Zmeos/Compact_OpenAIRE_citation_graph

📚 Compact OpenAIRE Citation Graph

Based on OpenAIRE Graph v11.1.1 (source on Zenodo).

The complete OpenAIRE citation graph, distilled into a handful of compact, analysis-ready files — the full scholarly citation network of the open-science ecosystem, small enough to actually work with.

Citation graphs at this scale are usually locked behind multi-terabyte dumps and heavyweight infrastructure. This dataset makes the entire OpenAIRE citation network loadable on a normal machine: publications as nodes, citations as edges, served as compressed Parquet with a memory-efficient loading path. A richer node file adds titles, abstracts, authors, dates, and a full set of persistent identifiers (DOI, PubMed, MAG, arXiv, and more) for text-attributed and metadata-driven work.

Please cite the paper if you use this data.

At a glance

Nodes	Scholarly publications
Edges	Citation links
Format	Parquet (PyArrow-friendly)
Node metadata	Titles, abstracts, authors, dates, venues, PIDs
Best for	Graph ML · temporal / dynamic graphs · text-attributed graphs · bibliometrics
License	CC-BY-4.0
Cite	Skarding & Sanda (2026), JOHD 12(1), 63
Dataset DOI	10.5281/zenodo.18402099

Dataset structure

The dataset is a directed citation graph: publications are nodes, citations are edges.

File	Role	Size (Parquet)	Number of entries
citations.parquet	Edges — the citation links between publications	9.2 GB	~2.37B
publications_large.parquet	Nodes with additional metadata fields (see below)	75.5 GB	~216M

Features/columns in publications_large

Field	Type	Description	Memory (GB)	Filled
nodeId	int32	Unique internal identifier for the node (publication)	0.8	100.00%
openaireId	str	Identifier assigned by the OpenAIRE platform	10.1	100.00%
title	str	Title of the publication	17.3	99.40%
authors	list[str]	List of authors associated with the publication	11.6	83.78%
description	str	Abstract or short description of the publication	137.6	57.10%
date	datetime	Date when the publication was published	0.8	97.33%
container	str	Journal, conference, or repository where it was published	5.7	68.35%
citations	int	Number of times the publication has been cited	1.6	97.62%
language	str	Language in which the publication is written	1.5	100.00%
pid_dois	list[str]	DOI identifiers	5.9	80.60%
pid_mag_ids	list[str]	MAG IDs	2.0	39.50%
pid_pmids	list[str]	PubMed IDs	1.3	18.14%
pid_handles	list[str]	Persistent handles	1.2	8.35%
pid_pmcs	list[str]	PubMed Central IDs	1.0	4.78%
pid_arxiv_ids	list[str]	ArXiv IDs	0.9	1.38%

Quickstart

import pandas as pd
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download

REPO = "Zmeos/Compact_OpenAIRE_citation_graph"

# citations (edges)
cites = pd.read_parquet(
    hf_hub_download(REPO, "citations.parquet", repo_type="dataset"),
    engine="pyarrow", dtype_backend="pyarrow",
)

# publications_large (nodes + metadata) — may not fit in memory;
# select only the columns you need
large = pd.read_parquet(
    hf_hub_download(REPO, "publications_large.parquet", repo_type="dataset"),
    columns=["nodeId", "title", "pid_dois"],
    engine="pyarrow", dtype_backend="pyarrow",
)

Reproducibility

The PySpark pipeline used to produce these files (with a Singularity/Apptainer container for portability) is archived on Zenodo as pipeline.tar.xz and maintained at Codeberg.

License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0).

Citation (paper)

When using this dataset, please cite the accompanying article:

Skarding, J. and Sanda, P. (2026) 'Making the Complete OpenAIRE Citation Graph Easily Accessible Through Compact Data Representation', Journal of Open Humanities Data, 12(1), p. 63. https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.520

@article{skarding2026openaire,
  author  = {Skarding, Joakim and Sanda, Pavel},
  title   = {Making the Complete OpenAIRE Citation Graph Easily Accessible Through Compact Data Representation},
  journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
  volume  = {12},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {63},
  year    = {2026},
  doi     = {10.5334/johd.520}
}

Dataset archive: Skarding, J. and Sanda, P. (2026). Compact representation of the OpenAIRE citation graph [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18402099