in such a transaction is prohibited. One can’t be the lender, the witness or even the scribe in such matters. (Even being the borrower under such terms is prohibited!) Depending on one’s role in the transaction, a person violates anywhere from one to six Biblical injunctions, leading the sage Rabbi Shimon to comment that lending with interest ends up costing a person far more than it earns him! The reason for this mitzvah is that God wants us to help one another, not benefit from another person’s misfortune. If we give someone a loan, it should be out of the goodness of one’s heart, not because it’s an opportunity to make a profit. Rashi on this verse cites the Midrash Rabbah that one of the words for interest, neshech, is the same as that for a snake bite. Like a snake bite, interest doesn’t feel all that bad at first. However, the damage gradually spreads until it completely does a person in. (If you don’t believe this, try paying just the minimum due on your credit cards. You’ll end up paying $40,000 in interest on a $2,000 balance!) This mitzvah applies to both men and women, in all times and places. It is discussed in the Talmudic tractate of Baba Metziah starting on page 71 and in the Shulchan Aruch in Choshen Mishpat 108. It is #237 of the 365 negative mitzvos in the Rambam’s Sefer HaMitzvos and #53 of the 194 negative mitzvos that can be fulfilled today as listed in the Chofetz Chaim’s Sefer HaMitzvos HaKatzar.	45,848
While the land-grab wouldn't decrease the size of the currently paved path, it would take a large portion of the publicly held land, and so block any future improvements, including something in the far-future, like a rail-transit line. It would also remove mature vegetation which makes the path comfortable to use. Most importantly, it would take public land, held by the city and useable by all, and privatize it. Walls would be built and only paying customers would have access during business hours. If the business were to fail, then nobody would have access to the walled off section. McEwen is also concerned by the complete lack of public outreach on a project that has regional implications, because once one developer is allowed to privatize the right-of-way, then every other developer will be lining up to do the same. The project also requires no environmental review because the proposal is an expansion of 2,408sqft, which just so happens to be conveniently less than 2,500 feet, which would trigger an environmental review. Here is what McEwen had to say: David Fansler, owner of the Yosemite Ranch restaurant in the Via Montaña shopping center at Champlain Drive and Shepherd Avenue, wants to build a walled patio that would take up half of the trail's 60-foot right-of-way.Full Column I'm confident the patio would be nicely done. I'm fairly sure the patio wouldn't risk the safety of trail users. You can bet that the restaurant owner will pack the house with supporters when the Fresno City Planning Commission hears the proposal Wednesday night. But the manner in which the project quietly has been pushed through City Hall is alarming. And if the patio is approved, what's to stop other businesses from jutting into the trail, too? The Fresno segment could be spoiled over the decades -- one piecemeal decision at a time. The big question is, why has City Hall been so secretive about this? Changing a regional trail deserves a public hearing before it even goes to the Planning Commission. Another question: Shouldn't the city have a policy on trail changes before barging ahead with Yosemite Ranch's request? Fresno City Manger Mark Scott, who doubles as head of the Planning Department in these tough economic times, disputes my contention that this potential public land grab has been hush-hush. He says residents within 500 feet of the restaurant were notified and patio opponents have spread the word. In effect, Scott says, the Planning Commission meeting "will end up being that first public hearing." The last part is particularly aggravating to me. The city claims that by informing people who own property within 500 feet of the proposal, they've done all they have to do. That's some major bs. This is a regional trail, not some random access alley that is only used by the immediate neighbors. To be fair to Fresno, Clovis pulls the exact same line when concerns about projects in their city arise. Clovis also claims that all that public outreach that's needed is to send a postcard to people within 500 feet. It's 2012. The city has a website, twitter, facebook etc. Every resident should have access to development proposals so that they can be informed and make proper recommendations. So let's take a look at the project. The restaurant sits at the corner, and would eat over 50% of the trail ROW, up to the red line. That space is currently full of mature vegetation, planted by citizens of the town The restaurant currently ignores the trail, even though it was built after the trail had been established. The trail was completed in 2000. The restaurant wasn't built until 2006, and made a conscious decision to almost completely ignore it. Now they claim they want to embrace the trail. Convenient, isn't it, when embracing the trail involves a land grab. The report claims that the project is beneficial because it encourages pedestrian-oriented links. They also claim that it will increase safety by adding eyes on the trail. That may very well be true. But if these factors are so damn important....then why does Fresno approve development left and right which provides blank walls to sidewalks...? Why was this development built in 2006 without all those important pedestrian features? It seems like the "good urban policy" line is being pulled out as a convenient excuse, and not actual good planning. Maybe Fresno is changing? I'd love to believe that, but new development in other parts of town takes the exact same "back facing road" design which this restaurant deployed. Think of it like a bank telling you they're "saving the environment" by beginning to charge money for paper bills. We all know that it's just an excuse to hide the real reason behind the change. The report also states that the project is excellent for trail users because it will provide a great rest area, with shade and water and such. Really? The current trail has mature trees providing plenty of shade. For free. The project will also provide nice resting spots....for paying customers. That's not a change for the better. Other portions of the trail do have benches, water fountains and such. This section COULD have those amenities as well, either funded by measure R (the regional transportation tax) or by private businesses wishing to help the community. That also leads to one main point of contention: The patio is not really a patio. It's an extension of the restaurant with windows that may open sometimes. Does this look like a patio to you? The documents propose turning this: I'm sorry, but a patio with glass doors....? That's not right. I'm all for outdoor dining, and I'm all for improved pedestrian connections, but taking over public trail space is not the solution. The restaurant owns plenty of land they can turn into an outdoor patio area, and STILL have it interact with a street. I've quickly drawn up some engineering plans for how to construct outdoor patio space and not steal public land. I've gone ahead and transformed a barren wasteland into a lovely outdoor patio area, with improved pedestrian access points. In red: the proposed patio. In green: my proposed locations, which appears to be roughly the same size. Turning unused asphalt into happy, drunken customers But wait. Even though the parking lot is enormous and never even close to capacity, those spaces MUST be preserved under all cost. 30 feet of trail can be discarded, but those parking spots must never be touched! There's another easy solution. Simply change the entrance to the shopping area, from a very dangerous, pedestrian-unfriendly "on ramp" to a standard driveway. It's large. It leaves the parking almost intact. It provides "eyes on the street". It's all about enhancing pedestrian amenities, right Fresno? That's what your planning document says. Nothing will enhance the pedestrian experience more than changing the entrance from a high speed ramp to a place where people can walk in peace. The current design allows cars to enter in at 20+mph, because of the gradual curve. My revision, requiring a hard right turn (like most driveways) requires motorists to come to an almost complete stop. That's the safest option for pedestrians. You can see the planning council documents here (PDF) The project will come up to vote on March 7th, 2012 at 6:00 pm in the City Council Chambers located at 2600 Fresno Street, 2nd floor. Once they approve it, I believe it heads to the full council in a few weeks time. I won't be able to attend due to work, but I hope some of my readers do, and speak up against the proposal. I will however be sending in paper correspondence, but we all know that in-person feedback is taken much more seriously than an email. Oh and one last thing, those planning council agendas? Sort of a pain to find on the Fresno website, which may or may not be intentional. If you're interested in keeping track of what comes up, the agendas are posted here: City Website Page	197,744
LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Not only did England beat Brazil at football last night but Brits, reveals a new global study, beat Brazilians in general when it comes to having fun. “This makes Argentinians the world champions of fun” This is one finding of the world’s first study to rank nationalities by how often they have fun – conducted by the social networking site, Badoo.com (www.badoo.com), ahead of this week’s start of the famous Rio Carnival and the international carnival season. But while Brits have more fun than Brazilians, Argentinians have more than anyone. Badoo asked 17,000, mainly young people in 17 countries and four continents, “How often do you really have fun and a good time?” The average young Briton, it found, has fun 11.3 days a month – slightly more than young Brazilians, on 10.9 days, but far less than young Argentines, on nearly 15 days a month. “This makes Argentinians the world champions of fun”, says Louise Thompson, Director of PR for Badoo, a site for chatting, flirting, dating and meeting new people, with over 170 million users across over 180 countries. “But it’s also a proud result for Britain. If there were a World Cup for Fun, the famously fun-loving Brazilians would surely start favourites. Yet, we British, not famed as funsters, turn out to be having more fun than them.” The British placed eighth of the 17 nationalities ranked. While we have only slightly more fun than both the Brazilians and the French, we have way more than the Poles, who have least fun of anyone – barely five days a month. Mexicans ranked second in Badoo’s global fun league, the Turks third. Despite their economic troubles, the Spanish topped the European fun rankings. “Fun is an essential part of life”, says Louise Thompson. “The ability to have fun is both an art and a talent.” With the odd exception, Badoo’s findings broadly confirm the expectation that residents of hot, southern countries have more fun than those of cold, northern ones. “The right climate definitely appears to help”, says Thompson. “But the real secret of having fun seems to be living somewhere hot and speaking Spanish. It’s the perfect combination.”	227,545
Julian, Dick, Anne, George and Timmy the dog find excitement and adventure wherever they go in Enid Blyton's most popular series. A mysterious light on Kirrin Island, a stolen safe, a bag hidden in the woods, a runaway horse, dog thieves, a Christmas Eve robbery - they all mean a whole lot of fun for The Famous Five! Listen to their exciting adventures in this delightful collection of short stories. Short stories included: 'Five have a puzzling time'; 'George's hair is too long'; 'Good old Timmy!'; 'A lazy afternoon'; 'Well done, Famous Five!'; 'Five and a half-term adventure'; 'Happy Christmas, Five!'; 'When Timmy chased the cat!' We've sent an email with your order details. Order ID #: To access this title, visit your library in the app or on the desktop website. Seven year old twins LOVE this My boys listened to this recording over and over and over. My kids just loved it. It kept them occupied for hours. Yes. My seven year olds listened to it all day, all night!	193,884
Author: Obama, Barack H Date published: May 2, 2010 Journal code: IWCP May 2, 2010 On behalf of the American people, I send my warmest congratulations to all who celebrate Polish Constitution Day, both in Poland and here in America. In the 209 years since Poland adopted its Constitution, that document has served as an inspiration to many around the world as a beacon of equality and democratic freedoms. Here at home, Polish Americans are an important part of our national character, serving as leaders in a variety of industries and having helped shape our Nation. The United States and Poland remain close allies and essential partners, and we are bound to each other through our NATO obligations to our collective security. As we continue to confront global challenges together, I am confident that our partnership will only further strengthen and deepen. As we mark this day of celebration, I want to again express the deep condolences of the American people on the tragic loss of President Lech Kaczynski, First Lady Maria Kaczynska, and the many distinguished military and civilian leaders who were traveling with them. The resilience of the Polish people in the face of this tragedy serves as a model of courage and inspiration to us all. Categories: Statements by the President : Polish Constitution Day. Names: Kaczynska, Maria; Kaczynski, Lech. Subjects: Deaths : Kaczynski, Lech, President of Poland; Deaths, Kaczynska, Maria, First Lady of Poland; Poland : First Lady; Poland : President; Poland : Relations with U.S.; Polish Constitution Day. DCPD Number: DCPD201000332.	292,423
I know you folks are all excited about banks and money and stuff. But do any of you live in New Jersey? Since 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been developing analytical capabilities to measure pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in the environment. Currently, the USGS can analyze more than 140 OWCs using a variety of LC/MS and GC/MS techniques. To date, over 500 samples from across the United States, representing a wide range of climatic and hydrologic conditions, have been analyzed for OWCs. Some of the most frequently detected compounds include cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), DEET (insect repellent), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), and tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant). Prescription pharmaceuticals and antibiotics also have been commonly detected at ng/L concentrations. There is now substantial evidence that some of these compounds affect the health of wildlife, influencing hormonal and reproductive functions.	265,263
News in Brief: A Washington Roundup Online Tool Offered for Financial Aid Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings last week unveiled a new online tool created to help students and families plan financially for college. Called the FAFSA4caster, it would provide students and parents with an early estimate of how much federal financial aid they are eligible for, including Pell Grants. The new service would also reduce the amount of time needed to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA, by transferring some information from the online tool to the longer federal financial-aid form. Secretary Spellings said on March 21 that the federal Commission on Higher Education, a panel that made long-range recommendations for the nation’s colleges, cited a “crying need to get this information to students and families much quicker” in its final report last year. Meanwhile, Rep. George Miller, D-Calif., the chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee, introduced a bill last week that aims to simplify the FAFSA form. The measure, called the College Aid Made EZ Act, would cut the form from five pages to two by reducing the number of questions students and their parents must answer. The bill would also create a pre-FAFSA form to allow families to apply for financial aid while students are high school juniors, giving them an extra year to plan. Vol. 26, Issue 29, Page 21	244,857
Whatever the inner reasons behind workplace conflicts, resolving them can place a big drain on your time and energy. To minimize this drain, and leave more time for your primary responsibilities, try one or more of these proven techniques:Bounce the problem back. Team members often want you to make choices, suggest compromises or set guidelines within the team. If you do this too frequently, they can easily get in the habit of running to you for resolutions of problems they can, and should, solve themselves. When this happens, your best response is a refusal to interfere, except to sanction everyone involved if they continue letting their conflicts interfere with their responsibilities.What kinds of conflicts should you bounce back? Don't get involved in disputes over strictly personal matters, first-time conflicts over minor matters or questions of opinion and personal preference. You should intervene to resolve: - Re...(register to read more)	35,160
The Invention of Wings by Sue Monk Kidd This great historical novel is the story of house slaves in Charleston, South Carolina, from 1803 to 1838. An Unwanted Gift! The wealthy white Sarah Grimke on her 11th birthday, receives the gift of a slave girl. The unwanted gift is ten-year-old “Handful”. Her mama is the seamstress for many white people in the town and also the Grimke family’s slave. For the next 35 years these two girls grow up together and apart. But always with the special bond of craving freedom. Wings mean Freedom The ‘Invention of Wings’ is the story the slaves would tell of when they were free in Africa. The black people then had wings and could fly because they were free. As their restrictive lives wore then down in America, they lost their wings, but still they remembered their heritage. Handful’s mama taught her to make the black triangles signifying the birds’ shapes in the many quilts they made. Sarah’s mother is always the antagonist and Handful’s mama is the one we hope will make it against all the adversity around her. The drama and pain is balanced by the tireless work of Sarah. But there is always the tension of white against black. Sarah (an actual historical figure) is so against slavery and became a suffragette and abolitionist as she grew older. “Wings” is definitely top of my list of favorites. Review by Rosemary Petersen.	166,288
To date, no wreckage of Missoni’s plane has been located since it took off from Los Roques for Caracas. A hotel owner on the islands said he last saw the plane – a twin-engine BN-2 Islander built in 1968 – entering a bank of clouds. Meanwhile, the Missoni family said it was not ruling out the possibility that the plane had been hijacked by local drug smugglers. Venezuela’s civil aviation authority said the aircraft’s last recorded position was 18km south of the Los Roques. Since the mid-90s, there have been at least 15 reported incidents in which small aircraft have either crashed, disappeared or declared emergencies while travelling through the area. In 2008, 14 people were killed when a plane making the same journey as Missoni’s crashed into the sea. No wreckage was ever found and only one body was recovered. Speculation about possible explanations for the “curse” has ranged from basic pilot error through to the release of methane hydrates from the sea floor. The lack of evidence only fuels speculation.	176,891
November 9, 2007 4:02 PM \| ["Beyond Tetris" is a usually biweekly column (except when it just doesn't show up one biweek) from Tony "Tablesaw" Delgado about puzzle games that transcend mere abstract action and instead plunge deep into the heart of problem-solving. This installment examines an omnipresent paper puzzle, the crossword.] A few months ago, I got to play one of the biggest videogames I'd ever seen. The main screen was easily over ten feet tall (rear-projection), but there were other screens all over the place. In fact, it was more like I was inside the game, since there was an elaborate set around me. There was only one button that hooked me directly into the computer, but there was speech recognition, and my location was important as well. There were four other players there with me, and the stakes were high: the winner could grab thousands of dollars, the other players would get a watch. You might have seen me play a few weeks ago; it was an episode of Merv Griffin's Crosswords. It was a lot of fun. The local coverage of the Southern California fires meant I didn't get to see my episode on the air, but it did play across the country. The basic rules of the videogame are that the host reads a crossword clue, you try to buzz in first, and if you get a chance, you announce and spell your answer. You can watch a little bit of me joining in the game on YouTube. What's that? Crosswords is a game show, not a videogame? For you maybe. But for me—actually playing it—it was a very immersive computer-run game with innovative control mechanisms and a large crew of paid cast members and puppet masters to maintain immersion. A cross between a party game, a puzzle game and an ARG. For money. But while it is a videogame, it's not a puzzle game under the strict definition of this column (the way clues are asked of the contestants, it's more like a trivia or party game), so I won't go into great detail about what it's like to play Merv Griffin's Crosswords. But my appearance on the show was, in many ways, the culmination of many, many years of solving crosswords, on paper and on computer. Hip to Be Square I'm not going to go into too much detail about the history of crosswords. Unlike a lot of the puzzles I write about here, crosswords has an immense amount of literature already written about it. But the short version of the early history of crosswords starts with "word squares." A word square is just what it sounds like, a square of letters arranged so that each row and column spells out a word. Usually, the across and down words are the same, which also saves a little bit of work for the constructor. Word squares and other shapes (generally called "forms") were quite a pastime in the 19th century, when formists would try to outdo one another constructing larger and larger shapes out of words. What we consider to be the first modern crossword was created by Arthur Wynne in 1913 and published in the New York World. Like forms, the "Word-Cross puzzle" had a clear geometric shape (a diamond), and no black squares. However, it did have a number of empty squares (a smaller diamond cut out of the larger) and numbers to correspond definitions to clues. The name was changed to "crossword," and the craze started to spread. Crosswords appeared in Great Britain (Wynne's native nation) in 1922, which started a line of development wholly different than what would become the norm in America. In fact, over the years, countries everywhere have evolved with subtle differences. America's puzzles are notable for having every letter appear in two words (one across and one down) and often having a theme that links the longest answers. In Great Britain, the grid has many "unchecked" letters, but the clues feature elaborate wordplay. Japanese crosswords differ depending on what writing system is used, and other languages have ways of reflecting (or ignoring) diacritical marks. In Hebrew, vowels are sometimes ignored completely. But, with apologies to international readers, in the rest of this article, I will focus on how computers affected American crosswords exclusively (mostly for my own sanity). Eric Albert is both a computer programmer and a crossword constructor (he's also an author of erotica, but that doesn't really apply here), and in 1989, he put both skills to work writing a program that would analyze the word list of Merriam-Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition and look for large word squares (see, there was a reason I mentioned them). He found one, a nine-by-nine word square—the first to be found where all of the words were in the same dictionary. And when he was done with that, he realized he could put the same program to work creating crosswords. The basic software that could mash a bunch of letters together into a crossword grid already existed. When you put it together with databases of boring stock clues, you had a recipe for the degradation of the puzzle market. But Albert had an insight—he could modify the program so that every word had a value, then have the program take those values into account. Rarer or exciting words were rated highly, obscure words and crosswordese were rated low. The result was a program that could help him design crossword grids of the highest quality, and he could then devise original clues on ihs own. The advance allowed him to switch to crossword construction as a full-time profession. This is the established model of quality computer construction today. Though some constructors still use paper and pencil (as Merl Reagle very quickly demonstrated in Wordplay), many, like Frank Longo (who holds several construction-related records for the the New York Times puzzle) use carefully valued word lists that they constantly maintain, adding new words, names, and phrases. And though Albert had to code his own software, any decent crossword creation software will let you use set up these lists (I use Crossword Compiler for mine). For most constructors, the process of writing a crossword switches from filling in words by hand and asking the computer to find words that match certain criteria. Pencil or Pen? Or Keyboard? Or Stylus? As I've discussed before, paper puzzles—especially very popular ones—have a strong tendency to leap onto the computer screen. Crossword puzzles are all over videogames. Most of the major printed crosswords put their puzzles online. Some, like the New York Times, require a subscription. Others, like the New York Sun can be solved and downloaded for free. Most "casual gaming" portals will offer at least one crossword game in their selection, though they are often of much lower quality. While web-based Java applets show up often, the standard among cruciverbalists is Literate Software Systems' Across Lite. It's a very bare-bones program, but because it's the downloadable distribution choice of the New York Times and several other major publishers, it's also used by amateur constructors passing crosswords among each other. Still, collections of crosswords show up on almost every platform, whether they're well-suited or not. Of course there are lots of programs for personal computers, but why stop there when you can develop a game for the incredibly intuitive controls of the Playstation 2? This year, the New York Times crossword made the leap onto a new system, the DS. But while they might be a little bit late in jumping on the DS bandwagon, they still have some serious portable-videogame street cred. Excalibur Electronics has been producing dedicated crossword handhelds for the New York Times, some with touchscreens, and some with small keyboards. They even make them for the TV Guide puzzle. Me? I use pen when I work on paper, usually with book collections of difficult puzzles. Otherwise, I prefer to solve the daily crosswords in Across Lite, where I use the time to get a rough estimate of how I'm doing (today's New York Times: about six minutes). And how did I do on TV? Just watch for yourself. [Tony Delgado is a member of the National Puzzlers' League, and a solver and creater of puzzles of all sorts. One of the reasons this article was delayed is because he took longer than usual to edit The Gamer's Quarter #9.] Categories: Column: Beyond Tetris	281,490
Art Meets Literature in 'Painting Borges' Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Borges grew up in a home that had a library of more than 1,000 books. Surrounded by inspiration as a child, Borges later achieved renown for his own essays, poems and short stories. Among his numerous awards for literature was the prestigious Prix International in 1961, an honor he shared with playwright Samuel Beckett. Many of Borges' works, including his famous The Garden of Forking Paths, deal with fantasy and mystery. Knowledge of Borges' fascinating background enhances the exceptional multimedia images in the exhibition. Borges was plagued by progressive blindness beginning in his early 30s and focused inward on his imagination. Latino Arts Inc. divides the artwork into philosophical sections that Borges explored in his texts: freedom and destiny, identity and memory, and faith and divinity. Information accompanies the works to helps viewers find greater meaning in Borges' writings and these superb images. Laura Delgado's expressive painting The Female Other bisects a canvas with an image of a small girl placed in dark shadows, her face covered by her hands. Below the girl is a smiling, child-like stick figure drawn in red crayon and bathed in warm light. This exquisite collection, on display through July 13, expands on art and literature with compelling emotional sensitivity. For those who want to combine art with music, the Afro-Latin group Mango Blue performs at Latino Arts 7:30 p.m. May 11. “The Mother of All Crawls” Waukesha Art Crawl Waukesha's seasonal art crawl features more than 20 venues and 130 artisans. A trolley will transport viewers along Main Street for this event, running 4-10 p.m. May 5. Carol Prusa: Optic Nerve John Michael Kohler Arts Center 608 New York Ave., Sheboygan Artist Carol Prusa crafts acrylic domes and details them with intricate powdered graphite and silverpoint. The works in this exhibition, which opens May 6, reference science and nature.	124,847
Foodlink, the regional food bank serving 10 counties in Central and Western New York State, works with 450 Emergency Food Programs, such as pantries and soup kitchens. At Foodlink, nutrition education is a vital and integral part of the mission to impact the root causes of hunger. Just Say Yes to Fruits and Vegetables (JSY) is a hands-on educational component of the Supplemental Nutrition Education Program (SNAP). The JSY Nutritionist will work as a Public Health Nutritionist, with Foodlink’s network of 450 agencies. He/she will work with clients at Emergency Food Programs (EFP’s) to enact obesity prevention efforts through increased awareness and use of fresh, nutritious foods. - Coordinate and manage all day to day implementation activities of the Just Say Yes to Fruits and Vegetable program at Foodlink - Schedule and conduct a minimum of 12 nutrition education sessions with at least 100 SNAP eligible per month using lesson plan materials provided - Build relationships and work closely with key stakeholders from Foodlink member agencies in order to increase use of fresh produce in the emergency food system - Maintain and provide required documentation for Foodlink and New York State Department of Health - Participate in activities sponsored by the Foodlink, Hunger Prevention Nutrition Assistance Program (HPNAP), community groups and other partners to facilitate SNAP-Ed program objectives - Utilize learner-centered and facilitated group discussion teaching techniques to enhance effectiveness of nutrition education sessions - Seek opportunities for professional development to improve effectiveness in the performance of job duties - Maintain regional calendar / contact information for JSY website - Identify community events that support SNAP-Ed goals for the intended target audience - Participate in all JSY team conference calls and events - Actively promote Foodlink best practices at all partner programs and build capacity at Emergency Food Programs for food distribution and food safety. - Participate in other Foodlink and JSY duties as assigned (ex. curriculum redesign, recipe development, food safety education, community coalition meetings, etc) - BS, or higher, in nutrition, public health, health sciences, or related field - Minimum 1-2 years experience in public health or community nutrition - Registered dietitian, or registered dietitian eligible preferred - Experience in sales and/or the food industry - Maintain ServSafe certification - Communicates clearly and concisely, orally and in writing, with all segments of the community - Exhibits a high level of attention to detail - Must possess a valid driver’s license with a good driving record, have access to a vehicle - Able to write reports and business correspondence to effectively present information and respond to questions from managers, agencies, customers and the general public - Able to solve practical problems and deal with a variety of concrete variables in situations where only limited standardization exists - Able to delegate work effectively in a team environment - Friendly, customer-oriented personality and a professional attitude and appearance at all times Submit resume and cover letter to 1999 Mt. Read Blvd. Rochester, NY 14615	216,156
(CNN) – The Internal Revenue Service is the "easiest, most basic way" of enforcing the health care law's fee for those who can afford to but choose not to get insurance but it is not a "tax," Democratic National Committee Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz said Monday. Speaking on CNN's "The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer," Wasserman Schultz said Monday, that the law should be enforced by the federal government's taxing arm because "it's simply a matter of ease in administration." – Follow the Ticker on Twitter: @PoliticalTicker – Check out the CNN Electoral Map and Calculator and game out your own strategy for November. "The way we usually think of taxation, Wolf, is that taxation as the IRS administers is collected on broad swaths and large categories of individuals," Wasserman Schultz said. "This is a penalty that will be assessed on the tax return if you choose to roll the dice and make us all pay for your being irresponsible and increase all of our health care costs. "We're not going to tolerate that any more in America. You have to be responsible and you have to pay a penalty if you choose not to be," she continued. The Supreme Court ruled the individual mandate, which is enforced by a punitive tax or penalty, constitutional under Congress' taxation power. Republicans have since criticized the law as an additional tax, though a top adviser to GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney on Monday broke with most of his party and said that it is not a tax.	94,884
Making the Digital, Scarce… If there is one thing about digital media we are all having to come to terms with, it’s abundance. Scarcity is no longer the issue: If the shift from previous media technologies and distribution platforms to software has challenged our most basic concepts and theories of “media,” the new challenge in my view is even more serious. Let’s say I am interested in thinking about cinematic strategies in user-generated videos on YouTube. There is no way I can manually look through all the billions of videos there. Of course, if I watch some of them, I am likely to notice some patterns emerging.. but how do I know which patterns exist in all the YouTube videos I never watched?” (Manovich 2008:195) Never mind analysing it all, I can’t even watch all the video uploaded. Not only that but it’s connectivity is ubiquitous and pervasive. It’s finds you: As Pew has pointed out, young people especially (and people of all ages) act as conduits as much as consumers. And they expect to watch video themselves. This is also a clear example of how the peer replaces the editor. My favorite line: Ms. Buckingham recalled conducting a focus group where one of her subjects, a college student, said, “If the news is that important, it will find me.” So it is always great to find an example of people doing it differently, going against the grain. In this instance, in making the pervasive and ubiquitous, less so. But not for reasons for aping the physicality of analogue media, but to capture its sense of presence. Witch-house bands go even further: they put their music up for free on places like SoundCloud, but remove the files after a certain number of listens or downloads, creating scheduling and scarcity in a system that’s otherwise about abundance and time-shifting. Aside from the fact that some of these bands are really good, witch house is interesting to follow because it’s a sort of ad hoc Darknet — the places where you can hear this music move around. One week, it’s a private group on Last.fm. The next week, it’s a public message board. The week after, they’re all living on a blog entry’s comment thread. To keep finding this stuff, you’ve really got to want it. Modern networking tools are mobilised in pursuit of an atemporal way of gathering a fan base.	133,334
March 16, 2018 by Dr. G I wrote ten blog posts documenting my journey at OCEANDOTCOMM. You can find those posts through the tag #odotcomm18. Breakfast starts at 7AM, with a hot meal prepared by the two chefs on site. There’s no Starbucks on site or even one in driving distance from the marine science station (and students, remember – there’s no Wawa in Louisiana, either!). But there was coffee and many happy people that had a good meal to start off our day. This morning we heard from professionals in this region that have lived and researched the Mississippi Delta. We started by hearing from Dr. Denise Reed, Professor Gratis from the University of New Orleans. She shared her perspective about the delta as a “place” – a very large, very diverse place with fresh and saline marshes, swamps barrier islands, and more. Geologically, this area of the delta is only approximately 3,000 years old. Yet, this geologically-young system is in trouble. Seeing the Land Area Change in Coastal Louisiana from 1932 to 2010 (materials available online from USGS) was very striking for us in the room. And this place is important to her and the other residents, despite the Bruce Babbitt Op-Ed piece in The New York Times, which wrote off southern Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina with, “New Orleans will survive only as an island surrounded by miles of open water.” Dr. Reed shared her point of view as to why people live here – it is relatively flat, fertile land with a freshwater supply and natural resources, access to trade routes by land and water, and a desirable location with recreational opportunities. Reasons of natural interest might include energy, trade, and culture, but the locals find it a location for family, history, and recreation. Some families have been here their entire lives, and for generations. Yet the local people are now losing their land and feel powerless to do something about it (this piece of the story gets lost when people talk about the coast). Here is some of what Dr. Reed shared with the group: She concluded by telling us that we actually can do alot. The key is where we can do things, and that the projects shouldn’t be little projects (this is not sustainable for a coastal system). Her final note (not very optimistic but very real) – “There are alot of good reasons to live here, but not alot of good reasons to move here.” Next up was Dr. Melissa Baustian from The Water Institute of the Gulf. She shared some scientific background on the habitats in the region (swamps, marshes, mangroves, open water, barrier islands, and coastal ocean). I teach about these habitats, so I was familiar with her information. She passed around some excellent visual aids, including this great Bald Cypress knee – which no one really seems to know the purpose for! (either stability or aeration – or both!). What I was most interested in is the data they have online from their collection of data monitoring stations – I need to spend some time on the website for the Coastwide Referencing Monitoring System. Our final speaker of the morning was Delaina LeBlanc from BTNEP, the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary. Her presentation on birds and their role in this system was really interesting. One of my favorite quotes from her is that, “the restoration projects – if you build them, the birds will come.” She also emphasized that many people may not know the scientific names of the birds, but they each have their own name and own stories/experiences with birds. She is hoping her and others can continue to learn more about how birds are using habitats as the habitats are changing over time. Here is a clip from her presentation: I’m still not sure what I’ll be focusing on for my project, but I’m sure this afternoon’s fieldtrip will be helpful for deciding! I’m off to the salt marsh!	153,957
EKG technician training will provide you with the skills and knowledge so you can properly use an electrocardiogram. An electrocardiogram is actually a series of tests that are done upon patients with ailments of the heart. These tests are extremely important because they are one of the main tools used to diagnose the exact disease. Carry On America and see if this professional field might be your cup of tea! The ECG, as it is generally referred to, is carried out in a specific way. A patient is connected to the ECG machine with the help of electrodes that reverberate electric signals toward the heart’s wall. That develops a kind of electric information in the form of waves that will tell you a lot about the condition of the patient’s heart. The ECG is done by people who are skilled at conducting such tests and are registered with a medical authority through their EKG certification. This certification is available to anyone once they complete the necessary training. Even better, there are a variety of schools that offer EKG technician training. The EKG Technician Training Program The EKG technician training is a diverse training program that instills in the student the necessary skills that every cardiovascular technologist must have. The EKG technician training program follows different programs that are spread across various degrees and program lengths. The degrees that a person can attain after receiving the training are: - A one-year EKG technician training certification - A two-year Associate certification - A bachelor’s degree in EKG technicalities EKG Training Schools Online There are many schools that offer EKG training programs in this particular field. However, If going back to school does not fit into your busy schedule, then there are other options as well. there are many online EKG programs run by coveted institutions. This online EKG technician training is becoming very popular because you go at your own pace. Below are some of the most popular accredited online EKG training schools: - Kaplan University - Keiser University - South University - American Intercontinental University - Independence University - DeVry University - Phoenix University - The Grand Canyon University Benefits of the EKG Technician Training There are a variety of benefits that come with becoming an EKG technician. By completing your training you will have the opportunity to embark on an excellent career path. The two major benefits are that you will earn a good living and have a very stable job. The salary rate that electro-cardiographer receives is above average, through which they can make approximately $24,000 per year. However, this is a very conservative figure, and some additional training, you could earn much more than this. Students in Massachusetts should also read this post about the best nursing schools in Massachusetts. All accredited EKG schools will help you master the necessary skills of conducting electrocardiograph tests, and you will also learn a host of other skills in the training program. The EKG technician training features patient care, correct equipment handling, and proper diagnosis of the ailment of the heart. As a student, you will also learn what the results of the ECG mean before they are sent to the doctor for a full diagnosis. Skilled EKG technicians that are properly trained, are in high demand in the medical field. This also means that you will have a stable career. However, this field is always changing with the latest developments and new technology. Therefore, if you wish to excel as a cardiovascular technologist, you must keep yourself updated with the latest techniques and changing technologies involving the ECG equipment and their findings. Another benefit of EKG technician training is acquiring additional skills. Having additional skills will automatically enhance your resume. It will increase the chances of securing an entry-level job at a hospital or heart clinic, and it can also help you get promoted faster. With the correct EKG technician training, you will be ready to begin a fantastic career as an EKG tech.	97,636
For Manuscript Submission, Check or Review Login please go to Submission Websites List. For the academic login, please select your country in the dropdown list. You will be redirected to verify your credentials. A Vestigial X Open Reading Frame in Duck Hepatitis B VirusLin B. · Anderson D.A. Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield, Melbourne, Australia Corresponding Author Dr. David Anderson Head, Hepatitis Research Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research Yarra Bend Road, Fairfield, Vic. 3078 (Australia) Tel. +61 3 9282 2239, Fax +61 3 9282 2100 Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) appears to lack a homologue of the X protein found in mammalian hepadnaviruses. By replacing stop codons in the corresponding region of the DHBV genome, a hypothetical protein which closely matches the hydrophilicity profile of X proteins can be predicted, despite limited sequence homology. We conclude that a full-length X protein was once a common feature of the hepadnaviruses, conserved in structure but not sequence. © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel	124,435
This is what corporate culture change looks like: a chief executive camped out in the lobby of headquarters, wearing a “Hello, my name is…” sticker and shaking hands with employees as they walk through the door. That’s what Yang Yuanqing, the head of personal-computer maker Lenovo Group, did in 1999, according to a new book by two Lenovo executives detailing the Beijing-based company’s transformation from a quintessentially Chinese firm into a global giant with operations in 60 countries. Previously, employees were used to calling their boss “Chief Executive Officer Yang,” or Yang Zong in Mandarin, a common practice in the formal, hierarchical style of many Chinese companies. But YY, as he is now known within the company, believed such rigid traditions would inhibit Lenovo’s evolution from a Chinese to a global firm. But just telling employees to change their habit wasn’t enough. For more than a week, Mr. Yang and his senior leadership team greeted employees in the lobby, shaking hands and introducing themselves with their given names, not their titles. Still, afraid of sounding disrespectful or bad-mannered, many employees mumbled the new greetings or avoided addressing supervisors by name, said Gina Qiao, the company’s senior vice president of global human resources. To move the process along, leaders jokingly threatened to fine workers who clung to the old convention, she added. Eventually, it took. As more Chinese companies prepare themselves for a broader global presence – e-commerce giant Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. is likely to hold an initial public offering in September – they will face the same challenges Lenovo did: integrating the Eastern culture in which they emerged with the Western values of many of their customers and a growing portion of their employees. Getting Lenovo workers to act less formally was “a hard sell,” write Gina Qiao, senior vice president of global HR and Yolanda Conyers, chief diversity officer — authors of the new book “The Lenovo Way: Managing a Diverse Global Company for Optimal Performance.” Eventually the “exhausting process… did the trick.” The egalitarian approach helped position the company for later acquisitions and partnerships with overseas firms. As the authors note, altering corporate culture is a slow, uneven process, driven in many cases by small changes. For Lenovo, that meant offering tea as well as coffee at meetings in the firm’s U.S. facilities to satisfy Chinese managers’ expectations and making employees more aware of subtle communication issues such as Westerners’ habit of jumping into conversations versus the Chinese tendency to wait one’s turn to speak. The company created a two-day cross-cultural training course called East Meets West for senior leaders and employees working in corporate functions like HR, strategy and research and development. As Lenovo expanded further, it changed the class’s name to Managing Across Cultures. A few thousand of its 54,000 employees have taken the training. Today, thanks largely to its 2005 acquisition of International Business Machines Corp.’s personal-computer business, Lenovo is the no. 1 seller of PCs in the world by shipments, with a stock price that has nearly doubled in the last two years on the Hong Kong stock exchange, to $11.82 HKD. The firm’s work is not over. Lenovo is trying to keep up with consumers’ migration to mobile devices, and earlier this year agreed to acquire Google Inc.’s Motorola Mobility smartphone business. It is also in the process of buying IBM’s low-end server unit, and last year purchased a consumer-electronics business in Brazil. “With each new acquisition,” the authors write, “the integration process begins again.”	199,540
This is a dinosaur for advanced hunters. Meaning "three horned face", this is another dinosaur that is very easy to spot. As big as an elephant, the short nose horn and two long hollow horns sticking out from above the eyes can make this dinosaur a dangerous animal when wounded. The target-zones on this specimen are the neck, and back, and eye areas, as well as the left side of the heart. This plant eater an average sense of sight, a low sense of smell, and an average sense of hearing.\| 4.00–7.00 m (13.33–23.33 ft)\| 1.92–5.88 T (2.12–6.48 t)\| \|Spawns when not hunted? The Triceratops is a large, four-legged, herbivorous dinosaur characterized by the large frill on the back of its head, two long horns over its eyes, and a shorter horn on its snout. In Carnivores, the Triceratops is generally harmless unless it is injured, in which case it will chase and attempt to trample the player, similar to the Chasmosaurus in Carnivores 2. Interestingly, it is the only dinosaur in the game that can kill the hunter in Observer Mode. The FMM UV-32 Triceratops appears overweight and lethargic compared to its lighter Earth counterpart, but it is a very dangerous animal that will trample smaller enemies such as Allosaurus, Velociraptor, and human hunters flat into the ground if wounded. However, it is as timid as it is potentially dangerous and will flee if approached from a distance. Triceratops is a solitary grazer and uses its three horns, each up to a meter in length, to uncover roots and tubers hidden under the dirt. It will also use these horns in fierce territorial clashes with rivals and in courtship displays. It also has a short bony frill around its neck that acts as a shield when attacked by larger predators such as Ceratosaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex. Triceratops is one of the larger inhabitants of FMM UV-32's tropics, and can reach lengths of 24 feet, and weighs up to 6 tons. Triceratops communicate using a shallow, throaty bellow. Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter HD[edit \| edit source] The Triceratops returns in Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter HD as a trophy animal. A Triceratops license costs 250 gems, and is the second-to-last license available to purchase. The Triceratops is rather slow but has very thick skin, which makes downing one very difficult, even with powerful weapons. Ordinarily, the Triceratops will flee if startled or wounded, but if the hunter gets too close or corners one, it will charge in self-defense. The dinosaur's huge frill acts as an effective shield in blocking its vitals from certain angles, so patience may be required to hunt one down. The Triceratops' call is a low, moaning bellow that travels for miles. The Triceratops has a low sense of sight, an average sense of smell, and an excellent sense of hearing. Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter Reborn[edit \| edit source] The Triceratops returns in Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter Reborn. It is once again dangerous, capable of killing the hunter by impaling him with massive brow horns. The Triceratops call is a low, rumbling bellow. Mutated Triceratops can be found roaming the islands. In Primal Prey, the Triceratops is different from the Carnivores variant. Its body is more anatomically correct, and is a very social animal. A Triceratops can weigh anywhere between 9,500 and 12,500 lbs. - Male- sports black stripes running across the hips, shoulders,and tail, as well as the outer edge of the frill. Also features intimidating red patterns on the frill. 10,300 lbs will earn a star. - Female- No distinctive frill patterns or stripes, but displays white spots all over the body and frill. 12,300 lbs will earn a star. Triceratops from Primal Prey Triceratops in Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter HD. - In Carnivores Cityscape, a picture of the Triceratops from Primal Prey can be seen on one of the advertisement screens in the city level. - Triceratops is the only animal in the Carnivores Series that has yet to appear in a mobile remake, (besides the ones from Carnivores Cityscape since there is no mobile edition for that game). However, the Triceratops is seen in the main menu art of Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter. - The concept of adding Triceratops in its original form is not foreign to Tatem Games, however. Several suggestions and acknowledgments have gone over by the team including a note passed on to developers. - In HD and Reborn, unlike Ankylosaurus, it would not run away from Ceratosaurus, but would from Tyrannosaurus. This is most likely a bug - In Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter Reborn, the Triceratops is actually quite skittish, making it easy to kill. It would only attack if you're in the front, however, it would sometimes stop and pause while charging at you. The Triceratops would be more fearsome if it could charge at you without the sudden stops and pauses. - For information regarding its role in the Plutyrian Cycle, see Triceratops. \|Carnivores by Action Forms and WizardWorks Software\| \|File formats, files,\| Demo 1.00.000 (build v1.02, November 1, 1998) • Retail CD (build v1.02, November 1, 1998) • Demo 3DFX patch (build v1.03, November 24, 1998) • Retail 3DFX patch (build v1.03, November 24, 1998) • Demo v1.01 (build v1.03, November 24, 1998) • Source code (build v1.03, November 24/December 15, 1998) • Source code (build v1.03, November 24/December 18, 1998) • Direct3D 1.3 (beta!) patch (build v1.03, December 18, 1998) • Direct3D beta 1.5 patch (build v1.05, September 1, 2000) Template:Carnivores: Dinosaur Hunter HD	14,773
BASF has started up a coextrusion line for packaging and technical films which will be used to develop applications for Ultramid polyamides. The line in Ludwigshafen, Germany can produce cast and blown films with up to seven layers. It will also be used for research, product development and material testing for Ultramid film products. Specific market needs Wolfgang Spada, senior sales manager polyamide and intermediates, Europe said it would enable test quantities and application testing of new film as it simulates production conditions. “The machine is a seven layer machine so we can combine all the important use materials in the packaging industry to see the effect of the modification of the nylon, what we are doing usually, and it’s practically a smaller machine like it is running in all of our customers,” he told FoodProductionDaily.com at K Show in Dusseldorf. He said the acquisition of a plant in Brazil last year gave them access to smaller reactors, to allow for more testing and flexibility. “We can really modify materials which was hardly possible for us with the big lines we are running in Ludwigshafen, Antwerp and Freeport. So it is practically the first step and the second step is to test line them to try this modified materials in Ludwigshafen.” The line is suited to cast or blown films and extrudes symmetrical and asymmetrical films 20μm to 250μm thick and up to 750mm wide at a speed of up to 50 meters per minute. Blown films can be air-cooled and cooled with water, while cast films are cooled on a chill roll with an adjustable temperature of between 20°C and 130°C. He said the requests from the food industry will be higher in all directions in the future and this move means BASF can handle those needs. “[This] means economy but also longer shelf life for example or more sustainable materials and of course we would like to differentiate a little bit from our competitors by doing that.” Spada identified that supermarket culture was adding to price pressures on industry. “There is always price pressure, easier to see if you go to supermarkets, the offers you are getting there, and the price pressure is not only to the food producers it is also to the packaging producers. They are looking for new possibilities for new ways to get the same function or a better function of the packaging by saving costs.” Active packaging was likely to be one of the big challenges in the coming years, he said, in terms of what the firm and its customers could do to provide protection against special ingredients in food or bacteria to ensure safety.	181,204
When we conducted the 2008 Tribalization of Business Study, we discovered that those companies that were most satisfied with their community efforts were those that measured the impact of their community programs on their business processes the same way they would measure the impact of any other program on those same business processes. So if you measure the impact of a certain program by increased store sales, or by improved customer satisfaction – then measure the impact of social media programs on those business processes the same way. Even if you think the current measurements are wrong. If you do not like how customer service is being measured by the average time people spend on the phone – it does not matter. Don’t try to change it when you roll out a social media program. The fact that the current measurements are well understood and often hardwired within the company culture will ensure that people will understand and embrace your social media programs rather than marginalize them as exotic new hype-driven non-mainstream programs. Taking this a step further – the faster you can get the various departments that benefit from your programs to co-fund them, the faster your programs will become mainstream. All that being said – how do you measure the impact of your social media programs? What works? What doesn’t work? As we are gearing up for the next iteration of the Tribalization of Business Study, what would you like to find out?	298,895
City picks islandwide recycling method The city will roll out its curbside recycling program to the rest of Oahu by giving each homeowner one refuse and one recycling pickup each week without the option to pay for additional trash service. Recycle plan rolling out Here is the city's schedule to bring curbside recycling to the rest of Oahu: » November: Kuliouou to Manoa, Kapahulu; Kailua, Lanikai; Mokuleia to Sunset » May 2009: Waipio Gentry to Halawa; Wahiawa, Whitmore, Waipio Estates, Laulani Valley; Kaneohe; Waimanalo » November 2009: Foster Village to Makiki; Kahuku to Kahaluu » May 2010: Makakilo to Waikele; Waipahu; Ewa Beach to West Loch; Honokai Hale to Makua Source: City and County of Honolulu The city Department of Environmental Services announced Tuesday that it selected the pickup method in Hawaii Kai, where the curbside recycling program is being done on an experimental basis. "Definitely, we're going forward," said Marcus Owens, spokesman for the Environmental Services Department. He said the program will expand in September when the bins for 39,000 East Oahu homes are rolled out. The entire island will be converted by May 2010. The voluntary curbside recycling project started with 18,500 homes in Hawaii Kai and Mililani in October, using a different method in the two communities. Some 96 percent in both communities recycled. "What we present here is clearly that the Hawaii Kai method is the most efficient and feasible for the city," said Owens. A study found limiting refuse pickups to once a week compelled Hawaii Kai residents to recycle more than Mililani residents, who had an option to pay for a second weekly refuse pickup. While Mililani residents could pay $30 every three months for a second weekly refuse pickup, they recycled less than Hawaii Kai residents without the option, the report found. Overall, Mililani recovered less recyclable material and green waste than Hawaii Kai despite having 3,900 more homes. Five percent of Mililani residents paid for an extra refuse pickup. Of those, 62 percent did not recycle. Oahu voters mandated the city create a curbside recycling program in a City Charter amendment approved in November 2006. Islandwide, residents generate 300,000 tons of rubbish a year, of which 137,000 tons are green waste and recyclable material. In the program, residents have three trash bins: gray for refuse, blue for mixed recyclables, and green for green waste. Refuse pickup is once a week, while recycling pickup alternates each week between green waste and mixed recyclables. The start-up cost for the program is expected to be $23.4 million to purchase 260,000 bins at $90 each. The operating costs for the recycling program will remain the same as the current refuse system, the report said. Mililani will eventually be phased into the Hawaii Kai method.	49,106
Coyness about northern cities is unsurprising (London's transport chief ready to defend capital spending, 23 July), for different economic models apply to transport spending elsewhere. Peter Hendy has successfully used economic growth to justify excess investment in regulated buses and railways, using one-offs such as the Olympics or the Millennium Dome or as a byproduct of longer-distance schemes, eg the Channel tunnel rail link. By contrast, commuting to create economic growth is restricted elsewhere in England, and many workless communities, including former mining and manufacturing areas, cannot access equivalent investment. Merseyrail development was halted in 1979, before it reached Skelmersdale, and Manchester is still blighted by dilapidated Thatcher-era railbuses that cannot handle the 35% growth in the so-called "no-growth" northern franchise. Labour's record is no better: in 13 years it delivered not a single new diesel carriage, mile of electrification or new line in this area, itself the largest and most overcrowded franchise. Ironically, £150m belatedly committed by Labour to north-western electrification, to deploy cast-off southern electric units in place of diesels, appears threatened by coalition cuts, while Crossrail, at £16bn, is promoted. Crossrail is important, but should be funded by south-eastern businesses and householders whose properties will gain in value. Meanwhile, public investment in job-creating transport is needed by the workless of the north-western "rust belt" to access better-paid jobs in Preston, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds. And perhaps the best way to achieve this would be by relocating the Department for Transport itself to the north. Dr Jim Ford	109,981
By Joseph Lichterman, Editor in Chief Published June 3, 2012 MACKINAC ISLAND — Republican Gov. Rick Snyder and Fareed Zakaria, CNN foreign affairs host and Time magazine editor-at-large, agreed with University President Mary Sue Coleman and Bill Ford Jr., chairman of Ford Motor Company. At the 2012 Mackinac Policy Conference, they all said higher education is crucial to turning Michigan’s economic fortunes around. Snyder said there are nearly 80,000 open jobs in the state that employers are having trouble filling because they can’t find enough educated people to hire. Coleman, along with other University officials who attended the three-day conference at the posh Grand Hotel, said the annual event hosted by the Detroit Regional Chamber was an apt opportunity for them to discuss ways to make higher education more accessible and to build relationships with the business and political leaders gathered on the island. “The time up here is a way that we can talk even more about (the University’s accomplishments) and celebrate what’s happening in the state,” Coleman said. But noticeably absent from the conference were state lawmakers who stayed in Lansing to wrap up the state budget by the June 1 deadline Snyder imposed. One of the major sticking points that the Michigan Legislature was working to iron out was the state’s higher education appropriation. The state House ultimately passed its version of the budget Friday, allocating $1.4 billion to the state’s 15 public universities, including an additional $36 million that will be distributed based on the Carnegie Classification, a comprehensive system of metrics that measures the universities’ performance. The metrics included in the House bill are different than those initially proposed by Snyder. In an interview Wednesday, before the House passed its budget, Republican Lt. Gov. Brian Calley said the first allocation formula, which would reward schools for things such as low tuition costs and a high graduation rate, allowed the state to incentivize the schools in order to help the economy. “We’re trying to … take the growing resources that we have today — it’s great to be in a position where we can make strategic investments — and use it to encourage the sorts of things that we need to happen in order to meet all the demands of the economy today,” Calley said. Numerous speakers from throughout the conference pointed out that Michigan needs more college graduates of all kinds — two-year degrees, four-year degrees and advanced degrees — to fill the 80,000 jobs Snyder referenced. However, higher education leaders at the conference noted that they were already making contributions to the economy. On Wednesday, the University Research Corridor released a study that reported the three URC schools — the University of Michigan, Michigan State University and Wayne State University — have graduated 3,600 students who took jobs in the auto industry over the past five years. Coleman said the number of students the universities graduated, along with the more than $300 million in auto-related research at the universities, show how important the schools are to the state’s economy. “Even though the auto industry is changing dramatically, it’s still a very important part of the Michigan economy, and the innovation in the auto industry is something that fits very well with the research agendas of the universities,” Coleman said. Stephen Forrest, the University’s vice president for research who also attended the conference, said the auto-related research and graduates coming from the URC schools could help create a Silicon Valley-like atmosphere in southeast Michigan surrounding the auto industry. Forrest added that he hoped his time in Mackinac would allow the University to make additional connections in the business world so it can continue to commercialize its research findings. “Some of the talks have been fascinating to get a sense of where Michigan industry and the economy are right now, and this is crucial for the University of Michigan’s planning and research sphere … because we’re engaged with them; we need to know where they’re going,” Forrest said. Forrest added that he found the conference useful because it brought together all the various aspects of the University and allowed leaders to analyze its impact on the state. “The University of Michigan is a very public-spirited institution, and we’re very woven into the fabric of the state — that’s research, that’s education and that’s healthcare — and they all come together at this conference,” he said. Similarly, Douglas Strong, CEO of the University’s Hospitals and Health Centers, also attended the conference and explained in an interview with The Michigan Daily that the conference helps him stay up-to-date on happenings in the health community and how health care costs are affecting other businesses. “I come here, and I meet hospital people from around the state,” Strong said. “It’s part of important networking, and it’s also important to participate in hearing what other businesses are saying about the impact of health care costs about what they’re doing.”	185,617
Because of his popularity, Ganesha has many different creation stories. One of my favorites tells of his mother Parvati (the wife of Shiva) asking her husband for a child to keep her company during Shiva’s long absences. Shiva is known to wander into the mountains to meditate and practice yoga for thousands of years at a time and Parvati would grow lonely during these times. Hearing the desire of his wife Shiva granted her wish and blessed her with a son before departing into the mountains once again. While he was gone his son Ganesha grew into a young man. One day Parvati went to take a bath and asked Ganesh to guard the secluded grotto where she was bathing and keep anyone from entering. Dutifully her son took up position to the entrance of the grotto and set about the task as she had asked. Unknown to Parvati, her husband Shiva had chosen this same time to descend from the mountains and return to their home. When Shiva came to the entrance guarded by Ganesha neither deity knew the other as Shiva had left for meditation before Ganesha had even been born. Shiva, not knowing that this was his son, demanded Ganesha stand aside and Ganesh, not knowing this was his father, refused him access in his effort to obey his mother’s request. Of all the Hindu gods Shiva is both known for his terrible wrath which can be easily provoked, but also for being easily appeased and easily approached by his devotees. So when he came across his son Ganesh guarding the entrance to his home and denying him entrance he quickly grew enraged and with one quick strike he severed Ganasha’s head from his body, unknowingly killing his own son. When Parvati came out from her bath she was distressed and dismayed to see what had happened. She implored her husband to return her son from death and seeing her anguish and realizing his error Shiva quickly complied. He sent his servants out to return with the head of the first living thing they encountered which happened to be an elephant. Using his mystic potency, Shiva united his son’s dead body with the elephant head and restored Ganesha to life and his new form as India’s famous elephant god.	310,453
Crystal Violet, Methyl Violet Dye Abbey Color is one of the world’s leading suppliers of Crystal Violet, also known as: - Methyl Violet - Gentian Violet (term typically used in Europe) - Gentian Crystal Violet - Basic Violet #3 - CI 42555 or C.I. 42555 Abbey Color offers Crystal Violet as certifiable as well as Biological Stain Commission (BSC) certified. Crystal Violet Applications Crystal violet or methyl violet is used in many applications, including: - As a pH indicator (yellow to violet with the transition at a pH = 1.6) - In the medical community, it is the active ingredient in Gram’s Stain, used to classify bacteria - The dye destroys cells and is used as a moderate-strength external disinfectant - It is widely used as a purple dye for textiles such as cotton and silk - It provides a various deep violet colors for paints and printing ink - It is used to dye paper Crystal Violet from Abbey Color – Benefits As a leading supplier of crystal violet / methyl violet, Abbey Color offers the following benefits: - Guarantee consistent quality material - Supply single lot quantities of up to 1,000 pounds - Crystal Violet is in stock and can ship immediately, with overnight shipping available upon request. - Competitive pricing. What is Crystal Violet / Methyl Violet? Methyl violet is the name given to a group of similar organic compounds used as pH indicators and dyes. Methyl violets are mixtures of tetramethyl, pentamethyl and hexamethyl pararosanilins. By blending the different versions, dyemakers can create different shades of violet in the final dye. The more methylated the compound (i. e., the more methyl groups attached), the deeper blue the final color will be: - Tetramethyl (four methyls) is known as methyl violet 2B. Solid samples appear blue-green in color; melting is at 137 °C (279 °F). It is used as a pH indicator, with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in acidic conditions) is yellow, turning blue-violet above pH levels of 1.6.[ - Pentamethyl (five methyls) is known as methyl violet 6B, and is darker blue (in dye form) than 2B. - Hexamethyl (six methyls) is known as methyl violet 10B, or specifically as crystal violet orGentian violet. This is much darker than 2B, and often darker than 6B. Methyl violet 10B is the active ingredient in a Gram stain. In the Gram staining method, crystal violet is used to differentiate between Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria. In pure form, the tetramethyl appears as lustrous blue-green crystals that melt at 137°C (279°F). (Sources: Wikipedia, Methyl Violet, 2007, 2010). Abbey Color – Your Crystal Violet / Methyl Violet / Gentian Violet Supplier Click Here to Contact Abbey Color for further assistance with your Crystal Violet needs.	120,884
cc\|be was appointed to provide MEP engineering services for an accessibility project at Darwin College, Cambridge. The college occupies all properties in Newnham Terrace, including the Hermitage and Grange buildings, houses dating from the middle of the nineteenth century. These were joined in the late 1960’s by the Rayne Building, however, level access between adjoining buildings and the street is not provided. The project involves the diversion of existing services, including staff changing and shower rooms and a kitchen cold store, to create a new multi-level, multi-entrance lift to provide level access throughout the entire building. Along with the normal difficulties of working within existing buildings of importance, a particular challenge includes designing a lift to fit within the envelope of the Hermitage building - a low section of hipped roof occurs at the optimum lift location on plan. The project is the first part of a wider masterplan project at the college. - Darwin College - Caruso St. John Architects - In Progress - Mechanical, Electrical, Public Health - Education \| Heritage	155,535
The Rising Sun Flag – war flag of the Imperial Japanese Army - is considered offensive to many Asian fans. I’ll be honest: Like many Westerners, I had absolutely no idea until today that the above flag is considered offensive. From seeing it displayed on t-shirts and white people’s “Japanese” tattoos, I’d become so used to seeing it that I never actually questioned what it meant. As it turns out, that flag is still considered very offensive in countries that were victims of Japanese war crimes, the same way that the Rebel Flag is offensive to many people in the United States. So when Georges St. Pierre walked to the cage at UFC 158 wearing a gi depicting the Rising Sun Flag, I was completely indifferent towards it. I saw it as yet another tribute to Japan from the Shidokan Karate blackbelt, and thought nothing else of it. Earlier today, UFC featherweight contender Chan Sung Jung took to his Facebook page to explain to GSP that his walkout attire was offensive to many Asian fans and urged him not to wear the design anymore. The Korean Zombie’s post makes for a very interesting read, especially if you’re unfamiliar with the history behind the flag. In his own words: Dear Mr. Georges St. Pierre Hi, My name is Chan Sung Jung from South Korea. As one of many Koreans who like you as an incredible athlete, I feel like I should tell you that many Korean fans, including myself, were shocked to see you in your gi designed after the Japanese ‘Rising Sun Flag’. For Asians, this flag is a symbol of war crimes, much like the German Hakenkreuzflagge. Did you know that? I hope not. Just like Nazis, the Japanese also committed atrocities under the name of ‘Militarism’. You can easily learn what they’ve done by googling (please do), although it’s only the tiny tip of an enormous iceberg. Furthermore, the Japanese Government never gave a sincere apology, and still to this day, so many victims are dying in pain, heartbroken, without being compensated. But many westerners like to wear clothes designed after the symbol under which so many war crimes and so much tragedy happened, which is ridiculous. I know most of them are not militarists. I know most of them do not approve unjustified invasion, torture, massacre, etc. They’re just ignorant. It’s such a shame that many westerners are not aware of this tragic fact. Wearing Rising Sun outfits is as bad as wearing clothes with the Nazi mark on it, if not worse. Since you’re influenced by Japanese Martial Arts, your wearing a headband designed after Japanese flag is understandable. But again, that huge ‘Rising Sun’ on your Gi means something else. Many people say GSP is the best Welterweight fighter throughout history, to which I totally agree. This means you have a great influence on every single fan of yours all around the world. And I do believe your wearing ‘the symbol of War Crime’ is a very bad example for them, not to mention for yourself. So, what do you reckon? Do you want to wear the same Gi next time as well? For the record, I recommend not reading most of the follow-up comments his Facebook post generated – unless you want to feel terrible about humanity today. It’s worth reiterating how unlikely it is that either Georges St. Pierre or the designers at Hayabusa (or One More Round, for that matter) knew that the design was offensive, so let’s not turn this into Hoelzer Reich part two. That being said, do you think Georges St. Pierre should stop wearing the Rising Sun gi, or is this a case of fans being too easily offended? Please keep it civil, guys.	97,184
Inquiry Based Learning starts by posing problems, questions or scenario’s. Some characteristics of Inquiry Based Learning: • Developing questioning, research and communication skills • Solving problems or creating solutions • Collaboration within and beyond the classroom • Developing deep understanding • Participating in the public creation and improvement of ideas and knowledge The next video tells us the story of students from the Calgary Science School. They studied fruit decomposition. You can see all the knowledge and skills they develop through a study such as this.	270,966
In a move that surprised everyone, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu dissolved his government and called for early elections last week. Then came the double whammy: on Tuesday, Netanyahu cancelled elections and announced a new coalition government with the opposition Kadima party. This coalition now controls 94 seats in Israel’s 120-seat parliament, an unassailable majority. Former army chief of staff and center-right Kadima’s newly-elected leader, Shaul Mofaz, will be the new deputy prime minister. Netanyahu has said the new unity government will hold "serious and responsible" talks on Iran. But not everyone is convinced. So, does this coalition increase the likelihood of an Israeli attack on Iran — which has so far been kept at bay by opposition from Europe, the U.S., and within Israel — or is this a chance for more moderate voices to be heard? On the one hand, it increases the legitimacy and domestic support for a decision to attack Ari Shavit, a political analyst at Haaretz, told GlobalPost the move is an attempt to preempt the American presidential elections in October by bringing the Iran crisis to a head in the fall using the unity coalition. The logic seems to be that if Obama is re-elected in November, he will no longer have to worry about domestic politics and will be able to press Netanyahu on Iran. Some experts also believe the coalition is a ploy by Netanyahu to gain legitimacy for what is widely seen as an unpopular course of action, even by high-level officials like former Mossad chief Meir Dagan, according to Benny Avni of The New York Post. Kadima leader Mofaz has long been against an attack on Iran, unlike Netanyahu and Defence Minister Ehud Barak. Now that he is part of the ruling coalition, it shows the world that the Israeli government is united in its stance against Iran and could increase domestic support for an attack. Mofaz’s opposing views will likely not carry much weight in the inner council. "His influence will be limited. His hands will be tied because of the position of weakness from which he entered the coalition," analyst Meir Javedanfar told the Guardian. On the other, perhaps its the the perfect timing for Netanyahu to show his centrist leanings The addition of the centrist Kadima party to what has been called one of Israel's most right-wing coalition governments will lessen the clout of small right-wing parties and factions, according to the Los Angeles Times. "This gives Netanyahu more liberty," Zalman Shoval, a foreign policy advisor for Netanyahu's Likud Party told the LA Times. "He's basically a centrist." Some Israeli politicians believe moderate policies are more in line with the Prime Minister’s personal views, which he has been unable to pursue for fear of wrecking his coalition. If he wanted to, he could now capitalize on Mofaz’s opposition to an Iran attack to propagate a less aggressive policy. Perhaps the most succinct argument comes from Haaretz columnist Zvi Bar’el: “Politicians who want to last don't go to war.” Defense Minister Barak has already hinted at taking U.S. elections into account for any plan on Iran, which puts the decision off until November. More importantly, while Iran would want Israel to continue threatening a war that would raise oil prices, that is the last thing debt-ridden, oil-starved Europe needs.	157,818
Modernizing A 289 Engine Bringing a 15-Year-Old Powerplant Into the Present From the July, 1999 issue of Modified Mustangs & Fords Photography by Miles Cook, Wayne Cook Fifteen years ago, restoring was the thing to do. As the ´66 Mustang GT was slowly brought back to life during the early ´80s, the tired old 302 two-barrel that someone had installed during the ´70s was replaced by a Fred Jones Remanufactured A-code 289 long-block, topped by an original cast-iron intake and Autolite four-barrel carb. In keeping with the restoration theme for the engine's installation story in the June ´84 issue of Mustang Monthly, the 289 was also equipped with the log-style exhaust manifolds, single-point distributor, and enclosed ´66-style air cleaner. Although the Autolite eventually gave way to a Holley from some other long-lost project, and a more-efficient Petronix ignition took over for the finicky single points, the little 289 with C4 automatic purred along with all the fury of a lazy housecat. Then along came Mustang & Fords and the move toward restomod, a theme that maintains the GT's vintage looks but allows for modifications to improve performance. Obviously, one of the major keys to more Mustang fun is more horsepower, something we decided to address by bolting modern technology on top of the vintage 289 short-block. Although the replacement engine is now 15 years old, the car has been used sparingly, mainly as a weekend cruiser, so the basic short-block is still in good shape. Basically, we modified four major areas of the engine--heads, induction, camshaft, and exhaust--all intended to increase the fuel/air mixture flow through the engine. At the center of our modern 289 is a Crane "Retro Roller" camshaft, a special 5.0-style roller lifter cam with a smaller base circle diameter to fit into the early 221 through 302 blocks. In addition to the obvious friction savings with the roller lifters, the roller cam also allows more-aggressive ramps for higher lifts. The Crane 289 Retro Roller specs out with a .520-inch intake lift and .542-inch exhaust lift with 1.60:1 rocker arms. Crane's Retro Roller camshafts, also available for 351 Windsors, Boss 302s, and 351 Clevelands, are supplied with a kit for installation into the early blocks. Included are the roller lifters, guidebars, guidebar hold-down plate (commonly called the spider), reinforcing bar, and mounting hardware, which attaches the spider to the block without drilling or machining. Crane also supplies the correct-length pushrods, which are needed to accommodate the taller roller lifters. For compatibility with the roller cam's steel construction (as opposed to cast-iron for the 289 cam), a special steel distributor gear is also required to prevent wear. A variety of steel gears are available from Crane, depending on the distributor you're using. Look for a compete and detailed Crane Retro Roller cam installation article in a future issue. Originally, we planned to install Ford Motorsports' (or Ford Racing Performance Parts', by their new name) cast-iron GT-40 heads on our 289 to stay more in tune with the "original" theme, even painting them Ford blue for a more stealthy appearance. However, when we discovered that the M-6049-L303 cast-iron heads were on backorder, we were "forced" to make the upgrade to aluminum "Turbo Swirl" GT-40X heads, PN M-6049-X305. These heads boast larger valves--1.94/1.54-inch compared to the 1.67/1.45-inch valves in our original 289 heads--and larger ports to offer substantial airflow improvement for more horsepower, especially at the upper end of the rpm range. Another positive for aluminum heads is the weight savings over the front end. At just 22 pounds each, the GT-40X heads weigh some 50 pounds less than the factory cast-iron heads, a benefit to both acceleration and handling. On the down side, however, we must admit that these newer-style heads have slightly larger combustion chambers (58cc compared to the factory 289's 54.5cc chambers), because they are primarily designed for late-model fuel-injected engines. On our 289, with its flat pistons, we may have lost up to half a compression point. Ideally, a head swap like this on an older engine would also include a different piston to restore the compression ratio, or shaving the heads, but that's getting away from our "bolt-on" angle. When using the GT-40 heads on an early engine, Ford Racing Performance Parts recommends checking the valve-to-piston clearance, especially if your pistons don't have valve reliefs. The GT-40X heads utilize late-model bolt-on rocker arms and the small, tapered AGSC-32C Motorcraft spark plugs. Since we were changing rockers, we opted for the lightweight needle-bearing, roller-tip, 1.60:1 rockers from Crane Cams. A bolt-on style that doesn't require pushrod guide plates, the rockers come with pedestal mounts and bolts. Be sure to follow Crane's recommended procedure for adjusting the hydraulic lifter pre-load. With the aluminum roller rockers, we also needed additional clearance under the valve covers. Tony Branda Performance offers the perfect solution for vintage Ford enthusiasts with its taller-than-original "Cobra--Powered by Ford" finned aluminum valve covers. These covers will give us the clearance we need for the roller rockers, yet still maintain our intended vintage appearance. As a side lesson, when installing the spark plugs, we noticed that the plugs didn't go into the heads smoothly. A quick check revealed that the parts store had sent plugs with the wrong threading. Instead of a tapered plug, they had supplied plugs with threads that stopped abruptly. Fortunately, this was discovered before tightening the plugs into the soft aluminum, although we did suspect some minor damage in one hole. The lesson: Don't assume the parts store has sent the correct parts. Always double-check. We've always like the combination of Weiand Stealth aluminum intake manifold and Holley four-barrel on a modernized small-block Ford. Although technically a dual-plane design, the Stealth manifold also produces good power at higher rpm, more like a single-plane, which makes it a good, all-around choice for street-performance engines. To top off the Stealth intake, Holley recommended one of its 600-cfm, 4160-series four-barrels with vacuum secondaries. Designated for ´61-´67 Ford V-8 engines, Holley PN 0-80457S comes with an electric choke, Ford throttle hookups, and polished body. And like all Holleys, our four-barrel is infinitely tuneable with a variety of accessory parts from Holley. Since we had the old fuel pump off for the cam swap, it made sense to replace it with a high-performance fuel pump from Holley. Designed for continuous, high-rpm performance, Holley's mechanical fuel pump for small-block Fords flows over 80 gallons per hour, almost overkill for our mild-street small-block, but, as always, it's better to have too much fuel flow than not enough. Beautifully chromed, the Holley pump is a direct replacement for the factory mechanical pump. For more efficient air cleaning, we stored the original enclosed A-code Ford air cleaner in favor of a reproduction 289 High Performance air cleaner from Tony Branda Performance. A classic, open-element design with chrome lid, the Hi-Po unit allows airflow from all sides, unlike the closed unit that pulled air through a single snorkle. For even better flow, a K&N Filtercharger was sandwiched between the cleaner top and bottom. Actually, K&N sent us a pair to try--PN E-1560 is the direct replacement for the 2-inch tall Hi-Po paper element, while E-1570 is about an inch taller. The taller K&N did allow enough hood clearance, so we used it for the additional filtering area. With more air coming in, we needed to help get the exhaust out more efficiently. Headers were certainly a viable option, including Shelby-style Tri-Ys, but instead we chose to go with K-code 289 High Performance exhaust manifolds, obtained from National Parts Depot in Gainesville, Florida. Unlike the Fairlane installation we performed a few months ago ("Special Ks," Feb. ´99 issue), the Hi-Po manifolds basically fall into a Mustang, with no engine raising required. With their more streamlined shape and larger openings, the Hi-Po manifolds are much freer flowing than the regular log-style manifolds. As another plus, they seal to the heads better than tube headers, providing quieter operation. To connect the manifolds to the factory GT dual exhausts, the A-code H-pipe was replaced by a Hi-Po H-pipe, also from National Parts Depot. On the Road and on the DynojetAfter buttoning down all the new high-performance equipment on our 289, and double-checking torque specs and fluids, we fired the engine, set the timing, and adjusted the idle and choke--only to discover a misfire. After confirming the correct spark plug wiring order, testing for vacuum leaks with starter fluid sprayed around the intake and carb, and yanking a few spark plugs to check their condition, we still couldn't locate the culprit. On the road, the engine ran rough at idle and low speeds, but cleared up under full throttle. We did find a couple of problems--a cracked vacuum hose at the transmission modulator (obviously caused by jostling the metal line when installing the heads) and a missing ground strap--but neither cured the problem. With an appointment made for Dynojetting the new combination at Vinci High Performance in Orlando, Florida, we notified Joe Vinci that we needed some diagnosis advice as well. At the Vinci shop, Joe pulled a spark plug and immediately noticed what we hadn't--the plugs didn't reach all the way into the combustion chamber. Yes, the parts store had sent the wrong plugs for the second time. The replacement plugs had the correct thread taper, but the reach was only about half the correct length. While replacing the short plugs with the correct-length plugs, one of our fears from the first spark plug foul-up (remember the incorrect thread taper?) surfaced as fact: The threads in the No. 2 spark plug hole were indeed mangled. Fortunately, with the short plugs, the cross-threading didn't extend all the way into the head, which allowed Vinci to repair the damage by retapping. However, the time spent on the plugs and the thread damage had cut into our Dynojet testing time, leaving us time for only a couple of pulls to obtain our final numbers. The longer plugs definitely cured the misfire, as evidenced by the clean pull on the Dynojet. However, like Wayne Cook's Fairlane in an earlier issue, the Dynojet operator had to shut down the run at 4,500 rpm due to a drivetrain vibration. Because of the time spent on the plugs, there wasn't enough afternoon left to replace the U-joints or chase down the vibration. Although the first and only run showed a 16-25 hp increase across the board, topping out at 150 rear-wheel hp at 4,500 rpm, we were disappointed that we couldn't rev the engine higher to take advantage of its better breathing with the high-performance cam and heads. On the trip home, the 289 pulled strongly, feeling a lot more like a healthy 289 High Performance four-speed than an A-code 289 automatic. And there's still some tuning potential because we haven't had a chance to play with timing, advance curve, and carburetor jets. Right after returning from the Dynojet, the C4 came out for a scheduled rebuild by the folks at Performance Automatic during their trip to Florida for the Fun Ford Weekend in Bradenton. As soon as we get the trans back in the car, including new U-joints and balanced driveshaft, we'll take it back to Vinci High Performance for a return tuning visit to the Dynojet. At that time, we'll report on the performance C4 rebuild--and its effect on the rear wheel numbers--and the horsepower/torque numbers at higher rpm. We started with an almost-bone-stock... We started with an almost-bone-stock 289, a Fred Jones Remanufactured unit that was installed in our ´66 GT coupe back in the mid-´80s. For 15 years, it ran just fine with a factory cast-iron four-barrel intake, replacement 600-cfm Holley, enclosed air cleaner, and stock log-type exhaust manifolds. With a little cleanup, this engine could go right into the concours class. To prepare for the modern... To prepare for the modern 289 buildup, the A-code small-block was stripped down to the short-block. From here on up, we replaced everything with new and higher-performance parts. Crane's Retro Roller hydraulic... Crane's Retro Roller hydraulic cam kit comes with everything needed to install the late-model-style roller cam into an early block. No drilling or machining is required. This comparison of the factory... This comparison of the factory A-code 289 flat-tappet cam (left) and the Crane Retro Roller demonstrates the difference in vintage versus late-model cam lobe technology. With the roller lifter feature, the newer cam "ramps up" quicker to a higher lift, so duration is less for a more-streetable combination. To secure the roller lifters... To secure the roller lifters into their bores, Crane's kit provides this special spider plate, which mounts to the block's lifter valley with special inserts. As always, a new timing chain... As always, a new timing chain is recommended with a cam swap. We used a double-roller chain from Crane. Ford Racing Performance Parts'... Ford Racing Performance Parts' aluminum GT-40X heads are a continuation of the famous small-block GT-40 family. The "Turbo Swirl" design uses 1.94-inch intake, 1.54-inch exhaust valves, slightly larger than the original GT-40 "High Flow" heads, and much larger than the original 289 cast-iron heads. This comparison, GT-40X on... This comparison, GT-40X on the left and original 289 head on the right, shows the differences in valve size and combustion chambers. The larger combustion chamber volume in the aluminum heads will decrease the compression ratio slightly when used with the original pistons. Ford Racing Performance Parts'... Ford Racing Performance Parts' Head Bolt Kit, PN M-6065-C289, must be used with the GT-40 aluminum heads. These 351 Windsor-style bolts have the correct 7/16-inch diameter and washer faces. For clearance with the Crane... For clearance with the Crane aluminum roller rockers, we made good use of the taller "Cobra--Powered by Ford" finned aluminum rocker covers from Tony Branda Performance. These covers feature vintage ´60s appearance, yet their taller height provides plenty of room underneath for the larger roller rocker arms. The Crane aluminum rocker... The Crane aluminum rocker arms are a bolt-on design, unlike the original stud-mounted rockers. Pedestals and bolts are included. Be sure to follow Crane's recommended procedure for setting the proper hydraulic lifter pre-load. Shims can be purchased from Crane for adjusting. Designed for late-model 5.0... Designed for late-model 5.0 engines, the GT-40 aluminum heads come with thermactor tube openings in each end. Of course, these openings are not needed on early engines, plus they are in the same area where early heads mount accessories up front, like the A/C brackets and alternator bolt. Because the openings are only used at the rear on 5.0s, Ford offers thermactor inserts to plug the holes at the front. The inserts, PN F4ZZ-6E086-A for a package of two, are threaded on the outside and inside, so they also double as bolt holes. You'll need two packages, or four inserts total, to plug the holes for early-model usage. Off comes the original cast-iron... Off comes the original cast-iron intake and older replacement Holley. Watch out, the old intake is heavy! We'll store the intake in the garage, just in case we ever want to return the Mustang GT to stock condition. The Weiand Stealth intake... The Weiand Stealth intake and Holley 600 cfm four-barrel combination works great on a street-performance engine. Technically a dual-plane design, which is good for low rpm torque, the Stealth also produces good power at high rpm, more like a single-plane. K&N's E-1570 high-flow air... K&N's E-1570 high-flow air filter, which is about an inch taller than the factory-style Hi-Po paper filter, fits the open-element Hi-Po air cleaner perfectly, and also allows enough clearance for closing the hood. The taller element, open design, and efficient K&N system will provide restriction-free air filtering. The K&N filter is also cleanable and reusable, so we won't have to buy replacement filters in the future. As you can see from this comparison,... As you can see from this comparison, the K-code 289 High Performance exhaust manifolds (bottom) are larger and more streamlined than the original A-code 289 log-style exhaust manifolds (top). Because the Hi-Po exhaust... Because the Hi-Po exhaust manifolds exit in a slightly differently position, matching Hi-Po H-pipes are also required when connecting the exhaust to a factory-style dual exhaust system. The Hi-Po pipes simply bolt in place of the A-code H-pipe. Not only does it run better,... Not only does it run better, our modernized 289 looks better as well. Aluminum is always good for a performance appearance, and we've got plenty of it with the Ford Racing Performance Parts' heads, Weiand intake, and Cobra valve covers. The finned aluminum valve covers and 289 Hi-Po style chrome air cleaner, both from Tony Branda Performance, provide the factory Shelby look. This is why you should always... This is why you should always double-check your parts store orders. When converting the recommended Motorcraft AGSC-32C plug to an in-stock Champion number, the counterman either converted incorrectly or grabbed the wrong plugs, giving us plugs that were too short (left) and creating a hard-to-find misfire. Our Dynojet session at Vinci... Our Dynojet session at Vinci High Performance turned into more of a diagnostic day than a data-gathering test.	117,735
Student loans are now the number one source of debt in the nation, outweighing credit card debt for the first time. Though many struggle to pay back the nationwide $1 trillion owed for higher education, there is very little relief offered. In fact, some would say it’s almost impossible to have student loan debt forgiven. Only 0.1 percent of those who filed for bankruptcy were able to successfully have their student loans discharged. While it’s very difficult, those facing undue hardship can file a petition to have their student loan debt discharged. Instead of a regular bankruptcy filing, people must pass the Brunner test to have their loans written off. The Brunner Test & Student Loans Filing for Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy is not enough to wipe out student loan debt. Instead, you must successfully prove that it would be an undue hardship to you to repay them. To determine whether or not it would be an undue hardship, courts employ what is known as the Brunner test. Only through passing the Brunner test could bankruptcy discharge your student loan debt. There are three criteria that must all be met to pass the Brunner test. They include: - Poverty. To successfully seek a discharge through bankruptcy, you must be able to prove that your current income and expenses make it impossible for you to pay back student loan debt. Remember that there’s a difference between having “difficulties” paying back your loans versus truly living in poverty. - Persistence. In other words, is your current financial state likely to change or will it persist throughout the duration of your student loan repayment period? If it persists or has persisted, you’re most likely to obtain a discharge through bankruptcy. - Good effort and faith. The courts will not discharge student loans just because it’s difficult to pay them back. You must be able to prove that you’ve done all you can to be able to pay them back. Once you’ve exhausted every option and can prove that they are an undue hardship, the court may consider discharging your student loan through bankruptcy.	73,747
AMBER Valley Borough Council’s success at bringing empty homes back into use has been recognised by the Government as it has been awarded almost £900,000 ‘New Homes Bonus’. Between October 2011 and October 2012, 136 empty properties within the borough were made into homes again, compared with a total of 303 for the whole county. The Bonus also rewards the council for securing 70 new affordable homes to help the 2,970 local families on the housing register who are currently living in accommodation that does not meet their needs. Cllr Norman Bull, cabinet member for decent and affordable places to live, said: “The Council’s exceptional achievement of bringing 136 empty homes back into use illustrates its commitment to this task. “The considerable number of additional affordable homes reflects the continuing need for such properties and the constructive partnerships the council has developed with housing providers. The bonus will be used to fund further work within the council’s housing strategy. “The council has a particular track record of bringing empty homes back into use and we continue to work with landlords on a range of initiatives that help people to get their properties back on the market to get much needed homes to those who need them.”	220,318
Kumar, who is on a week-long trip to Pakistan, travelled along with his entourage that included Rajya Sabha MP N K Singh, to Taxila, the UNESCO World heritage site that is a part of the shared history of India and Pakistan. As he visited the site of historic glory, 32 kilometres northwest to Islamabad, he drew in it parallels to Nalanda, the great centre of ancient learning in his own state Bihar. "A visit to Taxila is always overpowering. It is a journey three thousand years old in time, to a place which was a great centre of learning and intellectual pursuits with somewhat parallel of its kind situated at Nalanda in the state of Bihar," Kumar wrote in the visitors' book at Taxila. The city that dates back to the Gandhara period, also houses the ruins of the Gandhara city which was regarded as an important Hindu and Buddhist centre. "Nalanda and Taxila may be separated by geography but they are linked by history as ancient centres of knowledge and it is this bond of knowledge we shall aspire to revive. Anyone coming from Bihar a visit to Taxila will always be emotive and overpowering. I can't be an exception," he wrote. From the historic site, Kumar then drove to the revered Katasraj temples in Punjab province and witnessed first hand the restoration of its centuries old holy pond, that has recently been completed. He expressed hope that the restoration of the ancient shrine will go a long way in strengthening cross-cultural relations between the two countries. The temples at the Katasraj site were built by Hindu kings almost 1000 years ago. The temples and the ancient pond the site houses was restored on the Pakistan government's intervention recently after media reports highlighted that the sacred pond was drying up because of excessive use of groundwater in the region by a cement factory. "More than a thousand year old Katasraj temples and its restoration in recent years is an excellent example of our cultural links and the deep desire to restore that spirit of cultural oneness," he wrote at the visitors' book at the site. On Tuesday night, President Asif Ali Zardari hosted a special Diwali dinner for Kumar and his delegation and pitched for "friendly, cooperative and good neighbourly relations" with India. Welcoming Kumar and his delegation, Zardari extended his greetings for Diwali and said such parliamentary exchanges between the two sides are highly encouraging and will contribute to the deepening of people-to-people contacts. Speaking at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Kumar also shared his experiences of governing Bihar and achieving a much talked about turnaround in the condition of the state. Kumar listed the steps he had taken to control law and order and provide governance at the grassroots level as the two main factors for the turnaround in Bihar. He said he had made it clear that "the guilty would not be spared". "As part of our efforts to control corruption, we even seized huge bungalows that were built by a former bureaucrat and a former senior police official," Kumar, who set aside a prepared text in English and addressed the gathering in Hindi, said, adding that his government passed the Right to Public Services Act as part of measures to ensure good governance. "This has ensured the time-bound delivery of services like the issuing of certificates. Any delay in providing services results in disciplinary action against officials," he said. He also said that courts were set up to conduct speedy trials and the police force was overhauled, and this had led to the conviction of over 74,000 criminals.Image: Nitish Kumar visit's Mohenjodaro in the province of Sindh, Pakistan	161,212
COLUMBIA, S.C. (AP) — Civil rights leaders said Friday that school districts around the Southeast should scrap plans to use the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday to make up for snow days, calling the decision an insult to the civil rights icon’s legacy. The Rev. Jesse Jackson and the Rev. Al Sharpton, among others, said schools in Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina should find other ways to make up days lost after a winter storm coated the region in snow and ice, making roads treacherous. But educators, some facing mandatory furloughs, said they had scant options to make sure students were in classrooms for the number of days required by law. In Rock Hill, S.C., for instance, three school days were canceled just a week after students returned from Christmas break. Some Georgia districts canceled class for an entire week. Ordinarily, administrators would have plucked teacher “work days” — scheduled days for teachers but not students — for make-up days. But in South Carolina — the last state to recognize King Day as a paid holiday for state employees — officials said budget cuts meant many of those work days were already set aside for unpaid furlough days. “There was no intent on anyone’s part to devalue this day in recognition of this American leader,” said Rock Hill schools spokeswoman Elaine Baker, who said her district lost $10 million in funding last year. “We’re just moving ahead and doing the business that we always do, which is educating children.” However, some civil rights leaders said it’s the educators who may need a lesson. The issue was especially sensitive in Georgia — King’s home state and a launching pad for the civil rights movement. On Thursday, NAACP leaders there called on two rural counties to cancel classes planned on the federal holiday. District superintendents said they had to make up for nine school days missed this year because of winter weather, but some called the decision an insult to King’s legacy. King was assassinated in 1968. The holiday was established in 1986. “For that day, so many have died. For that day, so many have marched. So many have been martyred,” Jackson told The Associated Press. Explaining their decision to hold school Monday, Charlotte-Mecklenburg school officials in North Carolina said teachers had been encouraged to include information on King in the day’s lesson plans. The head of that state’s NAACP chapter said that’s not enough. “This is a holiday of someone who was violently assassinated for standing up for love and truth and justice,” said the Rev. William Barber, who said parents should consider keeping their children out of school Monday to discuss King’s legacy at home or church. “I think there are some things you should defy. Dr. King defied rules, when those rules didn’t make sense.” That notion of defiance was echoed by Sharpton, who called the schools’ decision “a national outrage” and also said parents should consider keeping their children home. “It is frightening that educators have no regard for what those days mean and why they were chosen,” Sharpton said. Educators in other parts of the country said they faced little blowback for holding class on King Day. James Haley, superintendent of a school district in Warsaw, Mo., said adding days to the end of the school year often bumped into summer school time, while Saturday sessions often proved unproductive. “I had elementary classrooms without a single student in them” on Saturdays, Haley said. Not all civil rights leaders were insulted, either. Georgia state Rep. Tyrone Brooks, who is president of the Georgia Association of Black Elected Officials, said he didn’t mind as long as students understood King’s ideals. “They should be committed to doing the work of Dr. King every day as long as they live,” he said, “because they can make Dr. King’s dream a reality instead of a nightmare.” Associated Press Writer Greg Bluestein in Atlanta contributed to this report. Copyright 2011 The Associated Press.	192,658
\| December 5, 2001 For Immediate Release Maryland Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement (MESA) Program Wins $10,000 Presidential Award Maryland MESA will be honored by President Bush this month when it will be presented a $10,000 Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring. The MESA (Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement) Program, sponsored by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Md., will receive the award for providing greater technology career opportunities to a wider range of people through its education and mentoring efforts. The award, administered on behalf of the White House by the National Science Foundation (NSF), identifies outstanding mentoring efforts and programs designed to enhance the participation of groups (women, minorities and persons with disabilities) that are underrepresented in science, mathematics and engineering. The award recognizes MESA's high level of assistance and encouragement to students says Marilyn J. Suiter, program director of NSF's Education and Human Resources. The award will be presented Dec. 12 in a ceremony in Washington, D.C., that also honors 10 individuals and 10 institutions that have been leaders in encouraging students to pursue careers in scientific, engineering and technical fields. Modeled after a California program, Maryland MESA was founded in 1976 by APL with two schools in Baltimore City. Now in its 25th year of continuous operation, the program has expanded to 155 elementary, middle and high schools statewide. It is designed to motivate students, especially ethnic minorities and females, and enhance their math, science and engineering skills. Nationwide, MESA is helping 36,000 students in eight states. "I'm elated that Maryland MESA won this award," says Maryland MESA Director Robert H. Willis of APL. "The funds will be used to expand our precollege programs and mentor more students throughout Maryland. These programs encourage young people to take challenging courses and provide real-life field experiences that expand the students' potential. During the past 25 years, we have worked with hundreds of students from elementary school through high school graduation. In the 1999-2000 school year, 92 percent of MESA seniors were accepted into colleges and universities, and 78 percent of them are majoring in engineering, mathematics or science." MESA is one of the many ways that APL fulfills the Hopkins vision of leadership in education, says APL Director Richard T. Roca. "This award reflects APL's commitment to education by supporting, enriching and challenging young people in the mathematics, science and engineering fields. Mentorship provides opportunities for diverse individuals and groups to prosper in ways that move the nation ahead, and the Lab is proud to be part of such a worthy effort." Maryland MESA is supported by a partnership of Maryland school systems, local colleges and universities, business and industry, government agencies, community organizations, parents and alumni. For more information visit http://www.jhuapl.edu/mesa/content.htm. The Applied Physics Laboratory, a division of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology. For information, visit www.jhuapl.edu.	5,244
America decided over 200 years ago to free herself from the shackles of European colonialism and become master of her own fate. Even with all sorts of problems, the United States has become a haven for freedom, innovation and opportunity; yet she remains enslaved to a different outdated monarchy. Why is it that America has the most expensive Health Care System in the world and yet when graded for results year after year she ranks LAST among all industrialized nations in overall health? Why is it that healthcare costs now consume an ever-growing percentage of total economic expenditure and is said to be the greatest threat facing the U.S. economy. The threat of terrorism represents a real danger; however, statistically speaking the odds are slim it will cost you your life. In fact, according to statistics the odds are far greater that medical errors (the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S.) will kill you before a terrorist attack does. Likewise, statistics have shown that more people die yearly from taking aspirin and ibuprofen properly than die from AIDS in America. There is much talk and money invested in AIDS awareness and treatment (and rightly so) and yet why isn’t there a simple campaign to save the lives of the greater number of loved ones who die from this no less tragic cause of taking over the counter medications? Could the answer be that the money is not being wisely invested? Could it be that we are searching for answers to our health problems in the wrong places? Could it be that we are entrenched in a stifling mindset that we are afraid to speak out against? Could it be that we are afraid to take responsibility for our lives and our health and to live as a free people? The opening statement that America continues to be enslaved by a European Monarch is derived from the fact that American health care is rooted in European discoveries. In France, Louis Pasteur discovered the germ theory and a Scottish born physician, Alexander Fleming, discovered penicillin. The germ theory and antibiotics should be applauded as tremendous breakthroughs and have unquestionably saved innumerable lives from the scourge of infection. However, do you think that is all there is to health? Antibiotics saved lives but did it promote health? Do you see that perhaps scientists became enamored with their science and forgot the purpose of their mission? The overutilization of antibiotics and the “pill for a problem” mentality have pushed us to the brink of Orwellian destruction by antibiotic resistant bacteria that threaten human existence. These superbugs were created in response to the irresponsible use of wonderdrugs. Let me be clear, I believe in cleaning wounds and sterile operating rooms as advocated by Dr. Joseph Lister (of Listerine fame) but what works in extreme cases may not be appropriate in promoting health on a day-to-day basis. You coddle a body too much and it weakens and atrophies. Drugs don’t strengthen a person; they weaken him by doing the work for the person when they are taken unnecessarily. Except in cases of a weakened immune system perhaps the germ is not the problem. Modern research is working on drugs that get the body’s immune system to destroy cancer cells and repair other bodily tissues because the direct drug approach has failed miserably. I see this as a step in the right direction because the body can cure what it has created. It is the body and mind that cure…not drugs unless they work with these two. The question remains, “Why do we support this drug-based system when, according to health standings compared with other countries, it is failing?” Is it because we are afraid to question? What would you do if your favorite sports team had the highest payroll year after year and yet it came in last every season? Would you think they should keep following the same plan? Do you think that spending more on the same players, coaches and manager would solve the problem? No you wouldn’t would you? A dedicated, intelligent fan would say we need a fresh, new approach. We need new players with a hunger for success with a burning desire to win. The beauty of this example as it applies to healthcare is that when this new team wins…we all WIN! What can The United States best do to foster its dictum of promoting life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness? The most obvious answer is to first provide the best healthcare system possible! How do we convert our current sickcare system into a healthcare system? Common sense dictates that the things help us to stay healthy will also improve health when it falters – rest, exercise, wholesome foods, clean water, fresh air, sunshine, an optimistic attitude, laughter, love, spiritual convictions, honest hard work and consistent healthcare treatments with experts that work with the body not instead of it. Where should you look for these healthcare experts? We should, as always, start in the acre of diamonds at our feet; in the USA. The healing systems of chiropractic and applied kinesiology are two disciplines born in America. In Davenport Iowa, Daniel David Palmer delivered the first modern chiropractic adjustment in 1895 (I say modern because Hippocrates said over 2000 years ago to “look to the spine for disease.”) when he realigned a spinal segment and restored hearing to his janitor. In Detroit Michigan Dr. George Goodheart performed the first applied kinesiology technique in 1964 and healed the chronic shoulder pain of the man who delivered water bottles to his office. It looks like another American Revolution is needed – a wellness revolution some have called it. America has the resources to make people healthier than ever. She needs to stop investing a penny to tell people to exercise while spending a dollar to convince people they need to be on some sort of drug. The addiction to drugs is rising and why not. The average American is bombarded to a nonstop cascade of drug commercials, advertisements and billboards. Sadly, if people are getting addicted to legal drugs it may be unethical but it’s not a crime. In fact, to those promoting drugs it’s good business. To this cartel the only shame is when someone dies; the shame not being loss of life…the shame being a loss of revenue. Remember, the drug never proposes to cure anything, just keep a person limping along until he finishes his life of quiet desperation hopefully with one last prescription filled. Are drugs needed some times? Yes, but not to the sickening degree it is currently. America is called the land of opportunity and paradoxically her chance for the greatest opportunity to her children; namely, that of supreme health lies within her own borders. I feel that if The United States Health Care System adopted a more holistic approach and utilized the home grown healing disciplines of chiropractic and applied kinesiology instead of the European model of emergency medicine that it is currently based on, America would climb from the cellar of being the sickest country in the industrialized world and rise up to first place and be the healthiest country within 3-5 years of adopting this approach of focusing more on healing and less on medicine. Dr. Eugene Charles July 4, 2016	229,651
May 9, 2006 in Events On Friday, June 23rd, De Montfort University will host a free “Open Workshop on Creative Writing and New Media”, featuring presentations by Randy Adams, editor and visual consultant for “trAces: A Commemoration of Ten Years of Artistic Innovation at trAce”; and Sue Thomas, De Montfort University professor of New Media, on the future of digital writing in a changing media environment. Workshops throughout the day will include: –Jess Laccetti, DMU researcher in new media texts: “Encounters with Web Fiction” –Helen Whitehead, Kids on the Net: “The Digital Playground: Writing with and for Children” –Keith Jebb, University of Luton lecturer in Creative Writing: “Wikis and the Workshop” –Kate Pullinger, print and new media author, and DMU research fellow: “Writing New Media Fiction” To register, visit DMU’s Narrative Lab and enter your email address in the right-hand column. Attendance is free but space is limited.	292,679
A military search-and-rescue technician who helped save a 17-year-old boy stranded on an ice floe in the frigid waters of Hudson Bay, near the Nunavut community of Coral Harbour, says he'll never forget the dramatic experience. "It [the rescue] was very rewarding and very challenging — the best one yet," Sgt. Randy McOrmond, based at CFB Winnipeg told CBC News in an interview Tuesday. "It went very smoothly … to my relief. There were lots of challenges we had to overcome, of course." The teen and his uncle, Inuit elder Jimmy Nakoolak, had been out on a weekend hunting trip when their snowmobile broke down on the way back to Coral Harbour, a community located on the southern coast of Southampton Island. After Nakoolak departed on foot to get help, the ice cracked and the boy was stranded on an ice pan about 50 metres by 50 metres in size for about three days. Nakoolak was found on Sunday. Jumped over ice chunks McOrmond, along with another military search-and-rescue technician reached the stranded youth on Monday morning after searchers aboard a Hercules aircraft spotted him dozens of kilometres away from the community. They parachuted onto a nearby ice chunk, and then spent about 10 minutes negotiating the freezing Arctic waters to reach the boy. "We jumped over a few [floes]. We actually did end up falling into the water on a couple of occasions," McOrmond said, adding that they were wearing dry suits. When they reached the boy, he was frostbitten and hypothermic, but coherent, McOrmond said. "He couldn't move. He had been on the ice wet for 45 hours. He was in rough shape." Local rescuers stuck in boat Four local rescuers then came on the scene, manoeuvred their boat through the ice and safely transported the boy and two military rescuers to shore. But sometime later Monday, the boat got stuck while the men were trying to return to Coral Harbour. They were stuck about five kilometres offshore, 40 kilometres from the community. "That vessel attempted to make its way back to the community in Coral Harbour. Unfortunately it has become stuck in the ice and it's unable to move," Capt. Mike Young of the Canadian Rescue Coordination Centre in Trenton, Ont., told CBC News. On Tuesday, six additional men from Coral Harbour drove along the coastline on all-terrain vehicles, then walked for five to six kilometres on the ice pans to reach the lodged boat. After a short rest and some discussions, all 10 men pulled the boat off the ice and hauled it back to shore — not an easy task at this time of year, since the ice pans are constantly shifting. Never in immediate danger "They were able to drag that vessel and kind of run it through the open water that was between them and managed that back to land, basically walking and dragging the vessel mostly," Young said. The Joint Rescue Co-ordination Centre — which groups the military, coast guard and other federal agencies for search and rescue missions — only learned Tuesday morning that the men did not make it back to Coral Harbour on Monday night as anticipated. But Young said the men were never in any immediate danger, as they were wearing warm clothes and carrying emergency supplies such as heating sources. Meanwhile, the rescued pair were in stable condition and being treated for hypothermia in Churchill, Man., on Tuesday. Nunavut RCMP spokesman Jimmy Akavak told CBC News that both the boy and his uncle were flown to a hospital in Churchill for treatment and observation. "Both are said to be stable, but the young man was very, very much hypothermic so they're taking precautions on how they treat him and how they handle him," Akavak said. "So hopefully he'll do better." Akavak said while the teen was stranded on the ice floe, he was forced to shoot a polar bear that came within 150 metres of him. Both police and conservation officers in Coral Harbour have confirmed that the polar bear was killed in self-defence. Military personnel praised More than 40 search and rescue volunteers from Coral Harbour, a hamlet of about 800 people, worked with RCMP and military crews in the three-day search. In an interview Tuesday with CBC News, Chief of the Defence Staff Gen. Walt Natynczyk praised the military personnel who took part in the rescue effort. "It's what happens each and every day. Unless it's on the front page of The Globe and Mail, people don't recognize the courage, the professionalism, that our men and women do every day," Natynczyk said. "I'm really proud of our men and women. But I'm also proud of their families, because those families at home had no idea that their loved ones were going to launch off to the Arctic, or what they would do, or the risks they would face." Two Hercules aircraft, a Twin Otter plane and a helicopter were brought in to assist. Nunavut RCMP reminded Nunavummiut to be careful with difficult winter conditions at this time of year, and to carry survival supplies and radio equipment when they go out on to the land.	287,101
Grow Dill as a Garden Weed Fresh chopped dill is hard to beat in stewed tomatoes, mashed potatoes, cucumber salad, steamed carrots or your favorite vegetable or chip dip. Dill has a unique flavor and aroma. But it’s difficult to incorporate in the herb garden because it grows tall and spindly and does not produce much for the space it occupies. So I grow it as a garden weed. Have Your Soil Tested Horticulture is a science, not a guessing game. I recently lectured to a large group interested in gardening. Many complained about problems in their gardens last year. When asked if they had had their soil tested, not one person in the audience had done so. This time of year, about the same time I sow my seeds for cabbage and cauliflower, I start about a dozen dill plants in my greenhouse. As soon as the soil can be prepared — and that’s anytime this early season — I transplant the dill plants amongst my cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi, lettuce and spinach plants. The towering dill plants do not shade out the other plants. As dill is a long-day plant — meaning it flowers and sets seeds during the long days of summer — my plants produce an abundance of mature seeds by early July. As soon as the seeds turn brown and begin to fall to the ground, I gather all the seed heads and scatter the seeds throughout the garden. Many of those seeds will germinate and produce plants this fall. The seeds that germinate between the rows of vegetables are cultivated out. Those seeds that germinate in the rows of vegetables are allowed to grow. The plants that grow in the fall will not produce any flowers because daylight hours gradually become too short. These dill plants that grow as weeds in your garden will have an abundance of feathery aromatic foliage. As not all of the seeds germinate in late summer, some will germinate next spring. It generally takes a couple of years to establish a natural dill-recycling program. You must scatter the seeds from the mature seed heads every year to get a uniform distribution of dill weed seeds throughout the garden.	305,674
s part of the Switched on Schools project, St. Colmcille's High School is now more energy efficient having installed solar photovoltaic panels. Report from Switched in Schools St Colmcille's High School in Crossgar will be ordering its energy sunny side up from now on! The environmentally aware school is celebrating the completion of its latest energy project, having installed solar photovoltaic panels (PV) on the south facing roof at the front of the school. The 5kWp system, which was funded by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD) through the Northern Ireland Project for Building Sustainable Prosperity (BSP), Northern Ireland Electricity's Smart Programme and the South Eastern Education and Library Board, will produce around 4000 units of electricity each year, a saving of up to £400 on the school's energy bills. Gwyneth Scott, NIE Energy, says there is great potential for solar power in Northern Ireland and is delighted St Colmcille's High School has switched onto solar. While visiting the school this week to see the new solar technology, Gwyneth said, "Renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies have the potential to substantially reduce the amounts of carbon dioxide (C02) emitted, helping to prevent climate change. "This 5kWp system will substantially reduce the carbon dioxide emitted into the local environment by around 2.5 tonnes. In recent years schools have become enthusiastic adopters of renewable energy, demonstrating a range of sustainable energy solutions such as solar, wind, biomass and geothermal. We look forward to continuing our work with the Education Boards to promote renewable energy alternatives in schools throughout Northern Ireland." Vince McKevitt, head of DARD's BSP programme said: "This is a truly innvovative project which places renewable energy at the heart of rural schools. It is important for children to be aware of the need to save electricity and the damaging effect energy consumption has on the environment. School children will see the actual workings of renewable energy whilst learning about the bigger issues such as climate change. Everyone has a role to play on saving energy and even little changes made by children can make a big difference to global issues. Educating children to be aware of environmental issues will not only benefit the rural community, but also the world around them." The school has also installed two environmentally friendly street lights, 'Green Columns'. The Green Columns, which are situated at the edge of the car park, use wind and solar power to energise the light. There is no waste as the light is automatically switched on and off by built-in sensors and energy generated is maximised by the use of low energy, compact fluorescent tube. Principal Mrs Coyne says this is an ideal opportunity not only to save on energy costs but also to educate the pupils about their ongoing responsibilities to the environment. "At St Colmcille's High School safeguarding the future of our pupils is paramount, and replacing energy generated by fossil fuels with solar power makes very good sense. We are always looking for new ways to care for the local environment and the installation of PV at the school is a constant reminder to the pupils, teachers and parents that we can all play a part in protecting our future." Billy Mills, Energy and Environmental Officer for the South Eastern Education and Library Board says the Board is committed to reducing C02 emissions and has been introducing renewable energy technologies where possible in properties throughout the area. "With the valuable support this year from DARD and NIE, we have installed solar panels and Green Columns at five schools in the Western area. The Board is doing something positive for the environment by substituting the burning of fossil fuels with solar power to provide electricity. The schools benefit environmentally through a reduction in C02 emissions and they will also see savings on annual energy costs." To find out more about the Switched on Schools Project, visit their website:	120,309
A serious game is a game with a serious purpose. It should still mean that it is fun to play. In terms of game design, it follows the same design processes as games for entertainment purposes and in our work, it also draws from instructional design methods to ensure it delivers the outcome it is created for. A serious game can be digital or physical in nature. What do people use serious games for? - to raise awareness - to give players an experience of reality or a part thereof that will help them in work - to explain complex scenarios in a visual and engaging manner - to have a common base and playing ground - to encourage collaboration and social interaction We have seen games work in training, in recruitment, during on-boarding of new employees or even clients, at events, in corporate sustainability efforts, climate behaviour awareness, etc. and also on websites to encourage the exploration of information or as part of campaigns for lead generation or brand awareness. We have created digital and non-digital games for our customers. Our own gamification card deck is one example, which we created to solve the problem of explaining the abstract concept of game design and game mechanics to people who don’t necessarily have the same inside knowledge as us. Some of our customers don’t even play games regularly themselves, but have found the request and need from the business to come up with a game. Benefits of Games Board games are by their very design, social in nature. If you want to get people talking and sharing around a specific topic both card and board games provide the means to do this. Imagine this a group of people who have “nothing” in common and yet when they come to our workshops, they can create a game or gamified solution thanks to our gamification card deck. Or one of our clients used a board game at an event, as a result 80% of people reported increased confidence in talking about the topic of the game and they also remembered more scenarios than they ever did, even after classroom and online learning. Digital games are all around us and can create an instant connection between a customer and a brand or a learner and some content. They can serve as mere entertainment, brainteasers, awareness raisers or reinforcers of knowledge or policies. We often find that when a game is well designed that people will play it even when they are not at work, just to see if they can improve their original score or skills. Lead generation games Through some of our partners, we have managed to secure a series of Html5 games that can be used as lead generation games to build up your list and engage with your customers and potential customers in a fun way. The games can be re-skinned to suit your brand. We add in your logo, your colours and a sign-up form which can be linked to your existing customer relationship management tools or if you don’t have one we will send you excel files of sign-ups. The games are short in playtime (5 minutes or less) and easy enough for not so game savvy customers. They are themed around seasons, seasonal events, sports, locations etc. Talk to us about the game you are after, give us an idea of your target audience and we will either create a lead generation game from scratch or recommend some of the existing selection. Fill out the form below and mention lead generation game. We will get in contact about your game growing your list. The game plan From the start of 2020, we will be offering a subscription service for bespoke html5 mini-games. Basically we create a serious game for you every quarter to keep your campaigns fresh or simply add to your existing engagement with clients or employees. The service will give you a fully designed mini-game that can be deployed on your website or anywhere else where you can embed Html5 content. The game plan requires a minimum 12-month commitment and can be paid in advance or in monthly installments. We effectively license the games we create to you for unlimited use on your sites. Fill out the form below to book a call with us to discuss your main objectives for the year and we will be able to give you options and let you know if this subscription is the best way forward. Some samples of our work Hacksagon! – collaborative boardgame A cybersecurity boardgame designed for CHUBB to share the impact cyber incidents can have on a business. Save the planet! – digital game An online game created for children to learn about CO2 emissions from cars, used to kickstart a discussion around the impact on nature, cities and our life in general. Part of a climate awareness program. Business outcomes and scope of projects - Understand business objectives - Scope of project - Key Performance Indicators Understanding your target audience - User research (surveys, focus groups, analytics) - Motivational drivers - Experience mapping - Collaborative and iterative design process (workshops, journey building) - High level concept - Detailed gamification design - Wireframe and prototype - Ongoing monitoring - Feedback to keep engagement high WOULD YOU LIKE A GAME DESIGNED? For our game design process to kickstart, we need you to fill out a detailed questionnaire to get an idea of expectations. when this is completed, we can do our research and schedule a call with solid answers or follow-up with further questions.	42,252
\| Resource on the Catholic Church The Catholic Church as Prophetic Institution © Dr. Marcellino D'Ambrosio Cold, impersonal, static, reactionary, oppressive–these are the impressions that the word ‘institution’ often gives, especially when applied to the Church. Countless multitudes declare that they believe in God but despise “organized religion.” Faith, they say, is about personal relationship, not institutions. Let’s use an analogy to examine this idea. Marriage is undoubtedly about personal relationship. First bride and bridegroom. Then often parent-child. But it is also called “the institution of marriage.” Why? Because these wonderful relationships, to survive and grow, need to be supported by very unromantic realities like dwellings, food, clothing, transportation, and education. This require jobs, businesses, mortgages, laws, municipal, governments, etc. So marriage officially has legal and economic status and is therefore an “institution.” When people refer to the Church as “institution,” they often think papacy, Roman curia, and the Bishops’ Conference. But really, the Church as institution means much more than pastoral government. It covers all those activities and possessions that support a living relationship with God and one another--universities, parishes, hospitals, all the property on a balance sheet, all the employees on the payroll, and all the catechetical programs and liturgical events in the parish bulletin. In the best of all possible worlds, institutions would humbly support relationships. But thanks to original sin, there a tendency not only for individuals to go awry, but institutions as well. Institutions at their worst can turn into impersonal bureaucracies that choke out life, resist change, and dehumanize people. Short of this, they often perpetuate themselves without noticing that the relationships they are meant to support are in trouble. This can happen in marriages as well as in chanceries. When the kings of Israel began to drift from their vocation as shepherds and saviors of their people, God raised up prophets to rebuke the kings and comfort the people. Prophet means spokesperson, someone who delivers God’s latest message to people here and now, based on their precise need. General George Patton once said that all people need a pat on the back from time to time–sometimes high, and sometimes low. So a prophet sometimes rebukes and other times consoles. But in all cases, the prophetic word is a word of life, designed by God to divert people from the road to death and to direct them along the path that leads to a deeper, more abundant life (Jn 10:10). So the institutional and prophetic dimensions of the church have the same goal–personal and communal life flowing from an intimate relationship with God. They are not opposed, but are meant to exist in dynamic tension. There are plenty of examples in Scripture and Church history of how they can dove-tail: Pope John XXIII, prompted by the Holy Spirit, calling the prophetic Second Vatican Council (much to the chagrin of his cardinals), the prophetic Franciscan movement of the 13th century flourishing under the protection of Popes and bishops, the liturgical and catechetical programs of the church bringing millions into regular contact with God’s prophetic word and Spirit. But of course, there are also plenty of examples of institution and prophecy not working so well together–the Lord Jesus’ trial before the Sanhedrin and St. Joan of Arc’s condemnation by prelates to name just two. To work towards the perfect balance in the relationship between institution and prophecy is holy; to expect perfect balance in this life is naive. But perfection is coming. Marriage is a prophetic institution–it points beyond itself to the unbreakable, eternal bond between Christ and His Church. The visible, hierarchical Church too is a prophetic institution–as the sacrament of universal salvation, it points beyond itself to the vast multitude before the throne of the Lamb from every tribe, tongue, people, and nation (Rev. 7:9). When God is all in all, we’ll need neither institution nor prophecy. But in the meantime, we need them both, and we need them working in tandem to the greatest degree possible. Click here to download and print Catholic Church as Prophetic Institution! For more Catholic resources to feed your faith, visit the Crossroads Initiative To sign up for our free weekly e-mail with Dr. D'Ambrosio's commentary on the Sunday readings, liturgical feasts, updates on where Dr. D will be speaking, a chance to WIN a FREE CD and MORE, CLICK HERE! This article was orginally published in Our Sunday Visitor and is reprinted here with permission. For other articles by Dr. Marcellino D'Ambrosio please visit the Article Page and read his archived articles. Also be sure to visit the Library Page to read writings from the Early Church Fathers and others. "I Believe" - The Heart of Catholic Faith by: Marcellino D'Ambrosio, Ph.D. When people ask you to explain your faith, where do you start? In this dynamic, four-part series, Dr. D'Ambrosio explains how the very heart of the Christian faith is all about intimate, personal relationships. It's about a community of love between three divine persons, and the powerful, loving way that each of those Divine Persons breaks into our world to transform our lives. This series explains how faith is not irrational but the most reasonable response possible to God's amazing deeds. "I Believe" follows the outline of the Nicene Creed, but don't be mistaken--it is far from a stodgy or academic presentation of tenets and beliefs! Full of enlightening metaphors and colorful anecdotes, "I Believe" leads its audience not only to clearer understanding of the faith, but a deeper love relationship with God the Father, Son, and Spirit. "I Believe," available in either audio or video format, is perfect either for teens or adults, for individual study, or use by RCIA/Adult Faith sharing groups. I Believe - DVD - $49.95 I Believe - CD - $19.95 I Believe - Workbook - $6.95	81,717
[Haskell-cafe] Change value of a variable keithshep at gmail.com Sun Jun 7 14:46:30 EDT 2009 I guess the short answer is that it is not possible. 'x' is immutable and if you want a different value than 'x' that expression has to be given a different name like: But I'm not sure if that helps you. Haskell does things very differently than the imperative languages and forces you to think differently about how to solve problems. When I started learning haskell I found that I had to think more about composing/decomposing expressions and less about sequencing actions and side effects like you do in most of the more popular languages (I really have come to prefer the Haskell way). I think we may be able to give a more helpful answer if give a more high level algorithm/use case... why do you want to change the value of x On Sun, Jun 7, 2009 at 1:41 PM, ptrash<ptrash at web.de> wrote: > Hi, how can I change the value of a variable. > let x = 1 > x = x + 2 > First I set the value of x to 1. Then I want to increase it by 2. This way > doesn't work, because I think it is a infinite expression. > Is there a way to change the value? > View this message in context: http://www.nabble.com/Change-value-of-a-variable-tp23913404p23913404.html > Sent from the Haskell - Haskell-Cafe mailing list archive at Nabble.com. > Haskell-Cafe mailing list > Haskell-Cafe at haskell.org More information about the Haskell-Cafe	172,998
Global sauna village under construction STOCKHOLM, Sweden -- Sauna aficionados are building a global sauna village and museum on the bank of Torne River along the northern Swedish-Finnish border. The area, just below the Polar Circle, boasts one of the Nordic region's strongest traditions of sauna bathing. The site is envisioned as a "living" sauna museum and has opened for visitors and guided tours. Ten saunas -- including a public sauna seating 54 bathers -- of the total of 40 planned saunas, steam baths and tub baths, are already complete. The village will also feature a replica of a sweat lodge used by the Mayan Indians thousands of years ago, but will use reindeer skin instead of buck or deer. Svante Spolander, a local tourist official heading the project, which began in 1999, says sauna bathing is in "every sense a global culture" and that his museum "will let visitors travel through time to different places around the world." Apart from different types of saunas or steam baths, dating back to different periods and different regions, the site will also house a library with books, pictures and art related to sauna bathing history. Those less enamored with the steamy indulgence can check out a nearby fishing museum and Europe's longest free-falling rapids, the 2-mile-long Kukkolaforsen waterway. Visitors there can try catching whitefish with 17th-century fishing equipment. Accommodations range from cabins to camp tents. The town of Haparanda, about 9 miles from Kukkolaforsen, has several hotels. Local treats -- such as a dish made from coffee, milk and cheese that is eaten with a spoon; whitefish in herb sauce, or salmon from the river, grilled over a wood fire -- make for an unforgettable after-sauna experience. For information about the Sauna Museum and the Kukkolaforsen area, go to www.kukkolaforsen.se Central High 50th anniversary events LITTLE ROCK, Ark. -- A new visitors center will be ready for the 50th anniversary of the desegregation battle at Central High School in Little Rock. Central High was the nation's first major battleground for school desegregation after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that black children were entitled to the same education as whites. For three weeks in September 1957, Gov. Orval E. Faubus blocked nine black students from enrolling at all-white Central High, forcing a historic confrontation between state and federal authorities over integration. The Arkansas National Guard was called in to keep the so-called "Little Rock Nine" out. In response, President Eisenhower called in federal troops and the 101st Airborne Division escorted the black students into the school. Central High remains one of Arkansas' largest high schools, with more than 2,000 students, but today it is diverse, with large numbers of both black and white students. A small visitors center nearby, operated by the National Parks Service, tells the story of the fight to integrate the school. But the new center -- which is under construction and scheduled to open in the spring of 2007 -- will have more exhibits and information about the landmark civil rights case. Other commemorative events are planned for September 2007. For more information, go to www.nps.gov/chsc/ and click on "Central High School 50th Anniversary." Little Rock has become an increasingly popular tourist destination following the 2004 opening of the Clinton Presidential Center. Another new attraction under construction is a nature center on the banks of the Arkansas River in downtown Little Rock, not far from the Clinton Center, the Historic Arkansas Museum and the Museum of Discovery. All are in the River Market District area, a one-time industrial zone that has been redeveloped into a retail zone with a farmers market, restaurants, shops and art galleries. This summer, the River Market District is celebrating its 10-year anniversary with 10 weeks of special events, which will run through August 19 -- Clintons 60th birthday. Officials broke ground for the nature center on June 21.	102,924
- Filed Under Unquestionably, health insurance reform was overdue - but ObamaCare was not conceived through decades of prior research but in a great rush to take full advantage of a Democratic Congress and President. This was expediency, stupidity, and hypocrisy of the nth degree since the legislative and executive branch were to be exempted from this legislation. True, the EU offers universal health insurance and European countries are in persistent economic difficulties. Obamacare was an ill-disguised effort for an eventual "single-payer system," certain to provide health care with the efficiency of the U.S. Postal Service and the compassion of the Internal Revenue Service. The fundamental flaw of socialism is that well-intended programs aren't actuarially sustainable: Medicare's solid to 2024, Social Security to 2033. To fund growing social programs requires an increasingly well-educated, productive work force and a growing GDP. None of these factors are present at this time.	89,651
What is so bad about natural flavors? Natural flavors. They are natural…so it’s ok right? I only eat natural flavors in organic food, not junk food. But maybe it should be labeled organic junk food. I always thought this might be a bad idea, but it’s gluten free, organic and non-GMO project verified. How could it be bad? Here come natural flavors, they sneak in there. In my favorite snacks; my organic, healthy snacks. Well, I now see you for what you are and I’m coming after you, natural flavors! So, I decided to stop being blind to natural flavors and give up ALL natural flavors for a week. It has been really difficult! I already avoid hidden MSG and artificial flavors. Some examples of hidden MSG include yeast extract, soy protein isolate, anything “hydrolyzed” and monosodium glutamate. Check out the long list here. Every once in a while, yeast extract makes its way into my cupboard but I try really hard to avoid it. Argh, our favorite gluten-free pretzels from Aldi contain yeast extract (but I still buy them b/c we love them! This might change now that I am informed). Do we love them because our brain is being tricked into loving them by nasty chemicals? Chemicals can and will trick our brains. I recently read the book “The Dorito Effect” by Mark Schatzker. (Actually, I listened to the book on tape J) I have also read many articles by Food Babe on the dangers of natural flavors. Lately, I have been craving snack foods and I think this is why! What does the FDA say about natural flavors? (3) The term natural flavor or natural flavoring means the essential oil, oleoresin, essence or extractive, protein hydrolysate, distillate, or any product of roasting, heating or enzymolysis, which contains the flavoring constituents derived from a spice, fruit or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, edible yeast, herb, bark, bud, root, leaf or similar plant material, meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof, whose significant function in food is flavoring rather than nutritional. Natural flavors, include the natural essence or extractives obtained from plants listed in subpart A of part 582 of this chapter, and the substances listed in 172.510 of this chapter. What?? What does this mean? This does not sound natural and the FDA has issues deciding what natural means anyways. Read below if you want a more specific explanation, which I think makes it even scarier- they can do *almost whatever they want and claim it natural! The definition of “natural claims” in the FSIS’s Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book, in relevant part, states that the term “natural” may be used on labeling for meat products and poultry products if the applicant for such labeling demonstrates that: (1) The product does not contain any artificial flavor or flavoring, coloring ingredient, chemical preservative (as defined in § 101.22), or any other artificial or synthetic ingredient and (2) the product and its ingredients are not more than minimally processed. The FSIS Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book further explains that minimal processing may include traditional processes used to make food edible or to preserve it or to make it safe for human consumption, e.g., smoking, roasting, freezing, drying, and fermenting or physical processes which do not fundamentally alter the raw product and/or which only separate a whole, intact food into component parts, e.g., grinding meat, separating eggs into albumen and yolk, and pressing fruits to produce juices. The FSIS Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book also states that relatively severe processes, such as solvent extraction, acid hydrolysis, and chemical bleaching, would be considered more than minimal processing, so the use of a natural flavor or flavoring in compliance with § 101.22 that has undergone more than minimal processing would place a product in which it is used outside the scope of the FSIS guidelines. However, the FSIS Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book states that the presence of an ingredient that has been more than minimally processed would not necessarily preclude the product from being promoted as natural, and that exceptions may be granted on a case-by-case basis if it can be demonstrated that the use of such an ingredient would not significantly change the character of the product to the point that it could no longer be considered a natural product. In such cases, the natural claim is to be qualified to clearly and conspicuously identify the ingredient, e.g., “all natural or all natural ingredients except dextrose, modified food starch, etc.” I recently stumbled upon the website for GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the FDA. If you have some free time explore all these products. There is a site for food additives and one for animal food feeds. This was disturbing to read. Let’s look at a few of the food additives and remember these are going into your food and YOUR BODY. Even worse your children’s bodies. I included the animal food feeds because if you eat meat those products are going into the meat, chicken, fish you consume. For use as an ingredient in active nutrition and nutritionally complete bars, granola bars, enhanced fortified water beverages, sports nutrition gels, fortified flavored milk beverages (excluding milkshakes), enhanced or fortified fruit-flavored beverages, and gummies at use levels of up to 5.0%. According to Webster dictionary hydrolysis is : a chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water. This process is achieved by prolonged boiling in a strong acid (ex. hydrochloric acid) and using an enzyme to simulate the hydrolytic process. These hydrolyzed proteins are commonly used as a flavor enhancer and may contain high levels of glutamate. Natamycin: Check out the package of shredded cheese you have in your fridge. Go ahead, look really quick. Yep, it’s in there. When I ate dairy, I would buy blocks of cheese and shred my own so I wouldn’t get this in my GI tract. So, this is why we need to read labels and start asking why is this stuff (crap, chemicals, etc.) in our food?! Just because something says USDA organic doesn’t mean it is the best food available. Always go for fresh organic food before packaged food. Next time you reach for a snack, a protein bar or go to the store for a grocery trip- read the label. It doesn’t take a long time and the more you read labels the more comfortable you will be to make healthy choices. Let me know what you find!	309,172
In the world of dessert I've explored some global classics: richly layered Napoleans, ultra smooth flan dripping with liquid caramel, flaky apple-filled strudel, light-as-air Pavlova. These desserts define a country or region; they have survived the centuries without waning in popularity. And then we have desserts like lava cake and tiramisu that have made relatively recent appearances on the dessert cart and attracted a band of followers. Since Monday is Columbus Day, a day when we recognize the Italian explorer's voyage to the land we call home, let's take a closer at tiramisu. Pretty young thing The first recipe for Napoleans dates back to 1651. Flan is said to have been around since ancient Roman times. Culinary historians trace the first plate of tiramisu to the early 1970s. Depending on the lore you choose to believe, tiramisu, which translates to "pick/carry me up," refers either to the caffeine jolt from the espresso-infused cake layers or the custardy filling light enough to lift you to heaven. While the history might be debated, its popularity is not. It's a top seller at Chicago Pastry in Bloomingdale, where they sell about 100 cases a week to area restaurants and grocers as well as hundreds of slices in the retail bakery. "In a very short time it has become a classic," says Chicago Pastry owner Remo Turano. "We started making it in the 1980s; that's when it really became popular," Turano said. While takes on traditional tiramisu vary, the common elements, Turano says, are mascarpone cheese and coffee. "Mascarpone is like cream cheese, only thicker and much smoother," Turano says. Most recipes from the booted country blend mascarpone with zabaglione, an eggy custard. The filling may be spiked with sweet Marsala wine and then spread between layers of savoiardi (light cookies referred to as ladyfingers) that have been soaked in espresso. A dusting of cocoa powder generally garnishes the torte. With those elements in place, the recipes start to stray. Chefs and home cooks play around with the filling, with some not wanting to worry about the only slightly cooked egg custard and others changing out the alcoholic flavorings. Where traditional recipes call for Marsala wine in the soaking liquid and filling, modern versions get their kick from coffee liqueur, rum, whiskey or flavored vodkas. Even the presentation gets a shake-up. At Bapi Ristorante in Arlington Heights, chef Cristiano Bassani serves the dessert in a martini glass. Despite the presentation Bassani keeps alcohol out of the dessert. "We have a lot of families coming in here; kids eat it," he says. In her new book "Easy Tasty Italian" (Sterling, $24.95), Laura Santtini pretty much dumps the lady fingers. In her recipe, one ladyfinger, dipped in chocolate and garnished with edible gold, emerges from a pool of whiskey-spiked coffee topped with sweet custard. "I always find myself scooping the cream from around the biscuits," Santtini writes, "so I just left the one." A word about mascarpone First off, the word is mas-car-pone, not mars-ca-pone as some people are apt to call it. Mascarpone cheese dates to the 1500s in Italy's Lombardy region. It's a cows milk cheese, made with heavy cream as heavy as you can get without being butter and powdered sugar and a bit of tartaric acid, which is the stuff that gives grapes and other fruits a sour taste. Mascarpone is known for being an extremely lush cheese and thus fitting in desserts. "The Great Big Cheese Cookbook," a tempting collection of recipes published earlier this year by the Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board (Running Press, $22.95), includes nearly a dozen sweet recipes using the cheese. The book offers some savory recipes as well, like Jumbo Lump Crab Melts and Twice-Baked Potatoes with Greens and Mascarpone. Mascarpone can add body to pasta sauces and even be substituted for cream cheese in your favorite dip and spread recipes.	205,969
“You are so motivated to make sure the trip goes smoothly, because you know that the organs of these two kids are now going to save the lives of more than just a handful of other kids.” Fundamentals Don't Support Current Oil Prices "The fundamentals don't support the price of oil," according to Wesley Earl, national sales manager of Tampa, Fla.-based Hiller Group, which distributes Chevron and Texaco fuel to more than 350 FBOs. Factors inflating prices include the dwindling number of refineries, especially for jet-A; geopolitical issues; lack of an effective U.S. energy policy; and the low value of the U.S. dollar, Earl said. He added that commodities speculators are behind what he contends is an "oil bubble," and that the price per barrel, fluctuating now to as much as $140, "should really be in the $60 to $80 range." As prices have climbed this year, fuel sales at FBOs have fallen 10 to 20 percent year-over-year.	226,185
Burma set for mobile revolution as govt slashes SIM card pricesBy Chan Myae Khine Apr 04, 2013 11:09AM UTC SIM cards will be sold at a dramatically reduced price of 1,500 kyats (US$2) in Burma, making mobile phones affordable for the general population for the very first time After much anticipation, state-owned television announced on April 3 that new SIM cards for CDMA and WCDMA networks will be sold for 1,500 kyats (US$2) starting from April 24, 2013. Details on SIM cards for GSM networks will be announced next month, Myanma Post and Telecommunications (MPT) said. This represents a dramatic change for Burma (which is officially known as Myanmar). Five years ago it cost US$2,000 to buy a postpaid SIM card. Since the early days of country’s transition towards democracy, the cost of using mobile phones has been a controversial topic. Earlier this year in January, the minister of MPT was forced to resign following an alleged disagreement on whether to reduce the existing SIM card price of 100,000 kyats (US$125). Several staff from MPT and private companies involved were investigated for corruption. 350,000 SIM cards will be divided among states and divisions on a monthly basis. In order to prevent the common practice of transferring SIM card ownership, the cards will be disabled if they are not used in the first 15 days after purchase. Certain rules apply to the new SIM cards, which come with 300 kyats (about US$0.40) talk time value. A 5,000 kyats (about US$6) top-up card must be bought within the first 15 days and at least 2,500 kyats (about US$3) must be spent on outgoing calls every month after that. Incoming calls will be free of charge. There are additional problems for public since many smartphones do not provide facilities for CDMA networks. Despite fulfilling their demands for low-cost SIM cards, cheaper and substandard China-made handsets ready for CDMA networks will apparently be the only choice for new SIM card users. As China, infamous for its web and mobile censorship, remains the largest investor in the country, Chinese mobile operators have great potential to step into Burma’s telecommunication market. Government has not confirmed any foreign private company for the country’s mobile operation yet. Internet and mobile penetration rate has always been weak in Burma, so much so that it has hampered the country’s development. The government is aiming for a 50% penetration rate by 2015. Online, mobile or cashless payment and purchases is also rare in Burma, with an extremely low penetration rate. The situation started to change in late 2012, when MasterCard and Visa became more active in the country. ATMs were launched and Visa unveiled its interest in bringing in a mobile payment system which they believe could bring the rural population into 21st century. Local start-ups and entrepreneurs have already been calling for an online payment infrastructure, including e-commerce and m-commerce. Individual web and mobile developers are calling for a virtual payment system for their applications. Google Play was unblocked last month after Google Chairman Eric Schmidt’s visit to Burma but no one in country can buy apps directly. PayPal still blocks Burma from registering. However, this weeks announcement can probably pave the way for a much sought-after mobile payment system – either for urban population hungry for fully operated virtual payment or for underprivileged people in rural areas who are in need of better infrastructure.	145,243
Researchers study system designed for diagnosis as way to treat disease FRIDAY, July 31 (HealthDay News) -- Breast computed tomography (CT) scans, already used experimentally to diagnose breast cancer, may also be able to treat it, a California researcher reports. "Breast CT is superior to mammography for [detecting] masses," said John Boone, vice chair of research radiology at the University of California Davis. He presented information about the potential of breast CT for treatment this week at the American Association of Physicists in Medicine meeting, in Anaheim, Calif. Since 2004, Boone has led a group of UC Davis researchers in developing the breast CT scan for diagnosing breast cancer in women. The technology's pluses, said Boone, include being more comfortable than conventional mammograms but just as safe. More than 200 women have been scanned with the custom-designed breast CT prototype scanner, he said. The technology has not yet made its way into clinical practice, he said, but preliminary results look good. "Breast CT is still experimental for diagnosis," he said. But it is already looking to be more effective than traditional mammography at detecting breast masses. More work needs to be done to find microcalcifications, tiny specks of calcium which don't always mean cancer is present but bear checking, he added. Next, Boone hopes to use the breast CT scanner to guide interventional procedures such as a robotic biopsy, radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation to treat breast cancer. With the breast CT scanner, a woman lies on her stomach, face down on the table while the breast drops through a hole in the table; the CT scanner then rotates around the breast. The position is considered more comfortable, especially for big-breasted women. Boone hopes that the new scanner could be used to perform image-guided therapies such as the technique known as radiofrequency ablation. "It literally heats up the tissue, cooks the tumor and kills the tumor," he said. It may help some women avoid lumpectomy and follow-up radiation therapy. "The concept is good," said Dr. Chika Madu, an assistant professor of radiation oncology at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C. But she added a caveat that the energy level talked about by Boone may have to be adjusted. "It may come at a price of increased toxicity to the skin," she noted. The technique may not work for all cancers or all women, she added. "In small-breasted women, not enough breast may come through the hole sufficiently [to treat]," she said. Cancer that is close to the chest wall rather than the nipple may not be treatable by this technique either, she said. Even so, Madu said, "I think it's worth exploring." Boone's study was funded partially by the industry, including Varian Medical Systems, Fuji Medical Systems and Hologic Corp. In another presentation at the same meeting, Michael O'Connor, a professor of radiologic physics at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., reported on molecular breast imaging (MBI), a new technique that uses gamma cameras designed for breast imaging. "The devices look somewhat like a mammography unit," he said. A small amount of radioisotopes is given intravenously and is taken up by any tumors in the breasts, he said. In a study of 1,000 patients, mammography picked up three cancers but MBI picked up 10, he said. Next, O'Connor hopes to reduce the dose of radioisotopes and begin a clinical trial. The technique is expected to especially benefit women with dense breasts, for whom mammography is not as accurate at cancer detection. Efforts to find ways to detect small cancers that can't be felt on exams should be stepped up, said Dr. Gary Whitman, a professor of radiology at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. Other studies suggest MBI has promise, he said, but O'Connor's finding "would need to be confirmed." To learn more about early detection of breast cancer, visit the American Cancer Society. SOURCES: Michael O'Connor, Ph.D., medical physicist and professor, radiologic physics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; Gary Whitman, M.D., professor, radiology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Chika Madu, M.D., radiation oncologist and assistant professor, radiation oncology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C.; John M. Boone, Ph.D., professor and vice chair, research radiology, and professor, biomedical engineering, University of California Davis; July 28, 2009, presentations, American Association of Physicists in Medicine annual meeting, Anaheim, Calif. All rights reserved	147,333
In this session, we discussed challenges with uploading to the Cloud Services Portal, covered quick line weight and hatching methods to make drawings more readable, and talked about coordination issues with title blocks. - 00:10 Someone was uploading a file to the Vectorworks Cloud Services Portal but had difficulty keeping the right fonts. I have added a separate folder to my cloud portal with the special fonts that I use. With the fonts uploaded ahead of time, I haven’t had difficulties with the fonts of the files that I put in the cloud. For processing large renderings, having them rendered online is a huge benefit. I tend to manually upload the files to the cloud and have them processed. - 04:50 It’s easiest to export a whole file to the cloud, but someone needed to export a single symbol for a client. Only part of the symbol was showing up in the cloud. If this happens to you, you will have to experiment with checking different export options until you find the one that works best for your object. For example, if you have lots of NURBS surfaces and you’re exporting it as a DXF, you have to check the option to triangulate the fills because DXF is “old school” and doesn’t like complex shapes. - 08:23 Next, we discussed line weights for drawings. I tend to keep mine simple, using only three to four line weights in a drawing. The challenge is how you speed up the process of coloring in all of these shapes. I like to use the Outer Boundary Mode of the 2D Polygon tool—for example, you can select your whole model and get a thick line to emphasize the outline of your elevation. Don’t forget about using the Z-key to zoom in. Using the Polyline tool in Corner Vertex Mode is helpful for drawing your ground line. I click and drag to make the shape, filling it with a soil hatch. I make the outer line very thick but use the Reshape tool in Hide or Show Edges Mode to remove all but the line for the top grade. You can remap your hatch, even create a new hatch from it if you want. For your elevations, you can click the Display Surface Hatches option (under Background Render Settings on the Object Info palette for the viewport) and, if you have assigned hatches in your classes, Vectorworks will have them show up in your drawing. Introducing a few heavy vertical lines in the Annotation window of your drawing can aid your client in seeing the wall transitions. Going into the Edit Surface Hatch setting for your wall texture will allow you to change the hatch that shows up on your 2D elevations. It seems complicated—however, once you have one set up, it is very easy to make changes. You can also play with the opacity of a section of your elevation by overlaying it with a shape and adjusting the shape’s transparency level to fade the lines behind it. All of these things can help our buildings to read correctly, rather than just expecting the computer to do everything. - 32:46 Sometimes the wall hatches don’t line up on your elevations or perspectives. We discovered that changing the Map Type of your walls (under the Render section of your wall’s Object Info palette) from the Auto-Align Plane setting to the Plane setting can often help your hatches to match up. - 36:18 We ended the session by looking at title blocks. Someone was having difficulty with editing the name of a drawing sheet from the Navigation window and having it show up in the sheet’s title block. A place to start is to check your Document Preferences and make sure that the Use automatic drawing coordination option is checked. Otherwise, you can use a pre-made title block, such as the VAA title block, to ensure that your documents coordinate properly. We tried changing the drawing name from the Title Block Manager, but it did not appear to have an effect. We’ve found that using a mix of the NAA and Vectorworks standard title blocks is customizable and very powerful. Also, start using the Title Block Manager if you’re not already! Architect March 2018 am	172,170
The state Department of Environmental Protection is accepting registrations for the Saturday, Sept. 24 Adopt-A-Highway Fall Statewide Cleanup. Volunteers have until Sept. 16 to register. Co-sponsored by the DEP and the state Division of Highways, the Adopt-A-Highway program is administered by the DEP’s Rehabilitation Environmental Action Plan (REAP). Its goals include improving the quality of our environment by encouraging public involvement in the elimination of highway litter. Individuals, families, churches, businesses, schools, civic organizations, government agencies and communities can register to pick up trash on almost any state-maintained road, back road or main route. Private roads and interstate highways cannot be adopted. The Adopt-A-Highway program provides garbage bags, work gloves and safety vests to volunteers. The state also takes care of disposing of collected trash. Volunteers must be at least 12 years old to participate. This year’s spring Adopt-A-Highway cleanup in April brought together more than 6,000 volunteers. They cleaned up more than 1,000 miles of West Virginia roads and picked up 6,220 bags of litter. To register, call 1-800-322-5530 or send an email to: firstname.lastname@example.org . If you reach the REAP voicemail, please leave your ID, phone number, group name, date of cleanup, number of participants and the county where your adopted road is located. (304) 926-0499 Ext., 1338	94,282
Progressivity and non-compliance in the interactions between children with autism and their parents. Chen, Rachel Siew Yoong. Date of Issue2013 School of Humanities and Social Sciences Autism has been the subject of many studies, but there is still much uncertainty about the communicative abilities of individuals with autism. Many studies question their very possession of “communicative intent”. Following Sterponi (2010), this paper examines the spontaneous everyday interactions between two boys with autism and their parents, and the nature of intersubjectivity that underlies their interactions. It shows that the verbal and non-verbal behaviour of such children, which might ordinarily have been dismissed or deemed as idiosyncratic, often plays an essential role in contributing to a sequence. While there is an intrinsic presence of intersubjectivity in any interaction, there are moments when tension between mutual understanding and sequence progressivity ensues from an interactional sequence. The analysis examines such cases, where the child risks a breakdown of intersubjectivity with noncompliance, and yet continues to retain the progressivity of the sequence. In many of these instances, their noncompliance also results in a more favourable sequence outcome for them. The study suggests that individuals with autism may have a degree of competence in progressing sequences in interaction. Final Year Project (FYP) Nanyang Technological University	156,343
Stakeholders 8 marks Identify and explain how the following two stakeholder groups might be affected by BA’s plans to expand. The cost of expansion is $12m and they might be asked to provide share capital. This could reduce the market price of their shares in the soap company as it will take time for the new investment to lead to higher profits and possibly higher dividends. May benefit as 30 more production workers will be employed which will reduce community unemployment. This will mean there will be more money from the workers wages going into the local economy and local businesses will have more demand and higher profits too. People in Business Leadership Styles 12 marks Consider three leadership styles the operations manager could use in the new factory. Recommend which leadership style should be used to improve decision-making. Justify your answer. \|Leadership Style 1 Autocratic leadership style will lead to clear instructions being given by the manager. This means production workers will always know what to do and know what is expected of them. However, they will not feel they can contribute or make any comments if they feel something could be improved. \| Leadership Style 2 Democratic leadership style will mean the 100 production workers will be consulted on decisions, thus improving motivation among the staff. However, decisions will take longer to make so it may lead to delays in the expansion to the new factory. Leadership Style 3 Lassiez faire gives nearly all responsibility to the workers in the soap factory production line. Some workers may find this motivating as they have much more control over decision-making. Some workers may find it stressful if there are no clear lines of authority, especially when the business is moving to produce new niche products. Recommendation Autocratic may lead to the operations manager not receiving important information about how the production line in the new factory is working as communication is one way, leading to bad decisions. Lassiez faire will mean the operations manager has very little control over decision-making in producing the new products. LF is only suitable for highly skilled workers. Democratic will allow the operations manager to get feedback on how the new factory is working from workers so she/he can deal with problems quickly and make decisions based on high-quality information, improving the efficiency of the new factory in the long term. Niche Marketing 8 marks Identify and explain one advantage and one disadvantage to BA of starting to sell new products in a niche market. \|Advantage can sell specialist products that meet these specific customer needs \| Explanation and SA want to sell shampoo aimed at people with older hair, so there are likely to be few competitors in this market as it is smaller and less attractive for larger businesses making it easier to have a higher market share and higher profits. . As incomes are increasing in country Z, older people will be able to afford this soap. Disadvantage Less benefit from economies of scale Explanation SA currently use flow production for their mass-market shampoo, but they will use batch production for the medicated shampoo, which will lead to an increase in unit costs and possibly less profits. Lean Production 8 marks Identify and explain two ways BA could use lean production in its factory. \|Way 1 Just in Time \| Explanation means that inventory is reduced to no or very low levels held in storage. This reduces the need for having warehouse space to hold the ingredients to make shampoo. BA will need to have good relationships with its suppliers to ensure that the flow production line is not interrupted by inventory running out. Way 2 Kaizen Explanation BA meaning “constant improvement” by using Kaizen in flow production of mass-produced shampoo workers will feel more motivated and it will also reduce waste and costs leading to higher profits. Break Even Point (Short Answer Question) Paper 2 Identify four ways break-even analysis can be useful to a business. \|Way 1: Predicts how many sales the business needs to make to break-even\| Way 2: Predicts how much sales could fall by and still make a profit Way 3:Shows potential profit/loss for the business at different levels of output Way 3: Shows possible effect of change in price on the break-even level of output/profit Globalisation 8 marks a) Identify and explain two opportunities and two threats for businesses in country Y from globalisation. \|Opportunity 1 Access to global markets \| Explanation so potential for higher sales Opportunity 2 Access to reduced labour costs Explanation and if businesses move production to another country they can may be able to reduce production costs Threat 1 Increased competition Explanation Multinational companies may enter country Y and force lower prices meaning lower profits and lower market share Threat 2 susceptible to global shocks Explanation a recession in another country may spread to Country Y and effect consumer spending reducing business profits	185,411
In 1836, the United States and the State of Georgia forced the Cherokee Indian tribe to leave its home in Georgia and to move to the West. The Tribe did not want to move. It believed it had a legal right to stay; and in the early 1830s, it brought two actions at law in the Supreme Court designed to enforce that legal right. The story of those lawsuits is a story of courts caught in a collision between law and morality, between desire and force. It is a sad tale that forces us to examine the relation between law and politics, particularly with respect to the Court's ability to enforce its judgments during the early years of the Republic. The Cherokees, along with their Creek and Choctaw neighbors, hunted, fished, and made their homes upon land that now comprises northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee. Unfortunately, the Cherokees supported the British, the wrong side, during the Revolutionary War; but in May 1777, they signed a peace treaty with the newly independent American states. The treaty permitted them to retain their land in Georgia. In a second treaty, the Treaty of Hopewell, and then in a third treaty, named after the Holston River, the United States promised it would protect Cherokee land and guaranteed its boundaries. Congress ratified the third treaty, which contained that guarantee, in Philadelphia in 1793, well after the United States had adopted its Constitution and the thirteen independent States had become a single nation. During the next forty years, the Cherokee Tribe dramatically changed its way of life. In 1817, those who wished to lead the hunting and fishing life-- about a third of the tribe--moved to Louisiana, under the auspices of a treaty with the United States which gave the hunters and fisherman land in Louisiana. The Cherokees who remained in northern Georgia turned to agriculture for their livelihood; they lived as farmers, much as did the nearby Georgians. They used an alphabet developed by a tribal leader named Sequoya. They established a printing press. They built a capital, called New Echota. And in 1827, under the leadership of the great Chief John Ross, the Tribe adopted a constitution similar in some respects to that of the United States. At that time the Cherokee population in northern Georgia stood at about 13,500--including, I am sorry to say, 1,277 black slaves. Since at least the early 1820s, the Cherokees had made it very clear that they were happy on their tribal lands in northern Georgia and did not want to move. President Monroe sent Commissioners to the Cherokees to see if they would sell their lands. The Council of Chiefs replied that "it is the fixed and unalterable determination of this nation never again to cede one foot more of our land." The chiefs then sent a delegation to Washington, which declared to the president that "the Cherokees are not foreigners but the original inhabitants of America," and "they now stand on the soil of their own territory." The delegation added that "they cannot recognize the sovereignty of any State within the limits of their territory." Why, one might ask, was it necessary to emphasize this last point, that a state could not exercise its "sovereignty" within the limits of the Cherokee territory? The answer is that the state of Georgia seemed determined to exercise that sovereignty, preferably by taking the Cherokees' territory for itself. In 1802, the federal government had promised Georgia that it would try to extinguish Indian title to Indian land in that state. By 1824, Georgia complained that the United States was moving too slowly. Georgia received a reply from President Monroe stating that the federal government would use only peaceful and reasonable methods to remove the Indians. So the state decided to take matters into its own hands. Georgia negotiated a removal treaty, the Treaty of Indian Spring, with representatives of the Creek Tribe, whose land was to the south of the Cherokees. President John Quincy Adams learned that the treaty was the product of treachery, and he formally denounced it; but the Georgians ignored the denunciation and began to survey the Creek tribe's land, which they claimed as their own. The Indians protested, threatening force. The federal government backed them up. And the Georgians refused to back down. The Georgia legislature passed resolutions claiming that Georgia owned the land. President Adams sent an Army general with a letter ordering that the land survey stop. Governor George Troup replied that he felt it his "duty to resist to the utmost any military attack which the Government of the United States shall ... make upon ... Georgia," and he ordered Georgia's militia to be held "in readiness." He added that the United States had become the " unblushing allies" of "savages," and refused to submit the dispute to the United States Supreme Court because "that court, being of exclusive appointment by the Government of the United States, will make the United States the judge in their own cause." At the last moment, however, the federal government received word that the Creeks might sell their land. The United States negotiated with the tribe; treaties were signed; and in 1828, the Creeks "voluntarily" ceded the last of their territory in Georgia. The cherokees, acutely aware of the Creeks' predicament, were determined to avoid that fate. But two further developments spelled disaster. The first was the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. The second was the discovery of gold on Cherokee lands in 1829. The latter led the Georgians to redouble their efforts to take possession of the land. And the former weakened federal opposition to the takeover. In 1829, Georgians simply entered the Cherokee lands in order to work the gold mines, despite both federal laws and Cherokee laws that prohibited anyone from settling or trading on Indian territory without a license. The Georgia legislature passed laws confiscating much Cherokee land; nullifying all Cherokee laws within the confiscated territory; prohibiting meetings of the Cherokee legislative council; ordering the arrest of any Cherokee who influenced the tribe to reject emigration west; and even forbidding Cherokees to dig for gold on their own land. And Georgia's governor wrote to President Jackson asking for withdrawal of federal troops from the gold fields. (He was urged on by a Georgia judge who complained of the "deep humiliation" he felt due to the exercise of federal power "within the jurisdiction of Georgia," while adding that he "would disregard" any United States Supreme Court " interference" in "cases" arising before him "from the act of Georgia.") Andrew Jackson did not resist. Instead he withdrew the federal troops. He negotiated a removal treaty with the neighboring Choctaws, and he urged the Cherokees to come to terms. He announced that, treaties to the contrary notwithstanding, a state had the right to extend its laws to cover Indian land within its boundaries. And he supported enactment of an Indian Removal Bill in Congress. That bill authorized the president to offer an exchange of western lands with any tribe "now residing within the limits of the states or territories." As a political symbol, however, the measure meant much more. Many Northerners opposed it. Representative Henry Storrs of New York found it senseless to "remove the Indians for their own good from a community where they had pleasant homes, churches, and schools," and send them "to a wilderness." Representative William Ellsworth of Connecticut accused the Southerners of mercenary motives driving an effort to take over the Indians' possessions. Representative Horace Everett of Vermont cried out, "the evil ... is enormous; the violence is extreme; the breach of public faith deplorable; the inevitable suffering incalculable." But the Southerners replied with arguments based on States' rights, adding that the New Englanders had long ago expelled Indian tribes from their own land. The result was a narrow victory for Jackson and the South. The bill passed the House, 102 to 97. At this point the Cherokees faced a set of Georgia laws that, in effect, took their land away from them; and a Georgian political victory in the federal Congress; and a president whose sympathies seemed to lie with the Georgians and who was asking them to negotiate removal. What could they do? What they did was refuse to negotiate. The Cherokee Legislative Council adopted a resolution stating: "We have no desire to see the President on the business of entering into a treaty for exchange of lands," but "we still ask him to protect us" in accordance with the " federal treaties provided for our protection." They added, " w hen we do move, we shall move not to the West, but by the course of nature to sleep under this ground which the Great Spirit gave our ancestors." Then, after consulting with Daniel Webster and others, the Cherokees hired a lawyer named William Wirt. Wirt was one of the greatest constitutional lawyers of his day, a political enemy of Jackson, and a former Attorney General of the United States. He advised the Cherokees to file a lawsuit. Wirt had very little doubt about the substantive merits of his clients' legal claim. Article VII of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1791, entered into by the United States and the Cherokees, stated that the "United States shall guarantee to the Cherokee nation ... all their lands not hereby ceded." The Constitution itself made "Treaties" the "Supreme Law of the Land." And the Supreme Court had made clear twenty years before, in the Yazoo lands case, Fletcher v. Peck, that it would strike down state laws that violated constitutional provisions. Of course, Governor Troup had fulminated against Fletcher at that time. ("The foundations of the Republic are shaken," he remarked, "and yet the judges sleep with tranquility at home." And he asked, " Why ... do the judges who passed this decision live and live unpunished?") But by 1830, the Supreme Court's power to announce decisions that upheld the supremacy of federal law seemed well established. How then could Georgia, consistent with federal laws and treaties, extend its legal power to include Cherokee lands, thereby taking from the Cherokees, land that had not been " ceded"? As Wirt pointed out, "many distinguished men" had assured the Cherokees "that the Supreme Court would protect them and that they had only to secure eminent counsel to effect their object." But Wirt still faced serious obstacles. How could he get his case to the Supreme Court? Should he file a lawsuit in the lower federal courts, say, against the United States, or against President Jackson, or against Secretary of War Edwin Stanton? Such a lawsuit would, in effect, seek a mandatory injunction requiring the United States or its officers to enforce treaty obligations, using force if necessary, to require the state to back down. Such a suit would directly involve the president or his Cabinet. It would dramatically illustrate the questions of political and institutional power at issue. And a request for injunctive relief would invite the Court to consider whether the question raised was a "political question" beyond the Court's power to resolve. Wirt rejected this approach. What about a civil case, say, for "trespass," against individual Georgians who had entered Cherokee land? The trespassers would point to Georgia laws as a defense, and Wirt could then reply that Georgia's laws violated the terms of treaties and of the federal Indian Non-Intercourse Act of 1802. Hence the state's laws were invalid and provided no defense. But Wirt would then have to deal with the Georgia courts, or perhaps the lower federal courts sitting in Georgia. And Georgians were not likely to prove sympathetic to his claim. In fact, a criminal case arising in Georgia showed what might happen. The Georgia courts had convicted a Cherokee named Corn Tassel of murdering another Cherokee on Cherokee land. Wirt took control of Corn Tassel's case, and appealed the conviction to the Supreme Court--a legal alternative that the Supreme Court, in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816), and Cohens v. Virginia (1821), had made clear was legitimate. The Supreme Court sent the local judge notice that the appeal had been filed. The judge immediately sent the Supreme Court's writ to Georgia's Governor George Gilmer, who transmitted it to the state legislature, along with the message: "So far as concerns the executive department, orders received from the Supreme Court in any manner interfering with decisions of the courts of the state in the constitutional exercise of their jurisdiction will be disregarded, and any attempt to enforce such orders will be resisted with whatever force the laws have placed at my command." The legislature then " Resolved that the State of Georgia will never so far compromise her sovereignty as an independent state as to become a party to the case sought to be made before the Supreme Court by the writ in question." The legislature authorized Corn Tassel's execution to proceed, and Corn Tassel was hanged two days later. Understandably, Wirt concluded that he could not rely upon Georgia's courts. Instead he decided to sue the State of Georgia directly. The Constitution itself said that the "Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction" in all cases "in which a State shall be party." Hence Wirt could avoid the lower courts with their risks of delay or worse. He was aware that the Eleventh Amendment denied that the "judicial power of the United States" extended to lawsuit "commenced ... against one of the ... States by Citizens of another State, or by ... subjects of any Foreign State." But the Cherokee Nation was not a "citizen" or a "subject" of any state. It was a state, and perhaps a " foreign" one. So the Eleventh Amendment posed no obstacle, and in January 1831, on behalf of the Cherokee Nation, Wirt filed a lawsuit, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, in the Supreme Court of the United States. Wirt sought an injunction forbidding Georgia and its officers from enforcing "the laws of Georgia ... within the Cherokee territory, ... as designated by treaty between the United States and the Cherokee Nation." Georgia did not file an answer; nor did it make any appearance in the case. At oral argument, Wirt dwelled at some length upon the enforcement problem. " Will you decline a jurisdiction clearly committed to you," he asked, "from the fear that you cannot, by your own powers, give it effect ... ?" It is " part of the sworn duty of the President of the United States to 'take care that the law be faithfully executed.' ... It is your function to say what the laws is." In any event, "is this Court to anticipate that the President will not do his duty or ... that a defendant State will not do her duty in submitting to the decree of this Court?" There is "a moral force in the public sentiment of the American community which will ... constrain obedience. At all events, let us do our duty and the people of the United States will take care that others do theirs." On March 18, 1831, the Supreme Court handed down its decision. "If courts were permitted to indulge their sympathies," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "a case better calculated to excite them can scarcely be imagined. A people once numerous, powerful, and truly independent, found by our ancestors in the quiet and uncontrolled possession of an ample domain ... have yielded their land by successive treaties," and this application is made simply to " preserve" a "remnant" (that is, merely that portion of the Cherokee's former territory that "is necessary to their comfortable existence"). Be that as it may, a Court divided 7 to 2 (with Justices Thompson and Story in dissent) concluded that there was no jurisdiction. The Court conceded that a State was indeed a "party," and that fact gave the Court "original jurisdiction" under the Second Paragraph of Article III, Section 2. But, it added, the Court could exercise judicial power over such a case only if the "judicial Power of the United States," as defined in the First Paragraph of Article III Section 2, extends to that case. The First Paragraph lists the matters to which the "judicial power of the United States extends." It specifies that the federal judicial power does "extend to ... controversies" between a "State" and "foreign states," but the Court concluded that the Cherokee Nation is not a "foreign state." According to Chief Justice Marshall, its "relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian." The Indian tribes are "domestic, dependent nations." Marshall also noted that the "bill" would require "us to control the legislature of Georgia and to restrain the exertion of its physical force"-- an "interposition by the court" that might "well be questioned as savour ing too much of the exercise of political power to be within the proper province of the judicial department." But the Court's holding of no Article III jurisdiction "makes it unnecessary to decide this question." Strangely absent from Marshall's opinion is an explicit discussion of a related (but different) jurisdictional claim that one of the Cherokees' lawyers had made. The First Paragraph of Article III states that the " judicial power of the United States" also shall extend to cases "arising under ... Treaties." The Cherokees had argued that their case "arises under a treaty." Consequently, they contended, paragraph one extends the federal judicial power to the case; paragraph two provides original jurisdiction in the Supreme Court. Marshall did not describe the flaw, if any, in this jurisdictional logic. In any event, although the Cherokees had lost on the law, the chief justice delivered additional views from the bench. In these remarks, which one observer described as "an extra-judicial opinion," Marshall observed that he thought "so much of the argument of counsel as was intended to prove the character of the Cherokees as a State, as a distinct political society, separated from others, capable of managing their own affairs and governing itself, has, in the opinion of a majority of the Judges, been completely successful." He also suggested that "the mere question of right to their lands might perhaps be decided by the Court in a proper case with proper parties." Still, as one contemporaneous letter writer put it, a "universal gloom, corresponding to the former elevation of their hopes, prevailed throughout the Cherokee Nation." Many Cherokees seemed ready to negotiate. Encouraging this defeatist mood, Georgia's governor wrote to President Jackson that if " the Cherokees are to continue inhabitants of the State, they must be rendered subject to the ordinary operation of the laws... The State must put an end to even the semblance of a distinct political society among them." Georgia sent additional guards to the gold fields. It passed new, more restrictive laws. Then, when all seemed lost, a new case gave grounds for hope. One of the new Georgia laws required "all white persons residing within the limits of the Cherokee nation" to have a license from the governor, and to take an " oath" to support the laws of Georgia. Governor George Gilmer decided to apply the law to a group of missionaries from New England, working in Cherokee country, who were encouraging the Cherokees to refuse to emigrate. He wrote to one of them, S. A. Worcester, asking him to take the oath of allegiance. Worcester replied that he understood he was "liable to arrest" were he to remain on Cherokee lands without having taken the oath, but he denied having " excited the Indians to oppose the jurisdiction of the state." He made clear that he thought Georgia's actions were wrong, and he concluded: "I could not conscientiously take the oath which the law requires," for it would amount to "perjury for one who is of the opposite opinion," and, "in the present state of feeling among the Indians, would greatly impair or entirely destroy my usefulness as a minister of the gospel among them." With his letter Worcester sent a copy "of the gospel of Matthew" and a hymnbook that he had translated into the Cherokee language. In July 1831, Worcester and ten other missionaries were arrested. They were tried in September, and found guilty, and sentenced to several years of hard labor in prison. Governor Gilmer offered pardons if the missionaries would take the oath. Nine of the eleven accepted the offer, but Worcester and a colleague refused. Jeromiah Evarts--a member of the American Board for Foreign Missions, the group that had sent the missionaries to Cherokee territory--wrote to Worcester that " i f you leave, I fear the Cherokees will make no stand whatever... Y our leaving in these circumstances would greatly endanger, if it did not utterly ruin, the cause of the Cherokees ... and the people of the U.S. would say the case is hopeless. But the most intelligent members of Congress are of the opinion that the Supreme Court will sustain the Indians and that the people of the U.S. will yield and a settlement will be made. That this would be done is the only earthly hope of the Cherokees, and it is of immense importance to this country and to the civilized world." Here was the case that Wirt had been waiting for. Georgia would not treat Worcester as it had treated Corn Tassel, whom it had swiftly executed. Nor would Georgia release him. Wirt, now representing Worcester, filed a notice of appeal in the Supreme Court. Georgia's new governor, Wilson Lumpkin, sent the Court's notice to appear to the state legislature along with a message stating that he would "disregard all unconstitutional requisitions" and would "resist Federal usurpation." The legislature resolved that any "attempt" by the Supreme Court "to reverse the decision of the Superior Court ... will be held by this state as an unconstitutional and arbitrary interference in the administration of her criminal laws and will be treated as such." Still, for over three days in 1832, between February 20 and February 23, the Supreme Court heard arguments in the case of Worcester v. Georgia. Again, Georgia refused to appear. The argument on the petitioner's side was straightforward, devoted mostly to the substantive legal merits. And on March 3, Chief Justice Marshall delivered the opinion of a unanimous Court. Jurisdiction, he said, posed no problem. Section 25 of the Judiciary Act " enumerates the cases in which the final judgment . . . of a state court may be revised in the Supreme Court." They include those "where . . . the validity of a treaty" is questioned (and the lower court holds the treaty invalid) or where a statute of any state is challenged "on the ground of its being repugnant to the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States and the lower court decision is in favor of the validity" of the state statute. This case, Marshall continued, called into question the Cherokee treaties and also the Georgia statute. (He might have added that both were issues "arising under" the federal Constitution, treaties or laws, and therefore within the scope of Article III's grant of judicial power.) " I t is, then, we think too clear for controversy that the act of Congress by which this Court is constituted has given it the power and of course imposed on it the duty of exercising jurisdiction in this case. This duty, however unpleasant, cannot be avoided. Those who fill the judicial department have no discretion in selecting the subject to be brought before them." In sum: the Court could not refuse to hear the case, lest, contrary to Cohens v. Virginia, it deny jurisdiction to hear all criminal cases coming to it from state courts. The court did not find the merits of the case much more difficult. Marshall recited at some length the history of relations between the European nations, the colonies, and the United States with the Indian tribes. He pointed out that none had ever extinguished tribal independence; that all had treated the Indians "as nations capable of maintaining the relations of peace and war"; that Great Britain as well as the United States had entered into treaties with Indian tribes; and that the United States had entered into specific treaties with the Cherokees in which it promised to stop other American citizens from settling on Cherokee lands, promised to be the sole and exclusive regulator of trade with the Indians for their own "benefit and comfort," and guaranteed to the Cherokees all their lands not ceded under the treaties. Congress, Marshall pointed out, recognized "the several Indian nations as distinct political communities having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive and having a right to all the lands within those boundaries, which is not only acknowledged, but guaranteed by the United States." And so Marshall concluded that the "Cherokee nation, then, is a distinct community, occupying its own territory, with boundaries accurately described, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter, but with the assent of the Cherokees themselves, or in conformity with treaties, and with the acts of Congress. . . . The act of the State of Georgia, under which the plaintiff in error was prosecuted is consequently void, and the judgment a nullity." Marshall made the implication of that status for this case perfectly clear. Worcester had been "seized, and forcibly carried away, while under the guardianship of treaties" and while "under the protection of the United States. He was seized while performing, under the sanctions of the chief magistrate of the Union, those duties which the humane policy adopted by Congress had recommended. He was apprehended ... under colour of a law which has been shown to be repugnant to the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States." Marshall noted that, had property been so taken, the law would entitle its owner to its return, and "it cannot be less clear when the state's judgment affects personal liberty." Finally, Marshall announced that " i t is the opinion of this Court that the judgment of the Georgia Superior Court" must be "reversed and annulled." Worcester was to go free. The Cherokees had won. Or had they? After the court's decision was announced, Justice Joseph Story wrote to his wife: "Thanks be to God, the Court can wash their hands clean of the iniquity of oppressing the Indians and disregarding their rights." He added that "the Court has done its duty. Let the Nation now do theirs." But he also noted that "Georgia is full of anger and violence. . . . Probably she will resist the execution of our judgment, and if she does, I do not believe the President will interfere." Story was correct. The Supreme Court issued its opinion on March 3, 1832, immediately following it with a mandate that reversed and annulled the Georgia judgment. On March 17, Worcester's lawyers asked the Georgia court to receive the mandate and release the prisoners. The Georgia court simply refused. Indeed, it refused to record anything, including its own decision not to obey the Supreme Court's ruling. The Georgia court did allow the lawyers to make an affidavit about what had happened; but when those lawyers then asked Governor Lumpkin to release the prisoners, he would put nothing in writing, remarking that "you got around Judge Clayton, but you shall not get 'round me." It seemed that Georgians themselves understood their governor's position, a position that he clarified the following November in his annual message to the state legislature: "The Supreme Court," he proclaimed, has "attempted to overthrow the essential jurisdiction of the State in criminal cases... I have, however, been prepared to meet this usurpation of Federal power with the most prompt and determined resistance." When Congressman John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, along with other Northern representatives, complained that "no steps have been taken by the Government of the United States to prevent these manifest violations of its laws," Congressman Augustin Clayton of Georgia replied that they "were meddling with what did not concern them"; that the Supreme Court's judgment " would be resisted with the promptitude and spirit which became Georgians"; and that the judgment "would never be executed till Georgia was made a howling wilderness." That state, he added, would "rather give up your Union," than "submit to be scourged by savages." And Congressman Thomas Foster of Georgia responded to claims that the Union itself was at stake with the following arguments: that the Supreme Court was not "unbiased and impartial"; that the question at issue was "political"; that Cohens v. Virginia (which permitted the Supreme Court to review state criminal decisions) was wrongly decided; that the "powers of the States" were being "swallowed up by the judiciary"; that since "there has been no common umpire designated to determine questions of contested power ... each State as a party has a right to judge for itself ... of the infractions of the Constitution and to resist the exercise of any power by the Federal Government not granted to it"; and that neither Court nor president could "command a posse sufficient to carry" the judgment "into effect." The words "civil war" began to appear in the congressional debates. And what about the president? He had made clear that, in his view, the state legislatures "had the power to extend their laws over all persons living within their boundaries," and that he possessed "no authority to interfere." When he vetoed the national Bank Bill in July, Jackson remarked that it is " as much the duty" of Congress and the president "to decide upon the constitutionality" of bills as "it is of the supreme judges." Thus, in his view, " t he authority of the Supreme Court must not ... be permitted to control the Congress or the Executive." The New York Daily Advertiser pointed out that President Jackson "has said . .. that he ha s as good a right, being a co-ordinate branch of the government, to order the Supreme Court as the Court ha s to require him to execute its decisions." And popular wisdom quoted Jackson as having said, " Well, John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." The two missionary prisoners, of course, remained in jail. It is thus no wonder that John Marshall wrote despondently to Joseph Story: "I yield slowly and reluctantly to the conviction that our Constitution cannot last." Then, just when all seemed lost, the wheel of fortune began to turn again. Georgia's resistance was overcome. And the missionaries were freed. This change took place because another state--South Carolina--decided that the time was ripe to put Georgia's nullification theory into practice. On November 24, 1832, eighteen days after Georgia's Governor Lumpkin promised the legislature's "determined resistance" to the implementation of the Cherokee decision, South Carolina promulgated its own "Nullification Ordinance." The ordinance essentially nullified a federal tariff law. It announced that "it shall not be lawful . . . to enforce the payment of duties imposed by the federal acts within the limits of this State." The state courts would have to follow "state law" on the matter; nor would any appeal to the Supreme Court be "permitted," or the printing of any record for the purposes of such an appeal, and any person attempting to take such appeal " may be dealt with as for a contempt of court." President Jackson suddenly began to understand the nature and the magnitude of the problem. On December 10th, he published a reply to South Carolina, saying: "I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." Jackson immediately supported congressional enactment of a Force Bill that would give federal officials adequate powers to enforce the federal laws. As a result of his new concern, Jackson found new friends in Daniel Webster and Chief Justice Marshall, who saw that the president at last had begun to understand the importance of their arguments for national sovereignty. What, then, about Georgia? The United States Telegraph wrote that "no person but a Jackson or Van Buren man can see any essential difference between the cases of Georgia and South Carolina." Worcester had said from prison that he might bring his case right back to the Supreme Court; and in light of his new position on the limits of states' rights, Jackson began to say that he would carry into effect any decision that the Supreme Court might make. In short order, the newspapers began to predict that a "settlement of the Cherokee case" was at hand. Before the Supreme Court could meet for its 1833 term, friends of Governor Lumpkin visited Worcester in prison. They said the governor had told them that if the missionaries would withdraw their suit, they would be discharged from prison, immediately and unconditionally. The American Board for Foreign Missions considered the matter and expressed its opinion that they should accept a pardon. After all, the Supreme Court decision had established their right to be free, and also the right of the Cherokees "to protection from the President from the aggressions of Georgia." What more would be gained by maintaining another lawsuit and remaining in prison? Consequently, on January 8, 1833, Worcester wrote to Wirt and instructed him to halt all legal proceedings. He wrote to Governor Lumpkin in effect requesting a pardon, while adding that "we have not been led to the adoption of this measure by any change of views in regard to the principles on which we have acted." When Worcester heard that the governor considered this latter remark an insult, he quickly wrote a second letter, apologizing and adding that it is "our intention simply to forbear the prosecution of our case and to leave the question of the continuance of our confinement to the magnanimity of the State." On January 14, 1833, Governor Lumpkin signed a proclamation ordering the missionaries' release. Charles warren, the great historian of the Supreme Court, later observed of this outcome that the prestige and the authority of the Court went from a near-disastrous nadir in late 1832 to its strongest position in fifteen years by the opening of the 1833 term in January. And the Cherokees? Had they not also won the case? What happened to them? On December 29, 1835, at New Echota, the Cherokees supposedly signed a treaty agreeing to their removal from Georgia to the West. Well, not exactly. Let me put the matter more accurately. Approximately 300 to 500 members of the Cherokee tribe, a tribe with a total population of over 17,000, went to New Echota and agreed to the treaty. Virtually every other member of the Tribe immediately protested the treaty, claiming that it had been obtained through trickery. Despite protests against the treaty by representatives of the remaining Cherokees, the United States Senate ratified the treaty by a majority of one. General Wool, who was in command of the federal troops in Cherokee territory, communicated the facts of the Cherokees' resistance to President Jackson. The president responded with a letter in which he ordered enforcement of the treaty; and said that he "had ceased to recognize" any Cherokee government; and forbade the Cherokees to assemble to discuss the treaty; and directed that a copy of his letter be shown to Cherokee Chief John Ross, after which "no further communication by mouth or writing should be held with him concerning the treaty." General Wool later reported that the Cherokees were "almost universally opposed to the Treaty." He said that the great majority of the tribe was " s o determined in their opposition" that they had refused to "receive either rations or clothing from the United States lest they might compromise themselves in regard to the treaty"; that they "preferred living upon the roots and sap of trees rather than receive provisions" from the federal government; that "many thousands ... had no other food for weeks," and that many "said they will die before they leave the country." Wool described the whole scene as "heartrending," adding that, were it up to him, he "would remove every Indian tomorrow beyond the reach of the white men who, like vultures, are watching, ready to pounce upon their prey and strip them of everything they have." "Yes sir," he said, speaking of the Cherokee people, "ninety-nine out of every hundred, will go penniless to the West." So the Cherokees had won their legal battle, but they had lost the war. Governor Lumpkin later became an Indian commissioner, "commissioned to execute the Treaty of December 1835 with the Cherokee Indians." When he was asked by a few of the Cherokees' lawyers for payment of their bills, he wrote that their efforts had been "arduous, long and often unpleasant"; that they had supported the "weaker of the two contending communities" in a struggle " with a stronger one"; and that the "best interest of the Cherokee people would have been promoted . . . by avoiding the conflicts and controversies" into which the legal representation had plunged them. In his stated view, the lawyers' "labors from first to last have been one unmitigated curse to the Cherokee people." Wirt himself apparently received only $500 on a claim for $20,000. I shall end the story here. In this extraordinary struggle over American first principles, there was an obvious winner, the Supreme Court of the United States, and an obvious loser, the Cherokee Tribe, and an obvious irony, that the Supreme Court and the Cherokee Tribe had been allies, fighting on the same side of the issues. The outcome of this sad, premonitory tale may also provide support for those who believe that politics and force, not law, determine the facts of history. But I would draw a different lesson: a lesson about the insufficiency of a judicial decision alone to bring about the rule of law. This lesson helps us to understand John Marshall's comment that the "people made the Constitution and the people can unmake it." For our constitutional system does not consist only of legal writings. It consists of habits, customs, expectations, settled modes of behavior engaged in by lawyers, by judges, and by citizens, all developed gradually over time. It is that system, as actually practiced by millions of Americans, that protects our liberty. One hundred and twenty-five years after Worcester, the Supreme Court decided another case, Cooper v. Aaron, that involved a different governor who was defying a different Court order, an order demanding that black children enter the door of a white school. This time the president sent in paratroopers; and the children entered that schoolhouse. Perhaps President Jackson's actions helped President Eisenhower to understand both the importance of enforcing a rule of law as well as the importance of protecting fundamental liberties. And perhaps that experience can help us understand our own responsibility to preserve and to transmit the traditions, the habits, and the expectations of behavior that underlie our modern system, creating the freedom that we enjoy not only on paper but also in reality. If so, then an old and dangerous episode in the Court's history, and an old and tragic story in the history of the Cherokee Tribe, may help others whose basic liberties are threatened. Stephen Breyer is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. A version of this essay was delivered as the Supreme Court Historical Society Annual Lecture in June. By Stephen Breyer	19,070
In Search of a Cyclops the proof of nothing a theory of everything © To the reader: this information is copyrighted. It is provided to you by Penta Publishing for your research only, and intended just for you. Please have third parties contact Penta Publishing about receiving access to this information. Through words and examples in the first four chapters of In Search of a Cyclops, it was established through various metaphysical ways that nothing plays a role in our daily lives; nothing has indeed a function. Now, it becomes imperative to show under what circumstances nothing is always there. Because if nothing is part of the fundamentals a theory of everything should then also contain this phenomenon of nothing. Some have mentioned that the information contained within this chapter is nothing more than trying to kick in a door already open, yet while that appears to be true, the goal of this chapter is different: the mathematical evidence indicates rather that this door is never closed. Though the intention of this chapter in particular is to deliver scientific support for the absence of a unified field — and is delivered further below — it may be prudent to clarify in different kinds of words what this means first. On that most important platform of everything the existence of a fundamental nothing would automatically deliver a second position to that platform. It is not the nothing itself that would actively participate, yet the nothing would play a role as a 'force of separation' between at least two aspects separation automatically means plurality. Though unification should be rejected for the platform when separation is shown to be fundamental, various aspects on that platform could still adhere to their own internalized context of unification. One aspect adhering, for instance, to a singular context and another aspect adhering to the absence of such a singular context are then two aspects within the whole of everything that are basically different — and yet both aspects are then contributing to the whole, creating the whole of existence. The hypothesis for this chapter is that a unified field of forces is impossible, and this hypothesis is based on separation being all-important. In other words, separation would come before creation. Almost like an announcer arrives before a program actually starts, the nothing is there before the real action is shown. With separation proven to take part within the whole as an all-important aspect, unification could not be the standard of our universe, and singularity would be absent in our universe. For physicists this would imply that looking for a theory of everything that contains a unified field of forces is like looking for god. No scientist would ever look for god in a professional sense. Interestingly enough, and supporting this delivery, is that the facts so far do not contain any scientific evidence that singularity exists. In some theories it is indeed suggested that singularity exists, for instance, within Black Holes, but these are not facts, they are 'only' theories. If the evidence is delivered that singularity cannot exist in our reality scientists would immediately stop looking for a unified field. By definition scientists do not look for god. On some level, mathematics may be seen as the numerical abstraction of reality, and we can investigate the abstract zero though this number should not be seen as just the abstract representative of nothing and find out if zero is always there. Let's take, for instance, the number 10. You can see that this number is made up out of two numbers: 1 and 0. The zero itself has no value to add, but the position it takes in augments the single 1 significantly. This second position can theoretically be taken in by any number between 0 and 9. The position is there and zero though adding nothing delivers the fact of that position. The example above shows that the value of something immediately greater than 9 is 10. Does that show zero's fundamental character? Before we get to the tables and the more intricate evidence, let's first take a closer look at that phenomenon of positioning itself. The step from 10 to 100 is nothing more than adding an extra position in front of the two digits of 10, though it appears we added a zero at the back. The step here is that 100 has three positions, while 10 only has two. The fact that nobody has to give permission for this third number position to appear means that it was there to begin with. In the light of the three positions of 100, 10 could have been written with three positions as well, like 010. The difference between 10 and 010 or even 0000010 is nothing but showing that a third position already existed in front of the 10. In this case the zeroes in front of 10 are truly 'nothings' that can be displayed if so desired or not. In general, we do not want to put zeroes in front of every number. And why should we? They've got nothing to add! But it means we can easily forget that the option is always there and that position is cue. The example of 010 is used to not only show that the first zero can take up the exact same place where nothing could have been placed as well, but that the first and the second zero are not identical either: one zero is optional, the other zero is required. Though it is not hard to show that zero is seemingly always there, it is important to find harder evidence that nothing truly is always there, that it has a greatness of character, because it will otherwise be ignored by the ultimate rulers: the scientists. The lingua franca of mathematics has evolved over many years and/or came forth out of many disputes. Interestingly enough, in mathematics there are two mathematical contexts in which the number zero takes in a different spot. On the one hand in number theory zero is not placed within the definition of natural numbers. In the definition used by number theorists the natural numbers start out with one (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc). On the other hand, ever since Peano created his five axioms for the natural numbers, the natural numbers do start with zero in set theory. It is quite interesting that in mathematics there is ground too to disagree about the fundamental building blocks. One theory creates a definition with, the other theory creates a definition without zero as a natural number. Ultimately, a definition is only a definition and should not have too much of an impact on most results, but the conceptual ideas that mathematicians create with their wonderful work often functions as the scout for other disciplines. It is not uncommon for phenomena to be known in mathematics before an actual counterpart is discovered in physics. As such, the mathematical definitions are quite important. In a way, these two definitions take in the exact spots of the two aspects described above; one aspect has a context in which a unified delivery exists — while excluding zero — and one aspect has a context in which a unified delivery does not exist. Showing the silence, the invisible idea, the nothing to be fundamental can be accomplished with the figure zero. Though zero and nothing are not by definition identical, we may certainly investigate this peculiar number in what some have called 'the language in which god speaks to us.' As was already shown above, the zeroes in front of a number, like 00001119, do take up the space of nothing. In another example three minus three we find that zero is functional, but does it show that zero is fundamental? Is it truly linked to the other numbers? What needs to be established is that zero is an essential part of this language. To achieve that we can use the model of the positive integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7... This way, evidence can be delivered that zero is linked to them. It sounds extremely logical, but the character of zero makes it difficult to deliver evidence that zero is intrinsically linked. Again, whether we see zero as an actual member of the natural numbers (set theory) or not (number theory): that is simply not of importance in this quest. Its result giving the answer whether unification can exist on the level of our universe or not is important to help us understand everything. Follow these five steps that lead to the required use and therefore to the evidence that zero is linked. It is only necessary to have a level of elementary math and to have some endurance. In the first step it is shown that the prime numbers are somehow tied in with the natural numbers. Prime numbers are numbers that can be divided only by themselves and one. See Table 1 the prime numbers are highlighted in green. This table shows a strong resemblance to the work of Eratosthenes, who created his sieve for finding prime numbers more than 2200 years ago. In Table 1 the numbers between 1 and 100 are placed in lines of six numbers. In these "six-packs" (7-8-9-10-11-12 or 19-20-21-22-23-24) prime numbers will only be located in the first and the fifth position (7 and 11, and 19 and 23). There are two exceptions: the numbers 2 and 3. The special nature of number 1 will be discussed later, while for reasons of visual and conceptual clarity number 1 is discussed in this chapter as a prime (in clear violation of the mathematical standard), but 1 as a prime will later be rebuked. After the first line of six numbers there are no prime numbers found in the second, third, fourth, or sixth position. To summarize: the first step demonstrates that when all numbers are placed in lines of six (with the only exception being the first line) prime numbers occur only in first and fifth positions. In the second step the focus is no longer on the prime numbers, but just on the numbers in the first and fifth positions that are not prime numbers such as 25, 35, and 49. See Table 2, they are the numbers in the first and fifth positions highlighted in red. It turns out that these numbers are all various multiplications of prime numbers. Follow the color code and it becomes apparent that all of the red numbers are the multiplications of the numbers in green with the exception of 2, and 3. For example, 25, 35, 55, 65, 85, and 95 are numbers in the first or fifth position that are divisible by 5. The numbers 49, 77, 91 are numbers that are divisible by 7. If we extend the table beyond one hundred the multiplications of 11 (121, 143, 187, 209, 253...) would also be found. The multiplications of 13, 17, 19... would come into focus as well. The second step reveals the relationship that all numbers on first and fifth positions have with each other. The red numbers are multiplications of the green numbers (and later down the line also of the other red numbers). I will refer to this group of red and green numbers in first and fifth positions as the AE-numbers. In the third step the focus is on the red numbers. These red numbers, which are multiplications occurring in first and fifth positions, form a distinctive pattern! For this to become more visible the red numbers must be taken apart according to their AE-number in the same way as was done in step two. Let's follow the pattern of the multiplications of 5. See Table 3, highlighted in red, a pattern is visible in which the multiplications occur in set positions. 25 is the starting point. Here the square of 5 is found in a line of six numbers in the first position. The next, 35, is found one line below in a fifth position in a line of six. The next, 55, is four lines below in a first position. The next, 65, one line below. The next, 85, four lines below, and so on. Notice that Table 3 enumerates through 178. The pattern of AE-number 5 shows a jump down of 1 line and 4 lines. At the same time the first position and the fifth position continuously swap places. This establishes that a pattern can be found for all multiplications of AE-numbers 5 or greater. Starting at the point of its own square in a first position in the six-pack, the multiplication of any AE-number will appear a fixed number of lines below in the fifth position in the six-pack. The sequence continues on a fixed number of lines below, but then moves back to a first position in the six-pack. This goes on infinitely. The multiplication of an AE-number zigzags down in a pattern. In the example of number 7, as illustrated in Table 4, highlighted in blue, a jump pattern zigzags down 4 plus 3 lines of six-packs. Its square is in the first position in a six pack, 49. The next place, 77, is four lines below in the fifth position in a six pack. The next place, 91, is three lines below in a first position, and so on. Let's examine some more examples. For the number 11 in Table 5 there is a pattern going down of 3 plus 8 lines. After the square in a first position, the next one is found three lines below in a fifth position. The next one is found eight lines below back in a first position, and so on. For the number 13 in Table 6, highlighted in green, a pattern is found after its square eight and five lines apart. The third step, then, shows that the multiplications of AE-numbers can be taken apart and that jump patterns can be found. Next, in the fourth step, one step before the conclusion, notice that these patterns are predictable. In other words, the patterns themselves occur systematically and this can be set apart in a pattern as well. To minimize confusion I will refer to this as the link-pattern. The link-pattern shows the link between the separate patterns. See the link table. The link is that the latter number in a pattern is used again as the former number of the next pattern. For instance, three, which is the latter number in the sequence for seven (4 + 3) is also the former in the next sequence of eleven (3 + 8). The sum of each pattern also equals the AE-number 4 + 3 = 7 and 3 + 8 = 11. When two out of three parts of a sum are known, the remainder can be found also. For thirteen this means that when 8 is known to be the former, the latter has to be 5. 13 has a pattern of 8 + 5. Five then returns for 17 as the former (5 + 12). The fourth step shows that all patterns can be known because each pattern is linked with the next. The fifth and last step demonstrates evidence that zero is an essential and intrinsic part that becomes visible when using only the members of the natural numbers. Evidence is found by going backwards to the beginning of the link-pattern. For AE-number 7 there is a pattern of 4 + 3. Going backwards, it is established that 4 as the former was also the latter (1 + 4) in the pattern of AE-number 5. So, in the pattern of AE-number 5 (1 + 4) the 1 is the repetition of the latter in the pattern of number 1. This means that number 1 has a pattern of 0 + 1. The former of the pattern of number 1 is zero. As you can see in Table 7, highlighted in red, the square of 1 (which is also 1) is in its proper position in the six-pack. Note that Table 7 does not start with 1 anymore. The 0 has been added to update the table with the newly found information. The first line of six consists therefore of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. This reordering of the table still preserves the pattern occurring in the positions under the numbers 1 and 5. In the pattern of 0 + 1, the first number is 1. The next number in the pattern, 5, is found nil lines below, which actually means that it is found on the same line. It is found in its proper position. The next number, 7, is found in the position under 1, but one line below. The next, 11, is found nil lines below in a position underneath 5, and so on. The pattern is actually a jump of one line and then a halt, and it therefore takes in two positions per line. The outcome of this pattern equals all positions taken by 1 and 5 and their likes in every following six-pack; here we find the positions of both the prime numbers (the numbers that were shown as green in the first two tables) and the multiplications of prime numbers (shown in red in the first two tables). As such, it underlines the importance of every position of 1 and 5 in each line of six numbers, but it also shows that even taking nil steps has a consequence that has a visual effect. This is the beginning from which every following pattern emerges. This is the layout, the template, of what happens next. The evidence that zero is linked to the other numbers lies in the fact that its use is required to name the pattern of number 1. Without zero the pattern cannot be named or explained. Zero is therefore a fundamental part of what may initially appear quirky and unimportant, but what is nevertheless an essential part of this most basic pattern found in math. A conceptual idea with a fully linked zero can help explain why two different mathematical theories exist at the same time, with one placing zero within the definition of the natural numbers and the other placing zero outside that definition. At one point in time both groups of mathematicians made use of the ability to choose, yet was that choice considered to be part of the answer? Ironically, the choice whether zero belongs to the natural numbers or not is delivered in the abstract by no other number than zero itself. No other number delivers the option to make something unimportant; this is accomplished by simply stating that something has no value (or said differently has a value of zero). We do it all the time. Something or someone is important (has value) or not (has no value). One group of mathematicians gives the number zero significance within the definition of the natural numbers, the other group does not. We have ended up with two positions, where there really is only one. It is possible to say that this is No biggy, but one important consequence in this conceptual thinking may be that we forget to place the phenomenon of nothing right at the middle of the occurrence of the Big Bang itself, for instance, as if separation was a byproduct and not a fundamental aspect. Such a definition may not lead to the idea that the phenomenon of nothing was functional at the beginning of our universe. The difference is no small potatoes. Separation would then fall below the radar of our factual consciousness and it is not seen as an important tool in the creation of our universe. If we then try to understand that creation, we miss out on one possible fact: that separation could be the necessary first act. And a good question to ask is if such separation occurred as in a violent explosion or as in a parting of sides with nothing happening but a true nothing coming in between? With the evidence that zero is linked to the other natural numbers, we have found that the option of nothing is fundamental within everything and cannot be shut outside. Shutting out something is basically the action of zero, and it should therefore belong to any fundamental framework that tries to deliver a view on everything. However, nothing also provides the option to not see it as fundamental. A similar ordering appears with the phenomenon of colors. Even when we all agree that black is not a color because it represents the absence of any reflection of light, it can still be seen as part of the framework of colors because it states something rather fundamental about colors. Without black we cannot describe all characteristics of color. The interesting part is that the choice is ours. Without black, all colors may be placed perfectly well on a flat area, with white in the middle. With black, however, the colors take place on a globe with one pole being black and another pole being white the colors varying around the equator. From this latter perspective we can then also see that not just white, but literally all specific colors exist in opposition to black, since they both collectively ánd individually take in a position that is opposite to 'no reflection of light.' The opposite of red is then not just green, the opposite of red as a specific reflection of light is then also black as the non-reflection of light; and so on. In light of a theory of everything, both mathematical theories show us different conceptual ideas, which may not seem helpful. Yet, while it may be confusing, if we place both definitions on our radar screen at the same time, we may see the inherent choice itself better. The fact that we can choose is made obvious by placing both definitions side by side. A quick parallel can be drawn about the binary system and the decimal system. Both can be used to appoint numbers to anything in our universe, yet both systems are fundamentally not identical. The binary system uses only two parts — 0 and 1 — to establish binary deliveries. The decimal system has 10 parts, each with more specific connotations. Not a single scientist would feel compelled to choose one version and deny the existence of the other; both have their own fields in which they can be used best. These two mathematical systems function side by side, can be used to numerically appoint anything in our universe, yet basically they are different. In the binary system, no one would suggest making zero insignificant; the binary system cannot function without two positions. In the decimal system, we can end up choosing whether to mention or not to mention that zero. But whatever the choice we make, we now know that the zero is always there. The patterns as sketched above with the tables are derivations of the positive integers; they state characteristics of the positive integers and do so in the language of these numbers. However, within structures found within these numbers we find a jump sequence of 1 that is 0 + 1. Can zero still be seen as an outsider? No matter the outcome to the defining question, we have evidence that zero is always there. As soon as someone says 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, you can mention that this person has forgotten 0. It is important to note that not a single soul would say that in the binary system zero is not part and parcel. Now, in the decimal system, we can also say that zero is always there. It has a greatness of character. there is more Even though the goal has been met of delivering evidence that zero has a greatness of character, to complete the information an explanation should also be given for the special places of the numbers one, two and three. Out of the above information the deduction can be made that the first line of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is a matrix according to which the other, following numbers conform themselves. It is the only line that has prime numbers in more than two positions. This does not collide with the prime number pattern that has been shown herein. The question arises: does the first line hold a more prominent place than the other lines? Examine the squares of the prime numbers, for example 25 (5 x 5) on the fifth line of six numbers and 49 (7 x 7) on the ninth line of six numbers. See Table 8, highlighted in yellow. Look at the number of lines that lie between them. The step from 25 to 49 contains four lines of six numbers. If we look at 1, 25, 49, 121, 169, 289, 361... which are all squares of AE-numbers another pattern is found in how many lines of six numbers the squares of AE-numbers lie apart: four, four, twelve, eight, twenty, twelve lines of six apart. This means that the place the next square of an AE-number is found is predictable: 4, 4, 12, 8, 20, 12, 28, 16, 36, 20... lines apart (these last six numbers of lines, representing the place the square of an AE-number is found, are not visible in Table 8). This series of numbers actually has two patterns in its structure. They can be presented as N + 4 plus P + 8 (the red numbers in this paragraph) both taking turns. N + 4 stands for the number of lines 4, 8, 12, 16, 20... as each number goes up by an amount of four. P + 8 stands for the number of lines 4, 12, 20, 28, 36... as each number of lines goes up by an amount of eight. This single structure with a double pattern of (N + 4)+(P + 8), representing the squares of prime numbers, is found when you divide the positive integers into lines of six. Interesting though it becomes when reaching the larger figures, to explain the special position of numbers 2 and 3 please look at the beginning of the structure. Look at the line of six of the square of 5 (25). Twenty-five lies on the fifth line of six numbers. It is true that it takes four steps to get to 25, but only if you start to count after the first line. This means the first line is already there. It might not sound special, but when acknowledging the existence of this pattern the six numbers of the first line should be considered a given. It should therefore be perceived as the basic line. Then a justifiable conclusion can be made that the first line is the starting point from which other significant conclusions are abstracted. So 2 and 3 aren't just prime numbers; they are basic numbers. To understand the significance of the first line further, ask if the number 1 really is a prime number. Although it is true that it can be divided only by itself, it is also the square of itself, and it therefore doesn't follow the rule of a prime because a prime number can never be the square of any number. It differs from the prime numbers in that not one, but both parts can be used again and again without changing the result (1 x 1 x 1 x 1 remains 1), while the prime numbers containing just one such part (for instance, 1 x 5, or 1 x 7) remain only the same when one of the two numbers is multiplied. When multiplying 1 more than once in, for instance, 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 7, this still results in an outcome of 7. Yet when multiplying the other part, for instance with 1 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7, the second multiplication of 7 already leads to the answer being no longer the same result. What we consider to be prime numbers has only one of its parts contain the infinitive of 1, never both parts; this one part can be used in an infinite number of multiplications without changing the outcome. Naturally, one of Euclid's greatest efforts, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, delivers another reason why 1 is not a prime number. The theorem states that any natural number can be factored into primes only in one way. With 1 as a prime, this does not hold. In a sense, 1 shows several characteristics all at the same time. It is very much like the color white: it takes in a very special position because it is more than just a color: it can be seen as the culmination of all colors. Number 1 is both the number itself, and the square of itself. A double phenomenon is captured within this one single number. And like 1, the numbers 2 and 3 are special numbers. Their significance as prime numbers can be connected to their position in the basic line. This concept requires that all numbers of the basic line, including two and three, be seen as basic models. The basic line may be seen as a matrix that helps form all numbers thereafter. This matrix is clearly unique. There is one last peculiarity that N + 4 starts neatly at zero (4, 8, 12, 16, 20 etc.), while P + 8 inconveniently counts back half a step (4, 12, 20, 28, 36 etc.). After the basic line is placed the P + 8 structure can only make half a step of 4 the first time to get to 25. Were the first four parts of 8 used to make the steps to get from 1 to 5? Or could it only muster half a step since it was based both on 1 and 0, averaging to just 1/2? Or had there be some equality first, with both taking a first step of 4 lines? Or did this part not start at the previous square of 5 (25), but it too started at the first line, hence making a step of 8 lines? Whatever your guess, it emphasizes the special place the numbers of the starting line take in. The used frameworks in math have one more interesting peculiarity: the number 1 is sometimes referred to as 'unity.' As mentioned before, the importance of what a word means may be a point of discussion. Mathematicians work with prime numbers, non-prime numbers, and unity (1). It is important to give 1 a name all to itself because it is such an important number. However, in ordinary language, unity is a word that is only used to show the peculiar situation of several parts. Unity is a word that points to the special situation of many or of several parts, for instance, a family or group. The independent country was united, not because large slabs of clay formed one contiguous piece of land, but because all people in the nation had put their differences aside and they united behind the single idea to get their independence. Unity is therefore a word about a situation that was established; it did not exist from the start: unity indicates a result. Just like 1 is not a prime number — following and not following the rule of prime numbers — unity has a dual nature in being a singular expression of a collective outcome. So, unity is much more than 1, while at the same time 1 is far more different than just unity. Naturally, the word unit is used to deliver a single entity, like the unit of kilo or pound, but these units can be used over and over again. It is important to understand that mathematicians may choose to name 1 whatever they like, but it is peculiar that they named it 'unity.' Of all numbers, 1 is the only number to deliver singularity as a feature in opposition to plurality. Singular is described in the dictionary as 'beyond the usual' or as 'strange' or 'odd.' By choosing the confusing name of unity for 1, mathematicians (from a past long gone) have created a conceptual difficulty that does not immediately help us in our quest to understand everything. Again, a look at the binary system can help clarify the word 'unity' further, since the basis for the word 'unity' seems completely absent here. With 0 as an empty or non-energized (off) position, the binary 1 would better be described as an energized (on) position; it is the only active ingredient, and it is used over and over again.. It would not make sense to name 1 in the binary system 'unity.' If you listen carefully, you can hear people describe the binary system as a system of ones and zeros. This is a statement of plurality. The mathematical set up does not have a 'the one' or 'the zero.' The idea of singularity — 1 — does not jump out from this system as readily as it does in the decimal system. In the decimal system, 1 is the winner, the first, the highest, the position of being united. The single number 1 — thé one — is used in a context that automatically declares the existence of others. How can one be the winner, if no one else partakes in the race? How can the nation be united, if there was not a status of some separation before? Words are just that: words. Nevertheless, once words are established they can show interesting linkages, such as the Russian word for 1, for instance, which is 'odin.' It is not by accident that this Norse god Odin appears in the Russian language. There have been strong ties and connections between the Vikings and the Russians. The god Odin, also known as the all-father, is seen as the god of the very beginning. To understand everything to get full knowledge Odin hung himself on the tree of life. He committed suicide to deliver and subsequently get a clear view on the whole picture. Not an act to follow lightly, especially since he survives the ordeal; don't ask how. Yet the thinking gets portrayed through this Norse figure of how 1 as the origin is sacrificed and how it brings us as such understanding about the whole that now contains many gods and parts (including Odin himself as numero uno). The Norse mythology delivers us therefore an ancient point of view that unity no longer exists in the natural world. Though Odin is considered the all-father, after his suicide he is in this new existence no longer the only god. He is now just the one from which everything started, and as such he has become the 'one' that is now part of everyone. There are more religions in which more gods play their specific roles. Just think of the Greek and Roman gods, for instance. While Zeus is the most important god, he is not the god of the beginning. He actually killed his father, Chronos. As far as we know, at one point in time religions that only had one god did not even exist. Was the idea of unity as an ultimately existing entity clearly beyond reality for these ancestors? An interesting aspect is that in the old days theologians and scientists were often one and the same people. Today, such a setup is no longer in place: scientists cannot say anything about god because the religious realm does not fit on the modern scientific framework anymore. The word god does not appear in a scientific contect — it cannot appear in this context. And the theologians must stay with their position, otherwise they may lose the devine connection. Or have both groups simply lost touch with the other side, are they both being pulled apart by different directive powers? These two versions may be captured in this chapter in that they too deliver different perspectives about the overall universe. Each functions according to its own context. The word god and the words repeatable evidence show how science and religion have fundamentally nothing in common. Or are they both the same — as in both ignoring the importance of nothing? In English, one can use the word one to express what one may or may not do/think/feel. One is a word that can state something about me without it truly sounding like it is about me. One can be used to state something about everyone in general. One can easily do that. No one can argue with that. When one uses one, one uses a word that is a little bit vague. the one theory of everything Finally, let's battle it out with the concept of 'the one.' We can easily use the term the whole and then truly mean the whole. Without a doubt the word universe captures everything. Yet what confuses us the most is when we start using this word whole and then mention the concept of nothing at the same time. These two words do not belong to the same level. Many may state that a bagel also has a hole, but the whole bagel comes with the hole, so the hole is not a separate part to be mentioned next to the bagel. A simpler delivery of our using words of different levels is stating incorrectly that a car is the car plus the interior space. We do not say that the car is the car plus the steering wheel, because that is superfluous. The same is true for the spacious interior. The details are mentioned on a different level: the steering wheel, the back seat, the wheels, and the interior space. One word that you will not find on this list: car. Car is not a detail. At the level of 'thé One' there is only one number: 1. There is no zero here at this level. When talking about the whole, we do not mean the 1 of the decimal system, and we do not mean the 1 of the binary system. We refer to a 1 that is the only single number in a system all to itself. The absolute 1 is a concept, an abstract that we can visualize inside our head, but it is not a concept that is real in itself — and it is not a scientific concept. Our universe is not a single entity; it is the incredibly enormous congregation of anything that is out there. And this plural situation includes us, too. Despite the fact that scientists work with forced entities of nothing (like vacuums) or empty sets in math, none of these options have created a clear view on everything. The main problem is that science does not come with a singular concept. Yet we try. We have so many concepts inside our heads, all at the same time, that we quickly use parts of one field to explain certain parts of other fields. Still, 'the one' is a concept that only belongs outside the realm of science; if you wish, one can call that religion. Anytime anyone mentions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 but not zero a fundamental part of the natural state of our universe has conceptually been left out. Just like the binary system, the decimal system comes with a zero. We may forget it easily, sometimes for good reasons, like unnecessary repetition of zeros in front of a number that do not change the result at all, as in 00005. Or we do not mention it, because it is truly not important whether zero belongs to a definition or not for whatever we are doing. Yet overall scientific contexts always have a place for the phenomenon of nothing. To come to a theory of everything the phenomenon of nothing must be included it has to be included because we have mathematical evidence that it is always there. Even though nothing was not seen as fundamental, science itself is squarely based on the ability to view certain information in the light of nothing. Science was established through repeatable results, while everything else that is not repeatable may be considered to have a value of zero as in unimportant in the light of facts. Without this function, science would not be science could not be science. Therefore, the function of nothing is intrinsic to science itself. With the evidence that 0 is a fundamental part scientists may start to look for a number of applications they had previously not considered. In the mean time, we have discovered that a theory of everything must contain several independent parts because with a fundamental nothing ultimate unification in the material world is out. The information provided is part of In Search of a Cyclops in which more scientific questions are answered, for instance, how to view dimensions and how the basic 3D set-up contains a scientific anomaly. There are two sponsored (free) chapters available of In Search of a Cyclops. Help spread this information How to get In Search of a Cyclops "In Search of a Cyclops" contains scientific information to back up the claim that nothing plays a role in each and every structure that tries to deliver a completed view. While the idea of nothing can be a simple concept in itself, the fact that it is present whenever we try to create a structure about everything makes it imperative that we need to understand the role of nothing before we can understand everything.	287,285
What? Skipping on the first day of school? I got a good lesson on Thursday in why we must never assume anything. I was at Mont Pleasant Middle School, interviewing seventh-graders on their first day of school, and I noticed two kids standing just outside the entrance. The doors were propped open wide, it was bright and cheerful inside, but they weren’t setting a foot inside the building. One of them was trying to balance on the railing. They both looked annoyed. My first thought was: My God, they’re skipping on the FIRST day of school. Then I saw another kid rolling down the street on his skateboard. Was nobody bothering to actually walk into the school? I walked up to them, ready to interview them on why they don’t want to go to school. When I said hello, they responded cheerfully. They even seemed interested. This wasn’t the sullen I-hate-everything attitude I’d expected. It turned out they were eighth-graders — and they hadn’t realized that on the first day, they wouldn’t start school until 12:30 p.m. So they’d gotten up on time, they’d gotten to school on time — and they were told they’d have a four-hour wait. They were bored to death, they said. But walking home was more trouble than just waiting. As we talked, I realized these were the cream of the crop: the kids so excited about school that they stayed even when teachers shooed them away. Here they were, with the perfect excuse — “I WENT to school, they sent me home!” — and they were still there. Here’s hoping I get to see them walk across the stage in five years. Reach Gazette reporter Kathleen Moore by email to firstname.lastname@example.org.	65,565
Thirty years ago, French artist Thierry Noir surreptitiously painted elephants, bunnies, and faces on the Berlin Wall. It wasn’t just a subversive act of protest; it was very dangerous. Noir painted mile after mile of artworks on the wall, which not only highlighted how ridiculous the barrier was, but also brought new attention to the wall and emboldened other artists. A number of artists, musicians and free thinkers settled in West Berlin during the 1980s despite the difficulties of the time. Within a group which included David Bowie and Iggy Pop, was a rebellious young French artist called Thierry Noir. Thierry Noir was born in 1958 in Lyon, France and moved to Berlin in 1982 with one suitcase. By chance he settled in a squat overlooking the Wall at the border of East and West Berlin. One day in 1984 Noir spontaneously started to paint the Wall and continued to do so each day for five years with whatever paint he could scavenge from nearby construction sites. Noir's aim was not to embellish the Wall but to demystify it. As Noir says, "I did nothing but react to its sadness." During this time Noir would sell small paintings on cardboard at local restaurants to survive. Until comparatively recently Europe was totally divided - West and East - with a very real threat of nuclear war between superpowers. Since 1990 and the fall of Communism the era of two sole superpowers facing off against each other has ended. However, the world has faced mutlifarious security concerns of a different nature since and areas of Europe, particularly the previous Soviet States have witnessed bloody conflicts. The current situation in Ukraine points to a renewed destabilisation of Europe that could once again put Russia into conflict with Western Democracies and endanger the security and civil liberties of citizens of Europe. While painting on the Wall, Noir's work gradually came to assume an iconic importance as a symbol of freedom in the lead up to the fall of Communism. The symbolism of this work carries an enduring legacy that is still relevant today in a world where there are still divisive walls both physical and metaphorical. Boycott the Wall. Since this time, Noir's exploits and highly distinctive visual language have become world famous and immortalised in popular culture such as Wim Wenders' 1987 film Wings of Desire and the cover of U2's album Acthung Baby. It is remarkable, then, that 'Thierry Noir: A Retrospective', held in the 25th anniversary year of the fall of the Berlin Wall, is Noir's first ever solo exhibition and also his retrospective. A new exhibition, Thierry Noir: A Retrospective, opens on April 4th at the Howard Griffin Gallery in London and will run through May 5th. The Tortoise and the Hare. Boycott the Wall. Segments of Noir Berlin Wall featured in Wim Wender's Wings of Desire. These pieces were auctioned in Monte Carlo and are now held in a private collection in New York City. Berlin wall sign. Noir painting the back of the Berlin Wall in the death strip as the Wall started to come down. The fall of the Berlin Wall Noir - original Wall painting from 1980s. View of the wall in the 1980s. Noir 1980s wall painting - Red Dope on Rabbits Noir painting Berlin Wall - 1980s. Fast Form Manifest, 1980s	269,239
Since I can remember, the word ‘Retard’ has been what a good friend of mine aptly dubbed, ‘My Kryptonite.’ Over the last 24 years of my life it has been the source of many my most heated exchanges, both physical and verbal. I was seven years old when my brother John was born. John was born with Down syndrome. Johno, as we call him, is about the finest human I know. He is absolutely loyal, perpetually optimistic and has never held a negative reservation. I’m not sure what my stance was on using such an ugly word before John came into my life. Fact is, I was seven and I can’t imagine it came up much between riding Big Wheels and throwing rocks. As a grown man however, there is no mistaking my opposition to the word ‘Retard’ and it’s place in any conversation. Sadly, at some point, a word once used professionally to describe a medical condition was transformed and accepted as a derogatory term used too often in everyday conversation to insult. To me, a word used to demean and degrade the most honest and genuine person I know has no place in conversation. Any conversation. It is possible that I take too much offense to the word, but when it’s spoken in my presence, to me, it is the worst form of DISRESPECT. You are insulting my brother’s intelligence, integrity and ability as a human. When you insult my brother, you insult me. See what I mean when I say, Kryptonite? So the challenge has always been, how do I tell you it is offensive if you might not realize what you are implying by using the word ‘Retard’ so casually and carelessly. Not always as easy as it seems. But necessary, in my eyes. As a younger man, with a temper and a disposition much less adjusted, I used to take my offense in a very different direction. Often, I found myself reaching for someone’s collar, thinking I could shake the ignorance out of them. Let’s just say that I was a bit scrappier and less tactful once. I have since worked my way through those anger issues and have new more creative ways of confrontation. Regardless, the crippling effect of my ‘Kryptonite’ persists! It still happens often that I am faced with responding to the use of the word. Though it raises my blood pressure to scary levels each time, I have realized that this is the flag I carry, whether I like it or not. Maybe I’m too stubborn and I should just accept people’s ignorance. Maybe not. Spread the Word to End the Word In the last few years, a campaign partnered by Best Buddies and Special Olympics has been gaining some awesome momentum. The campaign is called ‘Spread the Word to End the Word.’ It is a movement to raise awareness about the divisiveness and harmful nature of language, particularly the word ‘Retard.’ Being as today is Spread the Word to End the Word Day, I had a recent series of encounters that I would like to share… ‘Kryptonite’ in the Firehouse I have been blessed with a career in the fire service as a firefighter/paramedic. I have also had the honor to stand alongside one of my other brothers, Mike, to lead Opportunity Knocks, an organization that provides programs for people with developmental disabilities. Recently, I was moved to a new fire station where I began working with a new crew. I knew the guys fairly well just from being on the job for a few years, working in a neighboring district, training together and through other department events. During the first few shifts of being with my new crew, I realized my ‘Kryptonite’ was entrenched. It wasn’t an everyday thing, but there were a few isolated references, R-words and the like, that resolved me to have 'The Talk'. I have always preferred actions to words in this regard, but sometimes it has to be the hard way because if we were going to get along, they needed to know where I stand on this. Luckily, before I had the opportunity to come right out and say it, another option presented itself. I was to be given an award from General Motors for my work on the FD and with OK. Part of the presentation was a gathering of a few reps from each group at the firehouse. I’m not big on accolades and spotlights, but this was a perfect opportunity! So I chose a few of the Warriors from OK, my brother Johno, my brother-from-another-mother Jarvis and my buddy ‘Beefy’. Jarvis has autism and Beef has an intellectual disability, both are very active at OK. And so, my OK family was to meet my FD family. When they arrived I introduced everyone. As it often is, when outsiders come into the firehouse it was a bit awkward at first, but before long there was an awesome warmth in the place. Jarvis was talking sports, Beefy was fire buffing and of course, Johno had two handfuls of pizza. It’s hard for me to describe with words exactly what happened in that short period of time of being together, but I could sense a new awareness. It was subtle and it was natural, but standing from where I stood, it was palpable. That day, I think the guys on my crew got 'it', much the same as I got 'it' when Johno was born. The beautiful thing about it was that it was all without me having said a word. Since that day, I have not heard the R-word or anything like it. Whether they realize it or not, they changed that day. I am so proud to count myself amongst the guys I work with at the fire department and this is just another great reason why. This situation taught me a lesson too. Not a new lesson in my life, but a new application to my ‘Kryptonite’ issues: there’s more than one way to skin a cat. We all have our 'Kryptonite'. It's how we face up to it that determines our character. I’m still working on my Kryptonite. How’s things going with yours?	143,177
- Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com - Print Solar Cells With an Inkjet Printer Posted By Jorge Chapa On March 10, 2008 @ 4:40 am In Environment,Renewable Energy,Solar Power \| 15 Comments If you like the idea of solar power, but aren’t convinced by expensive, clunky solar panels just yet, here’s a more manageable option: print your own on an inkjet! Konarka Technologies has just debuted a printable solar panel film that uses a common inkjet printing process to manufacture paper-thin photovoltaic solar cells . Using the existing and very simple technologies of your office inkjet printer, Konarka has essentially replaced ink with the solar cell material, and paper with a thin flexible sheet of plastic. “Demonstrating the use of inkjet printing technology as a fabrication tool for highly efficient solar cells and sensors with small area requirements is a major milestone,” stated Rick Hess, president and CEO at Konarka. Unfortunately we probably won’t be seeing the Inkjet-solar-panel option flying off the shelves of Office Depot just yet, as it is currently only feasible for large productions of solar cells. However, it does mean that if the uptake of this technology happens relatively quickly, you will be seeing solar cells of different sizes and price-points appearing everywhere soon. Article printed from Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/printable-solar-cells-demonstrated/ URLs in this post: Image: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/03/10/printable-solar-cells-demonstrated/ Konarka Technologies: http://www.konarka.com/news_and_events/press_releases/2008/3_march/0304_ink.php Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved.	284,075
VESTIGE is one of the fastest selling direct selling MLM company in India. Vestige Product List is increasing day by day, in which Vestige is trying to make the product better and better. With Vestige Business Plan, many people keep searching for information on the Internet. We have already given you the introduction of VESTIGE MLM / Network Marketing Company, in which you were told about the advantages and disadvantages of Vestige . In this article, we will talk about the Vestige Business Plan. In which we will understand Vestige Income Plan. Often, Vestige's direct seller is looking for Vestige Business Plan PDF. The business plan PDF on Vestige's site is difficult to understand, because there is a lot of detail written about vestige. Vestige Business Plan Before we understand Vestige Business Plan, we will look at some definitions of Vestige Business. What is Vestige PV BV? This is the most important to understand. What is Vestige PV BV? The first is to understand PV BV in the Vestige Business Plan. BV's Full Form Business Volume and PV's Point Volume. BV and PV are nothing, it's just Vestige's own currency unit. Where 1 BV is on average Rs 1.66 and 1 PV is Rs 27 on average. The same 16 BV is equal to 1 PV. We will tell you further about what the role of BV and PV is in the business plan of the Westies. Just so you have to take care that whenever you buy a product from Vestige, you get 60% of the original price of that product. Get BV For example, if you take something of 100 rupees from Vestige, then 60% of it means that you will get 60 rupees in BV. That is, 37 BV for every 100 rupees purchased. How does income come from the Vestige Business Plan? The only thing to understand in Vestige's business plan is how and how income is made in it. Like every MLM company, income in Vestige also depends on the direct selling done by you and the selling done by your downline. Income from Vestige is never fixed, this income is less every time. Income from Vestige is based on the following profit. 1) Vestige Retail Profit- In Vestige, you get every product directly from the company, at the cost of wholesale. That is, if there is a product that costs 100 rupees in retail, then you will get it for 80 rupees. Now if you sell it further for 100 rupees, you will get a profit of 20 rupees and if you use it yourself, you will save 20 rupees. In this way, you will earn or save on every purchase from retail profit. The more products you sell and sell, the more direct income you make. 2) Vestige Performance Profit– Performance Profit depends on how much BV you get every month. If you buy up to Rs 10,000 in a month from Vestige, you will get Cool 370 BV, which will give you a performance bonus of 5% ie Rs 18. The more BV you earn every month, the more percentage of your profit will be in the performance bonus. We have given below the chart of what percentage performance bonus you will get. The most important thing is that if you earn more than 8000 BV, then your profit will come separately from the first stage to the second stage. That is, 400 plus of the first stage, whatever your BV becomes on the second stage, you will get a bonus. The highest performance bonus is up to 20 percent, which is after the BV of 1 lakh and 60 thousand. 3) Vestige Director Bonus :- You get this bonus when you become a director yourself and bring new directors under you. To become a director, you have to do the business of 32000 BV, which is not so easy. That is, it will take you a long time. But, when you become a director and your income is fixed up to Rs 5000 every month. Now you add another person below you and make him a director, then you have income from 10000 to 15000 and you become a silver director. After this, two directors become gold directors, then three directors become banners and then last directors become crown directors. Meaning that as you add directors below you, your income will increase. 4) Vestige Fast Bonus: - In the fast bonus, if you sell well in the initial months, you get a little more bonus. In which, earning up to 4500 BV in a month, 400 rupees are available from Extra Vestige and vestige product of 1000 rupees free. But, if you sell more than this Vestige product in a month, then you get more profit. In this way, you can make income from network marketing and product selling from Vestige Business Plan. It is a matter of Vestige Business and Income Plan. Vestige has launched some apps on the Google Play Store. If you are a direct seller or distributor of Vestige, then you can also use these apps to get Vestige Online joining and Vestige Best Deals . If you have read the Vestige Business Plan carefully, then most of you would have liked this plan. Because in this, there is profit in many ways without much investment. We hope that the query on your Vestige Business Plan PDF ends here.	282,778
We could all use a little kindness — that one phrase perfectly sums up this movie. Heartwarming and simple, it will remind you of the value of being kind. (Photo Used by Permission of Jen Thompson) A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood, a movie that came out November 22, opens strong, reflecting the nostalgia of Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood. Mister Rogers, played by Tom Hanks, opens the door to childhood memories. In the classic show, Mister Rogers would walk in his iconic home, put on a red sweater, navy tennis shoes, and addressed the issues facing all people. A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood is the historic retelling of the relations between Fred Rogers and Lloyd Vogel, a journalist for Esquire. Even as a true story, the directors of this movie, Marielle Heller, chose to change this journalist’s name from Tom Junod to Lloyd. This movie is mainly based on the true article by Tom Junod in Esquire Magazine, along with scenes added to the story line by producers. Lloyd called himself an investigative journalist, but his editor at Esquire Magazine is about to push him beyond his limits. She asks him to write one feature on a special person: Fred Rogers. His task — to write a simple 400 word piece highlighting his life. Lloyd’s reputation, though, is filled with stories of him finding all the flaws in a person and publishing them for the world to see. Mister Rogers knew this and yet he chose to talk to Lloyd. Although the task is simple and short, Lloyd makes it his personal task to discover who Mister Rogers really is, when he’s not performing for an audience. Fred answers the phone with a calm hello. Everytime he speaks, he is inviting someone to sit with him, let their guard down, and be themselves. Lloyd has been skeptical of this for a long time. When he visits Fred at his studio in Pittsburgh, he walks in during the recording of his show, Mister Rogers Neighborhood. “Though I tried to ask him questions about himself, he always turned the questions back on me,” said Lloyd in his article. Mister Rogers is somehow able to reach into Lloyd’s past and get him to tell things he could barely remember. Everywhere Mister Rogers goes, people know him. Lloyd’s wife, upon hearing that he will be interviewing Mister Rogers, fondly remembers his show. On the subway, a car of mostly minority children, law enforcement officers, and families don’t ask him for an autograph. Instead, all slowly start to sing the classic song, It’s a Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood. Simple gestures like this mean the world to him. Throughout the movie, the emotions of the characters draw the audience in — Lloyd’s relationship with his father creates empathy in all who can understand the tension within a family. The entirety of the movie is a building of relationships — Lloyd struggles with how to honor his wife and tries to be the father he never felt he had to his son, all while mending this bond with his father. It needs to be said that this is not the movie you should be looking for to learn all about Mister Rogers. There is plenty about his show and some of his backstory. You hear about his family, wife and children, and the production of his show. But mostly, it’s about the people he influences, specifically Lloyd. Lloyd’s life flips upside down in a few short weeks. It’s about him, and how Mister Rogers changes his life. Overall, the movie moved slowly. Mister Rogers’s own words are slow and calculated. This is consistent with his character, and it shows how deliberate and kind he is, but it slows the storyline down. The plot itself moves hesitantly, using each scene for an extended time to allow the audience to fully grasp its significance. It allows time to process but can be nap-inducing at points. I won’t spoil it too much, but as in most inspirational movies, everything works out in the end. Relationships are mended, friendships formed, and hearts healed. Mister Rogers shows many traits including humility, kindness, and empathy. All are much needed in today’s world. Other than the slow pace, it was uplifting, sweet, and heartwarming. Vox called it “a delightfully weird drama, framed and shot deliberately to feel like a grown-up episode of Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood.” Whereas Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood teaches hard lessons to young minds, It’s a Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood teaches adults that they still haven’t learned all the lessons. Hi! My name is Ellie and I am the editor in chief for The Mycenaean. I play soccer at NCFC and go to The Summit Church!	132,211
RENEE MONTAGNE, host: And as China flexes its economic and military muscle, it's bumping up against Asia's other big and fast-growing power: India. Some defense analysts are watching uneasily as China develops commercial ports in several countries around India. NPR's Corey Flintoff reports from New Delhi. COREY FLINTOFF: To understand India's concerns about China, it helps to remember that the two countries have a history of border disputes, and that they fought a brief, but ferocious war over territory in 1962. Arun Kumar Singh is a retired Indian vice admiral who habitually refers to China's military as he. Vice Admiral ARUN KUMAR SINGH (Indian Navy, Retired): He wants to keep us in a state of imbalance, because he wants us to be kept boxed up in South Asia, though we are the second-largest and possibly the largest - or the fastest-growing economy in the world today. FLINTOFF: As a navy man, Singh is particularly concerned with China's efforts to build commercial ports in countries such as Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan - the so-called String of Pearls strategy. The thinking goes that China is establishing these facilities for commercial purposes now, but that they might be turned into military bases at some point in the future. Mr. SIDDHARTH VARADARAJAN (New Delhi Bureau Chief, The Hindu Newspaper): The string of pearls itself is a term - sounds very Chinese, doesn't it? But it's a term that the Rand Corporation came up with originally, to describe what was meant to be a strategy of surrounding India with a whole bunch of bases. FLINTOFF: Siddharth Varadarajan studies military policy as the New Delhi bureau chief for The Hindu newspaper. He says it doesn't make much sense to base India's policy toward China on speculation about a military strategy that may or may not exist. Jabin Jacob is also skeptical about the string of pearls theory. Jacob is a senior research fellow at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies in New Delhi. He says India's policy planners should be more concerned with the way China is using its military in what are called military operations other than war, such as anti-piracy patrols off the coast of Somalia. Mr. JABIN JACOB (Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies): How will you deal with a China that is actively crisscrossing the Indian Ocean, and building up relations with other Indian Ocean littoral states where India has traditionally had sway? FLINTOFF: Jacob says India needs to involve itself actively with its smaller neighbors and their problems if it wants to maintain its influence. He says policymakers also need to remember that China has its reasons for being wary of India's activities in China's neighborhood. Mr. JACOB: We have excellent relations with Mongolia and Vietnam, and the Chinese are not unaware of it. So, we only focus on the String of Pearls surrounding India. But, you know, we have another string, shall we say, garlanding the Chinese, which they are equally paranoid about. FLINTOFF: Siddharth Varadarajan says that a lot of China's current thinking on military policy is really defensive in nature, a way to protect legitimate and vital shipping lanes. Mr. VARADARAJAN: If India, as a major Indian Ocean power, could reassure the Chinese that India stands for freedom of the seas, that could be one concrete way to actually build confidence and trust and also greater openness with the Chinese. FLINTOFF: Jacob has another reminder for foreign policy wonks who may be trying to figure out the strategies of both China and India. He says both huge countries are going to be focused on their own internal problems long into the future, and that will drive their foreign policy agendas. Corey Flintoff, NPR News, New Delhi. (Soundbite of music) MONTAGNE: This is NPR News. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by a contractor for NPR, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Please be aware that the authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio.	100,334
Casper’s ‘Lemonade Day’ returns to teach kids how to run a business ‘Lemonade Day’ returning for its ninth year on June 24 CHEYENNE, Wyo. (Wyoming News Now) - Mark Zuckerberg started Facebook at age 19. For kids in Casper, they’ll be starting their own business much earlier. Okay, perhaps this isn’t the best comparison. Nevertheless, Casper’s “Lemonade Day” is giving kids their first taste of what it’s like to start a legitimate business, and it involves a little more than setting up a table on a sidewalk and mixing water and sugar. “Lemonade Day” is a free community event, focused on teaching kids how to start and run their own business. Kids follow a 14-step process that includes budgeting, marketing, construction, research, developing a recipe, and tabulating business results. The 2023 “Lemonade Day” kickoff event will be held May 3 from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. at Hilltop Bank’s Main Office at 300 Country Club Road. For the second year, the kickoff will be on the south side of the building off 4th Street. This is the first opportunity for kids to register and pick up their backpacks full of information to guide them through the process of starting their own business. There will be free lemonade and cookies for everyone at the kickoff, while supplies last. Backpacks will be available at any Hilltop Bank lobby location starting May 4. Each backpack contains an official guide to starting your own business as well as coupons, special offers, and prizes from Hilltop’s sponsors—all aimed at helping kids to run a successful business. Then, on June 24, participating entrepreneurs will open for business as they set up their stands all over town. Participants even keep 100% of the money they earn. Hilltop Bank President & CEO, Greg Dixson, is eager to support young entrepreneurs in the community. “Lemonade Day participants get to plan their lemonade stand, find funding to capitalize their business, build their stand, plan a menu, and exemplify their great sales skills. With Lemonade Day, there are so many good life lessons from start to finish,” Dixson said. “The lemonade is great, but not nearly as rewarding as witnessing young entrepreneurs at work.” Over the years, thousands of kids have registered for the event and it’s estimated that nearly $50,000 will be earned by participants this year. This is an event where all of Casper can participate whether you’re an entrepreneur, investor, mentor, a customer, or all the above. Tom McCarthy, Casper’s “Lemonade Day” city director, says the event is important to the future of the community. “Financial literacy and an entrepreneurial spirit are essential building blocks for future business and community leaders. That we can cultivate those skills in such a fun way, with support from the entire city, is incredible,” McCarthy said. Copyright 2023 KGWN. All rights reserved.	277,682
- Telangana household survey: PM Narendra Modi govt, CM K Chandrasekhar Rao face-off likelyHSBC surprises, says time not ripe for being overweight on Dalal StreetPM invites ideas for new body replacing Plan panelAt PM Narendra Modi meet, Haryana CM Bhupinder Singh Hooda humiliated, vows boycott The Narendra Modi government’s first ever budget was marked for its plans to reviving infrastructure investment in the country, and a key announcement was for developing 100 smart cities over the years. Finance minister Arun Jaitley called it Modi’s “vision” and allocated R7,060 crore for the scheme. He later said in Parliament that there would be more allocations in the coming budgets. Policymakers in the government acknowledge the fact that budgetary allocations won’t be enough to undertake such a huge task and that private participation will be required for financing and setting up the infrastructure needed to develop such smart cities from existing mid-sized cities and satellite towns. Apart from existing models like public-private partnership and infrastructure bonds, the government is also considering giving a boost to a dormant municipal bond market to finance urban development. Finance and urban development ministries are discussing the issue among themselves though a decision on how to revive the market has not been taken yet. The market for such bonds have existed in India from 1998, when Ahmedabad became the first Indian city to issue municipal bonds. However, in the past 16 years, 25 municipal bond issues in the country have garnered about $300 million, according a report by Prof Mukul Asher of National University of Singapore and Shahana Sheikh of the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. The amount is just a fraction of what it is in developed markets like the US, where the municipal bond market is worth more than $3 trillion. Analysts and policy watchers say the market for such bonds has not picked up in India for various reasons, including lack of interest amongst investors, the sorry state of finances of many urban local bodies (ULBs), shoddy accounting of the ULBs’ books, bureaucratic hurdles and lack of interest at the central and state levels, and the issue of who will guarantee the bonds. “There is a certain level of mismanagement in these municipal corporations (which issue the bonds). They are influenced by local politics”, said Ajay Manglunia, who heads fixed income at Edelweiss Securities. “There are issues to be sorted out, including cleaning up of the accounting, getting them audited, getting such bonds rated”, Manglunia said. The last conventional municipal bond issue was by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation in 2007 for R21.2 crore and the last pooled financing of a municipal bond issue was by the Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund in 2010 worth R83.1	80,475
Characterization, design and modeling of on-chip interleaved transformers. Date of Issue2008 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering This report aims to provide a comprehensive review of the project, characterization, design and modeling of on-chip interleaved transformers. Investigation, modeling, and performance optimization of silicon-based on-chip transformers are deliberately addressed. Complete characterization of monolithic planar interleaved transformers was performed based on 3D EM (Electromagnetic) simulations. The effect of layout geometry on the transformer’s performance was investigated. The number of turns of the octagonal spiral, the inner radius of the spiral, the metal line width, and the metal spacing were each varied independently, while the other parameters were kept unchanged. The conclusion of the report could serve as useful design guidelines. Various loss mechanisms that degrade the transformer’s performance were examined. A scalable model has been proposed to represent the RF characteristics of different transformer designs. All the RLC model elements were formulated as functions of the transformer’s geometrical and process parameters. Thus, the flexibility to tailor the transformer design becomes possible for any RF applications. Verification with accurately calibrated EM simulations demonstrated the accuracy of the performance predication and the scalability for a wide range of transformers’ layout. A 5GHz Gilbert Cell mixer was finally designed to test the capability of the proposed transformer. The transformer works as an input balun to generate differential signals. Resonant tuning was added to reduce the losses between input and output ports. The designed mixer offers high conversion gain, excellent isolations, as well as good linearity and noise performances. DRNTU::Engineering::Electrical and electronic engineering::Electric power::Auxiliaries, applications and electric industries	156,344
Something similar was the case in 1939. Having torn Poland apart, the brothers in arms paraded in conquered Brest. Side by side on the platform stood a red commander Krivoshein and a German general Guderian, while the red army and Nazi soldiers were marching along Brest streets. While tanks’ tracks were clattering in the parade columns and toasts made to friendship, Wehrmacht’s field engineers measured Buh’s depth in the places of possible crossing points. The Germans knew well that soon they would be forcing this water barrier. The time for that came very soon – on 22 June 1941. The defeat was terrible. The losses were beyond count. It was Belarus that paid the highest price for the Kremlin’s ventures. We are still unable to come into senses. However, in the new millennium countries, bordering on Russia, know no peace either. This time the enemy is Ukraine. You see, they do not like the leadership there, first of all the president. The one before that, with the golden bread loaf, was just right. The new one, elected in free elections, is no way suitable. They have grabbed a large piece of foreign land. Now they want more. That is why not for a minute go silent the fights of this undeclared war. People keep dying. But the rating of the Cheka officer behind the Kremlin walls is growing incredibly. It is no longer possible to stop. They want to join more and more land, like in ancient times. An agreement gets singed, the Eurasian, seemingly Economic, Union gets created. Everyone knows the further steps: the ghost of the USSR comes back to Europe. First, so to speak, victory. How could this go paradeless? There is even a suitable date – 3 July. Seventy years since Minsk has been liberated from the Nazis. According to the decision of the wise ruler – the Independence Day. In the new geopolitical reality it is just careless to celebrate it without Moscow being involved. You might get left with no gas and loans in this case. Truth it is – brothers in arms. They overcame Hitler together. There was no one else in that war eve. No Ukrainians, no Kyrgyz, no Georgians. Americans and Brits never came even close. Only us and the Russians. Now we will remember the memorable days – we will march together at a parade in Minsk. If there is no way to deal without the eastern neighbor for tactical reasons, they could have asked Moscow for some Katyusha or T-34 for some time. Or the very flag, which, according to the official version, was installed over the destroyed Reichstag by the Russian and Georgian soldier bravery. They could have solemnly bring it along – why not a reminder of the long and hard war? No way! Today’s rulers are not interested in all that. Really, what will we scary potential enemies with? That is why, according to preliminary data, powerful Russian military equipment will come to Belarusian capital. The Tiger armored vehicles. Iskander and C-400 rocket launchers. In addition to that, in order to shock the damned West, there will be strategic bombers Tu-160. This will be the parade. It is only unclear, whose it will be. Russian media are filled with rumors that all the military equipment will be left here. Not because the neighbor is too generous. It is just that Belarusians are getting trained to recognize Russian presence. In order for the locals not to pull the collar too much. The Drazdy ruler no longer gets asked for permission for this or that military unit to enter. They wanted to land their planes in the aerodrome in Babrujsk – they did. Later the ruler tried to play it as if it had been him who invited the planes to guard the hockey skies in the time of the world championship. The Belarusian army has long turned into a simple military district of the neighboring state. There is no independence whatsoever. Everything from buttons to the color of the shoulder straps is made according to Russian templates. There is nothing of their own, but the idle talk on some mythical independence. What their owners in Moscow tell them, so it will be. At some point they agreed to allow just one Russian battalion for their maneuvers. A picket of the European Belarus civic campaign came out in the central square then. No one else supported them. The picketers got circled, thrown into busses. Riot policemen brought Dzmitry Bandarenka down to the ground and kicked him for a long time. They were afraid of no one. They knew, no one will come to help the protesters. They never go together. Each party stands only for themselves here. There is no one to stand for Belarus. The aggressors could still be stopped then. During the latest maneuvers Russia feared no one already. Its army practiced a nuclear strike at Warsaw. Its paratroopers practiced a sudden march towards our country’s western border. They did what they wanted. However, they no longer heard any voices of protest… There nothing to be surprised about that strangers will be in command at the parade in honor of our alleged independence. There is nothing surprising. If we cannot find mutual understanding in order to defend our country, its faceless territory will be protected by mercenaries. This has always been like that. This is the price cowards have to pay for silence. Uladzimir Khalip, specially for charter97.org	152,362
Hello, cyclists! I hope that the week has been treating you all well so far. Before I begin, have you checked out my last post titled “Workouts for Indoor Cycling“? If you’re finding yourself struggling continuing your cycling routine in the winter, this post is for you. There are many great workouts that you can do indoors if your weather isn’t allowing you to hit the pavement as often. For today, we have another entry in the Bicycle Maintenance section of the blog. I stumbled upon a wonderful article by www.bicycling.com all about common sense cycling tips that every cyclist should know (see the article here). I read the entire article and found the tips that resonated with me the most. Today, I’m sharing those with you. Please read the tips below to check and see how many of them you actually know! It’s always great to brush up on maintenance tips in the winter so that you’re prepared when you’re outside more frequently in the summertime. - You can’t properly adjust a bicycle that is dirty and not lubricated. - Perfect the art of changing a flat tire. No excuses. - When disassembling something, keep track of the order in which you remove parts. It takes the mystery out of putting it back together. - Check tire pressure before every ride, especially if you’re running tubeless. - When tinkering with anything near your cranks, shift into the big ring first so you don’t mangle your hand on the chainring teeth. - After you box your bike for travel but before you seal it, give it a side-to-side shake to note any loose or rattling parts. Then secure them. - If your bike makes a noise, it’s trying to tell you something. Don’t ignore it. - Use a light lubricant to silence squealing rear-derailleur pulley wheels. - If your saddle creaks, drip a few drops of oil on the rail where it connects to your saddle and into the clamp where it grips the rails. - Don’t be a hero. Whether it’s due to lack of knowledge or experience, or not having the proper tools for the job, you are not capable of every repair. Sometimes you have to take your problem to a professional. - Find out what your shop mechanic’s favorite afternoon munchie is, then bring it along the next time you stop in for a repair. - Use sandpaper to roughen up glazed brake pads. - Do not use a solvent to lube your chain. - If your wheel doesn’t sit straight in your bike after a hub overhaul, make sure the springs on the quick-release are installed correctly. The tapered end should always face in. - Lots of experts tell you to use a level on your saddle as a starting point for comfort. What they might forget to mention: Your bike has to be on a level surface for this to work properly. - Places where grit hides: in brake pads, between tubes and tires, in cleats and pedals. - The difference between an axle and a spindle: An axle remains stationary while something rotates around it (think wheel); a spindle revolves inside a stationary body (think bottom bracket). - Pluck your spokes often so you get to know what feels and sounds right. When one feels off or its tone is different from the rest, you know you have a loose spoke. - If the type on your front hub doesn’t read left to right as you sit in the saddle, your wheel is installed backwards. - Avoid a shredded fingertip. Always cap off the end of a freshly cut cable. - Cut shift housing square and brake housing at an angle. - If you store your tools in a toolbox, color-code them with their corresponding drawers or slots. If you have a pegboard in your shop, trace each tool in the spot where it hangs. Everything will be easier to find. - When you disassemble something complicated, use your smartphone or digital camera to document the process. If you end up with an extra part after reassembly is complete, you can look back at your pics to figure out when and where things went wrong. - Replace a worn seatpost clamp. If you keep riding on it, your saddle won’t hold its position. - Protect your frame from rubs with neatly applied electrical tape or anti-slip bathtub tape. - To correctly close a quick-release skewer, tighten the nut on the opposite side just until firm, then flip the lever to the closed position. You should feel resistance but still be able to completely close the lever. If you can’t, open the lever, loosen the nut a bit, and try again. - Carbon seatposts always get friction paste regardless of frame material. Carbon frames always get friction paste regardless of post material. Metal frames and posts always get anti-seize compound or grease. - If you don’t remove the instigator—thorn, glass, stone, metal shaving—from the inside of your tire, or look for a tear in your tire’s sidewall, you will flat again. And again. - Hang hooks in your garage to keep your bike vertical. Resting it on its side can knock your derailleurs out of whack. - If you have no choice but to store your bike on a damp concrete garage floor, slip cardboard underneath the tires to prevent dry rot in the casings. Many thanks, readers! Hopefully you gave some thought to the maintenance of your bicycle today and, perhaps, can learn something new to save you time and energy in the future.	190,854
Tuesday, Mar 11, 2014 World History Served Up Daily Economy Of Armenia: Domestic Business Environment Related Resources : Economy Of Armenia Domestic Business Environment Armenia's economy is competitive to a few extent with government-connected individuals enjoying de facto monopolies over the import and distribution of basic commodities and foodstuffs, and under-reporting revenue to avoid paying taxes. Despite pronouncements at the highest levels of government on the importance of free competition, Armenia is next to last in the effectiveness of its anti-monopoly policy according to the 2010 results of the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report. Major monopolies in Armenia include: Former major monopolies in Armenia include: Natural gas import and distribution, held by ArmRosGazprom ARG controlled by Russian monopoly Gazprom - Armenia's railway, held by the Russian-owned South Caucasus Railway SCR formerly Russia’s state-run rail company, RZD - Oilimport and distribution claimed by Armenian opposition parties to belonging to a handful of government-linked individuals, one of which - "Mika Limited" - is owned by Mikhail Baghdasarian, while the other - "Flash" - is owned by Barsegh Beglarian, a "prominent representative of the Karabakh clan" - # Aviation kerosene supplying to Zvartnots airport, held by Mika Limited - Various basic foodstuffs such as rice, sugar, wheat, cooking oil and butter the Salex Group enjoys a de facto monopoly on imports of wheat, sugar, flour, butter and cooking oil. Its owner is parliament deputy Samvel Aleksanian a.k.a. "Lfik Samo" a figure close to the country’s leadership. - Newspaper distribution, held by Haymamul some newspaper editors believe that Haymamul deliberately refuses to print more newspaper copies in order to minimize the impact of unfavorable press coverage of the government - Wireless mobile telephony, held by Armentel until 2004 - Internet access, held by Armentel until September 2006 - Fixed-line telephony, held by Armentel until August 2007 Some of the content on this page has been obtained from the Economy of Armenia page on Wikipedia and used under the CC-BY-SA . - Serving History pages are not affiliated with, or endorsed by, anyone associated with the sources of this content	161,791
According to a study by Dr. Joseph B. Kuhns at the University of North Carolina, a majority of burglars said they would seek an alternative target if the presence of deterrents such as alarms, cameras, and other surveillance equipment were noted. Similarly, a hacker is more likely to break into your website and wreck damage when there are no protections in place. As a law firm, your clients and potential clients will quickly lose their sense of security and trust when your website has been hacked. They may start to wonder if this hack is more than what meets the eye. Has their important and private data suddenly been compromised? Unfortunately, recovering from a hacking situation is not an easy process. Fortunately, almost 97% of hacking attacks to your law firm’s website can be prevented through simple measures. Follow these few simple tips and you will be on your way to website security. - Stay updated AND keep everything updated. - Software updates happen for reasons. One of the main reasons being that all software has loopholes, and when hackers find those holes they are quick to abuse and exploit them. However, software developers are just as quick to fix those holes and put out updated, safer software. Ensuring that your software is up to date helps to minimize the risk of a hack. For sites using WordPress, plugins and WordPress core files are updated very frequently and need to be checked on a regular basis. - Strengthen your access control and reign in your error messages. - We all know that they should be complex but how many of us actually follow the rule of at least 3 capital letters, 5 numbers present every other letter, a hyphen, and an exclamation mark? Although it doesn’t need to be that absurd, a strong password for the server and website administration is a simple but crucial tip to follow. Additionally, keeping your error messages for logging in generic such as, “the username and password do not match”, keeps hackers at bay longer than a specific and revealing error message that states, “the password is incorrect” or “the username is incorrect”. - Install security plugins, applications, and firewalls. - There are many website security options available on the web and you should definitely be taking advantage of them. For WordPress sites there are free plugins available such as WP Security or Bulletproof Security which would need to be configured and kept updated to thwart attempts.. For other CMS platforms or HTML site there are malware detection such as SiteLock. There are also many Web Application Firewalls (WAF) that are software or hardware based that you can implement for a monthly fee. - Back up your site frequently. - Frequently backing up your site is for those worst-case scenario situations. As a law firm, there is a great possibility that your website contains a lot of valuable information, losing that in an instant to a hacker because the last time you backed up your site was a year ago is always heartbreaking. Instead, be prepared and back up your site DAILY in as many places as you possibly can. On-site, off-site, whenever you can. Far too often, we’ll see law firms, who think that their site has nothing really worth being hacked for, only to find their site compromised the next day. The reality is, the majority of website hacks are not to steal your data but rather to deface your website with spam. In the end, whether it’s spam or stealing your data, a security breach is a security breach and regaining your client’s trust after one is a difficult task. Trust us, implement these security tips now for your law firm’s website, before it’s too late.	211,363

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