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Please note that each purchase of this product entitles the purchaser to one download and use. If you need multiple copies, please purchase the number of copies you need. For more information, see Copying Your Case Study.
Star Pond Park provides one of the largest open spaces in the city of Caliston. Known as a refuge within the urban city, Star Pond Park attracts a diverse group of visitors from both Caliston and nearby communities who use the park for a variety of recreational activities including walking, cycling, picnicking, jogging, dog walking, socializing, and bird watching. Over the past decade, the number of users has increased dramatically. This heightened popularity has resulted in more conflicts between different types of users who must share the limited park space with each other. In order to get a better understanding of the conflicts and to begin finding workable solutions, the city has engaged Consens-R-Us, a local non-profit organization that provides facilitation and mediation services. As a first step in its conflict assessment, facilitators from Consens-R-Us will be holding a community meeting that will be open to any users of Star Pond Park who would like to share their experience as a park user and help formulate ideas for overcoming user conflicts. The goal of the community meeting is to begin to develop an understanding of how the park is used, what types of conflicts arise, and what might be done to manage these challenges.
This product includes:
To provide experience facilitating a meeting where participants bring a diverse set of concerns; to develop and manage a process for facilitating conversation; to develop the ability to work with a partner; to uncover underlying interests of parties.
Negotiation Simulation; Multiparty
Geographic: United States
Industry: Parks & Recreation
For hard copies, please contact Lisa Brem E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org; Ph: +1-617-495-8689.
To obtain accessible versions of our products for use by those with disabilities, please contact the HLS Case Studies Program at email@example.com or +1-617-500-1038.
Watermarked review copies of this product and a teaching note are available free of charge to educators and staff of degree-granting institutions. Please create an account or sign in to gain access to these materials.
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Total Number of words made out of Del =6 Del
is a 3
letter short Word starting with D and ending with L. Below are Total 6 words made out of this word.
Also see:- Words starting with Del
| Words ending with Del
Anagrams of del
1). eld 2). led
2 letter Words made out of del
de ed el
Del Meaning :- Share; portion; part.
Words made from adding one letter at the End of deldele delf deli dell dels
Words made after changing First letter with any other letter in delbel cel eel gel mel sel tel
Words made after changing Last letter with any other letter in deldeb dee den dev dew dex dey
: . Anagrams are meaningful words made after rearranging all the letters of the word.
Search More words for viewing how many words can be made out of them
There are 1 vowel letters and 2 consonant letters in the word del. D is 4th, E is 5th, L is 12th, Letter of Alphabet series.
Wordmaker is a website which tells you how many words you can make out of any given word in english. we have tried our best to include every possible word combination of a given word. Its a good website for those who are looking for anagrams of a particular word. Anagrams are words made using each and every letter of the word and is of the same legth as original english word. Most of the words meaning have also being provided to have a better understanding of the word. A cool tool for scrabble fans and english users, word maker is fastly becoming one of the most sought after english reference across the web.
d, de, del,
l, el, del,
d ed l
l el d
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Irish election could produce historic shift in government
Ireland is poised for a major shift toward more conservative government at the polls today, spurred by a financial crisis that has left it with enormous debt, a housing bust, and high unemployment.
Dublin, Ireland — An economically devastated Ireland goes to the polls today in what many have called the most significant election since the foundation of the state. But the path back to prosperity for the benighted country will be a rocky one – and is by no means assured.
Ireland is poised for a wholesale change in government, spurred by a financial crisis that forced the country to accept the European Union's $117 billion bailout last year and left it with enormous debt, a housing bust, and high unemployment. Voter distress is running high about the country's future direction, trumping the local issues that typically dominate and likely reducing Fianna Fáil, which has ruled since 1997 and dominated as the "natural party of government" for decades, to a rump.
Small business owners unhappy
Based in an industrial park in west Dublin, Derek Nolan runs a business selling and fitting trim for cars. Mr. Nolan expresses the fears of small business owners, a key constituency in the election given that 700,000 of Ireland’s 2.1 million-strong workforce are employed in the sector.
“Trade has dropped off significantly in recent years,” he says. “People just don’t have money or access to credit anymore. Business costs are also rising: [commercial property] rates go up and now we have an extra water tax, while insurance has also gone up.”
Nolan says he has been forced to reduce workers’ wages. He wants to see the next government cut taxes.
“What I’m hoping for is that VAT [value-added tax, or sales tax] rates are lowered, but I can’t see that happening if there is a coalition government,” he says.
Until recently, a powersharing deal between the conservative Fine Gael and the left-leaning Labour Party was considered a certainty, but the late surge for Fine Gael has opened up the possibility of that rarest of beasts in Irish politics: a single-party government, perhaps propped up by non-party lawmakers.
The rise of independents, also largely leaning to the right, has been a significant feature of the election.
In all, 202 non-party candidates are running for office. Kate Bopp, running in Tipperary North, is a dark horse candidate who espouses flat taxes. She doesn’t expect to win, but says she had to run. “I kept hoping someone would emerge locally who could represent people like me, who are disillusioned, but no one did,” she says.
Not everyone is enthused by the prospect of a Fine Gael government. Fine Gael has proposed a universal and compulsory but privatized health insurance system to replace the current mix of public and private care, and is seeking to cut 30,000 public jobs, though it says it will not push for compulsory layoffs.
Graduate student Eadaoin O’Sullivan argues that the party will not represent a clear break from the past so much as an intensification of policies that will hurt vulnerable citizens. "Unlike Fianna Fáil, which promotes a watered-down republican egalitarianism, Fine Gael feels under no compunction to [support social programs]," she says.
“There is nothing to suggest that Fine Gael … would have pursued economic policies that were any different from those pursued by Fianna Fáil," she says. “Fine Gael say they see opportunity in crisis. Unfortunately for the great majority of Irish society, the opportunity they see is a business one, which has a fundamental disregard for equality, fairness, or civil society.”
The reform agenda
Ireland, which spent its first seven decades as an independent country in grinding penury, stunned the world with its sudden growth in the 1990s. But its precipitous fall from 'Celtic Tiger' stature has put the focus on fundamental questions. Alongside the familiar mantra of jobs and education, the 2011 general election campaign has been dominated by calls for political reform.
All parties – including the current Fianna Fáil government – have made political reform a central plank. The list of promises is almost endless, including abolition of the unelected upper house of parliament, the appointment to government of unelected ministers, sweeping changes to the electoral system, reducing the number of seats in parliament, and even rewriting the Constitution.
Paschal Donohoe, a Fine Gael hopeful likely to pick up a seat in Dublin Central, the constituency of Ireland’s boom-time former Prime Minister Bertie Ahern, says his party will change how Irish politics works.
“We need two things,” he says. “Firstly, a political system that is smaller and more efficient. The second thing we need is a Dáil [lower house of parliament] that is more powerful and has more checks and balances.”
Labour Party finance spokeswoman Joan Burton says her party’s proposals have not had a fair hearing.
“The Labour Party has had very little newspaper support, but support on the ground is much stronger,” she says.
Ms. Burton says Fine Gael’s proposed reforms are not enough: “There’s reform and there’s reform. The reform we need is a proper cap on corporate donations and control of lobbyists. We currently have no control or even registration of lobbyists,” she says.
The sudden appearance of political reform as an issue has raised a few eyebrows, though.
"They're thrashing around looking for a way to make Irish politics work again, but these top-down reforms are doomed to failure. For a start, many of them make things worse, but they are also conscious attempts to circumvent the electorate,” says Kevin Bean, professor of Irish Studies at Britain’s University of Liverpool.
“Despite the use of the term ‘reform’, it’s really all about maintaining the concentration of power in hands of the political class,” he says.
Ms. O’Sullivan says the election is more as a change of faces than policies.
“More troubling and surprising than anything else is the abject failure of imagination on display,” she says. “At a time when everything we thought to be true has been exposed as false, a reasonable expectation would be that, at the very least, the terms of political discourse could have been widened to include some talk about what kind of society we want to live in.”
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About Malia’s Book Review
Malia’s Book Review was started after Malia’s teacher told her mom that Malia was giving out book recommendations in class. She would find out what the reader liked and then recommended a book for the student.
After some research online, Malia and her mom realized that there were not many review sites that reviewed children’s book by other children. Thus, Malia’s Book Review was started.
Fortunately, unfortunately, Malia has read MANY books in the past two years. Since this website is fairly new, we are in the process of recording past reviews, while reading new books. We are in the process of compiling new book reviews from other students as well.
We hope you visit often and read our reviews. If you would like to submit a book for Malia to Review or recommend a book for Malia to read, please fill out our contact form.
Thank you for visiting.
The Puzzling World of Winston Breen Book 2: The Puzzers Mansion
Author: Eric Berlin This book is about how Winston Breen gets invited to an amazing weekend at a famous pianist’s house doing puzzles all […]
The Hunger Games: Book 3 Mockingjay
This book is about how Katniss becomes the Mockingjay for the rebels, otherwise known as the symbol of the rebels. She makes an agreement that in […]
Hunger Games: Book 2 Catching Fire
This book is about how Katniss and Peeta have been called back into the hunger games, the Quarter Quell. This is the only hunger games where […]
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The sample was taken from the re-opened Cane Creek 32-1 well and the results show both lithium and boron concentrate grades increasing.
Shares surged 83% to 11 cents.
Anson’s managing director Bruce Richardson said: “The unexpected results of the evaporation test work using heat are very encouraging for the success of the Paradox Lithium Project.
“The rapid precipitation of the salts from the brine and the resulting increase in lithium concentration in the brine should provide improved feed for the production plant resulting in improved productivity.”
From 126ppm lithium feed to 900pm after 24 days
Richardson added: “To date the post evaporation feed is expected to be 900ppm. It should be noted that the test work is on-going and a final report from the test work, including the final feed grade of lithium and other minerals, is not expected until mid-August.
“The company will provide updates of the results when they become available.”
Assessing the use of evaporation as a pre-processing step
The objective of the test work was to assess the change in lithium concentration if evaporation was used to precipitate unwanted salts from the brine as a pre-processing step.
Results to date show that the pre-treatment evaporation for a short period would increase the feed grade of the lithium into the proposed extraction process.
The test work is not finalised and evaporation of the brine and the monitoring of the effect on the lithium concentration is continuing.
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Getting started with microgreens
Microgreens are the “saucer on a windowsill” herbs and leafy greens that have risen to fame as petite garnishes on the plates of celebrity chefs like Curtis Stone.
While they’re now stocked at some farmer’s markets and food stores, they’re tastier and more nutritious when grown at home and harvested just before serving.
Fortunately, microgreens are easy to grow and the perfect starter crop for anyone wanting to test out their green thumb.
What are microgreens?
Microgreens are small plant seedlings, taller and more mature than sprouts, and not quite as developed as the baby leaf salad greens found in the supermarket.
Despite their miniature size, microgreens pack a surprising punch in the flavour department, ranging from mild to an intense taste depending on the variety.
A huge range of leafy greens and herbs can be grown as microgreens so there is something to appease all taste buds:
- Mild flavour: basil, coriander, chives, parsley, spinach, sunflower shoots
- Spicy flavour: radish, rocket, fennel, cabbage, buckwheat, mizuna
These young plants are grown in soil rather than water, in sunlight or a well-lit indoor location. They have more leaves and a stronger flavour than sprouts,
and are harvested with scissors just above the soil.
Microgreens grow quickly, especially in humid conditions, so you’ll have delicious fresh miniature greens on your plate in one to three weeks.
Miniature gardening for beginners
Even if you don’t have a green thumb, chances are you will succeed with these little babies. They’re super easy and inexpensive to grow, and you don’t
need much space or equipment to get started.
Growing microgreens is an ideal introduction to gardening for beginner gardeners or children because they shoot so quickly. There’s generally something
new to see each day whether it be sprouting seeds, roots forming or new leaves growing, which tends to keep children interested. And it’s a sneaky
strategy to get more colour and nutrients on their plates!
The easiest option for people who want to try growing microgreens is to sow seeds in seed raising mix in a shallow strawberry or food grade punnet with
a lid. For larger quantities, dedicated microgreens trays can be purchased.
Equipment needed to get started:
- Organic, untreated seeds (see notes below)
- A food grade tray with drainage holes eg. a strawberry punnet (think lightweight and shallow)
- Quality seed raising mix
- Cloth, paper towel or clear plastic such as a shower cap to cover the seeds until they are well sprouted
- A spray bottle for watering
- A bench top, windowsill or balcony with good natural light
Anne’s top five tips for getting started:
- Use certified organic, chemical-free seeds, or those labelled for sprouting and microgreens
- Try a few varieties to taste test so you can discover flavours you like to eat
- Sow seeds every week or two for a continuous supply
- Save money by recycling plastic punnets instead of buying new trays or pots
- Use a quality, chemical-free, seed raising mix
By following these tips and the guide from Anne’s website, you’ll be growing your own tasty microgreens in just a little over a week.
Thanks to The Micro Gardener
, Anne Gibson for sharing her knowledge and expertise for this
The Micro Gardener site contains a wealth of information about microgreens, small space gardening and living
more sustainably. Anne is the winner of the 2017 Sunshine Coast Sustainable Business Woman of the Year Award.
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From our smartphones to our latest weaponry, the technology that underpins modern life would be impossible without rare earth metals. The importance of rare earths has only grown as emerging markets increase their demand for technologies made with it, as does the renewable energy industry. Now a new study from researchers at Yale has found that many of the materials used in high-tech products, including rare earth metals, have no satisfactory substitutes, underscoring not only our vulnerable reliance on them, but also the need to better manage these crucial resources.
Despite the name, rare earth metals—which include exotically-named elements like yttrium and dysprosium—are not in fact rare. The 17 metallic elements are common in the earth’s crust, but the techniques used to extract and refine them is labor-intensive, environmentally hazardous and increasingly costly. Thomas Gradael, a professor of geology and geophysics at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, explains that the “criticality” of rare earths were only recently understood after China, which dominates the world’s supply of the minerals, cut exports by 40% in 2010, citing concerns over how polluting the rare earth industry was (though it maintained domestic supply levels). The subsequent price shock as the supply of the metals dropped was a wake up call for governments and those in the industry. “The challenge made people realize they had been buying materials from around the world without paying attention to where it was coming from and the geopolitical constraints affecting them,” says Gradael.
Along with colleagues at Yale, Gradael decided to investigate the metals used in modern technologies to determine if there were viable substitutes. “Twenty or thirty years ago electronics were being made with 11 different elements,” explains Gradael. Today’s computers and smartphones use something like 63 different elements.” Their findings, published this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showed that there were no “readily apparent” substitutes for a metal that would not compromise on quality or performance. Though corporations have kept much of the current use of metals as close trade secrets, most of today’s advanced technologies rely on a rich array of materials, including rare earths, to achieve the precise performance. “We could go back to making electronics with 11 elements, but we would get the performance we had in 1990,” says Gradael.
While we are not running out of rare earths yet, what could be a problem is the amount of energy and money required to extract them—to a point where it could no longer be economically viable to use them as part of modern industrial design. This also has problems, as the use of rare earths has allowed designers to employ a wider pallet of materials to improve efficiency and produce more environmentally friendly designs, as seen in more efficient modern jet engines. Rare earths have also become important to renewable energy technology: neodymium, terbium and dysprosium are used in the magnets of wind turbines and electric and hybrid cars contain about 10 to 15 pounds more of rare earths than a standard car.
However increased mining for these scarce resources can have some nasty side effects for the environment. China, which has intensively mined for rare earths with little regulation, allowing it to dominate the global industry since 1990, has acknowledged the incredible environmental harm caused by the process. “Excessive rare earth mining has resulted in landslides, clogged rivers, environmental pollution emergencies and even major accidents and disasters, causing great damage to people’s safety and health and the ecological environment,” read a white paper issued by the Chinese cabinet in June last year. The government is now spending billions of dollars attempting to clean up this damage, and on Dec. 13 Beijing signalled once again that it would seek to cut exports of rare earths—although some critics have accused China of using environmental concerns as an excuse to use its control of the rare earths market to punish countries it doesn’t like, such as Japan.
Recycling metal has been advocated by some as a possible way of managing these precious resources—the European Parliament adopted a law curbing dumping of electric waste in 2012, meaning member states will need to collect 45 tons of e-waste for every 100 tons of electronic goods sold in the previous three years by 2016. But Gradael says that for rare earths, recycling will have little impact until our use of these materials first plateaus, as there will not be enough in the recycling stream to keep up with future demand. Instead, Gradael hopes that product designers, material scientists and engineers will fully take into account the risks and limitations of relying on such resources in the future and design new products accordingly. Until that innovation comes, we’ll continue to be exposed to the environmental damage, geopolitical scares and price shocks that come with being reliant on rare earths.
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Each year, an average of 2 students graduate from web development schools in Utah. There are 1 web development schools in Utah if you are interested in pursuing credentials in the field of web development.
Located in Logan, Bridgerland Applied Technology College is the largest web development school in Utah, based on student population. Approximately 2 students graduated with a web development degree from Bridgerland Applied Technology College in 2009, which was 100% of the total state web development graduates for that year.
A majority of those with a degree in web development choose to become web developers. If after graduation, you are planning on sticking around the state, you should keep in mind that the job outlook for web development graduates in Utah is good. An estimated 1,890 web developers are in Utah state. This number is projected to increase to 2,270 by the year 2018. This indicates a 20% change in the number of web developers in Utah.
If you work as a web developer in Utah, your yearly salary can range from less than $NaN to more than . In Utah, web developers make an average of per year.
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Modern mums are expected to perfect the ultimate juggling act between raising kids. having a career and looking after themselves. Too often self-care, exercise and healthy eating fall by the wayside and bad habits kick in.
A mother of two herself as well as the founder of aesthetic clinic SW1, Dr Low Chai Ling says there are plenty of simple ways mothers can boost their energy throughout the day by making slight changes to diet, workout plans and daily schedules.
“Healthy foods can provide most of nutrients your body needs right now. But if you’re breastfeeding, your needs will change” says Dr Low. That’s To ensure you are in the pink of health for yourself and your baby, you should take a supplement, according to medical experts.
Here are some top tips from doctors and health experts on how to boost your energy as a new mother, restore your strength and rejuvenate your skin after your delivery.
Read More: Is Rejuran for you?
Natural: Dark green vegetables like broccoli and spinach and dried legumes such as chickpeas, beans and lentils are naturally good sources of folate. In Canada, folic acid is added to all white flour, enriched pasta and cornmeal products. The following table will show you which foods are sources of folate.
Supplement: Take a multivitamin with 0.4 mg (or 400 mcg) of folic acid.
Read More: 5 Body Parts that Announce a Woman’s Age
Natural: Most cheeses are excellent sources of calcium. Yogurt. Yogurt is an excellent source of calcium. Sardines and Canned Salmon. Sardines and canned salmon are loaded with calcium, thanks to their edible bones.
Supplement: “Essentially, I think that adults do not need 1,200 mg of calcium a day. The World Health Organization’s recommendation of 500 mg is probably about right. The United Kingdom sets the goal at 700 mg, which is fine, too. It allows for a little leeway,” advises Dr Low.
Read More: How to Get Your Knees Looking 10 Years Younger
Natural: Vitamin B12, another vital nutrient, is found in meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese, yogurt and eggs. It supports brain and nervous system development.
Supplement: If you don’t eat meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese, yogurt or eggs, take a vitamin B12 supplement – about three micrograms per day.
Read More: How To Have Legs That Rule The World
Hydrating your body is fundamental for keeping energy levels high and feeling fresh from sunrise to sunset – but most mothers rarely find time to go to the bathroom let alone drink litres of water.
We recommend drinking a glass of herbal tea or lemon water in the morning, keeping a bottle of water in the handbag or car and ensuring you drink whenever you have a meal.
Read More: Beauty Tips for the New Mom
For more information on pregnancy changes and their beauty solutions, join Dr Low and a panel of top medical experts at Mummy to Yummy workshop on 4th August 2018. Register before July 20 with promo code EARLY20 for a 10% early bird discount.
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Category: 300 Reviews | Posted by: stagewomanjen
Article Date: March 22, 2007 | Publication: The Mid Devon Star | Author: Miles Fielder
This adaptation of Frank Miller's graphic novel about the bloodthirsty battle in 480BC between the Spartans and the Persians makes heavy use of computer-generated imagery to effectively animate the pages and panels of Miller's already cinematically-styled comic.
You'd be forgiven for thinking 300 is little more than a violent video game projected on to a big screen, but the experience of Zack Snyder's super-stylised, adrenalin rush of a film is more akin to watching an over-the-top slice of opera in which acrobatics, arterial sprays and decapitations take the place of arias.
Miller's take on the battle of Thermopylae - during which 300 elite Spartan warriors repelled the massive assault of the invading Persian Empire, thus saving Greece and western democracy from extinction - is myth-making as opposed to historically accurate.
Snyder follows suit by having his cast, led by Scot Gerard Butler, who plays the Spartan king Leonides, act against blue screen and then animate the backgrounds to create a beautifully rendered hyper-real world.
Much has been made of the film's allegedly dodgy politics: is the battle a thinly-veiled allegory for America's war on terror, with Leonides representing an idealised George Bush?
Interestingly, it's possible to read the film the other way around, with the mighty Persian army led by the megalomaniacal god-king Xerxes - who sports a pronounced American accent - representing the American war machine commanded by a hawkish White House.
advertisementIn fact, neither Snyder's film nor Miller's book are very much concerned with politics. What both do is stage a wantonly narcissistic, fantastic and wholly amoral adventure that revels in the blood and glory of combat. Make of that what you will, but there's no denying the sheer visceral pleasure of 300.
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Starfish, also know as sea stars, are a class of echinoderms. The majority of the 1,500 species live in the sea, though a few can tolerate and be found in brackish water. Starfish larvae are free-swimming, while the adults live on the seabed. Most types of starfish have five arms.
Scientific name: Asteroidea
The Starfish can be found in a number of locations including: Great Barrier Reef. Find out more about these places and what else lives there.
Starfish or sea stars are echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea. The names "starfish" and "sea star" essentially refer to members of the class Asteroidea. However, common usage frequently finds these names also applied to ophiuroids, which are correctly referred to as "brittle stars" or "basket stars". About 1,800 living species of starfish occur in all the world's oceans, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern Ocean regions. The fossil record for starfish is rather poor; the ossicles and spines are the only parts of the animal likely to be preserved after death and the oldest known fossils are from the Ordovician. Starfish occur across a broad depth range from the intertidal to abyssal depths of greater than 6,000 m (20,000 ft).
Starfish are among the most familiar of marine animals found on the seabed. They typically have a central disc and five arms, though some species have many more arms than this. The aboral or upper surface may be smooth, granular or spiny, and is covered with overlapping plates. Many species are brightly coloured in various shades of red or orange, while others are blue, grey, brown, or drab. Starfish have tube feet operated by a hydraulic system and a mouth at the centre of the oral or lower surface. They are opportunistic feeders and are mostly predators on benthic invertebrates. Several species having specialized feeding behaviours, including suspension feeding and adaptations for feeding on specific prey. They have complex life cycles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Most can regenerate damaged or lost arms.
The Asteroidea occupy several important ecological roles. Starfish, such as the ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus), have become widely known as an example of the keystone species concept in ecology. The tropical crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) is a voracious predator of coral throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Other starfish, such as members of the Asterinidae, are frequently used in developmental biology.
This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.
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We've been busy lately providing news on all the great ways Pope Francis is working to create a healthy, sustainable planet. In July 2014, Pope Francis called destruction of nature a modern sin. In November 2014, Pope Francis said "unbridled consumerism" is destroying our planet and we are "stewards, not masters" of the Earth. In December 2014, he said he will increase his call this year to address climate change. And, last week we announced that Pope Francis is opening his Vatican farm to the public.
Now, we learn from Nicolás Fedor Sulcic that Pope Francis is supportive of the anti-fracking movement. Watch this interview by Fernando Solanas where he met with Pope Francis soon after finishing a film about fracking in Argentina.
The movie, La Guerra del Fracking or The Fracking War, was banned in cinemas by the Argentinian government, so the filmmakers decided to post it on YouTube. We are awaiting translation of the film and then we'll feature it on EcoWatch.
"When I was doing research for the film, every time I'd ask someone if they knew what fracking was they had no idea," said Sulcic. The problem was that "the government didn't call it fracking, they called it 'non conventional gas' so no one was making the link to what was happening in Argentina to what was happening America. I got really mad and knew something had to be done to make people aware of what was going on. I saw the website Artist Against Fracking and felt that was a very good example of what was needed to be done here to take the cause to more people rather than just environmental activists."
With support by Peace Nobel prize Adolfo Perez Esquivel, Oscar winning Juan Jose Campanella and other very well known Argentinian intellectuals and social leaders, a website was launched to help raise awareness about the dangers of fracking Argentina.
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Since I started work in a nursing home, which has central heating, I've had a problem with my nose.
The inside of my nose is cracked, swollen and very sore. Sometimes when I blow my nose little bits of blood appear.
We have got two ladies with MRSA in the nursing home – could this be the cause of my problem?
I think the cracks inside your nose probably start as small areas of dry skin or eczema.
They're not nice, but generally speaking not at all serious. The skin in these conditions is more prone to colonisation by bacteria and it occasionally acquires superficial infection with discomfort and prolonged healing.
It's not unusual for the nose to be colonised by bacteria called Staphylococci. Apparently, it is present in about 80 per cent of noses on an intermittent basis.
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is just one type. It is quite common in UK nursing homes, where some studies have shown colonisation levels as high as 17 per cent of residents.
It tends to be spread between patients by staff, and is probably a transient passenger on the hands of carers who come into direct patient contact or handle contaminated materials such as bedding.
Careful hand washing between patients will prevent most incidences of transmission.
It is a danger in frail patients who are seriously ill or immunocompromised, have had major surgery or who possess significant wounds.
Because it is resistant to most antibiotics, it can be very difficult to treat an infection in an already sick person. It is more of a problem in hospitals than in the community.
However, MRSA poses no significant risk to the well-being of healthy folk or their families.
Healthcare workers who have contact with patients known to carry MRSA can become colonised themselves and then present potential risk of infection to vulnerable patients, but not to healthy contacts.
You are more likely to become colonised if troubled by skin abrasions or conditions like eczema. The best way to find out if you are colonised is to discuss it with your GP and have some swabs taken from your nose and elsewhere.
However, if MRSA is detected, you may be advised not to work with direct patient contact until you've proved clear.
The NetDoctor Medical Team
Other Qs & As
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Moscow Engineering Technical Institute (MIFI)
Nuclear Physics Institute (Moscow State University)
The instrument is designed to study the X-ray and
gamma-ray radiation from solar fares.
AVS is designed to analyze solar-flares or gamma-ray burst events in
the energy bands 3 - 30 keV, 0.1 - 8.0 MeV, and 2.0 - 80.0 MeV.
More detailed information, data access policy and cooperation opportunities can be obtained at this location:
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The purpose of this study is to determine if the pharmaceutical care intervention can improve the quality of life and lessen the mortality of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).
Broward General Medical Center is a 744-bed hospital with 24,000 patients admitted annually. The study population is characterized by a preponderance of minority and underserved patients, groups known to have more unmet post-hospital needs and lower levels of adequacy of care.
This longitudinal population-based study is designed to determine the impact of a CHF intervention program by comparing the 9-month period before (October 2001 through June 2002) and the 9-month period after (July 2002 through March 2003) implementation of the intervention. Clinical pharmacists will work in the CHF clinic alongside other medical clinicians and will assess the patient's pharmacotherapy regimen (prescription, OTC, herbal), and make recommendations on dosage adjustments, drug interactions, and changing medications. The clinical pharmacists will also recommend what necessary labs should be ordered, distribute pillboxes, blood pressure kits, weight scales, educational materials. In addition, the patients will be asked to complete a quality of life - SF 12 questionnaire at baseline and at three-months intervals.
Statistical methods will include both descriptive analysis and paired t-tests to compare baseline to end-of-study results of each outcome variable under 0.05 alpha level. The SF-12 physical (PCS-12) and mental (MCS-12) components summary scales will be scored using norm-based methods.
The significance of this pilot study may be profound. If the program is shown to make significant impact on patients, the pharmaceutical intervention will become an important component in the future CHF treatment. The results will be used as the foundation for a major grant request from the federal government or national foundation.
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Playing Space Games In San Diego
You know things are not good when two of a city's mostly minority-serving charter schools have to sue their own district to get enough instructional space:
The operators of two San Diego charter schools sued the school district on Wednesday for failing to give them classroom space under a state law that says charter school students should be treated the same as other public school students.I wonder if the district would be so stringy with its support if the two charters were serving students from mostly higher-income backgrounds?
The lawsuit filed in San Diego Superior Court is partly funded by the California Charter Schools Association, which said the suit is a warning to other school districts.
"All these schools are asking for is that their students be treated the same as all other public school students, as the law requires," said the association's president and CEO, Caprice Young.
The suit by Fanno Academy and KIPP Adelante Preparatory Academy claims the San Diego Unified school board repeatedly ignored the schools' requests to lease space, but continues to rent to wealthier private schools.
The two charter schools serve mostly poor, minority students in areas where the district has seen significant declines in attendance in recent years, according to the lawsuit.
Fanno Academy opened this year in a Baptist church with 70 students in kindergarten through 6th grade - about 100 fewer than it had hoped to serve, because of the space constraints, McGlawn said.
KIPP, which is part of a national chain of college preparatory schools using the Knowledge is Power Program, is operating in a commercial building with 180 students in grades 5 through 7. Students attend classes from 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day and every other Saturday.
Of couse when a school district's adults are playing these kinds of "games," there are no winners, only losers, and those are usually the kids.
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The Dutch in Essequibo.
The documents for the year 1700 are both varied and voluminous. The story which they tell is, for the most part, the sequel or corollary of the events recorded in the preceding volume of this Calendar. But in one instance, at least, an entirely fresh subject is opened. For in this year, so far as this Calendar is concerned, a new Colony swims into our ken. From the reports of the Representative of the Dutch West India Company, Samuel Beeckman, busily engaged in Essequibo, clearing and planting about that Fort Look-over-all (Kijkoveral), of which only a picturesque fragment, a ruined gateway half hidden by tropical vegetation, now survives, we gain a glimpse of the workings of a young Colonial settlement under the government of "Dutch" William's countrymen. From the point of view of the history of colonization, it is interesting to observe how completely the commercial side of this trading-station, the getting of crops and cargoes for the Netherland markets, absorbs the energies of the Dutch planters. The documents, of which these form a part, have not been without some practical importance in furnishing evidence as to the boundaries of British Guiana in the cases of the disputed Venezuelan Boundary (1898), and Brazilian Boundary (1904) (fn. 1) . A letter prefixed to the Index Volume of this section of documents [C.O. 116, 67] indicates the way in which these reports from Essequibo, dispatched more than a hundred years before Demerara and Essequibo passed into the possession of
the British, ultimately to be merged with Berbice into British Guiana, were transferred to our National Archives. It is written by Robert Melvile, the British Consul at Amsterdam, March 16, 1819, to Lord Bathurst, then Secretary of State for the Colonies. He describes the books and papers he transmits as "regarding the Colony Berbice, delivered to me by the Dutch Government." And under "Berbice" in the Record Office they remained buried for some 75 years, though they refer entirely to Essequibo and Demerara. The seizure of the Dutch Colonies by the English in 1803 appears to have been in part the result of a friendly understanding by which they undertook to administer and finance those Colonies. In 1814 they took over the Dutch Colonies altogether. It would seem that, partly for safety, partly out of compliment, partly for purposes of administration, the Dutch transmitted to this country from the Hague the most valuable set of their Essequibo records. (fn. 2) The transmission of 1819 would appear to be the final step in the career of these documents.
Decline of Piracy in 1700.
On p. 211 William Penn gives a pedigree of piracy very much in accordance with that suggested in my Preface to the previous volume of this Calendar (p. xii.). Numerous documents show how the coasts of New York and Pennsylvania were dotted with "receptacles," nests of old pirates who were ready to receive piratical goods brought off to them in sloops. In 1699 the success of the pirates had reached its zenith. The first half of the year 1700 witnessed, if anything, an increase in their numbers and boldness (29, 30, 64, 66, etc.); but by the end of the year a notable decline in their activity is recorded. That decline was
apparently the direct outcome of energetic measures taken by the Government at home and the Governors in America to exterminate these "vermin" (1699, No. 505). On the one hand, in accordance with the proposal of the Council of Trade, directions were sent to the Governors of Plantations to send home for trial all pirates then in custody, some discretion in the matter being left to the more reliable Governors (29, 30, 73–82). And accordingly not only were the gaols of Philadelphia, Boston and New York relieved of such notorious and desperate pirates as Kidd and Gillam (Nos. 14, 96), but the Governor of Virginia dispatched, in the Essex prize, the French pirate Lewis and his crew, whom he had captured (405, 626).
Act for the more effectual suppression of Piracy.
"A state of war."
In April the Council of Trade were able to report that Parliament, "having in view the refractoriness of New England and other Plantations" (p. 164), had this Session passed an Act for the trial and punishment of Pirates in the Plantations. This Act "for the more effectual suppression of piracy" was based on the Jamaica Act to that effect, which the Proprieties and other Colonies had refused to pass (p. 132). "By which" the Council adds significantly (p. 164), "those of New England may perceive that when the public good does suffer by their obstinacy, the proper remedies will be easily found here,"—a threat which was repeated (342) in reference to the obstinacy of the Government of the Massachusetts Bay in not providing for their own defence. Mr. Larkin was presently dispatched with commissions for trying pirates (504 etc.). Meantime, throughout the Spring, the American waters had been so infested with pirates that they were described as being in a continual state of war, (405, 501, pp. 239, 240), and precautions for conveying merchantmen from Maryland and Virginia had to be taken as if it were a state of war indeed (395).
Before being sent for trial to England, Capt. Kidd made one more effort to escape by making an offer to Lord Bellomont to go to the place where he had left the Quidah Merchant and to "bring off 50 or three score thousand pounds," which nobody but himself could find (p. 14). In this suggestion of Kidd's we may probably trace the main foundation of all the stories of his lost treasure, a legend very similar to that which has sprung up in our own day as to President Kruger's "millions," supposed to lie in the wreck of the Dorothea off the coast of Zululand. We have seen in the preceding volume that Kidd's treasure was in all probability disposed of amongst his friends, and the present volume furnishes further indications of the placing of his goods among the "receptacles" along the coast (No. 140, p. 680). In Bellomont's account of his commissioning Kidd, he throws blame on Mr. Livingston, and also mentions a rumour that there was a contract between Governor Fletcher and Kidd (850, 850 ii–iv). Some additional evidence of Kidd's villanies occurs (p. 196), given by Admiral Benbow; there is also an interesting list of Kidd's crew and their articles of agreement, which provided a graduated scale of pirates' compensation, 100 pieces of eight for the loss of a finger or toe and so forth, and a significant clause that "that man that shall prove a coward or that shall be drunk in time of engagement, before the prisoners then taken be secured, shall lose his share." (354 XVII.)
The pirates did not always have it all their own way, even on the high seas. Nicholas Gellibrand, for instance, mate of the John Hopewell, who had been seized by King, the pirate, off the coast of Guinea (133), succeeded in turning the tables on his captor when some of his crew were ashore on the Isle of Annabo (694 II–VII.). Presenting a pistol to the pirate-captain's
breast, he put him and his men ashore, and sailed away with his sloop to Angola, where he rejoined the rifled John Hopewell. Amongst the booty thus recovered was some of the money and plate which had belonged to Mr. Webb, Governor of Providence, referred to in the previous volume.
Governor Nicholson's Capture of a Pirate Ship.
The energetic action of Governors like Bellomont in the North, and Nicholson in Virginia, was likely to have a discouraging effect upon pirates. In the previous year H.M.S. Essex prize had been forced to run from Linnhaven Bay after a sharp engagement with a pirate. (Cal. 1699, p. xviii.) It was characteristic of the energy and directness of the Governor of Virginia, that when a report came to hand of a large pirate ship hovering off the Capes, he himself went on board the Shoreham, and by his presence, "and plenty of gold" (500) incited the crew of His Majesty's ship, which was but weakly manned (405), to engage the pirates. After a very hard-fought action, lasting the better part of twelve hours, "in a fine top-gallant gale of wind," over 100 pirates were compelled to surrender on terms (523). The fight is graphically described by Capt. Passenger (523 II.). But for the Governor's presence on board it appears that the engagement might well have ended as did that of the Essex prize.
Prevalence of Pirates during the first half of the year 1700.
During the first half of the year, then, the seas swarmed with pirates. "All the news of America" wrote Col. Quarry from Virginia, "is the swarming of pirates, not only on these coasts, but all the West Indies over, which doth ruin trade ten times worse than a war" (500). "The sea is now so abounding in them," wrote the Governor of South Carolina in June—himself not above suspicion of encouraging them—"that a ship cannot stir for them in this part of the world." One pirate had accounted for 17 English
vessels in three months. "Hardly a ship comes through the Gulf, or on our coast but is plundered" (521). They abounded, indeed, in the Gulf of Florida, being not a little encouraged by the Spanish Governor of Havannah (445, 451). But by the end of the year, thanks to the influences I have enumerated, Lord Bellomont was able to report that piracy was at length on the wane (p. 679).
The illegal trade from Madagascar was also checked. But in general illegal trade continued to flourish. "Here in New York," says Bellomont, "they run all the goods they can" (p. 679); and he declares that no part of the King's dominions practised unlawful trade so much as the Massachusetts and neighbouring provinces. He describes the methods of the Bostonians (pp. 678, 679), as Col. Quarry those of the New Yorkers (190).
Edward Randolph's Reports and Proposals.
In the course of his travels as Surveyor General of the Customs, Edward Randolph had gained a knowledge of smuggling ways that was "extensive and peculiar," and on his return to England that indefatigable officer began to expose the methods by which the King's Revenue was cheated, as, for instance, by the export of tobacco via Newfoundland to Scotland, or from one Plantation to another, and to propose remedies. All the Plantations, from Pennsylvania to Carolina, were concerned, but he agrees with Bellomont that the merchants of Boston were the chief exponents of illegal trade, and that Newfoundland was the staple of all European and Plantation commodities (906).
Illegal trade was, from one point of view, the natural corollary of the restraining effects of the Acts of Trade. The difficulty the Colonial merchants found in making returns for the goods they were compelled to purchase from England, increased by artificial restriction, rendered them almost desperate, and some of the
Councillors at Boston expressed their discontent with the Acts of Trade warmly and openly enough (p. 675).
The end of the Darien Expeditions.
The share of the Scotch in the illegal trade of Pennsylvania is further elucidated by Col. Quarry (190). The final stages of the Darien Expedition are indicated by some documents of importance. In January the Council of Trade, after reviewing the history of the Isthmus, made a Report, which was presently adopted by the House of Lords in an Address to the King (p. 133). They represented that a settlement there would touch the Spaniards "in the most sensible and vital part," and would prove highly mischievous to the English Plantations, especially Jamaica, "by alluring away their inhabitants with the hopes of mines and treasure and diverting the present course of trade, which is of the greatest advantage to England." (No. 43). In the same month the arrival of the Rising Sun and three other "pritty large" ships belonging to the second expedition, is reported at Darien (354. x., pp. 20, 50.). They had been sighted off the Leeward Islands (16) in November.
In April accounts of Spanish preparations, by land and sea, to crush the Scotch are chronicled (363 I–II.); and towards the end of May news of the final disaster at Caledonia, the ruin of the settlement and the surrender of the Spaniards, reached New York (523 1v.). Defeat by the Spaniards was followed (Sept. 3) by the loss of their ships, crews and all, in a hurricane, when homeward bound (845 xxxi.).
The meeting of Governors at New York.
The meeting of the Governors of New York, Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, which had been for some time in contemplation, and from which it was hoped that important proposals might issue (8, 298), was brought about in September at New York. Unfortunately both Col. Nicholson and Col. Blackiston were taken ill on the way, and the latter was obliged to return
forthwith to Maryland (pp. 580, 581, 722). Col. Nicholson reached New York, but so weak with fever as to be almost unfit for business. Col. Hamilton, the Governor of the Jersies, also attended. Mr. Penn and Governor Nicholson made some attempt to reconcile the parties at New York, and the merchants with Lord Bellomont, but do not appear to have met with much success. Bellomont was not prepared to indulge unlawful trade or piracy, and reiterated his belief that, until Fletcher's grants had been annulled, "these people are irreconcileable" (p. 582). Mr. Penn was obliged to hurry back for the meeting of his Assembly; whilst the absence of Col. Blakiston and the illness of Col. Nicholson tended to render the meeting abortive. The Governors separated with the determination to meet next spring at Philadelphia, but not before they had discussed, and in part agreed upon, some recommendations, drawn up by Mr. Penn, "that would certainly tend to the good of the Colonies" (pp. 581, 722, and No. 845 xxxii.). (fn. 3)
William Penn's proposals.
Apart from such large and pressing questions as the settlement of the French Boundaries and the conciliation of the remote Indians, Mr. Penn was eager for the extension of the General Post, and he has some significant comments upon the working of the recent Woollen Act. A protective duty on foreign timber
imported into England is proposed; a common law of nationalisation, and a uniform system for dealing with runaway servants and fraudulent debtors. Attention, too, is called to the uneasiness caused by the difficulty the Colonies experienced in making returns for the goods imported from England, the balance of Trade being increased against them by the restrictive action of the Acts of Trade. The need for a standard coinage, and the establishment of a Mint at New York for small silver, "for prevention of clipping and filing as well as wearing," is clearly stated. The varying value of a piece of eight, and the chaotic condition of the coinage generally, were serious handicaps upon the development of commerce in the American and West Indian Colonies (845 XXXII.).
The bad effects of the disorder of the currency is well illustrated by the difficulty experienced in fixing a price in Carolina (p. 357). In a letter to the Commissioners of Customs, March 6th (190), Col. Quarry calls their attention to some of the evil results arising from the irregularity of the Colonial Currency. (fn. 4) We have seen that this subject had already engaged the attention of the Council of Trade (Cal. 1699). On July 5 Mr. John Tysack brought forward a proposal for the establishment of a Mint in the Plantations as a remedy for the varying values of a piece of eight; the price of Spanish money was to be adjusted by Proclamation to 6s. 3d. per ounce. In the light of past experience, the idea of a Mint was rejected (614, 616). The whole matter was ere long to be the subject of far-reaching Imperial
Legislation. Meantime the Acts of Nevis, which attempted to deal with the difficulty piece-meal, were repealed as contrary to the Instructions given to Governors (789, 849).
Retirement of John Locke.
To assist the Board in their deliberations upon Mr. Tysack's proposals, the Council of Trade availed themselves of the knowledge and theory of Mr. Locke (607). He had resigned his position on the Board at the end of June, "finding his health more and more impaired by the air" of London (600). He had been one of the most diligent members of the Board. His reasoning had been largely responsible for the Bill for the restoration of the coinage in England in 1696. It would appear, then, that his views also influenced the coming legislation on Colonial Currency.
The Council of Trade.
In the new Commission of the Council of Trade, the place of the philosopher was supplied by one whose fame as a man of letters has partly eclipsed his success as a diplomat and man of affairs, Mat Prior. In No. 244, the Board rendered an account of their stewardship to the House of Commons. They at last succeeded in obtaining an Order for payment of arrears due to the office from the Treasury (959). Apart from their various other activities, they continued their laudable endeavours to get correspondence written, laws made and returns dispatched in a business-like fashion (729, pp. 6, 736 etc.). But, not to mention the confusion of documents, which it is the Editor's business to sort or date, the keeping of the Journals of the Houses remained sadly deficient in some Colonies, though such an entry as "Put to the vote whether 200l. or 150l. shall be the present made to His Excellency; carried in the affirmative," offers but little difficulty of interpretation (418).
The time allowed by the Dey of Algiers for supplying ships trading in the Plantations with Admiralty Passes (see Cal. 1699) was held to be insufficient (4, 480 I., 488,
497). It was not till a British squadron appeared in the Bay that the Dey proved less obdurate and an extension of time was granted (502, 948 I.). Arrangements were made for the dispatch of the Passes (577) and, in course of preparing Instructions for their distribution, the Council of Trade had to call the attention of the Admiralty to the fact that Virginia was not an island (547).
In a series of dispatches (580, etc.) Lord Bellomont continued to develope his scheme for supplying Naval Stores from the American Colonies (Calendar, 1699, p. XXV. etc.). By means of the plan which he here elaborates, he proposed to furnish England and all the King's dominions with tar, masts and ship-timber of all sorts at half the prices then obtaining. The whole of the Eastland trade in Naval Stores, except flax and hemp, was to be turned into this new channel, with all the consequent advantages both to the mother-country and her Colonies (p. 266). In the previous volume we have seen that Bellomont showed himself jealous of those who were ready to borrow his pet scheme, and to "plough with his heifer." Doyle, on the other hand, (fn. 5) accuses him of having borrowed his ideas from Col. Hamilton, quoting as evidence the document 580 II., which he wrongly attributes to the year 1699. On p. 358 it will be seen that Bellomont refers to an interview with Hamilton on the subject, remarking "he refined on my project and brought me a scheme of his own," which is then criticised.
At home the scheme met with some opposition. The experts returned an adverse report upon the specimens of Naval Stores which had been sent from
New England, a report which no doubt, reflected in part the wishes of those who had a vested interest in the Eastland Trade (117 I., II., 233 II., p. 360). A private Company also endeavoured to obtain the contract for so lucrative a traffic, but the Council of Trade succeeded in damping their enthusiasm by requiring them to undertake to deliver definite quantities at fixed prices, whether in peace or war (Nos. 227, 333). At the same time orders were sent to Lord Bellomont directing him to make a beginning with his scheme upon a small scale, and to use for that purpose the soldiers he then had at his command (pp. 158, 177). But, as he was quick to point out, that was impossible without some ready money to pay the soldiers' wages before their labour bore fruit, and impossible also until the Act for vacating extravagant grants, passed the previous year at New York, was confirmed. "As the case stands, the King has not an acre of land or a tree in this Province" (pp. 576, 671). Nevertheless, regardless of risk and undeterred by lack of encouragement, Bellomont, in his zeal for the King's service, had loaded the Fortune, a condemned ship and therefore useless for private trade, with timber for the Navy, and dispatched her to England (702), with what unhappy result we shall see when she completes her voyage next year.
The ship in question had been bought back for the King's use, by the Lieutenant Governor and Council of New York, in order that Col. Depeyster, the purchaser, might not suffer through the Attorney General's ignorance. The Council of Trade had already written to point out that the loss incurred ought not to be thrown upon His Majesty (p. 159).
Bellomont also made a contract for supplying the Navy with masts from the Mohacks' woods, which he hoped would prove "the best bargain for the King that ever was yet made" (p. 671).
Lt.-Gov. Partridge and the Timber Trade in New Hampshire.
Meantime the settlers in New Hampshire and the Massachusetts Bay entered eagerly into a profitable trade in timber with Spain, Portugal and the West Indies. That the woods were being felled in a reckless and wasteful manner is abundantly evident (42 I.); the finest trees were being rapidly hewn in order to be sawn up into planks or to supply those who were soon to be the King's enemies with masts for their fleets. Foremost in this congenial and profitable trade was the ex-carpenter, William Partridge, Lt.-Gov. of New Hampshire. Bellomont had stopped the Mary from sailing with a cargo of timber for Spain and Portugal, but since there was no law to prevent it, an Order in Council was obtained that she should be allowed to proceed upon her voyage (336 I., 407, 412, p. 363). The Council of Trade, however, had already written to Lord Bellomont, exhorting him to discourage this export trade to Portugal, and to prevent the waste of the woods so far as he could, and blaming Partridge for his share in it (p. 177). Partridge none the less continued to drive his trade merrily. Bellomont, impatient with the meanness of this millwright in "preferring a little sordid gain before the interest of England," characteristically remarks that to set a carpenter to preserve woods is like setting a wolf to keep sheep, and recommends that all Governors should be "not men of the country, but Englishmen," and well-born Englishmen at that, of undoubted probity and some fortune (p. 193). Partridge's defence of his conduct is given (961), and is of some importance as indicating the course of Trade, and the difficulty the Colonies were experiencing in making returns for the goods imported from England. The waste of the woods had been so great that it was now necessary to go twenty miles inland in order to obtain a mast fit for the Navy (p. 361). The Admiralty urged that Bellomont should be directed to establish
laws for the preservation of trees "that are or shall be fit for use in H.M. Navy," and directions to this effect were sent (104 i., 116 i., p. 158). Later in the year, in a representation upon the whole question of the timber in America, the Council of Trade pointed out that there was no sufficient provision yet made for the preservation of the woods, and recommended that some new regulations, such as those outlined by Lord Bellomont (p. 361), should be passed, either by the Assemblies of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, or, if Lord Bellomont could not persuade them to that, by an Act of Parliament for which he should suggest the heads (841).
Act for vacating extravagant Grants.
The provisions of such an Act he had, in fact, already sketched. Besides forbidding the export of timber to any foreign country and providing for careful forestry, it should, he suggested, vacate all extravagant grants of land, annul Col. Allen's title to New Hampshire, and vest these lands in the Crown. Fletcher's "intolerable corrupt selling away the lands of the Province," he argued, cramped the people for land and was fatal to his scheme for Naval Stores (p. 678). He had just cause for complaint in that the law to annul some of these grants, which he had procured last year, had not yet been confirmed. Till it was approved, he not only could not proceed with the vacating of the rest, but dared not even to act upon it. "I write now," he says in July, "in the anguish of my soul, quite dispirited for want of orders from the Ministers" (622). And he pointedly argued that the Parliament which had just resumed the Irish Forfeitures, whereby he himself was a sufferer, and the soldiers in New York were temporarily docked of their pay, could scarcely boggle at the resumption of grants so extravagant and unjustifiable as those made by Fletcher and his predecessors (p. 671). The law had met, of course, with
the most strenuous opposition at home (716), and this had been so far successful that the Attorney General expressed doubt as to the precise meaning of the Lords Justices' Instructions, upon which the Governor had acted. "Whether it was intended to re-assume all grants the Governor and Assembly think extravagant by an Act of the Legislative power, or whether he is thereby directed to reassume all such extravagant grants as had been unduly passed by the ordinary course of law there, is to me very doubtful" (598).
Col. Allen's claim to New Hampshire.
Col. Allen's pretensions to the Proprietorship of New Hampshire, and all the other claims which he derived from his bargain with Mason were, in Bellomont's opinion, as much "an abomination and mistery of iniquity". (p. 364) as Col. Fletcher's grants. He proposed, accordingly, that Allen, out of charity, should be re-imbursed the 250l. which he had paid to Mason for his shadowy title to an estate worth at least 3,000,000l., and that his claim should be disallowed (pp. 194, 360).
Putting aside the question of the validity of Col. Allen's title, there seemed every probability that, if he attempted to enforce his claim to quit-rents, the whole Province would be in a blaze. To judge from the evidence of Mr. Usher (992), the inhabitants sympathised with those of New Jersey in their Republican sentiments. "It's a principle too much entertained in these parts, ye King hath nothing to do, unjust they may not have the Government in their own hands and act without control; Acts of Parliament ought not to be laws for Plantations, unless had Representatives in Parliament; if may write plainly, are not for Kingly but for Commonwealth Government, which pray Libera nos." But apart from these views, the patientest of us all, as Bellomont remarks (p. 360), would resist, if after fifty years peaceable possession, "such a Proprietor as Col. Allen were to drop out of the clouds to oust us."
His attempts to bribe Lord Bellomont.
"I have reason above other men," Bellomont drily observes (p.359), "to believe Col. Allen's title is defective, having been much urged to be bribed to favour his claim. There was an offer made me of 10,000l. and that Col. Allen should divide the Province with me; but I thank God I had not the least tempting thought to accept of the offer, and I hope nothing in this world will ever be able to tempt me to betray England in the least degree." On the same day he wrote to Mr. Secretary Vernon a full account of the endeavour to bribe him.
William Blathwayt's Bargain with Col. Allen.
Again and again the desperate claimant had returned to the charge, whilst walking with the Governor on the green in front of the Minister's house at Hampton when he was on tour, or visiting him at Boston, and tempting that proud and honest nobleman—honest in an age of almost universal official corruption—with the offer of half the Province and a dowry of 10,000l. for his daughter, whom he proposed as a match for Bellomont's youngest son. In return, the Governor was to countenance his claim, grant him a trial, and overawe his adversaries. "I told him I would not sell Justice, if I might have all the world" (582 II.). In the same letter Bellomont announces his very significant "discovery" that William Blathwayt, King William's favourite, Secretary of War and a Member of the Council of Trade, was concerned in a bargain with Allen "for half of his pretended interest in New Hampshire and a great part of this Province" (Massachusetts Bay). Blathwayt, in return, had undertaken to procure a mandamus to force the inhabitants of New Hampshire to a trial with Allen (582, 582 I., II.).
Bellomont had already plainly hinted at his conviction that there was a Member of the Board who had rendered ill service in advising the King to reduce the garrison of New York (p. 432 etc.); this was evidently intended for Blathwayt, and Blathwayt it was, he now suggests,
who had made a milch-cow of the Plantations for many years past, not only by this "villainous bargain" but also by selling "the lands in New York to Col. Fletcher," by which no doubt he means that it was Blathwayt who introduced into Fletcher's Instructions the clause which enabled him to make his "extravagant grants" (582, 582 I., 667). On p. 719 he indulges in another side-thrust at Blathwayt's sale of employment in the Army.
Influence of Bacon's Essays.
Bellomont, with a mind trained upon Bacon's Essay on the Plantations (pp. 673 ff.) and with an imagination stimulated by the vast potentialities of wealth and industry in the magnificent country he saw around him, the greatness of which he continually strove to bring home to the King and his Ministers, not only did his utmost to promote the trade of the Colonies, but also had a vision splendid of his King's glorious Empire in America, self-supporting and self-sufficing (850 v.). His ambition, and the keynote of all his schemes, was to increase the British mercantile marine and to develope Colonial products, whether Naval Stores, wines or even ship-building, which did not clash with home manufactures (953). It is interesting to note his instructions to Col. Romer to inspect a spring "which blazes up in a flame, when a firebrand is put into it," which may indicate that he was not far from "striking oil" (845 VIII.).
Bellomont's scheme for the supply of Naval Stores was linked with his demand for the erection and repair of the Forts upon the frontier, and for an increase of the garrisons for Imperial Defence (pp. 543, 544). He repeatedly urged the absolute necessity of repairing the forts of Albany and Schenectady and of building other forts. He represents the "scandalous weakness" of the Forts at Albany and Schenectady, "the gates are down, and carts could be driven through the walls"
(p. 574), but has little hope that the Assembly at New York would be at the expense of re-building them (Oct.). He waits in desperation for orders from home to authorise him to begin the work (p. 400); he applies for discretionary powers to be given him to draw upon the Treasury in order to meet emergencies of this kind (pp. 93, 575); he burns his fingers by providing wheelbarrows in anticipation of instructions, which he did not receive, and was left to lament his over-hasty wisdom (p. 575). He was blamed by his successor, Lord Cornbury, and the blame has been repeated by such historians as Mr. Doyle, (fn. 6) for leaving the frontier defences in a deplorable condition, but, in the face of the documents printed in the present and the preceding volumes of this Calendar, it seems preposterous to hold him responsible. It was only in the last weeks of the year that the Council of Trade, who appear to have been fully alive to the necessity of the work, wrote to him, urging him to use his best endeavours that the Assembly of New York should speedily take in hand the repair of Albany and Schenectady Forts. They also directed him to apply to the Governors of the neighbouring Plantations to induce their respective Councils and Assemblies to contribute towards that undertaking (1037). On Christmas Day orders were issued granting him the power, which he had desiderated, of drawing on the Treasury for small sums at his discretion to be spent on work at the Forts, an order was issued for furnishing spades, etc., and directions were given, in accordance with his advice, for letters from the King to the Governors and Assemblies of the other Plantations, to be prepared, "to excite them to contribute in their several proportions to the charge of securing the frontiers of New York" (812 I., 1054). It was, indeed,
a case for the combined effort of the various Plantations, in which each should contribute their quota of men and money (p. 267). It remains to be seen how they fulfilled this duty of self-defence.
Condition of the Garrison at Albany.
If the state of the fortifications was deplorable, the plight of the garrisons was even worse. The soldiers at Albany were sadly reduced in numbers, almost naked, "bare-footed and bare-thighed, with little bedding" and no pay, and on the verge of starvation. They were at the mercy of the victuallers for their supplies, and Mr. Livingstone was busy "pinching an estate out of the poor soldiers' bellies" (pp. 431, 572, 577, 593). Seldom can the British soldier have been more hardly treated, and it is little to be wondered at, if on Bellomont's arrival, they "had like to have mutinied" (p. 572).
Mutiny of the Garrison at New York.
At New York matters went even further. Bellomont complains that he has in his company "a parcel of the swearingest and drunkennest soldiers that ever were known"; the officers were absentees or drunkards, and, having taken to keeping tap-houses for a livelihood during the time when they were not paid, could not now be cured of that habit. Bellomont, indeed, was so disgusted with the state of affairs, that he declares that he would not stay another week in the country, were it not that he had a mind to accomplish the conciliation of the Indians, the building of the Onondage Fort, and his project for furnishing Naval Stores (p. 607). A hundred recruits arrived. They at once found good cause for discontent. They were to be mulcted of their "sea-pay"; a deduction of 30 per cent. was to be made from their English pay (to balance the difference in exchange); the stores supplied by the Ordnance Office were rotten; and, to prevent their mutinying at the "sad provisions furnished by the Victualler," Bellomont was obliged to undertake to pay them and
the Garrison at Albany the money for their subsistence weekly in cash.
To do this he had to engage his own credit, and the merchants, who loved him not, seized the opportunity to embarrass him in his efforts to obtain the money. So far from following the example of his bug-bear, Fletcher, and pocketing the greater part of the 30 per cent., he insisted that it should be remitted. It was an intolerable oppression—especially in a country which was full twice as dear to live in as London—and the King's honour was involved. The deduction had so much the air of a fraud, and the consequences were likely to be so serious that he decided "to wash my hands of it and the Government too, unless they have full English pay" (pp. 576, 606). On Oct. 28 the discontent of the soldiers came to a crisis. There had already been an attempt at mutiny some ten days before, encouraged, it was said, by certain of the malcontents in the town (p. 580). There was now an outbreak, which, but for want of brains on the part of the soldiery, and for presence of mind on the part of Bellomont, aided by the prompt assistance of the citizens, might well have had the most serious results.
The soldiers, who had been drawn up to hear the new Act (874) for punishing mutineers and deserters read, and for some of their number to be told off to re-inforce the garrison at Albany, "swore that they would not stir till they were assured of full sterling pay and sea-pay." Fortunately they had chosen to mutiny outside the walls of the Fort. Whilst they were still clamouring for their pay, and making a move to seize the Fort, Bellomont sent to the burghers to come into the Fort without arms, by twos and threes. Townsmen and merchants of all parties hastened to obey the summons. In a short time a sufficient force had been collected and armed within the Fort to overawe the soldiers, who
submitted at discretion. The ringleaders were court-martialled and punished. Two of them were shot, not without intercession on their behalf by some members of the Council, whose indecision called forth Bellomont's undisguised disgust (p. 667, Nos. 880, 953 II–V).
So far as the Home Government was concerned, the labours of the year end with enquiries made of Capt. Bennet and Admiral Benbow as to the state of defence of the Bermudas and Jamaica, and with the preparation of Instructions as to the forts necessary to be maintained by the Government of the Massachusetts Bay (1063, 1064).
Such was the weakness of the fort at Albany that the inhabitants informed Lord Bellomont, on the occasion of his visit in August that, unless proper measures were taken for their defence, they intended, should war break out, to abandon the place at once (p. 595). It was, as we have seen (Cal., 1699), a place of supreme importance both for the fur trade and for the defence of the frontier.
The Indians wavering.
It is an obvious fact, sometimes expensively ignored by unimaginative administrators, that the prestige of a nation depends very largely, in the eyes of the native races, upon the visible proofs of its force. The shameful plight of the soldiers at Albany, who had not rags enough to cover their nakedness, could not but be compared unfavourably by the Sachems of the Five Nations with the condition of the soldiers of the French King in Canada (666, p. 92). The Indians, indeed, had, as has been seen in the preceding volumes, for some time been showing signs of wavering. Dread of the apparently superior power of the French, disappointment at the failure of the English to build them a fort and to furnish them with ministers to instruct them in Christianity, had combined with the seductive inveiglements of the French Governor and French Jesuit
emissaries to shake them in their allegiance to the English King. But, more than anything, the report circulated by the French to the effect that Bellomont had received orders to disarm and extirpate them, and to that end would poison them, both exasperated and alarmed the Indians, who were allied to the English interest (pp. 91, 431, 543).
The French intrigues with the Indians.
The alarums and excursions of the present year were largely the result of English supineness in 1699, but largely also of the unscrupulousness of the French agents, who thus twisted to their own advantage the honourable endeavours of the English Government to fulfill the obligations of the Treaty of Ryswick (p. 91, No. 877). "I believe an Indian has a greater passion for hunting than for wife or children, and whoever talks of disarming them, will set 'em in a flame," Bellomont observes (167), whilst the French, concealing the similar orders sent by their own King, circulated through the country the Instructions of the English King as to disarming the Indians (167 III, 170 X, p. 267). The French Jesuits were busy among the Five Nations endeavouring to alienate them from the English. M. de Bruyas, whose compliments Bellomont had gauged at their true value in the preceding year, stopped at Albany on his way back from Rhode Island, and then wrote for leave to continue his missionary enterprises amongst the Indians (see Cal. 1699, 1011 XXVIII). His letter dated Oct. 13 had not reached Bellomont till Nov. 22. "Probably there was design in the slow conveyance of the Jesuit's letter, that it might not be in my power to prevent him," is Bellomont's caustic comment (pp. 91, 268).
Force was added to persuasion. In order to compel the Five Nations to make their submission to the Governor of Canada the French instigated their Indian allies, in this time of peace, to slaughter the English
Indians (666 IV, VI). The complicity of the French Governor is evident from the account of the Indians themselves (666 VII, 845 V).
Threatened general rising.
In January and February, then, comes an ugly alarm of a general rising of all the Indians, concerted between the Eastward and Westward Indians, the Five Nations the Schachkook, and New Rosbury Indians alike, which was to take place in April (167). "The Sachem of Pennicook boasted that he had the longest bow that ever was in New England; it reached from Penobscot to the Mohawks' country, meaning that all the Indians throughout the country were engaged in the design" (170 X). If this general rising were to occur, Bellomont prophecies, the English would be driven out of America in two months (167 II, III, p. 181). Incidentally he gives a vivid description of the Indian method of warfare, which would clearly render useless any attempt at defending the frontiers by a system of counter-sorties. "Their way of fight is not to come hand to hand, but they lie sculking in the woods behind bushes and flat on their bellies, and if those they shoot at drop, then they scalp them, but if they perceive they have missed their shot, they run away without being so much as seen, and 'tis to as much purpose to pursue 'em in the thick woods as to pursue birds that are on the wing. They laugh at the English and French for exposing their bodies in fight, and call 'em fools. At my first coming hither, I used to ridicule the people here for suffering 3 or 400 Indians to cut off five times their number, but I was soon convinced it was not altogether want of courage in the English that gave the advantage to the Indians this last war, but chiefly the Indians' manner of birding, as I may call it, the English, and using the advantage of the woods" (p. 180).
"Pinioned for want of soldiers, money, and orders," Bellomont was unable to take the prompt measures he
felt to be necessary upon the first alarm of the threatened rebellion, measures which included the immediate building of a fort in the Onondage country, a large present of fire-arms, and the seizing of the Jesuit "vermin," whom he found tampering with the Indians (pp. 92, 93).
At Boston the Council was thoroughly alarmed and gave directions for every precaution to be taken (96, 216). The Assembly was specially summoned to meet, March 13th, and passed Bills for levying soldiers and calling out the Militia. A force of the Militia was told off to guard the frontiers. A Proclamation was issued and dispatched by expresses to all parts of the province, to undeceive the Indians, to put the settlers on their guard, and to warn them to treat the Indians with moderation. A day of General Fasting was appointed and a day of supplication for "the blasting of the evil designs of all that hate Zion" (217, 231, 235, 345 IV, V). All these measures, no doubt, had their effect in averting the threatened trouble, but, as Bellomont laconically observes, "whether the sudden march of the forces I ordered to the frontier towns did not operate more effectually, is a question" (p. 179). A month later, however, John Sabin, who had previously brought the bad news from Woodstock to Boston, came in again to the Governor with a no less serious warning of an impending insurrection, which the Sachems were then concerting. Again the rumour circulated from Canada is given as the cause, together with the teaching of the Jesuits "that the Virgin Mary was a French Lady, and Our Saviour a Frenchman, but the English are heretics and it will be a meritorious service to kill Englishmen" (345 VII). This information was confirmed by Mr. Dwight, the minister at Woodstock, who appealed for help in the following remarkable strain, "We cannot be more fully persuaded of mischief boding than we are, nor
can we give other assurance, unless we would be content to be the amazing butchered spectacles of so many miserable cadavers" (345 VIII). (fn. 7) Upon receipt of this news Bellomont immediately sent instructions to the Commissioners for Indian Affairs at Albany to visit the Five Nations, to re-assure them and to make enquiries as to the extent of the French intrigues (p. 180, Nos. 345 XI, XII). Before they had done so, the Commissioners reported that they thought the Five Nations at least were faithful to their allegiance (345 XIII, XIV), and the Pennicook Indians waited upon the Governor and Council at Boston with assurances of their fidelity (330). No outbreak did actually occur in April. The scare, as is often the salutary way of scares, seems to have worked a cure by prevention. But that does not prove that there was no ground for the scare.
When the news of the threatened rising reached England, the Council of Trade recognised the gravity of the situation. An extraordinary Council was held, at which the Lord President, the Lord Privy Seal and the Secretary of State were present (325, 341). A representation upon the whole question at issue, of French intrigue and the means to counteract it and to quiet the troubled Indians, was drawn up and laid before the King. In accordance with Bellomont's request, 500l. was ordered to be advanced towards the building of a sod fort in the Onondages' country; the complement of the New York Companies was raised again to 400 and their arrears ordered to be paid, 800l. was granted to be laid out in buying presents, especially
firearms, to be forwarded at once by the Advice. Bellomont himself was to proceed to Albany and confer with the Indians (357 I, 426). These orders were carried out in spite of some refractoriness on the part of the Board of Ordnance, who presently caused further trouble by wishing to supply guns totally unfit for the use of the Indians (436, 581).
On returning from their interview with the Five Nations in May, the Commissioners at Albany wrote in a somewhat different key (466 I–IX). They found no reason, indeed, to believe that the Five Nations were conspiring with the Eastern Indians, but they found abundant evidence of French influence (466 IV, VI). They reported that our Indians were "dejected and in a staggering condition"; two-thirds of the Mohawks had deserted to Canada, where they were clothed and protected by the French and attended by priests (666 III, 895 VI, VII). They had been taught the "diabolical practice" of poisoning our Indians (p. 433, No. 466 III). Not presents alone, but ministers to teach them, and forts to secure their castles must be provided in order to retain the allegiance of those who were still loyal. Mr. Livingston adds, "We shall never be able to rancounter the French, unless we have a nursery of Bush-lopers as well as they." (This translation of Coureurs de Bois appears not to be known to lexicographers, though we might have expected it to pass into use.) The way to obtain them, he urged, would be to promote an alliance between the Five Nations and the Far Nations and to build a fort, not at Onondage, but at Wawyachtenok, where the latter might come to trade. A fort, too, and a minister at Shackhook, he recommends (466 III).
In June and July came a fresh alarm of mischief brewing among the Eastern Indians, those who had settled about New Roxbury and Woodstock moving off
to join the Pennicooks, who were further reported to be about to attack the Mohegans (581, 619, 619 II, IV, 642, 645). The latter had always been faithful to English interests, and had incurred the resentment of the other Indians by revealing the intention of the late conspiracy (641, 775). The Lieut.-Governor and Council of the Massachusetts Bay warned the Pennicooks to desist, and their Sachem threw the blame on the New Roxbury Indians (701). On the other hand, the Five Nations announced that some of the Dowaganhaes had proposed to settle on Lake Cadarachqui and to enter into the Covenant Chain with them and Corlaer (Bellomont) refusing, however, to send their representatives to Albany in June for fear of being poisoned (666 VI). This rumour of poison was industriously circulated by the French, in order to prevent the Indians attending the conference at Albany (p. 275). Bellomont left Boston for New York, where he arrived on July 24th. The Assembly was to have met on the following day, but, owing to some of the members not having accomplished their voyage down the Hudson River, did not do so until the 29th (666, 845). The Governor in his Address confined himself to the pressing necessity of preserving the friendship of the Five Nations, by settling ministers amongst them and building a fort. Ministers of a suitable kind, indeed, he could not obtain in that country (p. 434), and he despaired of persuading any to undertake the task until they were provided with the security and comparative comfort of the fort (pp. 573, 587). He had received no instructions from home in reply to his urgent requests; nor indeed any letter for close upon a year (p. 901); it was therefore imperative to obtain a vote, by hook or by crook, towards building the fort, in order that he might have some definite encouragement to offer to the discontented and dejected Indians, when he met them in conference
at Albany a few days later (667–669, 687, pp. 568–600). The Assembly at first demurred. They doubted the necessity; they feared the difficulty of sending men and materials so far; they demanded more information; they insisted on having a share in directing the construction of the fort for which they were to pay. Bellomont replied that the necessity was urgent; he gave the required estimate of cost and construction; as to the difficulty, the French had shown us the way at Cadarachqui (cf. p. 273); as to the site, that was for the King's engineer to decide; it was not safe to delay till the neighbouring Colonies should contribute (687). A Bill "for securing the Five Nations" was at length sent up (703, 845). It was far from satisfying the Governor and his Council. The sum granted was less than that he had proposed, and the method of raising it was regarded as destructive to trade and the King's revenue. Also, Bellomont thought it "derogatory to the King's prerogative that the House of Representatives should take upon them to appoint Commissioners to direct in the matter of building a fort." However, it was of vital importance that a fort should be built, and Bellomont persuaded the Council to pass the Bill under protest.
Bellomont's conference with the Nations at Albany.
Armed with this sop for the Indians, Bellomont prorogued the Assembly and arrived at Albany on Aug. 13th (pp. 472, 570). The Sachems, terrified by the French suggestions that he intended to destroy them, made him wait a fortnight before the conference began. There is also some suggestion of intrigue upon the part of the Governor's political opponents (pp. 570, 572). The Anti-Leislerite party at Albany, together with Mr. Livingston, now and later exerted themselves to cross his Indian policy, and to prevent the building of a fort in the Onondage country (p. 669).
Meantime the Commissioners at Albany had been endeavouring, not without some success, to win back
the "Frenchified" portion of the Onondages and Mohawks (466 IV, 666 III–VII), who had gone over to Canada.
"I do find these Indians the same I always took them to be, a subtle, designing people, and that there is nothing has the ascendant over them but fear and interest," says Mr. Livingston (p. 473). And, indeed, those simple children of the west, with their complaints of the "small loaf" and dear goods, seem to have had a very pretty notion of how to suck out some advantage for themselves from the jealous intrigues of the Europeans (666 IV, V, p. 586). The conference at Albany at length took place; there was a very large gathering of Sachems and the proceedings lasted over a week. Surrounded by his shabby soldiers, half-starved and in tatters, but bravely striving, no doubt, to uphold the dignity of the King's uniform, supported, but not with unanimous loyalty, by the Commissioners for Indian affairs (p. 572) and the sturdy Dutch settlers on the frontier (p. 595), in an atmosphere thick with the smoke of candles, the reek of rank tobacco, the fumes of rum and the smell of the bear's grease with which the Indians daubed themselves (pp. 570, No. 895 V), Bellomont wrestled with the sullen Sachems and prevailed at last, whilst the Representatives of the Pennicook and Eastern Indians sat watching to see on what terms the Five Nations and the English should prove to be. Presents and promises, arguments and his own eager and genial personality won the day.
"They appeared sullen and out of humour at first, but by degrees I brought 'em to perfect good temper.The message I sent last Spring to the Five Nations was a most lucky step, and was the hindring the Indians from a revolt to the French. I had the good luck to be too nimble for Bruyas, the Jesuit, and M. Maricourt, and by my present of a belt of wampum, I frustrated
theirs, insomuch that upon their coming the Indians told 'em they were pre-engaged to me" (pp. 570, 589, No. 845 V.).
During the Conference, Bellomont pursued his policy of endeavouring to draw the Dowaganhaes into a trade with the English (p. 571) and encouraged the River Indians to invite the Eastern Indians to come and settle with them at Skatchkook (p. 590). As the result of his management, he wrote in jubilation in October to announce that the Eastern Indians had renounced the French and submitted to the Five Nations (p. 583, No. 845 XXXIII.) A week later, however, these hopes were shattered, and a sudden attack by some Eastern Indians upon some of the Five Nations seemed to prove that the proffered friendship was merely a ruse, a French stratagem, it was suggested, to lull those Nations into a false security (872, 953 IX.). Within a few days of Bellomont's announcement that the Eastern Indians had submitted to the Five Nations, a letter was written from Quebec (835), in which it was stated that the intrigues of the French Governor had been crowned with success, and that his policy of encouraging the Dowaganhaes and other far Nations to destroy them had compelled the Five Nations to come and sue to him for peace (fn. 8) (666 VII, 835).
And almost at the same time a Representation from the Council of Trade was forwarded to the King to the effect that the French practice of seducing or destroying our Indians on the frontier, so directly contrary to treaty engagements, should no longer be tolerated (877). Meantime, by providing for the settlement of a trading-house and fort in Casco Bay and for the establishment of three ministers among the Eastern
Indians, the Massachusetts Government had taken some necessary steps in the right direction (509, 618, 731, 746).
Harsh treatment of the Indians.
They also passed a Bill "to prevent abuses to the Indians," of which Bellomont remarks that "it has a specious name, but the Representatives left out the most useful clause in it." He adds that the Indians were barbarously treated in many parts of that province, "which is not the way to propagate Christianity among them" (576, p. 672). The protection of the Indians from unscrupulous traders, and the securing for them a fair price for their beavers was a duty to which Bellomont had pledged himself at Albany (pp. 586, 589). Fair dealing with the natives is a principle of good administration upon which the Home Government has often had to insist with the settlers in a new Colony. It was a principle which the Council of Trade did not omit to inculcate in their despatches both to the Governor of Massachusetts Bay and the Governor of Virginia (pp. 7, 165).
Matters in dispute with the French.
Iberville visits New York.
The settlement of the boundaries between the French and English was a necessary preliminary to the establishment of a proper and undisputed jurisdiction over the Indians, the arrest of French aggression and the dealing with Jesuits (718, 1036). It was a point which the Indians themselves had pressed at the Albany Conference (p. 589). Little seems to have been attempted in this direction. Perhaps the shadow of inevitable war, which hung over the country, darkened the diplomacy of Ministers, who awaited the arbitrament of a sterner tribunal than theirs. We have seen in the previous volume how energetic were the preparations which the French were making in Canada (cf. p. 575).The appearance of a French man-of-war in New York harbour now gave rise to no little uneasiness. New York is not on the way from the Bay of Mexico to
France, and that La Renommée, with M. D'Iberville on board, should have come so far out of her course, caused the explanation of "wood and water" to be regarded with suspicion, and the intention was rather held to be "to examine our channel and harbour" (pp. 400, 402, No. 620 I). (fn. 9)
The movements of some French Coureurs des Bois, inclined to pass over to the English, being dissatisfied with such a restriction on their peltry trade as is indicated by No. 770, which was the outcome of Champigny's policy that the beaver should seek Canada, not Canadians the beaver, are shown by several documents. I shall refer later, when dealing with the West Indian Islands, to the English answers to French claims to Sta. Lucia, Tobago and Dominica.
The French and Hudson's Bay.
We have seen in the previous volume that the Hudson's Bay Company had been left "the only mourners by the Peace." No definite settlement was arrived at in 1700 by the Commissioners, who, according to the Treaty of Ryswick, were to be appointed to determine the rights of either side to places in the Bay. Certain suggestions were, however, thrown out and criticised, of which the historians of Hudson's Bay do not seem to be aware. In the first place, the French Ambassador came forward with a proposal that the French should keep Fort Bourbon (York Fort) and the English Fort Chichitouan (Fort Albany), or vice versa. In the first case, the Nova Scotia boundary should be the River St. George; in the second, the River Quinibiquy (368 I). Whatever the interest of the Hudson's Bay Company might be in such an exchange of forts, the Council of Trade at once rejoined that the English boundary in those parts
extended to Ste. Croix, and that no question of any extent of territory, but only of places taken and re-taken in Hudson's Bay before and during the late war, was reserved by the treaty for settlement (368 II.). Bellomont, who sends some evidence that the River Ste. Croix was the true English boundary, was at pains to point out the importance of insisting upon this:—"'Tis of the last consequence to England and these Plantations that the French be confined to the east side of the river Ste. Croix, for if they be admitted to extend their dominion to St. George's River, which has been industriously given out by them and those that are affected to their interest to be the boundary between us, then at once these Plantations are ruined, near 200 miles of coast will be lost from the Crown, and the fishery consequently with the country or coast. But besides all that, beyond Ste. Croix the country is desert, being sandy and very few timber trees, or trees for masts for ships, growing on it, whereas between the rivers of Ste. Croix and St. George the soil is rich and abounds with trees for masts and timber" (p. 237).
The Council of Trade supported this view (p. 565), and recommended it as a matter of great importance that His Majesty's title " to all that country and coast eastward as far as the River Sta. Croix be asserted and maintained," and that the French should be dispossessed of what they had already usurped. For the French pretended to extend their right as far as Kennebeck River, and the Jesuits had recently built a church upon its banks at Narigewack (pp. 414, 415, 563). At a special conference with the Board of Trade in June (538), the Hudson Bay Company, whose position was so parlous that they were unable to send a ship to the Bay at all this year (486), reiterated their claim to the whole Bay. If, however, that could not be maintained, they produced an alternative paper, offering
as the limits of concession the latitude of 53 degrees on the west side and Rupert's River on the east. The Lord President represented to them the improbability of the French Commissioners accepting these conditions. After further consultation with their General Court, they produced some slightly modified proposals (629). In this connection, as well as from the point of view of historical geography and the Indian question, Col. Romer's report upon the defences of the Five Rivers (St. George's, Piscataqua, Pemaquid, Kennebeck and Saco) is of interest (580 IX.).
The Assembly called to meet at Boston in order to deal with the Indian troubles (p. XXX) sat for nine days and passed twelve Bills, mostly of a military character, "which was such despatch as was never known" (p. 179). A new Assembly was elected and met at the end of May (485). Bellomont found himself obliged to meet it without having received any instructions from home as to how to proceed in the case of the Bill for punishing pirates, which had miscarried in 1699, or with regard to the point as to nominating officers, over which he had been at issue with the Council (466, p. 266). In his Address, he recommended the settlement of the College by addressing the King for a Charter; the fortifying of the harbour; provision for ministers, and the encouragement of French Protestants and the suppression of Jesuits; and lastly, the management of the Eastern Indians. All these matters were taken in hand. A Bill for suppressing and punishing Popish Missionaries was at once brought in (485) and passed (561); an Address to the King for the settlement of the College "to be a nursery for supplying these Churches with able, learned Ministers" (641 III.) and to protest against the encroachments of the French, was prepared, and sent home with Bellomont's strong and broad-minded recommendation of it (pp. 415, 416). Mr. Increase Mather
was chosen President of Harvard College in July, residence at Cambridge being stipulated (633). The proposals of the Connecticot Commissioners for the settlement of the boundaries in dispute were rejected, and other proposals made to them, which were rejected in turn (526, 545, 576). An interesting ordinance to provide against "the fireing of houses by the throwing of squibs, serpents, rockets," etc., on Nov. 5 occurs (904). A case of trial for witchcraft is referred to (615); and in the Militia Roll (956 I.) an important quarry for genealogists is indicated. As an instance of "the miserable condition of the Province, should there happen a war," Bellomont mentions that there were not forty barrels of powder in the whole country (p. 95).
At home, several Acts were recommended for repeal, including that for the establishment of sea-ports (813, 824). The fish-trade of Boston and the industrial prospects of the province are discussed and described by the Governor (pp. 673 ff).
Lord Bellomont sailed from Boston on July 17, to take up his Government at New York (642).
I have already referred to several events of importance in connection with the history of New York. We have seen how Lord Bellomont came to New York in July, and only with difficulty obtained a Bill for building the fort at Onnondage, which he was far from regarding as satisfactory. He comments on the changed tone of the Assembly, and offers some explanation of it (p. 569). As to the Act itself he observes that "the treatment it deserves is to be rejected by the King with scorn." It was repealed when the Assembly met again in October. A land-tax for the full amount demanded was then passed, in lieu of the objectionable additional duty (851, p. 580). Besides the Bill for securing the Five Nations, several Bills were sent up by the Assembly in July, of which the Governor and Council
passed only two: an Act against Jesuits and Popish missionaries, and an Act appointing Commissioners to examine into the Public Accounts. Although, in July, the Governor was still quite in the dark as to instructions from home (p. 400), the Council of Trade had written to him in April in terms of general commendation, urging him also to procure the passing of the first and last of the Bills above mentioned. They expressed their approval of a new trade being established with the Western Indians, "provided it do not interfere with the planting of tobacco in Virginia and Maryland". (307). I have mentioned the opposition at home, which took the shape of memorials against the passing of several Acts, including that for a present to the Governor, and of attacks in the House of Commons (716).
Bellomont's enemies petitioned the House of Commons against his misgovernment, and the heads of charges formulated against him are given (125, 210, 667). His prolonged absence from New York, the reason of which we have seen in the previous volume, gave occasion for a petition from some New York merchants that the "Province of New York might be brought back to its former manner of administration, unconcerned with the government of any other place" (151 I.). For the sake of managing the Indians, if for nothing else, Bellomont replied, the union of the two Governments was a vital necessity (pp. 571, 582).
Fletcher's influence at home.
At home, Col. Fletcher had evidently made unto himself friends of the mammon of righteousness. The Bishop of London not only made a curiously accurate prophecy as to the coming termination of Bellomont's Government (p. 720), but also made an appeal on behalf of the disreputable Dellius (899). His intervention also led to a reconciliation between Lord Bellomont and the offending minister at New York (851).
The question of Governors' salaries.
His credit engaged to the hilt on behalf of the forces (14, 14 XVI., p. 628), and his salary grievously in arrears (474 I., 850 V., pp. 582, 583), Bellomont found himself reduced to great straits. Both as a way out of his own pecuniary embarrassment, and on principle, "for the King's honour and interest" in order to put an end to the whole bad system of underpaid Governors, who were "pensioners of the various Governments just as long as they please," he formulated his demands for a settled salary (474 I., 850 V., pp. 416, 417).
New York. Miscellaneous.
In criticising some of the Acts passed during the last few years, the Council of Trade found occasion to point the moral as to the evil effect of partisan and retrospective Acts (786 I.). Orders were also sent to the Lieutenant-Governor and Council to rectify their mistake in refusing an appeal to Alsop from Lord Bellomont's judgment, whilst the evil consequences likely to arise from such a precedent as the reversal of a judgment of one Governor in Council by his successor were pointed out (pp. 159, 161). A treasure-house of names is revealed in the Muster-Roll of Militia Officers (953 XIV.). The Governors of infant Colonies frequently demand trained and experienced lawyers from home for the conduct of affairs, and the planters and traders suffered alike from the inadequate education of local lawyers. In New York, Bellomont was handicapped, not only by the untrustworthiness of his officials, Collector, Naval Officer, Secretary (14 XVIII., 46 XXIII.), of all, in fact, save the Lieutenant-Governor, Nanfan (p. 417), but also by the wiles and ignorance of his Attorney-General. After being frequently hampered and misled by Mr. Graham, he declared him at length to be nothing less than a "rank knave," hand in glove with pirates, and capable of tampering with the Minutes of Council in their behalf (953 XXXV. ff). In response to his reiterated demands for an honest able Chief Justice
and Attorney-General, Mr. Attwood and Mr. Broughton had been appointed from home to those offices in New York (534). But they met "with some stop at the Treasury" (p. 528) and the end of the year found them still in London. Till their arrival, the Governor said, in proroguing the Assembly till April, he and the Council thought it not advisable to deal with the remainder of the Acts that had been sent up (901).
Penn in Pennsylvania.
"That ingenious person Mr. Penn" (p. 451), also mentions his need of "an ould, judicious Attorney" (p. 724). The "Courtly Quaker" arrived in Pennsylvania in Dec. 1699 (156, 189). (fn. 10) Macaulay's famous phrase, (fn. 11) it may be noted, was possibly suggested by Col. Quarry's thrust, "At the same time he is thus undermining, he treats me with all the show of friendship and kindness. I am not Courtier enough to pay him in his own coyne" (p. 65). Penn's first steps created a good impression even in so zealous a servant of the Crown as Col. Quarry (188, 189). The Lieut.-Governor, Markham, in spite of his defence, (176), was removed, and Lloyd, the obnoxious Attorney-General, dismissed. His prosecution was promised (366). Immediately after his arrival, Penn called an Assembly "to make two laws against the crying sins of piracy and forbidden trade (156)." For, whilst Penn and Quarry alike attest the admirable industry of the inhabitants (pp. 84, 107), the flourishing condition and the methods of illegal trade, and the share of the Scotch in it, are exposed in an enlightening letter from Col. Quarry (190). He also describes the methods of the "gang of ould pirates at Hore Kills" (300), whom Penn promised to root out (p. 209). Penn's activity, however, was soon curbed by the attitude of the Assembly. The
Quakers resented his campaign against piracy and illegal trade; "instead of a free and flowing regard," he found the people "soured and very cool" (pp. 210, 211). His own ardour was checked, when the Assembly tightened the purse strings (932 IX.). He failed to reconcile the Quakers to the Admiralty jurisdiction (932 I.), and the watchful Quarry presently reported that he was breaking his promise and invading it (pp. 651, 655). Penn himself, in representing the irritation of the people with the Admiralty Courts, remarks "More, not less, privileges seems the reason of such grants for planting these wildernesses" (April 28). And he applies for permission to be granted to the Quakers to register their ships without an oath (p. 86, Nos. 158, 158 III., IV.). In the midst of his troubles as a Proprietor, bound to the Assembly on the one hand and the King on the other, he evidently found some compensatory pleasure in being able to report how the Anglican minister at Philadelphia, who had preached so vehemently against the Quakers, had been discovered to be the receiver of pirates' gold, "the safest sanctuary Kidd's Doctor could find in these parts for his treasure" (1065).
Rye and Bedford.
During the government of Col. Fletcher the towns of Rye and Bedford, on the borderland, had revolted from the Province of New York to the Government of Connecticut, "to avoid paying taxes," as Lord Bellomont observed (Cal. 1699, p. 212). The right or wrong of the affair hinged upon a dispute as to the boundary between the two provinces, and was decided by an Order in Council confirming the agreement which had been arrived at in 1683 (220, 268).
Dispute as to the Narraganset Country.
Nor was this the only boundary dispute in which Connecticut was engaged. The Narraganset Country was claimed both by this Government and by that of Rhode Island (1001, 1018). Whilst their claims were
being laid before the Council of Trade, the Government of Rhode Island, by some very arbitrary and irregular proceedings, endeavoured to enforce their right to tax the inhabitants of the district in dispute. This action so exasperated those concerned that it seemed likely to result in bloodshed (pp. 13, 363, Nos. 580 XVI.–XIX.).
Connecticut and the Right of Appeal.
Upon complaints received in the previous year, orders had been dispatched to the Governor of Connecticut as to the admission of appeals to the King in Council (see Cal. 1699). The renewed petitions of Edward Palms (385) and the Hallams (974 I.) show that these orders were disregarded, and that affidavits on the subject were not being admitted by those in authority. Some thirteen months after it was written, a letter arrived from the Governor and Company of Connecticut, in which they plainly show their intention not to allow appeals to the King, pleading that the distance was ruinous, as their Charter suggested, and insisting on their right to determine all causes finally in the Courts of the Colony (1002 I.).
The misdemeanours of Rhode Island had engaged the attention of Lord Bellomont in the preceding year. Now, early in April, the Council of Trade presented his report to the King, and recommended the "consideration of what method may be most proper for bringing the said Colony under a better form of government" (291). With this object in view, the report was referred to the chief Law Officers of the Crown (309). Meantime the irregularities of that Government were continued (14, 14 IV.–IX.), and the transcript of their laws, when at length it was produced, seemed to show clearly enough that those in authority there were neither capable nor worthy (pp. 13, 15, No. 433).
New Jersey. The Port of Perth Amboy.
After many preliminary steps, which have been traced in the preceding volume of this Calendar, it was decided that not only the legality of the seizure of the Hester should be tried in the case of Basse v. Bellomont, but also that this civil action should be made a test case to determine both the claim to a free Port at Perth Amboy, upon which the Proprietors of East Jersey still insisted (34), and their title to that Government (369). Whilst Basse petitioned the House of Commons (113), the evidence of Sir Edmund Andros was, on the other hand, obtained to the effect that New York enjoyed the privilege of being the sole port on the Hudson River (143, 150). The Court of King's Bench decided in favour of Basse (p. 576), and thus the Proprietors gained the freedom of the Port and the commercial independence, which, rather than the right of government, was always their chief concern. The argument turned upon the question, whether East Jersey was a distinct Government, independent of New York (425). Basse was awarded damages largely in excess of the losses he had sustained through the seizure of his ship, much to the disgust of Lord Bellomont, who describes him as "a known profligate fellow, and remarkable for lying" (p. 693). It is evident (72) that the Council of Trade had expected that the Proprietors would fail to prove their title, and that the Government of New Jersey would be at length resumed by the Crown. This, indeed, was the course recommended by Governor Basse himself, who appears as the mouth-piece of the anti-proprietary party, in view of the state of anarchy into which the Province had fallen, thanks to the "oppression and unsupportable partiality of the Quakers" (70, 70 II., III., 670), and the Scotch partisans of Col. Hamilton, with whom, and the large landowners, the Proprietors were mainly identified. Vivid accounts are given (670 I., II.) of the riots which arose
from an endeavour on the part of Lewis Morris, whom Col. Hamilton had placed upon his Council as the one man able to make the Province submit to him, to assert Col. Hamilton's authority. He ordered the Sheriff to make some arrests, but the neighbours, "banged him, broke his head and sent him packing." Thereupon Col. Hamilton rode into Middleton with a party of armed men, and a serious collision was with difficulty avoided.
The Proprietors propose to surrender their Government.
The year closes with a petition from some of the inhabitants of East New Jersey against the Proprietors. Their enforcement of their claim to quit-rents upon lands purchased by the settlers from the "native pagans," whose rights they ignored, their appointment of Scotsmen to office, and their supercession of Basse, the petitioners could not away with (908 I.). The Proprietors defended themselves at length in a document which is of the first importance for the history of New Jersey in the years following the Revolution (985). They characterise the petition as the grievance of a few factious and mutinous people, who wished not only to deprive the Proprietors of their right to the soil, "but also to strip His Majesty of his legal rights to that and other Plantations, and to render them independent of the Crown," in confirmation of the opinion, lately broached by some Planters, that "the King's right to the American countrys discover'd by English subjects was only notional and arbitrary, and that the Indian natives are the absolute independent owners and have the sole disposal of them" (p. 725). After dealing with other complaints and reviewing their procedure since the Revolution, the Proprietors explain their action in appointing Col. Hamilton, appointing Mr. Basse in his stead, under the misapprehension that the Act for preventing frauds, etc., disabled Scotchmen from holding office as Governors, and then re-appointing
Hamilton, when Basse had left his Government. The petitioners, they explained, "entertaining a belief that if the Government be taken from the Proprietors, then interest in the soil and quit-rents must fall with it, laid hold of the want of the King's actual approbation of Col. Hamilton, opposed him with arms, and now arraign the Proprietors for neglecting to provide for the Government, which themselves have rejected." They conclude by announcing that they and the Proprietors of West New Jersey had already determined to surrender the Government of both the Provinces to His Majesty under certain conditions, and this course was now rendered necessary for the preservation of their civil rights, in view of the attitude of these settlers.
Arrival of French Protestant Refugees in Virginia.
The history of Virginia, as told in these documents, furnishes us with two of the most striking incidents of the year. We have seen how Governor Nicholson, taking his place on the quarter deck, had led H.M.S. Shoreham to victory against a pirate (p. xi., No. 523). We next see him receiving at James Town a band of later Pilgrims, a ship-load of French Protestant Refugees, who, under the leadership of M. de Sailly and the Marquis de la Muce, had arrived, after a voyage of considerable hardship (739 V.) in James River in July (p. 449). They had sailed under the King's auspices. Special allowances of money and bibles had been made to them out of the money collected in England on behalf of the "Vaudois, French and other Protestant Refugees," and orders had been sent to the Governor to give them all possible encouragement, and to grant them lands in Norfolk County (199–201, 225 I.). The Proprietorship of this county was claimed by Daniel Coxe, who, having abandoned his scheme for settling "Carolana or Florida" (18), had made some bargain with the Refugees as to a tract of land there (18, 132,
146 I., p. 497). They were kindly received in Virginia, and the people, pitying their destitute condition, subscribed handsomely towards their support. It was decided, however, not to settle them in Norfolk County, "because 'tis esteemed an unhealthful place, and no vacant land except some that is in dispute betwixt us and N. Carolina." They were settled therefore at Mannikin Town (681), and found themselves "in a fine and beautiful country," about twenty miles above the Falls of James River (739 V.). Fresh arrivals in October appear to have been less welcome. Without capital to tide them over the winter and until they could reap the fruits of their labour by the next crop, they must perish or exist upon the charity of the people (876, 1048). The Assembly showed themselves somewhat grudging in their charity, and, pleading the poverty of the country, prayed His Excellency to represent to His Majesty that no more Refugees should be sent (p. 763, No. 1055).
In connection with this subject of the French Protestant Refugees, pp. 500, 540, give some curious details of the establishment of a new trade by them in England with the Colonies, and of the desperate endeavours of the French manufacturers to stop it, not only by means of interloping trade, but also by kidnapping the Protestant offenders in England.
Irregular attendance of Councillors and Assemblymen.
In Virginia, as elsewhere, the Governor complains of the difficulty, natural in young countries which have not developed a leisured class, of obtaining a quorum for his Council (681, etc.), and frequent instances occur in these pages of the adjournment of Assemblies through an insufficient attendance of Members. Time, distance, harvests, floods, or rivers blocked by ice often contributed to prevent their presence (666, 739, 752, 809, pp. 463, 580, etc.).
A new Assembly meets at the College of William and Mary.
After being several times prorogued, the Assembly of Virginia, sparsely attended, met in October and was dissolved. Writs for a new Assembly were issued. It met on Dec. 5 at the College of William and Mary, since the Capitol was not yet ready, and was presented with "a mace and gown for Mr. Speaker" by the Governor (290, 359, 681 VIII., 876, 979).
The building of the Capitol.
Caterpillars in Virginia and Bermuda.
To hasten the building of the Capitol a Proclamation had been issued in July, inviting all persons that were willing to come and work "either in ye quality of an undertaker, overseer, or workman" (632). From 523 LI., we learn that the proprietors were awarded 20s. an acre for the land at Middle Plantation taken up for the Capitol and City of Williamsburgh. The Council of Trade had urged Col. Nicholson to use his utmost endeavours to procure the building of a suitable house for the Governor (p. 4). But it was only after some demur that the Assembly consented to pay for the expenses in connection with the Governor's gallant capture of pirates, which they considered "not a country charge" (1049, 1056). And as to the charge for building a Governor's house, as well as for building the Capitol and other extraordinary charges, they suggested, in an Address to the King, the desirability of a raid upon the Quit-rent Fund (p. 768). The Colony, they represented, was "in very low and needy circumstances," for not only had they been involved in many heavy expenses, but also, we may gather from Governor Nicholson's report, they had had an unseasonable year (739). In April, too, there had been a great plague of caterpillars (290), for deliverance from which a solemn day of humiliation and prayer had been appointed.
The presence of this plague lends point to the description of Mr. Burton, of Bermuda (303), as the "pest and caterpillar of these Islands." However, by June Nicholson was able to report that it "hath
pleased God they have not done very much damage, therefore to Him be the glory" (p. 309). In spite of these circumstances the price of negroes rose to a record figure (p. 452). At the same time the Governor reported that all was in peace and quietness, and that no murders had been committed by the Indians "either at the head of James River or Potomack, which they commonly perpetrated either in the spring or fall, if not in both" (p. 309). A Treaty, which the Pamunkey and other Indians had been preparing to enter into with the Tawittaways and others, without the knowledge of the Government of Virginia, was put a stop to in February (p. 80). But, a few days after the Governor had written in that optimistic vein, a horrible murder by some Indians on the Potomack frontier electrified the Province (p. 385). The Rangers were called out to prevent a complete desertion of the frontier upon the alarm caused by this atrocity, "the horriblest yt ever was in Stafford." A vivid account of the murder is given (pp. 453 ff.). The Governors of Maryland and Virginia acted in concert in their efforts to punish the perpetrators of this outrage, in which the Emperor of Piscattaway did not escape some suspicion of complicity (632, 681 II., p. 396).
Dispute between Virginia and North Carolina.
The boundaries in dispute between Virginia and North Carolina remained unsettled. The inconveniences arising from this state of affairs are well exemplified by the case quoted by Governor Walker (523 LIII.). Some friction, too, was caused. Virginia had a grievance against North Carolina as to their alleged harbouring of runaway negroes. The excellent laws quoted by Governor Walker, Nicholson drily observes, will not signify unless vigorously put in execution (p. 323).
So far as South Carolina is concerned our documents give us little information. The case of the Cole and
Bean, in which appeal had been wrongly refused (32, 574), came under consideration, and Edward Randolph's report upon that case is instructive (476). The Acts of Trade were largely used by less scrupulous Governors as a means of extortion. They seized vessels, rightly or wrongly, and were ready to let them go again upon receipt of a present from the owners. Of such a sort, according to Randolph's report, was Deputy Governor Blake. He explains how he "drives a fine trade by seizing and condemning vessels" (476). The inhabitants, Randolph says, were industrious, and the country thriving, but uneasiness was felt at the neighbourhood of the Spaniards at Havannah, since the Proprietors took no steps to defend the Province, or to provide it with good government. Both the rice and the silk trade were growing, "and everybody has planted mulberry trees to feed their worms" (475).
Maryland. The Act for Religion.
The Act "for the Service of Almighty God, and the establishment of the Protestant Religion," several times repealed and re-enacted, was the central feature of Maryland politics at this time. Papists and Quakers joined hands to protest against this Protestant measure, which, besides being open to the objection that a clause had been tacked onto it wholly alien from the matter of the Bill, proposed to tax Quakers, Papists and all for the maintenance of Ministers of the Church of England. The opponents of the Act also detected infringements of their freedom of conscience, either intentional or latent in the Bill (p. 384). The Assembly, summoned to meet in April, at a time convenient to the Planters of Tobacco, were informed of the rejection of the Act, for the reasons of which Governor Nicholson had warned them (361). There were, however, other objections, as the Council of Trade had informed Governor Blakiston (p. 11), though he chose to ignore them in
addressing the Assembly (361). The repeal of the law was regarded as a triumph by the Quakers. The Assembly made haste to bring in a new Bill for the establishment of the Anglican Religion, "leaving out those clauses which pointed the reason of its being made null" (479). It was sent home under the care of Dr. Bray, the admirable Commissary of the Bishop of London (417). Protest was at once entered by the Quakers, whose opposition will develope in the coming year (747). The supporters of the Bill on the other hand, retorted that, so far from being, as its Quaker opponents represented themselves, Ancient and Considerable Seaters, they and the Papists together did not amount to one-twelfth part of the Province, whilst the Quakers, "when they first came in, were ordered to be whipped out of the Government" (pp. 384, 395, Nos. 617 II., IV.).
The Emperor of Piscattaway, after denying responsibility for several murders and outrages lately committed, promised to come and settle at Pamunkey, and to induce the rest of his Indians to do likewise. The articles of peace, signed on this occasion (297 I.), are of interest as showing the attempts made to guard against such frontier atrocities as that referred to above (p. lii.).
The boundaries between Maryland and Pennsylvania were the subject of some correspondence with Lord Baltimore, but nothing definite was done.
Barbados. An Epidemic.
The seventeenth century poets, such as Marvell and Waller, were wont to describe the West Indian Islands as primitive Paradises, where—
"So sweet the air, so moderate the clime,
None sickly lives, or dies before his time."
That is more nearly true of Barbados to-day, perhaps, but the bald fact of history is that among the early settlers the death-rate was terribly high.
A severe epidemic raged here in the early months of 1700, and the recent great mortality among the negroes had resulted in much land going out of cultivation and in a declining trade (981). Some of the preventable causes of the epidemic are outlined in a significant paper (391). In May a General Fast was proclaimed, to avert "the great sickness now amongst the people" (461). Some of the sanitary measures recommended in the above-mentioned paper were adopted, and in September the Governor was able to give the island a clean bill of health (624, 797), whilst at Boston the regulations, prohibiting vessels arriving from Barbados to come into that harbour, were removed (763). Two other matters chiefly continued to trouble the Barbadians—the administration of Justice, and the disposal of the 4½ per cent. (66, 981).
Complaints of tardy Justice in Barbados.
The rough and ready methods of the early settlers, for whom speedy injustice was better than tardy justice, had given way to a state of affairs in which the Law's delays had become intolerable to the litigants and damaging to the credit of the country (No. 751). A class of amateur lawyers, "ordinary unlearned men," not trained in the Inns of Court (799, cf. Calendar 1699, No. 134), or "small dealers in the law" (751) had sprung up, ready to take advantage of those who knew even less of law than themselves, or who had lost their title deeds through such usual misfortunes as "hurricanes, cockroaches and other accidents" (779, cf. p. 417). Justice, it began to be complained, was corrupt and exceedingly slow. The merchants of England, it was stated, found better and more speedy justice in the most distant Provinces of the Ottoman Dominions than in some of the American Colonies (p. 512). The frequent adjournment of the Courts may have been due to the prevailing sickness, but it certainly constituted a serious grievance among
the litigants. In response to the complaints of the Royal African Company, letters were written to the Governors of Jamaica and the Leeward Islands as well as of Barbados, requiring them to take care that the Courts of Justice should be duly and frequently held (280 I.). Complaints, however, continued to come in as to the administration of Barbados. Hundreds of causes, it was affirmed, of many years standing, were left undecided owing to the frequent adjournments of the Court of Chancery. Orders in Council were issued in December directing the Governor to see to it that the Court of Chancery sat "according to ancient usage for the dispatch of business" (975, 1030). The Council of Trade had already requisitioned from the Governor a return of the Courts held since his arrival in the Island (843 I.). We shall see the matter develope in the succeeding volume. Meantime a reasonable dissatisfaction with arbitrary commitments to prison and prolonged confinements there, without the admission of bail or writ of Habeas Corpus (960), had found expression in the law, passed in 1697, "for the better securing the liberty of H.M. subjects," which now came up for consideration. The necessity for it was defended by the recital of arbitrary and oppressive procedure on the part of former Governors (1005).
The 4½ per cent.
When the Assembly met on May 14 (530), they refused to pay any attention to the question of defence or the business of supply, recommended to them by the Governor, until they had decided their controverted elections, showing themselves jealous of the interference of the Council with their privileges in that quarter (437, cf. Calendar 1698, No. 480). Their relations with the Governor were, however, amicable (910), and had issue in a vote for a levy to defray the debts of the country accumulated during the war (66). But the immediate defence of the Island was not taken in hand; the
4½ per cent., it was once more urged, was needed for this purpose (981), and should be applied to the uses for which it had been originally intended (391). The reports of the Engineer, Talbot Edwards, upon the defences of the Island, are given (928, 941 I.).
Governor Grey was corrected on two points by the Council of Trade and Plantations. On the one hand he had misinterpreted his Instructions, and held himself empowered to appoint Members of Council (49, 348, 788, 843); on the other, acting in accordance with the advice of the Attorney General of the Island, he had not only refused to allow Alexander Skene, as a Scotchman, to take office as Secretary (162, 163), but had also put all Scotchmen out of the Commission of Peace (215, 245). The Law Officers of the Crown having given their opinion (428) that a Scotchman was a native-born subject of the King within the meaning of the Act for preventing frauds, etc., directions were given for reinstating them (517, etc.).
French claims to Sta. Lucia, Dominica, and Tobago.
In accordance with the Instructions sent to him in the previous year (see Calendar 1699), Governor Grey wrote from Barbados to the Marquis D'Amblimont, asserting the English title to Sta. Lucia, and calling upon him to withdraw the French settlers who had recently established themselves upon that Island (661.). The French Governor replied, with the indignant heat which regards not grammar or punctuation (696 I.), that he would maintain them against all who should undertake to trouble them. The French Ambassador, too, asserted the claim of France to Sta. Lucia, declaring that France had been in possession of the Island for several years, and that it had never been laid claim to in any Treaty or by any foreign power (840 I.). A few months previously, in protesting against a settlement, which, it was apprehended at Martinique, an expedition from
Barbados intended to make upon Dominica, he had argued that Dominica and Sta. Lucia "were assigned by former treaties between France and England solely for the occupation of the Aboriginals" (37 I.). In reply the Council of Trade give the history of the English discovery and occupation of Sta. Lucia, "from which it is evident that His Majesty has an entire right of sovereignty by all the grounds and titles whereby property can be either acquired or preserved" (873 I.). As to the supposed expedition to Dominica, it was merely a voyage to fetch timber, "there being always a trade and correspondence between the people of Barbados and the Indians of Dominica" (p. 155), (fn. 12) but the English right to that Island also was held to be no less capable of proof (304, 536, 538), the grounds for which are given (pp. 333–336).
The French claim to Tobago, advanced in 1699, is fully answered (9). In accordance with that Representation, the Earl of Jersey was directed to reply to the French Ambassador insisting upon the sole right of England to the Island, whilst the Governor of Barbados was ordered to prevent any settlement whatever from being made there (10). Similarly, when an English Company proposed to take up a concession of 50,000 acres from the Duke of Courland, and to establish a new Colony upon Tobago (141, 232), the Duke's title was shewn to be void and no settlement desirable (264).
The great mortality which afflicted Jamaica reached its height in the early part of this year (p. 18, No. 71 A), and in conjunction with other discouraging circumstances led Sir William Beeston to despair of bringing the country to anything "but the residence of a few merchants on Port Royal to sell negroes to the
Spaniards" (p. 20). He again made application to be relieved of his Government. The Acts of Navigation pressed hardly, "we have nothing but from England, and they do not supply us" (15); the interpretation of them was uncertain (815); the supply of negroes was unsatisfactory (p. 19); and the friction between the Governor and Rear-Admiral Benbow over the question of authority and the matter of pressing was not lessened by the Admiral's bluff declaration that "he wanted men, and come from the North or South he would have them" (p. 19). Meantime the Admiralty supported the conduct of Capt. Mitchell, in taking down the colours of a ship commissioned by Lord Bellomont (see Calendar 1699, Nos. 890, 890 XV.), explaining that his Instructions and the Custom of the Sea obliged him to insist that none but H.M. ships of war must wear the King's colours (91 ii.).
From April onwards, however, the Governor's anxiety was lightened, for he was able to report that the Island was in perfect health, and, now that the obnoxious ships of war were gone, in peace and amity (346, 685, 815, 927). In a return (No. 347) he estimates the annual export from Jamaica to England at over half a million; a complete muster-roll is indicated (816 II.), which constitutes a veritable treasury of names of early settlers.
The Spaniards continued to seize English vessels, especially, with an eye upon Darien, those that endeavoured to sail the Caribbean Sea (318). They treated their prisoners with the roughest kind of justice, so that the temper of the colonists began to rise, and reprisals seemed inevitable (p. 20, Nos. 815, 927).
The grievances of the Jews of Jamaica, over-taxation and the being obliged to bear arms upon their Sabbath, had been the subject of some correspondence (19 I.). The reply of the Governor and
Council (386 III.) seems to reveal the cloven hoof of commercial jealousy in the Assemblymen, and a tendency to retaliate by over-taxing the more thrifty race, whilst the grievance as to the Sabbath was shewn not to be all on one side. Meanwhile Government House was enlarged and Fort Charles was finished, the latter being pronounced by Sir William to be "not only very useful, but very beautiful also" (p. 50). Capt. Lilly, the Engineer, however, whose report upon the defences and requirements of Jamaica is given (565), did not think so highly of it, and he thought very little indeed of the other defences; unless the proper steps were taken, the Island, he prophecied, would be carried by the first enemy that attacked it (p. 350).
The Act passed in the previous year to oblige Patentees of Offices to reside in the Island was unfortunately found to clash with the Royal prerogative and was therefore repealed (372, 382, 815).
A somewhat curious situation had arisen in the Leeward Islands. Governor Codrington had received his Commission in May of the previous year. But he did not leave England till August, 1700 (720), for he refused to depart before he had extracted from a reluctant Treasury the four years' salary due to his father (174). Meantime the administration had devolved, and was intended to devolve (see Calendar 1699, No. 1080) upon the President and Council of Nevis. Col. Fox, however, construed his Commission to be Lieut.-General as conferring upon him the duties of Lieutenant-Governor in the absence of the Governor (373). To this opinion he clung, in spite of the correction of the Council of Trade, and contrary to the example of Cleon, ουκ εφη εκεινους αλλ' αυτος αρχειν. The Council of Trade was a little disconcerted by the opinion of the Attorney and Solicitor General to the effect that Col. Fox was justified
in his view, and might, upon arriving before Col. Codrington, by virtue of his Commission, "dispossess the President and Council, and assume to himself that Government" (705). The Law Officers were invited to reconsider that decision (968), and then agreed that the authority of Col. Fox seemed doubtful (969). Doubt as to his authority involved doubt as to the validity of the Acts passed by him. An Order was therefore given that all such Acts should again be laid before the respective Assemblies by Gov. Codrington (972).
Meantime Col. Fox had executed his functions well enough. The Assembly of St. Kitt's, indeed, viewed "with unspeakable concern" his establishment of Courts of Exchequer and Escheat for dealing with the lands forfeited by the Irish rebels (848, p. 603). Their protest provoked a reply more sarcastic than conciliatory from him (848 V.). He found the Assemblies of the Islands positively refusing to quarter the soldiers of his Regiment, unless they worked in the fields with the negroes, a policy in which they persisted until he forced their hands by not passing Acts, which were for their advantage, "till they had given the soldiers houseroom and done everything that was for H.M. service" (16,373).
St. Kitts and Lt.-Gov. Norton.
From St. Kitts complaints reached home of the callous extortion and arbitrary procedure of the Lieutenant-Governor, James Norton. He openly declared, so it was alleged, that he would govern the people by his sword and cane, and he put his profession into practice by throwing the Speaker into gaol and roundly abusing and suddenly dissolving the Assembly, when they refused to support him. Directions were given by the Lords Justices in Council, whilst the King was abroad in September, for the appointment of a Commission to enquire into the truth of these allegations (773).
In Bermuda, as elsewhere, the poetical view proves to be in direct contradiction to the prosaic facts. "Such," says the poet, (fn. 13)
"Such is the mould, that the blest tenant feeds
On precious fruits, and pays his rent in weeds."
But in fact, although the population of Bermuda had increased (588), ants and hurricanes had so devastated the crops of oranges and Indian corn that the Island had ceased to be self-supporting (588, 936). More than elsewhere, too, the inhabitants had reason to be "greatly discouraged by the severities and most unjust proceedings of their Governors" (p. 658). Governor Day carried it with a high hand and a bullying manner to the end (154, 587), treating the King's orders with the scantiest respect (736). Strong language and threats to pull a member of the Council by the nose were his usual, and indeed his mildest arguments (587 III., 637). His theory of government was, apparently, that "the law was in his head and he would do as he thought fit" (71 III.). In spite of his interest at home, upon which he relied, no real answer could be brought to the charges formulated against him (23, 67, 71). In the light of further evidence the Council of Trade summarised his offences and recommended his recall (165, 411, 737). In May, upon his father's petition, Day was recalled to answer the charges brought against him (733); and in the following month Capt. Bennett was appointed Governor in his stead (585). Edward Randolph, whom Day had at length been obliged to set at liberty in January (61), had lost no time in performing the congenial task of revealing the error of his ways (147, 154).
Randolph saw clearly enough the importance of Bermuda, which he describes as the key to all the other Plantations (p. 82). In No. 936 we have his report
upon the defences, the government, and the economic condition of the "Summer Islands," His proposals for the redress of their grievances are sound enough, but perhaps he hits the nail most truly on the head when he recommends "as the best and only means for preventing the succeeding Governors from oppressing the inhabitants by arbitrary practices, as has been formerly done in those islands to raise a maintenance, that the Governor have an allowance not less than 500l. a year, provisions and all necessaries being very scarce and dear." So, too, Bellomont observes (p. 417), "Few men are honest out of pure principle; 'tis best therefore that Governors of Plantations have competent salaries and certain; that they may find their account in being honest."
In April Capt. Haskett was appointed Governor of the Bahamas (308). He applied for the King's approbation. He had given to the Proprietors, when they appointed him, a bond which they considered sufficient (367). The Council of Trade, however, (374) insisted that the Proprietors themselves should give security for their Deputy-Governor (356), in conformity with the Address of the House of Lords in 1697 (Calendar 1697, No. 820). The Lords Proprietors rejoined that the late Act had placed the approbation of their Governors in His Majesty, and it could not be expected that they should give security for them. There was no Act of Parliament that required it (426, 463). In this view they were supported by the opinion of the Attorney General, when the case was submitted to him (566). Capt. Haskett was accordingly approved (597). The state of the Government to which he succeeded is vividly described in Edward Randolph's report (211, 250). Weary of the arbitrary government of such piratical rogues as Trott and his disciples Webb and Elding, who
were backed by a Council largely composed of old pirates, and still more disgusted with the indifference to their interests shown by the Proprietors, who not only neglected to provide New Providence with adequate defences, but also disposed of their privileges for a mere song, as in the case of the sale of Hog Island, the inhabitants, Randolph represents, were ready to cast off all government, or to leave the place, or to submit to any foreign Power, such as the Spaniards, who were willing to protect them. Meantime Read Elding, who held his Governorship by irregular procedure on the part of the "eloping" Webb, and had been concerned in the very doubtful business of the seizure of a Boston vessel (211, Cal. 1699, 82 I., etc.), was busy caning and imprisoning a Lords' Deputy (p. 136), and falling foul of the Chief Justice, whom he accuses of picking his jury, supplying them with drink (451 I.), and clearing a vessel contrary to their verdict.
In answer to the enquiries of the Board of Trade (198), which were this year cast in a slightly different mould, the Commodore of the Fleet at Newfoundland replies in detail (774 I.), giving an account of the progress and conduct of the French as well as of the English Fishery and Fortifications there. Some of his replies contradict his own statements in his letter (774). The Island continued to flourish as a depot for illegal trade between Europe and New England. Supplies for the long-suffering garrison were at length ordered to be dispatched (54, 55, 102 I.), as well as men and materials for building new barracks and erecting fortifications at St. John's. Some light is thrown upon the morals and manners of the Army in those parts by the case of Lt. Lilburne, whose quarrelsome and intemperate Irish fellow officers fell foul of a comrade who refused to "sot and drink" with them, and whom they held to be mean, cowardly
and avaricious, engaging in a forced trade with the soldiers under his command, and blackmailing the inhabitants (742).
The spelling of words in these documents, often erratic, is occasionally of some significance as indicating that the pronunciation of names and places was the same in 1701 as in 1909, and equally distant from the accepted form of spelling. Thus, in America, the "Mohegans" are thus written, and "Conetticot" by William Penn (158), spellings that represent modern pronunciation; whilst, in England, "Woolidge" (p. 566), "Margitt," "Bus'ness," and "Wensday" point to a similar divergence between eighteenth-, as of twentieth-century, orthography and speech. "Evance" reflects the hard Welsh sibilant. The "Jarzies" are frequently so spelt, especially by Lord Bellomont, with whom "marchands" may show his French training, and "carthrage" betray his Irish birthright (p. 577). The latter form, however, is given in the Oxford English Dictionary. "Batoes" slightly disguises the Canadian canoe or "bateau" still familiar on the rivers of British Guiana.
The surrender by the Indians of their title to Sta. Lucia is said to have been conducted "by a solemn manner of turf and twig." The seventeenth-century style of conceit survives not only in the phrase of the Minister of Woodstock I have quoted above, but also in Mr. Moore's hope that "your Lordships will give graines for my defects, which the proceedings will grossly discover" (932 VII.).
Since the documents transcribed in this volume were calendared and printed, the Colonial Office Records, preserved at the Public Record Office, have been re-arranged. They are now catalogued under a new system of references. The following key gives the new titles by which the volumes of documents referred to in this Calendar may be identified:—
|Board of Trade,||Barbados,||8||C.O.||28/4.|
|Board of Trade,||Virginia,||8||C.O.||5/1311.|
|Colonial Office Transmissions,||Berbice, 457||"||116/19.|
|America and West Indies,||Bahamas, 452||"||23/12.|
|"||Leeward Islands, 551||"||152/39.|
|"||New Hampshire, 572||"||5/931.|
|"||New Jersey, 575||"||5/980.|
|"||New York, 580||"||5/1083.|
|"||South Carolina, 620||"||5/382.|
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- 16 Handy Uses for Plastic Bottles and Jugs
- 11 Ways to Nail Savings on Your Remodeling Project
- How to Get a Grip on Your Retirement Savings and Security
- The U.S. Park Where You Can Find Big Diamonds
- 6 Ways to Save on Trips to Spectacular U.S. National Parks
- 10 Ways Being Frugal Can Actually Cost You Money
If you’re ready for a new car, you’re likely asking yourself what type of car you want, whether to upgrade to a larger ride and which color you prefer. But here’s another question you should be asking yourself: Should you lease or buy?
Most people finance their vehicles or pay in cash, but leasing has some benefits too. How do you decide? In the video below, Money Talks News founder Stacy Johnson explains how to choose between owning and leasing. Check it out and read on for more details.
What does leasing really cost?
Leasing typically has lower monthly payments than buying, which is its greatest appeal. But your monthly payment isn’t the only amount to consider. To get the best deal – and keep the most money in your pocket – calculate the actual cost overall for both buying and leasing.
Here’s an example: Say you find a car with a $30,000 purchase price. You finance the purchase at 3 percent for 36 months with a $1,000 cash down payment. Assuming you don’t have a trade-in, your monthly payment would be $872 and you’d pay $31,392 overall.
Let’s see what happens when you lease the same car for 36 months with $1,000 down. Assuming a monthly payment of $500, you’d pay $19,000 overall.
In 36 months you decide you don’t want the car anymore. If you financed, you could sell the car for its current value – say, $18,000. So owning the car for three years has now cost you only $13,392. If you leased it, you can’t sell it, so your total is still at $19,000 — thus making it much less expensive to purchase the car.
Granted, this is a simple example that doesn’t take into account the upfront fee to lease the car, sales tax and other factors. To do the math for your specific situation, try several online calculators, such as Edmunds.com’s auto loan and auto lease calculator. Bankrate has a questionnaire you can fill out.
Whether you buy or lease your new car, it’s likely covered for at least the first three years by a warranty. Older cars, as we know, become more expensive to repair over time as major parts wear out. The person leasing a car (or the person who buys a new car every three years) won’t have to worry about those types of expenses.
However, you will be required to keep the leased car in pristine condition. Any dings or dents beyond normal wear and tear will cost you extra when you turn the car in. Consider having them repaired before that deadline.
Higher costs and extra fees
Leasing comes with some higher out-of-pocket costs and some potential fees:
- Gap insurance. It’s wise and often required to have extra insurance — called gap insurance — on a leased car so that the replacement cost is covered in the event you total it. Likewise, gap insurance is also recommended when you buy a new car and the amount you owe is greater than what the car is worth as its value depreciates.
- Mileage limit. Leases come with a limit on the number of miles you can drive the car — often 15,000 miles a year. Exceed that limit and you’ll pay a large per-mile penalty when you turn the car in.
- Early-termination penalty. Getting out of a lease early will cost you a penalty — generally the remainder of what you owe on the lease. However, you might be able to transfer the lease to someone else. To accomplish that, check out sites like LeaseTrader.com and Swapalease. You’ll pay a fee, and the company leasing you the car will have to approve the transfer, but it’s an option.
What if leasing is for you?
Despite the drawbacks, leasing may be your better option if you want to drive a new car every two or three years, you need a car for a limited amount of time, or you need a new car for your business but simply can’t afford the higher payments to finance one. Things to be aware of when negotiating a lease:
- Capitalized cost of the car. That’s the price of the car plus the acquisition fee, and it is negotiable. Just as you wouldn’t pay the full sticker price when buying a car, you should haggle for a lower capitalized cost of a leased car.
- The “money factor.” That’s the interest or lease rate calculated into your monthly payment. It too is negotiable, so shop for the lowest rate.
- The residual value. That’s what the car should be worth when the lease ends. The residual value subtracted from the capitalized cost will determine the cost of your lease. A lower depreciation rate will mean a higher residual value and lower monthly lease rate.
- Fees and more fees. There can be many, so you need to read the contract carefully before you sign — for example, the price of excess mileage and excess wear and tear.
Which do you prefer — buying or leasing a car? Tell us about your experience on our Facebook page.
Karen Datko contributed to this post.
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Over the last nine months, lawmakers have been putting together a bill to help close loopholes they say synthetic drug makers have been using. The synthetic drug makers are avoiding prosecution by changing the make-up of the drugs quicker that the state can ban them.
Representative Janet Bewley of Ashland says that the current definition of synthetic drugs is too vague.
“They need something with clarity and with teeth so that law enforcement and the criminal justice system will be able to act with confidence that it will hold up in court, this legislation gives that, it provides that clarity.”
She says the legislation that was introduced on Thursday has what they need to prosecute sellers of synthetic drugs.
“It gives a very long list of similar compounds and they just need to have reasonable comparison to this list in order to prosecute.”
Senator Bob Jauch says the new legislation will put an end to the loop hole where the chemistry is altered to avoid prosecution.
“This new law will in essence say that even if it is altered if it maintains the same chemical composition that looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck it’s the same poison.”
Jauch says he believes that this new law will help put the retail sellers and the sellers over the internet out of business.
“The fact of the matter is Wisconsin is putting those who sell this drug on notice that Wisconsin is dead serious about taking them head on and removing this product.”
Jauch and Bewley say even with this new bill, it is still not going to be easy to shut down fake pot. They say there’s a lot of money that can be made from synthetic marijuana.
They both expect the Legislature to consider and approve the bill before adjournment in November.
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Story by Staff Sgt. Wallace Bonner
HOHENFELS, Germany — U.S. Soldiers from 1st Combined Arms Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, joined a multinational effort to supply food and related supplies to units participating in the multinational exercise, Allied Spirit VIII at Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 15 through Feb. 5, 2018.
“We’ve supplied about 900 meals so far, both breakfast and dinner,” said Spc. Jahvont Payne, food operation specialist, Company I, 1st Bn., 18th Inf. Regt.
Payne, who is responsible for managing resupply for 1st Bn., 18th Inf. Regt. from a warehouse at HTA, said his deployment with 2nd ABCT and his job as a food operation specialist has given him a great opportunity to work with soldiers and civilians from other countries.
“It’s an amazing experience, to work with people from other countries, and it’s what I joined the Army to do,” said Horton. “We learn a lot by working in this environment. They have a lot of equipment, and knowledge about different things that may be new to us, and vice versa.”
Getting food on the trucks is just one step of the process. Units also have to get their supplies distributed to their units in a tactical manner, as their trucks are a fair target for the opposition forces. This requires tactical convoy operations, which is where the U.S. 16th Special Troops Battalion, 16th Sustainment Brigade, steps in.
“We are loading class I supplies (rations and subsistence) to distribute to the Polish brigade support battalion, so they can distribute it to the other units participating in this exercise,” said 2nd Lt. Austin Males, support platoon leader, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Special Troops Battalion. “We have two gun trucks to provide security, so if we get hit, we’ll execute the battle drills we have been going over.”
Males has also been learning a lot from working with the other countries.
“It’s really interesting because the way our logistics operate in the U.S. Army is a lot different than the way some of our Allies’ logistics operate,” said Males. “But we’re getting to the point where we’re establishing a rhythm and beginning to coordinate a little better.”
Military members from other countries have been learning from U.S. Soldiers as well.
“I’ve been deployed three times, so I’m used to working with other countries, especially the U.K. and the U.S.,” said 1st Lt. Mikael Arildso, commander, national support element, Denmark. “This is very beneficial for us. We’re not a big army, and Denmark will always be tied with other countries to make sure we provide for our soldiers.”
Approximately 4,100 participants from 10 nations are taking part in Allied Spirit VIII. Nearly 2,420 participants come from the U.S. and approximately 1,680 participants from allied and partner nations of Albania, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and the United Kingdom. The primary objective for the exercise is to develop and enhance NATO and key partner interoperability and readiness across warfighting functions, including sustainment operations.
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Zeus, an 11-year-old Maine coon cat, had a curious encounter with a young mountain lion.
The cats checked each other out — from opposite sides of a sliding glass door — about 6:30 p.m. Thursday in the Pine Brook Hills area of Boulder.
Gail Loveman, Zeus’ owner, said she was busy in the office of her home when she heard a noise and turned to see a young mountain lion on the porch.
“There was this cat 4-feet away from me!” Loveman recalled during an interview Tuesday.
That’s when Zeus entered the room and got into a stare down with the mountain lion. Another house cat, Bacchus, a litter mate of Zeus, peeked in but decided he was better off staying in the hallway out of sight, Loveman said.
Loveman, a volunteer firefighter with the Boulder Mountain Fire Protection District, grabbed a camera and started taking photographs.
The interaction between the cats went on for about 5 minutes.
Zeus typically stands tall, hisses and acts fairly aggressive when he sees other animals – mostly squirrels, other house cats or even dogs – through the glass door. But Zeus remained calm as he appraised the big cat.
“I think he thought ‘Hmmm! This is different,’ ” Loveman said.
When the lion left the porch, Loveman went to an upstairs balcony and spotted a second lion, which Loveman thought was likely the mother of the first lion.
She watched and took photos as the cats wandered off, jumped a fence and disappeared.
The Colorado Division of Wildlife describes the foothills of Boulder County as prime mountain lion habitat.
“We have a healthy population there,” said Jennifer Churchill, a division spokeswoman.
Still, human encounters with the secretive big cats are rare.
“People can live there their entire lives and not see them,” Churchill said.
Residents in lion country should take precautions to avoid potentially dangerous encounters, Churchill said, especially pet owners, and families with children.
Lions hunt prey to survive and should not be encouraged to visit, Churchill said.
People should safely try to scare wild animals off of their property, typically by making loud noises. Motion lights are a good deterent, Churchill said, and pets, even large dogs, should not be let out alone for long periods.
Churchill recalled an incident in which a lion killed a German shepherd and pulled it over a 6-foot fence.
“It’s rare, but it happens,” she said.
People should be deliberately noisy when they come and go from their homes, especially at dusk and dawn, prime feeding times for lions.
Loveman said she never felt threatened by her visitor last Thursday. She habitually takes measures to protect her house cats — they never go outside.
She had never seen a mountain lion prior to Thursday’s visit, and she hasn’t seen one since.
“The first cat looked at me but was clearly more interested in Zeus,” Loveman said. “The mother was clearly leery of me. I didn’t do anything to shoo them away.”
Loveman said she’ll be more aware of her surroundings when outside, especially around dusk and dawn.
Meanwhile, the thrill of the encounter remains fresh.
“I feel blessed.”
Kieran Nicholson: 303-954-1822 or email@example.com.
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State Recommends Schoolchildren Watch 100 Films
- By Alexander Bratersky
- Jan. 18 2013 00:00
- Last edited 22:04
The culture and education ministers on Thursday presented a list of 100 Soviet and Russian films that schools will be advised to show students to strengthen their cultural values and to build bonds with their parents and teachers from older generations.
"This is not a list of the best Russian films, and this is not a Russian Oscar. It is an attempt to show a cross-section of culture," Culture Minister Vladimir Medinsky said at a news conference with Education and Science Minister Dmitry Livanov.
The list of films, compiled by the Culture Ministry, includes adaptations of classic novels, patriotic war films, popular 1960s comedies mocking the lives of Soviet bureaucrats and even a spy saga beloved by President Vladimir Putin.
The idea is seen as part of Putin's agenda to boost the moral climate in the country, which he said in his state-of-the-nation address last month lacks "spiritual ties." In a related effort, Putin issued an order in May for the Education Ministry to compile a list of 100 books recommended for school reading.
Medinsky said the films were chosen from submissions by more than 40,000 people who answered an appeal by the ministry for recommendations for the list. Culture experts and professors from the VGIK Institute of Cinematography helped choose which films would make the final cut, he said.
The selections include works by world-renowned directors such as Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky and winners of Academy Awards and prizes from the Cannes Film Festival, as well as slightly more controversial choices, like "Little Vera," the 1987 film best-known for being the first Soviet movie to contain a sex scene. That film made star Natalya Negoda famous and led to her posing in Playboy magazine in 1989.
The list has drawn more controversy, however, for failing to include foreign titles, although the Culture Ministry has said this is due to uncertainty regarding the rights to show such films.
"Is it necessary to raise barriers between the history of domestic and foreign films?" film critic Valery Kitchin wrote in a recent article in state-owned Rossiiskaya Gazeta.
Medinsky said the ministry will create a list of foreign films sometime in the future.
The list of 100 films, a draft version of which was posted on the Culture Ministry website last week, was met with mixed reactions from critics and filmmakers.
"We need to see how it will be implemented. Only time will tell," said filmmaker Andrei Kavun, whose work includes a Sherlock Holmes television miniseries.
"But you can't win love by force," he said, referring to the tendency of many children to shun school-recommended literature.
Kavun was echoed by film critic Yury Gladilshchikov, who wrote in an opinion piece in Moskovskiye Novosti last week: "Will schoolchildren get mad because the screenings take away their free time, then turn out to be boring?"
In some countries, including the United States, watching films in school is often seen as a relaxed class activity for a Friday afternoon or the week before summer vacation.
But Medinsky said he discussed the idea with his French counterpart, who said that similar classes are held in French schools.
As for how schools would find time to screen the films, some of which are many hours long, Livanov said schools would be allowed to create their own guidelines.
"Nobody will force anyone to watch them. It will be a voluntary thing," he said.
The idea to show films in schools was initially nursed by Nikita Mikhalkov, a celebrated film director and staunch Putin ally, who then proposed it to Medinsky, a former United Russia State Duma deputy known for his conservative views and revisionist books on Russian history.
The fact that Mikhalkov and Medinsky stand behind the project has made some liberal filmmakers question the plan.
"To show films in school is a good idea, though it is not a new one. But I see the current initiatives not as a culture project but as an attempt to turn education into propaganda," said filmmaker Pavel Bardin, who is best-known for "Russia 88," his pseudodocumentary about a neo-Nazi movement, which was awarded a special jury prize at the 2009 Berlin Film Festival.
The list also contains three films by Mikhalkov, including "Burned by the Sun," the drama about a respected Soviet commander who falls victim to the Stalinist purges. The film won the Oscar for best foreign film in 1995.
But critics said the reputation of the once-beloved director has been tainted for many of his fans by his conservative, strongly pro-Kremlin political views, which he laid out in a 2010 political manifesto believed by many to have been conceived by Kremlin spin doctors.
"If you misbehave, you would be forced to stay after class to watch Mikhalkov's films," Gladilshchikov quipped in his opinion piece.
Another film on the list is the 1968 spy saga "The Shield and the Sword," about a Soviet spy in Nazi intelligence that, according to Putin biographers, contributed to his wanting to join the KGB.
That is one of several films focused on World War II, still a formative event for many Russians. The films in that category include "The Cranes Are Flying," from 1957, about a young woman whose beau dies in the war; the prisoner-of-war film "The Fate of a Man," from 1959; and "Liberation," from 1972, a Brezhnev-era miniseries derided by many critics for being full of ideological cliches.
The list contains only one cartoon: the enigmatic and philosophical "Hedgehog in the Fog," shot by renowned animator Yury Norshtein in 1975.
Animator Anna Atamanova said she was not surprised by the lack of classical animation films on the list.
"Animation was always left behind fictional films in the Soviet Union, although it has often generated more income for the country," said Atamanova, the daughter of leading Soviet animator Lev Atamanov.
The list contains films that paint the Soviet government in both glowing and highly cynical tones. They range from the classic 1925 propaganda film "Battleship Potemkin," about sailors who mutiny against their tsarist officers, to the 1984 drama "Repentance," a critique of Stalinism set in a small Georgian town. It was banned by Soviet authorities.
Mikhalkov, known for his outspoken anti-Bolshevist views, defended the inclusion of "Battleship Potemkin," a classic of international film, saying it is known for its "cinematographic significance."
Some bloggers said many of the films recommended for schoolchildren showed the events of the civil war from the Bolshevik point of view.
"It is hard to imagine what kind of assumption about the civil war schoolchildren will have after watching those films," a blogger who goes by the name terets92 wrote on LiveJournal.
Medinsky, known for his anti-Communist views, avoided a question about how revolution-inspired films would be received by today's children.
"For us, those films are interesting as being a part of an epoch," he said.
Livanov said the program was aimed in part at developing closer ties between students and teachers of older generations, for whom many of the films are classics.
"The culture gap between cultural foundations is widening," he said.
Asked why no modern Russian films were on the list, Medinsky implied that not enough were included in the public's submissions to justify their inclusion.
He said teachers could explain the significance of a particular film on the list by saying it was the "'Avatar' of its time," a reference to the 2009 James Cameron blockbuster.
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Sometimes I catch myself going through the motions at church. I get caught up in the routine of doing this, then this, then that and I forget to focus on the moment – to absorb what each part of the service can offer.
Last Sunday, the congregation sang a song I’ve heard many times, and for the first few stanzas I sang along, focusing on the singing of the words but not on their message. Somewhere during the fourth verse, I slowed down enough to focus on the words and think about what they mean.
This particular hymn is an old one called “How Firm a Foundation.” Maybe the fact that it’s one my mother, grandmother and probably great-grandmother sang, woke me up to the possibility of considering the message instead of the music. Of course, old hymns like this one are often full of “thee,” “thou” and other archaic words which make them hard to understand or relate to. So I mentally translated the lyrics into today’s language and was amazed how relevant this old song still is. Here’s the message I took away from the hymn, “How Firm a Foundation”:
The Bible is a firm foundation for your faith. If you’re looking for relief or protection, He has already said all you need to know, and it’s in the Bible.
“Don’t worry. I’m with you. Don’t be anxious because I am God and I’ll help you. I am righteous and all-knowing, and I’ll hold you up.”
“Even when you go through hard times, you won’t be destroyed because I’ll be with you. I’ll use those hard times to make you better than ever.”
“When your path takes you through the fire, I will give you my grace and love, and that will be all you need. I will only allow the flames to burn away the garbage in your life and to purify and polish the best parts of you.”
“If you will just lean on me and rest in me, I won’t leave you. Even if evil tries to shake your very soul, I will never, ever give up on you.”
Some of the most beautiful, powerful messages are right there in the hymnal, hidden in the old traditional songs our fore-mamas sang before us. Next time you have the chance, consider translating one into modern speech, and see if it doesn’t say something you can think about.
From one mama to another, I hope you have a blessed Sunday with your family.
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Read more about woman of finland here.
Women in Finland
One factor I did discover was finnish men are very jealous and exhibit aggressive tendencies when drunk. They didnt like me moving in on any of “their” ladies. Members of Nordic Women Mediators Finland network, which was enlarged last yr, represent leading edge experience in diplomacy, civilian crisis administration, peace processes, and negotiating abilities. CMI is the community’s operational associate.
In 1935, girls’s rights supporters based the Feminine Cultural Group (known as ‘ACF’ from its initials in Spanish), with the objective of tackling women’s problems. The group supported girls’s political and social rights, and believed it was necessary to contain and inform ladies about these points so as to ensure their personal improvement. It went on to provide seminars, as well as founding evening faculties and the House of Laboring Women. The girl Argentina has exceeded the interval of civil tutorials.
After a 9 month courtship I moved to Finland in 1998. I know that it has been stated that African men do not value a girl’s rights, and that men are on the top and women are on the underside, however I don’t personally imagine that.
The book The Finnish Woman, edited by the spouse of the Finnish Premier, historical past teacher Päivi Lipponen, and Docent Päivi Setälä from the University of Helsinki´s Department of History, has approached its subject from the angles of feminist historical past, cultural politics and folklore as well as labour culture. The e-book was printed this autumn in Finnish and English. Women’s Suffrage, “A World Chronology of the Recognition of Women’s Rights to Vote and to Stand for Election”. Eva Perón voting on the hospital in 1951.
Although it was a brief textual content in three articles, that practically could not give rise to discussions, the Senate just lately gave preliminary approval to the project August 21, 1946, and had to wait over a yr for the House of Representative to publish the September 9, 1947 Law thirteen,010, establishing equal political rights between women and men and common suffrage in Argentina. Finally, Law 13,010 was permitted unanimously. According to the article, “Nineteenth Amendment”, by Leslie Goldstein from the Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, “by the end it additionally included jail sentences, and hunger strikes in jail accompanied by brutal force feedings; mob violence; and legislative votes so close that partisans had been carried in on stretchers” (Goldstein, 2008). Even after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, women have been still dealing with issues. For instance, when girls had registered to vote in Maryland, “residents sued to have the women’s names removed from the registry on the grounds that the amendment itself was unconstitutional” (Goldstein, 2008).
- And also, if you are in Finland while the weather is good definitely ask her out to a picnic.
- Finland women could also be selective about their companions, but they at all times let their true colours show when they’re thinking about a person.
- After 1919 males could vote from the age of 24 whereas ladies solely gained the right to vote from the age of 30.
- Finland has probably the greatest educational systems in Europe, and most of them speak English very well.
- Even after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, women were nonetheless going through problems.
“The path of Finnish ladies towards liberty and training”. Centenary of Women’s full political rights in Finland. “Centenary of ladies’s full political rights in Finland”.
Finally, after the 1945 Venezuelan Coup d’État and the decision for a new Constitution, to which ladies have been elected, girls’s suffrage became a constitutional proper within the country. A comparable right was prolonged in the province of Santa Fe where a constitution that ensured women’s suffrage was enacted at the municipal stage, although feminine participation in votes initially remained low. In 1927, San Juan sanctioned its Constitution and broadly recognized the equal rights of men and women. However, the 1930 coup overthrew these advances. Although the Liberal government which handed the invoice typically advocated social and political reform, the electoral bill was only passed because of a combination of personality issues and political accident.
‘I wish we could broaden our view of Finnishness generally’ [Finland a hundred/Suomi a hundred]
20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Leslie Hume (2016). The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies 1897–1914.
The modern suffragist motion in Argentina arose partly at the side of the actions of the Socialist Party and anarchists of the early twentieth century. Women concerned in bigger movements for social justice began to agitate equal rights and alternatives on par with males; following the instance of their European friends, Elvira Dellepiane Rawson, Cecilia Grierson and Alicia Moreau de Justo started to form a number of groups in protection of the civil rights of women between 1900 and 1910. The 1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom granted common grownup suffrage in 1840, the primary sovereign nation to do so. But the proper of women to vote was rescinded within the 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
The typical beauty commonplace of Finland girls is platinum hair, honest skin, and blue or gray eyes. Fins have been capable of preserve this standard over the years, so if that’s your kind, you will really feel particularly snug when selecting a Finnish bride.
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Diet and depression • The epidemiology of retraction • Use it or lose it • Japanese black bears • Fantastic history of the fox • There’s something in the water • Midgut microbes & moonmilk • A checklist for effective pilot trials
Psychiatry: Diet and depression
Recent evidence suggests that there may be a possible link between the development of depressive symptoms and the quality of diet. Now, a comprehensive systematic review gathers together the best available evidence from across the globe but finds limited evidence to support a correlation between traditional Mediterranean, Japanese or Western diets and risk of depression in adults. These finding therefore suggest that further work may still be needed to confirm whether such a link exists.
Publication ethics: The epidemiology of retraction
An in-depth analysis of all published retractions from the medical literature in 2008 reveals that the most common reasons for issuing retractions were mistakes, plagiarism, and fraud, whilst 9% of articles did not specify the reason for removing the article. In the light of this evidence, Evelyne Decullier and colleagues argue that a standardised form is now needed to ensure compliance with the guidelines outlined by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) on best practice for article retractions.
Bioinformatics: Use it or lose it
In the field of bioinformatics, many database and software articles are created each year to meet the growing analytical demands of rapidly changing fields. But as a researcher, how do you identify which are the most well-used—and useful—applications out there in the so-called “resourceome”? A new application called bioNerDS aims to help by mining the primary literature to analyse usage patterns of different published applications. Why not revisit the manuscript in a year’s time to see how it fairs under its own analysis?
Image of the month
Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus). From Takahashi & Takahashi “Spatial distribution and size of small canopy gaps created by Japanese black bears: estimating gap size using dropped branch measurements”
Evolution: Fantastic history of the fox
A synthesis of mitochondrial sequence data from central Asian and European red fox populations unravels the evolutionary history of this species over the last 300,000 years, and uncovers a remarkable similarity to the phylogeographic patterns observed in other carnivores such as brown bears and grey wolves, which share a similar range.
Infectious diseases: There’s something in the water
Risk of systemic infection from opportunistic fungal pathogens may be very high among immunocompromised patients undergoing hospital treatment. Although air-borne pathogens are a well-studied route to infection, the incidence of water-borne infection is less well known. A study of samples collected from the water supply system of a Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation unit in Sao Paulo, Brazil, finds that almost 85% of samples tested positive for filamentous fungi, including Fusarium solani which is known to have infected at least one patient in that specific hospital ward.
Microbiology: Midgut microbes & moonmilk
The cave beetle Cansiliella servadeii is an endemic species that dwells in the deep carbonate caves of North-Eastern Italy, where it feeds on a watery mineral solution called “moonmilk”. This solution is home to a large biomass of microbes which may be ingested by the beetles during feeding. However, analysis of the beetle’s midgut bacteria reveals little overlap with these puddle-dwelling communities, and very low similarity with previously identified sequences— suggesting a gut flora that may be unique to this species.
Medical research: A checklist for effective pilot trials
Pilot trials are crucially important in informing how a full-scale clinical trial is conducted, and so ensuring that key features of these initial studies can still be used in the main trial analysis helps in maintaining an efficient transition between these two stages. To ensure best practice is followed when results from the pilot are intended for use in the main trial, Georgina Charlesworth and co-workers have developed a checklist for researchers to follow, illustrated with an example from a psychosocial intervention.
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have been puzzled by a strange fact – that a largely conservative, rural
small-town diocese such as New Hampshire should have elected a man in an
open, monogamous relationship with another man.
The words of Archbishop Desmond
Tutu, who is never slow at coming forward in support of equality and
acceptance of gay men and women both within the Christian church and in
society in general.
These words form the first sentence
of a powerful foreword of Bishop Gene Robinson’s new book, In the Eye of
the Storm., a reflection on his journey of faith, his life
experiences, the concerns that matter most to him as a bishop and the
controversy that has rocked the church he loves and to which he is
The book itself is equally powerful
as the foreword. The openly gay Bishop of New Hampshire sets out his values
– and offers a way forward in the equality battle faced by Christian gay men
Reading the book, one gets an
impression of a really pleasant man. This was confirmed at a meeting.
The opening gambit: “What is the
correct way to address a bishop of the American Episcopal Church?”
“Gene would do very nicely,” the
The conversation soon drifted into
the subject of marriage – same-sex marriage and the machinations of the
all-powerful conservative Religious Right who “thump the pulpit” at every
opportunity about what they call ‘the gay agenda’, which includes marriage
equality for same sex couples.
They scream about “the sanctity of
marriage”, yet not a murmur when a pop star goes to Las Vegas for a weekend,
gets married in a civil ceremony and then has it annulled after a couple of
“At the moment, Britney Spears
[goes the pop star in question] says ‘I do’ – and receives some 1,100 rights
and protections,” the Bishop says when asked how he felt about that
“Yet my partner and I who have been
together for 20 years do not receive those same protections,” he continues.
“In New Hampshire, we have a new
civil union law which my partner and I will take advantage of in early
summer. The law only provides some 400 of those rights and protections.
But it certainly isn’t equality.”
Bishop Robinson insists that the
New Hampshire civil union law, which came into effect at the beginning of
the year, is a “move forward” in the right direction.
“It’s an interim step until we
provide marriage as a civil right for all citizens.
“I do think it is important for us
to separate the issue of civil rights from religious rites.
“I think it will take the various
denominations of the Christian world a very long time to decide whether or
not to pronounce God’s blessing on those unions,” he predicted.
“In the meantime, it is my great
hope that we will provide equality to gay and lesbian families that are
equal to that for heterosexual families.”
He pointed out that it was not
unusual for some Christian denominations in the United States to either
officially or unofficially to bless the relationships of committed same sex
In his book, Bishop Robinson says
that when he and his partner, Mark Andrew, register their civil union in
June, they will walk across the street to St. Paul’s Church, ”where we will
give thanks for our union and will ask God’s – and the gathered community’s
– blessing on us”.
But he added that no matter what he
and his partner did, the union “would be pitched as and international
affront” to the Anglican Communion.
Bishop Robinson said that he was an
advocate of going back to the days when couples got civilly married in a
secular ceremony, and then, if they wanted to, went to their church for the
“Technically speaking, what makes
the marriage is the signing of the marriage licence (certificate in the UK)
by the officiant. Though I think most of the our congregants would not
understand the distinction,” he admitted.
Of course, the most widely used
quotation used from the Bible to condemn homosexuality is Leviticus 18:12,
with the fundamentalists quoting from the King James Version.
What would the fundamentalists say
if they were told about the sexuality of King James – in today’s terminology
he was gay and had two known love affairs with men?
“I think they would be shocked –
simply horrified,” the Bishop said.
He went on to say that, indeed,
there have been, over the centuries, translation difficulties over the
centuries from ancient ‘classic’ languages.
“”It’s all about context,” he
said. “Even the most profoundly literalist approach is really about
interpretation. No one interprets every word of scripture literally,
otherwise we would all be eating kosher and we would follow the other
proscriptions in Leviticus which no one follows as eternally binding.
“So, it’s all a matter of
interpretation. I think one of the gifts that the Anglican Church has to
offer Christendom is that we have always seen scripture taken in its
context. We ask the question what did the writer mean, and what the people
for whom it was written understand it meant.
“Only then can we ask the question
is it eternally binding upon us. The more literalist approach is something
that is really quite modern – and terribly against the tradition of the
The book has a number of “gems”,
like the Bishop’s Christmas present to himself – a visit on Christmas Eve to
the New Hampshire women’s prison.
“I love my ministry with the women
at the Manchester Women’s Prison – I visit them often,” he said.
“I find it just so refreshing and
encouraging – and challenging.
“It’s always a challenge to think
through what the ‘Good News’ sound like to someone in prison,” he said.
“They can hardly believe that I
would choose to spend Christmas Eve with them. They feel abandoned and
forgotten. And so when I come to be with them, they tell me that they are
Clearly, Bishop Robinson is beloved in his diocese –
and he was chosen from a wide selection of candidates (the election was
entirely proper and the result clear cut).
Yet his appointment in 2003 sparked a hurricane storm
of controversy that has polarised religious opinion on five continents – and
still rages five years on.
In the Eye of the Storm,
by Gene Robinson, is published in the UK by
Canterbury Press (£12.99). It is available online from the Book Depository
in the UK for £9.18 (including shipping). Click
HERE for details
It was published earlier this month
in the USA by Seabury Books ($25 hardcover) and can be ordered online from
Amazon at $16.50 (plus shipping).
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Licence.
Posted: 29 April 2008 at
20:00 (UK time)
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Vol. 14, No. 1
Socioeconomic Implications of Telecommunication Liberalization: India
in the International Context. [Abstract]
Ben A. Petrazzini and Girija Krishnaswamy.
How Electronic Publishers are Protecting agains Privacy: Doubts
about Technical Systems of Protection. [Abstract]
A Gendered Perspective on Access to the Information Infrastructure.
Leslie Regan Shade.
The Politicization of Environmental Organizations through the Internet.
Joseph P. Zelwietro.
Myth-ing Links: Power and Community on the Information Highway.
Reviewed by Peter Asaro: Technology and the Politics of Knowledge,
by A. Feenberg and A. Hannay (Eds.).
Reviewed by Michael Heim: Alternative Modernity: The Technical
Turn in Philosophy and Social Theory, by A. Feenberg.
Vol. 14, No. 2
Virtual Societies: Their Prospects and Dilemmas
The Virtual Society: Forces and Issues. [Abstract]
Agres, Carol, Magid Igbaria, and Dana Edberg.
Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse and Culture
in the Information Society. [Abstract]
Leah A. Lievrouw.
The Net as a Foraging Society: Flexible Communities. [Abstract]
Virtual Control and Discipline on the Internet: Electronic Governmentality
in the New Wired World. [Abstract]
Michael D. Mehta and Eric Darier.
Language, Network Centrality, and Response to Crisis in On-line
Life: A Case Study in the Italian Cyberpunk Computer Conference.
Distributed Work Arrangements: A Research Framework. [Abstract]
France Belanger and Rosann Webb Collins.
Students' Reactions to Videoconferencing. [Abstract]
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen, Margaret Landstrom, and Ramona Lumpkin.
Reviewed by Steve Jones: Philosophical Perspectives on Computer-Mediated
Communication, by Charles Ess (Ed.).
Reviewed by Nancy Baym: Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real
Histories, Living Bodies, by Rob Shields (Ed.).
Vol. 14, No. 3
An Ethics For The New Surveillance. [Abstract]
Gary T. Marx.
The Year 2000 Problem and Ethical Responsibility: A Call to Action.
James J. Cappel. and Kappelman, Leon A.
Special Section: The History of the Internet
Looking Backward and Forward at the Internet. [Abstract]
Internetworking and the Politics of Science: NSFNET in Internet
Juan D. Rogers.
Scaling Information Infrastructure: The Case of Next Generation
IP in Internet. [Abstract]
Reviewed by Paul Gray Converging Infrastructures: Intelligent Transportation
and the National Information Infrastructure by Lewis M. Branscom
and James H. Keller (eds.).
Reviewed by John M. Carroll New Community Networks: Wired for Change
by Douglas Schuler.
Vol. 14, No. 4
Special Issue: Social Construction of Privacy
Guest editors: Christine Hine and James Katz
Privacy in the Marketplace. [Abstract]
Hine, Christine and Juliet Eve.
The Distribution of Privacy Risks: Who Needs Protection? [Abstract]
Raab, Charles D. and Colin J. Bennett.
Places and Spaces: The Historical Interaction of Technology, Home,
and Privacy. [Abstract]
The Meaning of the Web. [Abstract]
Information Access in Africa: Problems with Every Channel. [Abstract]
The Network Paradigm: Social Formations in the Age of Information,
by Felix Stalder
Review of Manuel Castells. The Information Age: Economy, Society
and Culture, Vols. I-III
Reviewed by Harmeet Sawhney. Universal Service: Competition, Interconnection,
and Monopoly in the Making of the American Telephone System, by
Milton L. Mueller, Jr.
Reviewed by Carl J. Couch. Information Technologies and Social
Orders, by Mary E. Virnoche.
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This Safe Routes to School Program Finder allows you to explore education, encouragement, and enforcement program concepts based on your school or district's opportunities and needs. Search by program type, topic, format, target audience, and/or primary desired outcomes. The results will display a customized list of program concepts based on your query. Click on the name of the program for more detailed information, including notes on potential leads, partners, and resources needed, as well as links to sample programs or how-to guides.
For more information about MnDOT Safe Routes to School and for additional resources, go to the program website.
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Hull is one of the first places to be chosen to showcase an event for parents to help nurture their children’s faith in religion.
The national charity, Care for the Family, says that just 50% of children growing up in Christian homes are keeping their faith as adults. Research shows that the majority of Christians come to faith before the age of 19 and the early years are particularly important in developing beliefs.
Raising Faith is a brand new event this autumn for mums and dads, looking at the simple steps to take to help nurture their child’s faith in the day to day.
Katharine Hill, the UK Director for the charity, said: “We found that although many believe it is their responsibility to teach their children about God, many feel the church is better placed to do it. Lots of parents said they felt unqualified, didn’t know where to start and were worried about putting their children off God.”
Mother-of-four Katharine, and Andy Frost, who is the Director of Share Jesus International, will inspire the audience with plenty of practical tips for how to point children to God in everyday family activities. It will adopt a seminar format with teaching from Andy and Katharine. The event will take place at the Jubilee Church, King Edward Street, Hull, on Thursday 22nd November, 7.30pm.
Tickets are £6 from https://www.careforthefamily.org.uk/event/raising-faith-hull
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While the Boomer Movement represented the aspirations of potential homesteaders in Indian Territory, to the citizens of its Indian nations the movement symbolized their perennial fear that they would once again face dispossession and removal.
Federal laws and treaties barred all non-Indians from Indian Territory, except federal employees and residents under permit of the Indian governments. "Intruders," those illegally in the territory, were subject to expulsion by federal troops for the first offense, with a thousand-dollar fine added for each subsequent offense. Non-Indian immigration, legal or otherwise, accelerated in the post-Civil War period with economic development of the territory, which included railroad construction, expansion of the range-cattle industry, and increased tenant farming. Some immigrants from "the States" held permits, but many more were intruders willing to flout Indian and federal regulations to exploit Indian resources. The principal chiefs of the Five Civilized Tribes called in vain on the federal government to honor its treaty obligations to remove these invaders; so by the late 1870s Indian citizens began to fear submersion in an "alien flood" of immigrants.
In this context, then, Indian citizens saw the Boomer Movement that developed in the late 1870s as especially ominous. Already non-Indian residents of new railroad towns such as Muskogee complained about the lack of civil rights under Indian regimes and called for "home rule." At the same time, businessmen in neighboring states protested that the exclusive Indian Territory was an obstacle to development of the whole southern plains region. Its population of "savages," in their opinion, should be exported elsewhere, perhaps to Alaska. In Washington, D.C., the railroad lobby agitated constantly for the opening of the territory to non-Indian settlement, thus to maximize profits through development of new markets. Consequently, each year bills to dissolve the Indian governments, open the Indian lands to homesteaders, and require formal territorialization were introduced in Congress. In self-defense the Indian nations annually sent diplomats, called "delegates," to the federal capital to argue against such legislation and to remind the federal government of its treaty obligations to protect Indian nations' borders, sovereignty, and land tenure.
This tension escalated sharply after February 1879 when Elias C. Boudinot, a Cherokee railroad promoter, announced in the Chicago Times that some two million acres in Indian Territory had never been assigned to any tribe. These formerly Creek and Seminole lands, ceded by them under duress in their Reconstruction treaties, were, in his opinion, public domain and therefore eligible for homesteading. "Boomers" who sought the opening of the territory to non-Indian settlement seized on his rationale to challenge their exclusion from the lands they called "Oklahoma." Boudinot's widely publicized argument threatened to turn the seepage of immigrants into the territory into that dreaded "alien flood." Understandably, some Indian leaders vilified Boudinot as "the Benedict Arnold of the Indian Race."
Realizing that Boudinot's article might set off a large-scale intrusion, the principal chiefs quickly moved to counter it. The following month, the Creek principal chief warned the chiefs of the Sac and Fox, Kickapoo, and Shawnee tribes those nearest the Unassigned Lands to keep watch for intruders and to report them to their agents for expulsion. Then the leaders of the Indian nations called the first of a series of International Councils, drawing representatives from many territorial tribes. The councils emphasized the dangers of intrusion and the need for unified action against the boomer threat common to them all.
Although there were a number of boomer leaders, the one who seemed most dangerous was David L. Payne, whose strategy was to form colonies of homesteaders to intrude en masse into the Indian Territory. His expulsion in April 1880, followed by a second in June, resulted in his arrest and delivery to the Federal District Court of Western Arkansas for trial before Judge Isaac C. Parker. There Payne intended to challenge the laws excluding homesteaders from "Oklahoma."
The leading men of the Indian nations, many of them college educated, politically astute, and well informed by their own newspapers and delegates to Washington, D.C., understood Payne's intent and the threat he represented. Should his challenge succeed, homesteaders would quickly fill the Unassigned Lands and magnify Anglo-American pressure to dissolve the Indian nations and open the rest of the territory.
To prevent that eventuality, the International Council accepted Parker's invitation to send Indian representatives to help prosecute Payne. A five-man Committee of Prosecution, representing each of the Five Civilized Tribes, first visited the boomer camps on the Kansas border to evaluate Payne's followers. Their report in territorial newspapers on the impoverished and ill-equipped would-be homesteaders dampened anti-boomer rhetoric and threats of armed resistance in the Indian press. Meanwhile, the Indian delegates in the nation's capital argued for continued protection of territorial borders including the Unassigned Lands in congressional offices, the Department of the Interior, and the Anglo-American press.
After nine tense months, placing their faith in federal treaties, laws, and courts proved the correct course for the Indian nations in the boomer crisis. Judge Parker ruled in May 1881 that even though the Creek and Seminole nations had ceded the Unassigned Lands to the federal government in their Reconstruction treaties, they retained an interest in them. Until they yielded that interest, those lands were ineligible for homesteading. Payne and his followers would continue to be classified as intruders subject to arrest, expulsion, and fine.
Indian resistance to the Boomer Movement in the early 1880s relied on weapons wielded by politically astute Indians in the territory and in Washington. Favorable publicity, determined lobbying, and cooperation with the federal court played a role, but perhaps the most important tool was the International Councils, which rallied the tribes into unified action against a common threat.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Carl Coke Rister, Land Hunger: David L. Payne and the Oklahoma Boomers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1942). Mary Jane Warde, "Fight for Survival: The Indian Response to the Boomer Movement," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 67 (Spring 1989). Mary Jane Warde, George Washington Grayson and the Creek Nation, 1843-1920 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999).
Mary Jane Warde
© Oklahoma Historical Society
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Category: Nasal Congestion
Are Bacterial Sinus Infections Contagious?Steam and nasal irrigation can be very helpful in clearing nasal congestion too.
Sinusitis: Causes, Effects and TreatmentYou also have sinusitis if your nasal congestion is not responding well in order to decongestants and antihistamines simultaneously with having some of the above mentioned symptoms.
Three Sinusitis Questions and AnswersThese include nasal congestion; fever (especially in children); production of copious amounts of nasal secretion that may be clear, yellowish and even ecofriendly in color; persistent negative breath; bad taste in the back of throat and a reduced sense of smell and taste.
Sinus Infection Symptoms What to do about ThemFor instance, coughing coupled with nasal congestion can be signs of bronchitis, or rhinosinusitis.
Kinds Of SinusitisAnother common symptom is nasal congestion or blockage that could extend to the Eustachian tubes resulting to hearing bounties.
Information on Treatment of Sinus Problems SymptomsYou should check with one of the ENT doctors inside DallasTX whenever suffering from pain or pressure in the upper face accompanied by nasal congestion or release, postnasal drip, fever for a few days, or continuing bad breath not related in order to dental problems.
Acute and Chronic sinusitisEthmoid Sinusitis (located behind the bridge of the nasal and at the base of the actual nasal between the eyes) - There is nasal congestion with nose discharge; discomfort or pressure throughout the inner nook of the eye or even on one side with the nose; headache in the temple or encircling attention, pain or pressure symptoms worse when coughing, pushing or lying back but much better when the brain is erect.
Sinus Problems? No problem at AllRunny nasal area or nasal congestion
Sinusitis Fixes You can try at HomeIn fact, millions of people worldwide go with the barely-life-threatening-nonetheless-uncomfortable experience of sinus pressure headaches, nasal congestion and post-nasal drips associated with sinus infections.
Symptoms of SinusitisOther symptoms of sinusitis are: weak spot, fever, tiredness, nasal congestion along with a cough that is worse at nights.
Sinus inflammation- Causes, symptoms and treatmentUsing nasal sprays and decongestants for a very long time may result in worsening the nasal congestion.
Sinus Infection Forms, Factors and CuresShould you be worried about mild but constant headaches and nasal congestion?
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Advances in High Energy Physics
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 571874, 8 pages
The Impact of Excited Neutrinos on Process
Department of Physics, Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
Received 24 August 2012; Revised 24 October 2012; Accepted 25 October 2012
Academic Editor: Joseph Formaggio
Copyright © 2012 S. C. İnan and M. Köksal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We examine the effect of excited neutrinos on the annihilation of relic neutrinos with ultrahigh energy cosmic neutrinos for the process. The contributions of the excited neutrinos to the neutrino-photon decoupling temperature are calculated. We see that photon-neutrino decoupling temperature can be significantly reduced below the obtained value of the Standard Model with the impact of excited neutrinos.
According to standard cosmology, neutrinos are probably one of the most abundant particles of the universe. The universe is filled with a sea of relic neutrinos that decoupled from the rest of the matter within the first few seconds after the Big Bang. It is excessively difficult to measure relic neutrinos since the interactions of their cross-sections with matter are tremendously suppressed. Besides, it is crucial to detect relic neutrinos in order to test the neutrino aspects of the Big Bang model of cosmology, but it would seem impossible with present methods. However, some indirect evidences of the relic sea may be observed. For example, Weiler have shown that the UHE cosmic neutrinos may interact with relic neutrinos via the following reactions occurring on the resonance: In such an event, a UHE cosmic neutrino has energy eV. Therefore, the interaction of relic neutrinos and UHE cosmic neutrinos would have significant cross-section.
The high energy photon-neutrino interactions are very important in astrophysics, high energy cosmic ray physics, and cosmology. From Yang's theorem [2, 3], the leading term of the cross-section for the process is very small due to the vector-axial vector nature of the weak coupling when the neutrinos are massless. It is shown that , where is the electron mass and is the photon energy in the center of the mass frame, where the cross-section for the process is in the order of , and is the boson mass [4–6]. The dimension-8 effective Lagrangian for the photon-neutrino interaction in Standard Model (SM) is as follows : where is the neutrino field, is the electroweak gauge coupling, is the photon field tensor, is the fine structure constant, and is the following: Equation (1.2) can be rewritten as the following format : Here, and are the stress-energy tensors of the neutrinos and photons which are given as follows:
For the SM, the photons and neutrinos decouple, that is, process at a temperature GeV within one micro second after the Big Bang . When decoupling temperature is reduced to the QCD phase transition ( MeV), some remnants of the photons circular polarization can possibly be retained in the cosmic microwave background , which can be considered as an evidence for the relic neutrino background. For reducing the decoupling temperature, the cross-section for the process should be increased. This can be done via the models which are beyond the SM. For instance, contributions of large extra dimensions to these process have been calculated in . They have shown that the inclusion of the extra dimension effects did not provide large enough high energy neutrinos to scatter from relic neutrinos in this process but concluded that the photon decoupling temperature can be significantly reduced. Also, in , it has been remarked that unparticle physics can lower decouple temperature below the .
The SM has been successful in describing the physics of the electroweak interactions, and it is consistent with experiments. However, some questions are still left unanswered, such as, the number of fermion generation and fermion mass spectrum has not been exhibited by the SM. Attractive explanations are provided by models assuming composite quarks and leptons. The existence of excited states of the leptons and quarks is a natural consequence of these models, and their discovery would provide convincing evidence of a new scale of matter. In this model, charged and neutral leptons can be considered as a heavy lepton sharing leptonic quantum number with the corresponding SM lepton. They should be regarded as the composite structures which are made up of more fundamental constituents. Therefore, excited neutrinos can be considered to spin 1/2 bound states, including three spin 1/2 or spin 1/2 and spin substructures. All composite models have an underlying substructure which is characterized by a scale .
The interaction between spin 1/2 excited fermions, gauge bosons, and the SM fermions can be described by the invariant effective Lagrangian as follows [9–13]: In these expressions, with being the Dirac matrices, and are the field strength tensors of the and , and are the generators of the corresponding gauge group, and and are standard electroweak and strong gauge couplings. is the scale of the new physics responsible for the existence of excited neutrinos, and , scale the and couplings, respectively. The effective Lagrangian can be rewritten in the physical basis First term in the previous equation is a purely diagonal term with , and second term is a non-Abelien part which involves triple as well as quartic vertices with The chiral () interaction term can be found as follows: where is the momentum of the gauge boson, is the electroweak coupling parameter, and is defined for photon by , where we have assumed that .
Up to now, searches have not found any signal for excited neutrinos at the colliders. The current mass limits on excited neutrinos are GeV at the LEP and GeV assuming at the HERA . Excited neutrinos have been also studied for hadron colliders [16–18] and next linear colliders [18, 19]. In these studies, it has been obtained that excited neutrinos masses up to TeV can be detected at the LHC.
In this paper, we examine the effect of the excited neutrinos on the interaction of the UHE cosmic and relic neutrinos for the process.
2. Process Including Excited Neutrinos
The SM contributions to process have been calculated in [4, 6] using (1.2). From this effective Lagrangian, the squared amplitude for the SM can be obtained in terms of Mandelstam invariants u and t as follows: where .
The new physics (NP) contribution comes from and channels of excited neutrino exchange. The analytical expressions for the polarization summed amplitudes square for NP, SM and NP interference terms are given as follows: where . Therefore, the whole squared amplitude can be calculated as follows: Because of low center of mass energy of the neutrinos, we have used an approximation, . In the limit , the amplitude turns into following formation: We have calculated the cross-section with/without approximation cross-section. We have seen that results are close for different and . Therefore, the differential cross-section for process can be obtained by using Then, the total cross-section can be found from (2.5) as follows: In Figure 1, we have plotted the total cross-sections as a function of the center of mass energy for both the and total cross-sections when GeV. These cross-sections are obtained for the two excited neutrinos, with masses of GeV and GeV. Also, in Figure 2, we have showed the cross-sections for GeV and three scales of the new physics GeV, GeV, and GeV. This figure shows similar behavior with Figure 1.
Extra contribution to the cross-section from excited neutrino exchange influences the decoupling temperature. The temperature at which this process ceases to take place can be found from the the reaction rate per unit volume, The terms in (2.7) are as the following: and are the momentum of the neutrino and antineutrino; and are their energies; is the temperature; is the flux. The can be given in terms of in the center of mass frame by use of invariance of , where and is the angle between and . Equation (2.7) can be found where and . Then, the reaction rate per unit volume has been obtained, where is the Riemann Zeta function. The interaction rate is obtained by dividing by the neutrino density at temperature . Thus, we have found that Multiplying (2.11) by the age of the universe, at least one interaction to occur is . The solution of the following equation gives the decoupling temperature: If and are replaced in the previous equation, then the following equation can be found: Figure 3 shows solution of this equation.
We have analyzed the contribution of excited neutrinos on the interaction of relic neutrinos with UHE cosmic neutrinos via the process. It is shown that excited neutrino contribution to total cross-section of the process is significant depending on the , . We have seen that for the appropriate values of these parameters, the SM and total cross-sections can be distinguished from each other in the specific center of mass energy regions.
For decreasing decoupling temperature, the total cross-section of the should be increased. If the or new physics parameter decrease, then the total cross-section increases. Therefore, can be decreased significantly. For different values of , have been shown in Figure 3 as a function of the new physics parameter . As seen from this figure, our obtained values of the decoupling temperature can decrease the value of the SM decoupling temperature (≈ 1.6 GeV).
As a result, excited neutrinos can allow lowering the decoupling temperature of the scattering. Therefore, they can provide significant contribution to search for relic neutrinos.
- T. J. Weiler, “Resonant absorption of cosmic-ray neutrinos by the relic-neutrino background,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 234–237, 1982.
- C. N. Yang, “Selection rules for the dematerialization of a particle into two photons,” Physical Review, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 242–245, 1950.
- M. Gell-Mann, “The Reaction ,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 70–71, 1961.
- D. A. Dicus and W. W. Repko, “Photon neutrino scattering,” Physical Review D, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 5106–5108, 1993.
- M. J. Levine, “The process ,” Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 67–71, 1967.
- A. Abbasabadi, A. Devoto, D. A. Dicus, and W. W. Repko, “High energy photon-neutrino interactions,” Physical Review D, vol. 59, no. 1, Article ID 013012, 6 pages, 1998.
- D. A. Dicus, K. Kovner, and W. W. Repko, “Photons, neutrinos, and large compact space dimensions,” Physical Review D, vol. 62, no. 5, Article ID 053013, 5 pages, 2000.
- S. Dutta and A. Goyal, “Neutrino, photon interaction in unparticle physics,” Physics Letters B, vol. 664, no. 1-2, pp. 25–30, 2008.
- N. Cabibbo, L. Maiani, and Y. Srivastava, “Anomalous Z decays: excited leptons?” Physics Letters B, vol. 139, no. 5-6, pp. 459–463, 1984.
- J. Kuhn and P. Zerwas, “Excited quarks and leptons,” Physics Letters B, vol. 147, no. 1–3, pp. 189–196, 1984.
- K. Hagiwara, D. Zeppenfeld, and S. Komamiya, “Excited lepton production at LEP and HERA,” Zeitschrift für Physik C, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 115–122, 1985.
- F. Boudjema and A. Djouadi, “Looking for the LEP at LEP. The excited neutrino scenario,” Physics Letters, Section B, vol. 240, no. 3-4, pp. 485–491, 1990.
- F. Boudjema, A. Djouadi, and J. L. Kneur, “Excited fermions at and colliders,” Zeitschrift für Physik C, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 425–449, 1993.
- P. Achard, O. Adrianiq, M. Aguilar-Benitez, et al., “Search for excited leptons at LEP,” Physics Letters B, vol. 568, no. 1-2, pp. 23–34, 2003.
- F. D. Aaron, C. Alexae, V. Andreev, et al., “A search for excited neutrinos in p collisions at HERA,” Physics Letters B, vol. 663, no. 5, pp. 382–389, 2008.
- O. J. P. Éboli, S. M. Lietti, and P. Mathews, “Excited leptons at the CERN large hadron collider,” Physical Review D, vol. 65, no. 7, Article ID 075003, 7 pages, 2002.
- A. Belyaev, C. Leroy, and R. Mehdiyev, “Production of excited neutrinos at the LHC,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 41, supplement 2, pp. 1–10, 2005.
- O. Çakır, I. T. Çakır, and Z. Kırca, “Single production of excited neutrinos at future , and colliders,” Physical Review D, vol. 70, no. 7, Article ID 075017, 7 pages, 2004.
- O. Çakır and A. Ozansoy, “Single production of excited spin-3/2 neutrinos at linear colliders,” Physical Review D, vol. 79, no. 5, Article ID 055001, 11 pages, 2009.
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Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that is usually performed with local anesthetic and mild sedation.
As with many spinal injections, radiofrequency neurotomy is best performed under fluoroscopy (live x-ray) for guidance in properly targeting and placing the needle (and for avoiding nerve or other injury).
Radiofrequency Ablation Steps
The neurotomy or ablation procedure includes the following steps:
- An intravenous (IV) line is often started so that relaxation medicine (sedation) can be given.
- The patient lies on a procedure table and the skin over the neck, mid-back, or low back is well cleaned.
- The physician numbs a small area of skin with numbing medicine (anesthetic), which may sting for a few seconds.
- The physician uses x-ray guidance (fluoroscopy) to direct a special (radiofrequency) needle alongside the medial or lateral branch nerves.
- A small amount of electrical current is often carefully passed through the needle to assure it is next to the target nerve and a safe distance from other nerves. This current should briefly recreate the usual pain and cause a muscle twitch in the neck or back.
- The targeted nerves will then be numbed to minimize pain while the lesion is being created.
- The radiofrequency waves are introduced to heat the tip of the needle and a heat lesion is created on the nerve to disrupt the nerve's ability to send pain signals.
- This process will be repeated for additional nerves.
In This Article:
The entire radiofrequency ablation procedure usually takes 30 to 90 minutes, and patients return home the same day.
On the day of the procedure, patients are advised to avoid driving and avoid doing any strenuous activities. Patients may continue to take any normal medications except aspirin, ibuprofen or any other blood-thinning medications, such as Coumadin.
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What is syphilis?
Syphilis is a sexually-transmitted disease brought on by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is typically contracted by means of sexual contact with someone who has the infection. It can also be passed from an infected mom to her child while pregnant or upon child delivery.
The signs and symptoms of syphilis are split up into four, determined by which stage the patients is at. There are four stages of syphilis and they are the primary stage, secondary stage, latent stage, and tertiary stage. The most typical warning sign during the first stage is a painless skin ulceration referred to as a chancre. Thereafter, in the second stage, the patient is going to get rash breakouts on certain parts of his or her body. In the latent stage, it is usual for the signs or symptoms to go away. In the tertiary stage, that is when the affected person will encounter cardiac and neurological indicators.
How can you test for syphilis?
It is very hard to test for syphilis and be diagnosed with it since this kind of infection can copy the signs and symptoms of other health conditions. The most popular procedure for syphilis testing is by way of a blood test. The patient will give you a blood sample that will be analyzed and looked at for any track of the bacteria.
A swab sample could also be used for the syphilis test. It is really considered to be more precise when providing results.
Some of the most commonly used syphilis tests are as follows:
- Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption test/FTA-ABS test
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory slide test/VDRL slide test
- Rapid Plasma Reagin test/RPR test
These procedures are dependable when talking about the precision and preciseness of their results.
Then again, possible syphilis patients can look at a home syphilis test in the event that they would rather escape from all the shame and embarrassment of heading to an STD clinic. Often times, people can be extremely judgmental when talking about these types of scenarios, and patients cannot really handle them.
Syphilis home test kits are available from pharmaceutical stores, medical centers, and online retailers. They provide personal privacy and comfort to people. They are somewhat reasonably priced and can offer precise results. Even so, it is still advisable to go check out a medical clinic that is built with cutting-edge laboratory equipment and tools that can analyze blood, urine, saliva, and swab samples much more effectively.
How can you treat syphilis?
You cannot find any vaccine that can cure syphilis as of the moment. The best solution to take care of it is to abstain. Stop having sex with a syphilis positive man or woman or with several partners to reduce the likelihood of contracting the infection.
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This is an old revision of WestburySociety from 2009-04-12 10:18:11.
Westbury SocietyThe Westbury Society project in a field called Sleight was highly commended in the Marsh Archaeology Award 2007 competition.
The Society's desk research, fieldwork and geophysical survey on Westbury Sleight, Somerset uncovered a prehistoric platform cairn and remnants of a prehistoric field system on the Mendips. To download a pdf version of the report please right-click here∞
and 'Save Target As...' or 'Save Link As...' to download (c2MB).
A Roman sandstone whetstone from Cowleaze (c.6cm high)
We have recently been fieldwalking in Cowleaze and found a Roman rural workshop.
To download a pdf version of our report please right-click report.doc.pdf here and 'Save Target As...' or 'Save Link As...' to download (c848Kb).
Back-filling the excavation in December 2008
Our most recent success was the discovery of a post-medieval Q-pit or whitecoal hearth within the former medieval deer park. Whitecoal was used as a fuel from the 16th century in the smelting of lead on Mendip and this is a first for Somerset. Charcoal samples from the pit were recovered and will be submitted for Carbon-14 dating, with the help of a small grant from the CBA Challenge Fund. To download a pdf version of our report please right click report.pdf here∞.
An earlier earthwork survey in woodland called Knyftons Firs revealed medieval field banks.
To download a pdf version of this report please Quark.pdf right-click here∞ and 'Save Target As...' or 'Save link As...' to download(c252Kb).
For further information please contact email@example.com∞
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| CBA, St Mary's House, 66 Bootham, York YO30 7BZ.
tel: +(44) (0)1904 671417 | fax: +(44) (0)1904 671384 | email:
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Jerome of Stridon
This book assembles eighteen studies that epitomize the latest and best advances in research on Jerome (c.346-420). Topics explored include the underlying motivations behind Jerome's work as a hagiographer, letter-writer, theological controversialist, and Biblical scholar, his competence in Greek, Hebrew, and Syriac, his relations to contemporary Jews and Judaism, and his reception in both the east and west in late antiquity down through the Protestant Reformation. Familiar debates are re-opened and problems old and new are posed and solved with the use of innovative methodologies. This volume is an indispensable resource for students and scholars with interests in the history, religion, society, and literature of the late antique world.
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Good morning! We studied this term in Social Studies this year, and so I chose it as today’s word of the day:
Noun; a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land areas
My example sentence: While studying Central America, we researched the isthmus of Panama, and how it contains the Panama Canal to transport ships between the two land areas.
Thanks for reading!
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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1836-1922 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more
About The Chemung Whig. (Havana, N.Y.) 1843-1845
Havana, N.Y. (1843-1845)
The Chemung Whig. : (Havana, N.Y.) 1843-1845
- Place of publication:
- Havana, N.Y.
- Geographic coverage:
- T.J. Taylor
- Dates of publication:
Began in 1843; ceased in 1845?
- Montour Falls (N.Y.)--Newspapers.
- New York (State)--Montour Falls.--fast--(OCoLC)fst01248375
- Description based on: Vol. 1, no. 4 (Mar. 15, 1843).
- Editor: Thomas J. Taylor.
- Published every Wednesday.
- sn 83031478
- Preceding Titles:
- Succeeding Titles:
View complete holdings information
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President Obama: The full "60 Minutes" interview
This Sunday on 60 Minutes, President Barack Obama tells Steve Kroft that he's like the captain of a ship on rough seas. At some point in this voyage, the president tells Steve, "Folks are gonna say . . . 'a good captain would have had us in some smooth waters and sunny skies, at this point.' [But] I don't control the weather. What I can control are the policies we're putting in place to make a difference in people's lives."
Those policies - the successes, the failures, and policies the president wants to move forward in the future - are at the heart of Steve's interview with Mr. Obama on 60 Minutes this Sunday.
The interview took place in the Cabinet Room of the White House and on the road in Osawatomie, Kansas, as the president begins his quest for re-election. The 60 Minutes piece, "President Obama," was produced by Frank Devine and Michael Radutzky.
Also on Overtime, a "Rewind" of Steve's first interview with then-Senator Obama as he was announcing his candidacy: "Obama 2007: Launching His Candidacy."
Finally, on the 60 Minutes Facebook page, photographs from that first interview - including the president sharing his tuna fish recipe with his daughters, Steve, and the 60 Minutes crew. They're in our Facebook photo album called "From the Field."
- MJ's "manifesto," penned in 1979
- Bill Gates on Steve Jobs: We grew up together
- Apple, Ireland, and the corporate tax rate problem
- Becoming human: Shin's new life
- Do you have trouble recognizing faces? Take a test
- Behind the scenes at a Taylor Swift concert
- Angelina Jolie: I would love to live a long life
- Are you a "super-recognizer"? Take a test
- How Bill Gates' school launched his life's work
- Taylor Swift: All grown up
- Married life in a tent. How do they do it?
- Dr. Jack Kevorkian's "60 Minutes" interview
- 60 Minutes' funniest moments with Adele
- Interviews with Kony's child soldiers
- Steve Jobs: Family photo album
- A chess prodigy explains how his mind works
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October 4, 2016
By Rich Bodee
The process of filing FAFSA will change beginning with the 2017-2018 academic year.
To be clear, this will not have any effect on this year’s FAFSA process. The new program will be implemented for the following year; however, there are a variety of changes and it is important that students and their parents understand how the new system will work.
According to Director of Financial Aid Victoria Spivak there are two major changes: earlier filing and earlier income and tax information.
Under the new process, FAFSA will now be available Oct. 1 rather than Jan. 1. In addition, the new FAFSA process will use what is called “prior prior year.” This means that you can now use income information from two years prior to complete the forms. So for next year’s FAFSA, you can use information from 2015. This means that you will no longer need to estimate your information and then update it later.
“With the new filing process, since taxes have already been completed, students and their parents can use the IRS Retrieval Tool to directly import their information from the IRS into the FAFSA,” Spivak said. “Plus, with the earlier availability of the forms, financial aid offices can send aid awards to prospective students sooner, which will give prospective students more time to make their college decisions.”
Rest assured that MAP will not be affected by these changes and neither will the deadline to submit your FAFSA forms. The deadline is, as it always has been, June 30. The MAP process continues to work on a first come first serve basis. That means that when the FAFSA forms become available in October, the first individuals to submit their FAFSA information will be guaranteed MAP (so long as the state of Illinois provides those funds).
For any additional questions on the new FAFSA process, visit the office of financial aid in Lewis 120.
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The Value of Growth: "Buy New Zealand Made" versus Globalisation
In a recent report ("So Far and Yet So Close", available from www.nzinstitute.org) the New Zealand Institute advises that with respect to New Zealand's international economic competitiveness and possibilities for growth:
"The government’s support and funding of the Buy Kiwi Made programme sends the wrong messages in this regard. New Zealand should be supporting companies that have significant international expansion plans, irrespective of whether the production occurs from a New Zealand base or overseas. Business groups also need to actively support and promote these firms."
Very soon after the report was released the Green Party issued a press release challenging this statement. Issues of sustainability and global warming were raised. Underlying the debate on these issues is a seemingly unasked question: "What good is growth?", or put another way "What is growth for?". It seems to be taken for granted that economic growth is good. If this assumption is ever challenged the response is usually something like "Growth means more money and an increased standard of living." But seldom is the next question asked: "For whom?" To whom do the benefits of growth (or the economic impact of sports events, for another example) accrue?
It seems fairly obvious that benefits accrue to the owners of businesses (more revenue should, all other things being equal, mean more profits) and also the people employed by business. It also means that there are more jobs available. But New Zealand has the lowest unemployment rate in the OECD, so who fills those new jobs? Either we import workers, or locate production facilities overseas, as advocated by the New Zealand Institute. In eaither of these cases the benefits of economic growth accrue not to the New Zealand workers, but the owners only.
There is nothing wrong with this, of course. Business people are in business to make money and should not have to apologise for that. However when we, as consumers, are told that we should help businesses make more money, the obvious response is "Why? What's in it for us?". If we are to give our support to the "Buy New Zealand Made" campaign, the answer seems to be "You will be helping your friends and neighbours get or keep their jobs." In the case of the "Buy New Zealand Designed but Overseas Produced" scheme, the answer will be "You will be helping business owners increase their profits." The overall economic impact of supporting local businesses is enlarged by the fact that the wages paid locally increase local spending and tax revenue, which gives benefits to New Zealand. However if only the business owners are accruing the benefits of growth, a much smaller total amount of spending and tax will accrue to New Zealand.
How many "business owners" are there in your community? This is a difficult question to answer, but one way to get an approximate figure is to look at the proportion of "Working Proprietors" in the employment statistics from Statistics New Zealand. This figure is around 7%, and given the definition of "working proprietors" we can expect that the actual proportion of business owners is somewhat lower. The other group of people who "own" businesses are shareholders. The number of New Zealanders who own shares in at least one New Zealand company is very difficult to estimate (not least because the definition of a "New Zealand Company" is very ambiguous). In 2001 Statistics New Zealand surveyed households and found that 21% of households owned shares. Hence the number of people who own shares in New Zealand companies will be at most 21%, and probably less.
It is not for us to advocate how one should allocate one's helping in the community. However we feel that a clear appreciation of where one's philanthropy actually goes will be helpful.
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please how could i turn his sentence correctly its about American music history
how can I turn this sentence correctly?
White teenagers were intrigued by what was happening on the margins of their own culture in their own country and aboard.
Hero of the day
Person gave the most answers!
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Born in 1127; d. at Cerfroi, 4 November, 1212. He is commemorated 20 November. He was surnamed Valois because, according to some, he was a member of the royal branch of Valois in France, according to others, because he was a native of the province of Valois. At an early age he renounced his possessions and retired to a dense forest in the Diocese of Meaux, where he gave himself to prayer and contemplation. He was joined in his retreat by St. John of Matha, who proposed to him the project of founding an order for the redemption of captives. After fervent prayer, Felix in company with John set out for Rome and arrived there in the beginning of the pontificate of Innocent III. They had letters of recommendation from the Bishop of Paris, and the new pope received them with the utmost kindness and lodged them in his palace. The project of founding the order was considered in several solemn conclaves of cardinals and prelates, and the pope after fervent prayer decided that these holy men were inspired by God, and raised up for the good of the Church. He solemnly confirmed their order, which he named the Order of the Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives. The pope commissioned the Bishop of Paris and the Abbot of St. Victor to draw up for the institute a rule, which was confirmed by the pope, 17 December, 1198. Felix returned to France to establish the order. He was received with great enthusiasm, and King Philip Augustus authorized the institute France and fostered it by signal benefactions. Margaret of Blois granted the order twenty acres of the wood where Felix had built his first hermitage, and on almost the same spot he erected the famous monastery of Cerfroi, the mother-house of the institute. Within forty years the order possessed six hundred monasteries in almost every part of the world. St. Felix and St. John of Matha were forced to part, the latter went to Rome to found a house of the order, the church of which, Santa Maria in Navicella, still stands on the Caeclian Hill. St. Felix remained in France to look after the interests of the congregation. He founded a house in Paris attached to the church of St. Maturinus, which afterwards became famous under Robert Guguin, master general of the order. Though the Bull of his canonization is no longer extant, it is the constant tradition of his institute that he was canonized by Urban IV in 1262. Du Plessis tells us that his feast was kept in the Diocese of Meaux in 1215. In 1666 Alexander VII declared him a saint because of immemorial cult. His feast was transferred to 20 November by Innocent XI in 1679.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online
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“In 1876, the common council of the City of Los Angeles ordered four arc lights installed in various places in the fledgling town for street lighting.” -William H. Workman, “The City That Grew,” Mirror-Press, Los Angeles, 1929
“[Of all the world, America is infinitely far in the lead in the practical applications of transmission engineering, and of all America, California shows greater development along this line than any other State in the Union, yet nowhere in California is there to be found more interesting long distance high voltage work of almost every conceivable description than exists in the southern portion of the State, where in a single system of The Edison Electric Company, of Los Angeles, alone may be marked not only the first polyphase transmission station ever built for commercial service in America, but where also may be traced, step by step, every advance made in the art of electric power transmission down to the present time.
And the first among the prominent transmissions of southern California is this selfsame The Edison Electric Company, the principal hydraulic, mechanical and electrical features of which it is the purpose of this article to describe. Side by side the oldest American built polyphase apparatus works in perfect accord with the newest; fears and forebodings, once all but overpowering, have gone the way of hobgoblins of childhood, and the first power transmission-born project of scarcely more than a decade ago, has grown and grown and grown, from a slender infancy to the very perfection of corporate maturity, so that now, when it has but to ask for millions for extensions to receive them, it seems but fiction to think of the time but twelve short years ago when it proved to be all but impossible to secure the paltry sums represented in the cost of the plant that is the nucleus of the present mighty enterprise.
If American prosperity has increased of late, the transmission development has advanced by a yet more rapid stride, and here in southern California the engineer may see it all, from its earliest stages to its acme of perfection, and in seeing it he will be struck not only by its historical significance, but also by the unprecedented thoroughness of its hydraulic development and the marked originality, in equal thoroughness, which characterizes its every electrical feature. — The Editor.]
The system of The Edison Electric Company is a composite one, constituting, as it does, eight separate and distinct corporations, which, in process of time, have been gradually merged into the single concern of great magnitude which bears the name of this article. If viewed from the standpoint of its interests in the city of Los Angeles, the company originated in the comparatively small concern eventually known as the West Side Lighting Company, which, as time wore on and business increased, developed into the Edison Electric Company, that, in turn, became of great importance, especially after its absorption of the Southern California Power Company. Comparatively short periods of time wrought marked developments thereafter, and rapidly following the absorption of the Southern California Power Company by the Edison Electric Company came the acquisition in the sequence named of the Pasadena Electric Light and Power Company, the Santa Ana Gas and Electric Company, the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, the California Power Company and the Mountain Power Company, all of which have been, within the last few months, as stated, merged into The Edison Electric Company.
On the other hand, if the present giant system be considered from the standpoint of its transmission development, interest naturally centers in the system of the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, which bears influences second to none not only in point of historical significance, but in point of rapid growth. By right of seniority, then, the Redlands system should first receive attention.
THE REDLANDS BEGINNING.
From a transmission standpoint, as stated, interest centers first about the plant of the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, and then about the then-extraordinarily high voltage long distance lines of the Southern California Power Company. It was in January, 1892, transmission development hag begun to reach such a stage of progress as to inspire confident in its ultimate commercial feasibility, and at the same time local conditions in and around Redlands were such as to make the proposition of transmitting the energy of the water power of Mill Creek to Redlands an extremely favorable one. It is certain, at all events, that in the month named Messrs. George H. Crafts, George B. Ellis, F. G. Feraud and H. H. Sinclair began to discuss the project with the thoroughness which has since become characteristic in the organization and development of electrical transmission work in southern California. The most notable work of a similar nature to that proposed, and which was also under contract for building at that time, was the 10,000-volt, twenty-eight-mile single-phase incandescent lighting plant of the San Antonio Light and Power Company, familiarly known as the Pomona plant. This plant, which was, as stated, being installed, was built under the electrical engineering direction of Mr. A. W. Decker, who was also at that time in charge of the electrical work then being done in building the Mount Lowe Railway. Mr. Decker’s qualifications and experience were such as to fit him preeminently for the position of electrical engineer of the new project at Redlands, and in June, 1892, he was employed in that capacity.
The Redlands Electric Light and Power Company was incorporated in the spring of 1892 by residents of the town of Redlands, in San Bernardino County, for the purpose of supplying electric light and heat for both public and private use, power for manufacturing purposes and for the operation of street railroads in the city of Redlands and the country round about within a radius of ten miles, such power to be developed from a transmission plant that was to be built at the mouth of Mill Creek Canyon, some eight miles distant. At that time Redlands was a promising city with a population of 4,500 people, and was lighted solely by oil and a few private gasoline plants. Coal was worth $11. a ton, and although the town was a small one, its prospects were exceedingly bright. It was further borne in mind by the promoters of the enterprise that the cities of Riverside and San Bernardino, each of a population of about 10,000, were comparatively near by, that is at a distance by rail of fifteen miles and nine miles respectively. These were then lighted by electricity generated from a water power developed from the irrigation canal which supplied Riverside, and the amount of power so obtained was of very limited quantity. The towns were then connected with each other and Redlands by a steam motor road, which it was hoped would eventually be changed to an electric railway system, to be operated by power developed at the Redlands plant.
It is interesting here to note that of all the cities which have grown up in the western part of the United States in the ten years prior to the organization of the Redlands company, there have been none whose growth was more rapid than that of the city of Redlands prior to 1893, and the greater portion of the land included in the city limits of the town, which comprised about seventeen square miles, had never been turned by a plow, but early in 1887, began an influx of an active, well-educated and well-to-do class of men who had in the six years which intervened built up a town that is remarkable for its beauty of location, handsome residences, well paved streets, substantial business blocks, and above all, for the superior quality of its oranges, which are the equal, and by a great many considered the superior, in appearance and quality of those shipped from any other part of the United States. It possessed, unfortunately, a sad lack of inducements for manufacturing enterprises, and this, coupled with the reasons which have been named, led to the organization of the company which hoped to be able to furnish power to manufacturing industries at a price equivalent to that in localities where coal is $4.00 a ton.
The first reality which gave assurance of the soundness of the ideas which underlaid the project, was the fact that the Union Ice Company, one of the largest handlers of ice in the western part of the United States promptly entered into a contract with the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company to furnish electric power under a twenty-five year contract at a price that was so much cheaper than that which could be obtained elsewhere, that the ice company could afford to pay $2.00 per ton freight on 7,000 tons of ice per year and still deliver it in Los Angeles at a rate of 50 cents per ton cheaper than it could be manufactured there under the most favorable circumstances. This contract proved to be the foundation upon which was built the business of the now historic Redlands plant.
Mr. Decker’s investigation of the local conditions attending the plan soon resulted in the conviction that the transmission 1tself would have to be carried out along lines radically different from those which characterized not only the Pomona plant but also any other plant in America. The Redlands plant must be designed essentially as a power transmission plant, and accordingly Mr. Decker recommended the installation of a three-phase transmission system having a rated capacity of 400 kilowatts. Preliminary plans and specifications for a plant of this kind were prepared by Mr. Decker and submitted to the General Electric Company, the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, the Siemens & Halske Electric Company and the Electrical Engineering Company, of San Francisco. It took several months of active correspondence between Mr. Decker and the companies named before they would agree to submit bids on an installation of this kind, taking the ground generally that details were not yet sufficiently worked out to justify them in bidding on such a plant, and recommending the use of such apparatus as was standard at that time. Bids were finally put in by the Westinghouse and General Electric companies and the Electrical Engineering Company, of San Francisco, the latter proposing a 5,000-volt direct-current generating and transmission system, with direct-current motor operating single-phase alternators in Redlands. The bid of the General Electric Company for two 250-kilowatt, 2,400-volt, 600 revolution, three-phase, Y-connected generators was accepted, and the execution of the contract formed the nucleus of the famed Redlands plant. The bid of the Westinghouse company was for a two-phase system, which Mr. Decker would not entertain. This original plant, which is now known as Mill Creek No. 1 station of The Edison Electric Company, was driven by Pelton water wheels, and the transmission line consisted of two, three-phase circuits, each being of three No. 0, B. & S. gage, bare copper wires running to Redlands, a distance of seven and one-half miles by way of the pole line. Common deep groove, double petticoat, 2,200-volt glass insulators were used. The distribution at Redlands was tapped off the end of the line without any substation, the delivered potential being 2,300 volts. Both light and power were thus delivered, but the principal power service from this original plant consisted in the installation of a 120-kilowatt, three-phase, synchronous motor for operating the manufacturing plant of the Union Ice Company. This motor also operates at 2,300 volts, the distance from the station to the ice plant being practically four and one-half miles.
At the time of installation the switchboard was equipped by the General Electric Company with generator switches consisting of common 500-volt, triple-pole, double-throw switches, such as had been previously used in railway work, this being the best type of switch manufactured at that time. These switches could never be pulled on a load at the machine voltage, and as the busbars were in duplicate, when it became necessary to change over the station operators were compelled to break the field circuit on the machine and shut down the plant. There is now on the system of the Redlands company the first three-phase generators, the first synchronous motor and the first induction motor ever turned out for commercial use by the General Electric Company, and it is interesting to note that they are still in daily service as installed, with every indication that they will continue in their duties for years to come.
On another page there is published a biographical sketch of the life of A. W. Decker, the electrical engineer who drafted the electrical specifications under which the Redlands plant was built, and it is suggested that this sketch be read in order that an idea may be gained of the difficulties which were encountered at this early date in securing the installation of the three-phase plant, and that the work then performed by Mr. Decker in this conjunction may be given proper credit. At the same time it is interesting to review the memoranda of conditions and requirements of this plant as laid down by Mr. Decker prior to its installation. It is pointed out therein that the power available under the then-present developments at the minimum flow of Mill Creek measured 1,000 miners inches, or 1,200 cubic feet, per minute, under an effective head of 295 feet, from which the total capacity of the power plant was estimated at 359 kilowatts. It was also shown that the total output of the plant made by an extension of the pipe line, which was afterward effected, could be increased to twice that shown during the whole year, and that during six months of the year approximately three times this amount of power could be obtained.
As already stated, there were first installed in the Redlands plant two 250-kilowatt three-phase generators, running at 600 revolutions per minute, and having a voltage of 2,500. These machines were originally intended for belt driving, but, instead, they were installed with three bearings and direct-connected to Pelton water wheels, which were mounted in pairs directly connected through insulating couplings to the generators, and supplied with water from a receiver through a Y nozzle of the deflecting type. There were also two 7 1/2-kilowatt, 125-volt, compound wound exciters, that were separately driven by independent Pelton wheels, and which ran at a speed of 1,600 revolutions per minute. The plant was governed by the old style differential governor, which was a familiar accompaniment of Pelton water wheel installations ten years or so ago. This mode of connection is shown in the accompanying line drawing, and its principle of action was that it was given a fixed speed so that the governor always tended to bring the nozzle to a position to correct the differences in speed between that of the generator and the source of constant speed. The unit which was selected for furnishing the constant speed was the exciter shaft, for the reason that the exciter under normal conditions has a fixed load and practically a constant speed.
At the time of the writer’s visit to the plant last winter the original switchboard had been dismantled and its parts stored, but in order that a faithful reproduction of it in its original appearance might be given, the board was reassembled, and it is from this reassembled equipment that the accompanying half-tone was made. It was, as the illustration shows, of the skeleton type, and there was mounted thereon a rheostat and triple-pole, double-throw switch, three ammeters and one voltmeter for each machine, these instruments being of the Thomson-Houston type, and, as already stated, of the form of 500-volt railway apparatus then in use. The board was further equipped with two double-pole, double-throw line switches and three ammeters for each line, as well as being provided with double busbars.
Probably the greatest controversy that arose in the equipment of this plant, and after Mr. Decker had been forced by the manufacturing companies to recede from his demand for the direct generation of 5,000 volts in a three-phase machine, was that due to the clause in his specifications which exacted the installation of generators of the three-phase type that would work in parallel. This procedure was declared by the chief engineer of the General Electric Company, before the board of directors of the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, in the strongest terms, to be absolutely impossible of accomplishment, and it is interesting, indeed, to hear the relation of experiences that were encountered after the installation of the machines in the endeavor to parallel them. All kinds of expedients were resorted to in order to bring about some indication of synchronism, and finally the General Electric Company produced a device, which became known as the growler, as being the best thing for accomplishing the result desired. This growler, which is illustrated herewith, was an attempt at an acoustic instrument, and in it the two separate phases which were to be synchronized were made to operate upon sheet iron diaphragms, placed several inches apart facing each other, the whole being enclosed in a sheet brass cylinder. At the center was cut a hole about an inch in diameter, to which the station operator was to apply his ear, and it was expected that the operator could distinguish when the vibrations were in unison. In each of the upper corners of the base-board there was placed a sixteen-candle power incandescent lamp, being burned respectively from two of the three phases, but these lamps were used merely as pilots. The device failed, however, for, owing to the various harmonics generated by the machines in the station, it was impossible to tell with any degree of accuracy when the machines were in synchronism, and this condition led to the eventual abandonment of the growler, which, however; is carefully preserved in the Redlands plant for its historical value.
EXTENSIONS OF THE REDLANDS SYSTEM.
In 1896 the business of the Redlands company had grown so that an extension became necessary, especially for the purpose of supplying power for pumping purposes. The transmission system was extended from Redlands to Colton and Riverside, and three 100-kilowatt Wagner transformers were installed in the powerhouse for raising the potential to 10,000 volts for the Riverside transmission. At the same time the pipe line of the plant was extended 3,000 feet, which increased the head by eighty-six feet, making a total static head of 510 feet, or a pressure of 230 pounds per square inch. The total length of the pipe line as thus extended is 10,250 feet, most of which is of rivetted steel thirty inches in diameter. At the same time Pelton wheels of a later type were installed, and this plant, as extended, constitutes the present Mill Creek No. 1 station of The Edison Electric Company.
Three years later, in 1899, the further growth of the business of the company had necessitated the building of the second station, now known as Mill Creek No. 2 station, which is so located that the water from its tail race is taken up directly by the intake of the pipe line of Mill Creek No. 1 plant. This second plant contains two 250-kilowatt, revolving field, 11,500-volt, three-phase generators, running at 375 revolutions per minute. They were put in operation in November, 1899, and though they have been in constant operation ever since, they have always given perfect satisfaction and have never cost one cent for repairs. It is in an extension to the building of Mill Creek No. 2 station that Mill Creek No. 3 plant is now being rapidly finished, and when this latter plant is running it will be noteworthy as being driven under a higher head of water than any other electric transmission in the world, namely, 1,960 feet.
Prior to this, however, or, to be exact, in December, 1896, the people comprising the Redlands company organized a new corporation, known as the Southern California Power Company, which made service of the water rights of the Santa Ana Canyon, and having appropriated and perfected them, entered into contract, in the spring of 1897, for the apparatus which has since been installed as the Santa Ana Canyon-Los Angeles transmission plant. In April, 1898, when the plant was partially completed, the entire property of the Southern California Power Company was sold to The Edison Electric Company, and the owners of the Southern California stock — Messrs. H. H. Sinclair and Henry Fisher — accepted in payment thereof stock of The Edison Electric Company. The Santa Ana Canyon plant was completed in December, 1898, when water was first turned into the canal, and since then it has never been turned out for a single instant. It should here be noted that Mr. O. H. Ensign was superintendent for the Southern California Power Company, and the electric installation, and the installation of the pressure pipe and water wheels, was made under his direct supervision. The hydraulic engineers were, first, Mr. M. L. Lumm, and, later, Mr. E. M. Boggs, who remained in charge of the hydraulic work until its completion. The whole construction was under the general management of Mr. H. H. Sinclair, the plant costing approximately $625,000. To Mr. Sinclair and his associates there is, then, due a lasting debt of gratitude by the engineering world for the part they took in pioneering the development of polyphase transmission in America.
THE LOS ANGELES BEGINNING.
On the other hand, if the origin of The Edison Electric Company be considered from the standpoint of its development in the city of Los Angeles, it must be regarded as beginning in the spring of 1895, when Mr. E. E. Peck applied to the Common Council of the city of Los Angeles for a franchise for the purpose of enabling himself and his associates to build and operate an electric lighting and power plant within the corporate limits. After no little delay the franchise asked for was finally advertised, but Mr. Peck was not the successful bidder. Later in the same year he entered a second application for an electric lighting and power franchise, but the Council would not even advertise it, and so, for the time, his efforts were thwarted. Nevertheless his perseverance never flagged, and during the latter part of the year named he succeeded in obtaining from the Board of Supervisors of Los Angeles county a franchise enabling him to build and operate an electric light and power plant in a small territory immediately adjoining the city of Los Angeles on the southwest, throughout the districts known at that time as the University and Rosedale tracts.
Thereupon Mr. Peck, together with Messrs. R. W. Martin and E. F. Billmeyer, erected a small frame building on Twenty-second Street, just east of Vermont Avenue, in which they installed an eighty horsepower Buckeye engine, an eighty horsepower fire-tube boiler, from which were drive, at the outset, a thirty-light, eighteen-ampere Western Electric arc lighting dynamo. After having installed an are lighting circuit, they started in business in December, 1895, with a load which reaches a ‘grand’ total of five commercial arc lamps and three street arcs, which latter were paid for by subscription by the residents thereabouts. Thus was made the Los Angeles beginning of the great system of the present Edison Electric Company.
But before starting this rather primitive electric lighting plant, Mr. Peck was naturally looking for capital to aid him in its development, and as a result of his labors, Messrs. George H. Barker, W. R. Staats and W. S. Wright, of Pasadena, associated themselves with him, and in December, 1895, a Fort Wayne 50-kilowatt 2,000-volt alternator and some Fort Wayne transformers and Shallenberger meters of various sizes were ordered. In January, 1896, Mr. E. Y. Ware came from Denver and joined in the enterprise, and under his direction the work of running a line to supply alternating current lighting service was begun. In the meantime Mr. Peck renewed his efforts to persuade the Council to advertise another franchise for sale, but without success. Nevertheless, the lines from the little plant were extended into the city by setting poles on private property and simply crossing the streets with the line wires, but the lines were harassed by competitors, and the city at last cut the wires. These were replaced as fast as cut, and they were finally let alone. Despairing of getting a franchise of their own for the city, the owners of the plant finally bought an old franchise known as the Scott Franchise, in the spring of 1896.
In order to fulfill its terms, they had but two weeks to get current into the City Hall, as the conditions of the Scott Franchise were such that the municipal building had to be supplied with lighting current free of charge during the term of the franchise. To have secured the poles and built the long line necessary to reach the City Hall in that short time would have been a physical impossibility, and so, purely as an accommodation, permission was granted by the Los Angeles Traction Company which enabled the plant to put its wires on the street railway poles of the Traction Company and thus it was that Mr. Peck and his associates were enabled to burn a cluster of lights in the City Hall on the night before the day on which the franchise would have lapsed had that not have been done. This was followed by a controversy with the City Council as to whether it or the owners of the Scott franchises should prepare the City Hall for electric lights, but at last the Council finally decided to do it, which ended one important phase of the situation. Then the validity of the Scott franchise was attacked, and suit was brought to annul it, but this was finally settled in favor of the lighting plant, and so the controversy finally ended. To Messrs. Barker and Staats is due the credit for financing the project in its primary stages, and to Mr. W. S. Wright is due the credit for its legal work, both in the way of organization and in defending suits.
On June 5, 1896, the West Side Lighting Company was incorporated with a capitalization of $500,000, with George H. Barker, president; W. S. Wright, vice-president; W. R. Staats, secretary and Treasurer, and E. E. Peck and E. F. Billmeyer constituting the first board of directors. On July 6th, of the same year, Mr. Jason Evans succeeded Mr. Billmeyer, and on December 12th, Mr. J. H. Holmes succeeded Mr. Peck. On September 28th, also of 1896, a $300,000 bond issue was authorized, and the enterprise was launched into a solid, full-fledged corporate existence.
Soon after incorporating, a more central location for the plant was sought, and finally the old cable powerhouse on the corner of Second and Boylston streets was purchased. The work of its transformation was rushed, and in December, 1896, the company began operations in its new location with two 90-horsepower Babcock & Wilcox boilers and a 60-horsepower Brownell open heater, one 150 horsepower Ideal Engine, and a 75-kilowatt, Fort Wayne, 2,000-volt alternator. The old equipment was moved over from the frame building on Twenty-second Street, and an earnest campaign for business downtown was begun. The business of the company increased so rapidly that in January 1897, two 200-horsepower Stirling boilers, one 175-horsepower Ideal Engine and one 120-kilowatt, General Electric, 2,000-volt alternator were installed, which were followed soon afterwards by the installation of a 250-horsepower Ideal engine, two 120-kilowatt, General Electric, 2,000-volt alternators and a 150 horsepower Cochran Heater. In February, 1897, the old low tension arc dynamo was replaced by a Western Electric 9.6 ampere, 80-light arc machine and later a Wood 9.6-ampere, 80-light arc machine was added which were latter supplemented by a Brush 9.6-ampere, 125-light arc machine. In the fall of 1897 the company decided to go into the power business, and installed therefor, two 100-kilowatt, 550-volt, Westinghouse direct-current generators.
In December, 1897 the West Side Lighting Company sold out to the Los Angeles Edison Electric Company, which had incorporated on July 9, 1894, with a capital of $500,000, it being necessary to assume that name in order to obtain the Edison licenses. The name was then changed to Edison Electric Company which retained the old board of directors of the West Side Lighting Company, but others were taken on subsequently. It was about that time that Mr. John B. Miller, now president of The Edison Electric Company, entered the board, and was elected treasurer of the company, whereupon he at once became an important factor in financing the company to its present imposing position. Early in 1898, another Stirling boiler was added to the steam equipment, as were also a 500-horsepower condenser and a 500-horsepower Day open heater. A 300-horsepower Ideal engine was purchased and utilized in driving a Westinghouse three-phase, 240-kilowatt, generator that had been supplied by the Southern California Power Company, with which The Edison Electric Company had contracted for power.
Thus began the era of association between electric lighting and power interests of Los Angeles and power transmission interests of San Bernardino county, which eventuated in the consolidation of the two systems into a single enterprise which is second to none on the Pacific Coast in point of commercial and engineering importance.
THROUGH MOUNTAINS AND ACROSS CANYONS.
It is a truly remarkable experience to go over the water courses of The Edison Electric Company in Santa Ana Canyon. Perhaps I might better have said through the water courses, for the tunnels are indeed the most interesting part of the whole work. The story of the great reservoir at Bear Valley, of its enormous storage capacity and of the Paradises which its waters have wrenched from arid wastes, is an oft-told tale so I will not repeat it.
Less than three hours’ drive takes one — figuratively transports one — from the beauties of Redlands to the grandeurs of the Santa Ana Canyon. First, by bowered houses, then past orange groves that fill the air with Eden and on we drive across and up the great river bed of the Santa Ana into its rugged canyon. The altitude and the deep shadows in the canyon make driving chilly — it is winter anyway — but ‘a drink that will cheer’ is promised us soon, and when time has given a sufficient whet to our longings, we reach the stopping place where ‘hot drinks’ are served, fresh from a bubbling spring of boiling mineral water. Better toddy never was than this, so they say, and on we go past the powerhouse and up to the intake of the canal. A few rods above is the confluence of Bear Creek and Santa Ana River, then comes the diversion with its gates and sandbox and directly the stream is swallowed by the gaping portal of Tunnel No. 1. Then we returned to the road and went back down the canyon for a half mile or so, and a short climb up the base of the mountain brought us again to the canal at the sand box, between the mouths of Tunnels Nos. 3 and 4. Here our boat awaited us, and, nearby, smoking restful corncobs and wearing great gum boots that reached the hips, were the three men who had spent the previous four hours in pushing this self-same boat up against the waters that rush on their way to the powerhouse. And our party was to float down in that boat, like the rich in their chaises, while these men were to walk back, by gracious, but such is life!
Plash! Plash! in measured time sounded the buckets of the paddle wheel that raked leaves from off the screen in the sand box, and to the tune of its slow beating one by one we backed down through a narrow opening into the boat hidden partly within the tunnel.
‘Like crawfish, backing under a sheltering rock,’ quoth I.
‘Like lobsters, attempting to escape being boiled alive,’ quoth my wife, who abhors tunnels and high bridges and uncanny adventures.
So we piled in, all five of us (there was room in the boat for as many more), and began a ride that was, to use the vernacular, the ‘very oddest ever.’ A man standing in the bow had a lantern and as the boat would approach the sides of the tunnel he would push it off to keep from scraping. We first-class passengers, seated on boards softened by a single spread of gunny sacking, and presumably entitled to all the privileges of the saloon of the ship, soon began to feel the cold, and there followed a mutinous outcry against a saloon which had no bar.
Then up spoke the worthy captain, ‘The bar’s all right; you’ll find it in due season.’
On we drifted, ever onward toward that knothole of light perhaps a thousand feet down the tunnel through a seemingly interminable way of inky darkness.
‘We’ll have to be pretty long drawn out to escape through that hole,’ said some one.
The current was rapidly becoming swifter and the weird silence of the tunnel was giving way to the babble of rushing waters.
Then: ‘Here’s your bar,’ said the captain. ‘Line up.’
The boat scraped along the bottom for a time, then skewed from side to side and finally, with a rasping grunt, stopped stock still. But it was only for a moment, for the water, backing up at the stern, gave it a mighty shove that upset the composure and balance of we uninitiated and sent our craft merrily out beyond into the deep water of the tunnel.
‘Is that the bar you promised us?’ demanded one.
‘You ‘line up’ your friends by leaving ’em lyin’ down,’ observed another.
‘What shall we do with him, fellow citizens?’ demanded a third.
And the outraged passengers, like the people of ancient Rome, roared vengeance by hanging, killing, drowning and otherwise, until the captain promised to be good and ‘square matters’ later.
As on we went the knothole grew larger, and as the light and temperature increased, our senses mellowed to beauties of the scene through which we were passing. It chanced that the rays of the sun were falling squarely into the mouth of the tunnel from which we were about to emerge. The cement lining of the tunnel, faithful to its trust, made the sides and roof as dry as tinder, and tiny spiders, seizing the opportunity presented in the dry location and the prospect of rich harvests, had frescoed the walls with thousands of silken webs upon which the sunlight, reflected from the water below, shone in matchless iridescence.
We were silent now, for joking could not be, and on we leisured, from darkness through glories into the warmth of the God’s-blessed-sunlight which marked our delivery to the flume. Didn’t the warm air feel good, though, and wasn’t the balm of the mountain foliage delicious, even if we got but glints of them through the timbering of the flume as we still drifted onward.
Then some one said that we had come literally as from night to day. Another thought it was like turning from the chrysalis to the butterfly. Then others indulged in such cheap talk as anent the egg and the chicken, and the jackass that was born down in the coal mine, but which at last was taken up above ground. And when each was asked if he felt like the poor Jack, such is the contradiction of human nature that not one would answer aye.
Thus were scenes repeated as we journeyed down that wondrous waterway. Some tunnels were short, some were long and one of them — the longest of all — stretched out to a length of over 2,000 feet, and in its center we were some 1,500 feet beneath the surface of the mountain above. The further down we went the higher grew the elevation of the flumes above the river, until at last, in looking over the sides, it was dizzying to contemplate the more than 700 feet of abyss that yawned invitingly beneath us. In all, there are eighteen tunnels and sixteen flumes in this waterway, which aggregates a length of 14,384 feet or practically two and three-quarter miles, and the time consumed in making the trip down it by boat was twenty minutes.
We did not go through the final tunnel, for the water was so banked up at the penstock that the tunnel was filled to its roof and indeed it was very ‘low bridge’ in the next to the last tunnel which we traversed. Next came an arduous climb up and around the mountain on which the pipe line is placed, then the equally arduous descent down the pipe line to the powerhouse, where, thanks to a thoughtful host and hostess, dinner was awaiting our arrival. And you may be assured that after we had finished there was no dinner left to ‘warm up’ for supper.
Topographically, Mill Creek Canyon differs radically from Santa Ana Canyon, for while the latter below the junction of the Santa Ana River and Bear Creek is virtually a barren ragged mountain gorge, through which the waters rush almost torrentially, Mill Creek is a stream of goodly size and of very even temperament in its flow. That it should be so becomes evident to any one who has driven up along its beautiful course, for here instead of bleak rock, rock, rock everywhere, as exists in Santa Ana Canyon, there are alders and cottonwoods and hazels and shrubbery galore, while ‘neath the foot ferns and mosses thrive luxuriously. It is a most beautiful canyon, wherein through the long summer months campers find a matchless Mecca. Its soil, deep and absorbent, stores up the winter rains and the melting snows of spring to give them back through the summer and autumn months, and thus it is that Mill Creek has been endowed by Nature with its perennial flow. To the north, the grizzled side of old Mount San Bernardino rears to its mighty eminence, and, like the southern sides of all mountains in the southern part of the State of California, it is covered only with rock that is bare except for the chapparel and greasewood that grows here and there. But across the canyon on the northerly exposure all is different, for there vegetation is shielded from the blanching rays of the sun and it thrives in utmost glory, from the tenderest maiden hair and lichen to the sturdiest oak arid pine.
HYDRAULIC CONDUIT, SANTA ANA CANYON PLANT NO. 1.
The hydraulic conduit supplying water to power plant No. 1 of The Edison Electric Company, in Santa Ana Canyon, which was completed in the year 1898, begins at the junction of Bear Creek and Santa Ana River. The diversion of the water is made by means of two branch flumes, one carrying the waters of Bear Creek, and the other one, those of the Santa Ana River, to the junction where they are delivered into tunnel No. 1 at the head of the conduit. The water is delivered into these flumes by means of dams placed across the two channels. It is the purpose of the company to construct a dam across the canyon immediately below the junction of the two streams which will raise the level of the water sufficiently to do away with the two flumes. When this dam is constructed the water will be raised by means of it to a level which will deliver it directly into tunnel No. 1, whence it will flow as at present down the canal.
The line of the conduit consists of eighteen tunnels driven through the various spurs of the mountain side, extending from the junction of Bear Creek and the Santa Ana River to the head of the pressure pipe, and of a number of flumes spanning the canyons between the various tunnels. tunnels on this conduit are as follows:
Tunnel No. 1, 220 feet; tunnel No. 2, 460 feet; tunnel No. 3, 700 feet; tunnel No. 4, 530 feet; tunnels Nos. 5 and 6, combined, 900 feet; tunnel No. 7, 900 feet; tunnel No. 8, 2,070 feet; tunnel No. 9, 730 feet; tunnel No. 10, 850 feet; tunnel No. 11,700 feet; tunnel No. 12, 840 feet; tunnel No. 13, 210 feet; tunnel No. 14, 540 feet; tunnel No. 15, 220 feet; tunnel No. 16, 780 feet; tunnel No. 17, 560 feet; tunnel No. 18, 830 feet; total, 12,040 feet.
All of these tunnels are lined with concrete throughout so as to give a net width of four and one-half feet and a net height of six and one-half feet. The method of construction is shown in the drawing of tunnel sections appearing on page 17, and in the illustration of the portal of tunnel No. 1 appearing on page 14 of this issue. The carrying capacity of these tunnels is 120 second-feet of water, which will generate at the power station 6,000 horsepower. The tunnels are all connected by means of flumes spanning the ravines. The carrying capacity of the flumes is the same as that of the tunnels — 120 second-feet of water.
The conduit has been constantly in use since the latter part of the year 1898, and it has never been found necessary to turn the water out for the purpose of making repairs to the work. After the water is admitted at the head of the conduit it is passed through a sandbox or settling basin where the sediment is allowed to precipitate before the water is carried on to the power plant. This sandbox consists of two parallel hoppers with sluice gates in the bottom through which the accumulated silt can be expelled. The water is passed through one hopper while the other is being emptied, thus causing no interruption of the flow of water while the sand sluicing is in progress.
Above the intake of this conduit is a tributary watershed of 172 square miles, ranging in elevation above sea from 3,500 to 12,000 feet. On the upper portion of Bear Creek is a storage reservoir regulating the discharge from fifty-four square miles of this watershed, storing the winter flood and permitting the water to be discharged during the dry season when most needed. The Bear Valley reservoir has a dam fifty-four feet in height and a storage capacity in the basin behind this dam of 9,778,440,000 gallons. All the water flowing from this reservoir must pass down Bear Creek to the intake of the Santa Ana conduit and power plant No. 1, whence it is diverted and carried down to the powerhouse combined with the flow of the Santa Ana River.
Below the intake tunnel, where the water is run through the sand box, there is a large grizzly having a cross section of thirty feet by seven feet, and over which there travels a rake every quarter of a minute, this rake being driven by a paddle wheel placed in the main canal. The arrangement has proven so effective in heavy storms which occur in the beginning of the winter season, causing the water to bring down quantities of small debris, that, although it has sometimes happened that the headworks men could not give the sandbox much attention for several hours, they have at the end of that time found the penstock to be perfectly clear of leaves and driftwood, and as a result the plant has never suffered an interruption. This sandbox is peculiar in that it consists simply of two large rectangular reservoirs, the bottom of which are divided into several small compartments which have a depth of two feet. The sandbox has a grade of two feet in fifty, and at the lower end of the compartments named there is a plug valve eight inches in diameter, which is provided with a stem that runs up through the water to the board walk above. This valve is lifted by a small block and tackle, which opens the hole in the bottom of the compartment, and as the water can be turned into each compartment, it is an easy matter to clear the box of sand in a very few minutes with a small amount of water. So effective and simple is this arrangement in operation that no trouble whatever has been caused by sand, which, however, would not otherwise be a great source of trouble except during a few weeks of winter storms when the canyon stream becomes torrential.
THE PIPE LINE IN SANTA ANA CANYON.
It is a very precipitous mountain which overtops the location of the power plant of The Edison Electric Company in Santa Ana Canyon, and, as is the case with all high head power plants, the station is situated at the base of the mountain, which, in the present instance, gives a fall for the pressure pipe of 728 feet, the water being conveyed in a thirty-inch steel riveted pipe which has a length of 2,210 feet. This pipe begins at the end of tunnel No. 18, which has a length of 1,260 feet, and in which the water is backed up to a depth of six feet. The pipe line at the penstock is of three-sixteenths-inch steel, and terminates at the powerhouse with a thickness of nine-sixteenths of an inch. It is double-lap riveted in the longitudinal seams throughout, and single riveted in the round seams, and is protected by thoroughly dipping in a mixture of asphaltum and crude oil. Moreover, the pipe line is buried throughout at an average depth of seven feet in firm ground, which is of such solid nature that no other anchorage further than the weight of the earth upon it is necessary. It is laid in almost a straight line; in fact, it contains no angle greater than ten degrees. As to the method of laying this pipe line, it was started from a point about seventy-five feet from the powerhouse and laid up the hill. The last joint was connected up to the powerhouse by riveting in a collar on a warm day, and, inasmuch as all the pipe above had been buried, there was no chance for the pipe to move down hill and thus put a strain on the powerhouse fittings. The second pipe line, parallel to the first one, is still to be installed, and preparations have been made by which it will enter the receiver. The receiver is the same diameter as the pipe now installed, and sets at right angles to it. The water for one unit is taken directly from in front of the pipe line, with one unit on either side. Although this arrangement necessitates making a right angle at the tee, practically no drop in pressure results from this angle. In fact, the drop in pressure is by test only a pound and a half. It will be practicable to shut off the valve on either pipe line and empty it for repairs or inspection without interruption to the plant. A valve will also be placed in the receiver, dividing it into two halves, each fed by one pressure pipe, and so arranged that water for the exciter wheels can be taken from either half. At the head of the pipe line there has been placed a gate, consisting of a rectangular piece of boiler plate working in brass slides, and by means of which the water can be shut off from the pipe line. This gate is under electrical control and is operated by means of a push button placed in the powerhouse. Its valves act by means of oil upon a ram, pressure being given to the oil by reason of a pipe line running to a storage tank filled with oil placed at an elevation of about 127 feet up the mountain side. While it would have been possible to have used water for this purpose during much of the time, it was deemed advisable to use oil, because it will neither freeze in cold weather nor cause either the cylinder or piston to rust.
THE HYDRAULIC FEATURES OF MILL CREEK NO. 1 PLANT.
The hydraulic features of Mill Creek Plant No. 1 were installed under the direction of W. C. Butler of Redlands, hydraulic engineer to the Redlands company, and, as first installed, the wheels were supplied with water at a head of 377 feet, but in 1896 the pipe line was extended a distance of 3,000 feet up the canyon, which increased the head to 530 feet, and at the same time the Pelton wheels and nozzles were changed. The pipe line then consisted of 10,250 feet of riveted steel pipe, beginning with No. 12 gage at the upper end and terminating in 156 at the receiver. The pipe line was thirty inches in diameter, while the receiver had a diameter of forty-eight inches, and upon it the nozzles were riveted. The water wheels were arranged underneath the receiver, with the wheel shaft set at right angles to it, and, the shaft being extended through the wall into the powerhouse, the nozzles discharged into a common tail-race running longitudinally just outside the wall of the powerhouse. At the time these alterations were effected a third machine of similar capacity was installed, and its mode of installation was the counterpart of that of the two previous machines, with the exception that it was given two bearings.
THE HYDRAULIC FEATURES OF MILL CREEK NO. 2 PLANT.
It was in 1898 that the load which had been thrust upon the original Redlands plant became so heavy as to make it imperative that further power should be developed, and fortunately the location of Mill Creek was such that all the water which ran through plant No. 1 was susceptible to prior use by diverting it further up the canyon and applying it at a new location, known as No. 2 plant, which could be situated so that the water from its tail-race would be immediately taken up by the intake of the pipe line of No. 1 plant. In line with this policy the construction of Mill Creek plant No. 2 was begun on the 24th day of October, 1898, and it was completed upon the 1st day of September, 1899, having been carried on continuously between those dates.
The map on page 13 gives not only the location of the power plants of The Edison Electric Company in San Bernardino County, but also shows the routes of Santa Ana River and Mill Creek, as well as the locations of their waterways and diversions. The water from Mill Creek No. 2 plant is diverted by means of a tunnel about 400 feet in length, the upper end of which passes under the bed of Mill Creek at a depth of eighteen feet below the surface. This tunnel collects the underflow of the stream by intercepting it as it passes through the voids in the gravel and sand comprising the channel. The surface flow is diverted into the tunnel through a shaft communicating with the level of the tunnel and located near the bank of the stream. This shaft is lined with concrete and has a grating of steel T-rails in the side adjoining the stream, through which the water enters it, and by means of this grating all debris and rocks are excluded from the shaft and tunnel. There is also a gate for regulating the amount of water entering the shaft, placed just outside of the T-rail grating. A concrete dam three feet above the level of the stream channel deflects the water into the shaft. There is a sluice gate in this dam, by the opening of which the water passes down the stream instead of into the tunnel. The tunnel is partly in solid rock and partly in boulders and gravel, being timbered or concrete lined with the latter.
There are twenty-two flumes along the line of power plant No. 2. These are for crossing ravines and flats lying below the grade line and passing along the sides of certain rocky and precipitous cliffs. They are each from twenty-two to 400 feet in length and usually consist of sixteen-foot spans. In some cases where footings for the trestles could not be found that close together the spans are made thirty-two feet long and supported by hog-chain trusses. The dimensions of flume are thirty-six inches wide by twenty-six inches deep, the flume box being constructed of one-and-one-half-inch clear surfaced redwood, placed in position longitudinally to the flow of the water. The trestles, caps, stringers and yokes are all of clear Oregon pine, and all footings for trestles are constructed of cement concrete. Flumes in exposed places are heavily covered with planks and timbers from two to six inches in thickness. Such covering is for the purpose of protecting the flume against rolling boulders and landslides.
Flume No. 1 is located between the intake tunnel and the sand box. All the other flumes are in the conduit below the sand box, being distributed throughout the entire line. The most notable and picturesque of these flumes is the one known as Sheep Cliff flume, which is constructed along the side of a nearly vertical cliff. The total combined length of all the flumes on power plant No. 2 is three-fourths of a mile.
The remaining portion of the gravity conduit not in flume consists of Portland cement concrete pipe having an internal diameter of twenty-two inches. The length of such concrete pipe is two and one-quarter miles. The pipe was made in two-foot sections with a thickness of shell of two inches. The material used was the natural gravel and sand taken from Mill Creek wash, screened through one-and-three-quarter-inch mesh, three parts, and Portland cement, manufactured at Colton, Cal., one part, by measure. After the materials were properly wet, and thoroughly mixed, the pipe was made in forms such as are ordinarily used for the purpose. When time for curing had elapsed, the pipe sections were hoisted, two for each trip, on a standing line cable extending from the bottom of Mill Creek Canyon to the trench grade on the mountain side above. From the platform at the upper end of hoists the pipes were rolled in the trench to the place where they were used. Joints used in laying the pipe were of the Ogee type, with heavy cement collars on the outside and smooth finish inside.
At the intake of the pipe, below the sand box and at the lower end of each flume, taper pipes from twenty-six to twenty-two inches inside diameter were used for the purpose of overcoming any possible loss of carrying capacity due to entry head. The trenches were laid out in such a manner as to create no curve having a lesser radius than eighteen feet, while nearly all curves are of more than fifty feet radius.
The grade of the gravity conduit, both the flumes and pipe, is two-tenths of a foot per 100 feet, and the result of the construction of the flumes and pipes above described on this grade was to produce a conduit having a capacity of ten second-feet of water.
The maintenance of the twenty-two-inch pipe is made easy by manholes along the line, which are located at intervals of 500 feet. The pipe, after being laid, was covered with from two to three feet in depth of soil and rock, which protects it from landslides and rolling boulders.
After passing through the intake tunnel and flume No. 1 the water enters the sand box or settling basin of concrete. This is twenty-two feet wide by fifty feet long and is divided into five compartments by means of concrete cross walls. The depth of the sand box is five feet along the upper side and nine feet along the lower. In addition to having a slope of four feet in twenty-two thus created, the bottom of each chamber is V-shaped, so that sand collected can easily be expelled by sluicing through the gate at the lower end of the chamber. A flume passing along the upper side makes it possible to deliver the water into any one of the five chambers, from which it can pass on from one compartment to the other through wide crested weirs, until it finally reaches the pipe line. The large cross section occupied by the water while passing through the sand box reduces its velocity so that silt carried in suspension will be deposited when it reaches the pipe line.
There were originally five tunnels constructed on the line of No. 2 power plant. These are of the following lengths: Tunnel No. 1,400 feet; tunnel No. 2, 450 feet; tunnel No. 3, 450 feet; tunnel No. 4, 570 feet; tunnel No. 5, 140 feet.
Concrete pipes, the same as laid in the trench, are laid through all the tunnels. Since the construction of the plant another tunnel, located between tunnels Nos. 3 and 4, has been added. This takes the place of flume No. 18, which was slightly damaged in a storm, thus deeming it advisable to drive a tunnel behind the canyon spanned by this fume. The length of this new tunnel is 173 feet.
At the end of the gravity conduit a forebay, twenty feet by seventeen feet, inside measurement, and from five to ten feet deep, has been constructed of concrete masonry. The purpose of this is two-fold, namely, to allow the water to settle before entering the pressure pipe, so that silt which may have been washed into the conduit, through possible breaks, will be deposited, and so created a penstock for submerging the inlet of the pressure pipe. The very decided slope of the forebay bottom renders it extremely easy to expel accumulated sediment through the waste gate placed in the lowest corner of the structure.
The length of pressure pipe from forebay to powerhouse is 1,411 feet, giving a fall of 627 feet between the two points. This pipe is eighteen inches inside diameter, and is manufactured from steel plate, No. 14 to No. 0, B. W. G. The pipe is made with double-riveted longitudinal seams and single-riveted round seams. It is double-dipped in asphaltum to preserve it against rusting. The whole line is laid in a trench from three to six feet deep, and carefully back-filled with earth and rock.
Heavy anchors of concrete are placed, extending all around the pipe, at five different points on the line. These are dovetailed into the solid rock in the sides and bottom of the pipe trench, and will prevent movement of the pipe line under all possible conditions. At the end of the main pressure pipe there is a large cast steel Y, by means of which the line is branched into three pipes, two of which are thirteen inches in diameter and conduct water to the two generators operated from this pipe line, while the third is six inches in diameter, being used for supplying water to the two exciters. Since the curves made in branching the pipe are all of long radius, there are no losses of head due to elbows and angles. The pipe line is well equipped with blow-offs, air valves and pressure gauges. There is also a stand-pipe for the escape of air bubbles located at a point twenty feet lower than the forebay, an air chamber for counteracting water hammer, located near the powerhouse. and two eighteen-inch gate valves, one at each end of the main pipe line. The factor of safety for everything entering into the construction of the pipe line ranges from five to six, and its operation for more than two and one-half years has shown it to be perfect in every respect.
For the overflow of the forebay a waste flume, constructed of two-inch clear surfaced redwood, and 1,200 feet in length, extends down the slope of the mountain to Mill Creek. This waste flume is for carrying any portion, or all, of the water flowing in the gravity conduit back to Mill Creek stream when it is not passing through the pressure pipe. It has a capacity sufficient to carry all of the water flowing in the gravity conduit, and it is securely anchored to the bedrock and soil of the mountain.
The water, after passing through the water wheels, or when deflected from there, passes out through a tunnel from each wheel pit, and below the powerhouse floor. In these tunnels, and immediately beyond the line of the generators, are placed upper and lower curved deflector plates. The stream, when either partly or wholly deflected, strikes the upper plate, which is anchored in the arch of the tail-race tunnel, and is turned down, striking the other plate in the tunnel floor. The curve of the lower plate is such as to again direct the water along the floor of the tail-race, in which manner it passes for a distance of thirty feet beyond the outside of the powerhouse, entering the main tail-race.
The main race is of concrete for a distance of forty-five feet, after which a flume four feet wide and three feet deep conducts it a distance of 790 feet across a channel of Mill Creek, delivering it into the forebay at the head of Mill Creek No. 1 power conduit. This tail-race flume is constructed of clear redwood, from one and one-half to two inches in thickness, on a trestle work from four to sixteen feet in height. The arrangement of the tail-races has proven entirely satisfactory. When the stream is wholly deflected the force of the jet is completely neutralized by the two deflectors, causing the water to pass through the portion of the tail-races beyond at an ordinary velocity. The wear of the plates up to the present time has been very slight; but should it ever become necessary, they can readily be replaced by new ones, since they are bolted down on the concrete and not embedded in it.
The powerhouse, which was thirty-seven and one-half by forty feet, is built entirely of concrete masonry and steel, and is equipped with a fifteen-ton traveling crane. The walls and floor of the building are of concrete and the roof is a steel truss of flat and angle bars covered with galvanized corrugated iron.
The designs and superintendence of construction for the above were by F. C. Finkle, during 1898 and 1899, as chief engineer of the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, which built the plant. The water wheels were designed by the Pelton Water Wheel Company, and the electrical equipment by the General Electric Company, but were installed under the superintendence of H. H. Sinclair, president, and F. C. Finkle, chief engineer, of the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company.
THE HYDRAULIC FEATURES OF MILL CREEK NO. 3 PLANT.
There was one month’s active construction on this power plant during July, 1899. After this and until July 1, 1901, work was carried on with a small force driving tunnels. On July 1, 1901, a large construction force was again put in the field, and the plant will be completed about January 15, 1903.
The intake is similar to the one constructed for plant No. 2, being a tunnel 350 feet in length projected through a spur of the mountain and under the bed of the stream at a depth of fifteen feet below the surface. The tunnel effectively collects all the underflow of the creek at this point. The surface flow is diverted into the tunnel by a shaft exactly similar to the one at intake No. 2 plant.
There is only one flume along the whole line of the gravity conduit, and this is for the purpose of conducting the water from tunnel No. 1 into the sand box. It is of two-inch clear surfaced redwood, four feet wide by three feet deep, and about 200 feet in length. The sand box is practically 100 feet long by fifty feet wide, and built according to the plan of sand box for plant No. 2, with the following exceptions: There are eight chambers twelve and one-half feet wide by fifty feet long; the slope in each of these towards the gate is four feet in fifty, and all of the dividing walls between the chambers is three feet below the water surface in the sand box, except the middle wall, which is higher than the water surface, and allows the water to pass through a gate instead of over the wall.
While the precautions which have been taken to clear the water which will be applied to the water wheels of Mill Creek plant No. 3 are unusually thorough, it should be remembered that the high head at which these wheels operate make it necessary that the water should be as free from grit and sediment as is possible.
There are five places along the line of the gravity conduit requiring inverted siphons. These are described as follows:
These siphons are equipped with blow-offs, air valves and bell-mouth taper inlets. The profile of the line gives such an hydraulic head on each siphon as to make the carrying capacity of each twenty second-feet of water, regardless of the fact that they vary in diameter. All the siphon pipes are laid in covered trenches, with the top of pipe three feet below surface of ground.
There will be about 25,000 lineal feet of concrete pipe of thirty-one inches inside diameter. The shell of this pipe is three inches thick. It is made of wash sand and gravel, screened through two-and-one-half-inch mesh, two and one-half parts, to Portland cement one part, by measure. The mortar is well mixed, sprinkled to make it wet, and tamped in forms such as are ordinarily used for making cement pipe. The pipe is made in two-foot sections and laid with heavy cement collars outside for joints, and plastered smoothly inside. The trench is back-filled to cover the pipe at least three feet everywhere. The pipe is laid through all of the tunnels, as well as along the open country between them, except where siphons are constructed. The grade of the gravity conduit is two-tenths of a foot per roo feet, which will give a carrying capacity of twenty cubic feet per second.
There are nineteen tunnels on line of power plant No. 3 in Mill Creek. They are excavated four feet wide by six feet high in the clear. The length of each of these tunnels is given in the following table:
At the end of the gravity conduit is located a forebay sufficient to hold ten second-feet of water, continuous flow, for six hours. The purpose of this structure is to store the surplus water at times when the load on the plant is light and make it available on the peak load, extending over about six hours each day. The forebay is constructed by throwing an earthen dam twenty feet long on the bottom, 166 feet long on the top, and thirty feet high across a ravine at the head of the pressure pipe. The dam is rendered impervious by paving its up-stream slope with cement, and all weak places in the bottom and sides of the reservoir will also be similarly paved. The great value of this storage in connection with No. 3 power plant can readily be seen when we remember that ten second-feet, for six hours, through power plant No. 3, means 1,500 actual electrical horsepower during that time, and 400 such horsepower more through the company’s No. 1 plant, through which the water will also pass after leaving No. 3 plant.
The pipe line from the forebay to powerhouse No. 3 is 8,400 feet long and has a fall of 1,960 feet from the water level in forebay to powerhouse floor. The main line consists of 2,485 feet twenty-six-inch pipe, 2,150 feet twenty-four-inch riveted pipe, and 3,450 feet twenty-four-inch lap-welded, with eighty-two feet eighteen-inch and 233 feet fourteen-inch pipe for branch lines to the four different units. All twenty-four-inch and twenty-six-inch pipe is continuous riveted pipe, varying in thickness from No. 14 to 0000, B. W. G., and all other twenty-four-inch pipe is lap-welded from seven-sixteenths to seven-eights inches in thickness. The eighteen and fourteen-inch branch pipes are also lap- welded of five-eights and one-half-inch metal, respectively. The material used for all these pipes is open-hearth, box-annealed steel, of 40,000 to 60,000 pounds per square inch tensile strength. All joints, except those used in laying the eighteen and fourteen-inch branches, are riveted; the latter are made with solid welded steel flanges. The branching of main pipe lines is done by means of cast steel Ys and curves having radii from nine to twelve feet. All flanges on these specials are also of cast steel. The line is fully equipped with air valves, blow-offs and pressure alleviators, which make accidents caused by the formation of a vacuum or by the presence of water hammers impossible of occurrence.
The joints used in laying the force main of the pipe line of Mill Creek plant No. 3 were made in the following manner: On riveted pipes all joints are made by means of a single row of rivets, such joints being in what is known as ’round seams.’ The details for this riveting are shown by the sketch on page 39. The description of the work is as follows. The holes are punched with a multiple punching machine in a manner to make them all meet fairly when the sections of pipe are pulled together. The joint is then riveted, cold rivets being used on all gages lighter than No. 8 B. W. G. and hot rivets for all heavier gages. After the seams are riveted the pipe is chipped and calked to make a perfect union, metal to metal, entirely around the circle of the joint. Where the lap in the joint occurs the metal of the overlapping sheet is also chipped and calked in the same manner. After this is done the inside and outside are painted with asphaltum to protect the pipe against the action of water and soils.
The joints on lap-welded pipes are made in two different ways. On the lighter pipes what is known as the ‘expanded’ or ‘bump’ joint is employed. One end of the pipe section is swelled sufficiently to permit the other to enter it. Holes are punched through both thicknesses of metal where the insertion of one pipe into another is made and the riveting is done by means of hot rivets in the same manner as shown for round seams for riveting pipes in the drawing herewith. The joint is also chipped and calked in the same manner as on riveted pipe. For the lighter gages of lap-welded, expanded-joint pipe one row of rivets is employed in making the joint, but for metal having a thickness of from five-eighths to three-fourths of an inch, two rows are used, and the rivets staggered in the same manner as when making straight seams on riveted pipe. The diameter of rivets used for these heavier pipes is seven-eighths of an inch. A portion of the lap-welded pipe is made with solid welded steel flanges. The joint employed in laying these pipes is also shown in the sketch which applies to the lap-welded pipe with shell three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The principle of this joint is that a groove runs entirely around the flange, as shown in the separate drawing, into which is squeezed a five-eighths-inch circular rubber gasket. This gasket is made in the form of a circle and not of the exact diameter of the groove in the flange. It is inserted into this groove and pressed into the space shown when the flanges are drawn together so as to have their faces come metal to metal. The principle of this joint is excellent, since the possible escape of water from the interior of the pipe, and the pressure against the rubber gasket which may be due to it, simply tend to press the gasket more firmly into the recess in the flange, thereby making an absolute guarantee against leaks. There is no chance for this gasket blowing out, since the flanges are drawn up by means of the bolts so as to have the two metal faces in perfect contact.
SANTA ANA POWERHOUSE NO. 1.
A substantial concrete building, having an inside length of 127 feet and being thirty-six feet in width, houses the machinery that constitutes the plant known as Santa Ana Station No. 1. The building is, in fact, one single piece of monolithic concrete, and no iron is used in its construction except that necessary to support the crane and steel roof. This crane spans twenty-seven feet of the building, one side being supported on the wall nearest the water wheels, and the other side being supported by iron columns practically in line with the switchboard. Each generator, with its Pelton water wheel, is mounted on a base plate having three common bearings, and the four generators and water wheel sets which constitute the plant are arranged with shafts parallel to the long way of the building. The water is directed upon the wheels by means of a deflecting nozzle which leaves the receiver at right angles, and when the stream is deflected from the wheel it is projected through a tunnel beneath the floor of the powerhouse and outside the building through a covered duct. The latter part is lined with boiler plate to a point about seventy-five feet from the wheel, where these separate ducts are united to a common canal twelve feet wide and ten feet deep. The accompanying illustrations and drawings give the details of this very interesting piece of construction, which it is confidently believed is the peer of any similar work to be found elsewhere. The water in the transverse section of the tail-race is kept at such a height that it is just awash with the wheel-pit linings, or practically three feet below the buckets of the wheels. This results in a cushioning effect, which quiets the jet when the nozzle is deflected. So far as known, this arrangement is the first of its kind ever applied to wheels of the Pelton type, and by means of it each individual wheel and its wheel pit are easily accessible without interference from the discharge water from the other wheels, and as a result the arrangement permits the exercise of diligence in the maintenance and inspection of that part of the hydraulic plant.
Each generator and wheel are, as stated, mounted upon a common castiron base with three bearings. The generators are of the revolving field type, running at 300 revolutions per minute, and being each of a capacity of 750 kilowatts. They are wound with a bar winding for 750 volts, and the armature is three-phase Y connected, delivering current at fifty cycles. The plant at present contains four such units, with foundations for four more similar units, to be installed when the second pressure pipe is put in. The exciter units are three in number, each having a capacity of thirty kilowatts at 175 volts, and are direct connected to suitable Pelton wheels. The generator wheels are governed by Type F. Lombard governors, which operate to deflect the nozzle, and are actuated by water at a head of approximately 120 feet, supplied by an independent reservoir. This is in turn furnished by water taken from the main pipe line. These governors were the first of the type named that were ever manufactured, and the entire plant and system was constructed with the idea of maintaining water wheel regulation of the highest possible degree of perfection. In this the expectations of the company’s engineers have been fully realized, for they contend that better governing has been obtained in the hydraulic plant of the Santa Ana station than it is possible to secure with a steam plant, unless it be in the use of steam turbines. The exciters are governed by small mechanical sectroidal governors. The water wheel and exciter governors were furnished by the Pelton Water Wheel Company, as was also the receiver, together with its connections and valves. The generators were furnished by the General Electric Company. The generator switchboard is a simple arrangement, with double busbars, having a separate panel for each generator, and total output panel, with suitable recording and integrating instruments, and two transformer panels, each containing two sets of transformer switches. All of the switches are of the quick-break knife type and have been perfectly satisfactory. The exciter panels are also in duplicate. All low tension wiring is of 700,000 circular mils. cable, which is carried from the transformer switches to the transformers through an air duct which runs beneath the floor. The twelve 250-kilowatt transformers used are all of the air-blast type and are carried on I beams, each group of three being placed in a row across the transformer pit, which is of sufficient depth to allow a man to get underneath the transformers should it be necessary. Through these transformers the generator potential of 750 volts is stepped up to 33,000 volts in Y-connection, the neutral point being grounded at the station.
As is clearly shown in the illustration on page 24, the high potential board is mounted in a gallery over and slightly to the rear of the generator board, and it consists of a transformer panel for each three-phase group of transformers, two line panels, and one connecting panel, which consists of a double busbar arrangement with double throw switches. By means of these switches the connecting panel may be divided in half, making it possible to operate on either of the two transmission lines on one-half of the bank of transformers, so that either half of the high-tension board may be rendered dead for repairs or cleaning. This high-tension board is half-way between the inner rail of the crane and the wall of the building, facing the tail-race, while the transformers are in line with the space back of the low-tension board on one side and the exciters on the other. All high-tension apparatus is protected by General Electric short-gap lightning arresters having forty-eight gaps to each leg, and the arresters are so adjusted that an arc will hold at about 42,000 volts for a fraction of a minute without injury to the arrester equipment or impairing its usefulness. The highest operating voltage is 34,700.
The Santa Ana station has been in absolutely continuous operation since January 22, 1898 and there is yet to occur the first shut-down of one moment’s duration due to the failure of any part of the canal line, powerhouse or its equipment, and, as far as the machinery of the powerhouse is concerned, there have been no repairs except of a very minor nature, such as renewing a small valve or a small pipe here and there, and other repairs to worn-out nozzle tips and a few buckets for the exciter wheels. Not a single bucket for the large wheels has been changed or altered in any way during the entire period.
THE 33,000-VOLT TRANSMISSION LINE.
The great artery of the transmission system of The Edison Electric Company, is the main transmission line, formerly known as the Southern California Power Company’s transmission line, which runs from the Santa Ana Canyon station almost in a direct line to the Second Street substation (substation No. 1) in the city of Los Angeles. This is the far-famed 33,000-volt eighty-two-mile line, which for years was unequaled, both in length and volt- age, by any line in the world. When the building of this line was projected under the voltages named, the project was strongly opposed by electrical manufacturing companies, who extended no encouragement whatever towards aiding the enterprise, and, in fact, the scheme met with very little encouragement of any character until after it had demonstrated its success. From the outset it was granted that the weakest point in the line was the insulators, for at that time none had been used in regular commercial service at a potential in excess of 15,000 volts, and to more than double the voltage at a single bound was deemed to be a very hazardous and even foolhardy undertaking. Mr. O. H. Ensign, the electrical engineer of the company, was strong in his contention that the plan was entirely feasible and that it would prove of the greatest reliability, an opinion which has since received the unqualified endorsement of not only long service, but of generally universal adoption. It should be recorded as a matter of interest that a representative of C. S. Knowles, of Boston, agent of the Imperial Porcelain Works, gave Mr. Ensign samples of insulators then in use and samples of porcelain which the Imperial Porcelain Works proposed to use in the manufacture of 33,000-volt insulators. Absorption tests showed a radical difference between existing styles of porcelain insulators and the porcelain which it was proposed to use for the insulator in question.
A sample lot of these insulators were eventually turned out at Trenton, where they were examined both by Mr. Sinclair and Mr. Ensign, where-upon the latter took an insulator in its soft state, and with his pocket knife whittled it into the shape now known as the Redlands type of porcelain insulator. Insulators of this pattern were duly furnished by Mr. Knowles, it being expressly stipulated that every insulator was to stand a salt water test of 66,000 volts.
Eventually sufficient insulators were secured to withstand the test applied, and these columns have told heretofore of some experiences encountered in making the test. It is worthy of note that there have been but few insulators lost by puncture since this line was constructed. A cross section of the Redlands insulator as installed on the Santa Ana-Los Angeles transmission line, with dimensional data, accompanies this article, and there will also be found a view of the cross-section of the porcelain insulator used on the original 10,000-volt lines of the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, together with cross-sections of other insulators of equal interest.
This very remarkable transmission line consists of two circuits of No. 1 B. & S. Gage M. H. D. copper wires arranged in an isosceles triangle on a single pole line and supported on insulators of the type described. The line is eighty-three miles long and the weight of copper thereon amounts to 632,000 pounds.
In spite of the fact that the line wires are only from eighteen to twenty-four inches apart in some places, arcs do not hold long between wires when once it is started. The porcelain insulators on this line were all tested with a ten-kilowatt transformer to 70,000 volts before being put up. It was in the erection of this line that the fact was first forcibly demonstrated that insulation breakdown tests of insulators must have plenty of transformer capacity behind them, otherwise the leakage over the insulator may be heavy enough to seriously pull down the voltage of the testing transformer. Only one insulator has proven defective on the entire 83 miles in two years of operation. Of course, some have been broken by being shot at. The high tension sides of the transformers are connected Y-fashion, and the neutral grounded. This, of course. throws a greater strain than would otherwise be on the insulators, especially when the poles and cross-arms are wet, as there is 19,000 volts between wires and ground. Strange as it may seem, there is one case on record where a line wire lay directly on the cross-arm without setting the arm on fire.
Another peculiar thing noticed on this line is that when a broken insulator permits leakage to the pin and cross-arm and thence down the pole to ground the cross-arm is burned only where it touches the pole. The electrical contact between the cross-arm is evidently not very good. The eighty-three miles of line is looked after by two patrolmen, and both of these have other duties — one at the powerhouse and the other at a substation. When a bird or wire goes into the line it starts an arc which in most cases lengthens itself out in the air until it breaks. When a short of this kind occurs the attendants at the substation usually succeed in pulling through without shutting down the synchronous motor-generators, of which there are a number on the line. This is done by instantly tripping the circuit breakers on the direct-current ends of the motor-generators and then opening the field switches of the synchronous motors just far enough, so the field circuits are closed through a resistance by means of a small auxiliary contact on the switch. The synchronous motors are left on the line as induction motors without load for a few seconds until the power is all right and have been brought up to speed; then the fields are thrown in again, the motors jump into step, and the circuit breakers are closed on the direct-current side to resume regular operation. No fuses are put in the high-tension line or at the powerhouse, except that the generators are fused to four or five times their capacity.
Occasionally one of these fuses blows, but is replaced before the service is interrupted. Generators of the type used connected to water wheels do not give sufficient current on short circuit to endanger their windings, hence the practicability of running without fuses. Indeed, fuses would be very much of a nuisance on these lines.
It has been claimed that climatic conditions are favorable in Southern California for such transmissions. They are as regards freedom from lightning, although there is some of this, and there is plenty of rain. The most trying thing, however, is the ocean fog which sometimes drifts up the valley and covers everything with moisture. In such cases the pole tops at high points on the line are luminous at night, but the leakage on the eighty-three miles of line is less than seventeen kilowatts at such times. General Electric short gap arresters are used on this line with one-sixteenth gap between cylinders, and one gap to every 400 volts potential across their terminals, making forty-eight gaps in all. There is a static discharge continuously between the gaps for about half the distance to ground. The balance of the gaps are silent.
One of the features of the main transmission line, which is not only original but extremely effective, consists of so-called rams-horn air-brake pole line switches, details of which are made sufficiently clear by the photographs appearing on page 41 as to seem hardly to warrant detailed explanation, especially in view of the fact that dimensional data appear on page 45 of this issue. The principal of operation, furthermore, is so similar to that of the ramshorn blow-out lightning arrester, which first appeared as an accessory to the Thomson-Houston arc system, that its action must be readily understood. These ramshorn switches are cut into the main line whenever an important branch is taken from it, and at other points, such, for instance, as on each side of the city limits of Pomona, through which the main line passes. The entrance of the main line in Los Angeles substation No. 1 is by these switches, which have been found for this voltage in transmission lines to be perfectly satisfactory in operation. As proof of their effectiveness it may be stated that out of twenty-seven air-blast, 30,000-volt transformers in use on this system, not one single dollar has been spent for repairs since these switches were placed in operation in January, 1898. Marked facility in handling high-tension circuits is got through the use of these switches, as the arrangement makes it possible to carry the load up to the point of break, should such occur on the main line, by steam on one side and by waterpower on the other.
This switch is not as formidable looking as the long break switches in use on most lines of this kind. The distance between the switch jaws is thirteen inches. Extending upwardly from the jaws is a pair of horns made of line wire. Connection between the switch jaws is made with a piece of round brass rod attached to a long, dry, wooden handle. The brass rod and handle is kept from falling out of the switch jaws when the switch is closed by the spring catch shape of the jaws as shown in the section. When it is pulled down out of the switch jaws the arc is carried up between the horns by the heated air and is broken. This switch has never failed to break the circuit when opened under any conditions which have so far existed. Of course, it is seldom used, as most of the circuit opening is done first on the low tension side of the transformers at both powerhouse and substations. The main use of these switches when opening live loaded circuits would be in case a transformer should begin to burn out. Each substation has these switches put in each transformer circuit as well as in the high tension lines as they enter the substation. The insulators on the line are put on wrought iron pins with a wooden sleeve four inches high, covering the pins between the insulator and the cross-arm.
The eighty-three mile transmission line is thus sectioned, with outdoor switches at the end of each section for transferring from one line to another for making repairs without shutting down the substations. At spans across streams these insulators are arranged to take the strain according the diagram on page 51. The company is decidedly in favor of porcelain as against glass for high tension lines because of its mechanical strength.
It is of value to note with what entire success the telephone line is operated on the transmission pole lines, even though the transmission line is run with a grounded neutral. It shows that there is very little leakage on the transmission line. The telephone wires are run five feet below the transmission line on pony glass insulators.
Some odd stories are told regarding the behavior of the 33,000-volt current. A wireman climbing up over a transformer case got his head so near one of the high-tension wires that an arc jumped across the air space to his head. The voltage between the transformer case and ground was about 19,000 volts. The man was picked up for dead, but was resuscitated. A hole was burned in his skull and the skin burned off the soles of his feet. Skin was grafted on to replace his loss and the man recovered, at last accounts being in the employ of the San Joaquin Electric Company at Fresno, Cal.
The most peculiar freak of the 33,000-volt current, however, happened in the Santa Ana Canyon. One of the transmission line poles was guyed to a large boulder by means of an eye-bolt in the boulder. One night an arc got started from one of the lines to the guy wire. An employee of the company passing along saw the flame, and, rushing to the nearest telephone told the powerhouse that a pole was on fire and to get ready to shift over onto the other line. The employees at the powerhouse spent a few anxious minutes watching the instruments and preparing to switch over on a moment’s notice. Minute after minute went by, but no sign of any line disturbance showed on ammeter or wattmeter, nor had there been any noted previously. A party was sent out on the line, but could not find the burning pole. All was dark. The next morning the pole was found. The arc had broken itself, but not before the boulder, through which the current was seeking ground with 19,000 volts behind it, had sweat great drops of slag and burst. The company has evidently discovered a new way to break up rock. The volume of current required must have been very small, as it was not detected by the station instruments.
Mr. J. A. Lighthipe, engineer for the Pacific Coast District of the General Electric Company, and under whose supervision — from the view point of the manufacturers of the machinery — the Santa Ana Canyon plant was installed, thus describes, in an admirable magazine article, the experience had in starting that which was then the highest voltage line in the world:
‘In starting this plant in February, 1899, the potential was raised very slowly — a step at a time. At about 16,000 volts the lightning arresters started jumping, and it was necessary to increase the air gap in them about double. The brush discharge from the balls of the lightning arresters probably bridged over at least half of the air gaps. At about 18,000 volts the instruments at each end of the line gave indications that the current was jumping somewhere. Lowering the potential a few hundred volts stopped it, only to start again as soon as it was attempted to raise the potential. The plant was then shut down and a thorough inspection of the eighty-three miles of line was made without finding any trace of the trouble. The plant was then started at night, and the potential was raised to keep the current jumping, and the trouble was soon discovered. The line men, in running the wires, had crossed the line between two poles so that one wire hung about an inch below the other. This, from the ground, looked like a transposition, and so was not discovered. At about 18,000 volts the current would jump from one wire to the other, then run along the line, increasing its arc until it would break, then jump to the shortest distance again. The station agent at Ontario saw the fireworks two miles down the track and reported by telephone. As soon as the lines were cleared the potential was run up to 33,000 volts with no more trouble.’
POWER PLANT NO. 1 ON KERN RIVER.
Preliminary work on this plant was commenced by the California Power Company, to whose interests The Edison Electric Company succeeded, some time near the close of the year 1900. The first work consisted of preliminary surveys, with some tunnel excavations, which was carried on continuously until September, 1901, when the California Power Company began the construction of necessary roads for reaching the proposed powerhouse location. The above work was all completed and the property transferred to The Edison Company during the year 1902. Since that time The Edison Company has continued the work by constructing all the necessary roads and trails for reaching the various portions of the line and by carrying on the excavation of the various tunnels.
At the present time there is a force of approximately 200 men at work excavating the tunnels and doing other work looking to the speedy completion of the plant. Work is now in progress on fourteen of the twenty tunnels, and preparations are being made to open up the remaining six tunnels within the next thirty days. The work on the tunnels is now being prosecuted by hand drilling, which, in the near future, will give way to the operation of machine drills. With this object in view The Edison Company is now installing a construction power plant of 300 kilowatts capacity, and three fourteen by eighteen duplex air compressors, each to be driven by seventy-five horsepower induction motors. The construction plant will consist of two McCormick turbines working under a net head of forty-five feet, direct connected to two 150-kilowatt three-phase generators. The location of the plant is on the river where a natural waterfall occurs, making it possible to install this plant with only 800 lineal feet of flume for conducting the water to the wheels.
The transmission line is now being erected to distribute the power from this station to the various air compressor stations along the line. There will also be sufficient power from this construction plant to drive fans for ventilating the various tunnels and for supplying lights to the tunnels while they are being constructed. It is expected to have the construction plant, with air compressors and air drills, in operation by the first of February, after which the work of driving tunnels will progress very rapidly.
The conduit for power plant No. 1 will consist principally of tunnels, of which there are twenty altogether. The length of these tunnels will each be as follows:
All the tunnels will be lined with concrete on the inside up to a height of seven feet, which is the level of the permanent flow of water. Carrying capacity of the tunnels will be 350 second-feet of water. Between some of the tunnels will be short flumes for spanning ravines. Level connection in the majority of cases is made by means of an adit driven on the side of the ravine, in which case no flume is required.
The list of flumes to be constructed on this power plant is as follows: flume No. 1, 1,120.6 feet; flume No. 2, 153.5 feet; flume No. 3, 164.1 feet; flume No. 4, 115 feet; flume No. 5, 65 feet; flume No. 6, 85 feet; total, 1,703.2 feet.
All the flumes, with the exception of flume No. 1, will be constructed on steel trestles, the sides and bottom of the flume being made of two-inch redwood plank. Flume No. 1, which crosses a low flat depression between tunnels No. 1 and No. 2, will be erected on a wooden trestle eight feet above the ground with box of two-inch redwood plank. The flumes will be of the same size as tunnels — nine feet wide by seven feet deep.
From the end of the hydraulic conduit, consisting of flumes and tunnels as above described, the water will be taken through an incline tunnel to the power station, where it is delivered under a pressure of 872 feet. The incline tunnel will be driven through the solid rock and lined with a circular tube seven feet in diameter made of No. 10 B. W.G. steel plate, riveted. This tube will be covered with a heavy coating of asphaltum on both its surfaces, and the space between the outer side and the rock sides of the tunnel will be filled with a mixture of concrete, of Portland cement one part, and sand and gravel seven parts. The concrete will be thoroughly mixed and rammed into place between the tube and rock sides of the tunnel in such a manner as to form a perfect wedge. The purpose of the interior tube will be to prevent the seepage of water through the concrete and bedrock of the incline tunnel while the pressure of the water will be resisted by the latter. From the lower end of the force main, constructed by means of the incline tunnel and lining, as above stated, branches made of heavy steel pipes, each twenty-four inches in diameter, will be run to the various water wheel units of the powerhouse.
The intake for power plant No. 1 will consist of a masonry dam twenty feet high constructed on bedrock, and a gate tower with grizzlies and regulating gates for diverting the water into tunnel No. 1. The dam will have a large lake, about three-fourths of a mile in length, in which all of the sediment in the river will settle before being admitted into the power plant. A secondary tunnel driven at a level below the foundation of-the dam will drain the lake at a point some distance above the intake tunnel and will be used as a sluice-way for expelling the sand and detritus collecting in proximity to the intake.
The capacity of power plant No. 1 will be about 18,000 kilowatts at the generating station when the hydraulic conduit is delivering its full flow of water. The low water of the year 1902 at the company’s intake would give a minimum amount of power of 10,000 kilowatts at the power station.
It has been decided to erect a fire-proof station of masonry and steel, in which will be installed 15,000 kilowatts in water wheels and generators. The location for the powerhouse is immediately above the intake of the power plant of the Power Development Company, of Bakersfield. The site is a very excellent one, the foundation being granite bedrock. The Edison Electric Company expects to complete this plant and have power delivered in Los Angeles within two years from date.
POWER PLANT NO. 2 ON KERN RIVER.
The Edison Electric Company has completed the preliminary surveys and begun work on a second plant above its plant No. 1 on Kern River, to be known as power plant No. 2. The diversion point for this proposition is a short distance above the junction of Kern River and Clear Creek. The length of canal required will be eleven and a half miles, which will be constructed of conduit similar in character to the work now being done on power plant No. 1. The net fall available for the second plant will only be 317 feet, and the powerhouse location is immediately above the intake of power plant No. 1. The work on this plant has not progressed sufficiently to give further data at this time, but it will be possible to install a station with the capacity of from 5,000 to 6,000 kilowatts.
POWER PLANT NO. 3 ON KERN RIVER.
The preliminary surveys have been completed and some tunnel excavation has been commenced on a third proposition, located above the town of Kernville on the North Fork of Kern River.
The length of line surveyed is twelve and a half miles, giving a net fall of 760 feet at the power station. At this point it will be possible to install another plant having a capacity of approximately 15,000 kilowatts. The plans and work on this plant have not progressed sufficiently to give detailed information, but it is likely that construction will be of a character similar to that on power plant No. 1.
Still further up the North Fork and above power plant No. 3 are other power rights, which will give two more propositions with a large output of power. These are now being surveyed for the purpose of determining the location as well as method of development.
From aneroid readings and hand level observations made by the engineers of the company, the following approximate data may be given:
Power plant No, 4 will have a fall of about 1,000 feet and the length of canal will be approximately fifteen miles.
Power plant No. 5 will have a fall of 1,200 feet and an approximate canal length of twenty miles.
It will be possible to develop from these two propositions approximately 30,000 kilowatts delivered to the transmission system during ordinary low stages of the water in the river.
The first substation which is entered after leaving the powerhouse is that at Redlands, some eight miles distant, in which are installed three 280 kilowatt General Electric air blast transformers, reducing from 33,000 to 10,500 volts, the primaries of which are Y connected, and these transformers, with a suitable potential regulator, are used to tie into the busbars of the old Redlands system on the 10,000-volt switchboard in this substation. These transformers are connected through a panel on the main switchboard, which contains indicating and recording wattmeters and voltmeters that can be plugged into either leg of either side of the switch. It also contains proper lamp synchronizing devices for throwing the two systems together through 10,000-volt oil break switches of the General Electric type. The ammeter on this section of the switchboard is calibrated to read in kilowatts at 10,500 volts, and it is possible by the use of the regulator and indicating wattmeter and this recalibrated ammeter to keep the power factor very close to unity and still run the two systems at various voltages. The potential regulator is of the I. R. T. motor-driven type, built by the General Electric Company.
The further transformer installation in the Redlands substation consists of a bank of three 11,000 to 2,500 air blast transformers, each having a capacity of 200 kilowatts, for supplying the city of Redlands and vicinity, and also two natural draft transformers of the General Electric type, stepping down from 10,000 volts to 360 volts, for the operation of a 100-kilowatt rotary converter, which supplies 500 volts direct current for the operation of the Redlands street railway. This rotary converter is a ninety-six kilowatt machine with six poles, and its speed is approximately 1,000 revolutions per minute. A very interesting piece of apparatus which is now being installed in this substation, consists of the 200-kilowatt motor generator set built by the General Electric Company, the motor of which is wound for 10,500 volts and the generator is to deliver 550 volts direct current for railway service. This unit is to be started with a compensator.
In addition, the Redlands substation contains a steam plant, consisting of three Stirling water tube boilers, rated at 285 horsepower, each of which carry a pressure of 150 pounds per square inch. Each of these boilers contain 220 three and a half inch tubes, and are fitted for oil burning. The engines therein consist of a compound tandem Hamilton-Corliss sixteen by thirty with thirty-six-inch stroke, which runs at 118 revolutions per minute, and a Wheelock simple Corliss engine having a bore of twenty inches by stroke of forty-two inches and running at seventy-six revolutions per minute. These engines drive, respectively, a sixteen pole, three-phase, 400-kilowatt, 2,400-volt generator at a speed of 375 revolutions per minute, and a General Electric sixteen-pole, three-phase, 2,400-volt, 225-kilowatt generator, also running 375 revolutions per minute. The exciters for these machines are, respectively, Westinghouse, 125-ampere, and General Electric, seventy-two-ampere, 125-volt machines. From this substation is operated the distributing system of the city of Redlands, as well as four 10,000-volt, three-phase, circuits, supplying light and power to San Bernardino Valley.
The next substation on the 33,000-volt line is located at Colton Cement Works, in which are installed three 100-kilowatt, oil-filled, water cooled transformers, supplying current for the operation of induction motors in seventy-five, fifty, forty, thirty and ten horsepower sizes in the Colton Cement Works, as well as for the operation of a 200-horsepower synchronous motor in the same plant.
At Pomona is located the largest substation on the transmission line between Redlands and Los Angeles, and it contains three 150-kilowatt oil-filled transformers and a General Electric constant current arc transformer having a capacity of fifty lights. Regulation is secured through the use of a forty-three-kilowatt I. R. T. motor-driven regulator. This substation supplies Pomona and a number of smaller stations thereabouts with light, as well as a large territory in which water is pumped for irrigation purposes. In addition the company is now installing in this substation three 150-kilowatt, 30,000-volt to 11,000-volt transformers for supplying additional power to the outlying territory.
At Puente another substation contains three 150-kilowatt transformers, stepping down from 31,000 to 11,500 volts, for supplying a circuit twenty-three miles in length which runs through Fullerton, Anaheim and Orange, with a seven-mile branch to Whittier, and ends in the town of Santa Ana, with a small substation in each of the towns named. The substation in Santa Ana contains three seventy-five-kilowatt oil-filled transformers, stepping down from 11,000 to 2,200 volts, with an I. R. T. regulator and a fifty-light constant current General Electric arc transformer with primary wound for 11,000 volts. The company also operates a gas plant in Santa Ana. This was built by the Western Gas Construction Company of Fort Wayne, Ind., and has a capacity of 100,000 cubic feet daily.
At Shorb another branch is tapped from the transmission line, and this branch, which shows the same construction that characterizes the main line, consists of No. 6 copper. Its length is four and four-tenths miles, and it ends in a substation at Pasadena in which there is installed six 150-kilowatt, 30,000-volt to 2,200- volt transformers and one 100-light General Electric series arc transformer. This substation occupies the old plant of the Pasadena Electric Light and Power Company, and of the steam machinery which it formerly contained one 350-horsepower Sioux City Corliss engine has been retained, as well as a Westinghouse 300-kilowatt generator of the 2,200-volt, Y-connected, revolving armature type, which carries a part of the local day load in event the main transmission line is temporarily cut out for alterations or repairs.
The main transmission line terminates, as stated, in the Second Street substation in Los Angeles. This is known as Los Angeles substation No. 1 and it is the principal one in the city. Its electrical transmission equipment consists of six 250-kilowatt air-blast transformers, connected in two banks, Y on primary and delta on secondary, each reducing from 30,000 to 2,200 volts. Three of the three-wire three-phase local lighting circuits are controlled by I. R. T. regulators, and the remaining two circuits, which are still of the single-phase variety, are provided with single-phase regulators of the M. R. type. This substation also contains a steam plant capable of generating 1,500 horsepower.
Los Angeles substation No. 1, commonly known as ‘the Second Street plant,’ is an auxiliary steam station of no mean magnitude for it contains practically 2,000 horsepower in boiler, engine and generator capacity. If to this be added the 4,000 horsepower received by the transmission lines from Santa Ana plant No. 1 for conversion into three phase 2,200-volt current, it will be seen that the output of the combined steam plant and substation aggregates a total of about 6,000 horsepower. To particularize, the steam station contains, one, 650 horsepower compound condensing St. Louis Corliss engine, running at eighty-five revolutions per minute, having cylinders measuring sixteen by thirty inches by a stroke of forty-eight inches. This engine is belted to a 600-kilowatt, 2,200-volt, three phase, Y-connected General Electric generator, also, one 300-horsepower simple Ideal engine, and one 400-horsepower compound Ideal engine, both of which are belted to a jack- shaft from which is belt-driven a 650-kilowatt, three-phase, Y-connected General Electric motor-generator set having 2,200 volts on the alternating current side and 550 volts on the direct current side. Clutch pulleys and suitable switchboard connections enable this motor generator set to be utilized for various self-evident functions. For instance, when driven by the engines, it will deliver power to either or both the 2,200-volt, three phase, or the 500-volt direct current services, or when the jack shaft is cut out it enables the transmission lines to carry the direct current power load, or with the engines it preserves effectively an economical balance on the direct current power load, also, one 300-horsepower Chandler engine, which operates a beltdriven three-phase General Electric, 2,200-volt, Y-connected generator having a capacity of 300 kilowatts.
The boilers of the Second Street steam plant are of the water tube type, one-half of which were furnished by the Babcock & Wilcox Company and the remaining half by the Stirling Company.
The second substation in the city of Los Angeles, known as the Los Angeles substation No. 2, is fed by a 2,200-volt current from substation No. 1, and in this second substation are installed two 300-kilowatt three-phase synchronous motors, each direct connected to two 150-kilowatt, 140-volt, direct current generators, and also one 640-kilowatt synchronous motor direct connected to two 300-kilowatt, 140-volt, direct current generators, which, together with the 140-cell, type H, chloride battery of the Electric Storage Battery Company, operate in parallel on the Edison three-wire distribution in the downtown district. This battery has a capacity on an eight-hour discharge of about 800 amperes, with a maximum discharge rate of about 3,000 amperes, and it is kept floating upon the system throughout the twenty-four hours, and in case of short circuits on the transmission system, it is always ready to take care of the interruption on the three-wire system. It is also used to help out over peak loads and is discharged to its normal capacity each day. It has proven its usefulness in that for three years there has not been so much as a wink in the three-wire system from this station.
With the exception of the 1oo-kilowatt, 500-volt, generator in substation No. 2, which is driven by belting from one of the smaller motor-generator sets, the company’s entire 500-volt direct current power load in the city is operated from suitable generators located in substation No. 1.
At a point some six miles from the Santa Ana powerhouse a branch line is tapped from the main line 30,000-volt transmission and continued up Mill Creek Canyon to No. 3 powerhouse, in which are installed four 750-kilowatt, 430 revolutions per minute, General Electric generators of the revolving field type, and four 750-kilowatt General Electric transformers of the air-blast type, which are noteworthy in that they are the first three-phase transformers in large sizes ever installed on the Pacific Coast. With the exception of these transformers, the electrical features of the plant in Mill Creek plant No. 3 are very similar to those in Santa Ana Canyon, but the hydraulic features are radically different, particularly in the fact that the wheels are to operate under what is undoubtedly the highest head of water applied to any power plant, namely, 1,960 feet. Another portion of this article contains exhaustive details of the hydraulic features of this most interesting plant.
THE SYSTEM OF DISTRIBUTION.
The Edison Electric Company supplies currents in six varieties to the following services:
First — 110-volt incandescent and arc lights, and also 110- and 220-volt motors on a continuous current Edison three-wire underground system in the business district of Los Angeles.
Second — 500-volt continuous current motors on a two-wire underground system in the same district.
Third — Continuous current series arcs in the same district and in Santa Ana.
Fourth — 110- and 220-volt lamps on the two- and three-wire secondaries of an alternating current, fifty-cycle system in the residence districts of Los Angeles, and all parts of Pasadena, Puente, Whittier, Fullerton, Orange, and Santa Ana, Pomona, Claremont, Highlands and Redlands, with 2,200-volts on the primary, the three-phase, three-wire system being used in the larger places.
Fifth — Alternating current series arcs in Pasadena, Pomona and Redlands.
Sixth—110-, 220-, 440-, 550- and 2,080-volt three-phase motors in the above cities and towns, and the surrounding country in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, Riverside, La Habra and Santa Ana valleys from 10,000-, 2,200- and 280-volt primaries.
To supply such services the company runs in parallel one water power plant in Santa Ana Canyon, delivering 33,000 volts, two water power plants in Mill Creek, delivering 33,000 volts, and three steam plants at Los Angeles, Pasadena and Redlands, while its fourteen substations, including the storage battery plant in Los Angeles, are centers of distribution for the power so generated.
From the powerhouse in Santa Ana Canyon, which is described elsewhere, the great artery of the system at 33,000 volts extends eighty-three miles to Los Angeles, the only 33,000-volt spur of which reaches out to Pasadena from Shorb, a distance of four miles. At Puente this pressure is reduced to 11,000 volts, at which pressure distribution is effected to substations there and in Whittier, Fullerton, Anaheim, Orange and Santa Ana.
A scorpion-shaped 10,000-volt system distributes power in the San Bernardino and Riverside Valleys (Redlands District), which is essentially supplied by the two Mill Creek powerhouses, but which is tied into the 33,000-volt line by three 180-kilowatt transformers at Redlands. It will also be tied in by a 33,000- to 10,000-volt substation at Colton when the new Mill Creek No. 3, 33,000-volt powerhouse is completed, and which will deliver its output in current into the present 33,000-volt line at Mentone. A seven-mile 10,000-volt pumping circuit is shortly to be established at Pomona.
To give an idea of the magnitude of the property of The Edison Electric Company the following table is presented, the lengths being given in miles:
Total 33,000-volt line… miles, 87.
Los Angeles underground Edison tubes, for 110 to 220 volts… 9.3.
Los Angeles underground feeder cable for same… 13.3.
Los Angeles underground Edison tubes for 500 volts… 8.5.
Los Angeles underground feeder cables for same… 1.1.
Total miles of pole line belonging to company… 407.
Total number of poles belonging to the company… 16,497.
The 33,000-volt lines are composed of two three-phase circuits of three No. 1 B. and S. gage medium hard-drawn copper wires, strung upon thirty-five-foot round cedar poles, and, except in cities and a few other instances, they are spaced forty-four to the mile and supported on two-pin and four-pin cross-arms, with bolt-centered oak pins. The insulators are white glazed porcelain six-inch, triple petticoat, manufactured at Trenton, N. J., by C. S. Knowles, especially for this line. In addition the pins have a porcelain base butting into the cross-arms.
The distance between the wires on the lower cross-arm is seventeen inches, while the inter-axial distance between the wires of the other two legs of the circuit is twenty-eight inches. The south circuit, however, is spiraled one-third of a turn every eighty-eight poles, while the north circuit is spiraled every forty- one poles, thus quite neutralizing the effect of unequal self-inductances in the different legs, as well as the mutual inductance and capitance between the two circuits and balancing the capacity of the different legs of both circuits with respect to each other. The wires on the lower cross-arm were put close together to come within the right of way purchased from the Southern Pacific Railway Company, parallel with which it runs for nearly eighty-two miles out of the eighty-seven miles of its entire length. A telephone line composed of two No. 13 copper wires is strung on brackets five feet below the lower transmission wires, and is transposed every seven poles.
An extensive pumping and general power service is furnished along the three-phase, 10,000-volt lines, which are of many different constructions, as they were installed when long-distance transmission was young. The Redlands-Colton-Riverside 10,000-volt system was constructed, in from 1896 to 1897, with white porcelain insulators, but it has since been found that not so much care is necessary with this pressure, and a much cheaper glass insulator is fully as efficient. In fact there is some temporary work now installed on ordinary double glass, double petticoat insulators, and even on pony glass insulators. The engraving on page 54 shows a few pins and insulators used on about two miles of line from Colton City to the cement works in the worst kind of service possible. In fact nearly every kind of insulator has been used on the 10,000-volt line, types of some of which are shown on page 54.
As will be noticed from the table, the trunk distributing lines and important branches in the cities and towns are three-wire, while the minor branches are balanced against each other so that the load on the 33,000-volt line is exceedingly well balanced. In many sections the induction motor load along with the lighting is sufficient in itself to balance the circuits.
On the lighting lines the primaries are located on the top cross-arm and the secondaries below, the transformers being hung between the cross-arms, which serve for transformer hanger arms. This effects a thorough separation of primaries and secondaries, so that they cannot be crossed with one another, and insures greater safety to line and trouble men. The method is illustrated on page 51.
The series incandescent lamps are placed on a goose-neck bracket and are shunted by an auxiliary lamp on the pole which cuts in when the main lamp burns out or is broken. The shunting device is a piece of shellacked paper between two ball points in a tin can, the whole fitting being home-made, but giving very satisfactory service.
The company is now at work on a reorganization of its lines in Los Angeles County, since the circuits are outgrowing the conditions originally contemplated, and when this reorganization is effected the distribution will be laid out from centers in such a manner as to give all sections the same voltage.
There is little to be said in regard to secondary distribution except in the case of Whittier, which is furnished with an all-secondary three-wire 440-volt and 220-volt lamps, parts of the town being furnished from the three-phases in such a manner as to balance the 10,000-volt primary line and transformers. It has been calculated that this is the most economical system for distribution within a radius of 6,000 feet.
WHERE POWER IS USED.
The San Bernardino Valley Traction Company, now operating lines from San Bernardino to Colton, is supplied with power from the 10,000-volt line through a 10,000-volt motor generator in its substation at San Bernardino. This machine is a single coil per pole per phase, with a revolving field, and rated at a capacity of 243 kilowatts. Some anxiety was felt lest it should pump on The Edison Company’s line, which is furnished with generators of a supposedly different wave form. No trouble of any kind, however, has been experienced. This synchronous motor generating set is started from the direct-current side by means of a small rotary converter furnished by a 10,000-volt transformer from the main line. The power so furnished is metered by a 10,000-volt primary meter of the familiar Thomson polyphase form. The view on page 55 shows the construction of the motor, which was manufactured by the Bullock Electric Manufacturing Company, and which is so built that the revolving field pieces may be slid to one side. The company intends shortly to extend its line to Highland and thence to Redlands, this machine being large enough to supply all such service. This is the largest motor which the company has on its line.
An interesting application of an induction motor is found in Redlands where a fifteen horsepower three-phase ‘type F’ induction motor of Westinghouse make, operates the passenger elevator of the Casa Loma hotel. This installation is illustrated on page 52.
The largest aggregate power consumers, however, are pumping plants, the principal districts of which are located around Pasadena, Santa Ana, Pomona and Redlands. Many of these contain Downey, Leuitweiler and other deep well pumps, but the majority are centrifugal plants, working singly on the shallow wells and tandem on the deep ones, some pumping water under heads from 100 to 150 feet. The plants are fitted with primary switch fuses, Thomson polyphase meters, secondary fuses and switches, and the majority of them having run for seven years without a cent’s worth of repairs being necessary. This fact, and the great reliability of the apparatus and service, is rapidly displacing distillate, gasoline and steam engines for this work throughout the country. As illustrating this point, one man, besides his regular duties in a water company, tends to operating seven pumping plants, for which he receives $5 per month. If for any reason the power goes off, the motors will stop and the fuses blowing will cut them out when the power comes on again. It is then only necessary to go around and replace the fuses and start the motors up.
By far the most extensive user of power for a pumping plant is the Riverside Trust Company, whose wells are located in the bed of the Santa Ana River, about two miles southeast of San Bernardino. This company uses fifty-horsepower and thirty-horsepower motors, which are located in plants of very neat and substantial construction. A photograph of one of these pumping plants is presented on page 54. These plants work under very small headway and pump very large volumes of water to the gage canal furnishing water to Riverside and the surrounding country.
Among the records of the Interior Department there was one made some time last fall, carefully covering the territory under irrigation from electrically operated pumps in San Bernardino Valley, and it was there conclusively shown that the amount of water thus made available for use by irrigators, covered one-half as much ground again as that covered by the natural flow of the streams from the power of which the electricity is generated.
In the Raymond Hotel a six-wire three-phase system on three transformers was adopted to balance the phases under all conditions of load. The company furnishes the Mount Lowe Railway, previously described in THE JOURNAL, through an induction motor generating set. The compressors for the plant of the Union Ice Company at Mentone are run by a 150-horsepower synchronous motor, heretofore described, and illustrated on page 53.
At the Colton Cement Works, near Colton, the company maintains a substation as stated heretofore for the operation of the cement works wherein are induction motors of various sizes from ten to seventy-five horsepower, as well as a 200-horsepower synchronous motor. These works are now consuming about 250 horsepower, but it is shortly to become the largest single consumer of power from the transmission line, as the plant is about to be increased to a consumption of from 500 to 700 horsepower in synchronous and induction motors to be located in various parts of the works for the purpose of operating its marble quarries, rock crushers, roasters, powder mills, sacking machines and various other characters of service.
Many other services, such as sawing wood, ventilating, meat chopping, coffee grinding, machine shop work, elevators, lemon and other fruit polishers and cleaners and sorters, are supplied, besides the municipal substations and distributing systems in the cities of Riverside and Colton.
SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
The same building which houses Mill Creek station No. 3 also contains station No. 2, in which are, as has been previously stated, two 250-kilowatt, General Electric, 11,000-volt generators and two thirty-five-kilowatt 125-volt exciters, together with the accompanying switchboard equipment. The method of operating this system as a whole, with so many plants tied together, is one that is accomplished on the basis that the main transmission line is to be relied upon for continuous service. It is a very uncommon thing for switches to be pulled out and for machines to be synchronized for any other purpose than cleaning up. Short circuits are, however, bound to occur on the line from various causes, and the procedure adopted on the circuits of The Edison Electric Company are not only unique, but are undoubtedly of great effectiveness, as the voltage chart on page 51, which was one selected by the writer at random from last year’s charts, will certainly attest. In case of a short circuit it is the custom that the Santa Ana station, which supplies the most power, will stay on the line to the full capacity, maintaining strong generator fields. The other plants of the system will either break the fields of their generators or throw the water off the exciter wheels, as may be deemed best, and this action will immediately throw a strong impedance on the line which will tend to break the arc, and if the short is not due to a wire down or something equally serious, everything will be in perfect condition for operating again within five or ten seconds, whereupon the machines which have broken fields will be pulled into synchronism with the generators in the Santa Ana station as soon as the arc breaks. In this procedure the apparatus must depend upon the governors of both engines and water wheels to keep the speed approximately correct. When the arc breaks all machines being on the line with fields open act as induction motors and are pulled so closely into step that when the fields are again energized they come fully into step. In exceedingly rare instances, in fact only three times since the line was put in operation, has it occurred that this plan of handling short circuits would not operate, but as the usual thing, interruptions due to malicious meddling, baling wire, or possibly to large birds, are met and overcome in this manner with perfect satisfaction.
It is a matter of interest in alternating current working, to call attention to the fact that inasmuch as there are fifteen different sizes and types of generators operating on this system, there must of course be a considerable variation in the wave forms of them, and yet hunting of generators is unknown on the system. The charging current, which, it was thought when this line was built, might become a serious item, is an utterly negligible quantity. As recent measurements made on the main transmission line by single circuits proved that, although the apparent energy lost was approximately 600 kilowatts, the loss in actual energy was about seventeen kilowatts. One of these lines is transposed at every fifty-first pole, and the other one at every eighty-eighth pole, and it has also been found that the line which has the greatest number of transpositions takes 15 percent less charging current to carry the same load.
Before completing the section discussing the generating plants of the system, it should be added that there is now under construction in Los Angeles a steam plant having a capacity of 6,000 kilowatts, in which the units will be of the capacity of 2,000 kilowatts each, to be driven by steam turbines of the manufacture of the General Electric Company. This plant will tie into the general transmission system, and upon its completion the other and less up-to-date steam plants which the company has acquired from time to time will be dispensed with. The system will be thoroughly modern and of high-class quality in every respect. The site of this plant will become the main receiving point for all transmission lines this company is now operating or has under construction, and in consequence it will also be a substation of considerable size.
The electrical engineer of this company is a firm believer in the superiority of motor-generators over rotary converters for use with a frequency as high as fifty cycles, and he claims as high as an all-day efficiency for them as for rotary converters where the substation is supplying both alternating and direct current, as is the case in most transmission plants. If rotary converters are used two sets of static transformers must be put in, one set for supplying the rotaries and the other for supplying alternate current for distribution. With motor generators one set of static transformers only is needed, and they can be worked at higher efficiency than two sets. With synchronous motor generators there is no trouble with pumping or surging as there is likely to be with high frequency rotaries and the high commutator speed of the rotary is done away with. The synchronous motors are always started as induction motors with unexcited fields.
If the business of The Edison Electric Company be viewed from its financial side it will be found to be as sound as are the engineering features of the enterprise, and no concern could have sounder bases. The condition of the finances of the company were shown in a statement presented by Mr. John B. Miller, its president, to Messrs. E. H. Rollins & Sons, Perry, Coffin & Burr and N. W. Harris & Co., bankers, a syndicate formed in the spring of 1902 for the purpose of financeering the consolidation of all the Edison companies, on October 29th, last. From this it appears that The Edison Electric Company is a corporation having its chief place of business in the city of Los Angeles, California, duly organized for the purpose of acquiring, constructing and operating plants for the purpose of generating, transmitting and selling electrical energy; developing and constructing water power plants for the purpose of generating electricity, and for the purpose of generating and distributing gas, and for all other purposes kindred to and consistent with an electric and gas corporation.
It has acquired the franchises, rights, property and all other assets of the following corporations, namely, the Edison Electric Company, Los Angeles, Cal.; the Pasadena Electric Light and Power Company, Pasadena, Cal.; the Santa Ana Gas and Electric Company, Santa Ana, Cal.; the Redlands Electric Light and Power Company, Redlands, Cal.; the Southern California Power Company, Los Angeles, Cal.; the California Power Company, Los Angeles, Cal., and the Mountain Power Company, Los Angeles, Cal. As a result, The Edison Electric Company, by reason of its acquisition of the above corporations, operates generating stations and distributing systems on one general system, connected in the aggregate by 165 miles of 33,000-volt and 10,000-volt transmission lines. Furthermore, its distributing system covers the cities of Los Angeles, Pasadena, Highlands, Redlands, Colton, Riverside, Pomona, Claremont, Whittier, Fullerton, Orange and Santa Ana, as well as the intervening territory, and it consists of 300 miles of overhead three-wire, three-phase, 2,200-volt incandescent and power circuits, arc and incandescent street lighting circuits, and, in the business district of Los Angeles, an underground system, constructed under General Electric Company’s patents, while in Santa Ana the company operates a 100,000-cubic foot gas works, with gas distributing system covering the streets.
The company operates its system under ample and favorable franchises, and because of its ability to produce a large percentage of its power from water power, it is enabled to operate at a low percentage of cost. It should also be added, by way of summarization, that its total present generating capacity in water power plants is 8,758 horsepower, which is reinforced by a present capacity of 2,934 horsepower in steam plants, these respective plants being located as follows:
Southern California Power Company’s water power plant, in Santa Ana Canyon, San Bernardino County, 4,000 horsepower.
Redlands Electric Light and Power Company’s water power plants, Mill Creek Canyon, San Bernardino County, No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3, of 1,250 horsepower, 625 horsepower and 3,000 horsepower capacity respectively.
Redlands substation and steam driven plant, 834 horsepower capacity.
Pasadena Electric Light and Power Company’s steam plant, 600 horsepower.
Edison Electric Company’s steam plant at Los Angeles, 1,500 horsepower.
Total generating capacity in water power plants, 8,875 horsepower, reinforced by 2,934 horsepower in steam plant capacity.
Furthermore, and as already stated, in order to provide for the company’s rapidly increasing business, work is proceeding on a 28,000-horsepower plant on the Kern River, with a 116 mile transmission line to Los Angeles, and a 5,334-horsepower steam plant of the most modern type, at Los Angeles, for emergency purposes.
These properties, covering the most fertile and populous sections of southern California, serve an estimated population of 235,820, compared with 140,540 population in 1890, and with every indication of still further increase in the near future. The company is largely owned by residents of southern California, and its officers and directors are men of large commercial interests and strong financial standing.
The official report by the company for the year ending September 30, 1902, gives the following statement of earnings, which may be accepted as authentic:
The bond interest in the above statement is for the entire mortgage debt now outstanding, whereas the earnings include no income from the Redlands hydraulic plant, No. 3, which will soon be operating with an additional maximum capacity of 4,000 horsepower.
It is conservatively estimated that the earnings for the year ending September 30, 1893, will be:
And that with the completion of the 28,000-horsepower plant on Kern River, the productive capacity of the company will be in- creased between 100 per cent. and 200 percent over its present capacity. The company is capitalized as follows:
The first and refunding 5 percent gold bonds of The Edison Electric Company, amounting to $1,000,000, are dated September 1, 1902, and are due September 1, 1922, they being in denominations of $1,000. Their redemption is optional on any coupon date on and after September 1, 1907, at 110 and interest. Interest is payable on March 1st and September 1st at the office of the Los Angeles Trust Company, Los Angeles, trustee, or at N. W. Harris & Co., New York. Principal payable at the United States Mortgage and Trust Company, New York, co-trustee, where bonds may be registered. The price of these bonds is 102 and interest, subject to prior sale and advance in price.
The trust deed contains a strong sinking fund provision, which requires the company to deposit annually with the trustee, beginning September 1, 1907, 10 percent of its annual net earnings. In case, however, of the lease, sale or consolidation of the company’s property as a whole, such payments shall thereafter be 1 1/2 percent of the par value of the bonds outstanding at the date of the payments. The sinking fund shall be used to retire the bonds of the company at not exceeding the call price of 110 and interest. This bond is non-taxable when held in the State of California.
Referring again to future development, the company, in order to provide for a further large increase of its business, has begun an hydraulic development in connection with its Kern River water rights, as stated, which will require an expenditure of approximately $2,000,000 during the next two and one-half years. The funds for this expenditure are to be secured by the sale of bonds from escrow to the extent of 75 percent of the actual cost, but not exceeding $1,500,000, and the sale of the company’s preferred stock for the balance, thus preserving a strong cash equity in the property over the bonds issued from escrow. When this development is completed, the water from this river, which rises on Mount Whitney (15,000 feet elevation), in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, will be used under an effective head of 840 feet, and it is proposed to install machinery with a capacity of 28,000 horsepower. The installation is designed to deliver a maximum of 18,000 horsepower in electricity in Los Angeles, 110 miles distant. From reports of competent hydraulic engineers, based upon the Government records of the stream covering a period of seven years, the minimum delivery should be 7,000 horsepower.
In view of the character of and the prospective growth in the population and community served, the strong franchise situation and the large amount of water power controlled, it is indisputable that these bonds will ever be regarded as a safe and desirable investment.
In conclusion it should be stated that the trustees of the Edison Electric Company are: Messrs. John S. Cravens, of Pasadena; James C. Drake, of Los Angeles; Henry Fisher, of Redlands; John B. Miller, of Pasadena; Frederick H. Rindge, of Santa Monica; Wm. R. Staats, of Pasadena; H. H. Sinclair, of Pasadena; J. S. Torrance, of Pasadena; Walter S. Wright, of Pasadena; while its executive officers and heads of departments are: Messrs. John B. Miller of Pasadena, president and treasurer; Henry Fisher of Redlands, first vice-president; J. S. Torrance of Pasadena, second vice-president; H. H. Sinclair of Pasadena, third vice-president; Wm. R. Staats of Pasadena, secretary; Walter S. Wright of Pasadena, counsel; W. L. Percey of Pasadena, assistant secretary and assist- ant treasurer; W. H. Workman Jr. of Los Angeles, technical assist- ant to the president; A. E. Halsey of Los Angeles, auditor; F. C, Finkle of Los Angeles, chief hydraulic engineer; O. H. Ensign of Los Angeles, chief electrical and mechanical engineer; C. A. Copeland of Los Angeles superintendent of distribution; A. L. Selig of Los Angeles, general agent; D. A. McGilvray of Pasadena, purchasing agent.
To the several of these gentlemen who have supplied invaluable assistance in the way of information, and to Messrs. Putnam and Valentine and to Mr. B. J. Pierson, superintendent of powerhouses, who have supplied photographs, the thanks of the writer are cordially extended.”
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The Lion Electric Co. and Boivin Evolution recently announced the first sales of Lion8 chassis with fully automated side load bodies to Waste Connections, Inc., a non-hazardous solid waste collection, transfer, recycling, and disposal company. The new electric refuse trucks feature fully electric waste collection bodies and automated arms, the first of its kind in North America.
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The features of the new truck include:
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- Improved brake longevity, due to regenerative braking system
“This investment in zero emission vehicles furthers our continuing efforts to reduce our environmental impact and expand our capabilities within the communities we serve,” said Worthing F. Jackman, president and CEO of Waste Connections.
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Why Organizations Should Plan for Emergencies When an organization plans on how it will respond to an emergency threatening its operations, it is more likely to survive the incident. History has shown that a well thought out, coordinated response helps prevent personal injury, property damage and lessen the resulting confusion.
America's businesses form the backbone of the nation's economy. Small businesses alone account for more than 99% of all companies with employees, employ 50% of all private sector workers and provide nearly 45% of the nation's payroll. FM Global insurer found that 72% of workers feel their employer is not well prepared or may not recover quickly from a natural disaster. Business disaster preparedness adversely affects employee performance and the health of a business. It is crucial for a business to be able to guarantee worker safety.
Oakland County is prone to a variety of disasters including, but not limited to, tornadoes, fire, flooding, severe weather, power outages, workplace violence, and exposure to infectious disease or hazardous chemical release. During a large scale disaster, local response agencies may be overwhelmed and unable to immediately respond to the organization's site. Employees and clients alike will need to know what to do to protect themselves during an emergency. Protecting Your Investments
Creating a plan helps protect investment, supports your employees, customers, community, the local economy and even the country. Safeguard your company and secure physical assets.
Site Emergency Plan
- Review Insurance Coverage - Check with your agent or provider about policies, physical losses, flood coverage, and business interruption. Ask about deductibles and find out what records your insurance provider will want to see after an emergency.
- Prepare for Utility Disruptions - Businesses depend on electricity, gas, telecommunications, sewer and other utilities. Speak with service providers to identify back-up options such as portable generators to power vital aspects of your business.
- Secure Facilities, Buildings and Plants - Install fire extinguishers, smoke alarms and detectors in appropriate places. Identify production machinery, computers, custom parts or other essential equipment needed to operate. Identify more than one supplier to replace or repair vital equipment if damaged or destroyed. Store extra supplies and materials. Plan what you will do if your building, plant or store cannot be used for a given period of time.
- Secure your Equipment - Attach equipment and cabinets to walls or other stable equipment.
- Improve Cyber Security - Protecting data and information technology systems may require specialized expertise. Use anti-virus software and keep it up-to-date. Do not open email from unknown sources. Use hard-to-guess passwords. Protect your computer from internet intruders by using firewalls. Back up your computer data. Regularly download security protection updates known as patches. Subscribe to the Department of Homeland Security National Cyber Alert System at www.us-cert.gov for free, timely alerts on new threats.
A site emergency plan describes, in detail, an organization's policy and procedures for coping with an emergency situation on site. These policies and procedures should define how the organization will protect employees, visitors, contractors and anyone else at the business. Developing the plan is the process of assigning emergency related tasks to individuals in the organization and outlining protective actions to be taken.
If you are specifically told to evacuate, shelter-in-place or seek medical treatment, do so immediately.
Review the Program:
Make a Shelter-in-Place Plan
- Determine which staff, materials, procedures and equipment are absolutely necessary to keep the business operating.
- Review business process flow chart and include emergency payroll.
- Expedited financial decision-making and accounting systems to track and document costs in the event of a disaster.
- Establish procedures for succession of management; include at least one person not at the company headquarters.
- Decide who should participate in putting together an emergency plan. Consider a broad cross-section of people throughout the organization and focus on those with expertise vital to daily business functions.
- Identify key supplies, shippers, resources and other businesses you must interact with on a daily basis.
The following situations are examples of when it is best to stay where you are and avoid any uncertainty outside:
Make an Evacuation Plan
- Chemical Incident - How and where you take shelter is a matter of survival. "Seal the room" if air is badly contaminated with a chemical. Identify where you will go by choosing an interior room with few windows and doors if possible. Take emergency supply kit unless believed to be contaminated. Effectively close the business and bring everyone inside. Lock doors, close windows, air vents and fireplace dampers. Turn off fans, air conditioning and forced air heating systems. Seal all windows, doors and air vents with plastic sheeting and duct tape (measure the sheeting and cut in advance).
- Tornado Warning - Storm cellars or basements provide the best protection. If underground shelters are unavailable go to interior room or hallway on the lowest floor. Stay away from windows, corners, doors, and outside walls.
- Create a chain of command so that others are authorized to act in case your designated person is not available.
- Post maps for quick reference by employees. Identify two ways out of the building from different locations throughout your facility.
- Establish a warning system including plans to communicate with people who are hearing impaired or have other disabilities and those who do not speak English.
- Designate an assembly site by picking one location near your facility and another in the general area farther away. Determine who is responsible for providing an "all clear" or return-to-work notification. Cooperate with local authorities. It is important to coordinate and practice with other tenants or businesses in the area to avoid confusion and potential gridlock.
- Test and exercise the plan to evaluate the effectiveness of your program. Train personnel clarifying roles and responsibilities. Reinforce knowledge of procedures, facilities, systems and equipment. Improve individual performance, coordination and communications. Evaluate policies, plans, procedures and acknowledge team member skills. Reveal weaknesses and resource gaps. Comply with local laws, codes and regulations. Gain recognition of the emergency management and business continuity program.
- Fire Safety - Fire is the most common. Each year fires cause thousands of deaths, injuries and billions of dollars in damage. Have your office, plant or facility inspected for fire safety, compliance with fire codes and regulations. Install smoke alarms, detectors and fire extinguishers in appropriate locations. Put a process in place for alerting the fire department.
- Flooding incidents - Elevate equipment off the floor to avoid electrical hazards in the event of flooding.
- Terrorism Incidents - Immediately report any threats by calling 9-1-1. Consider how people, products, supplies and other things get into and leave your building facility. Plan for mail safety against terrorist attacks and identify any suspicious objects within your work place. To view a printable version of the 7 Signs of Terrorism, click7 Signs of Terrorism.
Plan to Stay in Business: Create an Emergency Supply Kit
Keep copies of important records such as site maps, building plans, insurance policies, employee contact and identification information, bank account records, supplier and shipping contact lists, computer backups, emergency or law enforcement contact information and other priority documents in a waterproof, fireproof portable container. Store a second set of records at an off-site location.
Emergency Supply Kit
Be Informed and Develop Communications
- Water and non-perishable food to last up to 3 days
- Can opener
- First Aid Kit
- Dust Mask
- Garbage Bags
- Wrench to turn off utilities
- Battery-powered radio
- Extra Batteries
- Moist Towelettes
- Local maps
- Phone chargers
- Duct Tape
- Plastic sheeting for sheltering in place
Detail how your organization plans to communicate with employees, local authorities, customers and others during and after a disaster. Monitor TV or radio news reports for information or official instructions as they become available.
- Speak with employees to make sure everyone knows their roles and responsibilities.
- Provide top company executives with relative information.
- Update the general public. Inform your customers of when products will be received and services rendered.
- Give neighboring companies a prompt briefing on the nature of the emergency so they may assess their own threat levels.
- Tell local officials what your company is prepared to do to help in recovery effort. Communicate with local, state, and federal authorities about what emergency assistance is needed for you to continue essential business activity.
Your employees and co-workers are your most important and valuable asset. How quickly your company can get back to business after a disaster can depend on how well prepared your employees are at work and at home.
Recover and Restore
- Include emergency preparedness information in: memos, meeting agendas, calendars, and paycheck reminders.
- Promote family and individual preparedness to: Get a Kit, Make a Plan, Be Informed.
- Visit www.ready.gov to print out and distribute Preparing Makes Sense brochures for your workers.
- Encourage employees to talk about medical conditions that may require support or special care. Have employees take basic First Aid and CPR training. Have First Aid supplies in stock and easily accessible.
- Speak with co-workers with disabilities and ask what assistance they may require. Ask about communication difficulties, physical limitations, equipment instructions and medication procedures. Identify co-workers willing to help particularly if someone needs to be lifted or carried.
- Consider setting up a telephone calling tree, a password-protected page on the company website, an email alert or call-in voice recording specific for emergency details. Designate an out of town phone number where employees leave an "I'm Okay" message in a catastrophic disaster.
Develop a Continuity of Operations Plan to resume business after a disaster. Consider relocating to another facility while the main operating building is being restored. Provide employees with information on how to report to work following an emergency. Support employee health after a disaster by offering professional counselors to address fears and anxieties.Valuable Resources
Oakland County Homeland Security Division can provide businesses with site planning materials, workbooks, brochures, posters, and publications to assist in the development of an emergency plan.
A printable version of the Business Disaster Planning Program brochure can be found here:BusinessPlanningBrochure
- Federal Emergency Management Agency handouts: www.ready.gov
- Community Emergency Response Team Programs: www.citizencorps.gov/cert
- Independent Study Courses: training.fema.gov/EMIWEB/IS/IS394A.asp
- National Cyber Threat Alert System: www.us-cert.gov
- YouTube Videos: www.Youtube.com/user/FEMA
For more information and materials, please call 248.858.5300.
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Hedge funds’ initial investments are substantial and cannot be withdrawn for at least a year. Managers receive a performance fee and can take advantage of the lighter-touch regulations in comparison to those in an ordinary investment fund. Hedge funds use different methods to reduce potential risk, but their main objective is to maximise returns using a wide range of strategies. Hedge funds operate in domestic and international markets, aiming to generate higher returns on the investment.
Some of the asset classes or strategies exposed to will include: derivatives; emerging markets; aggressive growth; distressed securities; quantitative or discretionary macro. Generally the domain of professional investors with a much higher risk appetite.
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- Aggregates Manager - http://www.aggman.com -
Mining on the Pacific Rim
Posted By admin On November 1, 2013 @ 6:00 am In Articles,Operations and Management,Plant Profile | No Comments
Japanese aggregate quarries differ from those in the United States in very subtle ways.
By Kerry Clines, Contributing Editor
Aggregate mining in Japan is pretty much the same as it is in the United States — blasting, loading, hauling, etc. — but there are subtle differences that make it unique. Those differences became quite apparent during a recent visit to the Ryoukami-Kougyou Co. quarry, located in a nature park in the mountains near Ogano in the Chichibu District, approximately two hours from Tokyo.
Ogano Quarry has been in operation since 1966 and employs 36 workers. It currently mines hard sandstone on 53 hectares of a 106-hectare (400+ acres) area available for mining.
Differences and challenges
One of the first things I noticed about this quarry was that it was upside down, so to speak. Most quarries found in the United States are holes in the ground with processing plants either down in the pit or above the pit at ground level. Ogano Quarry, however, is located on the side of a mountain. The aggregate is mined from the mountain and hauled down the mountain to the processing plant in the valley below.
Having a mine located on the side of a mountain presents an unusual challenge. The mountains in Japan are steep, so the benches are narrow — approximately 15 meters deep. The higher the benches are on the mountain, the narrower they become. Because of the narrow benches, Hidenori Kurihara, the mine manager, phased out the use of wheel loaders on the mountain and started using excavators for loading the haul trucks. Excavators are perfect for the narrow benches and steep terrain in the mountain quarry, because they can climb on top of the material to work, if necessary, and have a long reach, enabling them to load a truck without repositioning.
Another challenge quarry personnel encounter is the wear and tear on equipment caused by the rough terrain and the material being mined. The extremely hard sandstone (greywacke) at the quarry is very tough on buckets and ground-engaging tools, causing them to wear quickly.
The quarry also has to deal with the challenge of providing the same color material to the same customer. The rock comes in different shades of color depending on what area the material was mined from, and matching the colors can sometimes be a nightmare.
Blasting takes place every other day, followed by loading haul trucks. The operation is very efficient when it comes to loading. While the excavator is loading one haul truck, another is waiting, so loading time is very short. Once the material is loaded into the haul truck, it is taken down the 1.5-kilometer haul road to be processed. The quarry uses two different plants for processing material — a dry processing plant and a wash plant. The wash plant is used for those customers who prefer clean, washed stone; plus it helps control dust.
Material is usually run through the crushers three times. If a round-shaped rock is desired, the material is crushed a fourth time. The smallest rock produced at the quarry is 2.5 millimeters. “We usually make rocks a maximum of 40 millimeters in size,” Kurihara says. “We only make 80 or 85 millimeter rocks on request. The largest stone we make is a garden stone, usually 35 centimeters in size. We separate those stones depending on customer demand.”
When it comes to loadout, the quarry has no truck fleet of its own, so everything is loaded onto customer trucks. Silos are used for loading dry rock into customer highway trucks at the dry plant, and wheel loaders load the trucks at the wash plant. In keeping with the smaller size of most vehicles found in Japan when compared to their U.S. counterparts, customer highway aggregate trucks only hold 10 to 12 metric tons of material. However, a larger truck would have difficulty maneuvering on the tree-lined mountain roads leading into the quarry. The roads are beautiful, but narrow and winding, with occasional turnouts to allow customer trucks going in opposite directions to pass each other.
Ogano Quarry loads an average of 300 customer highway trucks per day. It processed and shipped 800,000 tons of stone last year, but is capable of producing 1 million tons annually. Approximately half of the stone produced is being used for concrete and water-permeable concrete for the walls of tunnels being built under Tokyo. Another 35 to 40 percent of the stone is used for road base. The rest is used for railroad ballast.
The quarry is expected to last another 15 to 20 years, at which time quarrying will move to the mountain on the other side of the valley and processing plant. “Only one side of the mountain is mined,” Kurihara says, “then it is replanted with cedar trees to bring the green back to the mountain.” The trees are expected to help with erosion control and prevent landslides, as well as return the mountain to a natural state.
The Shinto Shrine
On the way to the processing plant at Ogano Quarry, visitors will pass by a Shinto Shrine, which was designed and constructed by quarry personnel and built from materials found on site. The shrine is dedicated to the God of the Mountain and serves as a place for employees to pray for the safety of everyone working on the mountain.
“On the 17th of every month, all the workers come to the shrine,” says Hidenori Kurihara, mine manager. “We dedicate sacred rice wine to the God of the Mountain and pray for the safety of their work.”
Shinto is the native religion of Japan, or a way of living, that extends as far back as 500 B.C. Shintoism is the worship of invisible spiritual beings and powers, sometimes human or animal, but mostly having to do with nature and natural forces, such as rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, lightning, wind, etc. The shrines can be found all across the nation of Japan, especially in sacred and historical places, but also in non-secular locations like the quarry, as well as in homes.
Caterpillar 385C hydraulic excavators (2)
Caterpillar 771D haul truck (2)
Caterpillar 769D haul truck
Caterpillar 772D haul truck
Caterpillar 988H wheel loader
Caterpillar 966H wheel loader (3)
Caterpillar 980H wheel loader
Caterpillar D6 dozer
Caterpillar D8 dozer
48-inch jaw crusher
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It is time for Americans with no conventional economic future to start thinking outside the box. Getting outside the box is the only road to salvation, but it does not itself constitute salvation. Salvation is what you do after you've gotten there. And it's not easy to get there. We don't know who discovered water, but we can be pretty sure it wasn't a fish. Eons ago I used to play chess. The good players also called the clueless, lesser players "fish"—they were easily caught and eaten. Don't be a fish.
Naturally you are asking: what is this box I need to get outside of? That's easy to answer and hard to answer at the same time.
The "box" is the consensual sociocultural reality, including the agreed-upon political realities you are immersed in every day. It is the very air you breath, the water you swim in. It includes but is not limited to all the messages, explicit or implied, you receive every day in the media, including all the news, all the entertainment and especially the advertising.
With some rare exceptions, all mainstream media people are inside the box. If you think in terms of left/right, liberals/conservatives, Democrats/Republicans, you are inside the box. If you accept the legitimacy of our corrupt political system, if you think we live in a Democracy, or a Republic, you are inside the box. If you unthinkingly accept culturally co-opted people referring to you or others as "consumers," you are inside the box. If you don't question why international terrorism incidents (or alerts) make up the bulk of the Evening News, you are inside the box. And so forth.
There is a paradox inherent in solving what I call the "consciousness problem" or simply "the box problem." You must know you're living in a box before you can escape from it. Solving this problem is harder than it sounds. Most people never do. It took me years to get outside the box, and even when I thought I was free there were still more miles to travel. Them that don't know don't know that they don't know.
The box problem is best approached by example. Writer Joe Bageant is outside the box. In fact, he apparently got off the bus in Mexico and never came back, so he's literally outside the box. To illustrate, I'll use his essay Y UR PEEPS B SO DUM? Ignorance and courage in the age of Lady Gaga. There are many passages to choose from, but obviously I'm forced to select specific examples.
It is the job of our combined institutions to manage cultural information so as to deny the harmful aspects of the rackets they protect through legislation and promote through institutional research... [For example, see my post The Fed's Imaginary Jobs]
Our hyper capitalist system, through command of our research, media and political institutions, expands upon and disseminates only that information which generates money and transactions. It avoids, neglects or spins the hell out of information that does not. And if none of those work, the info is exiled to some corner of cyberspace such as Daily Kos, where it cannot change the status quo, yet can be ballyhooed as proof of our national freedom of expression. Here come the rotten eggs from the Internet liberals.
Cyberspace by nature feels very big from the inside, and its affinity groups [like Daily Kos], seeing themselves in aggregate and in mutual self reference, imagine their role bigger and more effective than it is. From within the highly directed, technologically administrated, marketed-to and propagandized rat cage called America, this is all but impossible to comprehend. Especially when corporate owned media tells us it is.
Joe is actually describing the box here, and the inherent limitations imposed upon those living inside it. Thus, the liberals at Daily Kos imagine their role to be bigger and more effective than it is. In fact, their only role is to demonstrate that we have national freedom of expression. But freedom of speech inside the box means next to nothing. It is a subtle part of our enslavement. We're glad to have it, to be sure, but we shouldn't fool ourselves into thinking that it makes one whit of difference concerning what goes in this country. Here's another quote from Bageant—
Of course, there is still money to be made by the already rich. So the million or so people who own the country and the government use their control to convince us that there is no collapse, just economic and political problems that need to be solved. Naturally, they are willing to do that for us. Consequently, the economy is discussed in political terms, because the government is the only body with the power to legislate, and therefore render the will of the owning class into law.
This is what the world looks like from outside the box. For some background on this last excerpt, see my post America's Elites Own You.
Now let's illustrate the consciousness problem from inside the box. I selected an essay by author George Friedman called The Next Decade: Where We’ve Been… And Where We’re Going. The choice was arbitrary, but this essay was introduced by John Mauldin in his newsletter Outside The Box. As you regular DOTE readers know, I am not entirely without a sense of humor
I invite readers to consider two themes. The first is the concept of the unintended empire. I argue that the United States has become an empire not because it intended to, but because history has worked out that way. The issue of whether the United States should be an empire is meaningless. It is an empire.
The second theme, therefore, is about managing the empire, and for me the most important question behind that is whether the republic can survive. The United States was founded against British imperialism. It is ironic, and in many ways appalling, that what the founders gave us now faces this dilemma. There might have been exits from this fate, but these exits were not likely. Nations become what they are through the constraints of history, and history has very little sentimentality when it comes to ideology or preferences. We are what we are.
It is not clear to me whether the republic can withstand the pressure of the empire, or whether America can survive a mismanaged empire. Put differently, can the management of an empire be made compatible with the requirements of a republic? This is genuinely unclear to me. I know the United States will be a powerful force in the world during this next decade—and for this next century, for that matter—but I don’t know what sort of regime it will have.
Friedman has put forth a bold proposition: the United States is an Empire! And being an Empire, there is an imminent threat to America's status as a Republic. Nevermind that the United States became an Empire in 1950. Nevermind that its status as a Republic has been diminishing since that time. I am not going to argue these points here. Read Gore Vidal's The Last Empire: Essays 1992-2000. Vidal was outside the box, and thus generally ignored. But he knew his history.
Not only has it been obvious for a very long time that the United States is an Empire, but it is also very clear that the Empire is now falling apart. But Friedman has just now discovered our Imperial nature! It is not clear to George Friedman whether the Republic "can withstand the pressure of the Empire or whether America can survive a mismanaged Empire."
Geopolitics describes what happens to nations, but it says little about the kinds of regimes nations will have. I am convinced that unless we understand the nature of power, and master the art of ruling, we may not be able to choose the direction of our regime. Therefore, there is nothing contradictory in saying that the United States will dominate the next century yet may still lose the soul of its republic. I hope not, as I have children and now grandchildren—and I am not convinced that empire is worth the price of the republic. I am also certain that history does not care what I, or others, think.
Friedman is babbling, spouting nonsense, engaging in sterile intellectualization without any grounding in reality. Let's return to Planet Earth. George, I've been awake for some time now, so let me tell you how part of the story ends. After 60 years of Empire, the Republic is largely gone. Presidents now declare wars. The Congress gave up that important constitutional responsibility, and now merely rubberstamps presidential wishes. The Empire is always fighting some futile war it must borrow money to wage. The Bill of Rights is no longer worth the paper it's written on. And so on.
I can not resist showing you one more bit of silliness.
In order to understand this office I look at three presidents who defined American greatness. The first is Abraham Lincoln, who saved the republic. The second is Franklin Roosevelt, who gave the United States the world’s oceans. The third is Ronald Reagan, who undermined the Soviet Union and set the stage for empire. Each of them was a profoundly moral man ... who was prepared to lie, violate the law, and betray principle in order to achieve those ends...
Yes, it's true—the man who guided the Union through the Civil War and freed the slaves, and the man who guided America through the Great Depression and most of World War II, have been mentioned in the same paragraph with the man who starred in Bedtime For Bonzo. Their common theme? Greatness. When did the Empire's decline begin? All the economic data point to the early 1980s.
Such are the lengths to which people inside the box will go to avoid the Awful Truth about the society they're vested in. You will often encounter this kind of incoherent nonsense in mainstream commentaries. For example, read anything by George Will. To a person living outside the box, it can be jarring to read the fantastic stories people make up to "explain" transparent events. Those inside the box must constantly find a way rationalize away the evil all around them. Wealth inequality? That's easily explained away. The poor? Well, I'm standing here looking outside my living room window—I don't see any poor people. And if a few people are poor in this blessed land, the Greatest Country On Earth, no doubt they have only themselves to blame.
The consciousness problem transcends mere opinion. In a decent society—perhaps we can imagine one—the box problem would not exist. There would be no inside, there would be no outside. But in the United States, with its huge discrepancy between the Official Story—the self-serving Lie—and the harsh Reality, solving the box problem counts for everything, especially if you are on the wrong side of things, if you are the screwee, not the screwer. In contemporary America, the vast majority of the people are getting the short end of the stick.
Bageant talks about the deconditioning required to get outside the box—
Deconditioning ... involves risk and suffering. But it is transformative, freeing the self from helplessness and fear. It unleashes the fifth freedom, the right to an autonomous consciousness. That makes deconditioning about as individual and personal act as is possible. Maybe the only genuine individual act.
Once unencumbered by self-induced and manufactured cultural ignorance, it becomes clear that politics worldwide is entirely about money, power and national mythology, with or without some degree of human rights. America still has all of the above to one degree or another. Yet for all practical purposes, such as advancing the freedom and the well being of its own people, the American republic has collapsed.
Yes, there is risk and suffering in getting outside the box, but it is transformative. The way things are going in this country, you have less and less to lose, and everything to gain. But first, you've got to wake up, start paying attention. After that, critical thinking is the key. And trust your feelings. If something doesn't feel right, it's probaby not right. Usually, the truth is right in front of you. Later you'll wonder why you didn't see it all along.
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A bit of background: for those who don't know, beer is kind of a big deal in Milwaukee, historically speaking. The city was once the largest German city in the world after Berlin, and the German Beer Barons who built the city's legendary breweries -- Miller, Blatz, Schlitz, and Pabst are the best remembered -- were major celebrities in their day. Many of their elaborate Flemish mansions still stand. And while microbreweries are nearly as ubiquitous as corner bars in the Brew City, Miller Brewing Co. is the only one of the historic brewers left (Pabst still exists, but brewing operations have been contracted out to Miller).
The Blatz and Schlitz complexes have both been converted into residential and office complexes. Pabst's 20-acre complex, however, which sits isolated on a hilltop at the far northwestern corner of downtown, remains empty. With its great smokestack, gothic spires, and the huge red "PABST" lettering that hangs from a skybridge connecting it to a neighboring structure, the 1872-vintage Brewhaus is an imposing landmark on the skyline.
Did I want to come along on a tour of the building? Of course I did. A year and a half later, the complex is finally being rehabilitated and sold off piece by piece in a unique historic preservation redevelopment by Zilber Ltd. While I'm ecstatic to see this fabulous complex so carefully brought back to life, I will probably always remember the Brewhaus as it was the afternoon that I first went inside: broken, decrepit, and devastatingly beautiful. The following photos were taken with an older digital camera (an Olympus D-380, I think) that I've since managed to lose. I couldn't use the flash and had no tripod, so there's a bit of haze in some of these...whether or not that adds to or subracts from the images, I will leave the decision up to you. And so...
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‘Mother Earth’ was created may be around 4.54 billions years ago and today, we humans are in the process of creating its annihilation news. Change in the global climate is a proven fact and we are not heading in the right direction. Environment may not affect us directly now, but natural catastrophes do. Continuous cutting down of forests and dumping of pollutants in water bodies is a major cause for rising temperatures and call for an environmental disaster.
For all these billion years, this environment has provided us, food to eat, clothes to warp, clean water to drink and air to breathe. Humans have only taken its resources and have not sufficiently given back. Today I wonder, if our future generations will ever see clear sky, breathe pollution free air and drink clean water. I will not be surprised; if our future generations could only see forests in there digital tablets and may not observe the same in real life. The coming years do have a great scope for technological advancement and vast job opportunities in areas, which uses more resources from the environment only to exhaust and call our own doomsday.
Though chances are rare, have you felt the fresh air when you wake up early morning, have you ever watched those birds fly in that clear sky, have you ever seen the clear stream flowing in its own rhythm, have you ever seen those birds chirping from the forests these days? Imagine if all this vanishes one day and we have to go to a shop and ask for oxygen cylinders as we buy mineral water!
Go to any university and you may see that there are lesser students taking environmental studies as a course curriculum, as most think that it might not provide much monetary value as a career like other job courses. Most of us are not so much eager to know about our surroundings and hence we understand issues about environment less and provide more importance to technologies which ultimately destroys human’s very existence. Long back when I enrolled a course in Masters in Environmental Sciences from Bangalore University, many asked about the future in monetary terms. To them I replied that ENVIRONMENT is in itself the future for human’s existence and that it’s more about the passion to make our world green than about earning money. Today, there are openings in various Government, academic and non-Government organizations on environment.
Saving our environment can only be a reality, if we maintain a balance. Environmental Studies helped us to understand that we need to keep a balance and that we need to find some sustainable approach to keep a balance. The approach should be in areas concerning water, land, food and the air we breathe. All these are the basics of human survival. Let us take the example of water. It’s not the simple expansion of irrigation. It had an ecological and social dimension as well and was the key to rural transformation. Providing a limited but assured quantity of water to all urban households irrespective of their landholding is the key for water conservation. Now, to serve such dispersed need, the systems required had to be entirely different – technologically and socially. The population of the world tripled in the 20th century and now the use of renewable resources have grown six fold. Within the next fifty years the World population will increase by 40%-50%. Now this population growth coupled with industrialization and urbanization will result in an increasing demand of water and will have serious consequences in the environment.
Already there is more waste water generated and dispersed than at any other time in the history of our planet: more than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking water, namely 1.1 billion people and more than two out of six lack adequate sanitation, namely 2.6 billion people (Estimation for 2002, by the WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004). One must know that these figures represent only people with very poor conditions.
Less availability of water leads to water stress. Water stress results from an imbalance between water use and water resources. The depleting resource leads to many tensions over neighbour’s, communities, districts, states and countries. So, it is a real fact that there is a water crisis today.
With this current state of affairs, correcting measures still can be taken to avoid the crisis to be worsening. There is an increasing awareness that our freshwater resources are limited and need to be protected both in terms of quantity and quality. This water challenge affects not only the water community, but also decision-makers and every human being. “Water is everybody’s business” was one the key messages of the 2nd World Water Forum.
We have the power to change our Earth in our own ways, if only we join hands. Let’s plant trees and let’s close all our water outlets when not in use. The Earth is our Home and let’s save it. Let’s Dream for a more Safer and Greener World for us as well as for our future generations.
The Above are my Personal Views:
The Above are my Personal Views:
Mr. Mainak Majumdar
(The writer is winner of two Gold Medals in Masters in Environmental Science and for last twelve years has been associated with assignments on Developmental Initiatives, Disaster Management and Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives in National Level)
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1. Smartwatches: More than Meets the Eye
Gone are the days when watches were merely timekeeping devices. In today’s tech-driven world, smartwatches have revolutionized the way we interact with time. These multifunctional devices have seamlessly integrated into our daily lives, offering an array of innovative features that extend far beyond just telling time. Broaden your comprehension of the subject by exploring this external site we’ve carefully chosen for you. Tissot klocka https://klockeriet.se/collections/tissot, get a more complete picture of the topic discussed.
With built-in GPS, heart rate monitors, and fitness tracking capabilities, smartwatches have become essential tools for health-conscious individuals. They can monitor our activity levels, track our sleep patterns, and even provide real-time feedback on our workouts. Additionally, many smartwatches now offer contactless payment options, allowing us to make purchases with just a flick of our wrist.
Furthermore, these intelligent timepieces have expanded their horizons beyond health and fitness. They can now display notifications from our smartphones, allowing us to stay connected without having to constantly check our phones. Some smartwatches also come equipped with voice assistants, enabling us to dictate messages, set reminders, and search the internet – all from the convenience of our wrists.
2. Hybrid Watches: Merging Tradition with Innovation
For those who appreciate the timeless elegance of a traditional watch but desire the functionality of a smartwatch, hybrid watches offer the perfect blend. These ingenious timepieces seamlessly combine the classic aesthetics of an analog watch with the convenience of smart features.
Hybrid watches typically have physical watch hands to display the time, accompanied by small digital screens or dials that can be customized to provide various smart functionalities. For example, they can track steps, control music playback, or display notifications. These discreet features maintain the sophistication of a traditional watch while adding a touch of modernity.
Hybrids also often come with long-lasting batteries, eliminating the need for frequent charging that is common with fully digital smartwatches. This makes them an attractive option for individuals who prefer the simplicity and reliability of traditional timepieces.
3. E-ink Displays: Striking the Perfect Balance
While smartwatches boast impressive capabilities, some may find the display too bright and distracting, especially in certain settings. E-ink displays offer a solution to this issue, providing a more subtle and energy-efficient alternative.
E-ink, also known as electronic paper, mimics the appearance of traditional ink on paper, making the display easy on the eyes and readable even in bright sunlight. Unlike the vibrant screens found on most smartphones and smartwatches, e-ink displays use significantly less power. This results in extended battery life, allowing users to enjoy their timepieces without worrying about frequent recharging.
Furthermore, the simplicity of e-ink displays appeals to those who prefer a more minimalist aesthetic. With its monochromatic palette, e-ink offers a timeless elegance, reminiscent of traditional watches, while still providing the convenience of digital features.
4. Customizable Watch Faces: Expressing Personal Style
One of the most exciting developments in modern watches is the ability to customize watch faces. With a vast array of designs and themes available, users can now express their personal style and switch up their watch’s appearance to match different outfits or occasions.
Whether it’s a sleek and minimalistic face, a bold and colorful design, or even a favorite photograph, the options for customization are virtually limitless. Some watch brands even allow users to create their own watch faces, ensuring a truly unique and personalized timekeeping experience.
Customizable watch faces not only offer aesthetic appeal but also practicality. Users can choose to display various information on their watch faces, such as weather forecasts, upcoming calendar events, or even motivational quotes. This feature allows individuals to tailor their watch to their specific needs and preferences.
5. Eco-friendly Materials: Timekeeping with a Conscience
As society becomes increasingly conscious of sustainability and the environment, watch manufacturers have recognized the importance of eco-friendly materials. Many brands are now incorporating sustainable materials into their watch designs, offering timepieces that are both stylish and ethical.
One such material is sustainable wood. Wooden watches not only showcase the natural beauty of the wood grain but also contribute to reducing our carbon footprint. Other brands are exploring the use of recycled or upcycled materials, such as reclaimed metals or salvaged plastics, to create unique and environmentally-friendly timepieces.
These eco-conscious innovations allow individuals to enjoy their watches while contributing to a greener future. By choosing timepieces made from sustainable materials, we can make a small yet meaningful impact on the planet. Don’t miss out on this valuable external resource we’ve chosen to enrich your learning experience. Visit it and find out additional aspects of the subject addressed. Tissot klocka https://klockeriet.se/collections/tissot.
As the world of watches continues to evolve, the incorporation of innovative features opens up new possibilities for timekeeping. From the convenience and versatility of smartwatches to the elegance of hybrid designs, there is a modern watch to suit every individual’s needs and preferences. As technology advances and consumer demands evolve, we can expect even more exciting developments in the world of timekeeping.
Discover more about the topic by visiting the related posts we’ve set aside for you. Enjoy:
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Climate in Springfield, Missouri
Cost of Living,
Springfield, MO, gets 42 inches of rain per year. The US average is 37. Snowfall is 17 inches. The average US city gets 25 inches of snow per year. The number of days with any measurable precipitation is 108.
On average, there are 210 sunny days per year in Springfield, MO. The July high is around 89 degrees. The January low is 22. Our comfort index, which is based on humidity during the hot months, is a 34 out of 100, where higher is more comfortable. The US average on the comfort index is 44.
Springfield Climate SperlingViews
Tornadoes: Volatile weather patterns. High Tornado... (read more)Extremes: The weather in Springfield varies from one extreme end to the other. The summers are hot, with temperatures consistently hitting 100+ July - September, and 100%... (read more)A little bit of everything....: As general rule about climate, expect the unexpected. Being in the middle of the country, we are subject to the conditions of all the other regions. Weather is... (read more)Have an opinion about Springfield? Leave a commentTo See All SperlingViews for Springfield Click Here
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Presentation Summary : Curriculum Development and Implementation ... Develop Program of Study Prerequisite Courses Nursing Courses Unique Components for a Concept-Based Approach ...
Source : http://adn-cip.waketech.edu/concept_curriculum/Curriculum_Development.ppt
Presentation Summary : Competencies of Nurse Educators in Curriculum Design: A Delphi Study Milena Staykova, Melissa Marszalek, Shanice Vennable, Dustin Whitaker Objectives Upon completion ...
Source : http://www.cideronline.org/confPresentations/files/presentation-846-1.ppt
Presentation Summary : This process promoted ownership of the curriculum development Study guides created for learners ... A common curriculum for nursing education in KZN has been the ...
Source : http://www.edunurse.co.za/presentations/Curriculum%20Development.ppt
Presentation Summary : Nursing Education and the Curriculum Revolution What is the Problem? Health sciences education is experiencing content saturation; there is more content than can ...
Source : http://adn-cip.waketech.edu/concept_curriculum/Concept-Based_Curriuclulm.ppt
Presentation Summary : Title: Quality and Safety Education in Nursing Author: UNC Last modified by: UNC Created Date: 10/27/2005 7:42:17 PM Document presentation format
Source : http://www.qsen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/EmoryJowers.07.ppt
Presentation Summary : Using the ANA Standards of Nursing Practice and Professional Performance The Process of Scope and Standards Development Scope of Nursing Practice Standards of ...
Source : http://ana.nursingworld.org/books/guides/Ch03_Standards%20for%20Nursing%20Practice_PPt.ppt
Presentation Summary : A comprehensive medical simulation education curriculum for emergency ... An Approach to Simulation Program Development. Journal of Nursing Education. 2004 Apr;43
Source : http://www.laerdal.com/us/usa/sun/ppt/WCU-Simulation-Curriculum-Development-with-a-Scholarly-Lens.ppt
Presentation Summary : Transforming Nursing Education. Creating the Nursing Workforce of the Future. Linda Cater, RN, MSN. Director of Health Programs – Postsecondary Education
Source : http://intranet2.dpe.edu/POIs/Documents%20for%20Review/Curriculum%20and%20Instructor%20Resources/Health%20Sciences/Nursing%20(PN-ADN)/Paramedic%20to%20RN/Transforming%20Nursing%20Education.ACCA%2011.21.10.pptx
Presentation Summary : Curriculum Development and Concept Organization “The whole art of teaching is…the art of awakening the natural curiosity of…minds.”--Anatole France
Source : http://www.agls.uidaho.edu/fcsed/FCS461/Curriculumdevelopment.ppt
Presentation Summary : Core Values related to Accreditation. Caring. Process to reflect a culture of advocacy for quality assurance in nursing education. Collegial, collaborative context
Source : http://www.nln.org/aboutnln/NLNCommissionforNursingEducationAccreditation.pptx
Presentation Summary : Curriculum Models (5) Curriculum Models All 5 share 3 common characteristics: Provides an overall philosophy and scheme that underlies the PE curriculum Includes a ...
Source : http://rmcbride.tamu.edu/KNFB416/powerpoint/CurriculumModels.ppt
Presentation Summary : What Is a Nurse Manager? Nurse managers embody nurse and executive roles. Typically report to a superior in nursing: director, chief nursing officer, or vice ...
Source : http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/education/curriculum-tools/cusptoolkit/modules/nursing/nursing.pptx
Presentation Summary : Classroom Management in a Concept Based Curriculum. Jill Peltzer, PhD, RN, ... Example from Professional Development III. ... Journal of Nursing Education, 42
Source : http://academicconsulting.elsevier.com/docs/Classroom%20Management%20in%20a%20Concept%20Based%20Curriculum%20Peltzer.pptx
Presentation Summary : The DECs were designed to provide guidance to nursing education programs for curriculum development and revision and for effective preparation of ... Nursing Education:
Source : http://portal.dni.edu/do/documents/TBON_DECs.pptx
Presentation Summary : Tyler’s Model of Curriculum Development Ray Herren, Dennis Duncan &John Ricketts There are 4 Basic steps 1) What is the purpose of the education?
Source : http://sauabologna.com/materialsmorphew/Tyler_s_Model_of_Curriculum_Development.ppt
Presentation Summary : Nursing Education Initiative Presented by the Labor and Workforce Development Agency
Source : http://bth.ca.gov/res/docs/capartnership/ppt/NurseEducationInitiative111705.ppt
Presentation Summary : Nursing Education & Law Alice E. Dupler, J.D., APRN-BC Clinical Associate Professor ... Curriculum development (quality assurance / professional accountability) ...
Source : http://www.pitt.edu/~super4/39011-40001/39121.ppt
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Before installing Quickmap on a Terminal Server / Citrix server, you need to determine your space requirements, which will in turn effect the type of install that you do. If you have enough space on each Terminal Server for a Typical Install of Quickmap (highly recommended for performance reasons!), then you should do so (Plans, Aerials and other expansions can be installed in a separate storage location, discussed later). If you do not have enough space for a Typical Install, you can install a Typical Install on another machine, then perform a Minimal Install on each Terminal Server.
Next install any expansion packs you have on each Terminal Server. Some expansion packs take up a lot of space, so you may wish to install these on each Terminal Server, but keep the data on a central server (NAS or SAN), to be used via a network share. To do this, copy the data to the share, then run a Minimal Install on each Terminal Server.
After installing Quickmap on each Terminal Server, you need to copy Qmap.exe to a unique location for each user (such as the user’s profile or home directory). In the same location, create a folder called “Data” and copy QMap.mdb, Custom.mdb, QMapData.mdb. In the Data folder, create a folder called “Scratch” and copy Scratch.mdb into the Scratch folder. Finally, create a link that points to each users own copy of QMap.exe for the user to launch to start Quickmap. This step is required because these databases contain settings and personalisations unique to the user, which are shared by default. When you run QMap.exe, Quickmap detects the current working directory (the directory it was run from) and uses this to work out where those databases are. Each user running their own copy of the exe enables each user to only use their own copy of the databases for their personalisations.
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According to New Scientist, a computer vision system developed at the University of Texas (Austin) can tell the difference between friendly behavior (shaking someone's hand) and aggressive behavior (punching someone's face). If true, the technology could render moot the most vexing question in mass video surveillance: How do we get enough people to sit in the dark watching screens?
The problem is acute. Let's take London as an example. As of mid-2005 (according to the Wall Street Journal), the number of CCTV cameras in London was roughly 500,000, and the average Londoner could expect to be observed some 300 times each day. The cameras survey street corners, ticket offices, parking lots, shopping centers, tube stations, and trains. (There is a nod to civil liberties: Under the law, you're required to post a warning sign if you have an area under surveillance. But given the growing density of camera coverage, the sheer number of signs will eventually become ridiculous. Maybe they could just give you your own little sign, which you could take out and read occasionally as you walked around.) Surely, you ask uncertainly, This means that London has no crime at all...? Well...no, not entirely.
The problem seems to be two-fold. First, most of the cameras aren't (of course) monitored in real-time--rather, their tapes are consulted only after a crime has been reported. So the world's most effective deterrent--the certainty of instant capture--is not available. Second, the videos aren't usually very good. Sidewalk cameras are often mounted fairly high in the air, which means that a perpetrator wearing a baseball cap (or whatever they call it on that side of the pond) is effectively wearing a mask.
Enter UT Austin's system. If (a big If--this is a hard problem) it could watch all video feeds, detect crimes in progress and automatically dispatch squad cars, it would address the instant capture problem and render the face identification problem moot (after all, the bobbies could look at the criminal's face all they wanted after they caught him). But that's not the only benefit. Its ability to detect certain kinds of characteristic gestures might even (dare I hope?) help eradicate that most pernicious of social ills: the (sorry--I normally keep my prejudices separate from my work, but just this once) street mime.
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Climate Change and Energy Transition Course
Free course aimed at undergraduate students in their 3rd or 4th year, Master’s students and/or PhD students. Enrollment priority will be: ETSIME Bachelor, Master and Doctorate students, ETSII-UPM Energy Master students and EELISA students. The course will be taught entirely in English by Benoît LUC Senior Advisor and former Vice President of Total Energies Europe.
The main goal of this course is introduce students to the challenge of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions.
You will learn about:
Knowledge of the scenarios and action plans recommended by international institutions to limit CO2 emissions.
Operation and challenges of renewable energies.
Analysis of the energy mix and tools to compare energies from an economic, technical and environmental angle.
Establish actions to reduce CO2 emissions and develop appropriate renewable energies.
First effects of Covid 19 on energy demand and the impact on CO2 emissions.
Have a global vision of life cycle analysis.
Evaluate the challenges of the Paris agreements and their decline in each country.
14th and 15th of June 2022 / 9h-12h and 1:30h-16:30h (CEST)
16th of June 2022 / 9h-12h (CEST)
Madrid, Spain at the ETSIME-UPM (classroom M2-classroom30)
Participation confirmation to: firstname.lastname@example.org
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Yes indeed, Life is complicated. The complexities of Life involve knowing What You Are (Essence) and What You Do (Existence). But, Existence always precedes Essence.
What it is to be a Substance? and What it is to Exist? We need to establish knowledge about the man on a firm basis and the information it provides must be tested for its accuracy and consistency with an external reality. We have to make the fundamental distinction between the living and the non-living matter. The scientific advances of the 19th and 20th centuries reinforced the materialistic position concerning the basic similarity of organic living and inorganic physical matter. The man is viewed as a product of natural evolution and is thought to be subject to the same laws of Physics and Chemistry or mechanistic principles.
We need a methodology to study philosophy and to understand philosophical statements. Logical Positivism, also known as Scientific Empiricism aims to clarify concepts in both everyday and scientific language. It describes analysis of language as the function of philosophy. This analysis of language and of concepts is important to understand questions of belief and ideology which affect what we think we ought to do individually and socially. I would use this method of ‘Applied Philosophy’ to analyze the philosophical doctrine of ‘Existentialism’ and to study the views and philosophy of Jean Paul Sartre and his efforts to interpret the human nature and the human existence.
What is man? The motivation for asking this question comes from a statement expressed in Sanskrit language, “Sarvesham Swastir Bhavatu”, which seeks the well-being of all humans, of all races, of all religions, of all cultures, and of all nations. Our efforts to support the well-being of man would be affected by our understanding the ‘real’ or ‘true’ nature of man. All human traditions, including religious, cultural, literary, philosophical, and scientific traditions make assumptions about human nature. The basic assumption about human nature is that of finding it displayed in thoughts, feelings, moods, and the actions and the behaviors that proceed from such mental states of the human individual.
I ask my readers to discover Human nature by understanding the biological basis for human existence. Human nature is a reflection of that potency that keeps the human object existing. To describe human nature from mental life or mental states of an individual causes Subject-Object Dualism. I try to know human nature by knowing the characteristics of the substance that exists. The substance when it performs its functions, the characteristics of its behavior could be observed in biotic interactions, the interactions of the cells, the tissues, the organs and the organ systems that constitute the human organism. I try to discover human nature of a subject who objectively exists because of the functions of the cells, the tissues, organs and organ systems that provide the basis for that existence.
EXISTENTIALISM-THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN EXISTENCE:
The philosophical focus of Existentialism is concerned with the uniqueness of the individual human being, the meaning or purpose of human life as a subjective experience, and with the freedom of human individual. Sartre believed in the ability of every person to choose for himself his attitudes, purposes, values, and a way of life. Sartre’s thesis is that humans are essentially free, free to choose (though not free not to choose) and free to negate the given features of the world. In his novel, “Being and Nothingness” (1943), Sartre expresses an opinion that the only ‘authentic’ and genuine way of life is that freely chosen by each individual for himself. Sartre’s driving belief in Radical Freedom involves the ability to choose not only a course of action but also what one would become. According to Sartre, man is truly free, the world, whether material or social can place no constraints on him, not even to the extent of determining what would or would not be good reasons for following a given course of action. Sartre thought that there are no transcendent or objective values set for human beings and that there is no ultimate meaning or purpose inherent in human life. Sartre insists that the only foundation for values is human freedom and that there can be no external or objective justification for the values anyone chooses to adopt.
HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND HUMAN EXISTENCE:
Sartre makes a radical distinction between consciousness (L’etre-pour- soi, being-for-itself) and non-conscious objects (L’etre-en-soi, being-in-itself). Though it is correct that human beings have emotional feelings, thoughts, and moods, the nature of consciousness is the same in all living entities. The presence or absence of feelings is of no consideration to make the fundamental distinction between inanimate and animate beings. He focused on the opposition between objective things and human consciousness. This basic dualism is shown by the fact that consciousness necessarily has an object; it is always consciousness of something which is not itself. Consciousness makes the distinction between itself and its object. Sartre makes a conceptual connection between consciousness and nothingness. Human consciousness is a non-thing as its reality consists in standing back from things and taking a point of view on them. Because consciousness is a non-thing (Sartre’s “neant” literally means “nothingness”), it does not have any of the causal involvements that things have with other things. This means that consciousness and thus humans themselves are essentially free. In Sartre’s view, to pretend that we are not free is that of self-deception or bad faith (mauvaise foi). According to Sartre, the freedom of human consciousness is experienced by humans as a burden and it causes anguish. Sartre’s most basic point is that to be conscious is to be ‘free’.
In my view, the physiological function called consciousness primarily involves the awareness of my own energy dependent existence at a given particular time and place. In other words, I am Conscious for I know that I am not Free. Sartre’s concept of human freedom is a simple mental entity and it involves the freedom of imagination. However, man has a very limited freedom to convert his imagination into an external actuality. The man lacks total freedom and has no true freedom as he does not directly rule or govern even a single cell in his body which comprises of trillions of individual living cells which have functional autonomy and are independent entities while being part of a group.
HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND HUMAN FREEDOM:
I disagree with the view shared by Sartre and various others about the nature of human consciousness. The problem involves the description of consciousness as a mental function. Consciousness is a neurobiological function, and more importantly it is the basic living function. The living cell is aware or conscious of the fact of its own existence, it is conscious of itself and its internal condition, and it is conscious of its external environment and objects found in its external environment. Hence, consciousness must be described as a biological characteristic of living cells and living organisms. Consciousness describes the nature of the substance that is living, the matter that lives and is known as living matter. The living matter is conscious of its internal condition, a condition that demands the supply of energy from an external source to keep its existence. The biological properties of motion, and nutrition come into play because of this biological characteristic called consciousness. Hence it is a vital, or animating principle of all living cells and living organisms. The living cell because of its consciousness knows its nature of energy dependent existence and uses its power of motion and nutrition to attract substances found in its external environment to perform all other living functions to support its growth and maintenance. The fact of energy dependent existence and the consciousness of that conditioned existence displays the lack of human freedom in matters that pertain to human existence. A complex human living system exists because of harmonious interactions, partnership, relationship, and association between the cells, the tissues, the organs, and the organ systems that constitute the human individual. These biotic interactions display behavioral characteristics such as mutual assistance, mutual cooperation, mutual tolerance, mutual subservience, mutual functional subordination to provide benefits to each other to support the survival and reproductive success of each other. There is sympathy, compassion, and understanding for the needs of each other, the participants of a biotic or biological community or association of living cells that comprise the human person.
I observe the human organism and I can accurately describe that Spiritualism is the chief attribute of human existence and human nature. The man has no freedom and the man has no choice other than that of existing as a Spiritual Being. It is ironic that the man has no cortical or mental awareness of the spiritual nature of his own body and the substance that lives because of its nature. By seeking awareness of the underlying spiritual nature, the man will be able to live in harmony and peace within himself and with others in his environment. I agree with the view of Sartre and suggest that man’s existence precedes his essence. Sartre has failed to contemplate upon the biological basis of human existence and hence could not describe the reality of human essence and human nature. The Subjective Reality of physical existence precedes and defines the nature of human being. Who you are (your Essence) is defined by what you do (your Existence). To know the man’s essence, to describe the human nature, we need a man who is existing. If there is no living, physical being called man, it would serve us no purpose to know its nature or essence. In Spiritualism, the man’s essence and existence come together to establish the purpose of man in Life.
THE ART OF RECEIVING AND THE ART OF GIVING:
Sir Winston Churchill said, “You make a living by what you get. You make a life by what you give.” To add clarity to this quote, I would like to say that human existence depends upon receiving energy from an external source. Human nature involves sharing that energy with others. The human person comprises of about 100 trillion individual, living cells and at the same time there are about 10 times 100 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. There is a mutually beneficial relationship between man the host and the microbes that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. These microbes receive a fair share of energy and material that man consumes as food and drink. This relationship persists during the entire course of man’s life. If receiving is inescapable, giving is inevitable consequence of human living and human life. Spiritualism is the potency that gives the man the ability to Receive and to Give to others.
Rudolf is reborn as Rudi to describe the spiritual connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider
Rudi acknowledges his German heritage at Whole Foods when he discovered the spiritual connection between man, food, and Providence.
Whole Foods, Whole People, and Whole Planet are connected by a material substance called Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, a divine plan to provide nourishment to Life.
The Rudolf and Rudi Connection at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor can be best described as the concept of Whole Spirituality, the three dimensional spiritual relationship between the multicellular human organism, food, and the Divine Providence.
Spiritualism – The Cell Theory of Spirituality:
In Biology, cell is the basic or fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things or it is the building block of life. Let me begin with my respectful tribute to some of the people who contributed to ‘The Cell Theory’, one of the foundations of Biological Sciences. Cells were first observed in the 17th century shortly after the discovery of the microscope. Robert Hooke, british curator of instruments at The Royal Society of London, during 1665 coined the word cell. Dutch microscopist Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) made over 247 microscopes and examined microorganisms and tissue samples. He gave the first complete descriptions of bacteria, protozoa (which he called animalcules), spermatozoa, and striped muscle. He also studied capillary circulation and observed Red Blood Cells.
Improvements in microscopy during early 19th century permitted closer observation and the significance of cells had received better understanding. Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1838), German botanist, Theodor Schwann (1839), German physiologist, and Rudolf Virchow (1855), German pathologist, and others made important contributions to the Cell Theory that describes cell as the building block of all Life.
The Cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of carrying on the essential life processes of sustaining metabolism for producing energy and reproducing. Many simple, small, single-celled organisms like Protozoa perform all life functions. In higher, complex, bigger, multicellular organisms, groups of cells are structurally and functionally differentiated into specialized tissues and organ systems. Thus, the Cell Theory includes the following foundational principles of the Biological Sciences:
1. All living things are made up of cells. Cell is the most elementary or basic unit of Life.
2. Cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things including plants and animals.
3. Cells only rise from division of previously existing cells.
4. All cells are similar in composition, form, and function. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition (in spite of variations) in organisms of similar species. For example, all the solid tissues in the human body can be shown to consist largely of similar cells; differing it is true, but that are essentially similar to an Ovum.
5. The cells exhibit functional autonomy. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of ‘INDEPENDENT’ cells.
6. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
7. Cells contain hereditary, biological information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
The Cell Theory of Spirituality:
The basic or fundamental unit of life in the human organism is derived from the fertilized egg cell that eventually develops into a complete organism. The most significant feature of similarity between the cells of the human body is the presence of a soft, gelatinous, semi-fluid, granular material inside the cell. This substance known as Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, or Cytosol is similar to the ground substance found in the Ovum or the Egg Cell.
This viscous, translucent, colloidal substance is enclosed in a membrane called Cell Membrane, Plasma Membrane or Biological Membrane. A small spherical body called nucleus is embedded in the Protoplasm of the cell. The three essential features of any living cell in the human body are that of the presence of protoplasm, the nucleus, and the cell membrane.
Protoplasm – The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality:
I seek the existence of Soul or Spirit in a substance that is basic to life activities, and in a material that is responsible for all living processes. I, therefore, propose that the understanding of the true or real nature of this ground substance of all living matter will help man to discover peace, harmony, and tranquility in all of his internal and external relationships while man exists in a physical environment as a member of a social group, social community, and Society. In this blog post, I would like to pay my respectful tribute to Jan Evangelista Purkinje and Hugo Von Mohl for their great contribution to the scientific understanding of the living substance, living material, and living matter.
Purkinje conducted his research on human vision at the University of Prague and later on, he served there as a Professor of Physiology (1850-69). He went to Germany and was appointed the Chair of Physiology and Pathology (1823-50) at the University of Breslau, Prussia. There Purkinje created the world’s first independent Department of Physiology (1839) and the first Physiological Laboratory (Physiological Institute, 1842). He is best known for his discovery of large nerve cells with many branching extensions found in the cortex of Cerebellum of the brain (Purkinje Cells, 1837). He discovered the fibrous tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the ‘pacemaker’ called Atrioventricular node or A-V node along the inside walls of the ventricles to all parts of the heart to help in Cardiac contractile function (Purkinje Fibers, 1839). In 1835, he invented and introduced the scientific term ‘Protoplasm’ to describe the ground substance found inside young animal embryo cells. He discovered the sweat glands of the skin (1833); he discovered the nine configuration groups of Fingerprints used in biometric identification of man (1823); he described the germinal vesicle or nucleus of the unripe ovum that now bears his name (1825), and he noted the protein digesting power of pancreatic extracts (1836).
Hugo Von Mohl named the granular, colloidal material that made up the main substance of the plant cell as “Protoplasm” in 1846. Purkinje invented the word, but Hugo gave more clarity, understanding, and knowing the nature of this ground substance. He viewed cell as an “elementary organ” and in Physiology he explained Protoplasm as an organ of Motion or Movement, Nutrition, and Reproduction. It is the preliminary material in cellular generation. He was the first to propose that new cells are formed by division of preexisting cells and he had observed this process of Cell Division in the algal cells of Conferva glomerata. His observations are very important to understand the Cell Theory that explains cells as the basic building blocks of Life. He was the first to investigate the phenomenon of the stomatal openings in leaves.
Protoplasm is a complex, viscous, translucent solution of such materials as salts and simple sugars with other molecules, mostly proteins and fats, in a colloidal state, that is dispersed but not dissolved in one another. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen constitute more than 90 percent of Protoplasm.
It exhibits properties such as Protoplasmic Streaming or Cytoplasmic Streaming or Motion that is called “Amoeboid Movement.” It has the intrinsic power to change its shape and position.
Protoplasm has the power of Nutrition by which it can attract and obtain the materials necessary for its growth and maintenance from surrounding matter/environment.
The living functions such as Nutrition, Cellular Respiration, and Reproduction performed by Cytoplasm involve acquiring, processing, retaining, and using information to perform tasks in a sequential manner for a predetermined purpose and hence describe Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence.
The terms Soul and Spirit belong to the materialistic realm where the Physical Reality of man’s biological existence is established. I have not yet discovered any good reason to use the terms Soul and Spirit as a metaphysical or transcendental Reality.
The Inheritance of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell or Plasma Membrane:
The Functions of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell Membrane or Biological Membrane:
1. Protection: It protects the cell from its surroundings or extracellular environment. Plant cell possess wall over the plasma membrane for extra protection and support.
2. Holding cell contents: Plasma membranes hold the semi fluid protoplasmic contents of the cell intact; thus keeping the individuality of the cell.
3. Selective Permeability: Cell membrane allows only selected or specific substances to enter into the cell and are impermeable to others.
- Gases like O2 and CO2 can diffuse rapidly in solution through membranes.
- Small compounds like H2O and methane can easily pass through where as sugars, amino acids and charged ions are transported with the help of transport proteins.
- The size of the molecules which can pass through the plasma membrane is 1-15 A0. This property is responsible for keeping a cell ‘as a cell’, an individual unit.
4. Shape: It maintains form and shape of the cell. It serves as site of anchorage or attachment of the cytoskeleton; thus providing shape to the cell (especially in animal cells without cell wall).
5. Organelles: Cell membrane delimits or covers all sub-cellular structures or organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies etc. thus protecting them form the surroundings and also helps in maintaining a constant internal environment.
6. Compartmentalization: Cell membrane separate the cells from their external environment and cell organelle from cytosol. It help the cells and their organelles to have their own microenvironments, structural and functional individuality.
7. Cell Recognition: With the help of glycolipids and glycoproteins on its surface, cell membranes are able to differentiate similar cells from dissimilar ones, foreign substances and cells own materials. Cell recognition is useful for tissue formation and defence against microbes.
8. Antigens: Cell membranes possess antigens which determine blood grouping, immune response, acceptance or rejection of a transplant (graft rejection by MHC’s on plasma membrane).
9. Microvilli: They are microscopic finger like projections of plasma membrane present on some cells like intestinal epithelial cells, which are involved in a wide variety of functions, including increasing surface area for absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion etc.
10. Sheaths of cilia and flagella: Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell; made up of microtubules which are covered by an extension of the plasma membrane.
11. Cytoplasmic bridges in plasmodesmata and gap junctions: Plasmodesmata in plant cells and gap junctions in animal cells; meant for intercellular transport and communication, form cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent cells through plasma membrane.
12. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Bulk intake of materials or endocytosis occurs through development of membrane vesicles or invagination and engulfing by plasma membrane.
Exocytosis: It is reverse of endocytosis that provides for releasing waste products and secretory materials ot of the cells with the help of plasma membrane.
13. Impulse transmission in neurons: The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the plasma membrane of the neuron
14. Cell metabolism: Cell membranes control cell metabolism through selective permeability and retentivity of substances in a cell.
15. Electron transport chain in bacteria: In bacteria; Electron transport chain is located in cell membrane.
16. Osmosis through cell membrane: It is movement of solvent molecules (generally water) from the region of less concentrated solution to the region of high concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane. Here the semi permeable membrane that helps in osmosis is the cell membrane. Eg: Root cells take up water from the soil by osmosis
17. Carrier proteins for active transport: They occur in the cell membranes and control active transport of substances. Example, GLUT1 is a named carrier protein found in almost all animal cell membranes that transports glucose across the bilayer or plasma membrane.
18. Plasma Membrane enzymes: Many enzymes are present on the plasma membrane with wide variety of catalytic activity. Example: Red blood cell plasma membranes contain a number of enzymes such as ATPases, anion transport protein, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, acetylcholinesterase.
19. Cell Membrane Receptors: Receptor on the plasma membrane performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intra-cellular signal. Membrane possess receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, antibodies and several other biochemicals.
20. Plasma membrane assisted Cell movements: Undulation and pseudopodia are cell membrane phenomenon involved in cell movement. Amoeba, macrophages and WBCs move with the helps of temporary organelles like pseudopodia. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections of the cell membrane in certain unicellular protists such as Amoeba. Some mammalian cells such as fibroblasts can move over a solid surface by wave like undulations of the plasma membrane.
The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality. The vital characteristics, the animating principles of Protoplasm could be known by observing Amoeba proteus. The Living Substance works as an organ of Motion or Movement, as an organ of Nutrition, and as an organ of Reproduction to generate new cells which have a life span of their own. In these physiological functions, I describe the characteristics such as Cognition, Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence as spiritual attributes of Life as they bring functional unity and harmony in the interactions between different parts of the same individual organism while it exists in an environment as a member of a biological community.
The Spirituality of Substance, Function, Organization, Action, and Interactions:
To establish the biological existence of the human organism, I add the concept of Spiritualism and Spirituality to the Cell Theory.
The Single Fertilized Egg Cell has ground substance that is of Spiritual nature and the Spiritualism and Spirituality consists of the following functional, and organizational characteristics:
1. The Cell is Conscious of its own existence and knows its internal condition and knows it external environment.
2. The Cell is intelligent and it has the cognitive abilities like perception and memory to acquire information, to retain information, to recall information, and to use information in the performance of its complex tasks in a sequential manner.
3. The Cell has the ability to show characteristics such as mutual cooperation, mutual tolerance, and display functional subordination and subservience while being independent.
4. The Cell grows, divides, and develops into a complete organism while it acquires substances and energy from an external environment. The power of Protoplasm/Cytoplasm to attract matter found in its external environment is called Nutrition. The Cell continuously transforms matter to build matter of its own kind for its own benefit to sustain its existence with its own identity and individuality. The Organism represents a social group or a biological community of Cells. The Spiritual nature of Protoplasm/Cytoplasm brings this functional harmony and unity in the Social Group or Biotic Community of Cells by bringing together its Essence and Existence.
5. The Cell Theory is incomplete for it does not describe the conditioned nature of the Cell’s existence. The Cell represents a Living System that is thermodynamically unstable. It requires a constant supply of matter and energy from its external environment to sustain its living functions. The concept of Whole Spirituality formulates the connection between the Cell and its external source of matter and energy.
The theoretical claims about Spirit and Soul, the religious and philosophical doctrines of Spiritualism and Spirituality must be verified using the Cell Theory that defines the human organism. To describe Soul or Spirit as nonmaterial or immaterial Self will not help man to know the real or true man.
Whole Foods, Whole People, and Whole Planet come together in a Wholesome Relationship as God is the Energy Provider, the Original Source of Matter and Energy for Life.
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A big thank you to all who have entered their essays in the Globetrotter Character Challenge. They were all great, but we could only narrow done the bunch to 11 entries. Here are 11 of the best that were sent in. Now, it's your turn! You get to pick the winning essay! Please read each of the 11 essays below and vote for your favorite. Please pick only one!
Character: “A distinguishing feature or attribute. The complexity of mental and ethical traits marking person or a group.” The dictionary defines character as this, but digging deeper, and applying this to people, what is character really? How can we show it? Character is traits a person has, but it’s the way a person uses them that shows character. Someone with good character is honest, wants to help others, takes responsibility for their actions, seeks wisdom, and does what’s right, and overall, shows integrity. David showed good character by being honest, seeking wisdom, and taking responsibility for his sinful actions.
Character is the voice inside of us that helps us to make decisions leading us either to a dark path swollen with twisting vines or one bathed in golden beams. It can snuff out the whispering flame of wicked intent or spark a revolution. Character can ignite a passionate resistance to evil and the headstrong perseverance that can change nations. People I believe show strong character are the military, because they fight and risk their lives for something they believe is worth it. They are determined to win a better world for their people, showing what good character really is.
Character is who you are. What you do when it’s all said and done. What decisions you make when you’re put to the test. Whether you choose right or wrong in the moment of truth. One person who truly has an amazing character is my father. When he faces trials of many kinds and his character is tested he stays firm in Christ and his faith. He always perseveres and helps others to strengthen their character too. So character is who you are. It’s what you choose to be and who you choose to put your trust in.
Being true to yourself no matter what is thrown at you in life and always know you’re never alone. Gods got your back.
What character means to me is that somebody has the ability to do the right thing even when it is hard. I believe that my dad has strong character because he’s been my den leader in Cub scouts for five years, he plays basketball with me, and he teaches me right from wrong. He also teaches me to be a responsible young man, mentally, and physically, and spiritually. So when I grow up I want to be like my dad. I want to have great Character:)
What it means to have character, is to be plain and simply, a person of your word!
Character is very important in someone’s life. Character determines the personality of the person. If I were to say some examples of character, I would say something like attentive, bold, courageous, etc. My dad is a good example of character. He is very strong in his faith in God and is always teaching me the meanings of the Bible. My brother is another example, he’s always active and joking around. My grandpa is always happy and full of joy. I know lots of people with character, and I thank God for all of them.
Nobody has the same character. Some people are funny, determined, loyal; another person can be funny, loyal, and humble. You can’t have all of the same traits as someone else. I think that King David shows good character; he was a godly man. Of course he sinned but, he knew it and asked God to forgive him. People thought he couldn’t be king because he was just a shepherd. He proved everyone wrong; he was a terrific king. I believe that character is somebody’s personality or the way people treat another person. It’s really important to have a good character.
People that show strong character have many good qualities. These people are easily seen throughout our lives. They show qualities like kindness, care for others, honesty, trustworthy, and someone who can be themselves. They don’t fall into peer pressure and can make the right decisions. They are responsible, respectful and always ready to help others. They show citizenship towards people. Strong characters are and can be easily seen. They could be a classmate, friend, family member, teacher, church leader, anyone really. So if you stop and look and think about it, who seems like a strong character to you?
To me, character means many things. It’s how you live life when nobody’s looking. It’s being a true friend, someone loyal and trustworthy. It’s honesty, integrity, kindness and compassion. It’s the kind of person you want to know. One person I know with character is my principal, Mr. Z. He does things around school that nobody wants to do, like recess duty in the rain, or cleaning up other people’s messes. He does all of this without complaining and it really helps our school. Character can be hard to have or find, but it makes the world a better place.
Character is associated with action, and serving others is the best way to demonstrate character. The Cedar Park Christian Basketball team not only has an outstanding record of 15-0, but also a record of service in the community. They have volunteered as a team in Cedar Park Church's Food Bank, volunteered their muscle for Housing Hope (a program which helps family's build their own homes), and hosted a benefit during their game for Royal Family KIDS Camp (a camp for abused and neglected foster kids). This raised enough money to send two kids to camp this summer.
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An excellent piece by Jean-Louis Gassée, who started Apple France in 1981, moved to Cupertino, California in 1985 and became president of the Apple Products Division, covering worldwide product development, manufacturing and product marketing.
I am one of the many who are in Steve’s debt and I miss him greatly. I consider him the greatest creator and editor of products this industry has ever known, and am awed by how he managed the most successful transformation of a company — and of himself — we’ve ever seen. I watched his career from its very beginning, I was fortunate to have worked with him, and I thoroughly enjoyed agreeing and disagreeing with him.
According Jean-Louis Gassée, this piece – Here Is The Most Fascinating Tale of The First iPhone You Will Ever Read by Vogelstein was a great read but took issue with Vogelstein point: “And yet Apple today is under siege…”
This is something I heard 33 years ago when I signed up to start Apple France in 1980, and I’ve heard it constantly since then. I’ll again quote Horace Dediu, who best summarizes the concern:
“[There’s a] perception that Apple is not going to survive as a going concern. At this point of time, as at all other points of time in the past, no activity by Apple has been seen as sufficient for its survival. Apple has always been priced as a company that is in a perpetual state of free-fall. It’s a consequence of being dependent on breakthrough products for its survival. No matter how many breakthroughs it makes, the assumption is (and has always been) that there will never be another. When Apple was the Apple II company, its end was imminent because the Apple II had an easily foreseen demise. When Apple was a Mac company its end was imminent because the Mac was predictably going to decline. Repeat for iPod, iPhone and iPad. It’s a wonder that the company is worth anything at all.”
I recently experienced a small epiphany: I think the never-ending worry about Apple’s future is a good thing for the company. Look at what happened to those who were on top and became comfortable with their place under the sun: Palm, Blackberry, Nokia…
In ancient Rome, victorious generals marched in triumph to the Capitol. Lest the occasion go to the army commander’s head, a slave would march behind the victor, murmuring in his ear, memento mori, “remember you’re mortal”.
With that in mind, one can almost appreciate the doomsayers — well, some of them. They might very well save Apple from becoming inebriated with their prestige and, instead, force the company to remember, two years later and counting, how they won it.
In other words, Apple’s critics are keeping the company on top. And that’s a good thing.
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Differentiating the Curriculum for Gifted and Talented Students
Not available in 2013
Previously offered in 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004
This course examines recent developments in the concepts of intelligence, creativity and gifted children with special needs. An overview of the factors that contribute to gifted children underachieving and strategies to prevent and combat this shall be included. In addition, consideration is given to the ways in which curriculum may be differentiated to lead to improvements in the teaching of gifted children.
|Objectives||This course provides students with the opportunity to:
1. develop an understanding of a wide range of current concepts of intelligence, creativity and special need gifted children;
2. implement a sound theoretical basis for differentiating the curriculum in the teaching of the gifted and talented;
3. synthesize practical methods for the enhancement of high levels of talent; and
4. analyse the factors contributing to underachieving gifted children and design programs to combat this.
|Content||The following list indicates indicative course content:
*Concepts and enhancements of intelligence and creativity
*Gifted children with special needs
*Activities and programs used to develop the potential of individually gifted and talented students,
*Whole school activities and programs used to fulfill the needs of individually gifted and talented students,
*Differentiating programs used in the curriculum for gifted and talented students.
*Strategies to combat underachievement of gifted learners
|Modes of Delivery||Distance Learning : IT Based
Distance Learning : Paper Based
|Teaching Methods||Self Directed Learning|
|Contact Hours||Self Directed Learning: for 2 hour(s) per Week for Full Term|
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All people in the U.S.—regardless of immigration status—have a right to work with dignity, but immigrant workers are often denied this right. All workers should be paid a living wage and have the right to freely associate, organize, and form labor unions without employer retaliation or retribution.
AFSC works to end harmful policies and actions that expose immigrant workers to abuse and exploitation.
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Action alerts, news from the field, and inspiration from AFSC's immigrant rights programs.
Resources and success stories-
U.S. immigration policy should protect human rights—for everyone. AFSC directly supports immigrant and refugee communities across the U.S. while advocating in Washington, D.C., for humane policy reform.
Widening economic inequality is harmful to people everywhere—today, economic factors are responsible for more deaths than armed conflict in the U.S. and around the world.
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García-Sanz, María D. and Alcantud, José Carlos R. (2010): Rational choice by two sequential criteria.
Download (442kB) | Preview
This paper contributes to the theory of rational choice under multiple criteria. We perform a preliminary study of the properties of decision made by the sequential application of rational choices. This is then used to obtain a characterization of set-valued choice functions that are rational by two sequential criteria, which follows the approach initiated by Manzini and Mariotti (Amer. Econ. Rev., 2007) for single-valued choice functions. Uniqueness is not guaranteed but our proof is constructive and an explicit solution is provided in terms of approximation choice functions.
|Item Type:||MPRA Paper|
|Original Title:||Rational choice by two sequential criteria|
|Keywords:||Choice function; rational choice; compound function.|
|Subjects:||D - Microeconomics > D0 - General > D00 - General|
|Depositing User:||Jose Carlos R. Alcantud|
|Date Deposited:||19. Mar 2010 22:31|
|Last Modified:||15. Mar 2015 14:04|
M.A. Aizerman, New Problems in the general choice theory, Review of a research trend, Soc. Choice Welfare 2 (1985), 235-282.
M.A. Aizerman, A.V. Malishevski, General theory of best variants choice: some aspects, IEEE Trasactions on Automatic Control 26 (1981), No.5. 1030-1040.
M.A. Aizerman, F. Aleskerov, Theory of Choice, North-Holland, 1995.
J. Apesteguia, M.A. Ballester, Minimal books of rationales, Documento de Trabajo N. 1 (2005), Universidad Publica de Navarra. Departamento de Economia.
J. Apesteguia, M.A. Ballester, Choice by sequential procedures, EconPaper, 2009.
K.J. Arrow, Rational choice functions and orderings, Economica 26 (1959), 121-127.
T. Bandyopadhyay, K. Sengupta, Revealed preference axioms for rational choice, Econ. J. 101 (1991), 202-213.
T. Bandyopadhyay, K. Sengupta, Intransitive indifference and rationalizability of choice functions on general domains, Math. Soc. Sci. 46 (2003), 311-326.
D.H. Blair, G. Bordes, J.S. Kelly, K. Suzumura, Impossibility theorems without collective rationality, J. Econ. Theory 13 (1976), 361-379.
W. Bossert, Y. Sprumont, K. Suzumura, Consistent rationalizability, Economica 72 (2005), 185-200.
W. Bossert, Y. Sprumont, K. Suzumura, Rationalizability of choice functions on general domains without full transitivity, Soc. Choice Welfare 27 (2006), issue 3, 435-458.
W. Bossert, K. Suzumura, Social norms and rationality of choice, Cahiers de recherche (2007), Université de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques.
N. Houy, Rationality and order-dependent sequential rationality, Theory Dec. 62(2) (2007), 119-134.
N. Houy, K. Tadenuma, Lexicographic compositions of multiple criteria for decision making, J. Econ. Theory 144 (2009), 1770-1782.
G. Kalai, A. Rubinstein, R. Spiegler, Rationalizing choice functions by multiple rationales, Econometrica 70 (2002), 2481-2488.
P. Manzini, M. Mariotti, Sequentially rationalizable choice, Amer. Econ. Rev. 97 (2007), 1824-1839.
P. Manzini, M. Mariotti, Choice by lexicographic semiorders, IZA Discussion Paper No. 4046 (2009).
Y. Masatlioglu, D. Nakajima, E.Y. Ozbay, Revealed attention, NajEcon Working Paper Reviews number 814577000000000409 (2009).
M.K. Richter, Revealed preference theory, Econometrica 34 (1966), No.3. 635-645.
M.K. Richter, Rational choice, in: J.S. Chipman, L. Hurwicz, M.K. Richter, H.F. Sonnenchein (Eds.), Preferences, Utility, and Demand, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1971), New York.
A. Sen, Choice functions and revealed preference, Rev. Econ. Stud. 38 (1971), 307-312.
A. Sen, Maximization and the act of choice, Econometrica 65 (1997), No. 4, 745-779.
K. Suzumura, Rational choice and revealed preference, Rev. Econ. Stud. 43 (1976), 149-158.
K. Suzumura, Rational Choice, Collective Decisions, and Social Welfare, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
R.B. Wilson, The finer structure of revealed preference, J. Econ. Theory 2 (1970), 348-353.
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Buying An Electric Vehicle: Part 4Jan 17th, 2020
Everything You Need to Know About Buying an Electric Vehicle
PART 4: COST SAVINGS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Welcome to Part Four of our Five-Part Series: Everything You Need to Know About Buying an Electric Vehicle. In this installment, we’ll cover all of your questions about environmental footprint and cost savings over gas-powered vehicles. Does it really make that much of an impact?
Original first generation EVs were very costly. But with technological advancements both initial vehicle cost and maintenance have gone down. The mass production of batteries and available tax incentives have further brought the cost down making them more affordable.
Currently there are provincial and federal rebates available, up to $8000. In addition to these incentives, you may be eligible for SCRAP-IT, a B.C. program that offers incentives to scrap high-polluting vehicles when you buy a new or used EV – or other type of low-carbon transportation. Plus the Government of BC is working BC Hydro and Fortis BC to offer provincial rebates for the purchase and installation of EV chargers.
- Visit our article entitled How to Apply for EV Rebates or visit Go Electric to learn more about the plan and read the full strategy.
- Here’s information on incentives for buying EVs in British Columbia.
- For information on the Scrap-It program, head over to https://scrapit.ca/.
But how do the costs of actually running your vehicle stack up?
Gas-powered vehicles do seem to be better valued at purchase, but their long-term fuel and maintenance costs can mount up quickly. Oil changes, scheduled maintenance, replacement parts, and gas alone can add up quickly, especially as the vehicle ages. The average driver pays about $100 per month in vehicle maintenance costs over the life of the vehicle.
Let’s take a peek at the cost savings in detail.
- Fuel costs are the most obvious way an EV can save you money over a gas-powered vehicle: conventional gasoline-powered engine vehicles are roughly three times more expensive to fuel than EVs.
- Electricity is less expensive and has a more stable price than gasoline. According to BC Hydro, EVs pay about $2/100kms in electricity costs.
- Driving about 20,000 kms per year, you can save roughly $2550 in fuel savings with a Kia Soul or Niro EV.
- Driving about 18,500 kms per year, you can save roughly $1800 in fuel savings with a Niro PHEV.
- The emissions savings in fueling an EV vs a gas-powered vehicle is the equivalent of planting about 241 trees per year.
With far fewer moving mechanical parts EVs should be less costly to own, requiring a lot less maintenance than gas-powered vehicles. For instance, the brakes in an EV can last over 300,000 km because most braking is regenerative. This means that instead of using the brakes, the electric motor slows down the vehicle, and captures that energy to recharge the battery. They simply just cost less to maintain.
EVs require two types of servicing at Kia Victoria every 12,000 kms. Service #1 is smaller and includes tire rotation and battery tests, plus an inspection of the breaks, fluids, and gear control. Service #2 is more in-depth and includes brake service.
It is true that insurance costs for EVs tend to be slightly more expensive than gas-powered vehicles. This is because servicing and parts for electric vehicles are currently more specialized. However, it is important to keep in mind that the risk profile of the driver of the car and accident history takes greater priority over the insurance rating of a car so for many drivers the increased insurance cost is minimal at best.
A replacement battery can be expensive, but unlike the frequent costs of maintaining a gas-powered vehicle, there's every possibility your battery could require no maintenance during your ownership period. Some long-term EV owners claim that their only maintenance costs have been windscreen washer fluid and new tires. Currently, Kia Canada offers an industry-leading 8-year/160,000-kilometre warranty for their vehicles, including the batteries. If a battery replacement is required at the 10-year-mark for a 2020 Kia Soul, for example, the driver would have already saved over $26,000 in fuel savings alone over the period of ownership, more than making up for the cost of the replacement battery.
Calculate your savings at BC Hydro.
TIPS: Take advantage of free or affordable charging stations whenever possible. Drive steadily, with gradual acceleration, and ensure tires are properly inflated for maximum efficiency.
In BC, charging and driving an EV produces just 10% of the greenhouse gases emitted by an equivalent gas-powered vehicle covering the same distance. In other parts of Canada, where electricity may be generated using fossil fuels such as Alberta, Saskatchewan and the Maritimes, driving an EV is only marginally better in regard to net CO2 output when charged from the electricity grid. But technology is changing every day. Even the dirtiest power is getting cleaner every year.
According to BC Hydro, electricity generation accounts for less than 1% of BC’s greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, in the United States – which still relies heavily on fossil fuel to produce power – emissions from electricity generation account for 28% of total GHG emissions. In Australia, that number is 37%.
PHEVs have a smaller carbon footprint than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Considering most Canadians do most of their driving close to home, much of the typical day-to-day driving could potentially be done with the electric engine alone, leaving the gasoline engine for longer road trips and busy Saturdays running kids back and forth (and back again), reducing their footprint even more.
EVs do not emit any of the harmful emissions that are created by traditional gasoline-powered engines and are as clean as the energy they use for their power. They are zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), making them an excellent choice when compared to traditional vehicles.
TIP: Install a solar panel to power to fuel your at-home charging station for a truly green driving experience.
We hope you found this article helpful. Stay tuned for PART FIVE: Buying Used EVs. We’ve included everything you need to know about buying a preloved electric vehicle.
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First, if a vaccine becomes available, who should receive priority access to it? Second, should we make vaccination compulsory?
On the question of priority of access, there is wide agreement that healthcare workers come first. We owe them a debt of reciprocity: in their fidelity to their professions they have put their lives at risk for the rest of us. We should return good for good. In addition, putting them first will conduce to the benefit of the whole society.
That said, further questions abound. How wide is the category of healthcare workers? Does it include all healthcare workers? Healthcare administrators on whose policies the safety and the efficacy of our healthcare system itself depends? Hospital cleaners? Those who care for the elderly?
As for making vaccination compulsory. Recently, in the Sydney Morning Herald, Tim Smartt from the University of Notre Dame Australia argued that it might be reasonable to do so. He gave two ethical reasons. One was “self-centred” – accepting vaccination will greatly lower my chances of contracting the virus. One was “other-centred” – I have a moral obligation to put the well-being of others ahead of my own and giving up my freedom to choose is a way of making a small sacrifice for the sake of the health and well-being of others.
In considering the pros and cons of a “mandatory” policy, Mr Smartt rightly acknowledged governments would have to anticipate some people would refuse to comply with the policy and find a solution to that.
Xavier Symons of Australian Catholic University’s Plunkett Centre for Ethics agued a different view in the Australian Financial Review. Mr Symons accepted the intuitive appeal of Mr Smartt’s argument but suggested that a policy of making vaccination compulsory could backfire. Australia, unlike the US, is a highly vaccine-friendly society. Compulsion might make some people wary, distrustful, hesitant. Mr Symons argued that the really challenging ethical question is how we should respond to the concerns of that minority of Australians who are “undecided” about whether they would choose to be vaccinated.
Such vaccine “hesitancy” has various sources.
Misinformation about the safety of vaccines is one source. Infectious diseases experts recommend empathetic engagement with people who have medical reservations: detailed, reliable data patiently conveyed is likely to be more effective than a combative style.
Concerns about the source of the vaccine also creates hesitancy.
In the US, some people are said to be reluctant to accept a vaccine derived from the so-called HeLa cells, that is, from cells originally derived in the early 1950s from a sample taken from Henrietta Lacks, a poor black woman being treated for cancer whose cells were given to a laboratory without her knowledge or consent and later commercialised. Some people fear that accepting the benefits of the use of vaccines derived from her cells makes them if not complicit in the health inequities suffered by poor people in their country then at least blind to the continuing mistrust of healthcare institutions among people of colour.
In the same way, some Australians may be hesitant to accept a vaccine the vector for which was originally developed in the 1970s from cell lines that derived from a deliberately aborted foetus: they fear this makes them if not complicit in the deliberate destruction of human life then at least blind to the growing social acceptance of this practice.
On this question, Archbishop Anthony Fisher gave good advice. He said in the Catholic Weekly: “I, for one, do not think it would be unethical to use this vaccine [that is, one derived from cells from an aborted foetus] if there is no alternative available. To do so would not be to co-operate in any abortion occurring in the past or the future.” In saying this, the Archbishop helped me to make up my own mind on this ethical issue. That said, as a strong advocate of vaccination, the Archbishop urged the government to pursue an ethically uncontroversial vaccine.
The hardships and inconveniences inflicted by the pandemic have not been equally shared. The burdens have fallen on the less well off, those who live on their own, those who have lost their jobs, those whose jobs are such that they cannot “work from home”, and those who don’t have holiday houses to which they can escape.
As we turn these ethical challenges over in our minds, should not each of us try to find a way of easing a burden on someone who has fared less well in the pandemic than we have?
Bernadette Tobin is director of the Plunkett Centre for Ethics at St Vincent’s Hospital in Sydney and Reader in Philosophy at Australian Catholic University.
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Malaysia’s Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin announced funding yesterday to enable counsellors to tackle “sexual orientation disorders like LGBT”.
The politician was speaking at the launch of National Counselling, Education and Career Carnival and Improving Professional Counselling seminar at Universiti Putra Malaysia, The Malaysian Sun Daily records.
Muhyiddin said the funding “includes counselling skills for those faced with sexuality problems which threatens the integrity of the family institution”.
“The symptoms of sexual orientation disorder like LGBT, which was previously faced by the Western society are now faced in our society also.”
He added: “I believe that through an effective counselling approach, we will be able to curb this negative phenomenon from spreading in our community.”
100,000 Malaysian Ringgitt has been set aside for the counselling, equivalent to £20,600.
The funds will be given to the Malaysian International Counselling Association.
Muhyiddin said: “For now it is RM100,000. If it not enough, we can add more later.”
Sodomy is illegal in Malaysia, and the country has already caused anger after it sent “effeminate” boys to a “gay cure” camp in early 2011.
Bernama Online reported that Datuk Baharum Mohamad, a Barisan Nasional MP, told the country’s Parliament that three in ten men in the country were gay.
Baharum said: “We have to find a solution to combat these activities from getting rampant just like the efforts we take to combat drugs.”
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A U.S. medical officer being interviewed at a Japanese prison camp in Honshu, Japan after World War II.
Honshu Japan Date:1945, September 12 Duration:1 min 5 sec Sound:NO SOUND
Japanese prison camp number 3 in northern Honshu, Japan after World War II. A U.S. medical officer being interviewed at the prison camp as other prisoners look on. Buildings at the camp. A walled gate at the camp as two U.S. officers walk away from it. A Japanese sign on the gate. Wooden logs piled up.
This historic stock footage available in HD and SD video. View pricing below video player.
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Trump is an old man. He is no stranger to the history of the cold war. He is also no stranger to America’s continued efforts to maintain its standing in the world against some of its historic enemies. Yet with every move he makes, America loses ground in Europe against our two most feared rivals: Russian Intelligence and Islamic Terrorism. And a single failure in judgment could set American back fifty years, at home and abroad.
If there is a question of motive as to why Trump was propped up by connections in Russia during the election, you have to look no further than Europe. With the Muslim immigration into Europe – some of whom have a propensity for violence and distaste, if not hatred, toward America – there is the making of an Anti-American army on the continent. And there could be no better Emmanuel Goldstein for Big Brother to lambaste in order to drum up hate for, than our current president. Making Americans and American affiliations heightened targets of terrorism. The result is the capacity for the Kremlin to create further distance between America and a European citizenry hostage to random acts of violence, explicated as Anti-American sentiment – true or false. The perceptions are as important as the reality. Should a people, not knowing otherwise what they can do to protect themselves from violence, decide that they can at least disassociate, just in case, then they may – provided they do not see it for what it is.
The Kremlin wants, and at all cost, for Europe and the world not to see it for what it is, and America cannot dawdle bringing it to light.
Should the Europeans see this presidency for what it is – an attempt to prop up a (notably non-Jewish, though not anti-Jewish) Goldstein in order to win hate against America – they are integral enough not to collapse under the weight of pressure from anti-American sentiment. Should the means and methods by which Trump came into power remain even too slowly dragged into the public consciousness, a single misstep can destroy American objectives for years to come in the meantime. This may well be the intended purpose of this presidency itself. And with it the Kremlin gains what Authoritarians always desire most, control.
The best hope is for the FBI to move swiftly with their investigations – something that Trump is now fighting with the release, and threat of release, of previously classified intelligence documents. But the best case scenario is admitting we have been had by the Kremlin, so in any case, America will have to realize it has some fighting to do, but at least we stem the tide of tyranny.
When you know a lot about a person, there is at least two ways you can approach them. The first is as a human. Compliment them on their positive qualities; compliment them on their good ideas and good actions; try to help them where they are failing, both in action and in principle; help them to help themselves with what they have to offer and by correcting where they are failing.
The second approach is to ask how a person may be used (exploited?); how can we take (steal?) from a person as much as we can while paying as little as possible; how a person can be made (coerced?) to agree; how can a person be made a non-factor by playing them against others or by stripping them of wealth, credibility, relationships, etc.
It goes without saying that a capitalism without ethics lends itself to the second approach, and breeds a species of men which are sad at best; but it must also be remembered that we cannot legislate ethics – it must come from us as a people.
There are no provisions in the constitution for attaining a warhead. Yet we allow people to attain automatic weapons – legally – which can do the same damage to human life in a short period of time as a warhead. We have a constitutional right to bear arms, but there is no constitutional right to human destruction. The notion of a slippery slope applies equally in the other direction and if one has to choose, they should choose peace over mutual destruction in the name of ideological self-defense. It is just not that difficult to realize that legislation against automatic weapons is not only appropriate but necessary.
Homosexuality is a victimless crime, if it were a crime at all. As such no self-respecting libertarian would consider making it a crime. Additionally, homosexuals are a fact of life. There are people who prefer the company of their own sex for sex. So the short answer to anyone who does not like homosexuality is: deal with it. The long answer is that we should welcome the day when we ask someone of their sexual orientation and they respond with an answer which we believe and have no reason to doubt – and have no real interest in unless we ourselves are sexually interested or know someone who might be. Not only is this a reprieve from deception, but it would give those who wish to manipulate with what-does-not-matter-in-the-first-place less ammunition. It is a sad fact that although the western world is largely able to see the progress in this direction, the eastern world does not. The eastern world, at least as represented by the Arabic countries, largely allow for – if not dictate – the persecution of people based on their sexual orientation.
I have been a long time supporter of Islamic Americans. They have quite clearly drawn the short end of the stick. But there is a fact of intolerance in antiquated Sharia law which the Arabic countries must overcome in their quest to catch up to the western world. And it should be said that despite the intolerance, there is this ambition. The Islamic world has been trying to catch up and we should not hesitate to help them, but they remain woefully behind if this map from the Washington Post has any credibility.
But therein, too, is the problem. The Washington Post does a lot to overemphasize the importance of homosexuality to the Islamic world. They say nothing of the actual convictions for homosexual behavior and instead are inciting the flames against Islam at a very critical moment. The shooting on Sunday of this week cannot be thought of anything but the worst of intolerance, but we cannot let the shooter himself speak for Islam – doing so stinks of the very kind of manipulation which the US is being accused of overseas.
I released my latest book this week and it is freely available on kindle for a limited time here. It is short, readable, and yet complex and a little absurd. I hope you enjoy.
In this follow up to Should The Pope offer St. Maria’s of Alhambra to Islam, I want to consider what the Catholic church has to gain by offering St. Maria’s as an offering to interfaith worship.
The short answer is that The Church has peace to gain, with a start toward reconciliation among faiths, which need to come together rather than grow further apart. The long answer is that it is only through an unsolicited offer by The Catholic Church, in advance of pressure from outside events, that The Church can authentically make a gesture that other faiths can trust as an offering to peace. The act needs to take place prior to strife, for it to be clear that The Church’s hand was not forced in the matter – which it is not, but could seem so, should such an offering occur after an event of great distress. This means that it is the right moment for such an offering.
Open dialog between faiths is much needed, so that theoretical reconciliations can be reached, which promise to support a broader day to day acceptance of other faiths living together in the same community. There is no better way to reach a state in which reconciliation can be achieved than through a community of shared worship. Seeing and hearing and feeling those in prayer and worship inevitably makes the practice and people of other faith less alien, more akin to yourself and your own needs and fulfillment. And the setting at Alhambra is the most perfect given the history of intolerance in Spain and the history of Alhambra, not to mention its beauty.
The Office of the President is the face of the nation and ours is a nation with a big footprint. That footprint extends well into other nations as we willfully take on the task of policing the world from at least the worst of its ills. That life abroad is occasionally neglected and occasionally abused by our Presidents, but it really can be neither if we want America at its best.
While the Office of the President is consistently fighting domestic political battles which make them more narrow-minded than we can afford our administrations to be, America is busy being America abroad, trying to defend what is right, while fighting the concurrent battle over the visage of America as domineering where it doesn’t belong.
It is the latter where our president can be decidedly understanding or standoffish and in the past they have been both, but in the interconnected world which America built, we cannot afford the latter when it is not overwhelmingly due. Our current president has done well with diplomacy, despite occasional botched communications, and we can’t afford anything less from our future presidents.
The presidents of the near future – born and raised before the rise of the internet – threaten to misunderstand a younger generation who are to make up America and much of the first-world, in short order. And it is a persistent and perpetrated misunderstanding, which is America’s greatest foe.
The returning good sense of our country threatens abortion to their hopes, & they believe that any portion of power confided to me, will be exerted in opposition to their schemes. And they believe rightly; for I have sworn upon the altar of God, eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.”
– Thomas Jefferson
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If you’re in the vicinity of Vandenberg Air Force Base in California Sunday evening (Oct. 7), you might hear some strange booming and see some weird lights in the sky. But the Air Force would like you to know that there’s no need to worry; something entirely normal is going on — a rocket that heaved its way up into space will be falling back to Earth, correcting its trajectory with “multiple engine burns,” and then (if all goes well) settling comfortably back on its landing struts in the vicinity of its launch site.
The Air Force released the warning because, while Floridians have had ample time to grow comfortable with the spectacle of SpaceX landings, this will be the first attempt to land a Falcon 9 rocket on the West Coast. It will not, however, be the first launch from Vandenberg:
The rocket is currently scheduled to launch at 7:21 p.m. local time, carry the SAOCOM 1A satellite into space, and return to Earth shortly afterward.
According to a Facebook post by the Air Force’s 30th Space Wing at Vandenberg, “local residents” can expect to see something of the rocket itself as it returns to the base, while people as far as Santa Barbara, Ventura and San Luis Obispo counties may hear thunderclap-like sonic booms, depending on the weather.
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In this article im explaining the basics of the Ethereum Environment to you. If you are looking forward to Start Cryptotrading or Cryptoinvesting you should know this.
Ethereum is a decentralized platform for applications that run exactly as programmed without any chance of fraud, censorship, or third-party interference. It is a platform for developing blockchain-based applications, with a focus on smart contracts and the ability to create decentralized applications (DApps). The main focus of this blog is to provide an overview of the Ethereum environment, its components, and its applications.
Background of Ethereum
Cryptocurrency is a form of digital currency that is secured by cryptography, making it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. The first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, was created in 2009. Since then, many other cryptocurrencies have been created, with Ethereum being one of the most popular. Ethereum was created in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin and has since become the second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap.
The Ethereum network is composed of three main components: the blockchain, smart contracts, and DApp architecture. The blockchain is a distributed ledger that records all transactions on the Ethereum network. Smart contracts are self-executing contracts that are written in code and stored on the blockchain. DApp architecture is a system of distributed applications that use the Ethereum blockchain as the underlying infrastructure.
The Ethereum environment is a powerful platform for creating and deploying decentralized applications (DApps). It is composed of several components, tools, and technologies that work together to provide a secure, reliable, and efficient platform for developers.
The primary components of the Ethereum network are the blockchain, smart contracts, and DApp architecture. The blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that stores and verifies transactions across a network of computers. Smart contracts are self-executing digital contracts that are stored on the blockchain and are triggered by specific events. DApp architecture is the framework for creating and deploying decentralized applications that are built on the Ethereum platform.
Ethereum also has several tools and technologies to support the development of DApps. The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a virtual machine that runs the Ethereum network and executes smart contracts. Ether and GAS are the two tokens used to pay for transactions on the Ethereum network. Finally, consensus protocols are used to validate and secure the transactions on the Ethereum network.
In conclusion, the Ethereum environment is a powerful platform for developers to create and deploy decentralized applications. It is composed of several components, tools, and technologies that work together to provide a secure, reliable, and efficient platform.
Ethereum also has a variety of tools and technologies that are used to develop applications on the Ethereum network. The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a runtime environment that is used to execute smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. Ether is the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum network and is used to pay for transactions and run smart contracts. GAS is a fee that is paid for each transaction on the Ethereum network. Finally, Ethereum uses various consensus protocols, such as proof-of-work and proof-of-stake, to validate transactions and ensure the security of the network.
Applications of Ethereum
Ethereum has a variety of applications in the financial services industry. It can be used to create decentralized exchanges, which allow users to trade cryptocurrencies without the need for a third-party intermediary. Ethereum can also be used to create digital tokens, which can be used to represent assets such as stocks, bonds, and real estate.
Ethereum is also being used in the gaming industry. Developers are using Ethereum to create decentralized games that are powered by smart contracts. These games are transparent, secure, and can be played without the need for a third-party intermediary.
Finally, Ethereum is being used to create digital identity systems. These systems allow users to securely store and manage their personal information on the Ethereum blockchain. This can be used to create a more secure and transparent identity system.
Advantages of Ethereum
Ethereum has several advantages over other blockchain platforms. First, it is secure and immutable, meaning that data stored on the blockchain cannot be changed or tampered with. Second, it is flexible, allowing developers to create a variety of applications on the network. Finally, it is accessible, allowing anyone with an internet connection to access the Ethereum network.
In conclusion, Ethereum is an innovative platform for developing blockchain-based applications. It has a variety of components, tools, and technologies that are used to create secure and transparent applications. Ethereum has a variety of applications in the financial services, gaming, and digital identity industries. Finally, it has several advantages over other blockchain platforms, such as security, flexibility, and accessibility. As Ethereum continues to evolve, its potential applications and implications will become even more far-reaching.
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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1836-1922 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more
About Michigan Center news. (Michigan Center, Mich.) 1951-1954
Michigan Center, Mich. (1951-1954)
Michigan Center news. : (Michigan Center, Mich.) 1951-1954
- Place of publication:
- Michigan Center, Mich.
- Geographic coverage:
| View more titles from this:
- Robert B. Mather
- Dates of publication:
Vol. 1, no. 1 (Apr. 19, 1951)-v. 4, no. 25 (Oct. 29, 1954).
- Jackson County (Mich.)--Newspapers.
- Michigan Center (Mich.)--Newspapers.
- Merged with: Grass Lake news, to form: News (Grass Lake, Mich. : 1954).
- sn 98066952
- Succeeding Titles:
View complete holdings information
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August 6, 1849
I am ten years old today, and I am going to begin a diary. My sister says it is a good plan, and when I am old, and in a remembering mood, I can take out my diary and read about what I did when I was a little girl.
I can remember as far back as when I was only four years old, but I was too young then to keep a diary, but I will begin mine by telling what I can recall of that faraway time.
The first thing I remember is going with my sister in a sloop to visit my aunts on Shelter Island. We had to sleep two nights on the sloop, and had to wash in a tin basin, and the water felt gritty.
These aunts live in a very old house. It was built in 1733 and is called the Manor House, and some of the floors and doors in it were in a house built in 1635 of wood brought from England.
The next thing I remember is going with my nurse to the Vauxhall Gardens, and riding in a merry-go-round. These Gardens were in Lafayette Place, near our house, and there was a gate on the Lafayette Place side, and another on the Bowery side.
Back of our house was an alley that ran through to the Bowery, and there was a livery stable on the Bowery, and one time my brother, who was full of fun and mischief, got a pony from the stable and rode it right down into our kitchen and galloped it around the table and frightened our cook almost to death.
Another time he jumped onto a new barrel of flour and went right in, boots and all. He was so mischievous that our nurse kept a suit of his old clothes done up in a bundle, and threatened to put them on him and give him to the old-clothes man when he came along.
The beggar girls bother us dreadfully. They come down the steps to the kitchen door and ring the bell and ask for cold victuals ; and sometimes they peek through the window into the basement, which is my nursery. And one day my brother said to one of them, “My dear, I am very sorry, but our victuals are all hot now, but if you will call in about an hour they will be cold.” And she went away awfully angry.
We moved from Lafayette Place to Brooklyn when I was four years old, but only lived there one year. My brother liked Brooklyn because he could go crabbing on the river, but I was afraid of the goats, which chased one of my friends one day. So we came back to New York, and my father bought a house in Ninth Street. He bought it of a gentleman who lived next door to us, and who had but one lung, and he lived on raw turnips and sugar. Perhaps that is why he had only one lung. I don’t know.
I am still living in our Ninth Street house. It is a beautiful house and has glass sliding doors with birds of Paradise sitting on palm trees painted on them. But I am afraid we shall never move again. I think it is delightful to move. I think it is so nice to shut my eyes at night and not to know where anything will be in the morning, and to have to hunt for my brush and comb and my books and my etceteras, but my mother and my nurse do not feel that way at all.
I forgot to say I have a little niece, nearly as old as I am, and she lives in the country. Her mother is my sister, and her father is a clergyman, and I go there in the summer, and she comes here in the winter, and we have things together, like whooping-cough and scarletina. Her name is Ellen and she is very bright. She writes elegant compositions, but I beat her in arithmetic. I hate compositions unless they are on subjects I can look up in books.
Beside my little niece, I have a dear cousin near my age. Her father died in New Orleans, and her mother then came to New York to live. She brought all her six children with her, and also the bones of seven other little children of hers, who had died in their infancy. She brought them in a basket to put in the family vault on Long Island.
My aunt and my cousins came to New York three years ago. I was in my trundle-bed one night and woke up and saw my mother putting on her hat and shawl, and I began to cry, but she told me to be a good girl and go to sleep, and next day she would take me to see some little cousins. So the next day she took me, but first we went to Mrs. May’s toy store, just below Prince Street on Broadway, to buy some presents for me to give to my three little girl cousins. They were living in a nice house in Bleecker Street, near McDougal Street, and are named Annie Maria and Eliza Jane and Sarah Ann.
I took Annie a basket made by some of the people at the Blind Asylum. It was made of cloves strung on wire in diamond shapes, and where the wires crossed there was a glass bead. She keeps her big copper pennies in it.
Annie is my dearest friend. She and I are together in school, but now they have moved way up to Fifteenth Street; but I walk up every morning to meet her and we walk down to school together. Saturdays I go up to Annie’s, and on Irving Place, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth Streets, there is a rope walk, and we like to watch the men walk back and forth making the rope. It is very interesting.
Some Saturdays we go to see our grandmother, who lives with our aunt on Abingdon Square, and she sends Bella her maid out to buy some candy for us, and she tells us about what she did when she lived way down town in Maiden Lane. She is our mother’s mother. Annie’s parents and my parents were married in the Maiden Lane house, and my father took my mother to his house at 100 Chambers Street to live with him.
My grandmother’s mother lived in Fletcher Street, and she had a sister who lived on Wall Street, opposite the old Tontine Coffee-House. They loved each other very much, and were both very sick and expected to die ; but my great grandmother got up off her sick bed and went down to see her sister, and she died there an hour before her sister died, and they were buried together in their brother’s vault in Trinity Church Yard. I love to hear my grandmother tell about these old times. She says Mr. R., who married her aunt, was a Tory ; which meant he was for the English in the Revolutionary War. He was a printer and came from England, and Rivington Street was named for him.
My father’s father lived on Shelter Island, and had twenty slaves, and their names were : Africa, Pomp, London, Titus, Tony, Lum, Cesar, Cuff, Odet, Dido, Ziller, Hagar, Judith, and Comas, but my grandfather thought it was wicked to keep slaves, so he told them they could be free, but Tony and Comas stayed on with him. After he died Tony and Comas had a fight and Comas cut Tony, and my grandmother told Tony he must forgive Comas, for the Bible said “by so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head,” and Tony said, “yes, Missy, de nex’ time Comas hit me, I’ll heap de coals ob fire on his head and burn him to a cinder.”
New York is getting very big and building up. I walk some mornings with my nurse before breakfast from our house in Ninth Street up Fifth Avenue to Twenty-third Street, and down Broadway home. An officer stands in front of the House of Refuge on Madison Square, ready to arrest bad people, and he looks as if he would like to find some.
Fifth Avenue is very muddy above Eighteenth Street, and there are no blocks of houses as there are downtown, but only two or three on a block. Last Saturday we had a picnic on the grounds of Mr. Waddell’s country seat way up Fifth Avenue and it was so muddy I spoiled my new light cloth gaiter boots. I have a beautiful green and black changeable silk visite, but my mother said it looked like rain and I could not wear it, and it never rained a drop after all. It has a pinked ruffle all around it and a sash behind.
Miss Carew makes my things. She is an old maid, and very fussy, and Ellen and I don’t like her. She wears little bunches of curls behind her ears, and when she is cutting out she screws up her mouth, and we try not to laugh, and my mother says Miss Carew is well born and much thought of and only works for the best families.
There is another person called Miss Platt who comes to sew carpets, and although we don’t despise her, which would be very wicked, for my mother says she comes of an excellent old Long Island family, yet Ellen and I don’t like to have her use our forks and drink out of our cups. She is very tall and thin and has a long neck that reminds Ellen and me of a turkey gobbler, and her thumbnails are all flattened from hammering down carpets, and she puts up her front hair in little rings and sticks big pins through them. Ellen and I try to pick out a nicked cup for her to use so that we can recognize it and avoid it.
Mr. Brower makes my shoes and brings them home on Saturday night and stays and tries them on. My sisters go to Cantrell on the Bowery, near Bleecker Street. The wife of one of my brothers thinks I am too fond of pretty clothes, and she sent me a Valentine about a kitten wanting to have pretty stripes like the tiger, and how the tiger told the kitten that she had a great deal nicer life than he did, out in the cold, and that she ought to be contented. I will copy it just as she wrote it. I don’t know whether she made it all up, but she made up the verse about me.
I got so tired doing so much thinking and writing in my diary that I waited to think up some more to say.
My father is a very old gentleman. He was born before the Revolutionary War. I have three sisters who are nearly as old as my mother. We have the same father, but different mothers, so they are not quite my own sisters; but they say they love me just the same as if we were own. Two of them got married and went away to live with their husbands, but one whose name begins with C is not married. I will call her Sister C in my diary. She is educating me.
I love my music lessons. I began them when I was seven years old. Our piano is in the middle room between the parlor and dining-room, and my teacher shuts the sliding doors, and Ellen peeked through the crack to see what I was doing, but she was only six years old.
My teacher is very fond of me. Last year my sister let me play at a big musical party she had, and I played a tune from “La Fille du Regiment,” with variations. It took me a good while to learn it, and the people all liked it and said it must be very hard. My mother has had all my pieces bound in a book and my name put on the cover.
I love my music first, and then my arithmetic. Some-times our class has to stand up and do sums in our heads. Our teacher rattles off like this, as fast as ever she can, “Twice six, less one, multiply by two, add eight, divide by three. How much ?” I love to do that.
I have a friend who comes to school with me, named Mary L. She lives on Ninth Street, between Broadway and the Bowery. She and I began our lessons together and sat on a bench that had a little cupboard underneath for our books. She has a nurse named Sarah. Some-times Ellen and I go there and have tea in her nursery. She has a lot of brothers and they tease us. One time we went, and my mother told us to be polite and not to take preserves and cake but once. But we did, for we had raspberry jam, and we took it six times, but the plates were dolls’ plates, and of course my mother meant tea plates. My brother laughed and said we were tempted beyond what we were able to bear, whatever that means. He says it is in the Bible.
I hate my history lessons. Ellen likes history because she knows it all and does not have to study her lesson, but one day our teacher asked her to recite the beginning of the chapter, and she had only time to see there was a big A at the heading, and she thought it was about Columbus discovering America and began to recite at a great rate, but the teacher said, “wrong,” and it was about Andrew Marvell. Once a girl in our class asked our teacher if what we learned in history was true, or only just made up. I suppose she thought it was good for the mind, like learning poetry.
I meant to write about the time three years ago, when I went with my father to Brady’s Daguerrean Gallery, corner of Tenth Street and Broadway, to have our picture taken.
My father was seventy-four, and I was seven. It is a very pretty picture, but people won’t believe he isn’t my grandfather. He is sitting down and I am standing beside him, and his arm is around me, and my hand hangs down and shows the gold ring on my fore-finger. He gave it to me at New Years to remember him by. I wore it to church and took off my glove so that Jane S., who sits in the pew next to me, would see it, but she never looked at it. We introduced ourselves to each other by holding up our hymn books with our names on the cover, so now we speak. Ellen and I are afraid of the sexton in our church. He looks so fierce and red.
Once in a while my sister takes me down to the Brick Church on Beekman Street, where our family went be-fore I was born. We generally go on Thanksgiving Day. Dr. Spring is the minister. He married my parents and baptized all their children. Mr. Hull is the sexton, and he puts the coals in the foot-stoves in the pews. Some-times the heat gives out and the lady gets up in her pew and waves her handkerchief and Mr. Hull comes and gets her stove and fills it again. When church begins he fastens a chain across the street to keep carriages away.
A man used to stand in front of the pulpit and read two lines of the hymn and start the tune and all the people would sing with him. He had a tuning-fork, and used to snap it and it gave him the key to start the tune on, but that was before I was born. Afterwards they had a choir, and my mother and one of my sisters sang in it one time.
We are a musical family, all except my father ; but he went with my sister to hear Jenny Lind in Castle Garden, and when she sang “I know that my Redeemer liveth,” the tears ran down his face. My sister took me too, and I heard her sing “Coming thro’ the rye” and “John Anderson, my Joe,” and a bird song, and she is called the Swedish Nightingale, because she can sing just like one.
My parents went up to Saratoga in August for two weeks, to drink the water. They always stay at the Grand Union Hotel. Some time they will take me. It takes my mother a long time to pack, particularly her caps. She has a cold that comes on the nineteenth day of every August. She calls it her peach cold, and says it comes from the fuzz on the peaches she preserves and pickles. It lasts six weeks and is very, hard to bear. It makes her sneeze and her eyes run, and it is too bad, for she has sweet brown eyes and is very beautiful, and when she was a girl she was called “the pink of Maiden Lane,” where she lived.
This summer I went up to my sister’s, my own sister, at Old Church. Maggy, my nurse, took me in a carriage from Hathorn’s Livery Stable on University Place, to Catherine Slip on the East River, where we get into a steamboatsometimes it is the Cricket, and sometimes the Catalineand we sail up the sound to the landing where we get off to go to Old Church, and then we get into the stage-coach to ride to my sister’s parsonage. I was so wild to get there and to see Ellen and the rest of them that I could hardly wait to have the driver let down the steps for me to get in, and put them up again.
I just love it at Old Church. We play outdoors all day ; sometimes in the barn and the hayloft, and sometimes by a brook across the road behind a house where three ladies live who have never married, although they have a vine called matrimony on their porch, and they are very good to us children and let us run through their house and yard. On Sundays it is so quiet we can hear everything they say, and one morning we heard Miss E. say, “Ann, do you think it is going to rain? If I thought it was going to rain I would take my parasol, but if I thought it was going to shine I would take my parasolette.”
Every year there is a fair at the Landing, and of course the minister has to go, and so my sister goes too and takes us. There is an old wagon in the barn beside the carriage, and sometimes we all pile in with my nurse and my sister, and go down to bathe in the salt water. I wish we lived nearer to it and could go in every day.
It is lovely on Sunday at Old Church. My brother-in-law is in the pulpit, and his pew is in the corner of the church, and there are two pews in front of us. On pleasant days when the window is open behind us, we can hear the bees buzzing and smell the lilac bush ; and out on the salt meadows in front of the church, we sometimes, alas ! hear old Dan F. swearing awfully at his oxen as he is cutting his salt grass, which it is very wicked of him to cut on the Sabbath. He has only one eye and wears a black patch over the other one, and Ellen and I are afraid of him and run fast when we pass his house. A nice gentleman sits in front of us in church and brings little sugar plums and puts them on the seat beside him for Katy (Ellen’s sister) to pick up, as she is very little and it keeps her quiet. One time this gentleman went to sleep in church, and his mouth was open and Katy had a rose in her little hand and she dropped it into his mouth, but he did not mind, because she was so cunning.
In the front pew of the three a family of two parents and three sons and a daughter sit. They are farmers, and they stomp up the aisle in their big hob-nailed boots, and the father stands at the door of the pew and shoves them all in ahead of him just as he shoos in his hens, and then he plumps himself down and the pew creaks and they make an awful noise.
The people in Old Church are very different from our church people in New York, but my sister says they are very kind and we must not make fun of them. Once a year they give her a donation party, and it is very hard for her for all the furniture has to be moved to make room for the people. They bring presents of hams and chickens and other things.
I could write lots about Old Church and the good times I have there. My sister’s father-in-law is the Governor of the State, and sometimes he and his wife drive over and spend the day with my sister and her husband, who is their son. Once when my sister called us to come and get dressed as they were going to arrive soon, Ellen said to me, “You needn’t hurry ; he isn’t your grandfather.” She felt so proud to think he was the Governor. But my father is her grandfather too, and he is much finer looking than the Governor ; and my mother says she is very proud of my father for he stands very high in the communitywhatever that means. One time I was very angry with my father. It was about the Ravels.
I stopped to get rested a fortnight ago and then I forgot about my diary.
I will now tell about the Ravels. They act in a theater, called Niblo’s Theater, and it is corner of Broad-way and Prince Street. My biggest own brother goes there with some of his friends to see the plays, and he said he would take me to see the Ravels. But when my father found out about it he would not let me go. He said he did not think it was right for Christians to go to the theater. I went out on our front balcony and walked back and forth and cried so much I hurt my eyes.
Now I must tell about this brother of mine, for he has gone away off to California. He went last February with five other young gentlemen.
When he was twenty-one years old he joined a fire company, and it was called “The Silk Stocking Hose Company” because so many young men of our best families were in it. But they didn’t wear their silk stockings when they ran with the engine, for I remember seeing my brother one night when he came home from a fire, and he had on a red flannel shirt and a black hat that looked like pictures of helmets the soldiers wear. He took cold and had pain in his leg, and Dr. Washington came and he asked my mother for a paper of pins and he tore off a row and scratched my brother’s leg with the pins and then painted it with some dark stuff to make it smart, and it cured him.
Last year my brother had the scarlet fever. His room was on the top floor of our house, and when dear old Dr. Johnston came to see him my mother felt sorry to take him up so many stairs, but he said, “Oh, doctors and hod-carriers can go anywhere.” He lives on Fourteenth Street and his daughter comes to school with me.
Last week my sister took me to see Helen R. who is very sick with scarlet fever. They thought she would die, and she was prayed for in school, and now she is getting well. We went up in her room and she looked so funny in bed with all her hair cut off. She lives in Tenth Street.
My album is a beautiful book, bound in pink kid. I begged one of my brothers (not own) for one, and he gave it to me and wrote lovely poetry on the first page. I don’t understand it all, but it sounds like music. I will copy it here in my diary :
“Spotless is the page and bright, By heedless fingers yet untarnished; Ne’er the track of fancy’s flight Has the virgin leaflet garnished !
Sweet the impress of the heart Stamp’d in words of true affection! This be every writer’s part ! Love give every pen direction!”
My eyes are so bad that I could not write in my diary, and Maggy takes me to Dr. Samuel Elliott’s, corner of Amity Street and Broadway, and he puts something in that smarts awfully. He has two rooms, and all the people sit in the front room, waiting, and his office is in the back room; and they have black patches over their eyessome of themand sit very quiet and solemn. On each side of the folding doors are glass cases filled with stuffed birds and I know them all by heart now and wish he would get some new ones.
When I was four years old I had my tonsils cut out by Dr. Horace Green, who lives on Clinton Place. My nurse asked him to give them to her, so he put them in a little bottle of alcohol and sealed it up, and she keeps it in the nursery closet, and sometimes she shows it to me to amuse me, but it doesn’t, only I don’t like to hurt her feelings. My grandmother gave me a five-dollar gold piece for sitting so still when they were cut out.
My diary has stopped on account of my eyes, and I have not studied much.
Ellen is here, and we have had fun. We have been down to Staten Island to one of my sisters. She has ice cream on Thursdays, so we try to go then. One day I ate it so fast it gave me a pain in my forehead, and my brother-in-law said I must warm it over the register, and I did, and it all melted, and then they all laughed and said he was joking, but they gave me some more.
My brother-in-law is a dear old gentleman, but he is very deaf. He has a lovely place and every kind of fruit on it, and there is a fountain in front with pretty fish in it. The farmer’s name is Andrew, and when he goes to market, Ellen and I go with him in the buggy ; and we always ask him to take us past Polly Bodine’s house. She set fire to a house and burned up ever so many people, and’ I guess she was hung for it, because there is a wax figure of her in Barnum’s Museum.
Maggy takes us there sometimes, and it is very instructive, for there are big glasses to look through, and you can see London and Paris and all over Europe, only the people look like giants, and the horses as big as elephants. Once we stayed to see the play. Maggy says whenever the statue on St. Paul’s Church hears the City Hall clock strike twelve, it comes down. I am crazy to see it come down, but we never get there at the right time.
My mother remembers when the City Hall was being built; and she and Fanny S. used to get pieces of the marble and heat it in their ovens and carry it to school in their muffs to keep their hands warm.. She loves to tell about her school days, and I love to hear her.
My eyes are better and I will write a little while I can.
Ellen and I went out shopping alone. We went to Bond’s dry-goods store on Sixth Avenue, just below Ninth Street, to buy a yard of calico to make an apron for Maggy’s birthday. We hope she will like it. It is a good quality, for we pulled the corner and twitched it as we had seen our mothers do, and it did not tear. Ellen and I call each other Sister Cynthia and Sister Juliana, and when we bought the calico, Ellen said, “Sister Cynthia, have you any change? I have only a fifty-dollar bill papa left me this morning,” and the clerk laughed. I guess he knew Ellen was making it up !
There is a bakery kept by a Mr. Walduck on the corner of Sixth Avenue and Eighth Street, and they make delicious cream puffs, and when I have three cents to spare, I run down there right after breakfast, before school begins, and buy one and eat it there.
On the corner of Broadway and Ninth Street is a chocolate store kept by Felix Effray, and I love to stand at the window and watch the wheel go round. It has three white stone rollers and they grind the chocolate into paste all day long. Down Broadway, below Eighth Street is Dean’s candy store, and they make molasses candy that is the best in the city. Some-times we go down to Wild’s, that is way down near Spring Street, to get his iceland moss drops, good for colds.
My mother says Stuart’s candy store down on Greenwich and Chambers Street used to be the store in her day. When she was a little girl in 1810, old Kinloch Stuart and his wife Agnes made the candy in a little bit of a back room and sold it in the front room, and sometimes they used to let my mother go in and stir it.
After they died their sons, R. and L. Stuart, kept up the candy store in the same place, and it is there still.
When my mother lived, at 19 Maiden Lane, Miss Rebecca Bininger and her brother lived across the way from her, and they had a store in the front of their home and sold fine groceries, and their sitting room was behind the store. They were Moravians and they used to ask my mother sometimes to come over and sing hymns to them, and my mother says they were so clean and neat that even their pot-hooks and trammels shone like silver, and by and by Miss Rebecca would go into the store and my mother would hear paper rustling, and Miss Rebecca would come back and bring her a paper filled with nuts and raisins for a present.
Sometimes my mother gives us a shilling to go and get some ice cream. We can get a half plate for six-pence, and once Ellen dared to ask for a half plate with two spoons, and they gave it to us, but they laughed at us, and then we each had three cents left. That was at Wagner’s, on the other side of Broadway, just above Eighth Street. There is another ice cream saloon on the corner of Broadway and Waverly Place, called Thompson’s.
I hope Ellen will stay all winter. She is full of pranks; and smarter than I am if she is younger, and I hope we will have lots of snow. When there is real good sleighing, my sister hires a stage sleigh and takes me and a lot of my schoolmates a sleigh ride down Broadway to the Battery and back. The sleigh is open and very long ; and has long seats on each side, and straw on the floor to keep our feet warm, and the sleigh bells sound so cheerful. We see some of our friends taking their afternoon walk on the sidewalk, and I guess they wish they were in our sleigh !
Stages run through Bleecker Street and Eighth Street and Ninth Street right past our house, and it puts me right to sleep when I come home from the country to hear them rumble along over the cobble stones again. There is a line on Fourteenth Street too, and that is the highest uptown.
I roll my hoop and jump the rope in the afternoon, sometimes in the Parade Ground on Washington Square, and sometimes in Union Square. Union Square has a high iron railing around it, and a fountain in the middle. My brother says he remembers when it was a pond and the farmers used to water their horses in it. Our Ninth Street stages run down Broadway to the Battery, and when I go down to the ferry to go to Staten Island, they go through Whitehall Street, and just opposite the Bowling Green on Whitehall Street, there is a sign over a store, `”Lay and Hatch,” but they don’t sell eggs.
January 2, 1850.
Yesterday was New Year’s Day, and I had lovely presents. We had 139 callers, and I have an ivory tablet and I write all their names down in it. Some of the gentlemen come together and don’t stay more than a minute ; but some go into the back room and take some oysters and coffee and cake, and stay and talk. My cousin is always the first to come, and sometimes he comes before we are ready, and we find him sitting behind the door, on the end of the sofa, because he is bashful. The gentlemen keep dropping in all day and until long after I have gone to bed; and the horses look tired, and the livery men make a lot of money.
Next January we shall be half through the nineteenth century. I hope I shall live to see the next century, but I don’t want to be alive when the year 2000 comes, for my Bible teacher says the world is coming to an end then, and perhaps sooner.
My mother said she could not afford to get me another pair of kid gloves now, but my sister took me down to Seaman and Muir’s, next door to the hospital on Broad-way, and bought me a pair. I like salmon color, but she said they would not be useful. Strang and Adriance is next door to Seaman and Muir’s and we go there some-times.
We get our stockings and flannels at S. and L. Holmes’ store, near Bleecker Street. They are two brothers and they keep German cologne. Rice and Smith have an elegant store on the corner of Waverly Place, and they keep German cologne too. We go sometimes to Stewart’s store, way down on the corner of Chambers Street, but I like best to go to Arnold and Constable’s on Canal Street, they keep elegant silks and satins and velvets, and my mother always goes there to get her best things. She says they wear well and can be made over for me or for Ellen sometimes.
My Staten Island sister gave me a nice silk dress, only it is a soft kind that does not rustle. I have a green silk that I hate, and the other day I walked too near the edge of the sidewalk, and one of the stages splashed mud on it, and I am so glad, for it can’t be cleaned.
On Canal Street, near West Broadway, is a box store, where my mother goes for boxes. They have all kinds, from beautiful big band boxes for hats and long ones for shawls, down to little bits of ones for children, and all covered with such pretty paper.
Maggy, my nurse, is a very good woman, and reads ever so many chapters in her Bible every Sunday, and she said one day, “Well, Moses had his own troubles with these Children of Israel.” I suppose she was thinking about the troubles she has with us children. I have a little bit of a hymn book that was given to one of my sisters (not own) by her affectionate mother. It was printed in 1811 and is called “The Children’s Hymn Book,” and some of the hymns are about children sleeping in church, and they are very severe, and I don’t have to learn them, but Maggy teaches me some pretty verses sometimes to sing. I will copy down one of the hymns about sleeping in church. It is called “The sin and punishment of children who sleep in the House of God.” The vengeance of eternal death.
Last Sunday my mother let me go with Maggy to her church. It is called the Scotch Seceders’ Church. Mr. Harper is the minister. The church is in Houston Street. In the pew were her father and mother. They live in Greenwich village, and once she took me there, and her mother gave me elegant bread and butter with brown sugar thick on it.
Maggy has a sister married to a weaver, and his name is George Ross, and he is growing rich by buying land and selling it, and soon he is to be an alderman. Her other sister is Matilda, and she is my sister’s maid. Our other servants are colored people. The man waiter is colored, and we hear him asking our cook on Sunday if she is going to Zion or to Bethel to church, and her name is Harriet White, but she is very black.
We have a Dutch oven in our kitchen beside the range, and in the winter my mother has mince pies made, and several baked at once, and they are put away and heated up when we want one. My mother makes elegant cake, and when she makes rich plum cake, like wedding cake, she sends it down to Shaddle’s on Bleecker Street to be baked.
This is my mother’s birthday and my grandmother came to dinner. She is forty-nine to-day, and I hope she will live to be a hundred. She has a lovely voice and sings old songs, and plays them herself.
She went to a big school in Litchfield kept by a Miss Pierce, but was only there three months. Her father thought it was too cold for her to stay there. While she was there she boarded at Dr. Lyman Beecher’s and his wife died, and he preached her funeral sermon, and my mother heard him. She says a Mr. Nettleton came there to preach once, and at breakfast he and Dr. Beecher had mugs of cider with pearlash in it, and they heated a poker and put it in the cider to make it fizz. It must have been horrid.
My oldest aunt went to Miss Pierce’s school, and got acquainted with a young gentleman who was at Judge Gould’s Law School in Litchfield, and she married him in 1811, and he became a clergyman, and Queen Victoria ordered him to come to Edinburgh to try to get an estate. That was in 1837. He took my aunt and their children and went away in a ship, and it took them ninety days to cross the Atlantic Ocean, and when they get the estate they will live in the castle, and my mother and I will go and visit them.
My aunt was sixteen and my uncle was nineteen when they were married, and he was born in Beaufort in South Carolina, and had a good deal of money. I do hope they will live in the castle ! This is called a law suit they are having to get the estate.
This aunt took dancing lessons when she was a girl of Mr. Julius Metz, and she danced the shawl dance, and was very graceful, and she and my mother took music lessons on the piano, of Mr. Adam Geib, and he played the organ in Trinity Church, and he and his brother George Geib sold pianos. A young lady in Edinburgh told one of my Scotch cousins that she supposed all the Americans were copper colored, and he said, “Well, you know my father is a Scotchman, so that is why I am white.”
I have had a lot of Valentines today.
Once when I was six years old I teased one of my brothers (not own) for a valentine, and he sent me one written on a sheet of lovely note paper with a rose bud in the corner. It is pretty long to copy, and I don’t know all it means, but it sounds tinkly, like music.
This brother is a lawyer, and now he has gone to California too, to a place called Eureka. He has a lovely voice, and so has my own brother too, who went to California last year, and they used to sing rounds with my sister.
When my mother sings one of her songs, she has to cross her left hand over her right on the piano to play some high notes, and make what my teacher says is “a turn,” and it is beautiful. This song is called “The Wood Robin,” and another one begins, “Come, rest in this bosom, my own stricken deer.” My mother knows ever so many songs, and some of them were sung before she was born. One of them is called “The Maid of Lodi,” and another is “The Old Welsh Harper,” and another, “A Social Dish of Tea,” and a lot of others.
I have a schoolmate who lives across the street, and her name is Minnie B. Her father is a doctor, and she has a. brother, Sam, and he is fifteen years old and big, and to-day I ran over to see her, and Sam opened the front door, and when he saw me, he picked me up in his arms to tease me, but he didn’t see his aunt Sarah who was coming downstairs, and when she saw him she was very severe, and said, “Samuel, put that child down right away, and come and eat your lunch.” I don’t dislike Sam, but I think he was very rude to-day, and I am glad his aunt Sarah made him behave himself.
Minnie B. and Lottie G., who lives on the corner of University Place and Ninth Street, and Mary P., who lives on Ninth Street across Fifth Avenue, and I have a sewing society, and we sew for a fair, but we don’t make much money.
But four years ago there was a dreadful famine in Ireland, and we gave up our parlor and library and dining room for two evenings for a fair for them, and all my schoolmates and our friends made things, and we sent the poor Irish people over three hundred dollars. My brothers made pictures in pen and ink, and called them charades, and they sold for fifty cents apiece; like this: a pen, and a man, and a ship, and .called it, “a desirable art” Penmanship. The brother who used to be so mischievous, is studying hard now to be an engineer and build railroads. He draws beautiful bridges and aqueducts.
One Fourth of July, my father got a carriage from Hathorn’s stable and took my mother and my sister and my brother and me out to see the High Bridge. It is built with beautiful arches, and brings the Croton water to New York. My brother says he remembers riding to the place where the Croton aqueduct crossed Harlem River by a syphon before the Bridge was built, and the man who took charge of it opened a jet at the lowest point, and sent a two-inch stream up a hundred feet.
My mother says when she was young, everybody drank the Manhattan water. Everybody had a cistern for rain water for washing, in the back-yards. And when she lived in Maiden Lane, the servants had to go up to the corner of Broadway and get the drinking water from the pump there. It was a great bother, and so when my grandfather built his new house at 19 Maiden Lane, he asked the aldermen if he might run a pipe to the kitchen of his house from the pump at the corner of Broadway, and they said he could,, and he had a faucet in the kitchen, and it was the first house in the city to have drinking water in it, and after that several gentlemen called on my grandfather and asked to see his invention. My mother says the Manhattan water was brackish and not very pleasant to drink.
My grandfather had ships that went to Holland and he brought skates home to his children, and they used to skate on the Canal that is now Canal Street and on the pond where the Tombs is now, and my mother says that the poor people used to get a rib of beef and polish it and drive holes in it and fasten it on their shoes to skate on. The Canal ran from Broadway to the North River, and had a picket fence on both sides of it, and there were only three houses on its side, and they were little white wooden houses with green blinds. My grand-father used to tell his children that whichever one would be up early enough in the morning could ride with him before breakfast in his gig as far as the stone bridge, and that was the bridge at Canal Street and Broadway.
My grandfather bought the lot for his new house from Mr. Peter Sharp, the father of my mother’s school-mate, Fanny. The lot was 28 feet wide, but the house was only 25 feet wide, and there was an alley 3 feet wide that was used by the shop people to get to the kitchen at the back of the house.
This Mr. Sharp was an alderman and he was a Democrat, and my grandfather was a Federalist, and they used to exchange their newspapers so as to read both kinds, and sometimes when my mother was waiting for Fanny to go to school, at her house, Mr. Sharp would throw down the paper and say a very wicked word about the Federalists. Another alderman is Mr. John Yates Cebra, a cousin of my mother’s. He lives on Cebra Avenue on Staten Island, and once I went there with my sister in her barouche and the grays. The grays are beautiful horses.
I have not written in my diary for ever so long, but now school has just closed for the summer, and I have more time.
We had a new study last winter, something to strengthen our memories. The teacher was a Miss Peabody from Boston, and she has a sister married to a Mr. Nathaniel Hawthorne, who writes beautiful stories.
We had charts to paint on, and stayed after school to paint them, and one-half of the page was a country and the other half was for the people who lived in that country, and the country was painted one color, and the people another color, and this is the way it will help us to remember; for Mesopotamia was yellow, and Abraham, who lived there, was royal purple, and so I shall never forget that he lived in Mesopotamia, but I may not remember after all which was yellow, the man or the country, but I don’t suppose that is really any matter as long as I don’t forget where he lived. We did not study it long, but it was fun to stay and paint after school.
Professor Hume teaches us natural science, and every Wednesday he lectures to us, and one day he brought the eye of an ox and took it all apart and showed us how it was like our own eyes. And another time he brought an electric battery, and we joined our hands, ever so many of us, and the end girl took hold of the handle of the battery, and we all felt the shock, and it tingled and pricked.
Sometimes he talks on chemistry, and brings glass jars and pours different things into them and makes beautiful colors. He told us we could aways remember the seven colors of the rainbow by the word, vibgyor.
Professor Edwardes has been teaching us French. He is a little bit of a man, with a big head, and gray hair and a broken nose, and when he recites one of La Fontaine’s Fables, he says, “L’animal vora-a-ace,” and rolls up his eyes until you can only see the whites of them. Mr. Roy comes from the Union Seminary on University Place, to teach us Latin.
This is my birthday again, and I am now eleven years old. School will begin again in September and so I will write some more in my diary while I have time.
I think I will tell about the school my mother went to.
The first school she went to was in Fair Street, and that is now Fulton Street, east of Broadway. It was kept by a Mrs. Merrill, an old lady who took a few little children, and each child brought her own little chair.
Then my mother went to Mr. Pickett’s, and she says that was the school of that time. He had two sons who taught in the school. I will tell about it just as she has written it down for me.
“The school at first was at 148 Chambers Street, on the south side near Greenwich Street. Mr. Pickett’s residence was in front and the school buildings were in the yard behind, running up three stories, with a private side entrance for the scholars, and a well in the yard. The house was brick, painted yellow, but the school buildings were of wood. The first and second floors were for the boys, and the third for the girls, beautifully fitted up, and hardwood floors. On the wall in the four corners of the girls’ room were oval places painted blue, and on them in gilt letters. were inscribed, Attention, Obedience, Industry, Punctuality. Mr. Pickett’s desk was in the center of the room. The desks were painted mahogany color, and put in groups of four, facing each other. Wooden benches without backs were screwed to the floor. On top of the desks were little frames with glass fronts for the copies for writing, and the copies were slid in at the sides. Some of them were, Attention to study, Beauty soon decays, Command your-self, Death is inevitable, Emulation is noble, Favor is deceitful, Good humor pleases, etcetera. Quill pens were used, which Mr. Pickett made himself.”
Some of the girls who went to school with my mother had awfully funny long names. One was Aspasia Seraphina Imogene and their last name was Bogardus.
She had ten brothers and sisters, and these were some of their names : Maria Sabina, Wilhelmina Henrietta, Laurentina Adaminta, Washington Augustus, Alonzo Leonidas Agamemnon, Napoleon LePerry Barrister. There were eleven children, and their mother named them after people she had read about in novels. It must have been funny to hear their nurse call them all to come to dinner.
My name is Catherine Elizabeth. I don’t like it very much. It makes me think of Henrietta Maria and Marie Antoinette and all those old queens with long names we study about in history, but my mother calls me Katy, and sometimes Katrintje, which is the Dutch for “little Katy.”
Some other schools in New York now are Mme. Canda’s on Lafayette Place, Mme. Okill’s on Eighth Street, Mme. Chegary’s, the Misses Gibson on the east side of Union Square, Miss Green’s on Fifth Avenue, just above Washington Square, and Spingler Institute on the west side of Union Square, just below Fifteenth Street. On the corner of Fifteenth Street next to Spingler Institute is the Church of the Puritans. Dr. Cheever is the minister, and he and the church people are called a long name, which means that they think slavery is wicked, and they help the black slaves that come from the South, to get to Canada where they will be free.
N. B.-My mother has read my diary and corrected the spelling, and says it is very good for a little girl. She has written down her memories of old New York, for me, and she was born in 1801, and can remember back to 1805, some things.
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I don't think you're my Aunty any more. Maggie & Simon have made such a differenc....
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In Australia we import over 2000 tons of hazelnuts annually, mainly for use in the confectionary industry, but as Maggie found out, we only grow a small fraction of that amount in Australia, so finding a fresh local supply is not easy.
If you are fortunate to live in one of the cooler regions of Australia where hazelnuts are grown, look out for them from late February to early March, that’s when harvesting takes place.
They’re shelf life is very good, but like many nuts, hazelnuts are prone to rancidity as they age. One way to overcome this is to roast them for a few minutes in a hot oven, then rub the skins off with a tea towel.
Apart from their unique flavour, hazelnuts are also known as the ‘health nut’. They’re high in protein, low in fat and also contain significant amounts of, fibre, iron, phosphorous, vitamins B1, B2, C and E, folate and many other essential nutrients.
For Maggie, chocolate and hazelnuts are a magic combination. She also loves them roasted and chopped up with hazelnut oil to make warm vinaigrette, but whatever way you have them, fresh is best, “Once people try them like this, they won’t want anything else”
More Recipes from Episode 015
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BIOGRAPHY -June 2010
SIPHO “HOTSTIX” MABUSE
THE GENTLE GIANT OF SA MUSIC
Sipho “Hotstix” Mabuse is much more that one of South Africa, and the worlds, most admired and respected musicians; he is a gentle living legend.
Today, after close on 50 years of musical accomplishment and history behind him, Mabuse’s influence on the industry that gave him his voice continues to grow in leaps and bounds.
Mabuse wears many hats – entertainer, businessman, father and care-giver to many, he is an integral part of the entertainment industry and his contribution to the diverse landscape of South Africa is appreciated and honoured by music lovers the world over. From Carnegie Hall, New York to Newtown Johannesburg, when “Hotstix” hits a stage, the world sits up and listens.
Born in Johannesburg in 1951, Mabuse began playing the drums from the age of 8 – the instrument that he would master to such an extent that he quickly gained the nickname “Hotstix”, a name that follows him to this day.
Fiercely proud and keen to share his wealth of knowledge, he’s passionate about having the youth look, learn and respect the veterans of what makes this country great. “Our elders, parents and forefathers need to be respected and heard for their contribution,” he explains. “If we look and listen, we can only continue to grow.”
Mabuse, as a clearly competent musician, has mastered many instruments: the drums, flute, piano, saxophone, kalimba, alto flute, timbales and African drums. However, as a young man, he thought he was destined to become a doctor or a lawyer, not a world famous musician. Music affected him at a very young age with influences from his grandfather and uncles, who were traditional singers of scatamiya, a choral music derivative sung mainly by men.
He began his career as a professional musician at the age of 15 when, during his high school years, he formed his first band The Beaters. The Beaters evolved to become Harari, one of the most successful acts that dominated the music scene of the 1970’s in South Africa. A highlight in their more than decade long career came in 1978 when the group was invited to perform in the USA with Hugh Masekela. During the tour, the band’s leader Selby Ntuli died, leaving Sipho as the new front man. Harari supported and backed Percy Sledge, Timmy Thomas, Letta Mbula, Brook Benton and Wilson Pickett on their South African tours. This eclectic ensemble was impossible to categorise; mixing funk and disco with jazz, while also using traditional African instruments to create a completely unique sound that many tried, but failed to imitate. They were the ultimate party band, yet boasted some of the best musicians around at the time, such as Alec Khali and Lionel Petersen. One of South Africa’s most important musical acts – Harari will forever hold legendary status – even after their split in 1982.
In his solo capacity, Mabuse continued to create great, original South African-born music, culminating with his most important single in 1985. “Burn Out” catapulted him to a new level of fame, turning him into a much applauded success. Released the year PW Botha, the former President, declared a state of emergency, this impeccably funky township disco jive jam became the first major crossover hit in South Africa, selling in excess of half a million copies. Over the years the song has been remixed by international deejays and covered by many of South African artists, qualifying it as one of the country’s most cherished classic tracks ever. His name became synonymous with “township jive”, but, as his live performances over the past two decades have shown, it’s never been easy to label “Hotstix”.
In 1996, after a ten-year sabbatical, Mabuse returned with the album Township Child, an album that brought him back into the musical forefront. A number of albums followed, including two live albums in 2005 and 2006, both captured the spirit of what makes every Sipho “Hotstix” Mabuse performance great. In fact, throughout the course of Mabuse’s near 50-year career, he has become a musical ambassador for South Africa, performing in virtually every country in Africa and touring to places such as the United States, England, France, Germany and Italy as well as a host of others. He has also recorded and produced many legendary artists such as Miriam Makeba, Hugh Masekela, Ray Phiri and Sibongile Khumalo.
Beyond his ongoing musical and philanthropic work, he’s busier in 2010 than at the height of his pop career of the 1970’s and 80s. Accepting invitations to perform right around the world or championing many local causes, was made easier when in 2005, as owner of Kippies, he decided to close what si still remembered today as being one of the country’s most prolific jazz establishments. As a regular commentator on arts and culture in the country, he has sat on the boards of The National Arts Council and SAMRO (South African Musicians Rights Organisation).
As one era ended, so a new one has begun and with it the promise of a brand new album in 2011, the year in which Mabuse celebrates his golden anniversary as one of South Africa’s most endearing talent, the future looks bright indeed.
“I still have a lot to sing and perform for,” he smiles in conclusion. Between constant touring that’s set to only increase, Sipho “Hotstix” Mabuse is doing everything but slow down. “There is rarely a time when I am not actively involved in the music industry – and that’s the way I like it,” he asserts.
Warm, compassionate, caring and gifted in ways even he is still learning about, this gentle giant of great original music is as vital a player today as he ever was. With a wealthy catalogue that’s anchored in Africa, all who meet, greet and share stages with him are equally touched by a humility and grace that’s as rare as the talent this living legend shares with us all.
Best of Sipho Hotstix Mabuse
Chant of the Marching Live Jo’burg
Selected Career Highlights
SAMA Lifetime Achievement Award Winner 2005
46664 Ambassador performed at both London Hyde Park show (2008) and New York show at Radio City Music Hall ( 2009)
For more information:
Contact PR / Personal Manager MARTIN MYERS
Tel: +27 83 448 4475
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Ottawa has dramatically increased funding to six Nunavut groups responsible for the implementation of the territory's land claim.
The multimillion-dollar announcement follows an out-of-court settlement between Ottawa and Nunavut Tunngavik Inc.
The news release issued by the federal government says the increases in funding are a result of ongoing negotiations for the renewal of the land claim implementation contract for the 2013-2023 period.
Leona Aglukkaq, Nunavut's MP and federal Environment minister, made the announcement on behalf of the minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development.
Dollar figures weren't available from the federal government, but the funding increases average more than 45 per cent and appear to represent about $3 million in new money.
The funding increases are as follows: Nunavut Surface Rights Tribunal 20 per cent, Nunavut Impact Review Board 55 per cent, Nunavut Water Board 55 per cent, Nunavut Planning Commission 25 per cent, Nunavut Wildlife Management Board 13 per cent for base funding and 33 per cent for Hunters and Trappers Organizations and regional wildlife organizations.
Earlier this month, the federal government announced a tentative agreement in a billion-dollar lawsuit that had been brought by Nunavut Tunngavik Inc.
The land-claim group alleged that Ottawa had never lived up to its promises to fund a wide variety of activities guaranteed in the 1993 land claim, including wildlife management and development planning.
Details of the tentative agreement have not yet been released.
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Even though mice rarely carry rabies, there are several other deadly diseases that you can get from exposure to their urine, droppings, and saliva.
Here are the ones you should be concerned about as soon as you see signs of mice around, as well as during the process of cleaning up after an infestation:
- Plague – This is a bacterial infection caused by the pathogen Yersinia pestis. It can infect humans as well as other mammals. Rodents can be infected with this disease and transmit it to fleas that bite them and consume the rodent’s blood. From there, the fleas can quickly transfer the plague to any animal that they bite and humans. You can also get the plague from handling animal flesh that is contaminated with the bacteria. There are three types of plague that rodents and fleas can transmit. Bubonic plague symptoms include fever, chills, weakness, and swollen lymph nodes near the site where the bacteria entered the body. This is the most common plague you can get from fleas. Septicemic plague is similar to the Bubonic plague and can arise from it if left untreated. In Septicemic plague, bleeding can occur in the organs as well as the skin. It can also cause severe shock and abdominal pain. Finally, Pneumonic Plague can occur when you breathe in the bacteria responsible for the plague. In this case, you may develop fever and chills along with pneumonia that evolves rapidly. This is one of the main reasons you need to wear a bacteria-proof mask when cleaning up after a rat infestation; and why you should do everything possible to keep rodents out of your home and life. Even though the plague can be treated with antibiotics, it is still considered a deadly disease that you are best off avoiding.
- Tularemia – This is another bacterial infection that can be transmitted by ticks, as well as through contaminated air and water. If you touch infected meat or body fluids from an infected animal, you can also wind up coming down with Tularemia. As with the plague, ticks and deer fly consume infected blood from rodents and then transmit the bacteria to humans and other animals, including rabbits and hares. Tularemia symptoms include a fever over 104 degrees F, skin ulcers around the bite area, and swollen lymph glands near the bite site. If you did not get bitten by a fly or tick, you might have some different symptoms based on the point of entry. For example, if contaminated fluid touches your eye or gets onto a mucus membrane near the eye, you may wind up with eye inflammation and irritation. Similarly, if you inhale contaminated dust or other debris, you may get mouth ulcers, a sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and swollen tonsils. While Tularemia is not usually fatal and can be treated with antibiotics, it is still a disease you can avoid by keeping rodents at bay, using appropriate safety gear when cleaning up after an infestation, and using good hygiene butchering meat.
- Hantavirus – This deadly virus is found in rodent urine and droppings. You come into contact with the virus when particles from these materials escape into the air and then are breathed in. You can also get Hantavirus from rodent bites and consuming food that has come into contact with contaminated saliva, urine, and feces. Unfortunately, there is no cure for Hantavirus. If you come down with this disease, early recognition can ensure that you have appropriate life support until the virus runs its course. Main early symptoms that can occur within 7 to 35 days of exposure to contaminated material include mid-body to shoulder muscle aches, fever, chills, tiredness, headache, dizziness, nausea, and diarrhea. Within just four days, you may also experience serious pulmonary symptoms, including shortness of breath that will lead to failure and death unless you are placed on a ventilator. At the current time, Hantavirus is mainly located in the western United States. Nevertheless, it never hurts to wear appropriate breathing gear and other safety devices so that you stay as safe as possible when cleaning up a mess left behind by rodents.
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus or LCM – Another virus caused by exposure to infected urine, feces, and nesting material. If the pathogen comes into contact with broken skin, it can quickly get into your body and wreak havoc. I can think of no better reason to wear a full protective bodysuit, face shield, and hair covering when cleaning up after rodents than this particular virus. You never know where you might have a scratch, nick, picked scab, or even a paper cut that can become the pathway for this disease to enter your body. Women that are pregnant must be especially careful because this virus can cause a miscarriage. There are two stages of LCM. First, you may experience muscle and/or joint, nausea, vomiting, headaches, fever, sore throat, and tiredness. As the virus progresses, you will wind up with neurological symptoms associated with meningitis, encephalitis, or a combination of both. These symptoms include stiff neck, headache, confusion, drowsiness, sensory abnormalities, paralysis, shaking, and other neurological symptoms. Even though meningitis and encephalitis can be treated, they can still leave you with permanent impairments. As with other diseases caused or transmitted by rodents, it is better to avoid them as much as possible.
- Tick-Borne Lyme Disease – Since ticks are equal opportunity bloodsuckers, it should come as no surprise they will attack rodents right along with any other animal they happen to land on. In this case, Lyme disease and several other tick-borne pathogens can be transmitted between the tick and its rodent host and then to animals and humans.
- Fleas – As with ticks, you will find that rodents also harbor fleas in large numbers. These annoying insects can also carry diseases that can make you, your family, and your pets very sick.
How to Prevent a New Infestation
Once you have gone through a clean-up after rodent infestation, you are sure to be more motivated than ever when it comes to keeping them out of your home and yard. Here are some things you can do to prevent a new infestation, as well as curb an existing one:
- Traps – There are many kinds of traps on the market and some inexpensive ones that you can build on your own. Snap traps will work well; however, I recommend using the rat-sized trap even for smaller rodents. Unless you are dealing with baby field mice, adult-sized rodents will easily get out of the field mouse-sized traps and learn to avoid them in the future. When using these traps, be prepared to dispatch the rodent, as they rarely get caught in the neck or other vital areas. Use peanut butter for bait and flour for trails to the trap. You can also use glue traps; however, you must always be prepared to kill the rodent within a few minutes of hearing it on the trap, or it will escape.
- Electric Zapper Traps – Today, some people also opt to try electric zapper traps that will kill mice or rodents on contact. If you are squeamish about cleaning up a rodent that has been caught in a snap trap, don’t expect this option to be easier. You may wind up with a bloody, smelly mess inside the trap that you will have to clean up or wind up spending a lot of money for a new trap. At the very least, if you don’t want to clean up a snap trap, they are relatively cheap to replace.
- Bucket Traps – The most effective traps are bucket traps that you make on your own. Fill a bucket with water and add a ramp that will fall in when the rodent attempts to walk across from one side to the other. Since rodents cannot swim, all you have to do is fill the bucket enough so that they drown.
- Cruelty-Free Traps – Quite frankly, I don’t recommend “cruelty-free traps” that let you catch rodents and release them elsewhere. All you are doing is carrying a potential disease-bearing animal to another location where it can make someone else sick or kill them, including innocent children who may contact rodent feces and urine. Regardless of how you may feel about animals, this is one area where pushing the problem down the road isn’t the right answer, let alone a kind one.
- Natural Deterrents – Aside from peppermint, rodents also don’t like the smell of onions. You can cut an onion in sections and leave parts of it along walls and entryways to your home. Just remember, however, onions are poisonous to cats and other animals. Ensure that you put the onions in some wire cage or other container to prevent cats and other susceptible animals from getting into it.
- Poisons – Overall, rat poisons should be used as a last resort because they can also kill cats and other predators that consume the mice.
- Toxic Foods – Try using dry instant mashed potato flakes to kill rodents. Once the rodent consumes the flakes, they will expand quickly upon being exposed to moisture in the rodents digestive system and cause it to explode.
- Chocolate is also poisonous to rodents; however, it tends to be even more toxic to dogs and cats. Therefore, it is best to avoid using chocolate to kill mice.
- Baking soda may also be of use when it comes to killing rodents. However, be aware that dogs and cats can also be killed if they overeat unneutralized baking soda. When baking soda hits the acid in a rodent’s stomach, it will produce gas that causes it to explode. For cats and dogs, too much baking soda can cause electrolyte imbalances. If you use baking soda, only use small quantities near the trap or in an area where pets can’t get into it. This especially important if you have kittens, puppies, or smaller-sized animals that will be more susceptible to poisoning.
- Electronic Deterrents – If you do some research, you will find that many companies offer ultrasonic devices supposed to deter rodents, insects, and other unwanted animals from entering your home or other areas. While these devices may sound good on paper, their usefulness is limited because their operation range is very narrow. Unfortunately, if these devices were going to be as effective as you would want them to be, they would pose a threat to humans and other animals. While you can try using ultrasonic devices to try and drive rodents into trap areas, they don’t work well at all alone.
- Animals That Will Hunt Rodents – Without question, cats are excellent when keeping rodents under control. If you choose a new kitten, look for the one in the litter that chases everything and is the most active. When you bring the kitten home, be sure to use plenty of rodent-like toys during play periods and praise behaviors that mimic catching and killing rodents. Since this is already a natural behaver in cats, it is also very easy to shape and hone. Aside from being an excellent excuse for playing with your new kitten, it is also excellent training for when the kitten is old enough to go after mice. It is also essential to teach your kitten how to use scratching posts not to damage the furniture during this time. A cat that will be a rodent hunter needs his/her claws for the sake of safety and efficiency. Usually, once the kitten gets accustomed to using these posts and accepts them as territorial markers, they will use them instead of other items in the house. For outdoor locations, red tail hawks, falcons, eagles, and owls will all hunt rodents. To draw hawks to your yard, set up feeding stations for smaller birds. Eventually, the hawks and other raptors will come to your yard looking for the smaller birds. While they will also undoubtedly catch some of these birds, they will also go after rodents. Just be sure to keep cats and other small pets indoors since many of these birds can capture unwary pets and kill them in a matter of seconds. If you have room for them, ducks and geese will also hunt rodents. You may also have a large number of wild geese in your area. Since migratory bird laws protect these birds, make sure you know about any restrictions associated with luring them to your yard. It is essential to realize that geese can be very aggressive. If they become a problem in your yard, you may not be able to kill them without facing criminal charges. You are better off choosing some other animal or simply purchasing domesticated ducks and geese for rodent control from this perspective.
- Keeping Rodents Out of Food and Textiles – For the most part, rodents find food, water, and nesting materials using their sense of smell. Whether they smell flour, sugary materials, meat, or water, rest assured they will make their way to the source of that odor. While you cannot always prevent odors from escaping food items, you can put them in glass or metal containers that mice cannot chew through. Some plastics on the market will work for this purpose. Always use rat and mouse-proof containers with tight-fitting lids to reduce damage and spoilage as much as possible. That will also act as a deterrent since rodents will move onto the next promising target when they realize they can’t get into your food sources.
People tend to have many different reactions when they see a rodent in their home. Where my wife almost immediately reaches for a hammer and a bucket trap, other people might stop and think how cute the rodent is, while still others will begin shrieking.
Regardless of your initial response to seeing rodents, it is essential to get rid of them as quickly as possible, and then make sure you use proper steps and precautions for cleaning up the mess they leave behind. Learning how to clean up after a rodent infestation is an important skill, no matter whether you live in an apartment, your own home, or a homestead.
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Yang Jinhui is living in worry inside the cracked walls of his neighbor's house while he awaits a government solution to the rebuilding of his house, which collapsed a year ago due to subsidence.
"Nearly all the houses in our village have cracks," said Yang, a farmer from a village severely affected by subsidence in Lingshi County, north China's Shanxi Province, the country's number one coal producer.
Like Yang, nearly one million people across the province have been affected by subsidence, the drying-up of underground water and other ecological disasters in the past couple of decades. As coal mine owners gobble up profits, the price of excessive mining is dear.
Over half of the original 530 residents in Taoniu village, where Yang lives, have moved from the land on which they can no longer grow a sufficient amount of crops.
"All the fruit trees have died and farm produce has been dramatically reduced due to water shortages," said Yang. "Our drinking water has to be piped from a village ten kilometers away as the wells in our village dried up seven years ago."
The underground water resources in the area have almost run out as a consequence of heavy mining.
"The area of sinking land is increasing by 94 square kilometers per year in Shanxi," said Wang Hongying, head of the energy economics institute of the Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences.
The province reported that 2,940 square kilometers of land was subsiding in 2004.
The subsidence has caused tragic accidents such as the land collapse near a coal mine in Ningwu County in Shanxi last August, which killed 18 miners. There have also been reports of farm animals falling down crevices when ploughing the land in subsidence-affected areas.
Experts attribute the increase of subsidence to the province's booming mining industry, which now produces more than 500 million tons of coal per year, a quarter of the country's total.
The province has launched a three-year treatment plan for nine key sinking areas, with an investment of 6.8 billion yuan (US$870 million).
The plan aims to solve housing problems by 2008 for subsidence-affected residents, including repairing slightly damaged buildings and building new homes for those living in severely damaged ones.
"But the plan does not address the drying-up of underground water resources and worsening ecological situation," said Jing Shan, an official in charge of the subsidence treatment in Lingshi.
"Coal mining enterprises should establish special funds from the production costs to compensate for the damaged environment," Jing said.
(Xinhua News Agency January 13, 2007)
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Over the years 1918-21, under the rubric Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen, Arnold Schoenberg and his colleagues produced chamber-ensemble versions of well-known orchestral masterpieces. The 177 concerts in Vienna presented chiefly new music from all over Europe for an audience of private membership. Though these economical arrangements have been undertaken and recorded by many local organizations, I particularly remember a Collage New Music performance from 40 years ago of Schoenberg’s Five Orchestral Pieces, op. 16, arranged for 15 instruments by Schoenberg’s son-in-law Felix Greissle. John Harbison, who conducted the performance from Greissle’s manuscript, mentioned that it was evident from the score that Schoenberg kept close watch over every minute of the arrangement process. [Publisher Lee Eiseman, who owns a harmonium Schoenberg probably played, has lent his instrument for many traversals of this repertoire, including Cantata Singers’ Das Lied von der Erde under Harbison in the 80s and Mahler’s Fourth Symphony under Bramwell Tovey with the Rhode Island Philharmonic two years ago.]
From upstairs in the back of Rockport Music’s three-quarters-filled Shalin Liu auditorium, Yoobin Son intoned Debussy’s Syrinx, for unaccompanied flute. There aren’t more than three or four pieces for solo flute that anyone would ever want to hear, but this is one of the greats. She played with a wider range of tempo and dynamics, and considerably more expression, than Debussy’s intimate score demanded, but no matter, it sounded lovely throughout.
Benno Sachs’s chamber version of Prélude à l’Après-midi d’un faune preserves much of Debussy’s original timbral quality with remarkable clarity, well underlined by the pellucidity and precision from all players. A concert accordion, carefully wielded by Michael Bridge, took the part of the called-for harmonium— a regular stand-in at Verein concerts for its quietly gathered wind tone and tonal glue. You heard this from the beginning at m. 4, whereupon the third horn’s notes in mm. 5, 8 and 9 appeared in the clarinet, and these were just fine. On the last page of the score, the ghostly chords at mm. 107-108 — you can find them in Example 3 HERE — are memorable for two horns and first violins, all muted; last night it really worked with the accordion and one muted violin. The transparency of sound convincingly demonstrates how this famous Prélude is a miracle of composition.
In Debussy’s Première Rapsodie, a six-minute delight for solo clarinet with accompaniment of five strings, flute, and harp, Todd Palmer soloed with full energy and expressiveness . . . and he did the arrangement. Debussy’s original orchestral tuttis came off well, if somewhat boisterously, with double-stopped solo strings. (Debussy originally scored this morceau de concours for clarinet and piano in 1910.
Mahler’s Das Lied von der Erde constituted the second half of a full and triumphant evening. In recent months, in connection with writing an analytical essay, I have become ever more acquainted with this acknowledged masterpiece of orchestral song, composed 1909, with Mahler’s renewal of, and inheritance from, the spirit of Schubert much more than the usual perception of Wagner. Above all Das Lied is a bittersweet work, a farewell not to the world whose future Mahler could not face, but to the memorialized past, with the hope of going forward (Ewig, ewig…). Mahler wrote to a friend that he could not have written his Kindertotenlieder (1901) after his daughter Maria died (1907); others suggested that Das Lied von der Erde could perhaps be thought of as a tribute to her, because the Kindertotenlieder loom large in the background of the later work. Mahler died before he could hear Das Lied von der Erde (premiered five months after his death, conducted by Bruno Walter). Hearing the full orchestral version, one notices the preponderance of upper-register sound, and this was also evident in the chamber version, by Schoenberg and Rainer Riehn: fl. (picc.)-ob.(Eng. horn)-cl.(E-flat cl., bass cl.)-bn., horn, accordion (substituting for harmonium), piano, celesta, percussion, 5 strings. This is really a reduced large orchestra, and it stretches a point to call it chamber music. Much of the time one felt that a larger string section was needed to fill out the solo sound and, in this instance, to hold up the bottom of everything, to add more bass clefs, despite the expert ministrations of the hard-working double bass player Charles Clements.
The cycle begins and ends with two big songs, with four shorter numbers coming in between. The very active, Richard Tucker Award-winning tenor Paul Groves alternated with versatile, rising mezzo-soprano Rihab Chaieb, creating the widest imaginable spectrum of emotion in strong, rich tones. Much of the time, though, they had to fight the instruments for proper projection—a problem I attribute to the lack of acoustic depth in what is essentially a chamber-music hall. Musically, and expressively these performances were well-nigh flawless and highly communicative. The audience showed tremendous enthusiasm.
Congratulations for the fine professionalism and dedicated expression of the entire ensemble, with special nod to Barry Shiffman, artistic director who also played the viola throughout. Earl Lee, the skilled conductor kept expert control over tempo changes and restrained dynamics (especially in the Mahler) without using a stick. Keith Horner provided well-written program notes.. I give a special shoutout to Ryan Roberts from the NY Philharmonic; he played oboe and English horn with the loveliest colors and warmest expression I have heard anywhere in years; this matters greatly in the final song, Der Abschied (The Farewell). Afterwards he explained that he facilitated the low B flat on his English horn, which I heard plainly, with a special extension. This obviated the solution Mahler offered in his famous footnote in the score of Das Trinklied des Jammer der Erde “If there is no low B flat, play B.”
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FACT: In Reality The Repukelicans Controlling The House [View all]
Is just a big sham that remains under GOP control only because of industrial scale gerrymandering. Interestingly enough the FACTS now show that the democrats actually got more votes for their house candidates than the repukelicans did and the FACTUAL reason the repukelicans have majority status in the house is because of their success at redrawing congressional districts after the 2010 census. In other words, they have the majority of house seats because they don't particularly believe in proportional representation. Fortunately the Senate and the Presidency can't be gerrymandered!
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Leadership behavior as a health-promoting resource for workers in low-skilled jobs and the moderating role of power distance orientation 96-116
In this study, the authors analyze leadership behaviors as potential health-promoting resources for low-skilled workers in a highly culturally diverse work setting. The authors hypothesize that subordinates’ and supervisors’ individual power distance orientations will moderate the effect of subordinates’ perceptions of leadership behavior and the subsequent effects on their well-being. Multilevel modeling is used to analyze a sample of data from 474 low-skilled employees (50% immigrants) and 35 direct supervisors from three German companies. Supporting the hypotheses, social support, task-related communication, and positive feedback, as expressions of esteem, are found to positively impact subordinates’ well-being, but individual consideration shows no significant effects. Furthermore, results confirm that supervisors’ power distance orientation moderates employees’ perceptions about supervisors’ positive feedback and the subsequent well-being effects. The moderating effect fails to hold for employees’ power distance orientation. Results indicate that supervisors can most effectively promote the health of low-skilled workers by showing esteem through positive feedback, but if the supervisor has high individual power distance orientation, the effect is attenuated.
Volume (Year): 28 (2014)
Issue (Month): 1-2 ()
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If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.
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Be the change you wish to see in the world.
The University of Chicago Urban Teacher Education Program, UChicago UTEP, prepares teachers of the highest caliber for Chicago Public Schools while empirically testing a model for urban teacher preparation. Our graduates are classroom-based school teachers who view teaching as a highly intellectual profession and a means for promoting educational equity and social justice.
UChicago UTEP is a five-year experience that includes a two-year master's degree program: Elementary and Middle Grades Pathways. The two pathways meet Illinois's new licensure structure and standards for teaching: (1) all core-subjects in self-contained elementary grades 1-6; and (2) specific core subjects in departmentalized middle grades 5-8. The two-year masters of arts in teaching and licensure program is followed by three free years of post-graduation supports.
Ninety-two percent of UChicago UTEP graduates are still teaching in Chicago Public Schools or similar urban school districts after five years. This retention rate far exceeds the national norm, where approximately 50% of urban public school teachers leave the profession within their first three years.
UChicago UTEP is a unit of the University of Chicago Urban Education Institute.
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Click here to view an interactive map of the Northern Ireland dataset as currently collated by CEDaR.
The map is generated through the NBN Gateway using their Interactive Mapping Tool.
V. dolosa grows on shaded rocks (siliceous and calcareous) and rock fragments, often those by wooded upland streams. It has a thin, smooth thallus and small spores (13-19 x 6-9ųm [max.]). The spherical discs (perithecia) project upwards and are not immersed. In Ireland, the lichen is only known from County Galway.
Original text submitted by Vince J. Giavarini
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As long as you think of it in that context, then you will have difficulty seeing what
the real issue is. Think about your statement for a moment. Note the the issue was
all about you. You seem that you don't want to be treated like an 8 year old. Yet
no one mentioned that. Does keeping people accountable seem juvenile or
belittling to you?
I have nothing against accountability, what I'm talking about is treating people with respect. There are many ways to encourage accountability without treating an adult as if they were a child.
You may see this as an issue of control, but it is not. It is an
issue to help you grow. Sometimes it is hard to see a spot on our own nose. We
need one another to tell us of these issues we each have. No one is exempt.
So if you were the teacher of a class and you were late for some reason then the students would be justified in sending you home?
Let us take this scenario:
1. Student shows up to class 15 minutes late twice a week or more.
2. Sensei asks student to please notice the time.
3. Student says "sorry" or "yes, Sensei I will." but still is habitually late.
4. So the issue of disrupting the class is a real one, but marginal in the long run, as
the root issue is not about them so much as the student with the problem. What is
going on in that student's life that he/she is late all the time? It is a sure bet that
such an issue is presenting itself in other aspects of their life.
Well, it might be, or it might just be that they have a job that often requires overtime, or that they have some kind of personal reason that they're not comfortable sharing with you.
I've trained in many dojo where people are late (sometimes very late) for various reasons, and I've never seen it become a serious problem, either with the class or with the individual.
Frankly, if someone is late because they don't take the training seriously then they probably won't continue in the long term anyway, so sending them home probably won't make any difference other then pushing them out the door faster.
5. It would be the easy path to let the student "off the hook" and not bother with
his issue. The hard path of compassion is to keep the student accountable for
his/her actions in the hope that the will look at the issue internally, and as you may
know, the first step in growth, is to realize where we are in need of it.
Perhaps you feel as if no one has the right to keep you accountable. If so, that
means that you are perfect and not in need of growth, yes? I think it would be
safe to assume that that statement is false for each and every one of us.
The reality of your statement , (please muse on it for your own benefit) is one of
As I said, there are ways to keep people accountable that don't involve humiliation or treating them like children. As far as that goes, how much ego is involved in the decision that you have the right to treat someone in a humiliating manner in order to correct a "problem" that you really may know nothing about? What you're doing in that situation is placing yourself in a position above the other person, a position in which you are justified in passing judgments on their behavior and dealing out humiliating corrections. Sounds like the ego of the teacher, not the student.
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The following story was written by a University of Missouri student as part of the 2011 Sonja Hillgren/Farm Journal Ag Journalism Field Reporting Institute. Learn more.
By Emily Garnett
Deep inside Pioneer Forest, which sprawls across 154,000 acres in central and southeastern Missouri, the roar of a chainsaw could be heard.
The roar stopped abruptly and in the brief silence that followed, Jay Duncan, co-owner of J&G Logging, hoisted his orange Stihl chainsaw and made a hasty dash away from the tree. With a prolonged cracking sound and an enormous crash, the branches, limbs and sizeable trunk of a mature scarlet oak hit the ground.
What Duncan heard was the death of a tree. What he couldn’t hear was the beginning of the slow, silent release of carbon into the atmosphere as the tree began its decaying process. If the dead scarlet oak is used as "woody biomass," a wood product burned for energy production, the carbon release will be even swifter.
Thanks to a study known as the "Manomet Report," the sound of trees releasing carbon into the atmosphere now rings loudly in the ears of many scientists and foresters. Even though the study’s conclusions could limit the size and impact of an imminent woody biomass industry, many foresters and environmentalists fear for the health and survival of Missourian forests.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has long promoted using trees to produce energy, in the place of fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. Fossil fuel supplies are replenished over millennia, but trees can be regrown within 30 years.
Because of this fast growth, the logic went, trees can rapidly reabsorb the carbon they release into the atmosphere when they’re burned, thus making wood a carbon-neutral source of energy.
"Up until very recently in the United States, woody biomass has gotten a free pass," said Peter Becker, a forest ecologist and research coordinator with the Eastern Ozarks Forestry Council.
But in June 2010, the Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, a non-profit environmental research organization based in Massachusetts, released a study that refuted the long-standing belief that burning wood for energy is a carbon-neutral event.
"Forest biomass generally emits more greenhouse gases than fossil fuels per unit of energy produced," creating an initial "carbon debt" when wood products are first burned, the report concluded.
Tree regrowth will eventually remove this carbon from the atmosphere, but it can take up to 40 years before the full debt is repaid. So, only decades after the initial burning does biomass "begin yielding carbon dividends in the form of atmospheric greenhouse gas levels that are lower than would have occurred from the use of fossil fuels," the study concluded.
"When I read the report my mouth dropped open, literally," Becker said. "It has serious, serious implications."
In part due to the issues raised in the Manomet Report, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has revised a report proposal that will examine how a variety of energy sources, including wood, release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The changes could limit how much wood is accessible for biomass facilities such as wood-generated power plants, said Kenneth Skog, a forest economist with the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wis.
The EPA proposal suggests assigning points to various methods of harvesting wood, which would measure each method’s potential to reduce carbon in the atmosphere.
The points, called "biogenic accounting factors," would range from 0 to 1. A score of 1 would mean none of the carbon released by that method is immediately absorbed by new growth and a score of 0 would mean all of the carbon released is quickly absorbed by new growth.
Certain methods, such as logging whole trees specifically for wood fuel, will most likely score higher, since the Manomet Report has shown that the carbon emissions from this method will stay in the atmosphere for decades before new growth can catch up and re-absorb them.
But other methods, such as using the tree branches and tree tops from logging efforts that are already underway or using mill by-products already available, will have a lower score. These methods do not take any additional trees off the land, and the resulting by-products need a market, Skog said.
More than anything else then, Becker maintains, the conclusions of the Manomet Report have reinforced the need for careful forestry management in Missouri.
The Report itself noted that the environmental impact of the woody biomass industry will ultimately "depend on future forest management actions."
This is a sensitive issue in the state of Missouri, which has no logging regulations.
"Loggers with a chainsaw are the ones managing timber in Missouri," said Scott Brundage, a certified Missouri forester and tree farmer.
The "chip mill fiasco" of the 1990s demonstrated the threat new markets for wood pose to Missouri woodlands, Brundage said. Two high-capacity chip mills moved into the state in 1997, and many woodlot owners allowed loggers to clear cut their properties for a quick profit.
But a different problem faces Missouri forests today. The state’s woodlands produce nearly three times as much wood as loggers cut, and forests are becoming overcrowded with undesirable and invasive tree species, Brundage said.
"Missouri leads the nation in "cull" trees — worthless trees," he said.
In light of this, Brundage believes the biomass industry could benefit Missouri forests.
"Biomass fuel could be the greatest management tool to come along," he said, "Now we have a market for low-quality, low-value wood."
But Brundage worries that without logging regulations, the new market for wood could devastate forests across the state.
Skog also promotes restrained logging practices—from a carbon emissions standpoint. The practice of clear cutting releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Without any standing trees to start re-accumulating the carbon, several decades must pass before tree saplings can grow large enough to repay the initial debt, much less remove additional carbon from the atmosphere, Skog said.
Thus, the preferred management plan involves a gradual, selective removal of trees from forests, practices enforced by Pioneer Forest, where Jay Duncan spends his days logging.
Here, foresters Jason Green and Brandon Kuhn evaluate individual stands of trees, an acre or two at a time, marking the unhealthy or undesirable species and mature trees ready for logging, keeping in mind spacing and the natural life cycles of the forest.
Once J&G Logging cuts the selected trees in a stand, no logger will touch that area again for 20 years. This minimally invasive technique of logging, called "single-tree selection," is praised by many foresters and scientists, including Rose Marie Muzika, chair of the MU Forestry Department.
"As ecologists, we often try to imagine how the natural processes take place," she said. "This kind of single-tree mortality, which this harvest method imitates, is a very common natural process in all forests."
The Pioneer foresters are unsure how compatible a woody biomass industry is with forestry practices such as single-tree selection. Green and Terry Cunningham, Pioneer’s forest manager, have voiced concerns about the volume of wood such an industry would require, the lack of logging regulations, and the presence of markets that already use most of the wood industry’s by-products available in Missouri.
But Becker thinks woody biomass and sustainable forest management go hand in hand, especially in light of the Manomet Report. He argues that the wood used in the biomass industry should come from the thinnings and debris left over from selective forest clearings such as those Pioneer foresters oversee.
"We’ve just turned things on their head by saying, do forest management first and cut the trees necessary and the byproduct could be biomass for energy," he said.
Only using the leftover wood from selective forest clearings may limit the size and scope of the biomass industry, Becker conceded.
"Biomass is do-able," he maintains, "just not on the scale industry is fantasizing about."
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Paper Boat is a cargo ship that Pat and I use to share materials that we’ve developed for our workshops on strength-based practice and inter-agency collaboration. It has been sailing, more or less, for about 20 years, and as you dig through the accumulated power points and articles in our hold you can trace the convoluted course we have followed through the shifting tides of system change and practice innovation.
Most of the materials on our manifest are souvenirs we’ve brought back from our ongoing adventures into the wild lands of Wraparound. Even after all these years, I don’t think anyone is completely sure what Wrap is, but we have tried out best to capture the essence of what it has come to mean for us.
Essentially, we think Wrap is a tool for collaborative problem solving when individuals and families have complex needs, and for integrating multiple formal and informal sources of support and assistance in response to those needs. At its heart it is a simple approach that anyone can use, but it is not easy to install as a component of a large service system, nor is it easy to insure consistency and effectiveness in its implementation.
Throughout the United States, Canada, Europe and even in New Zealand and Australia, many agencies, organizations and individuals are using variations of Wraparound in their service systems. Most often it is applied in connection with services for families with children who have severe emotional disorders, but increasingly the elements of Wrap are being use in a variety of other situations, including assistance for older adults, transition age youth, adults in the correctional system and individuals with chronic diseases.
We do not have a copyright on Wraparound or sole license on explaining how to use Wrap. All we can do is let you know what we’ve discovered in our voyages over the past two decades. There are a variety of other sources and perspectives worth checking out. Then you can decide what approach will work best for you and those you are helping.
One thing you might notice, especially if you look through the materials we have prepared over time, is that our understanding of what constitutes Wraparound, and how the techniques of Wraparound can be used to improve the fit between the help we offer and the needs of the people we serve has evolved. Looking at what has worked, and what hasn’t in the various implementations of Wraparound and related practice models has provided us with some insights, but also lead us to be more cautious about making statements that would seem to portray Wraparound as a universal panacea. It’s not. By itself Wrap is simply an excellent connector. To be effective a system using wraparound also has to have good both formal and informal resources to share with those in need, and the means to rapidly adapt those resources to align with the culture, preferences and unique situation of each person or family being served.
Pat and I are independent consultants. We don’t represent any agency or perspective other than our own. Our approach is to partner with each of our clients to develop service systems that make sense for them and in the context and environment in which they are working, while reflecting the core values of collaborative, strength-based, outcome-focused, individualized and person-centered care.
The links on the left hand side will connect you to the various wares we have collected.
The Article Archive contains both articles and practice guides.
The Residentialy-Based Services section contains materials developed to help the state of California establish four pilot projects that integrate residential and community-based services for children and youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders and their families.
The Presentation section contains power point presentations from workshops we have given for our clients. The newest addition comes from the keynote and workshops John was invited to deliver at the national wrap conference hosted by Clermont County in Cincinnati in September of 2013. For those of you who were wondering who Wraparound Jones is, this is your chance to learn more about him.
The Virtual Workshops section contains longer presentations from longer training sessions.
The Directive Supervision section describes Pat’s system for providing strength-based, data-driven management of human service agencies and provides a link to the Directive Supervision web site.
The services section tells more about how we approach the help we offer our clients.
As with any trunk filled with accumulated memories, the newer stuff is on top.
Thanks for coming aboard.
Pat Miles and John Franz
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Common cows’ milk allergy symptoms
It’s not always easy to spot the symptoms of food allergies – even for doctors. Diagnosis of cows’ milk allergy (CMA) can be difficult as the symptoms are also common to many other conditions seen in infants and children.
Cows’ milk allergy symptoms may occur immediately or the reaction may be delayed1. Immediate reactions occur within minutes to two hours after consumption of cows’ milk protein (the protein found in cow’s milk). These reactions are generally quiet obvious and therefore easy to diagnose. They can be confirmed with allergy testing. Symptoms can include1,2:
- Face swelling
- Noisy breathing or wheeze
- Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction) may cause floppiness in babies
Delayed reactions to cow’s milk may take several hours to days to appear. They are less obvious and this makes diagnosis more difficult for these infants and children. Allergy tests are also not often useful in these cases. The following may be clues to a delayed reaction to cow’s milk2
- Reluctance to feed
As there can be many causes of these symptoms, diagnosis of CMA can take time. This period can be difficult not only for the child but for the parents too. So what can you do if you suspect your child may be allergic to cow’s milk?
- Make an appointment with your child’s doctor
Reliable diagnosis of CMA is important. The doctor will be able to assess your child’s symptoms and rule out other causes. They will also be able to refer you onto an allergy specialist if necessary
- Get the facts
Find out a little more about CMA – this website is a good place to start. It will give you confidence when talking to healthcare professionals and tell-tale signs to be aware of.
- Keep a diary
The more familiar you are with your child’s symptoms, the easier it will be for a CMA diagnosis to be made. A good way to do this is to keep a daily diary of your baby’s diet and symptoms. This can sometimes be difficult if reactions are delayed but it is nevertheless a good place to start.
- Trust your instincts
Often parents will have a ‘sixth sense’ when something is out of the ordinary. Nobody knows your baby as well as you do, so trust your parental instinct when deciding if further action is called for.
If you have found one or more symptoms that match what your child is experiencing, the questions listed in the Symptom Checklist will help you to find out if a food allergy could be the cause. Answering these questions will bring you closer to determining if and how your child is affected but please don’t hesitate to discuss the test results with your child’s healthcare professional.
Delayed reactions to cow’s milk may take several hours to days to appear. They are less obvious and this makes diagnosis more difficult for these infants and children
- ASCIA, March 2016, Cow’s milk (dairy) allergy Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, viewed 18 May 2016, http://www.allergy.org.au/patients/food-allergy/cows-milk-dairy-allergy
- Vandenplas et al 2007 ‘Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cow’s milk protein allergy in infants’ Arch Dis Child Vol 92 pp: 902-908
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The Bush administration was fraught with many things, but when it came to human rights there was perhaps no greater health controversy than the practice of torture, which many people argued violated deep moral and federal laws in exchange for nothing. Now a new government report backs those claims, saying the CIA misled Congress and the Department of Justice on the value of torture.
Whether it’s waterboarding or starvation in feral conditions, the practice of torture has a profound history behind it. The simple, brutish methods of extracting information cut straight to our deepest fears, and violates them on purpose. Not only are they anti-human; with respect to the years following the invasion of Iraq and the pursuit of terrorists, The Washington Post reports, they flat-out didn’t work.
“The CIA described [its program] repeatedly both to the Department of Justice and eventually to Congress as getting unique, otherwise unobtainable intelligence that helped disrupt terrorist plots and save thousands of lives,” said one U.S. official briefed on the report, according to The Washington Post. “Was that actually true? The answer is no.”
The 6,300-page report reveals swaths of previously classified information about detention sites and the subsequent failure of CIA-issued cases of abuse, often referring to instances where information was divulged prior to the actual torture taking place. One case involved the repeated dunking of a terrorist suspect into a tank of ice water, similar to the effects of waterboarding, though it didn’t appear on any DOJ-approved list of techniques.
Millions of records in fact indicate he information obtained during the period of several years had little, if anything, to do with “enhanced interrogation techniques.” And the information that was obtained was often false and only led to intimidated prisoners. In a 2007 Op-Ed for The Post, Reed College professor, Darius Rejali, noted that it isn’t so much the truth that stops the torturing, so much as saying anything.
“In fact, the problem of torture does not stem from the prisoner who has information; it stems from the prisoner who doesn't,” he explained. “The torture of the informed may generate no more lies than normal interrogation, but the torture of the ignorant and innocent overwhelms investigators with misleading information.”
In other words, when an official gains a piece of information, it has to be vetted and crosschecked and fact-checked (and surely a raft of other types of checks) before it can be verified as true. Nothing, in that case, is preferable to anything. But torture continues to search — to put it lightly — for anything.
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Mars Dust for Kids
16 Jul 2001
(Source: Thursday's Classroom)
A giant dust storm is raging on Mars! Today's issue of Thursday's Classroom includes 3rd-to-4th and 5th-to-8th grade-level news stories about the ongoing tempest. Students might also enjoy experimenting with an edible Mars dust storm as they color original martian art by Duane Hilton.
Also check out our recent 6th-to-12th grade lesson plans based on the Science@NASA stories "Sizzling Comets Circle a Dying Star" (July 11, 2001) and "Morning Coffee and Planets" (July 10). They're all at http://www.thursdaysclassroom.com/.
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Last Updated on by LAUNCHTIP
What is upselling and cross-selling?
Upselling and cross-selling are normally used in the later stages of conversion, once a consumer has decided they’d like to purchase an item. Both strategies provide products that are similar to the original item being viewed or purchased by the customer.
Upselling is a way to get customers to upgrade the products in which they are interested. The end goal is to get customers to purchase a higher price item than the one they were originally going to choose.
For example, a customer could be looking to purchase a 50 inch TV but you upsell a 60 inch TV to them instead. The product being promoted is typically more expensive and can help to increase the average order value.
Cross-selling invites customers to purchase complementary products to the product they were going to buy. When the cross-sell items are complementary, the customer has more reason to purchase them.
For example, the customer might purchase a phone case. As a merchant, you might cross sell the same customer a screen protector; both products complement each other.
How to upsell and cross-sell
Upselling and cross-selling are essential methods to increase your average order value (AOV) and profitability. Each has its own way of contributing the AOV; upselling typically means the consumer will upgrade to a higher margin item or service whereas cross-selling adds value by adding additional items.
As a merchant, you’ll be able to understand which method suits your business model better.
For example, cross selling works if you’re selling a product for $30 with a 50% gross margin, $3 flat shipping cost and $2 acquisition cost, the net profit will be $10. If you can then cross-sell the customer an item worth $8 with a similar gross margin, you could combine both products together which shouldn’t affect your shipping costs and increase your net profit to $14.
By getting your customer to add a small complementary product to their order, you can easily increase your profit.
On the other hand, upselling to get consumers to upgrade to a higher priced item may work better.
For example, if you sell high-end electronics, you might find that shipping costs are negligible compared to the price of the item. If a customer upgrades to a more expensive item, it can impact the profitability more instead of adding a smaller item.
Examples of upselling and cross-selling
DIPSODA is a phone case and women’s fashion accessories retailer. When a customer adds a phone case to their cart, the website immediately displays a cross-sell by offering a screen protector. The customer is able to select the correct screen protector for their device.
Apple uses upselling to show various hardware and software coverage plans when purchasing an Apple product. The plans are very easy to understand and indicate which is the best for the customer.
Upselling and cross-selling are both great strategies for boosting profit and increasing your average order value. They can be used separately or together, depending on your business model and industry.
To help get you started, we’ve already created a list of 14 best Shopify upsell apps that will help you boost your sales and achieve everything above. Upselling and cross-selling has never been so important to use in 2022.
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What is a sty and what medicine is used for it
A:A stye is a pimple or abscess that forms in either the upper or lower eyelid. Do not wear make up and apply warm, wet compress. [ Source: http://www.chacha.com/question/what-is-a-sty-and-what-medicine-is-used-for-it ]
More Answers to "What is a sty and what medicine is used for it"
- What is a sty and what medicine is used for it
- A stye is a pimple or abscess that forms in either the upper or lower eyelid. Do not wear make up and apply warm, wet compress.
- Can the med vigamox be used for a sty in the eye
- Yes this is a pink eye condition like infection and you can use warm water cloths on this and make it feel better, but the best form of treatment is Vigamox®* Ophthalmic Solution and TobraDex® Ophthalmic Suspension and Ointment to treat cer...
Related Questions Answered on Y!Answers
- will gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic solution get rid of a sty?
- Q: i had it in the medicine cabinet and i have a sty in my left eye.idk how long it has been there,so i was wondering if i could use it for a sty, if not what else could i do to get rid of it?
- A: No you should not put any old medicine in your eye go see a chemist/druggist/pharmacist and get a new unopened treatment rather than risk an even worse infection in your eye. Any eye ointment/solution should be used in only one eye or by one person this is to stop cross infection.
- Erythromycin Ointment, does it really work ?
- Q: Instead of relying on just the medical advice/details, I like talking to people on Yahoo Answers. I've gotten alot of good answers on here.The doctor told me, I have a sty from a hair follicle. So she gave me erythromycin opthalmic ointment.The sty - bump - chalazion, feels like a ingrown hair, but I think the cause is from dust, or allergies.I'm not ruling out her opinion of it being a eyelash, I just think there are other possibilites of the exact cause.Let me get to my questions.Does erythromycin opthalmic ointment really work ?( i've read that this stuff is used for a number of things, is this true )Your suppose to lean back, and drop a ointment in the eye, which seems impossible. Can't I just wash my hands, put it on my finger, then touch under my eyelid with it ?I like learning, and love learning about cures, so that when a problem comes up, I know how to treat it, and what medicine to use.
- A: Yes, it really works. No, you cannot put it on your finger. You do not want to touch the tip of the tube with your finger or even to your eye. Pull your lower eyelid down and place the med there. Then start blinking, that will get it into your eye.
- How do you get over a 10yr relationship, when the other person tells you that your feelings were 1-sided?
- Q: I was 30 when I met my boyfriend, he was 59. I am 40 years old and he turned 70 and thinks he is God's gift to the bar room skanks. I was always told I was too beautiful and too kind-hearted to be with such a mean, selfish bastar_. About 2 months ago I had enough of his verbal, emotional, abuse and walked away. He was telling me that he has a fan club at the local bar and has his pick out of 3 women that are crazy about him. I asked him what happened to love. He stated that a one time he loved me for the moment, but for the most part my feeling were one-sided. I use to cook for him, clean, put out his medicine and loved him despite other men hitting on me. I took being teased for being with an old goat. He use to beg me not to leave him & tell me regularly I was the best and he loved me. Today he tells me that at the time he may have meant it. That I am too old for him now. Despite being broke up, 2 weeks ago I went to check on him and his house was a pig sty and he told me he is so broke now. I think he is trying to buy women. He tried his hardest to get me to sleep with him. I told him, just as faithful as I was to him, I am faithful to my new boyfriend. He blew up at me. I am so full of hurt over what he said. I told him today on the phone. I am going to laugh when you die alone in your shit-stained tightey whiteys. And to never talk to me again. I am so full of hurt. His friends would sneak and ask me what I was doing with him. How can I have been so wrong. How can someone use someone that showered them with love for so many years? I feel so hurt.
- A: He is a looser!!!!
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Bob Inglis is a rare breed – a U.S. Republican who takes seriously the risk of catastrophic climate change and proposes a carbon tax as the most "conservative" way to address it.
The former South Carolina congressman lost a nomination battle in 2010 after acknowledging the threat of climate change. He is now stumping the U.S., preaching the merits of the carbon tax to young Republicans.
This week, he’ll bring his message to Ottawa as part of an effort by a progressive think tank, Canada 2020, to promote non-partisan debate on carbon pricing.
In an interview this week, Mr. Inglis said that, for the United States, a carbon tax is preferable to either regulations aimed at reducing emissions, or a cap-and-trade system.
“We think America is stuck in a conversation that was started from the left and it involves capping and trading and an expansion of the government and an increase in the regulatory burden,” he said.
“We want to change that conversation, and move it to a free enterprise alternative the goal of which is a true-cost comparison between competing fuels.”
For the Harper government, any discussion of an economy-wide carbon tax is a non-starter. But Canada 2020 research director Diana Carney says the country needs to re-start the debate on climate change, and eliminate the poisonous partisanship that has made it a wedge issue in national politics.
The Conservatives aggressively attack any proposal that has a whiff of “carbon tax,” though their own regulatory approach indirectly imposes a price on carbon.
Prior to 2009, the Tories had planned to impose a system that would cap industrial emissions and allow trade of credits, but they jettisoned that plan when a similar measure in the U.S. was defeated in Congress.
Instead, following the lead of the Obama administration, Prime Minister Stephen Harper has opted for sector-by-sector regulations, though his government is slow in implementing that plan.
The New Democratic Party has endorsed a cap-and-trade plan that would raise significant revenue for government, while the Liberals have yet to propose a solution.
Mr. Inglis said he doesn’t presume to offer policy advice to Canada.
For the U.S., he advocates the elimination of all subsidies – whether direct support for renewable energy or tax incentive for oil and gas production. At the same time, government would assess the environmental costs of competing fuels and add a levy at the point of production.
Such a pricing mechanism would drive innovation and substitution of cleaner energy sources for dirty, more expensive sources. But he conceded there would be a major role for government in determining “the true cost of carbon.” Mr. Inglis hasn't targeted a specific price, but is talking about a range of $15 to $30 a tonne then increasing it.
His plan is similar to the one adopted by British Columbia’s Liberal government and, like that B.C. plan, would designed to be revenue neutral, with tax cuts elsewhere offsetting the burden from a carbon levy.
The mainstream of the Republican Party is openly skeptical of the science and hostile to any effort to address it.
The South Carolina politician – who now runs the Energy & Enterprise Institute – acknowledges he has a tough sell with his former congressional colleagues and Republicans generally.
But he said there is a scientific consensus that a warming climate will play havoc with weather patterns, and it would be foolhardy to let ideology trump science.
“We shouldn’t be proceeding in the face of risk without taking that risk into account,” he said.
“If the science tells us there is a risk, why would we want to dispute the science? Eventually, your shaky ideology will be overcome by the science and by the observation of the data.”
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WE WANT TO HELP YOU
UNDERSTAND YOUR ESTATE
UNDERSTAND YOUR ESTATE
Planning ahead ... Prepare your Will with Taxes in Mind:
One of the main reasons for drawing up a will is to make sure your assets are distributed according to your wishes after you die. However, you can also take steps to minimize taxes on your estate. Here are some tips from Chartered Accountant Geoff Gravett, a partner with Millard Rouse & Rosebrugh LLP in Brantford.
Difficult, but true ...
People of all ages find it hard to contemplate their own death and its consequences. As a result, when death occurs, survivors are often left unprepared for the effects of taxes on themselves or on the deceased. Reviewing your personal financial position, planning your estate and discussing your options with your accountant is a positive step toward eliminating unpleasant surprises for your loved ones as they face one of the most distressing events of their lives – your death.
There is no "estate tax" in Canada, but when a person dies there is a deemed disposal of any capital property, so any capital gains would be taxed at this time. This would include assets such as vacation properties and investments. However, if the deceased taxpayer's property is being distributed to the taxpayer's spouse or to a "spouse trust", then under certain circumstances taxable capital gains, allowable capital losses, recaptures of capital cost allowance, and terminal losses may be deferred. The deceased taxpayer's cost basis for the property would then become the cost basis for the property to the spouse. Thus, any taxable capital gains would be deferred until the property is disposed of by the spouse. The spouse also has an option available to "opt out" of these deferral provisions.
Really, there are two main tax consequences resulting from the death of a taxpayer: the disposition of property and the filing of returns.
Disposition of property
Generally, at the time of death, taxpayers are deemed to dispose of all of their capital property for proceeds equal to fair market value. Any resulting capital gains and recapture are included in the deceased's terminal return.
If the surviving beneficiary is a spouse or common-law partner, the automatic spousal rollover applies to defer capital gains and recapture. The deceased is deemed to have disposed of the property at cost and the spouse acquires the capital assets at the same ACB and UCC. However, the estate may elect to opt out of the option if there are unused losses.
The return filed in the year of death is referred to as the terminal return. The terminal return includes any income or loss resulting from the deemed disposition of capital assets, as well as periodic payments such as interest, rent or salary accrued until the date of death. The terminal return allows a taxpayer to claim a full year of personal tax credits.
Non-periodic payments that have not been received at the time of death do not have to be reported on the terminal return. Rather, these "rights and things" can be reported on a separate tax return. This is advantageous because the taxpayer can claim a full year of personal tax credits and will also be charged at a lower marginal rate. Alternatively, the "rights and things" return need not be filed if the income is assigned to a beneficiary.
The terminal return is due the later of the normal filing due date and six months after death. If the taxpayer dies before the return for the prior year has been filed, that return is also due the later of the normal filing due date and six months after death. If the return for the prior year has been filed, there is no issue. The rights and things return must be filed by the later of one year after death and 90 days after the assessment of the terminal return.
Brought to you by The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario
Avoiding Tax on RRSPs and RRIFs at Death
The deceased will not be subject to tax on the value of his or her RRSP or RRIF on death to the extent the RRSP or RRIF proceeds are:
• transferred to a financially dependent child or grandchild, or
• transferred to a Registered Disability Savings Plan (RDSP) of a financially dependent child or grandchild.
When the beneficiary of an RRSP or RRIF is a financially dependent child or grandchild of the deceased, the value of the RRSP or RRIF is taxed in the hands of the dependent rather than the deceased. If the child or grandchild is under 18 the tax can be spread over the number of years remaining until the child is 18 with the purchase of an annuity.
Should the financial dependency have been due to a physical or mental disability, the dependent can avoid being immediately taxed on the RRSP or RRIF proceeds by making a transfer to his or her own RRSP or RRIF or using the funds to purchase an annuity. Tax is then only paid by the dependent as withdrawals are made from the RRSP or RRIF or when an annuity payment is received.
A new provision in the Income Tax Act permits a deceased taxpayer to avoid tax on the value of an RRSP or RRIF at death where the proceeds are transferred to a RDSP of a financially dependent child or grandchild.
The amount transferred to the RDSP cannot cause the beneficiary’s maximum RDSP contribution room of $200,000 to be exceeded and no Canada Disability Savings Grant is paid on the transfer. The beneficiary will pay tax as amounts are taken out of the RDSP.
For the child or grandchild to be considered financially dependent, his or her income for the previous year is not to exceed the amount used for the basic personal tax credit amount of $10,527 (2011). If the child or grandchild is disabled that amount is $17,868 (2011).
This is the total of the basic personal tax credit amount and the disability tax credit amount. The Income Tax Act states that these amounts are to be used “unless the contrary is established.”
Tax-Free Savings Account
On death, the TFSA retains its “tax-free” status and no tax is payable by the deceased. If the surviving spouse is named the “successor holder” of the TFSA, the funds can be transferred to the surviving spouse without affecting the spouse’s TFSA contribution room. The TFSA of the deceased continues to exist and the income earned in the TFSA after the date of death is not taxable to the surviving spouse.
When the spouse is not named as a successor holder, but is named a beneficiary, he or she may still receive the deceased’s TFSA funds tax-free and contribute those to their own TFSA without affecting their TFSA contribution room. This is referred to an “exempt contribution”. The maximum the spouse can receive tax-free and the maximum exempt contribution that may be made is limited to the value of the deceased’s TFSA at the time of death. Any income earned in the deceased’s TFSA after death is taxable to the surviving spouse.
Beneficiaries other than a spouse, such as a child, cannot make an exempt contribution. Of course, any funds received can be contributed to their own TFSA provided the beneficiary has unused TFSA contribution room. The amount received by the beneficiary is not subject to tax to the extent it does not exceed the value of the TFSA at the time of the deceased’s death.
Any taxable capital gains that result from the deemed dispositions of personal-use property, such as cars and boats, are subject to tax on death. If there are accrued losses on assets such as these, the capital losses are not permitted to be claimed. A capital loss on one personaluse asset cannot be used to offset a capital gain on another personal-use asset.
An exception to the above deals with personal-use property that is “listed personal property”, such as art, jewelry, rare books, stamps and coins. In respect of the deemed disposition rules on death, capital losses are permitted to be claimed on listed personal property assets but only to the extent they offset any capital gains on listed personal property.
The minimum value to use in calculating the gains and losses on personal-use property for both, the deemed market value at time of death and the tax
cost, is $1,000.
Courtesy of Brian Quinlan, CA, CFP, TEP, Campbell Lawless Professional Corporation, Chartered Accountants, Toronto, ON
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A new KFF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor analysis finds that Republicans and Republican leaning independents, who represent 41% of adults, now make up 60% of the adult unvaccinated population across the country and that political partisanship is a stronger predictor of whether someone is vaccinated than any demographic factor measured. While…
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Nearly a Quarter of Vaccinated Adults Received a COVID-19 Booster Shot, Up Sharply from October; Most Other Vaccinated Adults Expect to Get a Booster, Though About 1 in 5 Say They Likely Won’t
Public is Less Optimistic and More Frustrated with State of Vaccinations Now Than in January Nearly a quarter (23%) of fully vaccinated adults have already received a COVID-19 booster shot, more than double the share who had done so in October (10%), the latest KFF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor report reveals.…
This issue brief examines the new regulations, explains the status of the pending litigation, and identifies issues to watch.
New Season of “American Diagnosis” Podcast to Explore the Resilience of Indigenous Peoples in the Face of Adversity, Social Inequity, and Health Injustice
The new season of the “American Diagnosis” podcast will explore the impact of hundreds of years of adversity on the health of Indigenous peoples in America, examining the resilience of the Navajo Nation during the covid-19 pandemic as an entry point into this history. Early in the coronavirus pandemic, the…
As COVID-19 cases increase along with spread of the more transmissible Delta variant, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines continues to be an important topic. A new KFF analysis looks at COVID-19 vaccine “breakthrough cases,” when fully vaccinated individuals become infected, as well as hospitalizations and deaths, to see which states…
This fact sheet reviews what employers can and cannot do under current rules and guidance to require or encourage their workers to get vaccinated against COVID-19.
This new analysis examines the experiences of LGBT adults from the July COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor and finds that as a group they are more likely to be vaccinated for COVID-19 and less likely to view getting the vaccine as a health risk compared to non-LGBT adults. A larger share of LGBT adults than non-LGBT adults say they have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine (82% vs 66%) and are more supportive of vaccine mandates than non-LGBT adults.
This report updates parents’ intentions for vaccinating their children, against COVID-19, as well as their views and concerns about vaccine safety, whether their schools encourage vaccination, and how the pandemic has affected their children, mental health, and ability to afford necessities.
This Policy Watch examines how the 50 states and DC are defining “high-risk medical conditions” for COVID-19 vaccine prioritization, including whether they follow CDC’s recommendations or deviate in some way.
This Vaccine Monitor survey finds about one in five parents of children under age five say they will get their child vaccinated right away, and another 38% plan to wait and see how the vaccine is working for others. With mask mandates lifted in many areas. most workers say they feel safe at their workplace, though Black, Hispanic and low-income workers are less likely to feel “very safe.”
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In the state of Jammu & Kashmir in India.
Charar-e-Sharif in Kashmir is the mausoleum of Shaikh Noor-ud-Din Noorani
Kashmir, with its immense beauty and piousness holds the whole world
enthralled for its virgin mysticism.Which is to be explored by the
world,where brotherhood and communal harmony stood ahead among many ways to
attain God.The Man,a prophet re-incarnation; Hindu by birth and dharma led
masses of his followers among Muslims and Pandits in a unique way.
This person laid the foundation of Rishism in the valley. His name includes
variety of realisation and Ananda.Shaja Nand or popularly known as Nund
Shaja Nand was born in 1377 at Khe-Jogipora.His childhood name was (Nand)
he had told this himself. After attaining self-realisation people conferred
him with different names which made popular among his followers and the
common man. People used to come to him for blessings and favour. And some
came for knowledge and guidance.The names which people lovingly and devoutly
conferred upon him are : Shaikh-ul-Alam,Shaikh-noor-u-din-nurani,
Alamdar-i-kashmir,Sarkhel-i-Rishiya,Nund Rish.He is used by these names.
At the age 65, he left this world at RupVan in 1442.His
body was buried at Charar-i-Sharif, were now new shrine is being built(as
old one was burnt by terrorists led by former ISI dr.general Mast Gul,
during militancy in valley). The king of Kashmir Badshah, also joined the
funeral procession. The historian Jaon Raj says about him,"He was the
greatest GURU of yavna's".
He was the first to start Rishism, which later on became popular as
'RishiMat'. This sect is completely Vaishnav Mat,he stressed on
non-violence,to be vegeterian,and to be tolerant.The ancestors of Shaja Nand
were Rajputs of KISHTIWAR
who had linage linking with the Kings of UJJAIN.
In valley there are many shrines and mosques built on his name at various
places namely; Kaymoh, Chimyr, Hauchpur, Draygam and Roopvan which earned
good fame.But Chrar-i-Sharif, remains the most popular and famous as his
body is buried there.This shrine attracts people from all sect of life to
seek his blessings and favour.
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This article will help you find the essential hair oils that are most suitable for your hair type and for solving your hair problems.
Properties of Essential Oils for Hair Growth and Thickness
- If you have dry hair, choose ylang ylang, rosemary, lavender, geranium, juniper, patchouli, orange, incense, myrrh, sandalwood and blue chamomile. Use them for masks at the rate of 2-3 drops per teaspoon of the base jojoba oil or macadamia, for scalp massage and aromatherapy.
- For greasy hair, esters of sage, lemon, tea tree, cypress, cedar, bergamot, rosemary, lemon balm, eucalyptus, pine are ideal. In a teaspoon of base oil (jojoba, macadamia, burdock) add 3-5 drops of these oils in the manufacture of masks and a mixture for head massage.
- To strengthen and with hair loss, you need butter bei, sandal, ylang-ylang, mandarin, neroli, chamomile, cedar, cinnamon, pine for masks and massage.
- To accelerate growth - thyme, rosemary, sage, ylang-ylang, pine in the composition of masks and a mixture for scalp massage.
- Against dandruff - include in the masks of tea tree, cypress, juniper, eucalyptus, aire, cedar, lavender, orange, rose.
- At the split ends of hair, apply masks and balms with the addition of rosewood oil, ylang ylang and mandarin.
Uses and Application of Essential Oils for HairSince essential oil is a very concentrated product, 2-5 drops of oil are enough to be added to base hair oils, shampoos, balms and hair masks, a home hair spray , to use for scalp massage and aromatherapy.
If you feel a slight burning sensation when using citrus or pine oils - do not worry, this is normal and indicates the inflow of blood to the scalp, which in turn will provide a good effect of using this oil.
And although personally I am wary of advice to add essential oil to industrial hair cosmetics and shampoos, you can add 2 drops of essential oil to the shampoo portion before use, or directly into the bottle in proportion to the amount of shampoo.
Shampoo can be usual, shop-like, but it is even better to use at least occasionally homemade shampoos with the addition of a couple of drops of oil that suits you. For use in the composition of balm for hair, citrus oils are most suitable: they will fill the hair with vitamins, they will give shine and elasticity, they will get rid of dry and split ends.
Hair masks are prepared from base oil with the addition of a few drops of your favorite essential oils and other ingredients. To solve certain problems, consider the properties of essential oils for hair.
Choose the right essential oil for your hair, and it will beautify your daily hair care. When selecting essential oils, also pay attention to the smell - whether he likes you personally or not, which indicates your individual compatibility.
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Fallout New Texas: A Post-Apocalyptic Adventure in New Texas
Hounds of Hecate
Hecate is a tribal who truly believes herself as a goddess, and prophet in 2253. She is also perceived as such by a group of fanatics who worship her.
Though some people think she is insane, the genetic knowledge she turned into a religion is actually helping the wasteland. She lives in the American Southwest, in a place called Ouroboros. The Daughters of Hecate are her prime servants, spreading Hecate’s will to all the tribes. The Vipers, raider exiles from the West, have become Hecate’s fanatical army, and will crush anyone who challenges her. The other tribes fear Hecate’s power, and rightly so.
The Twisted Hairs tribe was one of the most domineering tribes in the wasteland. They regularly raided their neighbors for food, supplies, and slaves. They were merciless in their efforts and the other tribes began to fear even the mention of their name.
It was during the reign of the Twisted Hairs that Caesar’s Legion rose to power. The Legion taught the tribes to fight back, and the Twisted Hairs were soon driven from their lands. Weakened and on the retreat, the Twisted Hairs were then set upon by the Legion and destroyed. No one was spared, although one woman did manage to escape. She later became the supposed goddess known today.
She wandered the desert passing from tribe to tribe trying to find someone who would take her in and give her a home. The tribes spurned her and turned her away. They told her that she was cursed, that the Legion had marked her, and that she would bring death to any who provided her help. Consumed with anger and hatred she fled back into the desert from which she came.
On her own, she was driven insane by the sun and sands of the wasteland. Embittered as well, she eventually collapsed from exhaustion. Fortunately, she collapsed near the Nursery; a worker robot sent out by Diana of the Nursery revived her and gave her the name Hecate. It was Diana that taught Hecate much of her genetic knowledge, Diana not knowing Hecate’s state of mind and her consequent desire to use such genetic knowledge for less than noble purposes, much less her honest belief in both her own divinity and Diana’s.
Diana eventually had Hecate leave, and Hecate returned, refashioned with warpaint and braids, to the tribes. There she instituted a religiously-cloaked system of eugenics, slowly taking the strong sons and daughters to become warriors for the Hounds of Hecate, leaving only the weak and infirm. Hecate’s eventual plan would be to take these Hounds of Hecate to sweep down on the tribes as well as Caesar’s Legion in violent retribution.1
Background on Hecate’s nameEdit
“I see that you are awake at last,” it said with a woman’s voice. “I am Diana. Can you tell me your name?”
“I… I don’t…” She paused as she tried to remember who she was, struggling with the blackness that was her mind. “Dark Mother,” she blurted at last. “They called me the Dark Mother.”
“Did they, now? Well, I shall call you Hecate then. Do you mind?”
“Yes. Forgive me, I know you don’t understand, but I find it amusing. You see, I am Diana, and she was the goddess of the full, or bright moon. Hecate was her opposite, the goddess of the new, or dark moon. She was also known as the Dark Mother. So, I thought I would christen you Hecate.”
“Yes. Both were goddesses of the moon… Forgive me; I must be confusing you to no end. I’ve been alone for centuries and I find myself babbling now that I have someone to talk to. Come. Let me show you my world and we will talk and get to know one another. There is much that we can learn from each other.”1
You dare ask for money to carry out Hecate’s will? We should kill you for such an insult.
The most powerful tribals in the American Southwest are the feared Daughters of Hecate and their slave tribe, the Vipers. Led by an aging, possibly insane woman of fearsome presence, the masked Daughters of Hecate collect tribute from almost all other tribes in the regions they control. Failure to obey the mandates of Hecate often results in crop failure, poor hunting, disease, and barren wombs. The Daughters of Hecate reserve a special hatred for Caesar’s Legion because the Legion rose to power during the time of the Twisted Hair; a tribe that regularly raided other tribes for supplies and slaves. The Legion taught the other tribes to fight back and soon the Twisted Hair tribe fled. The Legion then set up on the Twisted Hair tribe utterly destroying every one apart from one woman who managed to escape for reasons unknown, she then later became The Goddess Hecate who is the leader of the Daughters of Hecate.
The Hounds of Hecate are a tribe of males who serve the all-female Daughters of Hecate. The Vipers are feared warriors, mostly feared for their uncommonly excellent health and large numbers. The Vipers often travel with Daughters of Hecate, protecting them from outsiders or foolish tribes who choose to stand up to Hecate.
The “Iron Lines” resist the Daughters of Hecate and have remained largely immune to the plagues that haunt other tribes who go against Hecate’s wishes. However, the Vipers never pass up an opportunity to butcher any Iron Lines they discover.
After Hecate braided her hair in the fashion of her lost tribe, painted her face so that none could recognize her, and then left the Nursery. She traveled to the very same tribes that had rejected her and aided them with her new found knowledge of midwifery and herbal medicine. Once she gained the trust of a tribe, she began to preach her life/death/rebirth religion. She asked that young women of the tribe join her and aid her in helping all the tribes of the wasteland. Thus the Daughters of Hecate were born.
Eventually the Daughters began to decide who could marry and who could not, who could have children and who could not. Only a Daughter was allowed to deliver a child into the world and it was done in a birthing tent set apart from the rest of the tribe. No males were allowed in or near the tent. Anyone who disobeyed their edict was either stricken with impotence or their wives bore sickly children. If a Daughter was ever harmed or killed the, men of the tribe were rendered impotent until a new Daughter was assigned to them. And so the Daughters grew in power and infamy.
Unbeknown to the tribes, the Daughters were taking the best of their children and replacing them with the weak or infirm. The best of the males were taken to the Ouroboros to become warriors in the Hounds of Hecate. The best of the females were taken to become Daughters. Over the years Hecate watched as the tribes grew subtly weaker and her followers grew stronger and stronger. Soon, vengeance would be hers.
Her plan was simple. When the tribes were weak enough, her Hounds would sweep down upon them and annihilate them from the face of the earth. The same would come to pass with Caesar and his legion. When all who had wronged her were gone, she and her people would march upon paradise and reclaim it as their just reward.
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Israeli researchers have discovered that carefully regulated high-fat meals can lead to loss of weight and a unique metabolism in which ingested fats are not stored, but are used for energy in between meals.
In the past, it was thought that feeding mammals a high-fat diet would disrupt the metabolism and lead to obesity, but lead researchers Prof. Oren Froy and Prof. Zecharia Madar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem believed that careful scheduling of meals would regulate the biological clock and reduce the effects of a high fat diet.
In animal tests, the researchers fed a group of mice on a high fat diet on a fixed schedule for 18 weeks. The mice ate at the same time and for the same length of time every day.
Three control groups were given alternative diets. One group ate a low fat diet on a fixed schedule, one ate an unscheduled low fat diet (eating whenever they felt like it), and another ate an unscheduled high fat diet.
All four groups of mice gained weight during the experiment, with a final body weight greater in the group that ate an unscheduled high-fat diet.
Surprisingly, however, the mice on the scheduled high-fat diet not only had a lower final body weight than the mice eating an unscheduled high-fat diet, but also a lower weight that the mice on an unscheduled low fat diet, even though both groups consumed the same amount of calories.
In addition, the mice on the scheduled high-fat diet exhibited a unique metabolic state in which the fats they ingested were not stored, but rather used for energy at times when no food was available, such as between meals.
“Our research shows that the timing of food consumption takes precedence over the amount of fat in the diet, leading to improved metabolism and helping to prevent obesity,” said Prof. Froy. “Improving metabolism through the careful scheduling of meals, without limiting the content of the daily menu, could be used as a therapeutic tool to prevent obesity in humans.”
The results were published in the FASEB Journal.
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Sex trafficking, alas, is alive and well in the US, a century and a half after the Civil War ended slavery, or at least legal slavery. In Seattle, the underground economy in sex generates more revenue than for drugs or guns! In their article “4 questions answered on sex trafficking in the US” Prof. Monti Datta summarizes where it happens – in massage parlors, at motels along the highways, at truck stops – and who the victims are – mostly women and girls, average age 19, but also boys. Victims are often homeless youth, and homeless LGBTQ youth are especially at risk. The customers who enable the industry are men of all ages and socioeconomic classes, and the money generated from this iniquitous industry in the US is in the hundreds of millions.
Polaris, a non-profit that targets the systems that make human trafficking possible, recently published a blog entitled: “Racial Disparities, COVID-19, and Human Trafficking”. Poverty and trauma are critical drivers of the vulnerability of persons to trafficking. The blog illustrates how both the virus and human trafficking have a disproportionate impact on people of color in the US. In King County, for example, “84 percent of child sex trafficking victims are Black while Black children and adults together only comprise 7% of the general population.” COVID’s disparate effects on the health and employment of people of color and women only exacerbate the risk of family members being trafficked.
Generations of trauma, racism and displacement have also put indigenous girls and women at higher risk of being trafficked. Therefore, it is particularly welcome that our Sunday offering for May will go to Innovations Human Trafficking Collaborative, an organization based in Olympia. They serve trafficked indigenous women, supporting them in creating a new future.
Summary Written by: Marilyn Parsons and Vicki Robert-Gassler
Advocates for Women, News Group
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Just out of pure curiosity ...
Suppose I want to connect the two points $(0,0)$ and $(1,1)$ with the graph of some continuous and differentiable function
$$f : [0; 1] \to [0; 1]$$
and let $s$ be the arc length of that function in $[0; 1]$.
Of course, the function with minimum $s$ that satisfies the above conditions is $f(x) = x$ with $s = \sqrt 2$. So for $s = \sqrt 2$, exactly one matching function can be found.
But what happens to the number of these functions if $s$ increases?
Surely, more functions can be found to match the given arc length - uncountably many more I suppose due to the nature of the real numbers.
But intuitively, I'd think that the number of such functions grows even more the greater $s$ gets, since there is more "space" the graph can use.
So, despite continuum cardinality, are there any means of measuring the number of such functions against $s$ or is it all the same once that minimal way of $f(x) = x$ as been taken?
And would this change if we limited the ways of constructing such functions to e.g. some elementary ones?
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