text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
Barbara Lenk (born 4 October 1982) is a German politician for the AfD and, since 2021 member of the Bundestag, the federal diet.
Life and politics
Lenk was born in 1982 in the East German city of Dresden.
From 2009 to 2012 she worked as a librarian in the library of the Nuremberg University of Music. From 2012 to 2015 she studied library and information management in Stuttgart (MA). From 2015 to 2020 she headed the library of the Dresden University of Fine Arts.
She was elected directly to the Bundestag in 2021.
References
Living people
1982 births
Alternative for Germany politicians
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
21st-century German politicians
21st-century German women politicians
Female members of the Bundestag |
The colonial governors of Florida governed Florida during its colonial period (before 1821). The first European known to arrive there was Juan Ponce de León in 1513, but the governorship did not begin until 1565, when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St. Augustine and was declared Governor and Adelantado of Florida. This district was subordinated to the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In 1763, following the transfer of Florida to Britain, the territory was divided into West Florida and East Florida, with separate governors. This division was maintained when Spain resumed control of Florida in 1783, and continued as provincial divisions with the Spanish Constitution of 1812. The Spanish transferred control of Florida to the United States in 1821, and the organized, incorporated Florida Territory was established on March 30, 1822. This became the modern State of Florida on March 3, 1845.
First Spanish period, 1565–1763
British period, 1763–1784
East Florida
West Florida
Second Spanish period, 1784–1821
East Florida
West Florida
See also
List of governors of Florida, for a list of United States territorial and state governors of Florida since 1821.
References
External links
The Governors of Colonial Florida, 1565-1821 at University of West Florida
Florida
Florida
.
Florida
Florida governors
Florida-related lists |
```c
/*
* B53 switch driver main logic
*
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
* purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
* copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
* WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
* ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
* WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
* ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
* OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*/
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/gpio.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/switch.h>
#include <linux/phy.h>
#include <linux/of.h>
#include <linux/of_net.h>
#include <linux/platform_data/b53.h>
#include "b53_regs.h"
#include "b53_priv.h"
/* buffer size needed for displaying all MIBs with max'd values */
#define B53_BUF_SIZE 1188
struct b53_mib_desc {
u8 size;
u8 offset;
const char *name;
};
/* BCM5365 MIB counters */
static const struct b53_mib_desc b53_mibs_65[] = {
{ 8, 0x00, "TxOctets" },
{ 4, 0x08, "TxDropPkts" },
{ 4, 0x10, "TxBroadcastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x14, "TxMulticastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x18, "TxUnicastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x1c, "TxCollisions" },
{ 4, 0x20, "TxSingleCollision" },
{ 4, 0x24, "TxMultipleCollision" },
{ 4, 0x28, "TxDeferredTransmit" },
{ 4, 0x2c, "TxLateCollision" },
{ 4, 0x30, "TxExcessiveCollision" },
{ 4, 0x38, "TxPausePkts" },
{ 8, 0x44, "RxOctets" },
{ 4, 0x4c, "RxUndersizePkts" },
{ 4, 0x50, "RxPausePkts" },
{ 4, 0x54, "Pkts64Octets" },
{ 4, 0x58, "Pkts65to127Octets" },
{ 4, 0x5c, "Pkts128to255Octets" },
{ 4, 0x60, "Pkts256to511Octets" },
{ 4, 0x64, "Pkts512to1023Octets" },
{ 4, 0x68, "Pkts1024to1522Octets" },
{ 4, 0x6c, "RxOversizePkts" },
{ 4, 0x70, "RxJabbers" },
{ 4, 0x74, "RxAlignmentErrors" },
{ 4, 0x78, "RxFCSErrors" },
{ 8, 0x7c, "RxGoodOctets" },
{ 4, 0x84, "RxDropPkts" },
{ 4, 0x88, "RxUnicastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x8c, "RxMulticastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x90, "RxBroadcastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x94, "RxSAChanges" },
{ 4, 0x98, "RxFragments" },
{ },
};
#define B63XX_MIB_TXB_ID 0 /* TxOctets */
#define B63XX_MIB_RXB_ID 14 /* RxOctets */
/* BCM63xx MIB counters */
static const struct b53_mib_desc b53_mibs_63xx[] = {
{ 8, 0x00, "TxOctets" },
{ 4, 0x08, "TxDropPkts" },
{ 4, 0x0c, "TxQoSPkts" },
{ 4, 0x10, "TxBroadcastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x14, "TxMulticastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x18, "TxUnicastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x1c, "TxCollisions" },
{ 4, 0x20, "TxSingleCollision" },
{ 4, 0x24, "TxMultipleCollision" },
{ 4, 0x28, "TxDeferredTransmit" },
{ 4, 0x2c, "TxLateCollision" },
{ 4, 0x30, "TxExcessiveCollision" },
{ 4, 0x38, "TxPausePkts" },
{ 8, 0x3c, "TxQoSOctets" },
{ 8, 0x44, "RxOctets" },
{ 4, 0x4c, "RxUndersizePkts" },
{ 4, 0x50, "RxPausePkts" },
{ 4, 0x54, "Pkts64Octets" },
{ 4, 0x58, "Pkts65to127Octets" },
{ 4, 0x5c, "Pkts128to255Octets" },
{ 4, 0x60, "Pkts256to511Octets" },
{ 4, 0x64, "Pkts512to1023Octets" },
{ 4, 0x68, "Pkts1024to1522Octets" },
{ 4, 0x6c, "RxOversizePkts" },
{ 4, 0x70, "RxJabbers" },
{ 4, 0x74, "RxAlignmentErrors" },
{ 4, 0x78, "RxFCSErrors" },
{ 8, 0x7c, "RxGoodOctets" },
{ 4, 0x84, "RxDropPkts" },
{ 4, 0x88, "RxUnicastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x8c, "RxMulticastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x90, "RxBroadcastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x94, "RxSAChanges" },
{ 4, 0x98, "RxFragments" },
{ 4, 0xa0, "RxSymbolErrors" },
{ 4, 0xa4, "RxQoSPkts" },
{ 8, 0xa8, "RxQoSOctets" },
{ 4, 0xb0, "Pkts1523to2047Octets" },
{ 4, 0xb4, "Pkts2048to4095Octets" },
{ 4, 0xb8, "Pkts4096to8191Octets" },
{ 4, 0xbc, "Pkts8192to9728Octets" },
{ 4, 0xc0, "RxDiscarded" },
{ }
};
#define B53XX_MIB_TXB_ID 0 /* TxOctets */
#define B53XX_MIB_RXB_ID 12 /* RxOctets */
/* MIB counters */
static const struct b53_mib_desc b53_mibs[] = {
{ 8, 0x00, "TxOctets" },
{ 4, 0x08, "TxDropPkts" },
{ 4, 0x10, "TxBroadcastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x14, "TxMulticastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x18, "TxUnicastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x1c, "TxCollisions" },
{ 4, 0x20, "TxSingleCollision" },
{ 4, 0x24, "TxMultipleCollision" },
{ 4, 0x28, "TxDeferredTransmit" },
{ 4, 0x2c, "TxLateCollision" },
{ 4, 0x30, "TxExcessiveCollision" },
{ 4, 0x38, "TxPausePkts" },
{ 8, 0x50, "RxOctets" },
{ 4, 0x58, "RxUndersizePkts" },
{ 4, 0x5c, "RxPausePkts" },
{ 4, 0x60, "Pkts64Octets" },
{ 4, 0x64, "Pkts65to127Octets" },
{ 4, 0x68, "Pkts128to255Octets" },
{ 4, 0x6c, "Pkts256to511Octets" },
{ 4, 0x70, "Pkts512to1023Octets" },
{ 4, 0x74, "Pkts1024to1522Octets" },
{ 4, 0x78, "RxOversizePkts" },
{ 4, 0x7c, "RxJabbers" },
{ 4, 0x80, "RxAlignmentErrors" },
{ 4, 0x84, "RxFCSErrors" },
{ 8, 0x88, "RxGoodOctets" },
{ 4, 0x90, "RxDropPkts" },
{ 4, 0x94, "RxUnicastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x98, "RxMulticastPkts" },
{ 4, 0x9c, "RxBroadcastPkts" },
{ 4, 0xa0, "RxSAChanges" },
{ 4, 0xa4, "RxFragments" },
{ 4, 0xa8, "RxJumboPkts" },
{ 4, 0xac, "RxSymbolErrors" },
{ 4, 0xc0, "RxDiscarded" },
{ }
};
static int b53_do_vlan_op(struct b53_device *dev, u8 op)
{
unsigned int i;
b53_write8(dev, B53_ARLIO_PAGE, dev->vta_regs[0], VTA_START_CMD | op);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
u8 vta;
b53_read8(dev, B53_ARLIO_PAGE, dev->vta_regs[0], &vta);
if (!(vta & VTA_START_CMD))
return 0;
usleep_range(100, 200);
}
return -EIO;
}
static void b53_set_vlan_entry(struct b53_device *dev, u16 vid, u16 members,
u16 untag)
{
if (is5325(dev)) {
u32 entry = 0;
if (members) {
entry = ((untag & VA_UNTAG_MASK_25) << VA_UNTAG_S_25) |
members;
if (dev->core_rev >= 3)
entry |= VA_VALID_25_R4 | vid << VA_VID_HIGH_S;
else
entry |= VA_VALID_25;
}
b53_write32(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_WRITE_25, entry);
b53_write16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_TABLE_ACCESS_25, vid |
VTA_RW_STATE_WR | VTA_RW_OP_EN);
} else if (is5365(dev)) {
u16 entry = 0;
if (members)
entry = ((untag & VA_UNTAG_MASK_65) << VA_UNTAG_S_65) |
members | VA_VALID_65;
b53_write16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_WRITE_65, entry);
b53_write16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_TABLE_ACCESS_65, vid |
VTA_RW_STATE_WR | VTA_RW_OP_EN);
} else {
b53_write16(dev, B53_ARLIO_PAGE, dev->vta_regs[1], vid);
b53_write32(dev, B53_ARLIO_PAGE, dev->vta_regs[2],
(untag << VTE_UNTAG_S) | members);
b53_do_vlan_op(dev, VTA_CMD_WRITE);
}
}
void b53_set_forwarding(struct b53_device *dev, int enable)
{
u8 mgmt;
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SWITCH_MODE, &mgmt);
if (enable)
mgmt |= SM_SW_FWD_EN;
else
mgmt &= ~SM_SW_FWD_EN;
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SWITCH_MODE, mgmt);
}
static void b53_enable_vlan(struct b53_device *dev, int enable)
{
u8 mgmt, vc0, vc1, vc4 = 0, vc5;
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SWITCH_MODE, &mgmt);
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL0, &vc0);
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL1, &vc1);
if (is5325(dev) || is5365(dev)) {
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL4_25, &vc4);
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL5_25, &vc5);
} else if (is63xx(dev)) {
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL4_63XX, &vc4);
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL5_63XX, &vc5);
} else {
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL4, &vc4);
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL5, &vc5);
}
mgmt &= ~SM_SW_FWD_MODE;
if (enable) {
vc0 |= VC0_VLAN_EN | VC0_VID_CHK_EN | VC0_VID_HASH_VID;
vc1 |= VC1_RX_MCST_UNTAG_EN | VC1_RX_MCST_FWD_EN;
vc4 &= ~VC4_ING_VID_CHECK_MASK;
vc4 |= VC4_ING_VID_VIO_DROP << VC4_ING_VID_CHECK_S;
vc5 |= VC5_DROP_VTABLE_MISS;
if (is5325(dev))
vc0 &= ~VC0_RESERVED_1;
if (is5325(dev) || is5365(dev))
vc1 |= VC1_RX_MCST_TAG_EN;
if (!is5325(dev) && !is5365(dev)) {
if (dev->allow_vid_4095)
vc5 |= VC5_VID_FFF_EN;
else
vc5 &= ~VC5_VID_FFF_EN;
}
} else {
vc0 &= ~(VC0_VLAN_EN | VC0_VID_CHK_EN | VC0_VID_HASH_VID);
vc1 &= ~(VC1_RX_MCST_UNTAG_EN | VC1_RX_MCST_FWD_EN);
vc4 &= ~VC4_ING_VID_CHECK_MASK;
vc5 &= ~VC5_DROP_VTABLE_MISS;
if (is5325(dev) || is5365(dev))
vc4 |= VC4_ING_VID_VIO_FWD << VC4_ING_VID_CHECK_S;
else
vc4 |= VC4_ING_VID_VIO_TO_IMP << VC4_ING_VID_CHECK_S;
if (is5325(dev) || is5365(dev))
vc1 &= ~VC1_RX_MCST_TAG_EN;
if (!is5325(dev) && !is5365(dev))
vc5 &= ~VC5_VID_FFF_EN;
}
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL0, vc0);
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL1, vc1);
if (is5325(dev) || is5365(dev)) {
/* enable the high 8 bit vid check on 5325 */
if (is5325(dev) && enable)
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL3,
VC3_HIGH_8BIT_EN);
else
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL3, 0);
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL4_25, vc4);
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL5_25, vc5);
} else if (is63xx(dev)) {
b53_write16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL3_63XX, 0);
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL4_63XX, vc4);
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL5_63XX, vc5);
} else {
b53_write16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL3, 0);
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL4, vc4);
b53_write8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL5, vc5);
}
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SWITCH_MODE, mgmt);
}
static int b53_set_jumbo(struct b53_device *dev, int enable, int allow_10_100)
{
u32 port_mask = 0;
u16 max_size = JMS_MIN_SIZE;
if (is5325(dev) || is5365(dev))
return -EINVAL;
if (enable) {
port_mask = dev->enabled_ports;
max_size = JMS_MAX_SIZE;
if (allow_10_100)
port_mask |= JPM_10_100_JUMBO_EN;
}
b53_write32(dev, B53_JUMBO_PAGE, dev->jumbo_pm_reg, port_mask);
return b53_write16(dev, B53_JUMBO_PAGE, dev->jumbo_size_reg, max_size);
}
static int b53_flush_arl(struct b53_device *dev)
{
unsigned int i;
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_FAST_AGE_CTRL,
FAST_AGE_DONE | FAST_AGE_DYNAMIC | FAST_AGE_STATIC);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
u8 fast_age_ctrl;
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_FAST_AGE_CTRL,
&fast_age_ctrl);
if (!(fast_age_ctrl & FAST_AGE_DONE))
return 0;
mdelay(1);
}
pr_warn("time out while flushing ARL\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
static void b53_enable_ports(struct b53_device *dev)
{
unsigned i;
b53_for_each_port(dev, i) {
u8 port_ctrl;
u16 pvlan_mask;
/*
* prevent leaking packets between wan and lan in unmanaged
* mode through port vlans.
*/
if (dev->enable_vlan || is_cpu_port(dev, i))
pvlan_mask = 0x1ff;
else if (is531x5(dev) || is5301x(dev))
/* BCM53115 may use a different port as cpu port */
pvlan_mask = BIT(dev->sw_dev.cpu_port);
else
pvlan_mask = BIT(B53_CPU_PORT);
/* BCM5325 CPU port is at 8 */
if ((is5325(dev) || is5365(dev)) && i == B53_CPU_PORT_25)
i = B53_CPU_PORT;
if (dev->chip_id == BCM5398_DEVICE_ID && (i == 6 || i == 7))
/* disable unused ports 6 & 7 */
port_ctrl = PORT_CTRL_RX_DISABLE | PORT_CTRL_TX_DISABLE;
else if (i == B53_CPU_PORT)
port_ctrl = PORT_CTRL_RX_BCST_EN |
PORT_CTRL_RX_MCST_EN |
PORT_CTRL_RX_UCST_EN;
else
port_ctrl = 0;
b53_write16(dev, B53_PVLAN_PAGE, B53_PVLAN_PORT_MASK(i),
pvlan_mask);
/* port state is handled by bcm63xx_enet driver */
if (!is63xx(dev) && !(is5301x(dev) && i == 6))
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_PORT_CTRL(i),
port_ctrl);
}
}
static void b53_enable_mib(struct b53_device *dev)
{
u8 gc;
b53_read8(dev, B53_MGMT_PAGE, B53_GLOBAL_CONFIG, &gc);
gc &= ~(GC_RESET_MIB | GC_MIB_AC_EN);
b53_write8(dev, B53_MGMT_PAGE, B53_GLOBAL_CONFIG, gc);
}
static int b53_apply(struct b53_device *dev)
{
int i;
/* clear all vlan entries */
if (is5325(dev) || is5365(dev)) {
for (i = 1; i < dev->sw_dev.vlans; i++)
b53_set_vlan_entry(dev, i, 0, 0);
} else {
b53_do_vlan_op(dev, VTA_CMD_CLEAR);
}
b53_enable_vlan(dev, dev->enable_vlan);
/* fill VLAN table */
if (dev->enable_vlan) {
for (i = 0; i < dev->sw_dev.vlans; i++) {
struct b53_vlan *vlan = &dev->vlans[i];
if (!vlan->members)
continue;
b53_set_vlan_entry(dev, i, vlan->members, vlan->untag);
}
b53_for_each_port(dev, i)
b53_write16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE,
B53_VLAN_PORT_DEF_TAG(i),
dev->ports[i].pvid);
} else {
b53_for_each_port(dev, i)
b53_write16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE,
B53_VLAN_PORT_DEF_TAG(i), 1);
}
b53_enable_ports(dev);
if (!is5325(dev) && !is5365(dev))
b53_set_jumbo(dev, dev->enable_jumbo, 1);
return 0;
}
static void b53_switch_reset_gpio(struct b53_device *dev)
{
int gpio = dev->reset_gpio;
if (gpio < 0)
return;
/*
* Reset sequence: RESET low(50ms)->high(20ms)
*/
gpio_set_value(gpio, 0);
mdelay(50);
gpio_set_value(gpio, 1);
mdelay(20);
dev->current_page = 0xff;
}
static int b53_configure_ports_of(struct b53_device *dev)
{
struct device_node *dn, *pn;
u32 port_num;
dn = of_get_child_by_name(dev_of_node(dev->dev), "ports");
for_each_available_child_of_node(dn, pn) {
struct device_node *fixed_link;
if (of_property_read_u32(pn, "reg", &port_num))
continue;
if (port_num > B53_CPU_PORT)
continue;
fixed_link = of_get_child_by_name(pn, "fixed-link");
if (fixed_link) {
u32 spd;
u8 po = GMII_PO_LINK;
phy_interface_t mode;
of_get_phy_mode(pn, &mode);
if (!of_property_read_u32(fixed_link, "speed", &spd)) {
switch (spd) {
case 10:
po |= GMII_PO_SPEED_10M;
break;
case 100:
po |= GMII_PO_SPEED_100M;
break;
case 2000:
if (is_imp_port(dev, port_num))
po |= PORT_OVERRIDE_SPEED_2000M;
else
po |= GMII_PO_SPEED_2000M;
fallthrough;
case 1000:
po |= GMII_PO_SPEED_1000M;
break;
}
}
if (of_property_read_bool(fixed_link, "full-duplex"))
po |= PORT_OVERRIDE_FULL_DUPLEX;
if (of_property_read_bool(fixed_link, "pause"))
po |= GMII_PO_RX_FLOW;
if (of_property_read_bool(fixed_link, "asym-pause"))
po |= GMII_PO_TX_FLOW;
if (is_imp_port(dev, port_num)) {
po |= PORT_OVERRIDE_EN;
if (is5325(dev) &&
mode == PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_REVMII)
po |= PORT_OVERRIDE_RV_MII_25;
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE,
B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL, po);
if (is5325(dev) &&
mode == PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_REVMII) {
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE,
B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL, &po);
if (!(po & PORT_OVERRIDE_RV_MII_25))
pr_err("Failed to enable reverse MII mode\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
} else {
po |= GMII_PO_EN;
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE,
B53_GMII_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL(port_num),
po);
}
}
}
return 0;
}
static int b53_configure_ports(struct b53_device *dev)
{
u8 cpu_port = dev->sw_dev.cpu_port;
/* configure MII port if necessary */
if (is5325(dev)) {
u8 mii_port_override;
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL,
&mii_port_override);
/* reverse mii needs to be enabled */
if (!(mii_port_override & PORT_OVERRIDE_RV_MII_25)) {
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL,
mii_port_override | PORT_OVERRIDE_RV_MII_25);
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL,
&mii_port_override);
if (!(mii_port_override & PORT_OVERRIDE_RV_MII_25)) {
pr_err("Failed to enable reverse MII mode\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
}
} else if (is531x5(dev) && cpu_port == B53_CPU_PORT) {
u8 mii_port_override;
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL,
&mii_port_override);
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL,
mii_port_override | PORT_OVERRIDE_EN |
PORT_OVERRIDE_LINK);
/* BCM47189 has another interface connected to the port 5 */
if (dev->enabled_ports & BIT(5)) {
u8 po_reg = B53_GMII_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL(5);
u8 gmii_po;
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, po_reg, &gmii_po);
gmii_po |= GMII_PO_LINK |
GMII_PO_RX_FLOW |
GMII_PO_TX_FLOW |
GMII_PO_EN;
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, po_reg, gmii_po);
}
} else if (is5301x(dev)) {
if (cpu_port == 8) {
u8 mii_port_override;
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL,
&mii_port_override);
mii_port_override |= PORT_OVERRIDE_LINK |
PORT_OVERRIDE_RX_FLOW |
PORT_OVERRIDE_TX_FLOW |
PORT_OVERRIDE_SPEED_2000M |
PORT_OVERRIDE_EN;
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL,
mii_port_override);
/* TODO: Ports 5 & 7 require some extra handling */
} else {
u8 po_reg = B53_GMII_PORT_OVERRIDE_CTRL(cpu_port);
u8 gmii_po;
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, po_reg, &gmii_po);
gmii_po |= GMII_PO_LINK |
GMII_PO_RX_FLOW |
GMII_PO_TX_FLOW |
GMII_PO_EN |
GMII_PO_SPEED_2000M;
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, po_reg, gmii_po);
}
}
return 0;
}
static int b53_switch_reset(struct b53_device *dev)
{
int ret = 0;
u8 mgmt;
b53_switch_reset_gpio(dev);
if (is539x(dev)) {
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SOFTRESET, 0x83);
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SOFTRESET, 0x00);
}
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SWITCH_MODE, &mgmt);
if (!(mgmt & SM_SW_FWD_EN)) {
mgmt &= ~SM_SW_FWD_MODE;
mgmt |= SM_SW_FWD_EN;
b53_write8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SWITCH_MODE, mgmt);
b53_read8(dev, B53_CTRL_PAGE, B53_SWITCH_MODE, &mgmt);
if (!(mgmt & SM_SW_FWD_EN)) {
pr_err("Failed to enable switch!\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
}
/* enable all ports */
b53_enable_ports(dev);
if (dev->dev->of_node)
ret = b53_configure_ports_of(dev);
else
ret = b53_configure_ports(dev);
if (ret)
return ret;
b53_enable_mib(dev);
return b53_flush_arl(dev);
}
/*
* Swconfig glue functions
*/
static int b53_global_get_vlan_enable(struct switch_dev *dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
val->value.i = priv->enable_vlan;
return 0;
}
static int b53_global_set_vlan_enable(struct switch_dev *dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
priv->enable_vlan = val->value.i;
return 0;
}
static int b53_global_get_jumbo_enable(struct switch_dev *dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
val->value.i = priv->enable_jumbo;
return 0;
}
static int b53_global_set_jumbo_enable(struct switch_dev *dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
priv->enable_jumbo = val->value.i;
return 0;
}
static int b53_global_get_4095_enable(struct switch_dev *dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
val->value.i = priv->allow_vid_4095;
return 0;
}
static int b53_global_set_4095_enable(struct switch_dev *dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
priv->allow_vid_4095 = val->value.i;
return 0;
}
static int b53_global_get_ports(struct switch_dev *dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
val->len = snprintf(priv->buf, B53_BUF_SIZE, "0x%04x",
priv->enabled_ports);
val->value.s = priv->buf;
return 0;
}
static int b53_port_get_pvid(struct switch_dev *dev, int port, int *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
*val = priv->ports[port].pvid;
return 0;
}
static int b53_port_set_pvid(struct switch_dev *dev, int port, int val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
if (val > 15 && is5325(priv))
return -EINVAL;
if (val == 4095 && !priv->allow_vid_4095)
return -EINVAL;
priv->ports[port].pvid = val;
return 0;
}
static int b53_vlan_get_ports(struct switch_dev *dev, struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
struct switch_port *port = &val->value.ports[0];
struct b53_vlan *vlan = &priv->vlans[val->port_vlan];
int i;
val->len = 0;
if (!vlan->members)
return 0;
for (i = 0; i < dev->ports; i++) {
if (!(vlan->members & BIT(i)))
continue;
if (!(vlan->untag & BIT(i)))
port->flags = BIT(SWITCH_PORT_FLAG_TAGGED);
else
port->flags = 0;
port->id = i;
val->len++;
port++;
}
return 0;
}
static int b53_vlan_set_ports(struct switch_dev *dev, struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
struct switch_port *port;
struct b53_vlan *vlan = &priv->vlans[val->port_vlan];
int i;
/* only BCM5325 and BCM5365 supports VID 0 */
if (val->port_vlan == 0 && !is5325(priv) && !is5365(priv))
return -EINVAL;
/* VLAN 4095 needs special handling */
if (val->port_vlan == 4095 && !priv->allow_vid_4095)
return -EINVAL;
port = &val->value.ports[0];
vlan->members = 0;
vlan->untag = 0;
for (i = 0; i < val->len; i++, port++) {
vlan->members |= BIT(port->id);
if (!(port->flags & BIT(SWITCH_PORT_FLAG_TAGGED))) {
vlan->untag |= BIT(port->id);
priv->ports[port->id].pvid = val->port_vlan;
};
}
/* ignore disabled ports */
vlan->members &= priv->enabled_ports;
vlan->untag &= priv->enabled_ports;
return 0;
}
static int b53_port_get_link(struct switch_dev *dev, int port,
struct switch_port_link *link)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
if (is_cpu_port(priv, port)) {
link->link = 1;
link->duplex = 1;
link->speed = is5325(priv) || is5365(priv) ?
SWITCH_PORT_SPEED_100 : SWITCH_PORT_SPEED_1000;
link->aneg = 0;
} else if (priv->enabled_ports & BIT(port)) {
u32 speed;
u16 lnk, duplex;
b53_read16(priv, B53_STAT_PAGE, B53_LINK_STAT, &lnk);
b53_read16(priv, B53_STAT_PAGE, priv->duplex_reg, &duplex);
lnk = (lnk >> port) & 1;
duplex = (duplex >> port) & 1;
if (is5325(priv) || is5365(priv)) {
u16 tmp;
b53_read16(priv, B53_STAT_PAGE, B53_SPEED_STAT, &tmp);
speed = SPEED_PORT_FE(tmp, port);
} else {
b53_read32(priv, B53_STAT_PAGE, B53_SPEED_STAT, &speed);
speed = SPEED_PORT_GE(speed, port);
}
link->link = lnk;
if (lnk) {
link->duplex = duplex;
switch (speed) {
case SPEED_STAT_10M:
link->speed = SWITCH_PORT_SPEED_10;
break;
case SPEED_STAT_100M:
link->speed = SWITCH_PORT_SPEED_100;
break;
case SPEED_STAT_1000M:
link->speed = SWITCH_PORT_SPEED_1000;
break;
}
}
link->aneg = 1;
} else {
link->link = 0;
}
return 0;
}
static int b53_port_set_link(struct switch_dev *sw_dev, int port,
struct switch_port_link *link)
{
struct b53_device *dev = sw_to_b53(sw_dev);
/*
* TODO: BCM63XX requires special handling as it can have external phys
* and ports might be GE or only FE
*/
if (is63xx(dev))
return -ENOTSUPP;
if (port == sw_dev->cpu_port)
return -EINVAL;
if (!(BIT(port) & dev->enabled_ports))
return -EINVAL;
if (link->speed == SWITCH_PORT_SPEED_1000 &&
(is5325(dev) || is5365(dev)))
return -EINVAL;
if (link->speed == SWITCH_PORT_SPEED_1000 && !link->duplex)
return -EINVAL;
return switch_generic_set_link(sw_dev, port, link);
}
static int b53_phy_read16(struct switch_dev *dev, int addr, u8 reg, u16 *value)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
if (priv->ops->phy_read16)
return priv->ops->phy_read16(priv, addr, reg, value);
return b53_read16(priv, B53_PORT_MII_PAGE(addr), reg, value);
}
static int b53_phy_write16(struct switch_dev *dev, int addr, u8 reg, u16 value)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
if (priv->ops->phy_write16)
return priv->ops->phy_write16(priv, addr, reg, value);
return b53_write16(priv, B53_PORT_MII_PAGE(addr), reg, value);
}
static int b53_global_reset_switch(struct switch_dev *dev)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
/* reset vlans */
priv->enable_vlan = 0;
priv->enable_jumbo = 0;
priv->allow_vid_4095 = 0;
memset(priv->vlans, 0, sizeof(*priv->vlans) * dev->vlans);
memset(priv->ports, 0, sizeof(*priv->ports) * dev->ports);
return b53_switch_reset(priv);
}
static int b53_global_apply_config(struct switch_dev *dev)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
/* disable switching */
b53_set_forwarding(priv, 0);
b53_apply(priv);
/* enable switching */
b53_set_forwarding(priv, 1);
return 0;
}
static int b53_global_reset_mib(struct switch_dev *dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *priv = sw_to_b53(dev);
u8 gc;
b53_read8(priv, B53_MGMT_PAGE, B53_GLOBAL_CONFIG, &gc);
b53_write8(priv, B53_MGMT_PAGE, B53_GLOBAL_CONFIG, gc | GC_RESET_MIB);
mdelay(1);
b53_write8(priv, B53_MGMT_PAGE, B53_GLOBAL_CONFIG, gc & ~GC_RESET_MIB);
mdelay(1);
return 0;
}
static int b53_port_get_mib(struct switch_dev *sw_dev,
const struct switch_attr *attr,
struct switch_val *val)
{
struct b53_device *dev = sw_to_b53(sw_dev);
const struct b53_mib_desc *mibs;
int port = val->port_vlan;
int len = 0;
if (!(BIT(port) & dev->enabled_ports))
return -1;
if (is5365(dev)) {
if (port == 5)
port = 8;
mibs = b53_mibs_65;
} else if (is63xx(dev)) {
mibs = b53_mibs_63xx;
} else {
mibs = b53_mibs;
}
dev->buf[0] = 0;
for (; mibs->size > 0; mibs++) {
u64 val;
if (mibs->size == 8) {
b53_read64(dev, B53_MIB_PAGE(port), mibs->offset, &val);
} else {
u32 val32;
b53_read32(dev, B53_MIB_PAGE(port), mibs->offset,
&val32);
val = val32;
}
len += snprintf(dev->buf + len, B53_BUF_SIZE - len,
"%-20s: %llu\n", mibs->name, val);
}
val->len = len;
val->value.s = dev->buf;
return 0;
}
static int b53_port_get_stats(struct switch_dev *sw_dev, int port,
struct switch_port_stats *stats)
{
struct b53_device *dev = sw_to_b53(sw_dev);
const struct b53_mib_desc *mibs;
int txb_id, rxb_id;
u64 rxb, txb;
if (!(BIT(port) & dev->enabled_ports))
return -EINVAL;
txb_id = B53XX_MIB_TXB_ID;
rxb_id = B53XX_MIB_RXB_ID;
if (is5365(dev)) {
if (port == 5)
port = 8;
mibs = b53_mibs_65;
} else if (is63xx(dev)) {
mibs = b53_mibs_63xx;
txb_id = B63XX_MIB_TXB_ID;
rxb_id = B63XX_MIB_RXB_ID;
} else {
mibs = b53_mibs;
}
dev->buf[0] = 0;
if (mibs->size == 8) {
b53_read64(dev, B53_MIB_PAGE(port), mibs[txb_id].offset, &txb);
b53_read64(dev, B53_MIB_PAGE(port), mibs[rxb_id].offset, &rxb);
} else {
u32 val32;
b53_read32(dev, B53_MIB_PAGE(port), mibs[txb_id].offset, &val32);
txb = val32;
b53_read32(dev, B53_MIB_PAGE(port), mibs[rxb_id].offset, &val32);
rxb = val32;
}
stats->tx_bytes = txb;
stats->rx_bytes = rxb;
return 0;
}
static struct switch_attr b53_global_ops_25[] = {
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_INT,
.name = "enable_vlan",
.description = "Enable VLAN mode",
.set = b53_global_set_vlan_enable,
.get = b53_global_get_vlan_enable,
.max = 1,
},
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_STRING,
.name = "ports",
.description = "Available ports (as bitmask)",
.get = b53_global_get_ports,
},
};
static struct switch_attr b53_global_ops_65[] = {
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_INT,
.name = "enable_vlan",
.description = "Enable VLAN mode",
.set = b53_global_set_vlan_enable,
.get = b53_global_get_vlan_enable,
.max = 1,
},
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_STRING,
.name = "ports",
.description = "Available ports (as bitmask)",
.get = b53_global_get_ports,
},
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_INT,
.name = "reset_mib",
.description = "Reset MIB counters",
.set = b53_global_reset_mib,
},
};
static struct switch_attr b53_global_ops[] = {
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_INT,
.name = "enable_vlan",
.description = "Enable VLAN mode",
.set = b53_global_set_vlan_enable,
.get = b53_global_get_vlan_enable,
.max = 1,
},
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_STRING,
.name = "ports",
.description = "Available Ports (as bitmask)",
.get = b53_global_get_ports,
},
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_INT,
.name = "reset_mib",
.description = "Reset MIB counters",
.set = b53_global_reset_mib,
},
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_INT,
.name = "enable_jumbo",
.description = "Enable Jumbo Frames",
.set = b53_global_set_jumbo_enable,
.get = b53_global_get_jumbo_enable,
.max = 1,
},
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_INT,
.name = "allow_vid_4095",
.description = "Allow VID 4095",
.set = b53_global_set_4095_enable,
.get = b53_global_get_4095_enable,
.max = 1,
},
};
static struct switch_attr b53_port_ops[] = {
{
.type = SWITCH_TYPE_STRING,
.name = "mib",
.description = "Get port's MIB counters",
.get = b53_port_get_mib,
},
};
static struct switch_attr b53_no_ops[] = {
};
static const struct switch_dev_ops b53_switch_ops_25 = {
.attr_global = {
.attr = b53_global_ops_25,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_global_ops_25),
},
.attr_port = {
.attr = b53_no_ops,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_no_ops),
},
.attr_vlan = {
.attr = b53_no_ops,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_no_ops),
},
.get_vlan_ports = b53_vlan_get_ports,
.set_vlan_ports = b53_vlan_set_ports,
.get_port_pvid = b53_port_get_pvid,
.set_port_pvid = b53_port_set_pvid,
.apply_config = b53_global_apply_config,
.reset_switch = b53_global_reset_switch,
.get_port_link = b53_port_get_link,
.set_port_link = b53_port_set_link,
.get_port_stats = b53_port_get_stats,
.phy_read16 = b53_phy_read16,
.phy_write16 = b53_phy_write16,
};
static const struct switch_dev_ops b53_switch_ops_65 = {
.attr_global = {
.attr = b53_global_ops_65,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_global_ops_65),
},
.attr_port = {
.attr = b53_port_ops,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_port_ops),
},
.attr_vlan = {
.attr = b53_no_ops,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_no_ops),
},
.get_vlan_ports = b53_vlan_get_ports,
.set_vlan_ports = b53_vlan_set_ports,
.get_port_pvid = b53_port_get_pvid,
.set_port_pvid = b53_port_set_pvid,
.apply_config = b53_global_apply_config,
.reset_switch = b53_global_reset_switch,
.get_port_link = b53_port_get_link,
.set_port_link = b53_port_set_link,
.get_port_stats = b53_port_get_stats,
.phy_read16 = b53_phy_read16,
.phy_write16 = b53_phy_write16,
};
static const struct switch_dev_ops b53_switch_ops = {
.attr_global = {
.attr = b53_global_ops,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_global_ops),
},
.attr_port = {
.attr = b53_port_ops,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_port_ops),
},
.attr_vlan = {
.attr = b53_no_ops,
.n_attr = ARRAY_SIZE(b53_no_ops),
},
.get_vlan_ports = b53_vlan_get_ports,
.set_vlan_ports = b53_vlan_set_ports,
.get_port_pvid = b53_port_get_pvid,
.set_port_pvid = b53_port_set_pvid,
.apply_config = b53_global_apply_config,
.reset_switch = b53_global_reset_switch,
.get_port_link = b53_port_get_link,
.set_port_link = b53_port_set_link,
.get_port_stats = b53_port_get_stats,
.phy_read16 = b53_phy_read16,
.phy_write16 = b53_phy_write16,
};
struct b53_chip_data {
u32 chip_id;
const char *dev_name;
const char *alias;
u16 vlans;
u16 enabled_ports;
u8 cpu_port;
u8 vta_regs[3];
u8 duplex_reg;
u8 jumbo_pm_reg;
u8 jumbo_size_reg;
const struct switch_dev_ops *sw_ops;
};
#define B53_VTA_REGS \
{ B53_VT_ACCESS, B53_VT_INDEX, B53_VT_ENTRY }
#define B53_VTA_REGS_9798 \
{ B53_VT_ACCESS_9798, B53_VT_INDEX_9798, B53_VT_ENTRY_9798 }
#define B53_VTA_REGS_63XX \
{ B53_VT_ACCESS_63XX, B53_VT_INDEX_63XX, B53_VT_ENTRY_63XX }
static const struct b53_chip_data b53_switch_chips[] = {
{
.chip_id = BCM5325_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM5325",
.alias = "bcm5325",
.vlans = 16,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT_25,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_FE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops_25,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM5365_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM5365",
.alias = "bcm5365",
.vlans = 256,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT_25,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_FE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops_65,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM5395_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM5395",
.alias = "bcm5395",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT,
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM5397_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM5397",
.alias = "bcm5397",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT,
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS_9798,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM5398_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM5398",
.alias = "bcm5398",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x7f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT,
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS_9798,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM53115_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM53115",
.alias = "bcm53115",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM53125_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM53125",
.alias = "bcm53125",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT,
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM53128_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM53128",
.alias = "bcm53128",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1ff,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT,
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM63XX_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM63xx",
.alias = "bcm63xx",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0, /* pdata must provide them */
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT,
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS_63XX,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_63XX,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK_63XX,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE_63XX,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM53010_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM53010",
.alias = "bcm53011",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT_25, /* TODO: auto detect */
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM53011_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM53011",
.alias = "bcm53011",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1bf,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT_25, /* TODO: auto detect */
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM53012_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM53012",
.alias = "bcm53011",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1bf,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT_25, /* TODO: auto detect */
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM53018_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM53018",
.alias = "bcm53018",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT_25, /* TODO: auto detect */
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
{
.chip_id = BCM53019_DEVICE_ID,
.dev_name = "BCM53019",
.alias = "bcm53019",
.vlans = 4096,
.enabled_ports = 0x1f,
.cpu_port = B53_CPU_PORT_25, /* TODO: auto detect */
.vta_regs = B53_VTA_REGS,
.duplex_reg = B53_DUPLEX_STAT_GE,
.jumbo_pm_reg = B53_JUMBO_PORT_MASK,
.jumbo_size_reg = B53_JUMBO_MAX_SIZE,
.sw_ops = &b53_switch_ops,
},
};
static int b53_switch_init_of(struct b53_device *dev)
{
struct device_node *dn, *pn;
const char *alias;
u32 port_num;
u16 ports = 0;
dn = of_get_child_by_name(dev_of_node(dev->dev), "ports");
if (!dn)
return -EINVAL;
for_each_available_child_of_node(dn, pn) {
const char *label;
int len;
if (of_property_read_u32(pn, "reg", &port_num))
continue;
if (port_num > B53_CPU_PORT)
continue;
ports |= BIT(port_num);
label = of_get_property(pn, "label", &len);
if (label && !strcmp(label, "cpu"))
dev->sw_dev.cpu_port = port_num;
}
dev->enabled_ports = ports;
if (!of_property_read_string(dev_of_node(dev->dev), "lede,alias",
&alias))
dev->sw_dev.alias = devm_kstrdup(dev->dev, alias, GFP_KERNEL);
return 0;
}
static int b53_switch_init(struct b53_device *dev)
{
struct switch_dev *sw_dev = &dev->sw_dev;
unsigned i;
int ret;
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(b53_switch_chips); i++) {
const struct b53_chip_data *chip = &b53_switch_chips[i];
if (chip->chip_id == dev->chip_id) {
sw_dev->name = chip->dev_name;
if (!sw_dev->alias)
sw_dev->alias = chip->alias;
if (!dev->enabled_ports)
dev->enabled_ports = chip->enabled_ports;
dev->duplex_reg = chip->duplex_reg;
dev->vta_regs[0] = chip->vta_regs[0];
dev->vta_regs[1] = chip->vta_regs[1];
dev->vta_regs[2] = chip->vta_regs[2];
dev->jumbo_pm_reg = chip->jumbo_pm_reg;
sw_dev->ops = chip->sw_ops;
sw_dev->cpu_port = chip->cpu_port;
sw_dev->vlans = chip->vlans;
break;
}
}
if (!sw_dev->name)
return -EINVAL;
/* check which BCM5325x version we have */
if (is5325(dev)) {
u8 vc4;
b53_read8(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_CTRL4_25, &vc4);
/* check reserved bits */
switch (vc4 & 3) {
case 1:
/* BCM5325E */
break;
case 3:
/* BCM5325F - do not use port 4 */
dev->enabled_ports &= ~BIT(4);
break;
default:
/* On the BCM47XX SoCs this is the supported internal switch.*/
#ifndef CONFIG_BCM47XX
/* BCM5325M */
return -EINVAL;
#else
break;
#endif
}
} else if (dev->chip_id == BCM53115_DEVICE_ID) {
u64 strap_value;
b53_read48(dev, B53_STAT_PAGE, B53_STRAP_VALUE, &strap_value);
/* use second IMP port if GMII is enabled */
if (strap_value & SV_GMII_CTRL_115)
sw_dev->cpu_port = 5;
}
if (dev_of_node(dev->dev)) {
ret = b53_switch_init_of(dev);
if (ret)
return ret;
}
dev->enabled_ports |= BIT(sw_dev->cpu_port);
sw_dev->ports = fls(dev->enabled_ports);
dev->ports = devm_kzalloc(dev->dev,
sizeof(struct b53_port) * sw_dev->ports,
GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev->ports)
return -ENOMEM;
dev->vlans = devm_kzalloc(dev->dev,
sizeof(struct b53_vlan) * sw_dev->vlans,
GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev->vlans)
return -ENOMEM;
dev->buf = devm_kzalloc(dev->dev, B53_BUF_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev->buf)
return -ENOMEM;
dev->reset_gpio = b53_switch_get_reset_gpio(dev);
if (dev->reset_gpio >= 0) {
ret = devm_gpio_request_one(dev->dev, dev->reset_gpio,
GPIOF_OUT_INIT_HIGH, "robo_reset");
if (ret)
return ret;
}
return b53_switch_reset(dev);
}
struct b53_device *b53_swconfig_switch_alloc(struct device *base, struct b53_io_ops *ops,
void *priv)
{
struct b53_device *dev;
dev = devm_kzalloc(base, sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev)
return NULL;
dev->dev = base;
dev->ops = ops;
dev->priv = priv;
mutex_init(&dev->reg_mutex);
return dev;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(b53_swconfig_switch_alloc);
int b53_swconfig_switch_detect(struct b53_device *dev)
{
u32 id32;
u16 tmp;
u8 id8;
int ret;
ret = b53_read8(dev, B53_MGMT_PAGE, B53_DEVICE_ID, &id8);
if (ret)
return ret;
switch (id8) {
case 0:
/*
* BCM5325 and BCM5365 do not have this register so reads
* return 0. But the read operation did succeed, so assume
* this is one of them.
*
* Next check if we can write to the 5325's VTA register; for
* 5365 it is read only.
*/
b53_write16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_TABLE_ACCESS_25, 0xf);
b53_read16(dev, B53_VLAN_PAGE, B53_VLAN_TABLE_ACCESS_25, &tmp);
if (tmp == 0xf)
dev->chip_id = BCM5325_DEVICE_ID;
else
dev->chip_id = BCM5365_DEVICE_ID;
break;
case BCM5395_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM5397_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM5398_DEVICE_ID:
dev->chip_id = id8;
break;
default:
ret = b53_read32(dev, B53_MGMT_PAGE, B53_DEVICE_ID, &id32);
if (ret)
return ret;
switch (id32) {
case BCM53115_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM53125_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM53128_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM53010_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM53011_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM53012_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM53018_DEVICE_ID:
case BCM53019_DEVICE_ID:
dev->chip_id = id32;
break;
default:
pr_err("unsupported switch detected (BCM53%02x/BCM%x)\n",
id8, id32);
return -ENODEV;
}
}
if (dev->chip_id == BCM5325_DEVICE_ID)
return b53_read8(dev, B53_STAT_PAGE, B53_REV_ID_25,
&dev->core_rev);
else
return b53_read8(dev, B53_MGMT_PAGE, B53_REV_ID,
&dev->core_rev);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(b53_swconfig_switch_detect);
int b53_swconfig_switch_register(struct b53_device *dev)
{
int ret;
if (dev->pdata) {
dev->chip_id = dev->pdata->chip_id;
dev->enabled_ports = dev->pdata->enabled_ports;
dev->sw_dev.alias = dev->pdata->alias;
}
if (!dev->chip_id && b53_swconfig_switch_detect(dev))
return -EINVAL;
ret = b53_switch_init(dev);
if (ret)
return ret;
pr_info("found switch: %s, rev %i\n", dev->sw_dev.name, dev->core_rev);
return register_switch(&dev->sw_dev, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(b53_swconfig_switch_register);
MODULE_AUTHOR("Jonas Gorski <jogo@openwrt.org>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("B53 switch library");
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
``` |
The Dr. William Bardsley House, at 517 Park Ave. in Park City, Utah, was built around 1888. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
It is a frame cross-wing type house, with the cross-wing being two-story tall and projecting a gable-end towards the street. This has an "Italianate style box bay window and paired double hung windows above." The gable end has decorative bargeboard which was taken from another historic house, apparently replacing an earlier bargeboard. It is on the uphill side of Park Ave., overlooking Main St.
It was deemed significant as "an example of the residential architecture of Park City, the largest, historic metal mining town in Utah." It was "one of nearly 150 houses recorded as part of the research for the "Residences of Mining Boom Era Park City" thematic nomination" which determined National Register eligibility for 104 houses.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Summit County, Utah
Victorian architecture in Utah
Houses completed in 1888
1888 establishments in Utah Territory |
Streets of Laredo is a folk-pop band originally from Auckland, New Zealand but now based in Brooklyn, New York. The band is composed of Dave Gibson (vocals, drums), Daniel Gibson (lead vocals, acoustic guitar) Sarahjane Gibson (vocals, melodica, percussion), Sean McMahon (bass and backing vocals), Cameron Deyell (electric guitar and backing vocals) and Andrew McGovern (trumpet, percussion, and synth). The band has released two albums: Volume I & II (2014) and Wild (2016).
Founding and early career
Dave Gibson and his younger brother Daniel already had experience as musicians. Dave used to be the vocalist in the New Zealand band Elemeno P while Daniel was the vocalist of a pop-punk band called Kingston. Dave ran a T-shirt business and hired Daniel soon after he left the music scene to work in his company. However, both brothers routinely began to write and work on demo songs frequently. Dave, his spouse Sarahjane, and his brother Daniel, formed the band around the time they moved to New York in 2012. However, before the trio relocated to New York they played one show in their hometown. The group named their band based on the classic ballad Streets of Laredo. The band soon after also consisted of Si Moore, Cameron Deyell, and Thom Darlow. Their first single "Girlfriend" was first imagined by Daniel between the time they left New Zealand and relocated to New York. He continued working on the song once he moved to New York. The single was self-released on December 10, 2012 to positive acclaim. A music video for the track was released soon after.
Vol. I & II: from EP to debut album
In early 2013, the band traveled back to New Zealand to work and record nine new tracks which would be split into two EPs. In August 2013, the band won first prize in the adult album alternative category of Nashville's Unsigned Only Awards. In October 2013, the band won the AAA category for unsigned artists at the CMJ Music Marathon. In late 2013, they released the two EPs Volume I and Volume II which received positive reviews. Many changes occurred during this period like the addition of other members like Sean McMahon and Andrew McGovern. After the self-release of the two EPs, Streets of Laredo signed on to Dine Alone Records. The band released their first EP Lonsdale Line for the label on June 10, 2014. A single track "Slow Train" released in August 2014. A single from their forthcoming debut album titled "Laredo" dropped in September 2014. The band released their first official album Volume I & II (by putting together the two EPs) on October 7, 2014, via Dine Alone Records. The reviews for the album were generally favorable.
Wild and onwards
From early to mid-2015, the band toured in America and Europe for their debut album. During these tours and concerts, Streets or Laredo began to work on new tracks for their future album Wild. They began recording demos in early 2015. A single called "Diamonds" was released on 2 June 2015. A single from the forthcoming LP titled "99.9%" was released on 24 June 2016. A unrelated single titled "Devil and the Sea" dropped on 9 July 2016. Wild was released on October 21, 2016, and was notably produced by John Agnello. The album had political, experimental, and cultural undertones which were topics that influenced the band. Wild received some positive reviews. After finishing playing and touring for Wild by early 2017, it was reported that the band would begin working on new material for a third LP.
Discography
Albums
Volume I & II (2014)
Wild (2016)
EPs
Volume I (2013)
Volume II (2013)
Lonsdale Line (2014)
Singles
"Diamonds" (2015)
"Devil and the Sea" (2016)
References
New Zealand indie rock groups
New Zealand alternative rock groups
Folk rock groups
Indie folk groups
Musical groups from Auckland
Dine Alone Records artists |
The consumed scrubfowl (Megapodius alimentum) is an extinct megapode that was native to Fiji and Tonga in the south-west Pacific Ocean. It was originally described from subfossil remains collected by David Steadman from an archaeological site at Tongoleleka, on the island of Lifuka in the Haʻapai group of the Kingdom of Tonga. The specific epithet and vernacular name refer to its evident use as a food item. Subsequently, remains were also found on Lakeba and Mago in the Lau group of Fiji by Trevor Worthy. It likely became extinct through overhunting following human settlement of the islands some 3,500 years ago but may have persisted until the mid-late 19th century:
A single megapode egg, olive-tan with slightly darker mottling, was collected in the mid-19th century on an undetermined island of the Haʻapai group by Lieutenant Burnaby of the Royal Navy – most likely on Lifuka, as this was and still is the commercial and political centre of the group. In 1861 this egg (specimen BM(NH) 1988.4.3) was described as Megapodius burnabyi by George Robert Gray. It was subsequently assigned to Megapodius freycinet or Megapodius pritchardii by most authors. However, the former species does not occur anywhere near Tonga today, and probably never did even in the past when it may have been more widespread. M. pritchardii, by contrast, formerly inhabited many islands of Tonga, including Lifuka and most other large islands of the Haʻapai group, as evidenced by subfossil remains. Additionally, the extinct Megapodius molistructor or a close relative is also known from prehistoric remains found on Lifuka. But this species was huge, one of the largest megapodes known to date and far exceeding M. pritchardii in size. M. alimentum on the other hand was of medium size by Megapodius standards, about 30% larger than M. pritchardii. The M. burnabyi egg was restudied by Steadman subsequent to his description of the extinct megapodes from Lifuka. He found it to be much like typical M. pritchardii eggs; however, it is fairly long by comparison but remarkably narrow, resulting in an elongated shape that is rare in Megapodius: while M. freycinet and M. pritchardii eggs are typically 1.65 times as long as they are wide, the M. burnabyi egg is 1.76 times as long as it is wide. Small eggs of M. pritchardii, however, may occasionally have an elongated shape like Burnaby's specimen.
While it should be technically possible to extract ancient DNA from the singular egg (as was done for a duck egg collected in 1855), pending such a study, the identity of M. burnabyi is unresolved and it is best regarded as a nomen dubium – it most likely either represents a large and unusually-shaped egg of M. pritchardii, or a small egg of M. alimentum, which in this case must have survived in some numbers to about 1860 or even a bit later. The caveat, however, is that megapode eggs were traded between islands and even archipelagos, and given the uncertainties of its collection, M. burnabyi may be such a trade item and belong to another extant or recently extinct megapode species, possibly not even from Tonga. And of course, even if the egg was collected on Lifuka, the island might have been home to yet another now-extinct megapode species of which no remains have been found to date. But with 3 species of Megapodius – one large, one mid-sized, and one small – known to formerly inhabit the Haʻapai group, as well as the extensive palaeontological and archaeological fieldwork conducted there, this is considered unlikely.
References
alimentum
†
†
Extinct birds of Oceania
consumed scrubfowl
consumed scrubfowl
Holocene extinctions |
The scaly osman (Diptychus maculatus) is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish. It is native to Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau of China, India, Nepal and Pakistan, ranging west to the Tien Shan Mountains and Central Asia. It is up to in total length.
References
Diptychus
Fish described in 1866 |
Charles Ramsay Rinehart (December 31, 1875 – October 30, 1933) was an American football player, engineer and businessman. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1964. He played high school football at Phillipsburg High School in Phillipsburg, New Jersey.
Playing career
College career
Rinehart attended Lafayette and played right guard on the school's 1896 team, under coach Parke H. Davis. At 6'3" and 210 pounds, "Babe" or "Riny" was the biggest man on the team. That season Rinehart and Lafayette fought Princeton to a scoreless tie. Thirty-seven years later, the two teams were named co-national champions for the season by Coach Davis, who had become the sport's pre-eminent historian. In 1934, Davis wrote that Rinehart was "the peer of any player whoever wore a cleated shoe" and "often has been named, with Walter Heffelfinger of Yale, as one of the two greatest foot ball players of all time."
Rinehart captained and played quarterback for the team in 1897. He graduated from Lafayette in 1899 and became an engineer. Rinehart was serving as the president of a tire company at the time of his death.
Professional career
From 1898 until 1900, Rinehart played professional football for the Greensburg Athletic Association. He also played, against the Greensburg Athletic Association's wishes, in pro football's very first all-star game as a member of the 1898 Western Pennsylvania All-Star football team, which played against the Duquesne Country and Athletic Club on December 3, 1898, at Pittsburgh's Exposition Park.
References
1875 births
1933 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American football guards
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Greensburg Athletic Association players
Lafayette Leopards football players
Phillipsburg High School (New Jersey) alumni
People from Union Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
1898 Western Pennsylvania All-Star football players |
```php
<?php return array(
4 => array('id' => 4 , 'alpha2' => 'af', 'alpha3' => 'afg', 'name' => 'Afganistanas'),
8 => array('id' => 8 , 'alpha2' => 'al', 'alpha3' => 'alb', 'name' => 'Albanija'),
12 => array('id' => 12 , 'alpha2' => 'dz', 'alpha3' => 'dza', 'name' => 'Alyras'),
20 => array('id' => 20 , 'alpha2' => 'ad', 'alpha3' => 'and', 'name' => 'Andora'),
24 => array('id' => 24 , 'alpha2' => 'ao', 'alpha3' => 'ago', 'name' => 'Angola'),
28 => array('id' => 28 , 'alpha2' => 'ag', 'alpha3' => 'atg', 'name' => 'Antigva ir Barbuda'),
32 => array('id' => 32 , 'alpha2' => 'ar', 'alpha3' => 'arg', 'name' => 'Argentina'),
51 => array('id' => 51 , 'alpha2' => 'am', 'alpha3' => 'arm', 'name' => 'Armnija'),
36 => array('id' => 36 , 'alpha2' => 'au', 'alpha3' => 'aus', 'name' => 'Australija'),
40 => array('id' => 40 , 'alpha2' => 'at', 'alpha3' => 'aut', 'name' => 'Austrija'),
31 => array('id' => 31 , 'alpha2' => 'az', 'alpha3' => 'aze', 'name' => 'Azerbaidanas'),
44 => array('id' => 44 , 'alpha2' => 'bs', 'alpha3' => 'bhs', 'name' => 'Bahamos'),
48 => array('id' => 48 , 'alpha2' => 'bh', 'alpha3' => 'bhr', 'name' => 'Bahreinas'),
112 => array('id' => 112, 'alpha2' => 'by', 'alpha3' => 'blr', 'name' => 'Baltarusija'),
50 => array('id' => 50 , 'alpha2' => 'bd', 'alpha3' => 'bgd', 'name' => 'Bangladeas'),
52 => array('id' => 52 , 'alpha2' => 'bb', 'alpha3' => 'brb', 'name' => 'Barbadosas'),
56 => array('id' => 56 , 'alpha2' => 'be', 'alpha3' => 'bel', 'name' => 'Belgija'),
84 => array('id' => 84 , 'alpha2' => 'bz', 'alpha3' => 'blz', 'name' => 'Belizas'),
204 => array('id' => 204, 'alpha2' => 'bj', 'alpha3' => 'ben', 'name' => 'Beninas'),
64 => array('id' => 64 , 'alpha2' => 'bt', 'alpha3' => 'btn', 'name' => 'Butanas'),
68 => array('id' => 68 , 'alpha2' => 'bo', 'alpha3' => 'bol', 'name' => 'Bolivija'),
70 => array('id' => 70 , 'alpha2' => 'ba', 'alpha3' => 'bih', 'name' => 'Bosnija ir Hercegovina'),
72 => array('id' => 72 , 'alpha2' => 'bw', 'alpha3' => 'bwa', 'name' => 'Botsvana'),
76 => array('id' => 76 , 'alpha2' => 'br', 'alpha3' => 'bra', 'name' => 'Brazilija'),
96 => array('id' => 96 , 'alpha2' => 'bn', 'alpha3' => 'brn', 'name' => 'Brunjus'),
100 => array('id' => 100, 'alpha2' => 'bg', 'alpha3' => 'bgr', 'name' => 'Bulgarija'),
854 => array('id' => 854, 'alpha2' => 'bf', 'alpha3' => 'bfa', 'name' => 'Burkina Faso'),
108 => array('id' => 108, 'alpha2' => 'bi', 'alpha3' => 'bdi', 'name' => 'Burundis'),
140 => array('id' => 140, 'alpha2' => 'cf', 'alpha3' => 'caf', 'name' => 'Centrins Afrikos Respublika'),
148 => array('id' => 148, 'alpha2' => 'td', 'alpha3' => 'tcd', 'name' => 'adas'),
152 => array('id' => 152, 'alpha2' => 'cl', 'alpha3' => 'chl', 'name' => 'il'),
203 => array('id' => 203, 'alpha2' => 'cz', 'alpha3' => 'cze', 'name' => 'ekija'),
208 => array('id' => 208, 'alpha2' => 'dk', 'alpha3' => 'dnk', 'name' => 'Danija'),
384 => array('id' => 384, 'alpha2' => 'ci', 'alpha3' => 'civ', 'name' => 'Dramblio Kaulo Krantas'),
212 => array('id' => 212, 'alpha2' => 'dm', 'alpha3' => 'dma', 'name' => 'Dominika'),
214 => array('id' => 214, 'alpha2' => 'do', 'alpha3' => 'dom', 'name' => 'Dominikos Respublika'),
262 => array('id' => 262, 'alpha2' => 'dj', 'alpha3' => 'dji', 'name' => 'Dibutis'),
818 => array('id' => 818, 'alpha2' => 'eg', 'alpha3' => 'egy', 'name' => 'Egiptas'),
218 => array('id' => 218, 'alpha2' => 'ec', 'alpha3' => 'ecu', 'name' => 'Ekvadoras'),
232 => array('id' => 232, 'alpha2' => 'er', 'alpha3' => 'eri', 'name' => 'Eritrja'),
233 => array('id' => 233, 'alpha2' => 'ee', 'alpha3' => 'est', 'name' => 'Estija'),
231 => array('id' => 231, 'alpha2' => 'et', 'alpha3' => 'eth', 'name' => 'Etiopija'),
242 => array('id' => 242, 'alpha2' => 'fj', 'alpha3' => 'fji', 'name' => 'Fidis'),
266 => array('id' => 266, 'alpha2' => 'ga', 'alpha3' => 'gab', 'name' => 'Gabonas'),
270 => array('id' => 270, 'alpha2' => 'gm', 'alpha3' => 'gmb', 'name' => 'Gambija'),
288 => array('id' => 288, 'alpha2' => 'gh', 'alpha3' => 'gha', 'name' => 'Gana'),
300 => array('id' => 300, 'alpha2' => 'gr', 'alpha3' => 'grc', 'name' => 'Graikija'),
308 => array('id' => 308, 'alpha2' => 'gd', 'alpha3' => 'grd', 'name' => 'Grenada'),
268 => array('id' => 268, 'alpha2' => 'ge', 'alpha3' => 'geo', 'name' => 'Gruzija'),
320 => array('id' => 320, 'alpha2' => 'gt', 'alpha3' => 'gtm', 'name' => 'Gvatemala'),
324 => array('id' => 324, 'alpha2' => 'gn', 'alpha3' => 'gin', 'name' => 'Gvinja'),
624 => array('id' => 624, 'alpha2' => 'gw', 'alpha3' => 'gnb', 'name' => 'Bisau Gvinja'),
328 => array('id' => 328, 'alpha2' => 'gy', 'alpha3' => 'guy', 'name' => 'Gajana'),
332 => array('id' => 332, 'alpha2' => 'ht', 'alpha3' => 'hti', 'name' => 'Haitis'),
340 => array('id' => 340, 'alpha2' => 'hn', 'alpha3' => 'hnd', 'name' => 'Hondras'),
348 => array('id' => 348, 'alpha2' => 'hu', 'alpha3' => 'hun', 'name' => 'Vengrija'),
352 => array('id' => 352, 'alpha2' => 'is', 'alpha3' => 'isl', 'name' => 'Islandija'),
356 => array('id' => 356, 'alpha2' => 'in', 'alpha3' => 'ind', 'name' => 'Indija'),
360 => array('id' => 360, 'alpha2' => 'id', 'alpha3' => 'idn', 'name' => 'Indonezija'),
364 => array('id' => 364, 'alpha2' => 'ir', 'alpha3' => 'irn', 'name' => 'Iranas'),
368 => array('id' => 368, 'alpha2' => 'iq', 'alpha3' => 'irq', 'name' => 'Irakas'),
372 => array('id' => 372, 'alpha2' => 'ie', 'alpha3' => 'irl', 'name' => 'Airija'),
376 => array('id' => 376, 'alpha2' => 'il', 'alpha3' => 'isr', 'name' => 'Izraelis'),
380 => array('id' => 380, 'alpha2' => 'it', 'alpha3' => 'ita', 'name' => 'Italija'),
388 => array('id' => 388, 'alpha2' => 'jm', 'alpha3' => 'jam', 'name' => 'Jamaika'),
392 => array('id' => 392, 'alpha2' => 'jp', 'alpha3' => 'jpn', 'name' => 'Japonija'),
400 => array('id' => 400, 'alpha2' => 'jo', 'alpha3' => 'jor', 'name' => 'Jordanija'),
116 => array('id' => 116, 'alpha2' => 'kh', 'alpha3' => 'khm', 'name' => 'Kamboda'),
120 => array('id' => 120, 'alpha2' => 'cm', 'alpha3' => 'cmr', 'name' => 'Kamernas'),
124 => array('id' => 124, 'alpha2' => 'ca', 'alpha3' => 'can', 'name' => 'Kanada'),
156 => array('id' => 156, 'alpha2' => 'cn', 'alpha3' => 'chn', 'name' => 'Kinija'),
170 => array('id' => 170, 'alpha2' => 'co', 'alpha3' => 'col', 'name' => 'Kolumbija'),
174 => array('id' => 174, 'alpha2' => 'km', 'alpha3' => 'com', 'name' => 'Komorai'),
178 => array('id' => 178, 'alpha2' => 'cg', 'alpha3' => 'cog', 'name' => 'Kongo Respublika'),
180 => array('id' => 180, 'alpha2' => 'cd', 'alpha3' => 'cod', 'name' => 'Kongo Demokratin Respublika'),
188 => array('id' => 188, 'alpha2' => 'cr', 'alpha3' => 'cri', 'name' => 'Kosta Rika'),
191 => array('id' => 191, 'alpha2' => 'hr', 'alpha3' => 'hrv', 'name' => 'Kroatija'),
192 => array('id' => 192, 'alpha2' => 'cu', 'alpha3' => 'cub', 'name' => 'Kuba'),
196 => array('id' => 196, 'alpha2' => 'cy', 'alpha3' => 'cyp', 'name' => 'Kipras'),
398 => array('id' => 398, 'alpha2' => 'kz', 'alpha3' => 'kaz', 'name' => 'Kazachstanas'),
404 => array('id' => 404, 'alpha2' => 'ke', 'alpha3' => 'ken', 'name' => 'Kenija'),
296 => array('id' => 296, 'alpha2' => 'ki', 'alpha3' => 'kir', 'name' => 'Kiribatis'),
408 => array('id' => 408, 'alpha2' => 'kp', 'alpha3' => 'prk', 'name' => 'iaurs Korja'),
410 => array('id' => 410, 'alpha2' => 'kr', 'alpha3' => 'kor', 'name' => 'Piet Korja'),
414 => array('id' => 414, 'alpha2' => 'kw', 'alpha3' => 'kwt', 'name' => 'Kuveitas'),
417 => array('id' => 417, 'alpha2' => 'kg', 'alpha3' => 'kgz', 'name' => 'Kirgizija'),
418 => array('id' => 418, 'alpha2' => 'la', 'alpha3' => 'lao', 'name' => 'Laosas'),
428 => array('id' => 428, 'alpha2' => 'lv', 'alpha3' => 'lva', 'name' => 'Latvija'),
422 => array('id' => 422, 'alpha2' => 'lb', 'alpha3' => 'lbn', 'name' => 'Libanas'),
426 => array('id' => 426, 'alpha2' => 'ls', 'alpha3' => 'lso', 'name' => 'Lesotas'),
430 => array('id' => 430, 'alpha2' => 'lr', 'alpha3' => 'lbr', 'name' => 'Liberija'),
434 => array('id' => 434, 'alpha2' => 'ly', 'alpha3' => 'lby', 'name' => 'Libija'),
438 => array('id' => 438, 'alpha2' => 'li', 'alpha3' => 'lie', 'name' => 'Lichtenteinas'),
440 => array('id' => 440, 'alpha2' => 'lt', 'alpha3' => 'ltu', 'name' => 'Lietuva'),
442 => array('id' => 442, 'alpha2' => 'lu', 'alpha3' => 'lux', 'name' => 'Liuksemburgas'),
807 => array('id' => 807, 'alpha2' => 'mk', 'alpha3' => 'mkd', 'name' => 'Makedonija'),
450 => array('id' => 450, 'alpha2' => 'mg', 'alpha3' => 'mdg', 'name' => 'Madagaskaras'),
454 => array('id' => 454, 'alpha2' => 'mw', 'alpha3' => 'mwi', 'name' => 'Malavis'),
458 => array('id' => 458, 'alpha2' => 'my', 'alpha3' => 'mys', 'name' => 'Malaizija'),
462 => array('id' => 462, 'alpha2' => 'mv', 'alpha3' => 'mdv', 'name' => 'Maldyvai'),
466 => array('id' => 466, 'alpha2' => 'ml', 'alpha3' => 'mli', 'name' => 'Malis'),
470 => array('id' => 470, 'alpha2' => 'mt', 'alpha3' => 'mlt', 'name' => 'Malta'),
584 => array('id' => 584, 'alpha2' => 'mh', 'alpha3' => 'mhl', 'name' => 'Maralo salos'),
478 => array('id' => 478, 'alpha2' => 'mr', 'alpha3' => 'mrt', 'name' => 'Mauritanija'),
480 => array('id' => 480, 'alpha2' => 'mu', 'alpha3' => 'mus', 'name' => 'Mauricijus'),
484 => array('id' => 484, 'alpha2' => 'mx', 'alpha3' => 'mex', 'name' => 'Meksika'),
583 => array('id' => 583, 'alpha2' => 'fm', 'alpha3' => 'fsm', 'name' => 'Mikronezija'),
498 => array('id' => 498, 'alpha2' => 'md', 'alpha3' => 'mda', 'name' => 'Moldavija'),
492 => array('id' => 492, 'alpha2' => 'mc', 'alpha3' => 'mco', 'name' => 'Monakas'),
496 => array('id' => 496, 'alpha2' => 'mn', 'alpha3' => 'mng', 'name' => 'Mongolija'),
499 => array('id' => 499, 'alpha2' => 'me', 'alpha3' => 'mne', 'name' => 'Juodkalnija'),
504 => array('id' => 504, 'alpha2' => 'ma', 'alpha3' => 'mar', 'name' => 'Marokas'),
508 => array('id' => 508, 'alpha2' => 'mz', 'alpha3' => 'moz', 'name' => 'Mozambikas'),
104 => array('id' => 104, 'alpha2' => 'mm', 'alpha3' => 'mmr', 'name' => 'Mianmaras'),
516 => array('id' => 516, 'alpha2' => 'na', 'alpha3' => 'nam', 'name' => 'Namibija'),
520 => array('id' => 520, 'alpha2' => 'nr', 'alpha3' => 'nru', 'name' => 'Nauru'),
524 => array('id' => 524, 'alpha2' => 'np', 'alpha3' => 'npl', 'name' => 'Nepalas'),
528 => array('id' => 528, 'alpha2' => 'nl', 'alpha3' => 'nld', 'name' => 'Nyderlandai'),
554 => array('id' => 554, 'alpha2' => 'nz', 'alpha3' => 'nzl', 'name' => 'Naujoji Zelandija'),
558 => array('id' => 558, 'alpha2' => 'ni', 'alpha3' => 'nic', 'name' => 'Nikaragva'),
562 => array('id' => 562, 'alpha2' => 'ne', 'alpha3' => 'ner', 'name' => 'Nigeris'),
566 => array('id' => 566, 'alpha2' => 'ng', 'alpha3' => 'nga', 'name' => 'Nigerija'),
578 => array('id' => 578, 'alpha2' => 'no', 'alpha3' => 'nor', 'name' => 'Norvegija'),
512 => array('id' => 512, 'alpha2' => 'om', 'alpha3' => 'omn', 'name' => 'Omanas'),
586 => array('id' => 586, 'alpha2' => 'pk', 'alpha3' => 'pak', 'name' => 'Pakistanas'),
585 => array('id' => 585, 'alpha2' => 'pw', 'alpha3' => 'plw', 'name' => 'Palau'),
591 => array('id' => 591, 'alpha2' => 'pa', 'alpha3' => 'pan', 'name' => 'Panama'),
250 => array('id' => 250, 'alpha2' => 'fr', 'alpha3' => 'fra', 'name' => 'Pranczija'),
598 => array('id' => 598, 'alpha2' => 'pg', 'alpha3' => 'png', 'name' => 'Papua Naujoji Gvinja'),
600 => array('id' => 600, 'alpha2' => 'py', 'alpha3' => 'pry', 'name' => 'Paragvajus'),
226 => array('id' => 226, 'alpha2' => 'gq', 'alpha3' => 'gnq', 'name' => 'Pusiaujo Gvinja'),
604 => array('id' => 604, 'alpha2' => 'pe', 'alpha3' => 'per', 'name' => 'Peru'),
608 => array('id' => 608, 'alpha2' => 'ph', 'alpha3' => 'phl', 'name' => 'Filipinai'),
616 => array('id' => 616, 'alpha2' => 'pl', 'alpha3' => 'pol', 'name' => 'Lenkija'),
620 => array('id' => 620, 'alpha2' => 'pt', 'alpha3' => 'prt', 'name' => 'Portugalija'),
634 => array('id' => 634, 'alpha2' => 'qa', 'alpha3' => 'qat', 'name' => 'Kataras'),
642 => array('id' => 642, 'alpha2' => 'ro', 'alpha3' => 'rou', 'name' => 'Rumunija'),
643 => array('id' => 643, 'alpha2' => 'ru', 'alpha3' => 'rus', 'name' => 'Rusija'),
646 => array('id' => 646, 'alpha2' => 'rw', 'alpha3' => 'rwa', 'name' => 'Ruanda'),
222 => array('id' => 222, 'alpha2' => 'sv', 'alpha3' => 'slv', 'name' => 'Salvadoras'),
659 => array('id' => 659, 'alpha2' => 'kn', 'alpha3' => 'kna', 'name' => 'Sent Kitsas ir Nevis'),
662 => array('id' => 662, 'alpha2' => 'lc', 'alpha3' => 'lca', 'name' => 'Sent Lusija'),
670 => array('id' => 670, 'alpha2' => 'vc', 'alpha3' => 'vct', 'name' => 'Sent Vinsentas ir Grenadinai'),
882 => array('id' => 882, 'alpha2' => 'ws', 'alpha3' => 'wsm', 'name' => 'Samoa'),
674 => array('id' => 674, 'alpha2' => 'sm', 'alpha3' => 'smr', 'name' => 'San Marinas'),
678 => array('id' => 678, 'alpha2' => 'st', 'alpha3' => 'stp', 'name' => 'San Tom ir Prinsip'),
682 => array('id' => 682, 'alpha2' => 'sa', 'alpha3' => 'sau', 'name' => 'Saudo Arabija'),
686 => array('id' => 686, 'alpha2' => 'sn', 'alpha3' => 'sen', 'name' => 'Senegalas'),
688 => array('id' => 688, 'alpha2' => 'rs', 'alpha3' => 'srb', 'name' => 'Serbija'),
690 => array('id' => 690, 'alpha2' => 'sc', 'alpha3' => 'syc', 'name' => 'Seieliai'),
694 => array('id' => 694, 'alpha2' => 'sl', 'alpha3' => 'sle', 'name' => 'Siera Leon'),
702 => array('id' => 702, 'alpha2' => 'sg', 'alpha3' => 'sgp', 'name' => 'Singapras'),
246 => array('id' => 246, 'alpha2' => 'fi', 'alpha3' => 'fin', 'name' => 'Suomija'),
703 => array('id' => 703, 'alpha2' => 'sk', 'alpha3' => 'svk', 'name' => 'Slovakija'),
705 => array('id' => 705, 'alpha2' => 'si', 'alpha3' => 'svn', 'name' => 'Slovnija'),
90 => array('id' => 90 , 'alpha2' => 'sb', 'alpha3' => 'slb', 'name' => 'Saliamono Salos'),
706 => array('id' => 706, 'alpha2' => 'so', 'alpha3' => 'som', 'name' => 'Somalis'),
710 => array('id' => 710, 'alpha2' => 'za', 'alpha3' => 'zaf', 'name' => 'PAR'),
728 => array('id' => 728, 'alpha2' => 'ss', 'alpha3' => 'ssd', 'name' => 'Piet Sudanas'),
724 => array('id' => 724, 'alpha2' => 'es', 'alpha3' => 'esp', 'name' => 'Ispanija'),
144 => array('id' => 144, 'alpha2' => 'lk', 'alpha3' => 'lka', 'name' => 'ri Lanka'),
729 => array('id' => 729, 'alpha2' => 'sd', 'alpha3' => 'sdn', 'name' => 'Sudanas'),
740 => array('id' => 740, 'alpha2' => 'sr', 'alpha3' => 'sur', 'name' => 'Surinamas'),
748 => array('id' => 748, 'alpha2' => 'sz', 'alpha3' => 'swz', 'name' => 'Svazilendas'),
752 => array('id' => 752, 'alpha2' => 'se', 'alpha3' => 'swe', 'name' => 'vedija'),
756 => array('id' => 756, 'alpha2' => 'ch', 'alpha3' => 'che', 'name' => 'veicarija'),
760 => array('id' => 760, 'alpha2' => 'sy', 'alpha3' => 'syr', 'name' => 'Sirija'),
762 => array('id' => 762, 'alpha2' => 'tj', 'alpha3' => 'tjk', 'name' => 'Tadikija'),
834 => array('id' => 834, 'alpha2' => 'tz', 'alpha3' => 'tza', 'name' => 'Tanzanija'),
764 => array('id' => 764, 'alpha2' => 'th', 'alpha3' => 'tha', 'name' => 'Tailandas'),
626 => array('id' => 626, 'alpha2' => 'tl', 'alpha3' => 'tls', 'name' => 'Ryt Timoras'),
768 => array('id' => 768, 'alpha2' => 'tg', 'alpha3' => 'tgo', 'name' => 'Togas'),
776 => array('id' => 776, 'alpha2' => 'to', 'alpha3' => 'ton', 'name' => 'Tonga'),
780 => array('id' => 780, 'alpha2' => 'tt', 'alpha3' => 'tto', 'name' => 'Trinidadas ir Tobagas'),
788 => array('id' => 788, 'alpha2' => 'tn', 'alpha3' => 'tun', 'name' => 'Tunisas'),
792 => array('id' => 792, 'alpha2' => 'tr', 'alpha3' => 'tur', 'name' => 'Turkija'),
795 => array('id' => 795, 'alpha2' => 'tm', 'alpha3' => 'tkm', 'name' => 'Turkmnija'),
798 => array('id' => 798, 'alpha2' => 'tv', 'alpha3' => 'tuv', 'name' => 'Tuvalu'),
800 => array('id' => 800, 'alpha2' => 'ug', 'alpha3' => 'uga', 'name' => 'Uganda'),
804 => array('id' => 804, 'alpha2' => 'ua', 'alpha3' => 'ukr', 'name' => 'Ukraina'),
784 => array('id' => 784, 'alpha2' => 'ae', 'alpha3' => 'are', 'name' => 'Jungtiniai Arab Emyratai'),
826 => array('id' => 826, 'alpha2' => 'gb', 'alpha3' => 'gbr', 'name' => 'Jungtin Karalyst'),
840 => array('id' => 840, 'alpha2' => 'us', 'alpha3' => 'usa', 'name' => 'Jungtins Valstijos'),
858 => array('id' => 858, 'alpha2' => 'uy', 'alpha3' => 'ury', 'name' => 'Urugvajus'),
860 => array('id' => 860, 'alpha2' => 'uz', 'alpha3' => 'uzb', 'name' => 'Uzbekistanas'),
548 => array('id' => 548, 'alpha2' => 'vu', 'alpha3' => 'vut', 'name' => 'Vanuatu'),
862 => array('id' => 862, 'alpha2' => 've', 'alpha3' => 'ven', 'name' => 'Venesuela'),
276 => array('id' => 276, 'alpha2' => 'de', 'alpha3' => 'deu', 'name' => 'Vokietija'),
704 => array('id' => 704, 'alpha2' => 'vn', 'alpha3' => 'vnm', 'name' => 'Vietnamas'),
887 => array('id' => 887, 'alpha2' => 'ye', 'alpha3' => 'yem', 'name' => 'Jemenas'),
894 => array('id' => 894, 'alpha2' => 'zm', 'alpha3' => 'zmb', 'name' => 'Zambija'),
716 => array('id' => 716, 'alpha2' => 'zw', 'alpha3' => 'zwe', 'name' => 'Zimbabv'),
132 => array('id' => 132, 'alpha2' => 'cv', 'alpha3' => 'cpv', 'name' => 'aliasis Kyulys'),
);
``` |
Saurin may refer to:
Bernard-Joseph Saurin (1706–1781), a Parisian lawyer, poet, and playwright
Jacques Saurin (1677–1730), a French preacher
James Saurin (1760–1842), an Irish Anglican bishop
Joseph Saurin (1659–1737), a French mathematician
Vincent Saurin, French Olympic rower
William Saurin (1757–1839), an Attorney-General for Ireland
Saurin, Ontario, a community in the township of Springwater, Ontario
The Saurin (Star Wars), a fictional race in the Star Wars universe |
Éric Laporte (born January 24, 1976 in Montreal, Quebec) is a politician from Quebec, Canada. He was an Action démocratique du Québec Member of the National Assembly for the electoral district of L'Assomption from 2007 to 2008.
Laporte is a graduate from the Université du Québec à Montréal where he obtained a bachelor's degree in business administration and was also trained at . He worked as an agent at the National Bank in Montreal and Industrielle Alliance in Charlemagne. He was also a member of the Terrebonne Chamber of Commerce as well as the vice-president of the international student association in economic and commercial sciences at the UQAM.
He was first elected in the 2007 election with 39% of the vote. Parti Québécois incumbent Jean-Claude St-André finished second with 34% of the vote. Laporte took office on April 12, 2007.
Footnotes
External links
1976 births
Action démocratique du Québec MNAs
Living people
Université du Québec à Montréal alumni
Politicians from Montreal
21st-century Canadian politicians |
The Revd Theophilus Leigh, D.D. (1691 – 3 January 1785) was an 18th-century Oxford academic of aristocratic descent.
Life
Elected Master of Balliol College, Oxford on 12 May 1726, through the influence of his uncle, Lord Chandos, Dr Leigh remained in post until his death in 1785, the longest incumbent in office. Appointed Rector of Broadwell, Gloucestershire in 1718, Leigh served as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University from 1738 until 1741.
A relative of the Barons Leigh and great-uncle of Jane Austen, he married Anne Bee (died 1766), only daughter of Edward Bee, of Beckley Park, Oxfordshire; they had two daughters, Mary (who married, her first cousin, Rev Thomas Leigh BCL) and Cassandra (who married Rev Samuel Cooke).
See also
Balliol College
Leigh baronets
References
External links
www.burkespeerage.com
1691 births
1785 deaths
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Masters of Balliol College, Oxford
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford |
Doing Good Better: Effective Altruism and How You Can Make a Difference is a 2015 book by William MacAskill that serves as a primer on the effective altruism movement that seeks to do the most good. It is published by Random House and was released on July 28, 2015.
Reception
Reviews
Reviews of the book were generally positive. Writing for Marginal Revolution, George Mason University economics professor Alex Tabarrok described the book as "that rare beast, a hard-headed, soft-hearted proponent of saving the world." He concluded his review by writing:Fortunately, effective altruism doesn't require Mother Theresa-like levels of altruism or Spock-like level of hard-headedness. What is needed is a cultural change so that people become proud of how they give and not just how much they give. Imagine, for example, that it becomes routine to ask "How does Givewell rate your charity?" Or, "GiveDirectly gives poor people cash–can you demonstrate that your charity is more effective than cash?" The goal is not the questioning. The goal is to give people the warm glow when they can answer.A review in Kirkus Reviews concluded: "There are thousands of charities in the world, most of which are attempting to do good for people. The author shows readers how to take any of these charities and assess them against his structure so they can make informed decisions on their charitable contributions. Highly useful guidelines to finding the perfect charity worthy of your money."
The Sunday Times called the book a "surprising and counterintuitive look at the best ways to make a difference." Marc Gunther reviewed the book for Nonprofit Chronicles, writing "There's no better time to start now" on the agenda that MacAskill had set out in the book.
Sue Desmond-Hellmann, CEO of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, reviewed the book favorably, concluding: "Getting in the habit of giving back is never a bad thing. While good intentions might not be enough in their own right, a world full of people who care — and who are open to doing good better — can make a world of difference."
Steven Levitt, University of Chicago economist and author of Freakonomics, said of the book: "Beautifully written and extremely smart. Doing Good Better should be required reading for anyone interested in making the world better." The book's website also quotes favorable blurbs from bioethicist and effective altruism proponent Peter Singer, Skype and Kazaa co-founder Jaan Tallinn, Center for Applied Rationality president and co-founder Julia Galef, business school professor Adam Grant, anti-aging researcher Aubrey de Grey, nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler, astronomer Martin Rees, and linguist and researcher Steven Pinker.
LinkedIn co-founder Reid Hoffman wrote a generally positive review of the book, but disagreed with the book's dismissal of local philanthropy. He argued that local philanthropic leadership had instrumental value and also helped set a good example for other community members.
Kate Grant, CEO of the Fistula Foundation, that had been discussed in the book, was critical of MacAskill's description of the organization's work, noting that it was outdated and misleading. She said that this might indicate deeper problems with the quality of research for the book.
Other mentions
An article by Derek Thompson for The Atlantic, that discussed the effective altruism movement at length and William MacAskill's work in particular, briefly discussed Doing Good Better.
A Boston Review Forum contribution on effective altruism by Paul Brest, former President of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation published on July 1, 2015, called MacAskill's book an "excellent new book" and viewed it as a key part of a strategy to move the world in the direction of effective altruism.
In 2015 The New York Times based an article about effective altruism principles on the book and MacAskill's arguments.
See also
The Most Good You Can Do, an April 2015 book by Peter Singer covering similar ground.
80,000 Hours, a non-profit cofounded by MacAskill whose research informed Doing Good Better's ninth chapter on high-impact career choice.
Giving What We Can, an effective altruism organisation building a community of people who pledge to donate at least ten percent of their income to effective charities.
What We Owe the Future, another book by MacAskill
References
External links
Official book webpage
2015 non-fiction books
Books about effective altruism
English-language books
Random House books |
```css
/*! jQuery UI - v1.10.4 - 2014-02-16
* path_to_url
.ui-helper-hidden{display:none}.ui-helper-hidden-accessible{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.ui-helper-reset{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;outline:0;line-height:1.3;text-decoration:none;font-size:100%;list-style:none}.ui-helper-clearfix:before,.ui-helper-clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;border-collapse:collapse}.ui-helper-clearfix:after{clear:both}.ui-helper-clearfix{min-height:0}.ui-helper-zfix{width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;position:absolute;opacity:0;filter:Alpha(Opacity=0)}.ui-front{z-index:100}.ui-state-disabled{cursor:default!important}.ui-icon{display:block;text-indent:-99999px;overflow:hidden;background-repeat:no-repeat}.ui-widget-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}
``` |
A Case of You is a 2013 American romantic comedy film. The film was directed by Kat Coiro and produced by and starring Justin Long, who wrote the script with his brother Christian and Keir O'Donnell, who also stars in the film. It premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2013 and was released in the United States by IFC Films in November of the same year. It received mixed to negative reviews from critics.
The title is taken from the Joni Mitchell song of the same name, though the song is not featured in the film.
Plot
Sam, a young New York City author, is dissatisfied with his life. Although his novelization of the blockbuster film Teen Vampire is popular, he does not want to write the other novelizations despite encouragement from his agent, Alan. Sam suffers from writer's block with his own work. He becomes is infatuated with Birdie, a street artist and barista at the local coffee shop, but does not know how to meet her.
After his roommate, Eliot, suggests checking Birdie's Facebook profile, Sam decides to pretend that he shares the interests she lists on her profile. He begins to learn how to play the guitar and cook French cuisine, and buys books by Walt Whitman and songs by Joan Baez. After pretending to accidentally meet at a comedy club Birdie mentioned online the two become friends and partners at a ballroom-dance class, and Sam begins to write a novel based on their relationship.
To spend more time with her Sam pretends to share Birdie's other interests, including pedicures and bourbon. They begin to fall in love, and Birdie accompanies Sam, Eliot, and Eliot's girlfriend, Ashley, to a spiritual retreat where they sleep together for the first time. Although Sam enjoys spending time with Birdie he finds participating in her many interests to be difficult, and is intimidated by her skill in such areas as caricature, singing, and rock climbing.
After Birdie tells Sam that she loves him and mentions her parents' plan to attend their impending dance recital, an insecure Sam discourages her interest in him. At a pitch meeting, Alan and another agent praise Sam's novel as a superb portrayal of a pathetic "eunuch" who, after foolishly breaking up with his girlfriend, is doomed to remain alone. Realizing that he has made a mistake, Sam rushes to the recital where Birdie is about to perform with another partner. He states his love for her and confesses to using her Facebook profile to adjust his public persona. She tells him that she knew all the time, even adding items to see whether he would respond. She decides to let each other begin from where they left off and Sam decides to give his book a happy ending. They begin to dance together.
Cast
Justin Long as Sam
Evan Rachel Wood as Birdie
Sam Rockwell as Gary
Sienna Miller as Sarah
Brendan Fraser as Tony
Vince Vaughn as Alan
Peter Dinklage as Gerard
Keir O'Donnell as Eliot
Busy Philipps as Ashley
Peter Billingsley as Scott
Mizuo Peck as Jemily
Emilio Delgado as Roberto
Savannah Wise as Lily
Scott Adsit as Cheesy Announcer
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 47%, based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. Metacritic gives the film a score of 38 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Andy Webster of The New York Times states in his review, "While this unrelentingly midtempo movie milks Brooklyn for its chic, it manages to denude it of its color. A moment of dramatic anger from Sam feels forced and abrupt, while — surprise — the climax involves a dash to a joyous reunion. The filmmakers sought the rights to Joni Mitchell's classic song 'A Case of You'; to her credit, she wouldn't hand them over, perhaps because the tune is imbued with deep, honest feelings." Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote, "A lot of interesting, funny performers aren't very interesting or funny [...] this surprisingly bland indie version of the generic mainstream romantic comedy has talent to burn, none of it put to good use. It’s not awful, but the paucity of fresh ideas or humor makes this overly safe first writing effort for all three scribes innocuous to the point of instant forgettability."
Release
A Case of You premiered at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival and was released by IFC Films on video on demand platforms as well as in a limited theatrical release on November 8, 2013. It was released on DVD on February 4, 2014.
References
External links
2013 films
2013 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Films about writers
Films directed by Kat Coiro
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
IFC Films films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language romantic comedy films |
Circumstantial speech, also referred to as circumstantiality, is the result of a so-called "non-linear thought pattern" and occurs when the focus of a conversation drifts, but often comes back to the point. In circumstantiality, apparently unnecessary details and seemingly irrelevant remarks cause a delay in getting to the point.
If someone exhibits circumstantial speech during a conversation, they will often seem to "talk the long way around" to their point, which may be an attempt by the speaker to include pertinent details, that may contrast with the speech which is more direct, succinct, and to the point (the gist) even at the expense of more precise, accurate communication.
Circumstantial speech is more direct than tangential speech in which the speaker wanders and drifts and usually never returns to the original topic, and is far less severe than logorrhea.
Signs and symptoms
A person with circumstantiality has slowed thinking and invariably talks at length about irrelevant and trivial details (i.e., circumstances). Eliciting information from such a person can be difficult since circumstantiality makes it hard for the individual to stay on topic. In most instances however, the relevant details are eventually achieved.
Example
An example of circumstantial speech is that when asked about the age of a person's mother at death, the speaker responds by talking at length about accidents and how too many people die in accidents, then eventually says what the mother's age was at death.
Treatment
Treatment often involves the use of behavioral modification and anticonvulsants, antidepressants and anxiolytics.
See also
Aphasia
Agnosia
Auditory processing disorder
References
Communication disorders
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Thought disorders |
Naresh Kataria is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the Zira Assembly constituency in the Punjab Legislative Assembly. He is a member of the Aam Aadmi Party. He was elected as the MLA in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election.
Career
2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
Kataria defeated Janmeja Singh Sekhon of Shiromani Akali Dal by 22,776 votes in the elections of 2022.
Member of Legislative Assembly
He represents the Zira Assembly constituency as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly by winning 92 out of 117 seats in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election. MP Bhagwant Mann was sworn in as Chief Minister on 16 March 2022.
Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly
Member (2022–23) Committee on Privileges
Member (2022–23) Committee on Questions & References
Electoral performance
References
Living people
Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027
Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The 2011–12 Championnat National season was the 14th since its establishment. The previous season's champions was Bastia. The league schedule was announced on 16 May 2011 and the fixtures were determined in July. The season began on 6 August 2011 and ended on 26 May 2012. The winter break was in effect from 23 December to 6 January.
Teams
There will be four promoted teams from the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth division of French football, replacing the five teams that were relegated from the Championnat National following the 2010–11 season. A total of 20 teams will compete in the league with four clubs suffering relegation to the Championnat de France amateur. All clubs that secure league status for the season will be subject to approval by the DNCG before becoming eligible to participate.
Grenoble became the first professional club to fall to the Championnat National from Ligue 2. The club's drop occurred on 13 May 2011 without it even playing a match following positive results from clubs Grenoble had been trailing in the table. Grenoble will be returning to the third division after playing over a decade under the Ligue de Football Professionnel emblem in Ligue 1 and Ligue 2. On 20 May, both Nîmes and Vannes completed the trio of Ligue 2 clubs dropping down to the third division. Nîmes will be returning to National after three seasons playing in Ligue 2, while Vannes will regress back to the third division after two seasons.
On 7 May 2011, despite having the week off, Le Poiré-sur-Vie became the first club from the Championnat de France amateur to achieve promotion from the fourth division to the Championnat National. The club's spot in the third division was confirmed following second-place Les Herbiers' 0–0 draw with the reserve team of professional club Lorient. Le Poiré-sur-Vie will be making its debut in the third division having spent, aside from six seasons in the fifth and fourth division, its entire history languishing in the regional leagues of Centre-Ouest and Atlantique. Two weeks later, both Besançon and Gazélec Ajaccio were promoted to the Championnat National after recording victories during the match day. Besançon will be returning to the third division after spending six seasons in the Championnat de France amateur, while Gazélec will be returning to the league after spending four seasons in the fourth division. On the final day of the season, Quevilly became the final club in the CFA to earn promotion to National after drawing with Poissy. Despite drawing, the two points Quevilly earned from the match was enough to edge Red Star Paris, which also drew during the week.
Teams relegated to Championnat National
Vannes
Nîmes
Grenoble
Teams promoted to Championnat National
Besançon
Cherbourg
Épinal
Gazélec Ajaccio
Le Poiré-sur-Vie
Martigues
Quevilly
Red Star
DNCG rulings
On 26 May 2011, following a preliminary review of each club's administrative and financial accounts in the Championnat National, the DNCG ruled that Pacy Vallée-d'Eure, Strasbourg, Gap, Grenoble, and Cannes would be relegated to the Championnat de France amateur after the organisation determined that the clubs were enduring financial difficulties. The clubs had the option to appeal the ruling. On 24 June 2011, Pacy Vallée-d'Eure officials confirmed in a press conference that it would accept its relegation to the fourth division in an effort to smooth over its €350,000 debt into next year. Two weeks later, Grenoble confirmed on its website that the Appeals Board of the DNCG had informed club officials that it will be relegated to the fourth division. Grenoble, subsequently, entered liquidation on 7 July. On 13 July, Grenoble's relegation was validated after the French Football Federation confirmed via letter to SAS Épinal that the club would be replacing Grenoble in the Championnat National.
On 8 July 2011, the Appeals Board of the DNCG confirmed that both Strasbourg and Gap would remain relegated after the clubs failed to convince the board of its intent to fix its financial liabilities. Strasbourg has a deficit of over €4 million, while Gap's debt has exceeded over €80,000. Following the appeal denial, Gap officials announced that the club would appeal to the CNOSF, the National Sporting Committee of France. On 18 July, despite both clubs still having the option to appeal the DNCG rulings, the Ligue du Football Amateur (LFA) announced that Red Star and Cherbourg would replace Strasbourg and Gap, respectively, for the 2011–12 edition of the Championnat National. On the following day, Cannes had its appeal to remain in the Championnat National rejected by the DNCG. Similar to Gap, following the decision, Cannes announced its intent to appeal the ruling at the CNOSF. On 29 July, the CNOSF gave a favourable ruling for Cannes recommending to the federation that Cannes should remain in the third division. On 3 August, the CNOSF ruled Gap confirmed the demotion of Gap to the Championnat de France amateur. The French Football Federation determined whether Cannes would be allowed to participate in the league on 4 August, one day before the season was set to begin at the federation's annual executive meeting. At the meeting, the Federation re-affirmed its decision to relegate Cannes to the CFA stating it "trust the DNCG and followed its decisions".
Stadia and locations
Personnel and kits
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players and managers may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
1 Subject to change prior to the start of the season.
Managerial changes
League table
Results
Statistics
Top goalscorers
Last updated: 3 May 2012Source: Official Goalscorers' Standings
Notes
References
External links
Official site
2011-12
3
Fra |
Jamie Anne Allman (née Brown; born April 6, 1977) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Terry Marek on AMC's The Killing, and Connie Riesler on the FX police drama The Shield.
Early life
Allman grew up on a farm in Kansas. Allman took acting classes at Playhouse West in Los Angeles.
Filmography
Personal life
Her husband, Marshall Allman, is also an actor. Allman delivered twin sons in 2013, and a daughter in 2014.
References
External links
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Kansas
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
People from Parsons, Kansas
1977 births |
Vivian Anderson [Sheriffs] (April 21, 1921 – December 21, 2012) was an infielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during the season. Listed at , 140 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.
Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Vivian Anderson played with her hometown Milwaukee Chicks in their championship season. Unfortunately, she severely injured two fingers of her throwing hand that shortened her playing career in her rookie year.
At age of 13, Vivian began playing softball in a league which required its players to be 16. "I cheated on my age a little," she admitted in an interview. She attended West Division High School in Milwaukee, where she played in the school baseball and basketball teams. In 1942 she married Daniel Anderson, her assistant coach, just when she turned 21 years old. She was spotted by AAGPBL scouts while playing in a Milwaukee league, and sent her an invitation to the league's spring training camp at Peru, Illinois.
״Andy״, as her teammates nicknamed her, tried out at third base and learned the skills of the game from Chicks' manager Max Carey, to become the first player from her hometown on the Milwaukee team. The strong-armed third sacker was later joined by pitcher Sylvia Wronski, making them the only two Milwaukee natives to play for their hometown Chicks.
On May 27, 1944, Anderson started at third base and batted eighth in the order during the Chicks’ inaugural game at Borchert Field, a home contest. She scored the first-ever Chicks’ run, after reaching base on an infield single, in a 5–4, 11-inning loss to the South Bend Blue Sox. But her baseball career ended abruptly in a round trip during her 11th game of the season. The ball, the base and the runner all came together at the same time, she explained. As a result, she fractured her index and middle fingers on her right hand. A doctor advised immediate amputation of her fingers, but another said he could fix them. She would choose the second option, being replaced in the Chicks roster by Doris Tetzlaff.
Milwaukee clinched the 1944 AAGPBL title with a best-of-seven series victory over the Kenosha Comets. Always a team player who wanted to support her manager and teammates, Anderson accompanied the Chicks to all seven of those games played at Kenosha's Lake Front Stadium, because the Milwaukee Brewers were using Borchert Field for their American Association league playoffs.
After healing, Anderson moved to Chicago and played for the National Girls Baseball League Chicago Bluebirds for the next two years. She then returned to her hometown, eventually landing with the semi-professional Milwaukee Jets. She divorced her husband after World War II and worked for Allied Van Lines moving company in office management, the secretarial field, public relations, loan closing, dispatching, and credit/collections. At age 83, she worked part-time in an office, namely for a national furniture mover, Barrett Moving and Storage Co., agent for United Van Lines, just to keep busy, before retiring in 2010 at the age of 89.
In her spare time, Anderson continued to be active in sports playing field hockey and basketball. Also a talented bowler for 50 years, she belonged to the local 600 club.
She is part of Women in Baseball, a permanent display based at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Besides this, in 2001 she was honored by having her name added to the Wall of Honor inside Miller Park, home of the National League Milwaukee Brewers, during what turned out to be the first induction in the ballpark. The same year she participated in the SABR convention held in Milwaukee.
Vivian Anderson never left her hometown area and continued to live in her own home as late as 2012.
Career statistics
Batting
Fielding
Sources
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
Milwaukee Chicks players
Baseball players from Milwaukee
1921 births
2012 deaths
National Girls Baseball League players
21st-century American sportswomen
American female baseball players |
William John Kowalski III (born August 3, 1970 in Parma, Ohio) is an American-Canadian novelist and screenwriter. He is the author of Eddie's Bastard (1999), Somewhere South of Here (2001), The Adventures of Flash Jackson (2003), and The Good Neighbor (2004).
Youth
Kowalski is the eldest child of Dr. William John Kowalski, Jr. of Buffalo, N.Y. (born 1942) and Kathleen Emily Siepel of Angola, N.Y. (b. 1942). In 1974, the family moved to Erie, Pennsylvania. He attended Erie Day School from 1976 to 1984, Cathedral Preparatory School for Boys from 1984 to 1985, and McDowell High School from 1985 to 1988, where he played bass in the rock group Gideon Winter, which was named after a major character in the novel Floating Dragon by Peter Straub. He also acted in numerous high school and community theater productions.
Literary education
Kowalski has said that he realized he wanted to be a writer when he was about six years old, and that he began to pursue that dream soon after. In 1988, Kowalski attended the Mercyhurst College Summer Writer's Institute, where he studied under Dr. Ken Schiff (founder of the institute) and the late W.S. "Jack" Kuniczak (novelist and noted translator of Sienkiewicz). He matriculated at Boston's Emerson College in 1988, where he majored in Creative Writing, but dropped out in 1989 to devote himself to writing full-time, believing that he was focusing too much on writing at the expense of gaining the life experiences he needed to have something to write about:
We have far too many writers in America these days who are expert stylists but who really aren't writing about anything. They can write like hell, but they don't have much to say, because they haven't done anything except study writing. As soon as I realized I was in danger of having this happen to me, I dropped out of college ... Life makes writers--nothing else does.
As a result, he took a year off from school and worked at two now-defunct Boston bookstores, Avenue Victor Hugo and Globe Corner Bookstore.
In 1990, Kowalski matriculated at St. John's College in Santa Fe, New Mexico, a four-year program whose curriculum consists of the "Great Books" of Western Civilization, including not only literature, but also philosophy, mathematics, the sciences, music and art. He believes this program made him "more well-rounded, and as a result, a more interesting person ... ".
Kowalski has stated that his literary influences include Ernest Hemingway and John Irving, Spanish-language authors Isabel Allende and Gabriel García Márquez, and more-populist authors like spy writer John le Carré, southwestern author Tony Hillerman and sea-story writer Patrick O'Brian.
Literary career
Kowalski is the author of five works of literary fiction. Eddie's Bastard (1999), Somewhere South of Here (2001), The Adventures of Flash Jackson (2003), and The Good Neighbor (2004) were all published in the U.S. by HarperCollins and in the United Kingdom by Transworld/Doubleday/Black Swan. The Hundred Hearts (2013) was published by Thomas Allen Publishers (now Dundurn) in Canada and will be published in German by Eichborn/Luebbe in 2015.
Kowalski also writes shorter books for adults with literacy challenges, called Rapid Reads. These are published by Orca Books' Raven imprint. These are The Barrio Kings (April 2010), The Way It Works (2010), Something Noble (March 2012), and Just Gone (September 2013). His fifth Rapid Reads book, The Innocence Device, will be published by Orca/Raven in the fall of 2014. Something Noble, a novel about redemption in a neighborhood blighted by gang violence, has been translated into Swedish and Korean.
Kowalski's work has been translated into fifteen languages and has appeared on bestseller lists around the world, including The Times of London.
Eddie's Bastard
In his New York Times review of Eddie's Bastard, William J. Cobb complemented Kowalski for his style and exuberance but faulted him for making the novel both sentimental and anachronistic. But Los Angeles Times reviewer Mark Rozzo was more impressed, rejecting the charge of sentimentality and praising the work for its "enviably gentle pacing," "unflappable good nature" and "honeyed glow".
The novel earned Kowalski a place in the Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers program in 1999 and won the 2001 Exclusive Books Boeke Prize (South Africa), putting his novel in the company of such other well-known novels as Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, The Poisonwood Bible, Life of Pi, The Kite Runner and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.
His sequel to Eddie's Bastard, Somewhere South of Here, was described by Elizabeth Judd as being confident and entertaining in the Kerouac mold, noting Kowalski's "talent for casual invention" and "bravado," even though it never reaches the "deeper truths" of its own story.
Other awards
2003: The Adventures of Flash Jackson: Literary Guild Alternate Selection.
2011: The Barrio Kings: Golden Oak Award nomination from the Ontario Library Association.
2014: Something Noble: Golden Oak Award nomination from the Ontario Library Association.
2014: The Hundred Hearts: Thomas Raddall Atlantic Fiction Award winner from the Writers' Federation of Nova Scotia
In addition to the above literary accolades, Kowalski has one screenwriting credit, "Coyote Beach"1
1. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0437942/?ref_=nm_knf_t1
Personal
Kowalski is married to Alexandra Nedergaard (b. 1968) of Toronto, Ontario. They have two children.
References
External links
Official site
Curled Up With A Good Book (interview)
Overlooked Classics of American Literature (review)
The Hundred Hearts reviewed in National Post
The Hundred Hearts reviewed in Winnipeg Review
The Hundred Hearts reviewed in Globe and Mail
The Hundred Hearts on LaineyGossip.com
1970 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American emigrants to Canada
Emerson College alumni
Mercyhurst University alumni
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers |
Lieutenant General Jabu Mbuli was a South African Army officer from the Air Defence Artillery who served as Chief of Logistics for the South African National Defence Force.
He joined uMkhonto we Sizwe and was trained in Angola. He was appointed as the GOC ADA Formation, Chief Director Defence Acquisition Management in 2014 and Chief of Logistics upon retirement of Lt Gen Morris Moadira in 2017. Lt Gen Mbuli also served as the General of the Gunners of South Africa from 2017. He retired from the SANDF on 31 December 2022 and was succeeded by the Deputy Chief of Logistics, Lt Gen XB Ndhlovu, on 1 January 2023.
Awards and decorations
References
Living people
South African Army generals
1963 births
People from Springs, Gauteng |
Rapadiya is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Rapadiya has 157 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 76.08%.
References
Villages in Huzur tehsil |
The 1464 papal conclave (August 28–30), convened after the death of Pope Pius II, elected as his successor cardinal Pietro Barbo, who took the name Paul II.
List of participants
Pope Pius II died on August 14, 1464, in Ancona during preparations for the crusade against the Ottoman Empire. At the time of his death, there were 29 living cardinals, but only 19 of them participated in the conclave:
Ten electors were Italian, four Spaniards, four French and one Greek. Six were created by Pius II, six by Eugenius IV, four by Callixtus III and three by Nicholas V.
Absentees
Ten cardinals (over 1/3 of the whole Sacred College) did not participate in this conclave:
Of the absentee cardinals five were created by Pius II, two by Eugenius IV, one by Callixtus III and one by Nicholas V. Pierre de Foix was the last surviving cardinal of the Great Western Schism and was elevated by Pisan Antipope John XXIII.
Among them there were three French, two Italians, two Germans, two Spaniards and the one Hungarian.
Candidates to the papacy
Bessarion, d'Estouteville, Trevisan, Carvajal, Torquemada and Barbo were mentioned as main papabili in the contemporary reports of the ambassadors and envoys of Italian Princes. Also Calandrini, Roverella and Capranica were referred to as possible candidates.
The election of Pope Paul II
On the evening of August 28 all cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave in the Vatican, with the exception of ill Cardinal Torquemada, who joined the rest on the following day.
Initially, in order to secure to the cardinals a greater share of power than they had enjoyed under Pius II, a capitulation was prepared the conclave capitulation, and all except Ludovico Trevisan subscribed to it. The terms of the capitulation were the following:
continue the Crusades against the Ottoman Empire
leave Rome only with the consent of the majority of cardinals; the Italian Peninsula with the consent of all
college of Cardinals limited to 24
new pope limited to one cardinal-nephew
creation of cardinals or advancement of benefices required the consent of the college.
The first scrutiny took place on August 30. Cardinal Pietro Barbo received eleven votes, while the remaining fell to Trevisan and d'Estouteville. On the following accessus Barbo received three additional votes and was elected Pope. He took the name Paul II, and a little bit later protodeacon Rodrigo Borgia announced the election to the people of Rome with the ancient formula Habemus Papam. On September 6 the new pope was solemnly crowned on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Niccolò Fortiguerra, priest of the title of S. Cecilia.
Notes
Sources
Ludwig von Pastor: "History of the popes vol. 4", London 1900
1464 in Europe
1464
15th-century elections
15th-century Catholicism
15th century in the Papal States
Pope Paul II |
In zoology, intergradation is the way in which two distinct subspecies are connected via areas where populations are found that have the characteristics of both. There are two types of intergradation: primary and secondary intergradation.
Primary intergradation
This occurs in cases where two subspecies are connected via one or more intermediate populations, each of which is in turn intermediate to its adjacent populations and exhibits more or less the same amount of variability as any other population within the species. Adjacent populations and subspecies are subject to cline intergradation, and in these situations it is usually taken for granted that the clines are causally related (by natural selection) to environmental gradients.
Secondary intergradation
When contact between a geographically isolated subspecies is reestablished with the main body of the species or with another isolate subspecies, interbreeding takes place as long as the isolate has not yet evolved an effective set of isolating mechanisms. Consequently, a relatively distinct zone or belt of hybridization will develop depending on the degree of genetic and phenotypic difference that was achieved by the previously isolated subspecies.
See also
Ring species
References
Hybridisation (biology)
Population genetics
Evolutionary biology |
MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal formerly known as MEO Pro Portugal, Moche Rip Curl Pro Portugal or Rip Curl Pro Portugal is a professional surfing competition of the WSL World Tour. As of 2022, held every year in March at the Supertubos beach in Peniche, Portugal. The event was first founded in 2010 as Rip Curl Pro Portugal.
The defending men's champion is the Californian surfer Griffin Colapinto who won the event in 2022 after the break due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Before, Brazilian surfer Italo Ferreira won the event both in 2018 and 2019, being the first back-to-back winner ever on the event.
The defending women's champion is the Brasilian goofy-footed surfer Tatiana Weston-Webb, who beat American runner-up Lakey Peterson in 2022.
In 2016, due to the lack of surfing conditions on Supertubos beach, the WSL organization explored other possibilities in the peninsula and moved temporarily to Point Fabril, between Almagreira and Pico da Mota, where the waves were big and curly providing a good show for the spectators. The Round 5 of the event was done there, then the conditions on Supertubos came back, and the competition returned to its normality.
In August 2018, it was announced by the WSL that Peniche will receive once again the women's competition after nine years without it, which they lost to Cascais. Peniche will host both the men's and women's competition.
Naming
Since the birth of this competition it had four different titles due to sponsor deals.
Winners
The MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal event gives birth to a new champion each and every year. The past champions of the listed WSL competition are located below.
See also
World Surf League
Supertubos
References
External links
MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal
World Surf League
Surfing competitions in Portugal
Surfing in Portugal
Recurring sporting events established in 2009
2009 establishments in Portugal |
SS Vaderland may refer to one of the following ships of the Red Star Line named after the Dutch word for fatherland:
, sailed for Red Star Line from Antwerp to Philadelphia; sold to French concern and renamed Géographique; sunk in collision October 1889
, built by John Brown & Co., Glasgow, Scotland; in transatlantic service for Red Star Line and the American Line through 1914, White Star-Dominion from 1914; renamed Southland and used as troopship; torpedoed in Aegean Sea in 1915 and repaired; torpedoes and sunk in Irish Sea by U-70 on 4 June 1916
See also
, named after the German word for fatherland: SS Vaterland built in 1913, was an ocean liner which regularly crossed the North Atlantic from 1914 to 1934. The second of three sister ships built for Germany's Hamburg America Line for their transatlantic passenger service, she sailed as Vaterland for less than a year before her early career was halted by the start of World War I. In 1917, she was seized by the U.S. government and renamed Leviathan. She would become known by this name for the majority of her career, both as a troopship during World War I and later as the flagship of the United States Lines.
Ship names |
Aculepeira carbonarioides is a spider in the orb-weaver family (Araneidae).
It is commonly found in the rocky crevices of boulder-strewn slopes, at or close by the tree line; reported from Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Northwest Territory, Quebec and Yukon Territory) and the United States (Alaska, Colorado, New Hampshire, Utah and Wyoming). A. carbonarioides reportedly stays in the center of its web during daylight hours.
References
Aculepeira
Spiders of the United States
Spiders of Canada
Spiders described in 1892 |
Beardsley Canal is an irrigation canal in Kern County, California. It originates at the Kern River, east of Gordon's Ferry and just west of the First Point of Measurement. It is the first diversion from the river in the San Joaquin Valley for agriculture irrigation (Hart Park has two canals, but are used exclusively for aesthetics and reconnect to the river). It terminates at reservoirs located in Famoso, just east of SR 99 (Golden State Freeway).
From the diversion, the canal follows the course of the Kern River, until reaching the common diversion (used by the Carrier, Kern Island, and Eastside Canals). From there, it runs roughly west, through Oildale. After crossing Roberts Lane, the canal turns northwest, and crosses SR 99. It continues northwest, as it leaves urban development. It then crosses SR 99 again, now traveling on the east side of the freeway. At this point, it is running roughly parallel to the Friant-Kern Canal and the Calloway Canal, which are farther west. The canal continues northwest, until terminating at reservoirs in Famoso.
References
Canals of Kern County, California |
Uptown Avondale is an EP by the band The Afghan Whigs. It bears the Sub Pop catalog number SPCD 53/215 and is representative of the Cincinnati band's soul influences. The EP contains covers of four classic Stax/Motown-era songs:
"Band of Gold", which was made famous by Freda Payne (after being rejected by Diana Ross and The Supremes)
"True Love Travels on a Gravel Road", by Dallas Frazier/A.L. Owens, recorded by Elvis Presley and Percy Sledge among others
"Come See About Me", a Holland–Dozier–Holland song that was a hit for The Supremes
"Beware", by Al Green
The E.P. also contains a remix of the band's song "Milez Is Ded" as a hidden track — the original was itself a hidden track on the 1992 album Congregation. This version features a looped drum track (same bed as The Stone Roses' "Fools Gold", and dozens of other tracks from the same timeframe) and some heavy effects on the vocals and guitars. The band referred to the new mix as "Rebirth of the Cool," as a pean to the Miles Davis album Birth of the Cool.
Track listing
"Band of Gold"
"True Love Travels on a Gravel Road"
"Come See About Me"
"Beware"
"Rebirth of the Cool"
External links
EP track listing on the Summer's Kiss website
1992 EPs
The Afghan Whigs albums
Sub Pop EPs |
Wilhelm Reublin (1484 – c. 1559) was a leading figure of the Swiss Brethren movement. Reublin was born in 1484 in Rottenburg am Neckar. In 1521, after studying theology in Freiburg and Tübingen, Reublin became the pastor at St. Alban in Basel and began to advocate reform. St. Alban was soon the center of the evangelical movement in Basel. In the Fall of 1522 Reublin was expelled from the city for his Reformation sermons and moved to Witikon in 1524, where he became the local pastor and preached against infant baptism. Reublin was with Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz in Zürich in January 1525 at the birth of the Anabaptist movement. Reublin took part in a disputation on 17 January 1525 after which Grebel, Mantz and Reublin were given eight days to leave the canton.
Reublin proceeded to Hallau, with John Brötli, who had been in the region of Schaffhausen since 1521. They soon established a large Anabaptist congregation there. From Hallau Reublin successfully evangelized in other areas for the young Anabaptist movement. On Easter 1525 he baptized the theologian Balthasar Hubmaier in Waldshut, where another center of the Anabaptism was developing. Later Michael Sattler was baptized by Reublin in Rottenburg. Other places evangelized by Reublin include Schaffhausen, Strasbourg, Reutlingen and Esslingen. After an arrest in Strasbourg in the Winter of 1528–29, Reublin wandered with other Swiss Brethren to Auspitz in Moravia where the first farms of the Hutterites were established. After a dispute over the sharing of personal resources and money Reublin was banned from the local community and returned to southwest Germany in 1531, where he was again evangelizing in Rottenburg. Sometime later he left the Anabaptist movement. Around 1535 Reublin was in correspondence with the Reformed theologian Heinrich Bullinger. In August 1554 Reublin appears once in Basel. Little is known about his last years.
Further reading
James M. Stayer: Wilhelm Reublin. Eine pikareske Wanderung durch das frühe Täufertum. In: Hans-Jürgen Goertz (Hg.): Radikale Reformatoren. 21 biografische Skizzen von Thomas Müntzer bis Paracelsus. München, 1978, S. 93–102.
James M. Stayer: Reublin and Brötli: The Revolutionary Beginnings of Swiss Anabaptism. In: Marc Lienhard (Hg.): The Origins and Characteristics of Anabaptism. The Hague 1977. S. 83–102.
External links
Reublin, Wilhelm (1480/84-after 1559) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
German Anabaptists |
The Indianapolis Park and Boulevard System is a group of parks, parkways, and boulevards in Indianapolis, Indiana, that was designed by landscape architect George Edward Kessler in the early part of the twentieth century. Also known as the Kessler System, the district includes and has shaped the city through the present day. This historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
Components
The Park and Boulevard System consists of a number of components comprising in an area roughly bounded by 38th Street and Emerson, Southern, and Tibbs Avenues with extensions on Fall Creek and Pleasant Run Parkways to Shadeland Avenue.
Twelve parks within these boundaries with a total area of more than are individually listed properties of the district. Riverside Park (including South Grove, Coffin, and Riverside Golf Courses), Garfield Park, and Brookside Park are the large parks in the plan; Rhodius Park and Willard Park are neighborhood parks; and Fletcher Park, Highland Park, Indianola Park, McCarty Triangle Place, and Noble Place are small parks. University Park and Military Park in downtown are included in the district, although both had previously been separately added to the National Register of Historical Places.
Several other parks are included as components of a parkway: Spades Park as part of Brookside Parkway; Fall Creek and 16th, Watkins, Barton, Fall Creek and 30th parks and Woolens Gardens as parts of Fall Creek Parkway; and Orange, Christian, and Ellenberger parks along with the Pleasant Run Golf Course as parts of Pleasant Run Parkway.
Six parkways extending for and containing link the various parks and major city streets. The parkways are Fall Creek (from I-465 to White River), White River (from 38th Street to the confluence of Pleasant Run), Brookside (from Brookside Park to Fletcher Park at Brookside Avenue and 12th Street), Pleasant Run (from Shadeland Avenue to White River), Ellenberger, and Burdsal. Two boulevards are also part of the system: Maple Road (now named 38th Street) from Fall Creek to White River, and Kessler Boulevard from 38th to 56th Street and from Cooper Road to Fall Creek Parkway.
The district contains several stone and stone-clad decorative bridges over Fall Creek, White River, and other streams. Some of these carry major streets, such as the Capitol Avenue, Meridian Street, and Illinois Street bridges over Fall Creek, and the 30th Street bridge over White River. Others span smaller streams within the parks, such as the Crooked Creek bridge in Riverside Park and the filled spandrel concrete foot bridge in Brookside Park over Pogue's Run.
The historic district includes 29 contributing sites, 20 contributing buildings, 109 contributing structures (other than buildings), and 7 other contributing objects. Most of the contributing buildings are within the parks, but some, such as the Heslar Naval Armory located on the White River just north of Riverside Park, are not.
History
Background
In its first 40 years, Indianapolis did not see much need for organized park land because the pastures and other open areas in and near the still small town were easily accessible by the inhabitants. As the city gained population during and after the Civil War, the desire for parks grew. In 1864 the city took operative control of state-owned Military Park, University Square, and the Governor's Circle after previously rejecting, during the preceding five years, offers of various citizens to donate land to be developed as parks.
The land that would become Brookside Park was purchased by the City Council in 1870, and in 1873 Southern Park, later renamed Garfield Park, was acquired. However, neither site was developed until the 1880s, when citizens working at times privately and at other times in conjunction with the city, began to make improvements.
Early plans
In 1894 the Commercial Club, which later became the Chamber of Commerce, hired Joseph Earnshaw, a landscape architect from Cincinnati, Ohio, to develop a park plan for the city. He recommended construction of a boulevard lined with parks running along the White River and Fall Creek from Washington Street to the Indiana State Fairgrounds, but this plan was rejected as too extravagant.
The next year (1895) the Parks Board, which had been established under auspices of state legislation initially drafted by the Commercial Club, hired John Charles Olmsted, stepson of Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr., to develop a plan for future parks. His plan was similar to Earnshaw's, with a focus on the waterways and including boulevards, small parks, and several large regional parks. However, opposition soon arose, especially from the south and east sides of the city because those areas would not benefit from the new park system even though they would be taxed for it. In 1897 the state law enabling the creation of the Parks Board was declared unconstitutional; a new law was enacted in 1899, but the controversy over the plan continued.
Despite the opposition to the Olmsted plan, the city under Mayor Thomas Taggart purchased of land during the early 1900s, including much of what became Riverside Park. That park, however, had not been envisioned in Olmsted's plan. Construction of boulevards along the streams was also begun, with sections of Fall Creek Boulevard between Capitol and Central Avenues and of Pleasant Run Boulevard between Raymond and Beecher Streets being completed by 1906; boulevards along the east side of White River north of Michigan Street and through Riverside Park were also being built.
George Kessler's plan
By 1907 the Parks Board realized that it needed a new comprehensive plan, and from 1908 to 1915 it engaged George Edward Kessler as a consulting landscape architect. Kessler was already well-known, having created plans for Kansas City, Missouri, in 1892 and Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1907. He had also planned the grounds of the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. Kessler had already been hired by the city to plan a boulevard system. In 1909, after a year of study, Kessler presented his Park and Boulevard Plan combining the ideals of the City Beautiful Movement with practical functionalility. That same year he helped to obtain the passage of a new state law that allowed the Parks Board to levy taxes for the purchase and improvement of parks.
Kessler retained many of the elements of the Earnshaw and Olmsted plans, including the linear parks and boulevards along White River and Fall Creek. However, his plan was much more far-reaching in scope, encompassing all the open public land in the city. Parkways would follow the four major watercourses in the city - White River, Fall Creek, Pleasant Run, and Pogue's Run - taking advantage of the meandering streams, open vistas, and wooded areas that the city's geography afforded. Besides their aesthetic aspects, the parkways also helped prevent pollution of the waterways and provided flood control. Kessler's plan also linked the boulevards with major city streets, including Meridian Street, Washington Boulevard, and Maple Road (now 38th Street), with those streets also being beautified.
Decorative stone-clad arched bridges spanning White River and Fall Creek are an important component of Kessler's plan. Several of these predate the plan, having been designed by City Engineer J. Clyde Power to replace existing iron bridges. Kessler himself designed a new bridge on Capitol Avenue over Fall Creek.
By including all sections of the city in his plan, Kessler was able to overcome many of the objections raised by residents whose areas had been overlooked by the earlier plans. Moreover, the 1909 law which he had championed provided for differing tax rates for the various sections of city, depending on the scale of park improvements in each section.
Kessler and his firm created designs for several of the existing and new parks within his plan, including University Park in 1914, Garfield Park in 1915, and Riverside Park in 1916. The plan for Garfield Park is one of the few complete park plans created by Kessler during his career. Kessler gave each major park in the plan its own character. For example, he created formal sunken gardens for Garfield Park, retained the large stands of trees in Ellenberger Park, and recommended a large central fountain with formal pathways for University Park.
The effect of Kessler's plan began to be seen immediately. For example, Dr. Henry Johnson, who became chairman of the Park Board in 1908, persuaded the leaders of St. Vincent Hospital to move the location of the proposed new hospital building several hundred yards from the banks of Fall Creek to allow space for the boulevard and improvements on the creek's banks.
The success of Kessler's plan for Indianapolis led several other cities in Indiana to engage his services. His plans for Fort Wayne, South Bend, and Terre Haute all incorporated the ideals of the City Beautiful Movement. He also advised on plans for Anderson, Evansville, Marion, and Peru.
In 1922 the Board of Park Commissioners again hired Kessler to design extensions to the boulevard system in what was then the far northern reaches of the city. He recommended that Fort Benjamin Harrison on the northeast side be connected to the northwest side of town via a -wide boulevard encompassing portions of Cooper Road and 56th and 59th Streets. Construction had just begun on the project when Kessler died in March 1923 in Indianapolis. In recognition of the impact and value of his plan, the city named the new parkway Kessler Boulevard in his honor.
After Kessler
By the time of Kessler's death in 1923 a large portion of the plan had been constructed. Lawrence Sheridan, who had graduated from Purdue University and attended the Harvard School of Landscape Architecture, took over as city planner for Indianapolis. He continued the implementation of Kessler's plan over the next decades. In 1928 he presented an expanded version of the plan that proposed parks and parkways throughout Marion County. Sheridan's plan envisioned parkways along most of the smaller streams within the county not already included in Kessler's plan, but those additions were generally never implemented.
Several lengthy stretches of the parkways in Kessler's plan were not completed until the 1930s. At that time projects under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Works Progress Administration completed Fall Creek Parkway, Pleasant Run Parkway, Riverside Drive, and Kessler Boulevard.
Recent years
The passage of time saw the aging and deterioration of the parks and other components of the system. In the 1970s, for example, the city transferred ownership of one of the small parks along Pogue's Run, Fletcher Park, to the nearby Switzer Corporation; after that company closed, the park became neglected and fell into disrepair. In 2013 ownership was transferred to the Windsor Park Neighborhood Association, which plans to restore the park using historical elements, including a central fountain, in phases through 2015.
In the 1990s a major rehabilitation of the sunken gardens in Garfield Park was undertaken. The Indy Greenways plan has brought renewed attention to the parkways by creating trails such as the Fall Creek Greenway and Pleasant Run Greenway. In 2003 the city officially recognized the importance of the Kessler System and worked with the Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology to document the entire system and place it on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.
Kessler's plan has influenced the development of Indianapolis to the present day. The system of parkways and boulevards reinforced the perception that the northern and eastern sides of town were the most desirable places to live. One of Kessler's recommendations in 1909 was for a court of public buildings and green space leading west from the Indiana State House to the White River. This was realized in spirit about 80 years later with the construction of the Indiana Government South Building and the development of White River State Park.
Notes
References
External links
George E. Kessler Park and Boulevard System
George Edward Kessler and the Park System
Indianapolis Boulevards and Parks Photographs, 1908-1932, Collection at Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis Parks Department Collection, Drawings and Documents Archive at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
Parks in Indianapolis
Historic districts in Indianapolis
1898 establishments in Indiana
Beaux-Arts architecture in Indiana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana |
Drupa clathrata miticula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
This is a taxon inquirendum.
References
Claremont, M., Reid, D. G. & Williams, S. T. (2012). Speciation and dietary specialization in Drupa, a genus of predatory marine snails (Gastropoda. Muricidae). Zoologica Scripta. 41, 137-149.
External links
Lamarck, (J.-B. M.) de. (1822). Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Tome septième. Paris: published by the Author, 711 pp
miticula
Gastropods described in 1822 |
Restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) is a genome analysis method for rapid simultaneous visualization of thousands of landmarks, or restriction sites. Using a combination of restriction enzymes some of which are specific to DNA modifications, the technique can be used to visualize differences in methylation levels across the genome of a given organism. RLGS employs direct labeling of DNA, which is first cut by a specific series of restriction enzymes, and then labeled by a radioactive isotope (usually phosphorus-32). A two-dimensional electrophoresis process is then employed, yielding high-resolution results. The radioactive second-dimension gel is then allowed to expose a large sheet of film. The radiation produced by the radioactive labeling will cause the film to be exposed wherever the restriction fragments have migrated during electrophoresis. The film is then developed, yielding a visual representation of the results in the form of an autoradiograph. The same combination of restriction enzymes will produce the same pattern of 'spots' from samples from the same organisms, but different patterns for different types of organism. For example, human and mouse DNA will produce distinctly different patterns when treated with the same combination of enzymes. These finished auto-rads can be examined against each other, revealing any changes in gene expression that lead to visual differences in the film. Each autoradiograph contains thousands of spots, each corresponding to a labeled DNA restriction landmark.
RLGS becomes useful when doing whole-genome scans, and can effectively do the work of thousands of polymerase chain reactions at once. It readily detects alterations deviating from normal, and thus is exceptionally effective in identifying hyper/hypomethylation in tumors, deletions or amplifications of genes, or simply changes in gene expression throughout the development of an organism.
Sources
http://www.informatics.jax.org/searches/accession_report.cgi?id=MGI:71287
a picture of an auto-rad from Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
References
Molecular biology
Laboratory techniques
Genomics |
Bojkovice () is a town in Uherské Hradiště District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 4,400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bzová, Krhov and Přečkovice are administrative parts of Bojkovice.
Geography
Bojkovice is located about south of Zlín and northwest of Trenčín. The built-up area lies in the Olšava River valley. The northern part of the municipal territory lies in the Vizovice Highlands, the southern part lies in the White Carpathians. The highest point is the hill Lokov with an elevation of . The almost entire territory lies within the White Carpathians Protected Landscape Area.
History
The first written mention of Bojkovice is from 1362. It was promoted to a market town in 1449. In the 16th century, Bojkovice was attacked and plundered by the Hungarians, bringing periods of famine.
The 19th century brought greater prosperity, as railroads and electrical grids entered the area. During World War II, it was occupied by Nazi Germany, who converted the local factory to war-materials production.
The municipality received the town status in 1965.
Demographics
Sights
The main attraction is the Nový Světlov Castle. The original fort was built in the 1480s to protect the town from the attacks of Hungarians. In the second half of the 19th century, it was converted into a castle in the Tudor neo-Gothic style.
The parish Church of Saint Lawrence is an early Baroque building from the 17th century.
In the town there is also the Bojskovsko Museum, focused on local folklore and traditions.
Notable people
Karel Urbánek (born 1941), politician
Twin towns – sister cities
Bojkovice is twinned with:
Trenčianska Turná, Slovakia
References
External links
Tourist portal of the Moravian Slovakia region
Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Uherské Hradiště District
Moravian Slovakia |
Findlay is a surname of Scottish origin.
People with surname Findlay
Adrian Findlay (born 1982), Jamaican sprinter
Alexander Findlay, several people
Anna Findlay (1885–1968), British artist
Andrew Findlay ( 1920s), Scottish footballer
Arthur Findlay (1883–1964), English writer, accountant, stockbroker, magistrate and spiritualist
barbara findlay, Canadian lawyer
Bill Findlay (1913–1986), Australian rules footballer
Billy Findlay (born 1970), Scottish former footballer
Brent Findlay (born 1985), New Zealand cricketer
Brett Findlay (born 1972), British film and stage actor
D. Cameron Findlay (born 1959), American government official and lawyer
Charles Findlay (1891–1971), Royal Air Force officer, World War I flying ace
Conn Findlay (1930–2021), American Olympic medalist in rowing and sailing
Craig Findlay (born 1971), New Zealand cricketer
Dave Finlay (born 1958), British-Irish professional wrestler
David George Findlay (1913–1982), Suriname politician and newspaper owner.
Deborah Findlay (born 1947), English actress
Donald Findlay (born 1951), Scottish advocate; Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews
Sir Edmund Findlay, 2nd Baronet (1902–1962), Scottish politician
Elisabeth Findlay (contemporary), New Zealand fashion designer
Frank Findlay (1884–1945), New Zealand politician
George Findlay (1889–1967), Scottish soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Gillian Findlay (contemporary), Canadian television journalist
Glen Findlay (born 1940), Canadian politician from Manitoba, member of the provincial legislative assembly
Dame Harriet Findlay (1880–1954), British political activist and philanthropist
Hugh Findlay (1822–1900), Scottish Mormon missionary to India
Jack Findlay (1935–2007), Australian motorcycle road racer
Jake Findlay (born 1954), Scottish former footballer
James Findlay, several people
Jessica Brown Findlay (born 1989), English actress
John Findlay, several people
Kathryn Findlay (1954–2014), British architect
Katie Findlay (born 1990), Canadian actress
Kerry-Lynne Findlay (born 1955), is the Minister of National Revenue of Canada
Linnie Findlay (1919–2009), American historian and writer
Sir Mansfeldt Findlay (1861–1932), British diplomat
Margaret Cross Primrose Findlay (1902–1968), Scottish artist
Martha Hall Findlay (born 1960), Canadian lawyer, businesswoman and politician
Maude Findlay, fictional character in American sitcom Maude
Maxwell Findlay (1898–1936), Scottish World War I flying ace
Michael Findlay (1938–1977), American film director and producer
Mike Findlay (born 1943), West Indian cricketer
Neil Findlay (born 1969), Scottish politician
Norman Findlay, English footballer
Paula Findlay (born 1989), Canadian triathlete
Polly Findlay, British theatre director
Robert Findlay, several people
Ronald Findlay (1935–2021), American professor of economics
Russell Findlay (businessman) (born 1965), American advertising and marketing executive
Ruth Findlay (1896–1949), American actress
Shawn Findlay (born 1984), West Indies cricketer
Stuart Graham Findlay (born 1983), Digital entrepreneur
Tom Findlay, one half of British Electronica duo Groove Armada
Tom Findlay (1881–?), Scottish footballer
William Findlay, several people
Other uses
A sept of the Scottish Clan Farquharson
English-language surnames
Scottish surnames |
Gholam-Hossein Naghshineh (; 1908 – June 7, 1996) was an Iranian actor and the father of Iranian theatre. He is best known for playing "Uncle" in My Uncle Napoleon ("Dā'i Jān Napoleon)".
External links
Photograph of Gholam-Hossein Naghshineh
Photograph of Gholam-Hossein Naghshineh's grave
1908 births
1996 deaths
Male actors from Tehran
Iranian male film actors
Iranian male stage actors
Iranian male television actors
20th-century Iranian male actors
Burials at artist's block of Behesht-e Zahra |
The sport of professional snooker has had a world ranking system in place since 1976. Certain tournaments were given "ranking" status, with the results at those events contributing to a player's world ranking. The events that made up the 1976–77 snooker season were the first to use a ranking points system. Originally, the world rankings were decided based only on results in the World Snooker Championship, but other events were later added. The system used for the 2018–19 snooker season was first used in the 2010–11 season, where players won ranking points based entirely on prize money won from these events. The rankings are based on the prior two seasons, with eleven revisions after specific tournaments throughout the season. These revisions are used as official rankings, with points awarded in the current season overwriting those from two years prior.
Ranking list
Revision dates
Seedings for each event were based on the world rankings, with totals being updated at specific revision dates. On these dates, ranking points from the 2016–17 snooker season were removed from a player's total.
Seeding list
The following table contains the rankings which were used to determine the seedings for following tournaments. Other provisional and unofficial rankings are produced after each ranking event which are not noted here. Blank fields indicate that the player was not active on the tour, or had no ranking. The names are initially sorted by the scores at the end of the season.
Ranking points
Below is a list of points awarded to each player for the events they participated in. Blank fields indicate that the player did not participate at the event.
Notes
References
Snooker world rankings
Rankings 2018
Rankings 2019 |
Gairlochy (Scottish Gaelic: Geàrr Lòchaidh) is a clachan, or hamlet, of population approx. 100. It lies on the southern shores of Loch Lochy, a large freshwater loch in the district of Lochaber in the North West Highlands of Scotland. Gairlochy is surrounded by several other small crofting settlements, the largest of which is Achnacarry. Also close by is Highbridge, the site of the first skirmish of the 1745 Jacobite uprising.
Between 1803 and 1822, the Caledonian Canal was built, passing through Gairlochy, over the original site of the River Lochy. Two locks were built for access onto Loch Lochy, but only one, the Upper Lock, is still in use. At the lower lock an end pivoted swingbridge and lock keepers' house is provided to carry the B8005 road and Great Glen Way over the canal.
Completed in 1896, the Invergarry and Fort Augustus Railway passed through the clachan, with a small island-platform station, called Gairlochy Station, in nearby Mucomir, the current site of a caravan park and Mucomir hydro-electric power station.
References
External links
http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst2115.html
Populated places in Lochaber |
```swift
//
// BMSubtitles.swift
// Pods
//
// Created by BrikerMan on 2017/4/2.
//
//
import Foundation
public class BMSubtitles {
public var groups: [Group] = []
/// subtitles delay, positive:fast, negative:forward
public var delay: TimeInterval = 0
public struct Group: CustomStringConvertible {
var index: Int
var start: TimeInterval
var end : TimeInterval
var text : String
init(_ index: Int, _ start: NSString, _ end: NSString, _ text: NSString) {
self.index = index
self.start = Group.parseDuration(start as String)
self.end = Group.parseDuration(end as String)
self.text = text as String
}
static func parseDuration(_ fromStr:String) -> TimeInterval {
var h: TimeInterval = 0.0, m: TimeInterval = 0.0, s: TimeInterval = 0.0, c: TimeInterval = 0.0
let scanner = Scanner(string: fromStr)
scanner.scanDouble(&h)
scanner.scanString(":", into: nil)
scanner.scanDouble(&m)
scanner.scanString(":", into: nil)
scanner.scanDouble(&s)
scanner.scanString(",", into: nil)
scanner.scanDouble(&c)
return (h * 3600.0) + (m * 60.0) + s + (c / 1000.0)
}
public var description: String {
return "Subtile Group ==========\nindex : \(index),\nstart : \(start)\nend :\(end)\ntext :\(text)"
}
}
public init(url: URL, encoding: String.Encoding? = nil) {
DispatchQueue.global(qos: .background).async {[weak self] in
do {
let string: String
if let encoding = encoding {
string = try String(contentsOf: url, encoding: encoding)
} else {
string = try String(contentsOf: url)
}
self?.groups = BMSubtitles.parseSubRip(string) ?? []
} catch {
print("| BMPlayer | [Error] failed to load \(url.absoluteString) \(error.localizedDescription)")
}
}
}
/**
Search for target group for time
- parameter time: target time
- returns: result group or nil
*/
public func search(for time: TimeInterval) -> Group? {
let result = groups.first(where: { group -> Bool in
if group.start - delay <= time && group.end - delay >= time {
return true
}
return false
})
return result
}
/**
Parse str string into Group Array
- parameter payload: target string
- returns: result group
*/
fileprivate static func parseSubRip(_ payload: String) -> [Group]? {
var groups: [Group] = []
let scanner = Scanner(string: payload)
while !scanner.isAtEnd {
var indexString: NSString?
scanner.scanUpToCharacters(from: .newlines, into: &indexString)
var startString: NSString?
scanner.scanUpTo(" --> ", into: &startString)
// skip spaces and newlines by default.
scanner.scanString("-->", into: nil)
var endString: NSString?
scanner.scanUpToCharacters(from: .newlines, into: &endString)
var textString: NSString?
scanner.scanUpTo("\r\n\r\n", into: &textString)
if let text = textString {
textString = text.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespaces) as NSString
textString = text.replacingOccurrences(of: "\r", with: "") as NSString
}
if let indexString = indexString,
let index = Int(indexString as String),
let start = startString,
let end = endString,
let text = textString {
let group = Group(index, start, end, text)
groups.append(group)
}
}
return groups
}
}
``` |
The 49th Brigade was a formation of British Army. It was part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army. It was assigned to the 16th (Irish) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.
Formation
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.
7th Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers
9th Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers
7th Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
8th Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment
7th Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment
34th Battalion, London Regiment
7th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
5th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
13th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
7th Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers
6/7th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers
18th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment
6th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry
49th Machine Gun Company
49th Trench Mortar Battery
References
Infantry brigades of the British Army in World War I |
The Mond Crucifixion or Gavari Altarpiece is an oil on poplar panel dated to 1502–1503, making it one of the earliest works by Italian Renaissance artist Raphael, perhaps the second after the c.1499-1500 Baronci Altarpiece. It originally comprised four elements, of which three survive, now all separated: a main panel of the Crucified Christ with the Virgin Mary, Saints and Angels which was bequeathed to the National Gallery, London, by Ludwig Mond, and a three-panel predella from which one panel is lost; the two surviving panels are Eusebius of Cremona raising Three Men from the Dead with Saint Jerome's Cloak in the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, in Lisbon, and Saint Jerome saving Silvanus and punishing the Heretic Sabinianus in the North Carolina Museum of Art.
Background
This early work by Raphael was commissioned by the wool merchant Domenico Gavari as the altarpiece for his burial chapel in the south aisle of the church of San Domenico in Città di Castello, in Umbria, near Raphael's home town of Urbino. The side chapel was dedicated to Saint Jerome, where most of the painting's original pietra serena stone frame survives including the inscribed date 1503. Gavari was an associate of Andrea Baronci, for whom Raphael had already made the Baronci Altarpiece. Gavari's first son Girolamo (Jerome) died young.
Main panel
The main panel portrays the Crucifixion of Jesus, against a background of hills in the Umbrian countryside, with a view of Città di Castello in the distance. Jesus looks peaceful even as he is dying on the cross, crowned with thorns and clad only in a loincloth that has an unusual red colour. Above, a sun in gold leaf and moon in silver leaf appear together in the sky. Two angels with flowing robes and scrolling ribbons at their waists, one floating to either side of the cross, are using gold chalices similar to communion vessels to catch the blood dripping from Jesus' nail-pierced hands and spurting from the wound in his side. To the proper right (Jesus' left) kneels Mary Magdalene, with John the Evangelist standing behind her. To the proper left (Jesus' right) his mother Mary stands behind the kneeling Saint Jerome, who is holding a stone with which the hermit would piously beat his own chest.
The two kneeling figures are both reverently contemplating Jesus on the cross, while the two standing figures are wringing their hands while looking out at the viewer. A panel at the top of the cross bears the inscription "INRI", while the foot of the cross bears a Latin inscription in silver letters: "RAPHAEL/ VRBIN / AS /.P.[INXIT]" ("Raphael of Urbino painted this"). The work is lit from the left, consistent with the illumination of the altarpiece by the windows in the chapel.
The main panel measures and is now housed in a 19th-century frame. The geometrical precision of the composition suggest it was laid out using a grid, using a rule and compasses to copy from a preparatory drawings.
A drawing of a kneeling person, perhaps a study for the figure of Mary Magdalene, is held by the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.
The painting was influenced by Perugino, whom Raphael knew while living in Perugia. It is similar to Perugino's c.1502 Monteripido Altarpiece, made the convent of San Francesco al Monte at Monteripido near Perugia, a similar crucifixion scene which has two similar angels with ribbons catching the blood of Jesus is chalices, accompanied by four figures, two standing and two kneeling, including the Virgin Mary, John the Evangelist, and Mary Magdalene, but the fourth is Francis of Assisi rather than Saint Jerome. In the Mond Crucifixion, Raphael has used Perugino's technique of cross-hatched shadows, but also used his fingers to smear and soften the wet paint in places, leaving some detectable fingerprints. Vasari later famously commented that no one would have believed it was painted by Raphael rather than Perugino if he had not signed it.
Predella
The two surviving panels of the predella each measure approximately and depict miracles from the life story of Saint Jerome from the Hierominianum of Giovanni d'Andrea. Saint Jerome lived in the late 4th and early 5th century AD, so he could not have attended the crucifixion, but he is portrayed here as the patron saint of the chapel.
One of the surviving predella panels has been in the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga in Lisbon since 1866. It depicts Eusebius of Cremona raising Three Men from the Dead with Saint Jerome's Cloak
Eusebius of Cremona was a close associate and active supporter of Jerome against the teachings of Origen.
The other surviving predella panel is in the North Carolina Museum of Art in Raleigh, North Carolina. It depicts Saint Jerome saving Silvanus and punishing the Heretic Sabinianus. Saint Jerome is holding back the arm of the executioner ready to behead bishop Silvanus, but the heretic Sabinianus has been miraculously decapitated instead.
Provenance
The main panel was bought by Cardinal Fesch in 1808 for 2500 scudi, and replaced in the chapel by a copy. At the Fesch sale in 1845, it was sold to the Principe di Canino, and quickly bought by Lord Ward (later Earl of Dudley). It was then in several English collections, and eventually acquired by Ludwig Mond in 1892, after whose death in 1909 it was acquired by the National Gallery in 1924.
The predella panels seem to have been removed in the 17th century, and given as gifts to a visiting cardinal. The panel in North Carolina was formerly in the collection of Sir Francis Cook at Doughty House, Richmond, London.
Painting materials
The main panel was analyzed in the National Gallery London and the typical pigments of the Renaissance period were identified. He painted the Crucifixion among other pigments with natural ultramarine, lead-tin-yellow, verdigris, vermilion and ochres.
See also
List of paintings by Raphael
References
Sources
The Mond Crucifixion, Raphael, National Gallery, London
Henry, Tom. "Raphael's Altar-Piece Patrons in Città Di Castello", The Burlington Magazine, vol. 144, no. 1190, 2002, pp. 268–278
External links
Collections of the National Gallery, London
Paintings by Raphael
Paintings depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus
Raphael
Raphael
Angels in art
Raphael
Altarpieces
Paintings in the National Museum of Ancient Art
Paintings in the North Carolina Museum of Art |
Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) is a partnership between National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) agencies, established in 2000. The program is a multidisciplinary approach, initiated by the NOAA, to managing and understanding coral reef ecosystems through research and the publication of data to support relevant partners involved in coral reef restoration.
Background
The CRCP was established by the Coral Reef Conservation Act 2000 and Presidential Executive Order 13089, in order to fulfil the NOAA's obligations under these statutes.
The main role of the CRCP is to gather and present scientific information that coastal and marine resource managers and other decision-makers require, to address the various threats facing coral reef ecosystems in U.S. and surrounding waters. The CRCP's priority threats are climate change, unsustainable fishing practices and pollution. Monitoring the effects of these threats on the condition of U.S. coral reef ecosystems is the primary responsibility of the CRCP. Each year NOAA divers survey coral reefs at nearly 1600 sites to monitor these effects.
All research and data collected by the CRCP is publicly available on the Coral Reef Information System. Other than ecosystem monitoring, other tasks conducted by the CRCP include mapping of coral reef habitats, forecasting oceanographic conditions, and communications and data management.
As well as conducting research, the CRCP also financially supports a number of partners including institutions of higher education and not-for-profit organisations, by awarding grants to projects involved in coral reef ecosystem management and restoration. The program aims to fund at least $8 million in grants each year to partners involved in coral reef conservation management projects. In the 2018 Fiscal Year, the program contributed more than $26 million in funding towards coral reef projects across the U.S, through grants and agreements. Funding for the CRCP is provided by the NOAA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Agencies Involved
The CRCP is made up of several NOAA Line Offices including the National Ocean Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, and the National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service.
The National Ocean Service is the NOAA partner that is responsible for overseeing budget activities for the CRCP and other NOAA agencies. The National Ocean Service also conducts a number of partnered activities with the CRCP including mapping and monitoring of coral reef ecosystems.
The National Marine Fisheries Service is an agency focused on reducing and controlling the effects of overfishing, and works closely with the CRCP to manage the effects of overfishing on coral reef ecosystems
The National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service is another NOAA agency whose main role is to monitor coral reef indices through sensors. This data is shared with NOAA bodies including the CRCP, which is then applied to management decision making.
NOAA's Oceanic and Atmospheric Research body coordinates data collection relating to atmospheric and oceanic parameters such as climate variability and wave movement. Oceanic and Atmospheric Research is another partner of the CRCP, providing the organisation with data.
The CRCP also works closely with a number of external partners including state and territorial governments, academic institutions and non-government and intergovernmental organisations.
Objectives
The mission of the Coral Reef Conservation Program is outlined in the Coral Reef Conservation Act and can be summarised as to "protect, conserve and restore coral reef resources by maintaining healthy ecosystem functioning". The objectives of the program are consolidated into the following four key pillars, as outlined in the NOAA governmental webpage.
Increasing Resilience to Climate Change
The CRCP has adopted a resilience-based approach to addressing the issue of climate change which poses a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems by instigating coral bleaching. A resilience-based approach involves increasing the capacity of coral reef ecosystems to recover from changes in parameters and continue normal functioning. Resilience based management utilises pro-active responses rather than reactive responses that traditional management strategies tend to adopt. The CRCP's main responsibility under this approach is to continue to conduct and provide partners with the relevant information and data necessary to successfully initiate resilience-based management practices. In 2014, CRCP scientists, along with partners including the NOAA Coral Reef Watch, developed precise climate and bleaching thermal stress prediction tools. By anticipating stress events such as global bleaching outbreaks, managers can make proactive decisions to minimise the overall effects on coral reef ecosystems. One of the CRCP's targets is for at least seven of the organisation's partners to apply such climate resilience related data to climate-change orientated projects, by 2025. The CRCP also has the responsibility of initiating ongoing communication with government bodies and federal management partners on the importance of resilience-based management for the future viability of coral reefs. To fulfil this responsibility, the CRCP has developed communication plans and response plans to present information and data in a systematic and coherent manner for federal decision and policy makers. Crisis response plans are made up of early warning frameworks to prepare and protect ecosystems in response to global threat events such as coral bleaching, disease and invasive species outbreaks, and natural weather disasters such as tropical storms.
Reducing Land-based Sources of Pollution
Land-based sources of pollution pose a significant threat on coral reef ecosystems by interrupting natural processes and functioning. Reducing this threat is another pillar under the objectives of the CRCP. The CRCP regulates and supports a number of watershed management initiatives including research to identify sources of pollution, conducting studies to understand the impacts of land-based sources of pollution on coral reefs and providing financial and technical assistance to partners' watershed management responses. A key partnership under this pillar is the 'Watershed Partnership Initiative' with the U.S Coral Reef Task Force, which focuses on reducing land-based pollutants by implementing specific and integrated action responses. Watershed management includes the implementation of vegetated buffer protection along coasts, land conservation and the responsible treatment of wastewater.
Improving Fisheries' Sustainability
The success of the CRCP's ability to improve the sustainability of U.S. fisheries relies heavily on partnerships with relevant fishery management councils and agencies. There are two key strategies under this pillar, both of which involve cooperating with external partners. One of the strategies is to provide key data for coral reef fisheries management. Data collected by the CRCP is used by a number of fisheries managers working under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act in order to ensure that the ecological role and function that marine species play in coral reef ecosystems is sustained. The second strategy is to assist partner agencies in effectively managing coral reef fisheries. The CRCP aims for 50 percent of relevant partners to adopt effective management tools of which have been developed cooperatively. One way that the CRCP assists federal partners interested in the sustainable management of fisheries, is by supporting effective implementation and management of marine protected areas. Marine protected areas are valuable tools for restoring overexploited ecosystems and protecting fisheries.
Restoring Viable Coral Populations
The final pillar to the CRCP's strategy plan is the restoration of coral reef ecosystems. This involves supporting research of herbivore replenishment processes and collecting further data to support the prevention of avoidable losses of coral, increasing resilience and improving long-term coral health. In order to successfully enhance resilience the CRCP has recognised the need to conduct restoration projects on an international level by continuing to build foreign partnership. Restoration projects include resilience interventions such as assisted genetic adaptation, the manipulation of symbiotic relationships and larval propagation.
Projects and Initiatives
Status reports
One of the CRCP's most significant contributions to the management of U.S. coral reef ecosystems is the development of a periodic, national-level assessment on the condition of U.S. coral reef areas. The CRCP partnered with the Integration and Application Network (IAN) at the University of Maryland Centre for Environmental Science (UMES) in forming 'status reports' to present the data collected from the periodic assessments. The status reports fulfil one of the CRCP's responsibilities, as mandated by the Coral Reef Conservation Act 2000, to build an 'integrated observing system' to monitor the condition of coral reefs over time.
Both biological and physical data is collected by UMES-IAN and NOAA scientists in coral reef areas including: American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianna Islands, Guam, Hawaiian Archipelago, and the Pacific Remote Islands. The status reports include the assessment of several indicators which are synthesised into overall condition scores. The indicators are based on four main categories: coral and algae, fish, climate and human connections.
The purpose of the reports is to establish both a baseline and a record to track changes overtime and evaluate the overall conditions of the U.S. coral reef ecosystems. The reports are also part of CRCP's larger initiative to communicate complex information in a clear and concise manner in order to inform communities and decision-makers.
Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS)
The CRCP operates an information database known as 'CoRIS', that provides public access to all coral reef data and information collected and managed by the NOAA. This information portal is a key function of the CRCP, making data accessible to all coral reef management decision-makers. CoRIS is made up of a number of databases including the 'NOAA Deep Sea Coral Data Portal', which provides access to data relating to deep sea coral and sponges.
Outreach and education activities
One of the CRCP's responsibilities as outlined in the Coral Reef Conservation Act is to build public awareness and knowledge on the importance of sustainable management of coral reefs. The CRCP has conducted a number of educational and training workshops, and has also distributed a range of educational material regarding coral reef management, to the public.
In 2017, the CRCP developed an educational video named "A Guide to Assessing Coral Reef Resilience for Decision Support". The video was awarded first place at the 2018 CINEFISH film festival, held in Mexico.
Funding and grants
The CRCP funds a wide variety of coral reef management projects ranging from school science excursions, projects concerning the identification and mapping of coral ecosystems, the publication of educational materials and restoration initiatives.
Funding for hurricanes Irma and Maria
In 2017 Hurricanes Maria and Irma caused severe damage to the coral reefs in Florida and Puerto Rico, impacting ecosystem vulnerability and resilience. Funding to assist coral restoration was provided by the NOAA's CRCP and partners including the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and National Marine Fisheries Service. The program led efforts to assess the impact of the hurricanes on local coral reef ecosystems and restore damage. The funds were used towards research and assessment to collect data on the impact of the hurricanes on the reefs and other crucial information, vital for effective decision-making. It was found that overturned coral reefs in Puerto Rico appeared to have macroalgal overgrowth, as evident in the figure, as a result of stress from the 2017 hurricanes. Scientists are concerned with the rapid growth of this macroalgae, and such findings are vital for effective management decision-making for the coral reef ecosystem
Funding the Hawaii Coastal Uses Mapping Project
The CRCP funds a number of projects and programs that are interested in the sustainable management of U.S. coral reef ecosystems, including the Hawaii Coastal Uses Mapping Project. The project involved gathering data and information on the impact of human activity near coastal environments on coral reef ecosystems surrounding Hawaii, by using a participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) methodology. PGIS is an effective means to obtain critical sociospatial information which includes data regarding the location of resources and the location of ecosystem related concerns, and is very useful information for a number of stakeholders involved in coastal ecosystem management including state and federal managers. Prior to the implementation of the program there was very little sociospatial data collected on the Hawaii coast.
Funding Research
The CRCP provides financial support to a number of institutional organisations with the purpose of funding and supporting the development of research papers interested in the restoration and protection of coral reef ecosystems. In 2015 the NOAA CRCP funded a study run by the Florida International University, which found that 'grazing fish can help save imperilled coral reefs'. The CRCP has also funded a number of studies on the impacts of climate change on coral reefs and the effectiveness of new management strategies. The article 'Climate-smart Design for Ecosystem Management' from the Environmental Management Journal, was partly funded by the CRCP and examines and assesses adaptation strategies for coral reefs.
References
Oceanographic organizations
Hydrology organizations
Earth sciences organizations
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
Marc VDS Racing Team is a motorcycle racing team founded by Belgian owner Marc-Oswald van der Straten-Ponthoz, descendant of the founder of the Stella Artois brewery. The team competes in motorcycle racing in the Moto2 World Championship under the name ELF Marc VDS Racing Team. The team has previously competed in the MotoGP and MotoE classes. It also previously competed in many auto racing championships, particularly in grand touring classes - namely the FIA GT1 World Championship, the Blancpain Endurance Series, and the European Le Mans Series - as well as the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series. They have also previously contested in rallying at various rally raid events, such as the Dakar Rally.
History
Mixed motorsport era
Based in Gosselies, Belgium, Marc VDS began competing in the Belcar series as part of the racing program for the Gillet Vertigo, a Belgian sports car, under the Belgian Racing title. By 2005 the Gillet program expanded to include the international FIA GT Championship, although the team was not allowed to compete for the season championship due to the low production of road legal Vertigos. Despite continued development for several years, the Gillet program ended in 2008 and van der Straten rebranded the team as Marc VDS for the 2009 season. The team however remained involved in the FIA GT Championship at the behest of Jean Michel Delporte and Bas Leinders by becoming one of two development teams for the Matech Ford GT, shifting the team to the GT1 category. Marc VDS also expanded their program through the purchase of a Volkswagen Buggy TDI Rally raid for the 2010 Dakar Rally.
After their year of development in FIA GT, Marc VDS was one of twelve teams granted entry in the inaugural FIA GT1 World Championship in 2010, where they would retain their Ford GT. The 2010 GT1 program also included an entry in the Le Mans Series' 1000 km of Spa as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Shortly after entering FIA GT1, Marc VDS also announced their merger with Michael Bartholemy and Didier de Radiguès' entry in the new Moto2 category of Grand Prix motorcycle racing, where riders Scott Redding and Héctor Faubel would compete on Suter bikes. Marc VDS also added a fourth program to 2010 by co-developing a Ford Mustang with Multimatic Motorsports of Canada for use in the FIA GT3 European Championship.
In 2013, Marc VDS had a good showing in Moto2, with their riders Scott Redding and Mika Kallio finishing 2nd and 4th in the championship. The team also expanded their motorcycle grand prix programme into the Moto3 category with Kalex-built and KTM-powered machinery with Belgian rider Livio Loi. This expansion proved a challenge, with Loi and Marc VDS barely managing to finish in the points in 4 out of 15 entered races that season. The troubles continued the following season, and despite a good 4th place finish at the third race in Argentina, Livio failed to place better than 19th in the following 6 races. Livio was ultimately replaced mid-season with Spanish rider Jorge Navarro for the remainder of the season. 2014 was, however, the first taste of major success for Marc VDS in the Moto2 class, where their riders Tito Rabat and Mika Kallio finished 1st and 2nd respectively in the rider's championship.
For 2015, Marc VDS dropped their difficult Moto3 programme, as they were presented with the opportunity to run a satellite Honda bike in the premier MotoGP class. Former long-time Marc VDS rider Scott Redding returned for this season. Redding and Marc VDS were reasonably successful from the off, consistently finishing in points-scoring positions and even achieving a 3rd place podium position in San Marino. The team finished a respectable 8th in the team's championship, significantly ahead of even some teams who regularly fielded two riders.
In July 2015, Bas Leinders announced he had parted from the team. In October 2015, Marc van der Straten announced that the sportscar racing programme would end at the conclusion of the 2015 season. He claimed he had lost confidence in his managers because they had taken too great a risk with his money. In addition, the SRO Motorsports Group, organizer of the Blancpain GT Series, introduced a new regulation for the 24 Hours of Spa which stated that pro teams must compete in all races of the series to be eligible for the 24 Hours. Van der Straten did not like this decision, as the team only wished to participate in the 24 Hours of Spa. Accordingly, the Marc VDS Racing Team decided to concentrate solely on two-wheeled motorsports.
Motorcycle Grand Prix era
In 2016, Marc VDS fielded two bikes in the MotoGP class, ridden by Australian Jack Miller and their former Moto2 champion Tito Rabat. Rabat was able to finish consistently in the points, but it was Jack Miller who gave the Marc VDS team their first taste of ultimate success at the pinnacle of motorcycle racing, by winning a rain-soaked Assen TT. The win was the first for a non-factory team in nearly a decade, dating back to the 2006 Portuguese GP.
2017 was another strong year for Marc VDS. In MotoGP, both riders continued with the team, and thanks to more consistent performances from both, Marc VDS finished 7th in the team's championship with 117 points, their best finish in the class to date. In the Moto2 class, rider Franco Morbidelli achieved 8 wins from 18 rounds, sealing another rider's championship for the team. Second rider Álex Márquez also managed three further wins, securing 4th place on the year.
For 2018, Morbidelli was promoted to the MotoGP squad alongside his Moto2 runner-up Thomas Lüthi. Morbidelli was able to consistently finish in the low point-scoring positions, thus being crowned rookie of the year, but Lüthi failed to score a single point that season. The team finished second-to-last in the team's championship in 11th. During the course of the season, team leader Bartholemy left the team by “mutual agreement”, according to a Marc VDS statement, after reports in German media claimed he had been embezzling team funds. As a result of this upheaval and a desire of the MotoGP commercial rights holder Dorna Sports to reduce grid sizes, Marc VDS was dropped from the MotoGP class at the end of 2018. In Moto2 the team finished 3rd in the team standings despite not earning a single win in the class, at the end of the season Joan Mir prematurely ended his three year contract with Marc VDS early to move up to the MotoGP class to take over the vacant Suzuki seat.
In 2019, Marc VDS returned to winning ways in Moto2 with Álex Márquez taking 5 wins and 10 podiums en route to the rider's championship. Teammate Xavi Vierge's inconsistent results however relegated the team to just 4th place in the team's championship. The team also joined in the inaugural MotoE season with Mike Di Meglio taking pole, fastest lap, and the win at the Austrian round.
In 2020, the team achieved second place in the Moto2 teams' championship on the backs of riders Sam Lowes' and Augusto Fernández's performances (3 wins, 4 further podiums and 6 further top 5 finishes). It was the team's best result since the teams' championship was counted in Moto2. In MotoE, Di Miglio achieved two podium finishes and ended the season in fourth position overall.
2021 saw Marc VDS and rider Di Meglio elect to leave the MotoE class, citing scheduling conflicts with Di Meglio's Endurance World Championship commitments. The team continued in Moto2 with Lowes and Fernández, the former sweeping both races of the season-opening double header from pole in Qatar. With a further win in Emilia-Romagna and two further podium finishes from Lowes and six podium finishes from Fernández, Marc VDS again achieved second place in the teams' championship.
World superbike
It's finally official that the WSBK paddock will have a new team as Marc VDS will come with one rider in the SBK class by bringing British rider Sam Lowes to race on the Ducati Panigale V4R from the 2024 Superbike World Championship season.
Motorsports results
By rider
Grand Prix motorcycle results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Rally Raid
FIA GT1 World Championship
Blancplain Endurance Series results
24 Hours of Le Mans
24 Hours of Nürburgring
Complete NASCAR Whelen Euro Series results
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
Auto racing teams in Belgium
Motorcycle racing teams
FIA GT Championship teams
FIA GT1 World Championship teams
European Le Mans Series teams
24 Hours of Le Mans teams
Blancpain Endurance Series teams
British GT Championship teams
NASCAR teams
Motorcycle racing teams established in 2009
Racecar constructors
Ford in motorsport |
Xawery Wolski (born 1960 in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish artist.
Biography
Wolski's work is predominantly sculpture. Some of the projects he has undertaken in Mexico include; the sculpture "Infinity Chains" at the entrance of the Rufino Tamayo Museum, the series of works created for the Four Seasons Hotel in Punta Mita, and the Stelae arranged at Álvaro Obregón (at the exit of Metro Zapata) in Mexico City. Wolski created this work in collaboration with street children from the area with the help of the French Ministry of External Relations.
He has participated in many artist in residence programs, spent long periods of his creative time in Asia and India producing sculptures related to specific cultural and meta physical issues, made over seventy individual exhibitions throughout the world. Among them the Liu Haisu Museum in Shanghai, The Zachęta National Gallery of Art, The Lux Art Institute, Museo Carillo Gil, Museo Rufino Tamayo and Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico.
Work
The work of Wolski is characterized by a profound simplicity and consolidates a fusion between a remote past and the present. Wolski's work approximates an ancestral sculptural tradition in which he synthesizes simple forms and roughly geometric shapes in order to represent specific ideas and concepts. Notwithstanding this tradition and Wolski's use of antique techniques to create his sculptures, the artist has generated a body of work with a contemporary vision. His terracotta sculptures are related by organic and natural forms that he synthesizes and abstracts from their origin in eternal forms, and at the same times imbues with a complex spiritual and reflective energy.
Wolski's latest work conserves its abstract quality but subtly reveals the presence of the human form. By means of fragments of bodies and faces the artist invites the spectator to reflect on the smooth, white surfaces of his work, traditionally associated with the idea of peace and rest, but also suggesting distinct questions and meanings.
Ongoing project of Infinity chains (2017), consist in a series of permanent sculptures in public spaces, among them in San Diego, California (USA), Park Grotowskiego in Warsaw, Poland and the Kimpton Epic Hotel in Miami, Florida (USA).
"I am interested in creating bridges of communication permitting past and present appear in unity and with hope that the dialogue in time and space continues in order for new configurations to be found".
Wolski was awarded a Krasner Pollock award in November 2007.
References
Official Website
Wolski's Biography
Wolski on arnet.com
1960 births
Living people
Polish sculptors
Polish male sculptors
Polish emigrants to Mexico
Artists from Warsaw |
Kai Allen (born 26 June 2005) is a racing driver from Australia. He currently competes in the Super2 Series.
Personal life
Allen's sister Nyah is a professional netball player, currently contracted to the Collingwood Magpies.
Results
Career summary
*Season in progress.
Super3 Series results
(key) (Race results only)
Super2 Series results
(key) (Race results only)
Supercars Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Bathurst 1000 results
Notes
References
External links
Website
2005 births
Living people
21st-century Australian people
Racing drivers from South Australia
People from Mount Gambier, South Australia
Supercars Championship drivers |
Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis is an extinct species of dwarf elephant belonging to the genus Palaeoloxodon, native to the Siculo-Maltese archipelago during the late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene. It is derived from the European mainland straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus).
Taxonomy
While previously thought to have inhabited both Malta and Sicily. P. mnaidriensis technically only represents the Maltese species, with remains from Sicily belonging to a separate species, provisionally referred to as P. cf. maidriensis or P. ex gr. mnaidriensis. They descended from a colonisation of Sicily by the straight-tusked elephant (P. antiquus) during the late Middle Pleistocene, around 200,000 years ago, which replaced the even smaller one-metre-tall Palaeoloxodon falconeri, which had descended from a separate colonisation of Sicily by P. antiquus several hundred thousand years prior.
Description
P. mnaidriensis has nearly 90% body reduction compared to the ancestral form with an estimated shoulder height of about and a mean body weight of about . Another estimate gives a shoulder height of and a weight of . Like P. antiquus the head has a well developed parieto-occipital crest at the top of the skull.
Ecology
The appearance of P. cf. mnaidriensis on Sicily marks a faunal turnover where the depauperate endemic fauna that characterised Sicily during the Early and early mid-Middle Pleistocene was profoundly altered by the arrival of some large mammals from the continental fauna of mainland Italy, including large predators like lions (Panthera spelaea), cave hyenas (Crocuta crocuta spelea) and wolves, and large herbivores including red deer, fallow deer, steppe bison, aurochs and the hippo Hippopotamus pentlandi, which coexisted with P. cf. mnaidriensis. The larger body size of P. cf. mnaidriensis in comparison to P. falconeri is suggested to be as a result of needing to defend against predators, as well as due to the presence of other competing herbivores. On Malta, the only other large mammal present aside from P. mnaidriensis was the dwarf hippopotamus Hippopotamus melitensis. Its ecology has been suggested to have been that of a mixed feeder (both grazing and browsing).
Extinction
The youngest records of P. cf./ ex gr. mnaidriensis are from what is now the island of Favignana off the coast of western Sicily dating to around 20,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (though this date is likely to be a minimum age), which was connected to mainland Sicily during the Late Pleistocene, as well as San Teodoro Cave in northeast Sicily, which dates to sometime after 32,000 years ago. These individuals are estimated to have had a shoulder height of roughly , somewhat smaller than other described individuals of P. cf./ ex gr. mnaidriensis.
See also
Dwarf elephant
References
Palaeoloxodon
Pleistocene proboscideans
Pleistocene species
Pleistocene mammals of Europe
Taxa named by Andrew Leith Adams
Fauna of Malta
Fauna of Sicily
Fossil taxa described in 1874 |
Three Japanese minesweepers have been named :
, ex-, a of the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War I
, ex-, an of the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War I
, a of the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II
See also
, a of the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II
, a of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Imperial Japanese Navy ship names
Japanese Navy ship names |
Eleanor "Ellie" Robinson (born 30 August 2001) is an English swimmer. Competing in SB6 and S6 classification events, Robinson holds the World record and the Paralympic record in the S6 50m butterfly and the World record in the 100m, setting both at the age of 13.
In 2016, Robinson won four medals at the 2016 IPC Swimming European Championships. She followed this success at the Rio Paralympics in 2016, where she won the gold medal in the women's S6 50m butterfly event and bronze in the women's S6 100m freestyle event. She became known for her "gangsta swagger" as she entered the pool in her oversized coat with its hood up.
On 14 December 2016, it was announced that she had won the BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year.
Robinson was recognised in the 2017 New Year Honours, being appointed Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to swimming.
Personal life
Robinson was born in 2001 with rare type of dwarfism cartilage hair hypoplasia and lives in Northampton, England, where she was formerly a pupil of Northampton High School. In November 2012 she was diagnosed with Perthes hip disease which requires her to undergo daily physiotherapy.
Swimming career
Robinson learned to swim at the age of four, and joined Northampton Swimming Club in 2012. She stopped training after 2 months (having been diagnosed with Perthes disease), but returned to the pool in 2014. In 2014 Robinson was enrolled into the British Swimming's World Class Podium Potential Programme.
She made her senior international debut for Great Britain at the 2015 International Deutsche Meisterschaften in Berlin. At the tournament she set a world record in the 100m butterfly, with a time of 1:26.30. She followed this with a silver in the 50m butterfly, in which she improved on her own British record, and a bronze in the 200m butterfly.
In 2016, in the build up to the Summer Paralympics in Rio, Robinson again improved upon her British 50m butterfly record, finishing in 36.34 and taking the gold medal. This was also under the time for consideration for Paralympic qualification. She followed this with her first major international tournament, representing Great Britain at the 2016 IPC Swimming European Championships in Funchal. There Robinson entered five events, winning medals in four of them. In the 200m Individual Medley (SM6) she finished fourth, but took bronze medals in the 50m, 100m and 400m freestyle events. In the 50m butterfly she was beaten into second place by the then Paralympic champion, Oksana Khrul of the Ukraine. Khrul, who set the then 50m world record of 36.05 at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, improved her time with a result of 35.48. Robinson's silver medal time was 35.66, also under the 2012 World record.
Robinson won the gold medal in the women's S6 50m butterfly event at the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, in a new Paralympics record time of 35.58 seconds, beating 2012 champion Oksana Khrul into second place. She also won a bronze in the 100m equivalent at the same Games.
Robinson won the gold medal in the women's S7 50m butterfly event at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, beating Canadian Sarah Mehainl into second place.
At the 2018 World Para Swimming European Championships in Dublin, Robinson won the women's S6 50m butterfly gold, ahead of Ireland's Nicole Turner and Ukraine's Oksana Khrul.
References
External links
2001 births
Living people
British female butterfly swimmers
English female freestyle swimmers
British female medley swimmers
Paralympic swimmers for Great Britain
Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain
Paralympic bronze medalists for Great Britain
Paralympic medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the World Para Swimming European Championships
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Swimmers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Northampton
Television presenters with disabilities
S6-classified para swimmers
21st-century English women
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games |
The glossy swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae.
It is found on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi and eastwards to New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands.
Taxonomy
The glossy swiftlet was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Hirundo esculenta. The type locality is Ambon Island, one of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The specific epithet esculenta is from esculentus the Latin word for "edible".
There are 17 recognised subspecies:
C. e. minuta Stresemann, 1925 – Tanahjampea (Paula Jampea) and Kalao Island (in the Flores Sea south of Sulawesi)
C. e. esculenta (Linnaeus, 1758) – central and southern Sulawesi through Banggai and Sula Islands to central and southern Maluku Islands (possibly Aru Islands)
C. e. manadensis Salomonsen, 1983 – northern Sulawesi to Sangihe Islands and the Talaud Islands
C. e. spilura Gray, GR, 1866 – northern Maluku Islands
C. e. amethystina Salomonsen, 1983 – Waigeo Island (off northwestern New Guinea)
C. e. numforensis Salomonsen, 1983 – island of Numfor (off northwestern New Guinea)
C. e. nitens Ogilvie-Grant, 1914 – New Guinea, western Papuan islands, the island of Yapen (in Cenderawasih Bay) and Karkar Island (off the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea)
C. e. misimae Salomonsen, 1983 – Louisiade Archipelago, Trobriand Islands and Woodlark Island, (possibly D'Entrecasteaux Islands)
C. e. tametamele Stresemann, 1921 – New Britain, Long, Vitu Islands and Tolokiwa Island (Bismarck Archipelago)
C. e. stresemanni Rothschild & Hartert, 1914 – Admiralty Islands
C. e. heinrothi Neumann, 1919 – New Ireland, New Hanover Island and Dyaul Island (central Bismarck Archipelago)
C. e. spilogaster Salomonsen, 1983 – Tabar Island and the Lihir Group (northeastern Bismarck Archipelago)
C. e. hypogrammica Salomonsen, 1983 – Nissan Island (northwest of Bougainville Island)
C. e. lagonoleucos Schodde, Rheindt, & Christidis, 2017 – Buka, Bougainville, Shortland Islands (northwest Solomon Islands)
C. e. becki Mayr, 1931 – central and northeastern Solomon Islands
C. e. makirensis Mayr, 1931 – Makira (San Cristóbal Island) (southeastern Solomon Islands)
C. e. desiderata Mayr, 1931 – Rennell Island (southern Solomon Islands)
Seven taxa that are now recognised as species were previously considered as subspecies of the glossy swiftlet. They were raised to species status based on a detailed analysis of the swiftlets in the genus Collocalia published in 2017. The promoted taxa are:
Plume-toed swiftlet (Collocalia affinis)
Grey-rumped swiftlet (Collocalia marginata)
Ridgetop swiftlet (Collocalia isonota)
Tenggara swiftlet (Collocalia sumbawae)
Drab swiftlet (Collocalia neglecta)
Satin swiftlet (Collocalia uropygialis)
Christmas Island swiftlet (Collocalia natalis)
Description
This bird is shiny black-blue above, including its rump; sometimes looks black and hooded. Chest black; belly to flanks white with fine black speckles at margins. Wing tips are rounded; underwing is black. Tail rounded with shallow notch and tiny white panels. It is so similar to the white-rumped swiftlet that both its upperparts and underparts must be seen to distinguish between the two. It is in length. Its voice is a soft twittering.
Behaviour
The glossy swiftlet nests inside caves and buildings, creating a nest on a vertical or under a horizontal surface by secreting a sticky gel and attaching a kind of string-like grass to the surface. It is seen flying over forests, streams, rivers and roads catching insects in flight.
Glossy swiftlets have been considered as possible foster parents for restoring the population of the endangered edible-nest swiftlet in the Andaman Islands.
Distribution
The glossy swiftlet is known from Indonesia, Timor, Brunei, Christmas Island, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. It is a vagrant to Australia. It is not a migrant.
Status
The glossy swiftlet is reported as being abundant in at least part of the range. It faces no particular threats, and as a result, the IUCN has listed it as being of "Least Concern".
References
glossy swiftlet
Birds of Malesia
Birds of Melanesia
glossy swiftlet
glossy swiftlet
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The Kemess Mine was an open-pit copper and gold mine, located just northeast of the foot of Thutade Lake, at the head of the Finlay River, in the Omineca Mountains of the Northern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It was operated by Royal Oak Mines from 1998 to 1999, when it was bought by Northgate Minerals. Northgate operated the mine until its closure in 2011; that year Northgate was taken over by AuRico Gold. In 2014 AuRico Gold partitioned off its portion of Kemess Mine ownership creating a new company called AuRico Metals.
AuRico Metals was acquired by Centerra Gold in January 2018.
The deposit mined was a copper-gold porphyry. Over its life the mine produced approximately 3 million ounces of gold and 800 million pounds of copper.
The mine is serviced by Kemess Creek Airport and the Omineca Resource Road from Prince George. Air distance from Smithers is 280 km, approximately due north; road distance from Prince George is approximately 550 km.
Near the mine is the Kemess Underground Project, also owned by Centerra Gold. This separate deposit is currently in the development stage, and has not been approved for production.
External links
Kemess Mine official website, snapshot from the Internet Archive
BC Government MINFILE report
Kemess Underground Project website
Centerra Gold Kemess
Gold mines in British Columbia
Copper mines in British Columbia
Surface mines in Canada
Omineca Mountains
Northern Interior of British Columbia |
Chase Gormley (born August 11, 1983) is an American mixed martial artist in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 2007, he has competed for the UFC, Bellator, the MFC, the RFA, King of the Cage, the XFC, Absolute Championship Berkut, and Titan FC, where he was Heavyweight Champion.
Background
Born and raised in Torrance, California, Gormley began training in MMA at the age of 13. A wrestler at Torrance High School, he continued at Montana State University - Northern, before transferring to Lindenwood University, where he was a NAIA All-American.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Gormley made his professional mixed martial arts debut in April 2007. He defeated his first six opponents, before his stint with the UFC.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Gormley was expected to face Ben Rothwell at Affliction: Trilogy on August 1, 2009. However, the bout was moved to UFC 104, on October 24, after Affliction Entertainment ceased operations. As a result of a number of bouts being shuffled, Gormley's opponent was changed to Stefan Struve. Gormley lost the fight due to a triangle choke submission in the first round.
Gormley faced journeyman Brendan Schaub at UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones on March 21, 2010. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round. After the loss to Schaub, he was subsequently released from the UFC.
Bellator MMA
In July 2015, Bellator revealed that they had signed Gormley to an exclusive, multi-fight contract.
In his promotional debut, Gormley was defeated by Dan Charles at Bellator 143 on September 25, 2015, via knockout in the second round.
Gormley faced Joey Beltran at Bellator 155 on May 20, 2016. He won the fight via split decision.
Gormley faced Bobby Brents at Bellator 162 on October 21, 2016. He won the fight via split decision.
In the last fight of his Bellator contract, Gormley faced Sergei Kharitonov at Bellator 175 on March 31, 2017. He lost the fight via knock out in the first round.
Personal life
Prior to becoming a fighter, Gormley worked as a personal trainer.
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
Titan Fighting Championship
Titan FC Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Gladiator Challenge
Gladiator Challenge Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|14–9 (1)
|Konstantin Andreitsev
|KO (punches)
|League S-70 - Plotforma S-70: 2018
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:56
|Sochi, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|14–8 (1)
|Tanner Boser
|Decision (unanimous)
|ACB 88: Barnatt vs. Celiński
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Brisbane, Australia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|14–7 (1)
|Denis Goltsov
|KO (punch)
|ACB 77: Abdulvakhabov vs. Vartanyan 2
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2:16
|Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|14–6 (1)
|Sergei Kharitonov
|KO (punch)
|Bellator 175
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 3:55
|Rosemont, Illinois, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–5 (1)
|Bobby Brents
|Decision (split)
|Bellator 162
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|Memphis, Tennessee, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–5 (1)
|Joey Beltran
|Decision (split)
|Bellator 155
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|Boise, Idaho, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|12–5 (1)
|Dan Charles
|KO (punch)
|Bellator 143
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:35
|Hidalgo, Texas, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12–4 (1)
|Jon Madsen
|Decision (unanimous)
|Titan Fighting Championships 33
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Mobile, Alabama, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–4 (1)
|Dale Sopi
|Decision (unanimous)
|RFA 21: Juusola vs. Baghdad
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Costa Mesa, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–4 (1)
|Tony Lopez
|TKO (knee injury)
|LOP: Chaos at the Casino 5
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|4:21
|Inglewood, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–4 (1)
|Abdumonim Adoli
|TKO (punches)
|Gladiator Fighting Championship 6
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:38
|Kuwait City, Kuwait
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|Brandon Sayles
|Decision (unanimous)
|XFC 16: High Stakes
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|7–4 (1)
|Beau Tribolet
|TKO (punches)
|Superior Cage Combat 2
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:40
||Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|NC
|align=center|7–3 (1)
|Maurice Jackson
|NC
|Superior Cage Combat 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:59
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|7–3
|Mike Whitehead
|TKO (punches)
|IFC: Extreme Challenge
|
|align=center|4
|align=center|4:34
|Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–2
|Ryan Fortin
|Decision (unanimous)
|MFC 25: Vindication
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|6–2
|Brendan Schaub
|TKO (punches)
|UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:47
|Broomfield, Colorado, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|6–1
|Stefan Struve
|Submission (triangle choke)
|UFC 104
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:04
|Los Angeles, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–0
|Eric Pele
|Decision (unanimous)
|MFC 16: Anger Management
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–0
|Rick Cheek
|Submission (Americana)
|GC 73: High Noon
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:20
||Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–0
|Brandon Tarns
|TKO (punches)
|GC 69: Bad Intentions
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|N/A
|Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|3–0
|Adolfo de la Torre
|TKO (strikes)
|COF 9: Durango
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|N/A
|N/A
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2–0
|John Devine
|Submission (toe hold)
|GC 66: Battle Ground
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|N/A
|San Francisco, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–0
|Jon Murphy
|Decision (unanimous)
|KOTC: Sinister
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|San Jacinto, California, United States
|
References
External links
Living people
1983 births
American male mixed martial artists
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Sportspeople from Torrance, California
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
American male sport wrestlers |
Amethyst is a semi-precious form of quartz.
Amethyst or Améthyste may also refer to:
Amethyst (color)
Fiction
Amethyst, Princess of Gemworld, comics franchise
Amethyst Van Der Troll, from Trollz animation series
Bewitching Smile Amethyst, an attribute of Shizuru Fujino in animation franchise My-Otome
Amethyst (Steven Universe), a fictional character from Steven Universe
Ships
HMS Amethyst, various British warships
USS Amethyst (PYc-3), of the US (1940s)
HMT Amethyst, a 1934 naval trawler
Améthyste, Haitian warship, a.k.a. French frigate Félicité
French submarine Améthyste (S605), a 1988 nuclear-powered submarine
Music
Adam and the Amethysts, Canadian band led by Adam Waito
Amethyst (Billy Hart album), 1993
Amethyst (mixtape), a 2015 mixtape by Tinashe
"Amethyst", single by The Awakening from The Fourth Seal of Zeen
"Amethyst", song by Yoshiki
"Amethyst", song by Fightstar from They Liked You Better When You Were Dead
Other uses
Amethyst (given name), the name
Iggy Azalea (born Amethyst Amelia Kelly), Australian recording artist
Amethyst Initiative, American activist organization
Browallia americana, a plant also known as Amethyst flower
Amethyst gasfield, a gas field in the UK
Amethyst, a Russian anti-ship missile
Brand name for a type of birth control that includes ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel
Amethyst (drag queen), American drag queen |
is the youngest child and only son of the crown prince and crown princess of Japan. He is the nephew of Emperor Naruhito and second in line to the throne after his father, Fumihito.
Preceding his birth, the paucity of male heirs in the imperial family had triggered the Japanese imperial succession debate, with some politicians favoring the abandonment of agnatic primogeniture which has prevailed in Japan since its monarchy was established in 660 BC, with eight exceptions (the last reigning empress being Go-Sakuramachi, ), and which remains the law of imperial succession under the post-war constitution of Japan. The birth of Hisahito in 2006 removed the need to make any non-traditional provision for the succession. He became, at birth, next in the line of succession after his uncle and father.
Birth
Prince Hisahito was born at 08:27 JST (23:27 UTC) on 6 September 2006 at Aiiku Hospital, Tokyo. He was delivered by Caesarean section, two weeks early, after complications in the pregnancy.
Hisahito is the youngest of three children and only son of Fumihito, Prince Akishino, and Kiko, Princess Akishino. He has two older sisters, Mako Komuro and Princess Kako of Akishino. He was first seen in public on 15 September 2006, outside Aiiku Hospital.
Hisahito, the Prince's personal name, chosen by his father, means "serene and virtuous", according to the Imperial Household Agency. An alternative translation is "virtuous, calm, everlasting".
Hisahito was the first male child born to the Imperial House of Japan since his father's birth in 1965. In January 2007, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that he would drop an earlier proposal to alter the Imperial Household Law so as to allow women to inherit the throne. The proposal had been made on the basis of the fact that the brother and two sons of Emperor Akihito had, at the time, no sons of their own. Given Hisahito's birth, it now seems increasingly unlikely that the laws will be changed to allow Hisahito's cousin Princess Aiko, daughter of Emperor Naruhito, to become a reigning empress. The supporters of changes criticized the current law as it placed a burden on the few aging males old enough to perform royal duties as females left the family.
Education
In the spring of 2010, Prince Hisahito began kindergarten at a school affiliated with Ochanomizu University in Tokyo; on 14 December 2012, the Imperial Household Agency announced he would enter Ochanomizu University Elementary School in April 2013 so he could be with many of his friends from kindergarten. The prince thus became the first member of the Imperial House of Japan to receive his education at a school other than Gakushūin Primary School, which is also in Tokyo. By his second year, he was reported to be doing well at school, helping to look after first-year pupils and playing with his friends. In April 2019, Hisahito was enrolled in Ochanomizu University Junior High School. Police reports indicate that there was an assassination attempt on him there in May 2019. In March 2021, he was awarded a second-place prize in the junior high student category of Kitakyushu's 12th Children's Nonfiction Literature Awards.
In February 2022, he was accused of plagiarism concerning an award-winning essay about his trip to the Ogasawara islands. The Imperial Household Agency and Prince Hisahito acknowledged that the essay's citations were "inadequate" and that the prince would contact the organizers of the award with revisions. The award was not considered for revocation.
In August 2019, he accompanied his parents on an official visit to Bhutan.
Titles and styles
Hisahito is styled as His Imperial Highness Prince Hisahito.
The mon represents the Japanese umbrella-pine tree (kōyamaki).
References
External links
2006 births
Living people
Nobility from Tokyo
Japanese princes
Royal children
21st-century Japanese people |
A Noise from the Deep is a 1913 American short silent comedy film starring Mabel Normand and Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle. The film was directed and produced by Mack Sennett and also features the Keystone Cops on horseback. A Noise from the Deep still exists and was screened four times in 2006 in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City as part of a 56-film retrospective of all known surviving Arbuckle movies.
The film is notable for being the first instance of throwing a custard pie in the face in a film, which was by Mabel Normand hitting Roscoe 'Fatty' Arbuckle squarely in the face. The film was also reissued several years after its original release in 1919, under a different title, Fatty's Bubble Trick .
Plot
A pretty girl (Normand), is eloping with a young man for romantic excitement, as much as anything, is accidentally thrown into a pond, and her swain, her father's choice for a son-in-law, unable to swim, is compelled to run for help. Meanwhile, another lover (Arbuckle), appears and saves her.
In gratitude, the girl agrees to go with him to the parson and be married. To make time for the ceremony, a hose is run into the pool, one end being taken behind some bushes on the bank, and a young rustic, in consideration of a quarter, takes his place to blow through it.
The effect is bubbles appearing on the surface of the water, which the rescuing party takes to be coming from the drowning girl, and makes numerous ineffectual attempts to rescue her. By the time the ruse is discovered, the couple are married and all ends happily.
Cast
Mabel Normand as Mabel
Roscoe 'Fatty' Arbuckle as Bob
Charles Avery (uncredited minor role)
Nick Cogley (uncredited minor role)
Alice Davenport (uncredited minor role)
William Hauber (uncredited minor role)
Charles Inslee (uncredited minor role)
Edgar Kennedy (uncredited minor role)
Al St. John (uncredited minor role)
Production and background
The film was shot from May 31, 1913 to June 7, 1913, and released on July 17, 1913. The movie was the first pairing of Normand and Arbuckle, and was the first Keystone Comedy to feature a pie in the face by Normand to Arbuckle. To simulate Normand drowning in the pond, the crew created bubbles by placing a hose in the pond and blowing through it.
According to author Andy Edmonds, the idea for the pie throwing came from Arbcukle, who had spotted some pies on a nearby table, and explained to Normand what he wanted to do. Director Sennett was unaware of the conversation, but had been alerted by Arbuckle to "keep a close eye on us, we've got an idea", so Sennett used a wide angle to film the shot, and Normand took a pie and threw it into Arbuckle's face. Sennett loved the gag, and it quickly became a trope of film slapstick.
American film historian Jeanine Basinger opined that "there is something deeply poetic about the fact that the first movie pie was thrown by a woman into the face of a surprised male actor. It's a great feminist statement, the revolt of the pie maker". Author David Yallop wrote that while many pies have been thrown since, according to Gene Fowler, "all of these pie-tossers were mere petits-fours twiddlers" when compared to Arbuckle, who he said was the "greatest pie-slinger of all time", and the "Hercules of the winged dessert".
American film historian Gerald Mast said the custard pies were really made of blackberries, which showed up better on screen. The pies were specially baked for throwing, carefully weighted to permit the maximum accuracy and range. A pâtisserie in Glendale, California, called Greenbergs, made the special pies used in the films, and made a fortune acquiescing to the studio's demands. Laurel and Hardy used 3000 of Greenburg's pies for a street scene in the The Battle of the Century.
Reviews
The Bryan Daily Eagle said the film was "positively the funniest comedy ever shown" at the local theater. The Lewiston Sun-Journal claimed: "never since The Runaway Horse has there been a release that has attracted the universal attention for comedy subjects as A Noise from the Deep. This is one of the most remarkable comedy pictures ever manufactured and is being featured wherever it is presented".
The Meriden Morning Record said the film "is one riot of laughter from the very start, and will be held over today and tomorrow so that many may have a chance to see this comedy. Anyone that sees this will agree that the laughs come fast and furious. The Lexington Herald said this is a farce-comedy-burlesque that is a continuous roar, presenting the champion lady diver and star comedienne, Mabel Normand.
The Huntington Herald praised the film, saying it was; an uproarious farce, which beggars description of its acting. The impersonators of the successful suitor and of the constabulary mounted on bucking broncos, make one of the most sidesplitting films seen for many a day. The Crescent Theater in Austin, Texas proclaimed: we can say without fear of contradiction that the comedy we will show on Monday entitled A Noise From the Deep has never been equaled in a laugh producing film in this city.
See also
List of American films of 1913
Fatty Arbuckle filmography
Mack Sennett filmography
Silent film
References
Sources
Books
Newspapers
Further reading
External links
1913 films
1913 comedy films
Silent American comedy films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Mack Sennett
Keystone Studios films
1913 short films
American comedy short films
1910s American films |
HMS Seringapatam was a 46-gun fifth-rate frigate built for the Royal Navy between 1817 and 1821, the name ship of her class.
Design
Seringapatams design was based on that of the light French frigate , captured by HMS Despatch of the Royal Navy in a skirmish in the Bay of Biscay on 27 September 1806, to become HMS President. The intention was to establish a new class of frigate for use after the Napoleonic Wars, supplementing the Leda class, but the result was disappointing, and major revisions to the design led to sub-classes.
Seringapatam was originally ordered as a 38-gun frigate, but in February 1817 the re-classification of British warships raised this rating to 46-gun.
Name
While Seringapatam was the first ship of this name to serve in the Royal Navy, an earlier Seringapatam had been built by Tipu Sultan of Mysore and seized by the East India Company after the Siege of Seringapatam of 1799. This ship was sold as a whaler and was in use as such between 1800 and 1843.
Construction
The new ship was ordered by the Admiralty in 1813, laid down in November 1817 at the Royal Navy's Bombay Dockyard in British India, and launched on 5 September 1819. In 1820 she was sailed to England from Bombay under the command of Captain William Walpole, and taken to Plymouth Dockyard. There she was commissioned in November 1820, when Captain Samuel Warren was given command of her, and completed in April 1821. Warren had previously been the master of HMS President.
Career
In the spring and summer of 1822, Seringapatam was on duty in the Mediterranean under the command of Warren. On 7 May she passed the island of Chios (then called in English Scio), saw it in flames, and received signals from Greek ships asking for help, but being under orders to observe strict neutrality in the Greek War of Independence the ship gave no assistance and proceeded on her way. She arrived at Corfu on 8 June, from where she sailed on to Portsmouth, arriving there on 24 July.
In the summer of 1823, the frigate took Sir Benjamin Bloomfield, the new British envoy to Sweden, to Stockholm. Warren retained command until February 1824. Later that year, Seringapatam, now under the command of Charles Sotheby, was again posted to the Mediterranean, this time as part of a small anti-piracy squadron working in the Aegean Islands, off Alexandria, and around the coasts of Syria. With HMS Cambrian and , she shared in the destruction of a Greek pirate ship on 31 January 1825, and another on 9 June of that year, with the result that her men received prize money.
Later during the Greek War of Independence, on 8 August 1826 Seringapatam sailed from Malta with HMS Parthian in a convoy for Smyrna and the Dardanelles, and they were in Smyrna on 19 September.
The ship was commanded by Captain William Waldegrave from 1829 and served in the Pacific from May 1830 to April 1832. In his Extracts from a Private Journal Kept on Board H. M. S. Seringapatam, in the Pacific (1830), Waldegrave reported on the ship’s visits to Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas, where he was disgusted by the natives' extreme promiscuity, Otaheite in the Society Islands, where he noted that the ruling Queen Pōmare was "sixteen years of age... but has no children", and to Raiatea, Tongatapu, Vavaʻu, and the Friendly Islands.
From 1837 to 1841, the ship's master was Captain John Leith and she was on the Barbados station. In January 1843, she was taken out of commission at Sheerness. In April 1848 she was in use as a store ship, under a master named Russell, in Simon's Bay, Cape Colony. In June 1854, during the Crimean War, she returned to active service with the Royal Navy under the command of Commodore Henry Dundas Trotter, Commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope. In 1858 Seringapatam was reported to be serving as a coal hulk at Simon's Bay, but she was reclassified as a Receiving Ship at the Cape. From October 1861 she was under the command of Captain James Horsford Cockburn, and from May 1866 to July 1867 that of Commodore Henry Caldwell.
Fate
Sold for ship breaking, Seringapatam began to be broken up at the Cape in 1873. Her figurehead, showing a turbanned figure riding on a roc, a giant mythical bird, and holding in one hand a red, white, and blue umbrella, survives in the Royal Museums Greenwich.
Notes
References
William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy, a History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Vol. V (1900; reprinted by Chatham Publishing, 1997, )
J. J. Colledge, Ben Warlow, Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (London: Chatham Publishing, revised edition 2006, )
Rif Winfield, British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1817–1863 (Barnsley: Seaforth, 2014, )
Rif Winfield, David Lyon, The Sail and Steam Navy List (London: Chatham Publishing, 2004,
External links
1819 ships
Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy
Seringapatam-class frigate |
Thomas William Stamford (20 December 1882 – 30 May 1949) was a British politician. He was Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds West from 1923 to 1931, and from 1945 to his suicide in 1949.
References
External links
1882 births
1949 deaths
Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1945–1950
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
British politicians who committed suicide
Independent Labour Party MPs
Suicides in England
1949 suicides |
Diamond Head is the first studio album by English rock musician Phil Manzanera. It was released in 1975, originally on Island Records in the UK (who was handling all E.G. recordings) and in the US on Atco Records. The sound quality on the US album was deemed to be worse than the UK album, so the UK import became a popular seller in the speciality record shops who sold Roxy Music and other UK bands. The diesel locomotive featured on the cover art is an EMD E9.
Unlike other solo albums issued by an instrumental member of an existing band (Manzanera was Roxy Music's lead guitarist), Diamond Head, featured a number of songs, sung by guest musicians.
With the exception of Bryan Ferry, all members of Roxy Music feature on the album.
Metal band Diamond Head took their name from the album.
Track listing
Track-by-track personnel
"Frontera"
Robert Wyatt – lead vocals, timbales, cabasa, backing vocals
Brian Eno – backing vocals
Phil Manzanera – guitars
John Wetton – bass
Paul Thompson – drums
"Diamond Head"
Eddie Jobson – all strings, Fender piano
Phil Manzanera – guitars
John Wetton – bass
Paul Thompson – drums
Brian Eno – guitar treatments
"Big Day"
Brian Eno – vocals
Phil Manzanera – guitars, tiplé, fuzz guitar
Brian Turrington – bass
John Wetton – bass
Paul Thompson – drums
"The Flex"
Andy Mackay – soprano and alto saxophones
Phil Manzanera – guitars
Eddie Jobson – electric clavinet
John Wetton – bass
Paul Thompson – drums
Sonny Akpan – congas
"Same Time Next Week"
John Wetton – lead vocals, bass, mellotron
Doreen Chanter – lead vocals
Andy Mackay – saxophones
Phil Manzanera – guitars
Paul Thompson – drums
Sonny Akpan – congas
Charles Hayward – tree bells
"Miss Shapiro"
Brian Eno – vocals, rhythm guitar, piano, handclaps
Phil Manzanera – guitars, organ, piano, bass, handclaps
Brian Turrington – bass
Paul Thompson – drums
Bill MacCormick – handclaps
"East of Echo"
Quiet Sun:
Bill MacCormick – fuzz bass themes
Charles Hayward – percussion
Dave Jarret – keyboard themes
Phil Manzanera – guitars
Ian MacDonald – bagpipes
John Wetton – bass
Paul Thompson – drums, extra drums
Brian Eno – guitar treatments
"Lagrima"
Andy Mackay – oboe
Phil Manzanera – guitar
"Alma"
Bill MacCormick – vocals
Phil Manzanera – guitars, organ, tiplé, string synthesizer, vocals, fuzz bass
Eddie Jobson – synthesizer
John Wetton – bass
Paul Thompson – drums
Personnel
Phil Manzanera — electric 6 and 12 string guitars, tiple, acoustic guitar, synthesized guitar, bass, string synthesizer, organ, piano, vocals
Robert Wyatt — vocals, timbales, cabasa, background vocals
Brian Eno — vocals, treatments, rhythm guitar, piano, percussion
Eddie Jobson — strings, fender piano, electric clavinet, synthesizer
Dave Jarrett — keyboards
Andy Mackay — soprano and alto saxophone, oboe
Ian MacDonald — bagpipes
John Wetton — bass, vocals, mellotron
Bill MacCormick — bass, vocals
Brian Turrington — bass
Paul Thompson — drums
Danny Heibs — percussion
Chyke Madu — percussion
Sonny Akpan — congas, percussion, bongos, big gong, maracas
Charles Hayward — percussion
Doreen Chanter — vocals
Technical
Rhett Davies — engineer
Robert Ash — assistant engineer
Jon Prew — photography
References
1975 debut albums
Island Records albums
E.G. Records albums
Phil Manzanera albums
Albums produced by Phil Manzanera |
Charles James "Jim" Simmons (9 April 1893 – 11 August 1975) was a British lecturer, journalist and politician.
Early life
Simmons was born in Moseley, Birmingham. Following elementary education, he became a Primitive Methodist lay preacher at the age of 16. In World War I he served in the Worcestershire Regiment, seeing action in France, Egypt and Gallipoli. He was twice imprisoned whilst in the army, for protesting against field punishments and for appearing in uniform at a peace rally. He was wounded three times, the last at Vimy in Spring 1916, as a result of which his lower leg was amputated. Discharged from the army in November 1917 he continued campaigning for peace but was arrested in February 1918 and sentenced to three months imprisonment in Armley Gaol.
After that war, Simmons became a leading member of the National Union of Ex-Servicemen (NUX), a socialist group which fought for the rights of those returning from the war. Following the demise of the NUX as a national body, Simmons remained active on these issues in local organisations and when later elected to Parliament lobbied persistently on behalf of the British Limbless Ex-Servicemen's Association (BLESMA). A Christian Socialist, he also played a leading role in the Labour Church movement.
He gained political office as a member of Birmingham City Council from 1921–1931 and 1942–1945.
Member of parliament for Erdington
Simmons was selected as the Labour Party's candidate to contest Birmingham Erdington at the 1924 general election. He failed to unseat the sitting Conservative MP, Sir Arthur Steel-Maitland in a straight fight.
At the next general election in 1929, he was again Labour candidate at Erdington. As well as Steel-Maitland, a Liberal, H J H Dyer, was also nominated to contest the seat. Simmons defeated Steel-Maitland by the narrow margin of 133 votes, benefitting from the fact that Dyer received more than 6,300 votes. The election had been very bitter, with Simmons issuing a leaflet accusing Steel-Maitland of abusing his position as Minister for Labour and using a charitable fund to subsidise colliery owners to employ miners at less than the minimum wage. Following a threat by the defeated MP to begin libel proceedings, Simmons issued a formal apology.
Two years later another general election was called. Simmons defended his seat against a new Conservative opponent J F Eales. There was a large swing against Labour, and Eales defeated Simmons by the majority of nearly 19,000 votes.
At the next general election in 1935 Simmons attempted to regain the Erdington seat from Eales. This time it was a three-cornered contest, with an independent candidate also standing. He failed to be elected, increasingly his vote only marginally.
On the death of Eales, Simmons also unsuccessfully contested the 1936 by-election, which was to be the last contest until 1945, owing to the Second World War. Simmons found work as a political journalist, editing the Town Crier, the journal of the Birmingham Trades Council, from 1940–1945.
Member of parliament for Birmingham West
Simmons was nominated as Labour candidate for Birmingham West at the 1945 general election, in opposition to the sitting Conservative MP Walter Higgs. There was a landslide to Labour, and he won the seat comfortably. He was a member of the Labour Government 1945-1951 as a Lord of the Treasury from 30 March 1946 to 1 February 1949, after which he served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Pensions.
Member of parliament for Brierley Hill
Following boundary changes, Simmons became MP for the new Black Country constituency of Brierley Hill from the 1950 general election. He held the seat at the 1955 election, but was unexpectedly defeated by his Conservative opponent at the 1959 general election. Simmons was a strong advocate of the Temperance movement, and campaigned for fourteen-year-old children to be banned from the bars of clubs. His defeat in 1959 was believed to have been partly attributable to the opposition of brewery interests.
He published his autobiography Soap-Box Evangelist in 1972. He died in 1975 aged 82, survived by his four sons and second wife.
References
External links
1893 births
1975 deaths
Councillors in Birmingham, West Midlands
GMB (trade union)-sponsored MPs
Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Ministers in the Attlee governments, 1945–1951
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959 |
Wee Eck is a Scots version of "Little Alex". It may refer to:
A member of Wullie's gang in the Oor Wullie comic strip, from the Sunday Post
One of the "Jocks" in the comic strip The Jocks and the Geordies, from The Dandy
A nickname for Alex Salmond, First Minister of Scotland from 2007 to 2014 |
Richard John Hansen (born October 30, 1955) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played 14 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the New York Islanders and St. Louis Blues.
Son Rich Hansen is a star minor professional hockey player for the Rapid City Rush.
External links
Hansen at Hockeydraftcentral.com
1955 births
Living people
People from Northport, New York
Sportspeople from Huntington, New York
American men's ice hockey centers
New York Islanders draft picks
New York Islanders players
St. Louis Blues players
Ice hockey players from New York (state) |
Event covers are a type of stamp covers (decorated, stamped and canceled commemorative envelopes) that are created to celebrate an event or note an anniversary.
A design (called a "cachet") is generally placed on the left side of the envelope (although there are also "all over" cachets). It explains what is being commemorated on what date and generally also includes an illustration page.
Ideally, the stamps used relate to the celebration (for instance, space stamps for a shuttle launch). Cancels can often be obtained in the city of the event (such as Kitty Hawk for the Wright Brothers first flight anniversary). In the United States, larger quantities can be obtained from a special cancellation unit maintained by the Postal Service in Kansas City, Missouri. If a special cancellation (one with a design) has been created for a particular event, the cancel can generally only be received from the local post office involved in the event.
A good example of a special Event cover was one by the Isle of Man Philatelic Bureau that was issued in 1985 to mark the anniversary of the aircraft Douglas DC-3, which was of interest, not only because of the high volume of air mail handled by Dakotas at that time, but also the link between the names of Douglas, Isle of Man, and Dakota - Douglas DC3. A 26p stamp was specially issued by the Isle of Man and a special handstamp was also created for these covers, which was deliberately created with a Dakota flying "free" and not boxed in. The envelope was also officially acknowledged by the McDonnell Douglas company and bore their official DC3 logo in the bottom right of the Envelope.
The earliest recognized event covers were presidential inauguration covers, which were first created in the early part of the 20th century. Event cover creation and collecting is considered part of the first day cover hobby, which creates decorated covers to commemorate the issuance of stamps. (The stamp hobby calls envelopes "covers" because letters were originally simply wrapped in a blank piece of paper or "cover".)
Event covers can include mail that was aboard aircraft that flew the mail between two points, usually large cities, for the first time, however these covers are usually referred to as First flight covers by collectors.
See also
First day of issue
Cancellation (mail)
Apollo 15 postal covers incident
References
Postal markings
Philatelic terminology |
Dexter may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Dexter, the main character of the American animated series Dexter's Laboratory that aired from 1996 to 2003
Dexter, a fictional character in the British web series Diary of a Bad Man
Dexter, the Pokédex in Kanto and Johto in the Pokémon anime; See Gameplay of Pokémon
Dexter Morgan, the protagonist of the Dexter entertainment franchise
Dexter (TV series) (2006–2013, 2021-2022), an American television drama series loosely based on the series of novels by Jeff Lindsay
"Dexter" (Dexter episode), the eponymous series pilot and first episode
Dexter: Music from the Showtime Original Series, a soundtrack album
Dexter: New Blood, a revival miniseries set 10 years after the original TV series
Dexter (comics), a 2013 Marvel Comics limited series comic book based on the Dexter Morgan novels
Businesses
Dexter Air Taxi, a Russian air taxi service
Dexter Construction, a Canadian construction and environmental services company
People
Dexter (name), a surname and a given name (including a list of people)
Dexter (singer), Brazilian rapper Marcos Fernandes de Omena (born 1973)
Famous Dex, also known as Dexter, American rapper Dexter Tiewon Gore Jr. (born 1993)
Places
United States
Dexter, Georgia, a town
Dexter, Illinois, an unincorporated community
Dexter, Indiana, an unincorporated community
Dexter, Iowa, a city
Dexter Township, Cowley County, Kansas
Dexter, Kansas, a city
Dexter, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
Dexter, Maine, a town
Dexter (CDP), Maine, a census-designated place
Dexter Regional Airport
Dexter Township, Michigan
Dexter, Michigan, a city (unassociated with the township, though nearby)
Dexter Township, Mower County, Minnesota
Dexter, Minnesota, a city
Dexter, Missouri, a city
Dexter, New Mexico, a town
Dexter, New York, a village
Dexter Marsh
Dexter City, Ohio, a village
Dexter, Oregon, an unincorporated community in Lane County
Dexter State Recreation Site, Lane County, Oregon, a state park
Dexter Reservoir, also known as Dexter Lake, near Dexter, Oregon
Dexter, Wisconsin, a town
Dexter (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in the town of Friendship
Canada
Dexter, a community in Central Elgin, Ontario
Schools in the United States
Dexter High School (Michigan), Dexter, Michigan
Dexter Regional High School, Dexter, Maine
Dexter School, a private boys' school in Brookline, Massachusetts
Science and technology
dexter, an instance of psychometric software
Dexter (malware), a computer virus
Dexter (robot), a dynamically balancing bipedal humanoid robot research project by Anybots
Dexter Award, presented by the American Chemical Society from 1956 until 2001
Dexter National Fish Hatchery & Technology Center, Dexter, New Mexico, United States
Ships
USCGC Dexter, United States Coast Guard ships
USRC Dexter, United States Revenue Cutter Service ships
Structures
Dexter Building, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Dexter Cabin, Leadville, Colorado, United States
Dexter House (disambiguation)
Other uses
Dexter, Latin for the direction "right"
Dexter, in dexter and sinister, a heraldic term referring to the right of the bearer of the arms (to the left for a viewer)
Dexter hand, right-handedness
Dexter cattle, a breed of cattle
See also
Dexterville (disambiguation)
Dextral, a scientific term
Dextre, a robot on the International Space Station |
Frank Wormuth (born 13 September 1960) is a German football manager who is currently the technical director of the Indonesia national football team.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Berlin
German men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
2. Bundesliga players
SC Freiburg players
Hertha BSC players
Freiburger FC players
VfR Aalen managers
German football managers
SSV Reutlingen 05 managers
1. FC Union Berlin managers
Heracles Almelo managers
German expatriate football managers
German expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate football managers in the Netherlands |
SS George Washington Carver was a Liberty ship built for the United States Maritime Commission during World War II. The ship was named in honor of George Washington Carver, and was the second Liberty ship named for an African American.
The ship was initially assigned by the War Shipping Administration (WSA) to the American South African Line (Farrell Lines), Inc. for merchant service. In November 1943 the ship was allocated to the United States Army by the WSA and was converted to hospital ship USAHS Dogwood. The ship made multiple trips to ports in England from its homeport of Charleston, South Carolina, before sailing for duty in the Philippines in 1945.
In January 1946, the ship was converted to carry a combination of troops and military dependents as USAT George Washington Carver. The ship was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in 1947 and was sold for scrapping in 1964.
History
Construction
SS George Washington Carver (MC Hull No. 542) was laid down on 12 April 1943 on shipway 7 at Yard No. 1 by Permanente Metals Corp. of Richmond, California, as a standard Liberty ship. The ship was launched on 7 May 1943 and sponsored by Lena Horne, and delivered 24 May 1943, taking 42 days from start to delivery.
During the ship's construction, photographer E. F. Joseph, on behalf of the Office of War Information, took a series of photographs showing predominantly African American men and women working on George Washington Carver.
Launching ceremony
A crowd of 1,500 gathered to watch the launching of George Washington Carver on 7 May 1943. The ceremonies were organized by the United Negro Labor Committee, and that organization's president, C. L. Dellums, spoke to crowd. Lena Horne, on a break from filming Stormy Weather, was the sponsor, and welder Beatrice Turner, the first African American female hired at the Richmond Shipyards, was the matron of honor. Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, Horne's Stormy Weather co-star, and actresses Dorothy Dandridge and Etta Moten were all scheduled to be in attendance at the event. The Carver was the second Liberty ship – out of a then-planned series of three – named for an African American and the 90th ship launched at the No. 1 yard in Richmond.
Merchant service
The ship was assigned by the WSA to the American South African Line (Farrell Lines) for merchant operation in the Mediterranean. The ship made convoy runs from Alexandria to Malta in September 1943, and from Alexandria to Bizerte the following month. From Bizerte the ship headed to Hampton Roads, Virginia, arriving there on 6 November 1943.
On 23 November 1943, after her brief civilian career, the WSA transferred the ship to the War Department for U.S. Army use as a hospital ship.
U.S. Army service
From November 1943 to July 1944 the ship underwent conversion to a Hague Convention hospital ship at the Atlantic Basin Iron Works yard in New York. During this time the ship was assigned the name USAHS Dogwood by recommendation of the Surgeon General.
Dogwood embarked on her first trip as a hospital ship in late July 1944 and returned to her new homeport of Charleston in August. The ship made six transatlantic round trips, usually calling at Avonmouth, Liverpool, and the Mersey, before being ordered to the Pacific.
In May 1945, Dogwood transited the Panama Canal and sailed directly to the Philippines, arriving at Leyte and Manila there in late June. She steamed on to Biak, Hollandia, and back to Manila. In August the ship made another circuit to Biak, Hollandia, and Finschhafen before heading to Los Angeles. Departing there for Manila again in November, the hospital ship returned stateside, putting in at San Francisco in January 1946.
The ship was no longer needed as a hospital ship at that time and put into the Marine Repair Shop at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation for conversion to carry a combination of troops and military dependents. During this interval, the ship reverted to her original name as USAT George Washington Carver. After the work was completed, the ship departed for her new homeport of Seattle.
The ship was assigned to duty between Seattle and ports in Alaska. George Washington Carver'''s first voyage in this role took her to Dutch Harbor, Shemya, Attu, Adak, Whittier, with a return to Seattle. A second voyage, in late March 1946, had the ship visit Anchorage, Seward, Dutch Harbor, Adak, Amchitka, Shemya, Adak a second time, eventually returning to Seattle. The ship continued on similar runs into 1947.
On 21 March 1947, George Washington Carver entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. On 9 January 1964 the ship was withdrawn by First Steel & Ship Corp. for scrapping.
Notes
References
External links
Gallery of photos taken during building of SS George Washington Carver'' at the Library of Congress
Liberty ships
Transport ships of the United States Army
Hospital ships of the United States Army
1943 ships |
Kwesi Botchwey (13 September 1942 – 19 November 2022) was a Ghanaian government official and Professor of Practice in Development Economics at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University.
Botchwey was Minister for Finance and Economic Planning from 1982 to 1995. He was appointed by Jerry Rawlings to assist in stabilizing Ghana's collapsed economy.
Education
Botchwey received his secondary school education at the Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School and attended St. Augustine's College. Botchwey held an LL.B. from the University of Ghana, a LL.M from Yale Law School, and a doctorate from the University of Michigan Law School. He taught at the University of Zambia, the University of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and the University of Ghana.
Other notable previous assignments
Advisor to the World Bank on the 1997 World Development Report
Member and Chairman of IMF's Group of Independent Experts who conducted the first ever external evaluation of the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility
Advisor to the UNDP's UN Special Initiative on Africa
Advisor to the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM)
Publications
Transforming the Periphery: A study of the struggle of social forces in Ghana for democracy and national sovereignty, United Nations, 1981 (; ISSN 0379-5772), DSDRSCA-83/UNUO-309
"Obstacles to Centralized Reform: An African Perspective" in Laura Wallace (ed.), Deepening Structural Reform in Africa, Lessons from East Asia, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1996.
Implementing Debt Relief for the HIPCs (co-author), Center for International Development, Harvard (1999).
"Whither the Partnership Agenda in Development Cooperation: A Country perspective", 4th Conference on Evaluation and Development, World Bank (2001)
"The New Partnership for Africa's Economic Development: Internal and External Visions", NEPAD: Internal and External Visions and Influences (2003)
Later and past projects
Member and Convener Team of academics from Yale, Oxford, and the Free University of Amsterdam that conducted and has finished the first External evaluation at the request of the Executive Board of the IMF, of the Fund's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF)
Member Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons for the Facilitation of the Signing of the Uruguay Round of Gatt Negotiations.
Member OECD group of high-level experts for the review of the OECD study on "Globalization and Linkages to 2020: Challenges and Opportunities for OECD countries (1996).
Member Commonwealth Expert Group on Good Governance and the Elimination of Corruption in Economic Management
Member Panel of High Level Personalities on African Development – an advisory group established to assist the UN Secretary-General in advocating greater support for African development and in coordinating the UN system's activities in the region.
Board Chairman for Heritage bank Ghana.
Papers and speeches given at conferences
"HIV/AIDS and Economic Development in Africa", Theme Paper, African Development Forum, Economic Commission For Africa, December 2000.
"Magnitude and Drivers of the Brain Drain in Africa", Keynote Address at the 1999 Africa Business Conference, Harvard University, 30 January 1999.
"Growth and Poverty Alleviation in Africa", ODC Conference on African Economic Recovery, 1996.
"Deepening Structural Adjustment Reforms and Policies for Growth in Africa", May 1996.
"Growth and Poverty Alleviation", ODC Conference on African Economic Recovery, 11–12 June 1996.
"Globalization: What has it meant for Africa and what does the future portend?" Presented at the Seminar on International Solidarity and Globalization: In Search of New Strategies, Stockholm, 1997.
"The Role of the State, the Ministry of Finance and the Treasury Secretary in the context of Economic Liberalization and Globalization", Abidjan, June 1998.
"The Politics of Administrative Reform", World Bank, June 1998.
"Mobilizing capital flows in support of accelerated African development - the role of capital markets", Washington, DC, July 1998.
Death
Botchwey died at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital on 19 November 2022, at the age of 78.
References
Jeffrey, Peter Nee, "Is Dr Kwesi Botchwey the man to lead Ghana in 2008?" GhanaWeb, 18 December 2004
Faculty Profile of Dr Kwesi Botchwey at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
1944 births
2022 deaths
Finance ministers of Ghana
Ghanaian economists
Harvard University faculty
Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School alumni
University of Ghana alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ghana
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zambia
Yale Law School alumni |
The Belmont Library is a branch of the Multnomah County Library, located in Belmont, Portland, Oregon. The original library building opened in 1924 and was expanded in 1937 with the addition of a children's room. The brick building had small round windows and large oak tables. Renovations during 1999–2000 nearly doubled the library's capacity.
The branch offers the Multnomah County Library catalog of two million books, periodicals and other materials. The Belmont Library features a 24-person capacity meeting room for hosting community events at no charge on a first come, first served basis. A decorative quilt made by residents of the Sunnyside neighborhood is also housed within the building.
History
In 1923, residents of the Belmont and Hawthorne areas of southeast Portland raised funds to construct a library building at East 39th Avenue and Taylor Street (now S.E. César E. Chávez Blvd. and S.E. Taylor Street). The Library Association of Portland paid for the building plans. According to the association president, the Belmont effort was one of the first in Portland during which library users raised funds to erect a branch library building in their own neighborhood. The neighborhood presented the building debt-free to the association in early 1924, and the library opened on March 7, 1924.
Federal funds through the Works Progress Administration paid for expansion of the library in 1937. The addition of a children's room and staff work areas increased the building's floor area to . Even so, circulation at the library continued to grow until the floor area was considered inadequate. In 1996, voters approved a bond measure to renovate the county's libraries and to pay special attention to four of them, including Belmont. The branch closed in June 1999 for remodeling and reopened in March 2000. The resulting expansion added to the library's floor area, bringing the total area to . The renovated library can hold up to 20,000 volumes. Self-checkout stations and security gates were installed in 2011 during a minor renovation.
Over the years the library has hosted numerous activities, including a children's jamboree, knitting groups, lectures and readings. The building also serves as a ballot drop-off site during elections.
See also
List of Carnegie libraries in Oregon
References
External links
Official website
1924 establishments in Oregon
Libraries in Portland, Oregon
Library buildings completed in 1924
Multnomah County Library
Libraries established in 1924
Sunnyside, Portland, Oregon |
The Ascents of James (Greek: Anabathmoi Iacobou) is the title of a lost work briefly described in a heresiology known as the Panarion (30.16.6–9), by Epiphanius of Salamis; it was used as a source for a polemic against a Jewish Christian sect known as the Ebionites. The document advocated the abolition of the Jewish sacrifices, esteemed James, the brother of Jesus as the leader of the Jerusalem church, and denigrated Paul of Tarsus as a Gentile and an opponent of Jewish Law.
A Jewish Christian source document thought to be embedded within the Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions (1.27 or 1.33–71) and conventionally referred to by modern scholars as the Ascents of James may be related to the otherwise lost work mentioned by Epiphanius. Distinguishing features of the text include an advocacy for the observance of Mosaic Law and the elimination of the Jewish sacrifices. Paul is portrayed as a "certain hostile person" who prevents James from converting the Jewish people to Christianity (1.70.1–8). The text recounts the salvation history of Israel from Abraham to Jesus from a Jewish Christian perspective. Jesus is depicted as the anticipated prophet-like-Moses who was sent by God to complete the work of Moses by abolishing the sacrifices in order to redeem Israel.
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
2nd-century Christian texts
Ancient Christian texts
Jewish Christian literature
Lost religious texts |
Caironi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Jakob Caironi (1902–1968), Swiss cyclist
Martina Caironi (born 1989), Italian athlete
Italian-language surnames |
Clonaria is an Asian genus of stick insects belonging to the tribe Gratidiini.
Species
The Catalogue of Life lists:
Clonaria abdul (Westwood, 1859)
Clonaria adelungi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria aegyptiaca (Gray, 1835)
Clonaria aestuans (Saussure, 1862)
Clonaria affinis (Schulthess, 1898)
Clonaria agrostimorpha (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria albida (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria angolensis (Rehn, 1912)
Clonaria annulata (Westwood, 1859)
Clonaria aphrodite (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria arcuata (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria arida (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria asystasia (Thanasinchayakul, 2006)
Clonaria beroe (Westwood, 1859)
Clonaria beybienkoi (Bekuzin, 1960)
Clonaria bifurcata (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria bispinosa (Chopard, 1938)
Clonaria breviuscula (Bolívar, 1922)
Clonaria brunneri Kirby, 1904
Clonaria buchholzi (Gerstaecker, 1883)
Clonaria bugoiensis (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria canaliculata (Sjöstedt, 1924)
Clonaria capelongata Brock, 2005
Clonaria capemontana Brock, 2007
Clonaria cederbergensis Brock, 2006
Clonaria conformans (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria congoensis (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria cristata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria cryptocercata (Rehn, 1912)
Clonaria cylindrica (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria damicornis (Bolívar, 1922)
Clonaria deschauenseei Rehn, 1933
Clonaria dicranura (Uvarov, 1939)
Clonaria digitalis (Sjöstedt, 1924)
Clonaria eitami (Brock & Shlagman, 1994)
Clonaria elgonensis (Sjöstedt, 1934)
Clonaria ensis (Bolívar, 1922)
Clonaria evanescens (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria excisa (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria fissa (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria flavescens (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria forcipata (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria fritzschei (Zompro, 2000)
Clonaria furcata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria furcifer (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria gigliotosi Otte & Brock, 2005
Clonaria globosa (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria gracilipes (Westwood, 1859)
Clonaria gracilis (Chopard, 1938)
Clonaria graminis (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria guenzii (Bates, 1865)
Clonaria guilielmi (Sjöstedt, 1924)
Clonaria hamuligera (Schulthess, 1898)
Clonaria incisa (Chopard, 1938)
Clonaria inclinata (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria inconspicua (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria indica (Gray, 1835)
Clonaria insolita (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria insulsa (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria javanica (Haan, 1842)
Clonaria jeanneli (Chopard, 1938)
Clonaria kibonotensis (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria kivuensis (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria kurda (Uvarov, 1944)
Clonaria laminifera (Chopard, 1938)
Clonaria leprosa (Gerstaecker, 1869)
Clonaria libanica (Uvarov, 1924)
Clonaria lindneri (Kevan, 1955)
Clonaria lineaalba (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria lineata (Gray, 1835)
Clonaria lineolata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria longefurcata (Chopard, 1954)
Clonaria longithorax (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria luethyi (Zompro, 2000)
Clonaria manderensis (Chopard, 1954)
Clonaria massaica (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria massauensis (Giglio-Tos, 1910)
Clonaria minuta (Giglio-Tos, 1910)
Clonaria montana (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria montivaga (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria nairobensis (Bolívar, 1919)
Clonaria naivashensis (Bolívar, 1922)
Clonaria nana (Mishchenko, 1941)
Clonaria natalis (Westwood, 1859) - type species (as Bacillus natalis Westwood)
Clonaria nebulosipes (Rehn, 1911)
Clonaria nimbana (Chopard, 1955)
Clonaria nubilipes (Sjöstedt, 1924)
Clonaria obocensis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria parva (Zompro, 1998)
Clonaria pedunculata (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria planicercata (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria polita (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria postrostrata (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria postspinosa (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria predtetshenskyi (Bey-Bienko, 1946)
Clonaria proboscidea (Bolívar, 1922)
Clonaria prodigiosa (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria prolata (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria propinqua (Giglio-Tos, 1910)
Clonaria pulchrepicta (Carl, 1913)
Clonaria pulchripes (Rehn, 1912)
Clonaria quinquecarinata (Chopard, 1938)
Clonaria rectangulata (Bolívar, 1922)
Clonaria reducta (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria rehni (Bolívar, 1922)
Clonaria rubrotaeniatus (Günther, 1956)
Clonaria ruwenzorica (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria sansibara (Stål, 1875)
Clonaria schaumi (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria schizura (Uvarov, 1939)
Clonaria securigera (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria sicca (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria silvaepluvialis (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria simplex (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria sjoestedti (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria sororcula (Rehn, 1914)
Clonaria specifica (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria spinulosa (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria subquadrata (Sjöstedt, 1924)
Clonaria talea (Karsch, 1898)
Clonaria tardigrada (Sjöstedt, 1934)
Clonaria tenuis (Sjöstedt, 1909)
Clonaria trivittata (Gerstaecker, 1883)
Clonaria uvaroviana (Mishchenko, 1937)
Clonaria viridis (Gray, 1835)
Clonaria voluptaria (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
Clonaria werneri (Ebner, 1934)
Clonaria xiphidophora (Rehn, 1914)
References
External links
Phasmatodea genera
Phasmatodea of Asia
Gratidiini |
iPhone is a line of smartphones produced by Apple Inc. that use Apple's own iOS mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then-Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS updates. As of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold. As of 2022, the iPhone accounts for 15.6% of global smartphone market share.
The iPhone was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology. Since the iPhone's launch, it has gained larger screen sizes, video-recording, waterproofing, and many accessibility features. Up to the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front panel with the Touch ID fingerprint sensor. Since the iPhone X, iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen design with Face ID facial recognition, and app switching activated by gestures. Touch ID is still used for the budget iPhone SE series.
The iPhone is one of the two largest smartphone platforms in the world alongside Android, and is a large part of the luxury market. The iPhone has generated large profits for Apple, making it one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies. The first-generation iPhone was described as a "revolution" for the mobile phone industry and subsequent models have also garnered praise. The iPhone has been credited with popularizing the smartphone and slate form factor, and with creating a large market for smartphone apps, or "app economy". , Apple's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications for the iPhone.
History
Development of an Apple smartphone began in 2004, when Apple started to gather a team of 1,000 employees led by hardware engineer Tony Fadell, software engineer Scott Forstall, and design officer Jony Ive, to work on the highly confidential "Project Purple".
Then-Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet (which was later revisited in the form of the iPad) towards a phone. Apple created the device during a secretive collaboration with Cingular Wireless (later renamed AT&T Mobility) at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months. According to Jobs in 1998, the "i" word in "iMac" (and thereafter "iPod", "iPhone" and "iPad") stands for internet, individual, instruct, inform, and inspire.
Apple rejected the "design by committee" approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, a largely unsuccessful "iTunes phone" made in collaboration with Motorola. Among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1's firmware limited storage to only 100 iTunes songs to avoid competing with Apple's iPod nano. Cingular gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house, a rare practice at the time, and paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue (until the iPhone 3G), in exchange for four years of exclusive U.S. sales, until 2011.
Jobs unveiled the first-generation iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. The iPhone incorporated a 3.5-inch multi-touch display with few hardware buttons, and ran the iPhone OS operating system with a touch-friendly interface, then marketed as a version of Mac OS X. It launched on June 29, 2007, at a starting price of US$499 in the United States, and required a two-year contract with AT&T.
On July 11, 2008, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2008, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, and expanded its launch-day availability to twenty-two countries, and it was eventually released in 70 countries and territories. The iPhone 3G introduced faster 3G connectivity, and a lower starting price of US$199 (with a two-year AT&T contract). It proved commercially popular, overtaking Motorola RAZR V3 as the best selling cell phone in the US by the end of 2008. Its successor, the iPhone 3GS, was announced on June 8, 2009, at WWDC 2009, and introduced video recording functionality.
The iPhone 4 was announced on June 7, 2010, at WWDC 2010, and introduced a redesigned body incorporating a stainless steel frame and a rear glass panel. At release, the iPhone 4 was marketed as the "world's thinnest smartphone"; it uses the Apple A4 processor, being the first iPhone to use an Apple custom-designed chip. It introduced the Retina display, having four-times the display resolution of preceding iPhones, and was the highest-resolution smartphone screen at release; a front-facing camera was also introduced, enabling video calling functionality via FaceTime.
Users of the iPhone 4 reported dropped/disconnected telephone calls when holding their phones in a certain way, and this issue was nicknamed "antennagate". In January 2011, as Apple's exclusivity agreement with AT&T was expiring, Verizon announced that they would be carrying the iPhone 4, with a model compatible with Verizon's CDMA network releasing on February 10.
The iPhone 4s was announced on October 4, 2011, and introduced the Siri virtual assistant, a dual-core A5 processor, and an 8 megapixel camera with 1080p video recording functionality. The iPhone 5 was announced on September 12, 2012, and introduced a larger 4-inch screen, up from the 3.5-inch screen of all previous iPhone models, as well as faster 4G LTE connectivity. It also introduced a thinner and lighter body made of aluminum alloy, and the 30-pin dock connector of previous iPhones was replaced with the new, reversible Lightning connector.
The iPhone 5s and iPhone 5c were announced on September 10, 2013. The iPhone 5s included a 64-bit A7 processor, becoming the first ever 64-bit smartphone; it also introduced the Touch ID fingerprint authentication sensor. The iPhone 5c was a lower-cost device that incorporated hardware from the iPhone 5, into a series of colorful plastic frames.
On September 9, 2014, Apple introduced the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, and included significantly larger screens than the iPhone 5s, at 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch respectively; both models also introduced mobile payment technology via Apple Pay. Optical image stabilization was introduced to the 6 Plus' camera. The Apple Watch was also introduced on the same day, and is a smartwatch that operates in conjunction with a connected iPhone. Some users experienced bending issues from normal use with the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, particularly on the latter model, and this issue was nicknamed "bendgate".
The iPhone 6s and 6s Plus were introduced on September 9, 2015, and included a more bend-resistant frame made of a stronger aluminum alloy, as well as a higher resolution 12 megapixel main camera capable of 4K video recording. The first-generation iPhone SE was introduced on March 21, 2016, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer hardware from the iPhone 6s, in the frame of the older iPhone 5s.
The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were announced on September 7, 2016, which introduced larger camera sensors, IP67-certified water and dust resistance, and a quad-core A10 Fusion processor utilizing big.LITTLE technology; the 3.5mm headphone jack was removed, and was followed by the introduction of the AirPods wireless earbuds. Optical image stabilization was added to the 7's camera. A second telephoto camera lens was added on the 7 Plus, enabling two-times optical zoom, and "Portrait" photography mode which simulates bokeh in photos.
The iPhone 8, 8 Plus, and iPhone X were announced on September 12, 2017, in Apple's first event held at the Steve Jobs Theater in Apple Park. All models featured rear glass panel designs akin to the iPhone 4, wireless charging, and a hexa-core A11 Bionic chip with "Neural Engine" AI accelerator hardware. The iPhone X additionally introduced a 5.8-inch OLED "Super Retina" display with a "bezel-less" design, with a higher pixel density and contrast ratio than previous iPhones with LCD displays, and introduced a stronger frame made of stainless steel. It also introduced Face ID facial recognition authentication hardware, in a "notch" screen cutout, in place of Touch ID; the home button was removed to make room for additional screen space, replacing it with a gesture-based navigation system. At its US$999 starting price, the iPhone X was the most expensive iPhone at launch.
The iPhone XR, iPhone XS, and XS Max were announced on September 12, 2018. All models featured the "Smart HDR" computational photography system, and a significantly more powerful "Neural Engine". The XS Max introduced a larger 6.5-inch screen. The iPhone XR included a 6.1-inch LCD "Liquid Retina" display, with a "bezel-less" design similar to the iPhone X, but does not include a second telephoto lens; it was made available in a series of vibrant colors, akin to the iPhone 5c, and was a lower-cost device compared to the iPhone X and XS.
The iPhone 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max were announced on September 10, 2019. The iPhone 11 was the successor to the iPhone XR, while the iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max succeeded the iPhone XS and XS Max. All models gained an ultra-wide lens, enabling two-times optical zoom out, as well as larger batteries for longer battery life. The second-generation iPhone SE was introduced on April 17, 2020, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer hardware from the iPhone 11, in the frame of the older iPhone 8, while retaining the home button and the Touch ID sensor.
The iPhone 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, and 12 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on October 13, 2020. All models featured OLED "Super Retina XDR" displays, introduced faster 5G connectivity, and the MagSafe magnetic charging and accessory system; a slimmer flat-edged design was also introduced, which combined with stronger glass-ceramic front glass, added better drop protection compared to previous iPhones. The iPhone 12 Mini introduced a smaller 5.4-inch screen, while the 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max had larger screens of 6.1-inch and 6.7-inch respectively. The iPhone 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max additionally added a Lidar sensor for better accuracy in augumented reality (AR) applications.
The iPhone 13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, and 13 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on September 14, 2021. All models featured larger camera sensors, larger batteries for longer battery life, and a narrower "notch" screen cutout. The iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max additionally introduced smoother adaptive 120 Hz refresh rate "ProMotion" technology in its OLED display, and three-times optical zoom in the telephoto lens. The low-cost third-generation iPhone SE was introduced on March 8, 2022, and incorporated the A15 Bionic chip from the iPhone 13, but otherwise retained similar hardware to the second-generation iPhone SE.
The iPhone 14, 14 Plus, 14 Pro, and 14 Pro Max were announced on September 7, 2022. All models introduced satellite phone emergency calling functionality. The iPhone 14 Plus introduced the large 6.7-inch screen size, first seen on the iPhone 12 Pro Max, into a lower-cost device. The iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max additionally introduced a higher-resolution 48-megapixel main camera, the first increase in megapixel count since the iPhone 6s; it also introduced always-on display technology to the lock screen, and an interactive status bar interface integrated in a redesigned screen cutout, entitled "Dynamic Island".
The iPhone 15, 15 Plus, 15 Pro, and 15 Pro Max were announced on September 12, 2023. Starting with this group of devices, all models switch to using USB-C as their power connector to comply with European Commission regulations, replacing Apple's proprietary Lightning connector after eleven years of use in previous models. All models have the Dynamic Island, which debuted with the iPhone 14 Pro; and the display notch had been retired. The latest iPhone 15 models weighs 171 gms that is exactly a gram lesser than iPhone 14.
Models
42 iPhone models have been produced. The models in bold are devices of the latest generation:
Production
Up to the iPhone 4, all iPhones and other devices, such as iPod Touch models and iPads, were manufactured by Foxconn, based in Taiwan. In 2011, new CEO Tim Cook changed Apple's manufacturing strategy to diversify its suppliers. The iPhone 4s in 2012 was the first model to be manufactured simultaneously by two stand-alone companies: Foxconn and Pegatron, the latter also based in Taiwan. Although Foxconn still produces more iPhones, Pegatron's orders have been slowly increased: the company made part of the iPhone 5c line in 2013, and 30% of iPhone 6 devices in 2014. The 6 Plus model was produced solely by Foxconn. In 2019, Apple investigated reports that some Foxconn managers had used rejected parts to build iPhones. In India, Apple pays Wistron, a Taiwan-based manufacturer with a plant near Bangalore, to assemble iPhones to sell in the region.
In 2022, Apple announced that a portion of iPhone 14 would be manufactured in Tamil Nadu, India, as a response to China's "zero-COVID" policy that has negatively affected global supply chains for many industries. Apple has stated that they plan to shift 25% of iPhone production to India by 2025.
Hardware
Apple directly sub-contracts hardware production to external OEM companies, maintaining a high degree of control over the end product. The iPhone contains most of the hardware parts of a typical modern smartphone. Some hardware elements, such as 3D Touch and the Taptic Engine, are unique to the iPhone. The main hardware of the iPhone is the touchscreen, with current models offering screens of 4.7 inches and larger. All iPhones include a rear-facing camera; the front-facing camera dates back to the iPhone 4. The iPhone 7 Plus introduced multiple lenses to the rear-facing camera. A range of sensors are also included on the device, such as a proximity sensor, ambient light sensor, accelerometer, gyroscopic sensor, magnetometer, facial recognition sensor or fingerprint sensor (depending on the model) and barometer. In 2022, Apple added satellite communications to the iPhone, with the release of the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro.
Software
Operating system
The iPhone runs iOS. It is based on macOS's Darwin and many of its userland APIs, with Cocoa replaced by Cocoa Touch, and AppKit replaced by UIKit. The graphics stack runs on Metal, Apple's low-level graphics API. The iPhone comes with a set of bundled applications developed by Apple, and supports downloading third-party applications through the App Store.
Apple provides free updates to iOS over-the-air, or through Finder and iTunes on a computer. Major iOS releases have historically accompanied new iPhone models.
App Store and third-party apps
At WWDC 2007 on June 11, 2007, Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party Ajax web applications that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog, announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008. The iPhone SDK was officially announced and released on March 6, 2008. The App Store was launched with the release of iPhone OS 2.0, on July 11, 2008.
Apple requires all third-party apps to be downloaded from the App Store, with exceptions for ad-hoc apps used within enterprises. Developers must pay a yearly $99 fee as part of Apple's Developer Program; if their membership expires, their apps are removed from the App Store, though existing users retain the ability to redownload the app. Developers can release free apps, or paid apps for which Apple takes a 30% cut of proceeds. Developers earning less than $1 million in annual sales qualify for the App Store Small Business Program, with Apple only taking a 15% fee.
Though iOS has far lower market share than Android, its app ecosystem has been described as superior, with higher-quality apps, and more iOS-exclusive releases. Android's version fragmentation, less uniform hardware, and lower app revenues have been cited as key factors.
All apps must pass Apple's app review process before being distributed in the App Store. Apple may also stop distributing apps it deems inappropriate. For example, in 2009, Apple rejected the Newspapers app due to The Sun's "obscene" topless Page 3 girls. In 2018, Apple removed Tumblr from the App Store, citing illegal content, causing Tumblr to ban all adult content from their platform. The App Store's review process has been criticized by developers as "frustrating", "anti-competitive", and "asinine".
Users can also install native apps outside of the App Store through jailbreaking. Jailbreaking may cause security issues, and is not supported by Apple.
, Apple has passed 60 billion app downloads. , there have been over 140 billion app downloads from the App Store. , the App Store has over 2.2million apps for the iPhone.
Jailbreaking
Apple restricts the installation of unapproved third-party apps and does not allow full access to the iPhone's filesystem. According to Jonathan Zittrain, the emergence of closed devices like the iPhone has made computing more proprietary than it was in the PC era. Jailbreaking allows users to install apps not available on the App Store, customize their device in ways not allowed by Apple, and bypass SIM locks without carrier approval. Some jailbreak tweaks were later copied by Apple and implemented into iOS, like multitasking, widgets, and copy and paste.
Apple attempted to use the DMCA to fight jailbreaking; however in 2010, the U.S. found jailbreaking to be legal. Jailbroken iPhones are at higher risk of malware. In the United States, Apple cannot void an iPhone's warranty solely due to jailbreaking. Jailbreaks rely on exploits. Apple has improved the iPhone's hardware and software security, making these exploits harder to find; as a result, recent iPhones cannot currently be jailbroken.
Accessibility
The iPhone contains a range of accessibility features to support users' visual, auditory, and motor needs. iPhones can notify users through onscreen banners, audio alerts, vibrations, or the LED flash; vibration patterns can be customized by users. Since iOS 15, Siri can read notifications out loud through earphones, and, since iOS 16, through the device's speakers.
Users with motor needs can use Assistive Touch to customize the way they navigate through menus; it can assist users who have difficulties with some gestures, like pinching, and makes these gestures available by tapping on a menu. The user can create their own gestures and customize the layout of the AssistiveTouch menu. If the user has trouble pressing the Home button, it can be set so that it can be activated with an onscreen tap. Gestures, like rotate and shake, are available even when if the iOS device is mounted on a wheelchair. Head Tracking can be used to control an iPhone using facial movements recognized by the front camera.
Low-vision users can enable VoiceOver, a screen reader which describes what is on the screen, while Siri allows for hands-free interaction. The iPhone also supports wireless braille displays to help users read its interface. Text can be enlarged system-wide. The Magnifier app uses the iPhone's Lidar scanner to identify objects, for example doors, people, and objects, and can describe them to the user, as well as their distance. Door Detection can alert the user through sound, speech, and haptics.
Hearing aids that are part of the Made for iPhone program can be controlled from an iPhone. These hearing aids also feature Live Listen, which enables the iPhone to act as a directional microphone, beaming its audio to compatible hearing aids. Live Listen can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room. Apple built Live Listen support into all AirPods, which can also relay audio from a connected iPhone's microphone. Closed captioning and external TTY devices are supported, while Live Caption can transcribe audio across all apps and display it onscreen. Sound Recognition can recognize surrounding noises, including door bells, kettles, water running, and babies crying, and notify the user with an onscreen alert.
Guided Access helps people with autism, ADHD, or sensory challenges stay focused on a single app. With Guided Access, a parent, teacher, or therapist can limit an iOS device to stay on one app by disabling the Home button and limit the amount of time spent in an app. The user can restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the screen.
Marketing
The original iPhone was heavily promoted before its official announcement, creating buzz and anticipation. Upon its release, it was marketed heavily in television, web and print ads created in partnership with TBWA\Chiat\Day.
Apple's premium market positioning has led the iPhone to be seen as a status symbol.
The Apple ecosystem has been described as a key moat that increases iPhone brand loyalty. iMessage has especially been singled out, with its "green bubbles" phenomena. In iMessage, SMS messages from Android users appear as green bubble, rather than the blue bubbles used for texts from other iPhone users. Group chats between iOS and Android are poorly supported; reactions display as text, rather than bubbles, and images are sent through MMS, which degrades image quality. Some teens have described being "ostracized" after switching to Android, which Google has labelled "bullying". This has been described by critics as a key factor leading 87% of U.S. teenagers to use iPhones.
Retail
SIM unlocking
Many iPhones bought through a monthly carrier contract are SIM locked, restricting their use to one particular carrier. While the iPhone was initially sold in the U.S. only on the AT&T network with a SIM lock in place, various hackers found methods to bypass that SIM lock. More than a quarter of first-generation iPhones sold in the U.S. were not registered with AT&T. Apple speculated that they were likely shipped overseas and unlocked, a lucrative market before the iPhone 3G's worldwide release. Today, many carriers either remove the SIM lock automatically after a certain period, or do it upon request, either for free or for a small fee. iPhones bought from Apple are not SIM locked. Many carriers also sell the iPhone unlocked when purchased outright rather than on a long-term contract.
Retail strategy
Since 2013, iPhone buyers can obtain a trade-in discount when buying a new iPhone directly from Apple. The program aims to increase the number of customers who purchase iPhones at Apple Stores rather than carrier stores. In 2015, Apple unveiled the iPhone Upgrade Program, a 24-month leasing agreement, which Fortune described as a "change [in] iPhone owners' relationships with mobile carriers".
Repairability
Only Apple Stores and Apple Authorized Service Providers are allowed by Apple to perform genuine replacements. Apple has taken steps to make third-party repairs more difficult. iPhone components are soldered, and many are glued together. iPhones receive low repairability scores, in part due to the difficulty of obtaining genuine parts, and the difficulty undertaking each repair. This has given rise to the right to repair movement, aimed at giving users cheaper options for repairing their phones. Apple has lobbied against right to repair legistation. Multiple jurisdictions aim to introduce right to repair laws, including the EU, U.K., and U.S.
In the past, Apple bricked iPhone 6 models after their home buttons were replaced, displaying an Error 53 message; Apple called this a bug, and released an update to address the issue. On iPhones with a Touch ID sensor, the home button cannot be replaced by users or independent repair shops without losing Touch ID functionality, since Apple has not made their calibration tool public.
In more recent models, starting with the iPhone XR, Apple displays warnings in the Settings app if the battery, display, or camera are replaced by a third party. Additionally, some features are disabled when a part labelled "non-genuine" is detected, like True Tone, or the battery health measurement. iFixit notes that a proprietary, cloud-linked System Configuration tool is required to "complete" a part repair, meaning that even replacing a genuine part with another genuine part will fail Apple's "genuine parts" check unless said tool is used.
In 2022, Apple rolled out a self-service repair program, allowing any user to buy parts, rent repair tools from Apple, and obtain repair manuals. The program received a degree of praise by iFixit and repair advocates, who also critically noted that Apple maintains control over the parts supply.
Privacy
Tracking prevention
Apple introduced App Tracking Transparency (ATT) with iOS 14.5 in April 2021. ATT requires apps to ask for explicit permission before being allowed to track the user across other apps and websites. If the user refuses, the app cannot access Apple's Identifier for Advertisers (IDFA), an identifier used to serve personalized ads. ATT does not prevent personalized ads that are based on the user's behavior within the app itself. The feature has been criticised by some as anti-competitive, including Facebook, whose shares fell by 26% after its rollout. Apple exempts their own apps from their anti-tracking measures, which has led to anti-trust investigations by the French and German governments.
Location tracking controversy
In July 2010, Apple claimed that it collected iPhone users' GPS coordinates and nearby Wi-Fi networks twice a day; a Wall Street Journal investigation found that Android sent this data "several times an hour".
In September 2010, forensic expert Christopher Vance discovered a hidden unencrypted file named "consolidated.db" that contained a record of iPhone users' locations. The file was added with the June 2010 iOS 4 update, though previous versions of iOS stored similar information in a file called "h-cells.plist". On April 20, 2011, The Guardian publicized research by Alasdair Allen and Pete Warden, who found that anyone with physical access to an iPhone could obtain a detailed record of its owner's location and movements over the past year. Moreover, the file was automatically backed up by iTunes onto any computer the iPhone was synchronized with. A Wall Street Journal investigation found that users' locations were still stored when location services are disabled. The controversy led to U.S. congressional scrutiny and an FCC investigation, and was dubbed "Locationgate" by the media.
Apple responded on April 27, 2011, claiming that the data was used to cache nearby Wi-Fi hotspots and cell towers in order to improve location speed and accuracy. The company also claimed that locations being collected when location services were off, and being stored for more than a year, were both bugs. Apple issued an update for iOS (version 4.3.3, or 4.2.8 for the CDMA iPhone 4) which reduced the size of the cache, encrypted it, stopped it being backed up to iTunes, and erased it entirely whenever location services were turned off. Nevertheless, in July 2014, a report on state-owned China Central Television called iPhone tracking a "national security concern".
Currently, iPhones contain a "Frequent Locations" database which records where users have been, along with exact times they arrived and left, raising concerns that the data could be used in court. This feature can be turned off.
Child safety controversy
In August 2021, Apple announced plans to scan iCloud Photos for child abuse imagery (through an algorithm called "NeuralHash"), and filter explicit images sent and received by children using iPhones (dubbed "Conversation Safety"), to be rolled out later that year. More than 90 policy and human rights groups wrote an open letter to condemn both features. Apple's plan to implement NeuralHash on-device rather than in the cloud led the EFF and security experts to call it a "backdoor" that could later be expanded to detect other types of contents, and would decrease users' privacy. Apple claimed the system was "misunderstood", but announced in December 2022 that the photo scanning feature would never be implemented. The other feature, Conversation Safety, was added in iOS 15.2.
Security
The iPhone is regarded by security experts as more secure against common malware than Android. Less than 1% of mobile malware targets iOS.
Encryption
Prior to 2014, the iPhone stored all "messages, pictures and videos, contacts, audio recordings [...] and call history" in unencrypted form, enabling easy access by law enforcement. This changed with iOS 8, which adopted file-based encryption. Apple does not hold the decryption key, and cannot be compelled to turn over user data, even when presented with a government warrant. Companies like Grayshift and Cellebrite developed exploits that enable law enforcement to extract user data from iPhones without needing the user's passcode.
In 2015 and 2016, a dispute unfolded between Apple and the FBI. The FBI had recovered the iPhone 5c of one of the San Bernardino attackers, and iCloud backups of that phone from a month and a half before the shooting. The U.S. government attempted to obtain a court order under the All Writs Act compelling Apple to produce a modified version of iOS that would allow investigators to brute force the device passcode. Tim Cook responded on the company's website, outlining a need for encryption, arguing that a backdoor would compromise the privacy of all iPhone users. The DOJ withdrew its request after the FBI bought an exploit to bypass the iPhone's passcode. As a countermeasure, Apple implemented USB Restricted Mode, which was subsequently exploited too.
Pegasus malware
In 2016, researchers discovered the Pegasus suite of exploits targeting iOS and Android, which led to significant international media coverage. Some Pegasus exploits are zero-click, meaning that they can fully compromise the device with no user interaction, for example by sending a malformed iMessage to the user that would not even trigger a notification. Pegasus can collect most data, including chats, passwords, and photos, and can turn on the phone's microphone and camera remotely. Apple quickly issued an update fixing FORCEDENTRY and other known Pegasus exploits, though Pegasus continued to be used, relying on new exploits. Apple also sued NSO, the organization behind Pegasus, announced a new security bounty, and added an optional Lockdown Mode to iOS 16 that reduces the iPhone's attack surface.
Prominent victims of Pegasus include Jamal Khashoggi, and numerous activists, businessmen and politicians. Pegasus has been widely used since 2011, and is still used by law enforcement and governments as of July 2022.
Reception and legacy
The original iPhone has been described as "revolutionary" a "breakthrough handheld computer", and "the best phone that anybody has ever made". It is now Apple's bestselling product, has been credited with helping to make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011. Newer iterations have also received praise and awards.
Before the iPhone, smartphones were mostly used for texting, calls, and email; more advanced functions were harder to use and inconvenient on a small screen. They were also hard to develop for, and lacked a thriving app ecosystem like the App Store (released in 2008). Many phones were heavily customized by mobile carriers, which led to feature fragmentation and prevented these phones from turning into thriving software platforms. In contrast, Apple's iPhone SDK provided a wide range of APIs, made mobile development far more accessible, and was instrumental in turning the iPhone into a "Swiss army knife" with a wide range of features and apps.
Successive iPhone models have generated significant fan enthusiasm, with many customers queuing up in front of Apple Stores on launch day. As of 2021, the iPhone has higher brand loyalty than any other smartphone.
The iPhone's success has led to the decline of incumbents Nokia, BlackBerry, and Motorola. RIM, Symbian and Microsoft all attempted to develop more modern operating systems to compete with the iPhone, like Maemo, Windows Phone, and BlackBerry 10; all were unsuccessful. Google successfully started over on their Android project, and designed it for mass adoption by carriers and phone hardware manufacturers. Today, iOS and Android account for 99% of smartphones used worldwide.
Sales
Steve Jobs's initial target was to reach 1% of phone market share in 2008. Apple sold 6.1 million units of the original iPhone between Q3 FY2007 and Q4 FY2008, and 11.3 million units of the iPhone 3G in Q4 FY2008 and Q1 FY2009. In 2008, the iPhone reached 1.1% of worldwide mobile phone market share, and 8.2% of the smartphone market. During this time it was quickly becoming relevant in North America, and in market share was ranked second in the U.S. in 2009, behind the BlackBerry; in 2010 the iPhone 3GS was the best-selling smartphone in the U.S., the first time that an iPhone device reached top spot in that market.
iPhone sales grew continuously year-over-year since its introduction until Q2 FY2016. The iPhone briefly surpassed BlackBerry in Q4 FY2008, and permanently overtook it starting in Q3 FY2010. By 2011, Apple sold 100 million iPhones worldwide, and became the largest mobile phone vendor in the world by revenue, surpassing long-time leader Nokia. Q1 FY2012 marked Apple's best quarterly earnings in its history, with 53% of the company's revenues coming from iPhone sales. Phone sales are strongly seasonal, peaking in the holiday season (Apple's Q1). With the release of the iPhone 13 in Q1 FY2022, Apple temporarily topped Samsung, with 84.9 million units shipped compared to Samsung's 68.9 million. In most quarters, Apple is the second largest smartphone vendor by units.
Today, Samsung and Apple dominate the smartphone market, with 21.8% and 15.6% worldwide market share respectively. Due to Apple's small lineup, Apple often dominates the list of bestselling smartphone models. Despite its lower market share, the iPhone's premium positioning has led it to capture nearly half of global smartphone revenue, and 80% of global smartphone profits, with Samsung taking the other 20%. Carriers compete with each other to subsidize iPhone upgrades, which is seen as a significant factor in iPhone sales, though this has reduced carrier profits. On July 27, 2016, Apple announced that it had sold their 1 billionth iPhone.
Compared to other high-tech products, a greater proportion of iPhone users are female. The iPhone has been adopted by both consumers and business users. iPhone users are wealthier and spend more time on their phones than Android users on average. The iPhone is especially popular in the U.S., where it has a 50% market share, and is used by 87% of teenagers. Worldwide, the iPhone accounts for 78% of the high-end ($1,000+) smartphone market.
Android overtook the iPhone's installed base in 2010, according to NPD Group. During Apple's earnings call on January 27, 2021, Tim Cook said that 1 billion iPhones were being actively used worldwide.
Emerging markets
While other manufacturers make separate entry-level phones, Apple's entry-level phones are the previous years' models, part of an effort to increase its market share in emerging markets without diluting its premium brand. It also considers emerging market tastes in its product designs; for example, it introduced a gold iPhone after finding that gold was seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers. In 2017, Apple started manufacturing previous years' iPhone models in India; in 2022, it began manufacturing the current iPhone 14 there too. Analysts have speculated that this was partly caused by Apple's desire to reduce its dependence on China, and to overcome Indian import duties. In 2023, the Chinese government banned the use of iPhones by government civil servants in what was seen as an effort to reduce dependence on foreign technology and strengthen cybersecurity.
See also
History of the iPhone
Apple Newton, an early personal digital assistant and the first tablet platform developed by Apple
Pocket-sized computer
Notes
References
External links
Evolution of iPhone at TechEngage, February 3, 2021
Computer-related introductions in 2007
Digital audio players
Personal digital assistants
ITunes
Mobile phones introduced in 2007 |
The Naso or Teribe people (also Tjër Di) are an indigenous people of Panama and Costa Rica. They primarily live in northwest Panama in the Bocas del Toro Province and Naso Tjër Di Comarca. There are roughly 3,500 people who belong to the Naso tribe. It is one of the few Native American indigenous groups or tribes that continues to have a monarchy.
History
The Naso (Teribe or Térraba) people have traditionally occupied the mountainous jungle regions of western Bocas del Toro where they continue to identify with the lands along the river that became known in the Spanish speaking world as the Teribe or Tjër Di in Naso. ‘Di’ means ‘water’ and 'Tjër' is their mythical “Grand-Mother” who was endowed by God with the secrets of botanical medicine. Until as recently as three or four generations ago the Naso people led a remarkably autonomous existence. Dispersed among their clans and homesteads, and geographically isolated from most of the world, the Naso developed and nurtured their cultural self-sufficiency through the idiom and the institution of the family.
Overview
The Térraba, or Teribe, are an indigenous group in the Puntarenas region of southern Costa Rica with a rich cultural heritage. Located on approximately 34.7 square miles (9,000 hectares) along the Térraba River, the Térraba have survived off the land for more than 500 years. The river called Grande de Térraba is the largest river in Costa Rica, in the province of Puntarenas, also known as River “Diquís” that in their native dialect means “great water.” A significant part of the Térraba nation is living along the shores of the said river.
The Térraba are a warrior people that trace its roots back to the pre-Columbian Chiriquí civilization that dominated Costa Rica. The Térraba have a deeply spiritual relationship with the land and, especially, water. When the Spanish Conquistadors arrived in the early 1500s, they found Costa Rica to be a harsh country with few resources to exploit. In comparison to other pre-colonial civilizations, there were few indigenous to use for labor.
The Spanish brought Catholicism and smallpox, and many tribes were not able to survive both. Despite Spanish influence, the Térraba can trace their history back to specific events as early as the 1600s. The Térraba were able to maintain their culture, traditions and language in spite of the Spanish occupation and Catholic influence. They have recorded an extensive oral history to preserve it for future generations.
Language
The traditional language, Teribe, is only spoken by a handful of people in the community. However, the efforts to recover it are supported by the Teribe of Panama, another group that shares its culture and history with the Térraba of Costa Rica.
The Panamanian community has been able to entirely maintain the native language, and has assisted the smaller Costa Rican community by sending a professor to the area to help teach the language.
Historians cannot tell why and how those native tribes visited Cocos Island. However, Heyerdahl (1966) and Lines (1940) support the old statement of (Gonzalo Fernandez de) Oviedo regarding such early visits. (See more under Timeline.)
The work of Arroyo (1966) is probably the best linguistic work and dictionary of the Térraba language but more recent publications may exist. For a short bibliography on the Térraba language please refer to The Newberry Library’s Indian Linguistics in the Edward E. Ayer collection, Volume 2.
Timeline
1610
The Térraba participated with the indigenous groups Ateos, Viceitas and Cabecares in the rebellion that destroyed Santiago of Salamanca.
The Spaniards wrote of Cocos Island, “Allí se hallaron ciertos ídolos labrados de piedra”. Lines (1940) claimed the same. That is, “certain idols were found there [on Cocos Island], worked out of stone.” This indicates the visits of some native tribes before (or at the beginning of the) colonial era. The archaeological findings in Heyerdahl (1966) confirm that the Galapagos Islands, at about the same distance from the continent, had similar visits by South American Indians. It is possible that the temporary homeland or a base port of one of the tribes was on Galapagos Islands in those decades.
There is no detailed data about the Térraba before the year 1697. They numbered between 500 and 2000 persons then. Their men were described as being naked and distinct from other Costa Rican tribes by their fame as diligent workers. Their mortal enemies were the Changuenes that were mentioned in Spanish documents at least from 1680, as living on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. In 1708-1709 the Térrabas also lived on the coast at Diquis, later called “Grande de Térraba.” They became very faithful Christians.
1710
Missionaries led by Fray Pablo de Rebullida and the Spanish military moved part of the Térraba population to the southwestern region of Costa Rica, near Boruca and the Térraba River. The town, San Francisco de Térraba, was founded in 1689. Its name was later shortened to Térraba.
1761
The northern Indians attacked San Francisco de Térraba, burning it, killing the men and capturing the women, a day after an attack on Cabagra, another local indigenous group. After the massacre, Térraba only had 300 people left.
1845-1848
After a church was burned, the Catholic priests decided that reducing the territory would conserve and protect the population. Within several years Pauline priests arrived to take over the Térraba community, but brought smallpox. The epidemic decimated the population.
1956-1977
Legislation to establish and protect the indigenous territories gave the Térraba the inalienable right to their traditional land, the use of their resources and some autonomy in self-governance.
1970s
Costa Rica began promoting clearing forests to convert them to agricultural and pastoral lands. Much of the Térraba’s forest was lost.
1982
The Térraba lost the right to own the minerals beneath the soil on their own land, under a new mining law.
1999
Costa Rica recognized indigenous languages in its constitution.
2002
Indigenous communities began protesting against the Diquís Hydroelectric Project, which was then known as the Boruca Hydroelectric Project.
2004
The title to the territory was amended and reduced without asking the Térraba, fragmenting the territory into blocks.
2007
Diquís project workers moved to the region and started work without consulting the Térraba community.
2009
On Oct. 6, more than 150 Térraba and others marched along the inter-American highway to demand respect for their right to participate in decisions involving their lands. They marched all the way to the town of Buenos Aires, more than 8 miles (13 kilometers) from Térraba territory. ICE employees filmed and shouted at them in Buenos Aires, causing a confrontation that required police intervention.
2011
The Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad – ICE) removed their equipment and suspended work in Térraba territory.
Economy
The Naso, who now live in the province of Bocas del Toro, Panama, are for the most part very poor subsistence farmers who supplement their earnings with the sale of the agricultural products (cocoa, oranges, plantains, etc.), animals (pigs, chickens, ducks, etc.), lumber (Cordia alliodora, Cedrela odorata, etc.) and some handicrafts which they transport to the relatively nearby city of Changuinola (population 30,000, two hours down river by raft or dugout canoe). While the Naso are isolated in geographic terms and receive few visitors to their communities, they are for the most part bilingual (Naso and Spanish), wear Western clothing, and many among them have converted to evangelical Protestant religions.
The Costa Rica branch has been successful in gaining United Nations financial support to build tourism facilities including hostel/cabin housing with plumbing and improvement to trails.
Lands
The enormous scientific, hydroelectric and eco-tourism potential of the Naso people’s ancestral territory has attracted considerable international and national interest. Beginning in the 1980s the Government of Panama transferred large sections of the region to its own system of protected areas (Palo Seco National Forest (BBPS) and La Amistad International Park (PILA). In the year 2005, three major conservation and development projects were proposing to significantly reorganize local land use activities. These included a new law to recognize Naso territorial rights and jurisdiction in the Panamanian National Assembly, a World Bank-funded Biological Corridor project (CBMAP) promoting sustainable development in indigenous communities and protected areas, and a hydroelectric project sponsored by a Colombian utility company (Empresas Públicas de Medellín).
In Costa Rica, Térraba lands are threatened by the Diquís Dam project, which would flood 10 percent of the land including important sacred sites and which would force the relocation of the approximately 600 indigenous Naso who live in the country.
Politics
The tribe is governed by a king. The succession, according to tradition, would follow from the king to his brother, to the older son of the previous king. Since the 1980s, succession is based on the vote of the adult population. Typically, when there is a sense within the community that there is dissatisfaction with the current king (or sometimes queen, for instance queen Rufina), another member of the royal family may choose to stand for a public vote to see if they can replace the current king. In 2004 King Tito was deposed following his approval of a hydro electric scheme on the Bonyic River which traverses Naso territory. He was deposed in a civil uprising in the capital - Siey Llik - and forced into exile. His uncle is now considered the King of Naso by the majority of the tribe, although this state of affairs is yet to be recognized by the Panamanian Government.
List of Kings
Bass Lee Santana
Santiago Santana
Santiago Santana (son)
Chalee Santana
Francisco Santana
Lázaro Santana - (? - 1973)
Simeón Santana - (1973–1979)
Manuel Aguilar - (1979 - April 25, 1982)
Rufina Santana - (April 25, 1982 - July 30, 1988)
César Santana - (July 30, 1988 - May 31, 1998)
Tito Santana - (May 31, 1998- )
Valentín Santana - (May 30, 2004- )
Culture
The Térraba describe themselves as a matriarchal community. They pride themselves on their rich agriculture and their independence.
Most of the inhabitants in Panama speak the native language, although the majority also know Spanish. Very few of the Naso tribes adhere to Roman Catholicism. The Seventh-day Adventist Church, is very important. The traditional God is Sibö, who is a supreme God and creator. Most Naso live in elevated wooden houses, with thatched or zinc-coated roofing.
In Costa Rica, few native speakers remain, mostly elders. Intermarriage between the Costa Rica and Panama groups has brought some fluent speakers to live in the Costa Rica territories. As of 2012, the community in Costa Rica has brought in a teacher from Panama to reintroduce the language in the village schools.
See also
Bokota people
Indigenous peoples of Panama
Notes
Arroyo, Victor Manuel. “Lenguas Indígenas Costarricenses.” San José: Editorial Costa Rica, 1966.
Elon iMedia. Térraba. http://terraba.org. Accessed 1/22/2013
Heyerdahl, Thor. “Notes on the Pre-European Coconut Groves on Cocos Island in (Reports of the) Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific,” Vol. 2. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1966.
Instituto de Estudios de las Tradiciones Sagradas de Abia Yala, I. 2001. Narraciones Teribes: Nasoga Laiwãk. Vol. 7. Textos Sagrados. San José, C.R.: Fundación Coordinadora de Pastoral Aborigen.
Lines, J.A. “Reciente hallazgo arquelógico evidencia que la isla del Coco estuvo habitada en los tiempos prehistóricos.” San José: Diario de Costa Rica, May 12, 1940.
Meléndez, Carlos. “Costa Rica: Tierra y poblamiento en la colonia.” San José: Editorial Costa Rica, 1978.
Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de. “Historia General y Natural de las Indias,” Tomo V, in “Biblioteca de Autores Españoles.” Madrid, 1959.
Paiement, Jason. 2009. The Tiger and the Turbine: Indigenous Rights and Resource Management in the Naso Territory of Panama. VDM Verlag. .
External links
Naso Bibliography
Naso photo gallery
Maps of proposed Naso Comarca
Crisis in Panama
Site about culture of Térraba in Costa Rica
web site entitled “Teribe Indigenous Cultural Association”
Térraba River for the Térraba River
Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica
Indigenous peoples in Panama
Indigenous peoples of Central America
Circum-Caribbean tribes
Monarchies of North America |
```javascript
/** PURE_IMPORTS_START tslib,_util_isArray,_fromArray,_OuterSubscriber,_util_subscribeToResult PURE_IMPORTS_END */
import * as tslib_1 from "tslib";
import { isArray } from '../util/isArray';
import { fromArray } from './fromArray';
import { OuterSubscriber } from '../OuterSubscriber';
import { subscribeToResult } from '../util/subscribeToResult';
export function race() {
var observables = [];
for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {
observables[_i] = arguments[_i];
}
if (observables.length === 1) {
if (isArray(observables[0])) {
observables = observables[0];
}
else {
return observables[0];
}
}
return fromArray(observables, undefined).lift(new RaceOperator());
}
var RaceOperator = /*@__PURE__*/ (function () {
function RaceOperator() {
}
RaceOperator.prototype.call = function (subscriber, source) {
return source.subscribe(new RaceSubscriber(subscriber));
};
return RaceOperator;
}());
export { RaceOperator };
var RaceSubscriber = /*@__PURE__*/ (function (_super) {
tslib_1.__extends(RaceSubscriber, _super);
function RaceSubscriber(destination) {
var _this = _super.call(this, destination) || this;
_this.hasFirst = false;
_this.observables = [];
_this.subscriptions = [];
return _this;
}
RaceSubscriber.prototype._next = function (observable) {
this.observables.push(observable);
};
RaceSubscriber.prototype._complete = function () {
var observables = this.observables;
var len = observables.length;
if (len === 0) {
this.destination.complete();
}
else {
for (var i = 0; i < len && !this.hasFirst; i++) {
var observable = observables[i];
var subscription = subscribeToResult(this, observable, observable, i);
if (this.subscriptions) {
this.subscriptions.push(subscription);
}
this.add(subscription);
}
this.observables = null;
}
};
RaceSubscriber.prototype.notifyNext = function (outerValue, innerValue, outerIndex, innerIndex, innerSub) {
if (!this.hasFirst) {
this.hasFirst = true;
for (var i = 0; i < this.subscriptions.length; i++) {
if (i !== outerIndex) {
var subscription = this.subscriptions[i];
subscription.unsubscribe();
this.remove(subscription);
}
}
this.subscriptions = null;
}
this.destination.next(innerValue);
};
return RaceSubscriber;
}(OuterSubscriber));
export { RaceSubscriber };
//# sourceMappingURL=race.js.map
``` |
```shell
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# This script runs the given benchmark and compares the results against origin/master.
#
# USAGE:
# In order to trigger benchmarking for an open PR, post a comment like `/benchmark NAME` to
# the PR. The command will be acknowledged with a :rocket: reaction and when done a bot will
# publish the results to the same PR.
#
# This script can also be run locally inside the nix shell like so:
# `BENCHMARK_NAME=nofib ./scripts/ci-plutus-benchmark.sh`
#
# NOTES:
# The `cabal update` command below is neccessary because while the whole script is executed inside
# a nix shell, this environment does not provide the hackage record inside .cabal and we have to
# fetch/build this each time since we want to run this in a clean environment.
# The `jq` invocation below is necessary because we have to POST the PR comment as JSON data
# (see the curl command) meaning the script output has to be escaped first before we can insert it.
set -e
if [ -z "$BENCHMARK_NAME" ] ; then
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: 'BENCHMARK_NAME' is not set, exiting."
exit 1
fi
if [ -z "$PR_NUMBER" ] ; then
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: 'PR_NUMBER' is not set, probably running locally."
PR_NUMBER="[local]"
fi
if [ -z "$PR_BRANCH" ] ; then
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: 'PR_BRANCH' is not set, probably running locally"
else
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: 'PR_BRANCH' set to $PR_BRANCH, fetching origin ..."
git fetch origin
git checkout "$PR_BRANCH"
fi
PR_BRANCH_REF="$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"
if [ -z "$(git merge-base HEAD origin/master)" ]; then
echo "The command 'git merge-base HEAD origin/master' returned an empty string."
echo "You probably need to 'git rebase --origin master' from your branch first."
exit 1
fi
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Processing benchmark comparison for benchmark '$BENCHMARK_NAME' on PR $PR_NUMBER"
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Running as user:"
whoami
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Updating cabal database ..."
cabal update
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Clearing caches with cabal clean ..."
cabal clean
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Running benchmark for PR branch at $PR_BRANCH_REF ..."
2>&1 cabal bench "$BENCHMARK_NAME" | tee bench-PR.log
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Switching branches ..."
git checkout "$(git merge-base HEAD origin/master)"
BASE_BRANCH_REF=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Clearing caches with cabal clean ..."
cabal clean
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Running benchmark for base branch at $BASE_BRANCH_REF ..."
2>&1 cabal bench "$BENCHMARK_NAME" | tee bench-base.log
git checkout "$PR_BRANCH_REF" # .. so we use the most recent version of the comparison script
echo "[ci-plutus-benchmark]: Comparing results ..."
{
# The blank line is important, otherwise Github doesn't render markdown in the body of the details element.
# See path_to_url for examples
cat <<EOF
Comparing benchmark results of '$BENCHMARK_NAME' on '$BASE_BRANCH_REF' (base) and '$PR_BRANCH_REF' (PR)
<details>
<summary>Results table</summary>
EOF
./plutus-benchmark/bench-compare-markdown bench-base.log bench-PR.log "${BASE_BRANCH_REF:0:7}" "${PR_BRANCH_REF:0:7}"
echo -e "</details>"
} > bench-compare-result.log
``` |
No. 1302 (Meteorological) Flight was formed at RAF Yelahanka, Karnataka, British India, on 31 July 1943 by re-designating No. 3 Meteorological Flight RAF. The flight was disbanded on 1 June 1946 at RAF Bangalore, Karnataka, British India.
Aircraft operated
Flight airfields
References
Notes
Bibliography
Delve, Ken. The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. .
Lake, Alan. Flying Units of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999. .
Sturtivant, Ray, ISO and John Hamlin. RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2007. .
1302 Flight
Military units and formations established in 1943 |
Hatch is an unincorporated community in Ralls County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
History
A post office called Hatch was established in 1883, and remained in operation until 1905. The community has the name of William H. Hatch (1833–1896), a U.S. Representative from Missouri.
References
Unincorporated communities in Ralls County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
The Cutting Edge is a live album by jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins, recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival and released on the Milestone label in 1974, featuring performances by Rollins with Stanley Cowell, Yoshiaki Masuo, Bob Cranshaw, David Lee and Mtume with Rufus Harley joining on one track.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states: "Sonny Rollins' 1974 appearance at the Montreux Jazz Festival was warmly received... Rollins manages to turn such unlikely material as 'To a Wild Rose' and 'A House Is Not a Home' into jazz." Music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a B rating, writing "...although I hoped for belated paydirt from his first live album in years, more careful examination reveals that the straight melodies do get dull and the improvisations aren't rich enough to invite deep digging..."
Track listing
All compositions by Sonny Rollins except where noted.
"The Cutting Edge" – 6:50
"To a Wild Rose" (Edward MacDowell) – 8:42
"First Moves" – 6:58
"A House Is Not a Home" – (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 5:33
"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" (Traditional) – 14:41
Recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival, Switzerland, on July 6, 1974
Personnel
Sonny Rollins – tenor saxophone
Stanley Cowell – piano
Yoshiaki Masuo – guitar
Bob Cranshaw – electric bass
David Lee – drums
Mtume – congas
Rufus Harley – bagpipes (track 5)
References
Albums produced by Orrin Keepnews
1974 live albums
Sonny Rollins live albums
Milestone Records live albums
Albums recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival |
Winner of the U.S. Department of State's 2014 Award for Corporate Excellence, founded in 2010 by Troy Wiseman and Camille Rebelo, EcoPlanet Bamboo has pioneered the industrialization of bamboo as an alternative fiber for timber manufacturing industries. To date the Company has 37,250 acres of bamboo farms under ownership, in Central American, Western and Southern Africa, with larger scale plantations underway.
EcoPlanet Bamboo is a privately owned United States Company, registered in Delaware and with corporate headquarters located outside of Chicago, Illinois. It is a US Series LLC allowing each geographic region and individual bamboo plantation to be funded and operated separately but under the same umbrella.
The Company has been recognized for its social impact created more than 750 jobs and operates in some of the poorest parts of the world in Nicaragua, South Africa and Ghana.
EcoPlanet Bamboo plants species of tropical clumping (sympodial) bamboos, using only highly degraded and marginal land to produce a tree free, deforestation free fiber. The Company has developed a framework for what sustainability means in respect to bamboo. Farms reach maturity in 5–7 years and the fiber is targeted towards Fortune 500 companies dependent on wood and fiber as their raw resource.
The company is highly decentralized with individual bamboo plantations operating under EcoPlanet Bamboo Groups standardized operational framework to achieve Forest Landscape Restoration. A full set of qualified managerial staff exists on each farm and is overseen by a core managerial team.
Bamboo in China
Although bamboo is a plant that has been grown and harvested in China for generations, it occurs only within a smallholder model. There are few commercial or large scale managed plantations. The majority of area under bamboo comprises plots of a few Mu in size, owned by individual farmers or families, and managed as part of a diverse mix of livelihood crops. Throughout China bamboo has been planted only in areas not suitable for agriculture, which generally mean mountainous land that is often inaccessible. Most of China's bamboo industry is focused on a single iconic species – Moso (Phyllostachys edulis)
The processing of bamboo in China is dominated by low and medium level processing, with a large focus on two very different markets (1) the global handicraft industry and (2) the production of edible bamboo shoots for the food industry. In recent years there has been an increase in the production of bamboo flooring.
EcoPlanet Bamboo is working in a different manner growing certified bamboo fiber for the pulp and paper industry, textiles and engineered timber.
Historical barriers to industrialization
EcoPlanet Bamboo claims to have overcome many barriers to industrialize bamboo as a commercial crop:
A lack of planting material. See “bamboo mass flowering".
Lack of knowledge on the growth, ecology and yields of bamboos other than Moso.
High investment required to take bamboo through the 6–7 years required to reach maturity.
Difficulty of operating in remote parts of the developing world.
Bamboo sustainability
EcoPlanet Bamboo is a triple bottom line company promoting the concept of conscious capitalism. The company has pioneered the concept of sustainability certification for commercially produced bamboo. Nicaraguan farms are certified under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and have gold level Climate Community Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA) stamp of approval. EcoPlanet Bamboo is the first entity to have received these certifications for application to bamboo.
The Company has been insured by the World Bank's Multilateral Insurance Guarantee Agency (MIGA), holding a $48 million policy. MIGA has featured EcoPlanet Bamboo for strong social and environmental impact.
EcoPlanet Bamboo's farms are examples of private sector forest landscape restoration, with planted bamboo conserving and reconnecting remnant forest patches and scattered native vegetation, restoring soil functioning, water tables and carbon sinks.
US Department of State ACE Award
This annual award was presented to EcoPlanet Bamboo by Secretary Kerry at the US State Department in 2014. EcoPlanet Bamboo was honored alongside the Coca Cola company for trendsetting good business practices in its countries of operation.
References
External links
Bamboo Parquet Plank
Bamboo
Environmental organizations based in the United States
Sustainable development |
The Ares Defense Shrike 5.56 is an air-cooled, dual-feed rifle for semi or full-auto configurations that fires the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge. The Shrike 5.56 can be supplied as a complete weapon, or as an upper receiver “performance upgrade kit” to existing M16-type service rifles and carbines. it is named after the Shrike, a carnivorous passerine bird, and was designed by Geoffrey Herring.
Overview
The Shrike 5.56 has gas-piston operation, a quick-change barrel with fixed headspace and MIL-STD-1913 rail interface for the mounting of accessories. It can fire from standard 30-round M16 magazines, 100-round Beta C-Mag drum magazines, and M27-linked SAW ammunition from 100-round or 200-round “soft-pouches” and 200-round hard plastic SAW ammunition containers. At 7.5 lbs complete weapon weight, the Shrike 5.56 is lighter than other squad automatic weapons, such as the M249 light machine gun and Heckler & Koch MG4.
Variants
There exist some notable differences between the current model and the older prototypes.
EXP-1: The initial proof-of-concept prototype. It features a modified M249 handguard, a unique firing mechanism and a quick-detach barrel latch derived from the Stoner 63.
EXP-2: This improved prototype featured a new Picatinny rail handguard, an improved firing mechanism using some M16 components, and a new barrel latch similar to that of the M60 machine gun.
03A: The production model. It has a compact side-mounted gas system different from the previous prototypes, and its firing mechanism is also significantly modified. Early production runs had a circular handguard. More recent production Shrikes have a Picatinny rail handguard. The barrel latch and some other components are similar to the EXP-1.
ARES-16SPW receiver: This receiver was designed by Ares specifically for the Shrike system. It is identical to the mil-spec M16 receiver, except its magazine well is cut away to save space. Shrikes mounted on this receiver can only use M249 box magazines with linked 'munitions, but they have a smaller vertical profile.
Ares AAR: Lightweight Infantry Automatic Rifle for squad support. Features quick-change barrel, telescoping stock, MIL-STD-1913 optics mount and rail interface handguard with USMC Grip-Pod system. Feeds from 30- and 100-round magazines and can be user-configured to dual-feed (belt and magazine) in minutes with optional belt-feed module.
Ares AAR/C: Ultra-Compact Infantry Automatic Rifle for squad support. Features quick-change barrel, side-folding stock, MIL-STD-1913 optics mount and rail interface handguard. Feeds from 30- and 100-round magazines. Compact design maximizes portability and dismounted maneuverability.
This production variant can be fitted with multiple Picatinny rails. These enable it to mount various commercial scopes, flashlights, lasers, and even secondary underbarrel weapons such as grenade launchers and shotguns.
References
External links
Ares Defense: Official Site
Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide (FILM) 200 Round Burst on Tripod (.MPEG)
5.56×45mm NATO machine guns
Machine guns of the United States
Semi-automatic rifles of the United States
Squad automatic weapons
ArmaLite AR-10 derivatives
AR-15 style rifles
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2002 |
Mamdouh Taha Al-Husseini Abouebaid (born 1 January 1988) is an Egyptian handball player for Al Ahly and the Egyptian national team.
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Egyptian male handball players
Handball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic handball players for Egypt
Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Egypt
Mediterranean Games medalists in handball
21st-century Egyptian people |
The 2020–21 Kayserispor season was the club's 55th season in existence and the club's sixth consecutive season in the top flight of Turkish football. In addition to the domestic league, Kayserispor participated in this season's editions of the Turkish Cup. The season covered the period from July 2020 to 30 June 2021.
Players
First-team squad
Out on loan
Transfers
In
Out
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Overview
Süper Lig
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Turkish Cup
Statistics
Goalscorers
References
External links
Kayserispor seasons
Kayserispor |
Classical fluids are systems of particles which retain a definite volume, and are at sufficiently high temperatures (compared to their Fermi energy) that quantum effects can be neglected. A system of hard spheres, interacting only by hard collisions (e.g., billiards, marbles), is a model classical fluid. Such a system is well described by the Percus–Yevik equation. Common liquids, e.g., liquid air, gasoline etc., are essentially mixtures of classical fluids. Electrolytes, molten salts, salts dissolved in water, are classical charged fluids. A classical fluid when cooled undergoes a freezing transition. On heating it undergoes an evaporation transition and becomes a classical gas that obeys Boltzmann statistics.
A system of charged classical particles moving in a uniform positive neutralizing background is known as a one-component plasma (OCP). This is well described by the Hyper-netted chain equation (see CHNC).
An essentially very accurate way of determining the properties of classical fluids is provided by the method of molecular dynamics.
An electron gas confined in a metal is not a classical fluid, whereas a very high-temperature plasma of electrons could behave as a classical fluid. Such non-classical Fermi systems, i.e., quantum fluids, can be studied using quantum Monte Carlo methods, Feynman path integral equation methods, and approximately via CHNC integral-equation methods.
See also
Bose–Einstein condensate
Fermi liquid
Many-body theory
Quantum fluid
References
Concepts in physics |
Neomura is a possible clade composed of the two domains of life of Archaea and Eukaryota. The group was named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002. Its name means "new walls", reflecting his hypothesis that it evolved from Bacteria, and one of the major changes was the replacement of peptidoglycan cell walls with other glycoproteins. , the neomuran hypothesis is not accepted by most workers; molecular phylogenies suggest that eukaryotes are most closely related to one group of archaeans and evolved from them, rather than forming a clade with all archaeans, and that Archaea and Bacteria are sister groups.
Morphology
Considered as a clade, the Neomura are a very diverse group, containing all of the multicellular species, as well as all of the most extremophilic species, but they all share certain molecular characteristics. All neomurans have histones to help with chromosome packaging, and most have introns. All use the molecule methionine as the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis (bacteria use formylmethionine). Finally, all neomurans use several kinds of RNA polymerase, whereas bacteria use only one.
Phylogeny
There are several hypotheses for the phylogenetic relationships between archaeans and eukaryotes.
Three-domain view
When Carl Woese first published his three-domain system in 1990, it was believed that the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota were equally old and equally related on the tree of life. However certain evidence began to suggest that Eukaryota and Archaea were more closely related to each other than either was to Bacteria. This evidence included the common use of cholesterols and proteasomes, which are complex molecules not found in most bacteria, leading to the inference that the root of life lay between Bacteria on the one hand, and Archaea and Eukaryota combined on the other, i.e. that there were two primary branches of life subsequent to the LUCA – Bacteria and Neomura (not then called by this name).
The "three primary domains" (3D) scenario was one of the two hypotheses considered plausible in a 2010 review of the origin of eukaryotes.
Derived clade view
In a 2002 paper, and subsequent papers, Thomas Cavalier-Smith and coworkers have promulgated a hypothesis that Neomura was a clade deeply nested with Eubacteria with Actinomycetota as its sister group. He wrote, "Eukaryotes and archaebacteria form the clade neomura and are sisters, as shown decisively by genes fragmented only in archaebacteria and by many sequence trees. This sisterhood refutes all theories that eukaryotes originated by merging an archaebacterium and an α-proteobacterium, which also fail to account for numerous features shared specifically by eukaryotes and actinobacteria."
These include the presence of cholesterols and proteasomes in Actinomycetota as well as in Neomura. Features of this complexity are unlikely to evolve more than once in separate branches, so either there was a horizontal transfer of those two pathways, or Neomura evolved from this particular branch of the bacterial tree.
Two domains view
As early as 2010, the major competitor to the three domains scenario for the origin of eukaryotes was the "two domains" (2D) scenario, in which eukaryotes emerged from within the archaea. The discovery of a major group within the Archaea, Lokiarchaeota, to which eukaryotes are more genetically similar than to other archaeans, is not consistent with the Neomura hypothesis. Instead, it supports the hypothesis that eukaryotes emerged from within one group of archaeans:
A 2016 study using 16 universally-conserved ribosomal proteins supports the 2D view. Its "new view of the tree of life" shows eukaryotes as a small group nested within Archaea, in particular within the TACK superphylum. However, the origin of eukaryotes remains unresolved, and the two domain and three domain scenarios remain viable hypotheses.
See also
Protocell
References
Further reading
Phylogenetics
Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith |
Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α2-adrenergic agonist medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions. It is used orally (by mouth), by injection, or as a transdermal skin patch. Onset of action is typically within an hour with the effects on blood pressure lasting for up to eight hours.
Common side effect include dry mouth, dizziness, headaches, hypotension, and sleepiness. Severe side effects may include hallucinations, heart arrhythmias, and confusion. If rapidly stopped, withdrawal effects may occur. Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended. Clonidine lowers blood pressure by stimulating α2 receptors in the brain, which results in relaxation of many arteries.
Clonidine was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1966. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 75th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Clonidine is used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or smoking), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, and certain pain conditions. It also sees some use off-label for episodic insomnia, restless-legs syndrome, and anxiety, among other uses.
Resistant hypertension
Clonidine may be effective for lowering blood pressure in people with resistant hypertension.
Clonidine works by slowing the pulse rate and exerts a reduction of serum concentrations of renin, aldosterone, and catecholamines.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Clonidine may improve symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in some people but causes many adverse effects and the beneficial effect is modest. In Australia, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by the TGA. Clonidine, along with methylphenidate, has been studied for treatment of ADHD. While not as effective as methylphenidate in treating ADHD, clonidine does offer some benefit; it can also be useful in combination with stimulant medications. Some studies show clonidine to be more sedating than guanfacine, which may be better at bedtime along with an arousing stimulant in the morning. Clonidine has been used to reduce sleep disturbances in ADHD, including to help offset stimulant-associated insomnia.
Drug withdrawal
Clonidine may be used to ease drug withdrawal symptoms associated with abruptly stopping the long-term use of opioids, alcohol, benzodiazepines and nicotine. It can alleviate opioid withdrawal symptoms by reducing the sympathetic nervous system response such as tachycardia and hypertension, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), hot and cold flashes, and akathisia. It may also be helpful in aiding smokers to quit. The sedation effect can also be useful. Clonidine may also reduce severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome in infants born to mothers that are using certain drugs, particularly opioids. In infants with neonatal withdrawal syndrome, clonidine may improve the neonatal intensive care unit Network Neurobehavioral Score.
Clonidine has also been suggested as a treatment for rare instances of dexmedetomidine withdrawal.
Spasticity
Clonidine has some role in the treatment of spasticity, acting principally by inhibiting excessive sensory transmission below the level of injury. Its use, however, is mainly as a second or third line agent, due to side effects such as hypotension, bradycardia, and drowsiness.
Other uses
Clonidine also has several off-label uses, and has been prescribed to treat psychiatric disorders including stress, sleep disorders, hyperarousal caused by post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, and other anxiety disorders. Clonidine is also a mild sedative, and can be used as premedication before surgery or procedures. It has also been studied as a way to calm acute manic episodes. Its epidural use for pain during heart attack, and postoperative and intractable pain has also been studied extensively. Clonidine can be used in restless legs syndrome. It can also be used to treat facial flushing and redness associated with rosacea. It has also been successfully used topically in a clinical trial as a treatment for diabetic neuropathy. Clonidine can also be used for migraine headaches and hot flashes associated with menopause. Clonidine has also been used to treat refractory diarrhea associated with irritable bowel syndrome, fecal incontinence, diabetes, diarrhea associated with opioid withdrawal, intestinal failure, neuroendocrine tumors, and cholera. Clonidine can be used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome (specifically for tics). Clonidine has also had some success in clinical trials for helping to remove or ameliorate the symptoms of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD).
Injection of α2 receptor agonists into the knee joint space, including clonidine, may reduce the severity of knee pain after arthroscopic knee surgery.
Light-activated derivatives of clonidine (adrenoswitches) have been developed for research purposes and shown to control pupillary reflex with light in blind mice by topical application.
Clonidine suppression test
The reduction in circulating norepinephrine by clonidine was used in the past as an investigatory test for phaeochromocytoma, which is a catecholamine-synthesizing tumor, usually found in the adrenal medulla. In a clonidine suppression test, plasma catecholamine levels are measured before and 3 hours after a 0.3 mg oral test dose has been given to the patient. A positive test occurs if there is no decrease in plasma levels.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
It is classified by the TGA of Australia as pregnancy category B3, which means that it has shown some detrimental effects on fetal development in animal studies, although the relevance of this to human beings is unknown. Clonidine appears in high concentration in breast milk; a nursing infant's serum clonidine concentration is approximately 2/3 of the mother's. Caution is warranted in women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding.
Adverse effects
The principal adverse effects of clonidine are sedation, dry mouth, and hypotension (low blood pressure).
By frequency
Very common (>10% frequency):
Dizziness
Orthostatic hypotension
Somnolence (dose-dependent)
Dry mouth
Headache (dose-dependent)
Fatigue
Skin reactions (if given transdermally)
Hypotension
Common (1–10% frequency):
Anxiety
Constipation
Sedation (dose-dependent)
Nausea/vomiting
Malaise
Abnormal LFTs
Rash
Weight gain/loss
Pain below the ear (from salivary gland)
Erectile dysfunction
Uncommon (0.1–1% frequency):
Delusional perception
Hallucination
Nightmare
Paresthesia
Sinus bradycardia
Raynaud's phenomenon
Pruritus
Urticaria
Rare (<0.1% frequency):
Gynaecomastia
Impaired ability to cry
Atrioventricular block
Nasal dryness
Colonic pseudo-obstruction
Alopecia
Hyperglycemia
Withdrawal
Because clonidine suppresses sympathetic outflow, resulting in lower blood pressure, sudden discontinuation can result in acute hypertension due to a rebound in sympathetic outflow. In extreme cases, this can result in a hypertensive crisis, which is a medical emergency.
Clonidine therapy should generally be gradually tapered when discontinuing therapy to avoid rebound effects from occurring. Treatment of clonidine withdrawal hypertension depends on the severity of the condition. Reintroduction of clonidine for mild cases, alpha and beta blockers for more urgent situations. Beta blockers never should be used alone to treat clonidine withdrawal as alpha vasoconstriction would still continue.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Clonidine crosses the blood–brain barrier.
High blood pressure
Clonidine treats high blood pressure by stimulating α2 receptors in the brainstem, which decreases peripheral vascular resistance, lowering blood pressure. It has specificity towards the presynaptic α2 receptors in the vasomotor center in the brainstem. This binding has a sympatholytic effect, suppresses release of norepinephrine, ATP, renin, and neuropeptide Y which if released would increase vascular resistance.
Clonidine also acts as an agonist at imidazoline-1 (I1) receptors in the brain, and it is hypothesized that this effect may contribute to reducing blood pressure by reducing signaling in the sympathetic nervous system; this effect acts upstream of the central α2 agonist effect of clonidine.
Clonidine may also cause bradycardia, theoretically by increasing signaling through the vagus nerve. When given intravenously, clonidine can temporarily increase blood pressure by stimulating α1 receptors in smooth muscles in blood vessels. This hypertensive effect is not usual when clonidine is given orally or by the transdermal route.
Plasma concentration of clonidine exceeding 2.0 ng/mL does not provide further blood pressure reduction.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
In the setting of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), clonidine's molecular mechanism of action occurs due to its agonism at the α2A adrenergic receptor, the subtype of the adrenergic receptor that is most principally found in the brain. Within the brain, the α2A adrenergic receptors are found within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), among other areas. The α2A adrenergic receptors are found on the presynaptic cleft of a given neuron, and, when activated by an agonist, the effect on downstream neurons is inhibitory. The inhibition is accomplished by preventing the secretion of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Thus, clonidine's agonism on α2A adrenergic receptors in the PFC inhibits the action of downstream neurons by preventing the secretion of norepinephrine.
This mechanism is similar to the brain's physiological inhibition of PFC neurons by the locus ceruleus (LC), which secretes norepinephrine into the PFC. Although norepinephrine can also bind to target adrenergic receptors on the downstream neuron (otherwise inducing a stimulatory effect), norepinephrine also binds to α2A adrenergic receptors (akin to clonidine's mechanism of action), inhibiting the release of norepinephrine by that neuron and inducing an inhibitory effect. Because the PFC is required for working memory and attention, it is thought that clonidine's inhibition of PFC neurons helps to eliminate irrelevant attention (and subsequent behaviors), improving the person's focus and correcting deficits in attention.
Growth hormone test
Clonidine stimulates release of GHRH hormone from the hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates pituitary release of growth hormone. This effect has been used as part of a "growth hormone test," which can assist with diagnosing growth hormone deficiency in children.
Pharmacokinetics
After being ingested, clonidine is absorbed into the blood stream rapidly with an overall bioavailability around 70–80%. Peak concentrations in human plasma occur within 60–90 minutes for the "Immediate Release" (IR) version of the drug, which is shorter than the "Extended Release" (ER/XR) version. Clonidine is fairly lipid soluble with the logarithm of its partition coefficient (log P) equal to 1.6; to compare, the optimal log P to allow a drug that is active in the human central nervous system to penetrate the blood brain barrier is 2.0. Less than half of the absorbed portion of an orally administered dose will be metabolized by the liver into inactive metabolites, with roughly the other half being excreted unchanged by the kidneys. About one-fifth of an oral dose will not be absorbed, and is thus excreted in the feces. Work with liver microsomes shows in the liver clonidine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 (66%), CYP1A2 (10–20%), and CYP3A (0–20%) with negligible contributions from the less abundant enzymes CYP3A5, CYP1A1, and CYP3A4. 4-hydroxyclonidine, the main metabolite of clonidine, is also an α2A agonist but is non lipophilic and is not believed to contribute to the effects of clonidine since it does not cross the blood–brain barrier.
Measurements of the half-life of clonidine vary widely, between 6 and 23 hours, with the half-life being greatly affected by and prolonged in the setting of poor kidney function. Variations in half-life may be partially attributable to CYP2D6 genetics. Some research has suggested the half-life of clonidine is dose dependent and approximately doubles upon chronic dosing, while other work contradicts this. Following a 0.3 mg oral dose, a small study of five patients by Dollery et al. (1976) found half-lives ranging between 6.3 and 23.4 hours (mean 12.7). A similar N=5 study by Davies et al. (1977) found a narrower range of half-lives, between 6.7 and 13 hours (average 8.6 hours), while an N=8 study by Keraäen et al. that included younger patients found a somewhat shorter average half-life of 7.5 hours.
History
Clonidine was introduced in 1966. It was first used as a hypertension treatment under the trade name of Catapres.
Society and culture
Brand names
As of June 2017, clonidine was marketed under many brand names worldwide: Arkamin, Aruclonin, Atensina, Catapin, Catapres, Catapresan, Catapressan, Chianda, Chlofazoline, Chlophazolin, Clonid-Ophtal, Clonidin, Clonidina, Clonidinã, Clonidine, Clonidine hydrochloride, Clonidinhydrochlorid, Clonidini, Clonidinum, Clonigen, Clonistada, Clonnirit, Clophelinum, Dixarit, Duraclon, Edolglau, Haemiton, Hypodine, Hypolax, Iporel, Isoglaucon, Jenloga, Kapvay, Klofelino, Kochaniin, Lonid, Melzin, Menograine, Normopresan, Paracefan, Pinsanidine, Run Rui, and Winpress. It was marketed as a combination drug with chlortalidone as Arkamin-H, Bemplas, Catapres-DIU, and Clorpres, and in combination with bendroflumethiazide as Pertenso.
References
External links
Alpha-2 agonists in ADHD
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
Anilines
Antihypertensive agents
Antimigraine drugs
Anxiety disorder treatment
Anxiolytics
Appetite stimulants
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
Boehringer Ingelheim
Chlorobenzenes
Imidazolines
Guanidines
Novartis brands
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Ophthalmology drugs |
```python
from office365.runtime.client_value import ClientValue
from office365.runtime.client_value_collection import ClientValueCollection
from office365.runtime.types.collections import StringCollection
from office365.sharepoint.migrationcenter.service.performance.throughput_data import (
ThroughputData,
)
class PerformanceDashboardData(ClientValue):
""""""
def __init__(
self, bottleneck_list=None, recommendation_list=None, throughput_trend=None
):
self.BottleneckList = StringCollection(bottleneck_list)
self.RecommendationList = StringCollection(recommendation_list)
self.ThroughputTrend = ClientValueCollection(ThroughputData, throughput_trend)
@property
def entity_type_name(self):
return "Microsoft.Online.SharePoint.MigrationCenter.Service.PerformanceDashboardData"
``` |
Rumsey is an unincorporated community in McLean County, Kentucky, United States.
History
Rumsey had its start in the 1830s when a lock and dam was built at that point on the Green River. Rumsey was incorporated in 1839. It is named either for Kentucky Congressman Edward Rumsey or his uncle, James Rumsey, who invented the steamboat. Historian Otto Rothert records that the most commonly accepted explanation is that the community's citizens wanted to name it in honor of Edward Rumsey, but Rumsey declined their offer out of modesty, whereupon they compromised by retaining the name "Rumsey" and declaring it to be in honor of his uncle, James.
Geography
The community is located in the central part of McLean County at coordinates . It is located along the southern banks of the Green River opposite county seat Calhoun. Kentucky Routes 81 and 138 traverses the community.
References
Unincorporated communities in McLean County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky |
World Gone Sour is a 3D side-scrolling platform game which promotes Sour Patch Kids, a type of sour gummy candy. It was developed by Canadian studio Playbrains and published by Capcom and released on December 20, 2011 for Windows. A PlayStation Network version was released on April 10, 2012, with an Xbox Live Arcade version released a day later.
On August 3, 2015, the game was delisted from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade.
Plot
The player takes the role of a green Sour Patch Kid who wishes to be eaten, as do other candy in the game. At the start of the game, the character and his red friend are about to be taken to a theater to be sold when a rip in the packaging causes the red candy to fall out. The packet is purchased by a movie-goer; when the green candy is about to be eaten the buyer trips causing the green candy to be thrown in the trash. He then sets off on a journey with the goal of being eaten, while encountering other abandoned Sour Patch Kids. He also meets corrupted Sour Patch Kids who have gone "sour" and are lashing out at others for being forgotten.
Gameplay
The game is a 3D sidescroller, consisting of 13 levels, playable to one or two players. The player is joined by other "followers" who are abandoned Sour Patch Kids, trekking across a number of platforms from left and right and maneuvering around the playable area. Boss fight levels are interspersed and generally follow a series of regular levels themed around a given setting, designed to reflect the story's progression. The player must, at times, sacrifice other Sour Patch Kids to overcome enemies and hazards. Gumdrops and Stars are featured as collectible items, worth extra life accumulation and level score points (respectively); these items may be hidden or placed in areas that the player cannot safely access without using followers. For example, if a gumdrop or star is hovering above a hot stove or other deadly hazard, the player can retrieve them, without taking damage or dying, by throwing followers into the desired items; upon being touched, the items are instantly collected. Checkpoints appear as bottle rockets which fire upon activation. Provided the player has extra lives, collected items are not lost if the player is killed. If the player dies without extra lives, the game ends, offering the option to quit or restart the level from the beginning; either way, the player's previous count of extra lives is restored as if the failed level was never played. Followers abandoned, killed, or sacrificed in the game will soon respawn and rejoin the player. Extra points are awarded in each level for either dying or killing followers in a series of specific different ways (8 possibilities, 1 instance of each is counted per level); extra points are also awarded for collecting "secret" golden gummies (5 per regular level) and for rescuing all the level's followers (25 per level).
Reception
The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions received "mixed or average reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
References
External links
2011 video games
Advergames
Capcom games
Cooperative video games
Gamebryo games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Platformers
Playbrains games
PlayStation Network games
Side-scrolling video games
Video games about food and drink
Video games developed in Canada
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games |
The election for the Chancellorship of the University of Cambridge, 1748 chose a new Chancellor of the University. The election was triggered by the retirement of the previous incumbent, Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, in February 1748.
There were two candidates for the post: the heir to the throne, Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the cabinet minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle.
A contest ensued, and on 6 July, the Duke of Newcastle was duly declared elected. According to Elisabeth Leedham-Green, Newcastle's victory "had been the result of much strenuous political activity by his supporters." William Coxe wrote in his Memoirs of the "mortification" felt by the Prince at his failure to secure election.
Edmund Pyle, the king's chaplain, later wrote of Newcastle's "pitiful passion for the Chancellorship of Cambridge" and of his having made promises of Church of England preferments in the course of his campaign.
Notes
See also
List of chancellors of the University of Cambridge
1748
1748 in politics
1748 in England
Elections in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Non-partisan elections |
```javascript
'use strict';
angular.module("ngLocale", [], ["$provide", function($provide) {
var PLURAL_CATEGORY = {ZERO: "zero", ONE: "one", TWO: "two", FEW: "few", MANY: "many", OTHER: "other"};
function getDecimals(n) {
n = n + '';
var i = n.indexOf('.');
return (i == -1) ? 0 : n.length - i - 1;
}
function getVF(n, opt_precision) {
var v = opt_precision;
if (undefined === v) {
v = Math.min(getDecimals(n), 3);
}
var base = Math.pow(10, v);
var f = ((n * base) | 0) % base;
return {v: v, f: f};
}
$provide.value("$locale", {
"DATETIME_FORMATS": {
"AMPMS": [
"a. m.",
"p. m."
],
"DAY": [
"diumenge",
"dilluns",
"dimarts",
"dimecres",
"dijous",
"divendres",
"dissabte"
],
"MONTH": [
"gener",
"febrer",
"mar\u00e7",
"abril",
"maig",
"juny",
"juliol",
"agost",
"setembre",
"octubre",
"novembre",
"desembre"
],
"SHORTDAY": [
"dg.",
"dl.",
"dt.",
"dc.",
"dj.",
"dv.",
"ds."
],
"SHORTMONTH": [
"gen.",
"feb.",
"mar\u00e7",
"abr.",
"maig",
"juny",
"jul.",
"ag.",
"set.",
"oct.",
"nov.",
"des."
],
"fullDate": "EEEE, d MMMM 'de' y",
"longDate": "d MMMM 'de' y",
"medium": "dd/MM/y H:mm:ss",
"mediumDate": "dd/MM/y",
"mediumTime": "H:mm:ss",
"short": "d/M/yy H:mm",
"shortDate": "d/M/yy",
"shortTime": "H:mm"
},
"NUMBER_FORMATS": {
"CURRENCY_SYM": "\u20ac",
"DECIMAL_SEP": ",",
"GROUP_SEP": ".",
"PATTERNS": [
{
"gSize": 3,
"lgSize": 3,
"macFrac": 0,
"maxFrac": 3,
"minFrac": 0,
"minInt": 1,
"negPre": "-",
"negSuf": "",
"posPre": "",
"posSuf": ""
},
{
"gSize": 3,
"lgSize": 3,
"macFrac": 0,
"maxFrac": 2,
"minFrac": 2,
"minInt": 1,
"negPre": "-",
"negSuf": "\u00a0\u00a4",
"posPre": "",
"posSuf": "\u00a0\u00a4"
}
]
},
"id": "ca-ad",
"pluralCat": function (n, opt_precision) { var i = n | 0; var vf = getVF(n, opt_precision); if (i == 1 && vf.v == 0) { return PLURAL_CATEGORY.ONE; } return PLURAL_CATEGORY.OTHER;}
});
}]);
``` |
```go
//go:build go1.16
// +build go1.16
package middleware
import "runtime"
func getNormalizedOSName() (os string) {
switch runtime.GOOS {
case "android":
os = "android"
case "linux":
os = "linux"
case "windows":
os = "windows"
case "darwin":
os = "macos"
case "ios":
os = "ios"
default:
os = "other"
}
return os
}
``` |
The 2023 NCAA Men's Gymnastics Championships was held April 14–15, 2023 at the Rec Center in State College, Pennsylvania.
NCAA Championship
The top three teams from each session advanced to the National Championship.
Standings
National Champion: Stanford – 422.458
2nd Place: Michigan – 419.889
3rd Place: Illinois – 415.590
Results
Individual event finals
The top-three all-around competitors and top-three individuals on each event who are not members of one of the qualifying teams advanced from each pre-qualifying session to the finals session to compete for individual titles. Finals competition took place on April 15.
Medalists
References
NCAA Men's Gymnastics championship
2023 in American sports
NCAA Men's Gymnastics Championship
Sports competitions in Pennsylvania |
Senhora is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1875, two years before the author's death. It was the third book by the author about the position of women in Brazil's 19th century Rio de Janeiro society (the other two being Diva and Lucíola), published under the pseudonym G.M.
Synopsis
Aurélia Camargo, daughter to a poor family, falls in love with an ambitious man named Fernando Seixas, to whom she had been engaged. Nevertheless, Fernando ends up breaking up the relationship, wanting to marry into a wealthy estate instead, deciding for a certain Adelaide Amarala, from whose father he would be given a large dowry according to the law. After the death of Aurelia's father, however, Aurélia receives a large inheritance from her grandfather (of whom she wasn't aware of having been wealthy), thus rising in social rank. Due to being of a great beauty, she then turns into a great sensation on the parties and events frequented at the time. Thus, torn between the love she feels and her injured pride, she then places her uncle Lemos in charge of an offer negotiation to Fernando Seixas that includes a large amount of money intended for him to marry her. The deal states however, that the identity of the bride should remain secret until the day after the Wedding, effectively impeding the husband to know for sure whom he shall marry. Finally, when he finds out that Aurélia is his bride, Fernando becomes elated, for he had actually never really stopped loving her. He then opens up his heart to Aurelia and confesses his love for her. Young Aurelia, however, on their first night together, makes a very clear point: He had been "purchased" by her to become a husband that a woman of her social position should have, doing just as she should wish. They sleep in different rooms. She doesn't want to be his and takes every opportunity she has to criticize him with sarcasm and irony.
See also
1875 in literature
References
External links
1875 Brazilian novels
Novels by José de Alencar
Portuguese-language novels
Novels set in Rio de Janeiro (city) |
Skeleton Woman is a play written by Kalki Koechlin and Prashant Prakash. The play won The MetroPlus Playwright Award in 2009. The play is based on an Inuit folk tale and is a modern-day adaptation of the story. It focuses on a writer and his long-suffering wife.
References
2009 plays |
Olacapato is a village and rural municipality in Salta Province in northwestern Argentina. Olacapato is one of the highest towns in Argentina (4,090 m). The previous census of 2001 indicated a population of 186 inhabitants (INDEC, 2001), appearing as a rural dispersed population.
Climate
See also
Salta–Antofagasta railway
References
Populated places in Salta Province |
```xml
import { GraphQLEnumType, GraphQLInputObjectType, GraphQLType } from "graphql";
import { CompilerOptions } from "apollo-codegen-core/lib/compiler";
import { commentBlockContent } from "apollo-codegen-core/lib/utilities/printing";
import { sortEnumValues } from "apollo-codegen-core/lib/utilities/graphql";
import { createTypeFromGraphQLTypeFunction } from "./helpers";
import * as t from "@babel/types";
export type ObjectProperty = {
name: string;
description?: string | null | undefined;
type: t.TSType;
};
export default class TypescriptGenerator {
options: CompilerOptions;
typeFromGraphQLType: Function;
constructor(compilerOptions: CompilerOptions) {
this.options = compilerOptions;
this.typeFromGraphQLType =
createTypeFromGraphQLTypeFunction(compilerOptions);
}
public enumerationDeclaration(type: GraphQLEnumType) {
const { name, description } = type;
const enumMembers = sortEnumValues(type.getValues()).map(({ value }) => {
return t.TSEnumMember(t.identifier(value), t.stringLiteral(value));
});
const typeAlias = t.exportNamedDeclaration(
t.TSEnumDeclaration(t.identifier(name), enumMembers),
[]
);
if (description) {
typeAlias.leadingComments = [
{
type: "CommentBlock",
value: commentBlockContent(description),
} as t.CommentBlock,
];
}
return typeAlias;
}
public inputObjectDeclaration(inputObjectType: GraphQLInputObjectType) {
const { name, description } = inputObjectType;
const fieldMap = inputObjectType.getFields();
const fields: ObjectProperty[] = Object.keys(
inputObjectType.getFields()
).map((fieldName: string) => {
const field = fieldMap[fieldName];
return {
name: fieldName,
type: this.typeFromGraphQLType(field.type),
};
});
const inputType = t.exportNamedDeclaration(
this.interface(name, fields, {
keyInheritsNullability: true,
}),
[]
);
if (description) {
inputType.leadingComments = [
{
type: "CommentBlock",
value: commentBlockContent(description),
} as t.CommentBlock,
];
}
return inputType;
}
public typesForProperties(
fields: ObjectProperty[],
{
keyInheritsNullability = false,
}: {
keyInheritsNullability?: boolean;
} = {}
) {
return fields.map(({ name, description, type }) => {
const propertySignatureType = t.TSPropertySignature(
t.identifier(name),
t.TSTypeAnnotation(type)
);
// TODO: Check if this works
propertySignatureType.optional =
keyInheritsNullability && this.isNullableType(type);
if (this.options.useReadOnlyTypes) {
propertySignatureType.readonly = true;
}
if (description) {
propertySignatureType.leadingComments = [
{
type: "CommentBlock",
value: commentBlockContent(description),
} as t.CommentBlock,
];
}
return propertySignatureType;
});
}
public interface(
name: string,
fields: ObjectProperty[],
{
keyInheritsNullability = false,
}: {
keyInheritsNullability?: boolean;
} = {}
) {
return t.TSInterfaceDeclaration(
t.identifier(name),
undefined,
undefined,
t.TSInterfaceBody(
this.typesForProperties(fields, {
keyInheritsNullability,
})
)
);
}
public typeAliasGenericUnion(name: string, members: t.TSType[]) {
return t.TSTypeAliasDeclaration(
t.identifier(name),
undefined,
t.TSUnionType(members)
);
}
public exportDeclaration(declaration: t.Declaration) {
return t.exportNamedDeclaration(declaration, []);
}
public nameFromScopeStack(scope: string[]) {
return scope.join("_");
}
public makeNullableType(type: t.TSType) {
return t.TSUnionType([type, t.TSNullKeyword()]);
}
public isNullableType(type: t.TSType) {
return (
t.isTSUnionType(type) &&
type.types.some((type) => t.isTSNullKeyword(type))
);
}
public import(types: GraphQLType[], source: string) {
return t.importDeclaration(
types.map((type) =>
t.importSpecifier(
t.identifier(type.toString()),
t.identifier(type.toString())
)
),
t.stringLiteral(source)
);
}
}
``` |
Cantat may refer to:
CANTAT, a submarine communications cable system
Europa Cantat
Universitas Cantat
People
Bertrand Cantat (born 1964), French musician
Isabelle Cantat (born 1974), French physicist
Serge Cantat (born 1973), French mathematician |
Heppenheim (Bergstraße) station is a station in the town of Heppenheim and it is the most southerly station in the German state of Hesse on the Main-Neckar Railway between Frankfurt and Heidelberg. On weekdays the station is served by two Intercity services on the long-distance network of Deutsche Bahn. The station is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.
History
The station was opened along with the Langen–Darmstadt–Heppenheim section of the Main-Neckar Railway on 22 June 1846. During the Baden Revolution of 1848 the station was occupied many times.
In 1903, the Lorsch–Heppenheim section of the Nibelungen Railway was opened. Because of the failure to connect to the Odenwald, traffic on the Nibelungen Railway was below expectations. Several decades later, the Heppenheim–Lorsch line was closed and dismantled.
Rail services
Long-distance services
On weekdays, there is one InterCity service to Frankfurt and Saarbrücken.
Regional services
RE 60: Mannheim–Weinheim–Heppenheim–Bensheim–Darmstadt–Frankfurt (Regional-Express)
RB 68: Heidelberg–Weinheim–Heppenheim–Bensheim–Darmstadt–Frankfurt (Regionalbahn)
RB 67: Mannheim–Weinheim–Heppenheim–Bensheim (Regionalbahn)
Station facilities
Reception Building
The station building was built between 1845 and 1846 after a design by Georg Moller in the neo-classical style on the town side, to the east of the line. The facade of the lower level of the two-story sandstone building is marked on the long side by five bays, the central group of three on the ground floor act as entrances to the vestibule. On the narrow sides of the building there are three bays. The whole length of the eaves of the flat hip roof are decorated with a volute frieze. On both sides of the main building there are approximately symmetrical, single storey extensions. The platform canopy in front of the entrance building is built as lattices on thin columns with small capitals, built in cast iron. The building is listed by the Hessian heritage office as an early railway station of outstanding historical significance.
Heppenheim station was modernised and equipped for the disabled in preparation for Hessentag (a festival devised to promote unity in the state of Hesse, which was created in 1945) in the summer of 2004.
Tracks
In the station area there are still a number of shunting and freight tracks, which connected to the premises of different companies, but they are now overgrown. They are no longer used for freight.
Notes
References
Railway stations in Hesse
Neoclassical architecture in Germany
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1846 |
Lacrosse is part of the World Games as an official sport (for women) since the 2017 edition and invitational sport (for men) since the 2022 edition.
Men's tournament
Women's tournament
Performance by tournament
Men
Women
Medal table
See also
World Lacrosse Championship
World Lacrosse Women's World Championship
References
Lacrosse |
Edith Skouras was an American screenwriter who primarily worked in Hollywood in the 1930s.
Biography
Edith was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Charles Skouras and Florence Souders. The family spent time in Missouri, where Charles and his brothers built a theater business and Edith attended Hosmer Hall. After the extended family moved further west, her father eventually became head of Fox West Coast Theaters, which he ran with Edith's uncles. Edith married Jack Jungmeyer Jr., an assistant film producer at 20th Century Fox, in 1938. The pair often collaborated on projects together. She died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2015.
Selected filmography
Manhattan Heartbeat (1940)
On Their Own (1940)
High School (1940)
Mr. Moto in Danger Island (1939)
Always Goodbye (1938)
References
External links
Writers from Salt Lake City
American women screenwriters
1911 births
2015 deaths
Screenwriters from Utah
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women |
The Chief Of Staff Medal of Appreciation () is an Israeli military decoration.
The medal was instituted in 1981. It is awarded to both civilians and military personnel who contribute to the strengthening of the IDF or the security of Israel; the medal could also be awarded to foreign civilians.
The medal's most well-known recipient is the Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon, who was awarded the medal after his death during a mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia.
It has since been given 10 times; 4 posthumously, 2 group awards (Iron Dome and Patriot missile defense soldiers), and the rest to individuals (most of them American).
Design
The medal is round; on the front there is a Star of David with an olive branch and a sword rest on its left; the reverse is plain.
The medal is attached to a white ribbon with two blue strips on the edges, similar to those on the Israeli flag.
Notable recipients
Notable recipients include:
Colonel Ilan Ramon, IAF (posthumously)
General Martin Dempsey, USA (Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff)
General Joseph Dunford, USMC (Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff)
Members of the Kiryat Arba Emergency Response Team for 2002 Hebron ambush
Yitzhak Buanish (posthumously)
Alexander Zwitman (posthumously)
Alexander Dohan (posthumously)
Elijah Libman
Operation Protective Edge units
Iron Dome units
Technological unit of the Military Intelligence Directorate
References
Military awards and decorations of Israel
Civil awards and decorations of Israel
1981 establishments in Israel
Awards established in 1981 |
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