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João de Santarém (15th century) was a Portuguese explorer who discovered São Tomé (in December 21, 1471), Annobón (in January 1472) and Príncipe (January 17, 1472). Together with Pero Escobar, he also encountered the town of Sassandra in the Ivory Coast in 1471 and 1472, explored the African land from Ghana up to the Niger Delta. From 1484 he was captain of Alcatrazes (around Santiago or Brava) in Cape Verde. In January 1471, João de Santarém and Pero de Escobar discovered "the traffic of gold at the place we now call Mina" (present-day Elmina). See also European exploration of Africa § Portuguese expeditions References External links Article of João de Santarém at the Historical Dictionary Year of birth unknown Place of birth unknown Year of death unknown Place of death unknown Portuguese explorers 15th-century explorers of Africa Maritime history of Portugal History of São Tomé and Príncipe 15th-century Portuguese people Colonial heads of Cape Verde Portuguese colonial governors and administrators
John Kelly (1948 – 8 September 2023) was an Irish hurler. At club level he played with University College Cork, Cappawhite and Kilruane MacDonaghs, and also lined out at inter-county level with various Tipperary teams. Playing career Kelly first played hurling at juvenile and underage levels with the Cappawhite club. After winning back-to-back under-15 juvenile titles, he was part of the club's minor team that claimed their first Tipperary MAHC title in 1965. As a student, Kelly later lined out with University College Cork and won a Cork SHC medal in 1970 after a defeat of Muskerry. Kelly first appeared on the inter-county scene with Tipperary during an unsuccessful three-year tenure with the minor team. He was a panel member in 1964 before making the starting team in 1965 and captaining the team in 1966. Kelly was in his final year with the minor team when he was drafted onto the Tipperary under-21 team. His four years in that grade yielded an All-Ireland U21HC title in 1967. He captained the team in his final year with the team in 1969. By that stage, Kelly had already lined out with the senior team, having made his debut during the Oireachtas Tournament in 1967. He was part of the team during the successful 1967–68 National League-winning campaign but was dropped for the subsequent championship. Kelly earned a recall at the end of 1968 and immediately became first-choice full-back. He lined out in that position when Tipperary beat Kilkenny to win the All-Ireland SHC title in 1971. Kelly also won a Railway Cup medal with Munster in 1970. He switched club allegiance by joining Kilruane MacDonaghs in 1972, however, he returned to the Cappawhite club after two unsuccessful seasons. Kelly ended his club career by winning a West Tipperary JAHC title in 1982. Coaching career Kelly was still a player when he became involved in team management and club administration. He was a selector with the Tipperary minor team in 1979, while he also spent two different periods as a selector with the senior team. Kelly was chairman of the Cappawhite club from 1981 to 1984, served as a senior team selector and was later named Life President of the club. Personal life and death Kelly worked as a secondary school teacher. He was principal of Cappawhite Vocational School and, following its closure, he ran a Youthreach programme before retiring in 2013. Kelly was diagnosed with a brain tumour in 2015. Kelly died on 8 September 2023, at the age of 75. Honours Cappawhite West Tipperary Junior A Hurling Championship: 1982 Tipperary Minor A Hurling Championship: 1965 West Tipperary Minor A Hurling Championship: 1965, 1966 University College Cork Fitzgibbon Cup: 1971 Cork Senior Hurling Championship: 1970 Tipperary All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: 1971 Munster Senior Hurling Championship: 1971 National Hurling League: 1967–68 Oireachtas Tournament: 1968, 1970, 1972 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship: 1967 Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship: 1967 Munster Railway Cup: 1970 References 1948 births 2023 deaths Cappawhite hurlers UCC hurlers Kilruane MacDonaghs hurlers Tipperary inter-county hurlers Munster inter-provincial hurlers All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Dr. Radhanath Rath (6 December 1896 – 11 February 1998) was a newspaper editor, freedom fighter, social worker and politician from Odisha. He was the editor of The Samaja, one of the leading newspapers of Odisha. Early life He was born on 6 December 1896, in a village named "Radhanathpur Shashan" of Aathgarh. He started his education in the Jubilee School of Balasore where his uncle Lokanath Mohapatra was the Sanskrit teacher. He was matriculated in 1916 from Ravenshaw Collegiate School of Cuttack. He joined the forest department of Singhbhum district as a Clerk. He left the job in 1919 and joined the 'Satyabadi press' of Gopabandhu Das. He started his career in Journalism as Manager and Assistant Editor of the Oriya weekly "The Samaja" which was started under the editorial of Gopabandhu Das. After the death of Gopabandhu Das in the year 1928, Pandit Lingaraj Mishra worked as the editor of the "Samaj". In the year 1930, the daily publication of Samaj was initiated. During 1946–1952 Lingaraj Mishra worked as the education minister of Odisha. So Radhanath Rath became the Editor of the "Samaj". He joined the Quit India Movement in 1942 and was imprisoned for two years. Political activities He was elected 5 times to the Odisha Legislative Assembly. In 1946, he was first elected to the state assembly from Athagarh. He appointed cabinet Minister in charge of Finance, Education, Forestry and Agriculture from 1952 to 1961. Radhanath Rath became the Finance and Education Minister in the Nabakrushna Choudhury Cabinet for the period 1952 to 1959. In the year 1959 he held the post of minister of development & forest department under the Harekrushna Mahatab's Cabinet.Except for between 1961 and 1967, he remained a member of the house from 1946 to 1977. Social work He was a lifetime member and President of the Odisha branch of the 'Servants of the People Society' set up by Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab. He was president of the Society for over a decade from May 1981. He was the head of the All Indian Scout and Guides Association, Odisha. He was also related to many other organisations like the Hind leprosy eradication group, the Gopabandhu Daridra Narayan Seva Sangha. He was also the Deputy Din of the Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology. He has written many poems, stories and biographies. "Mo Jel Smruti Lipi" is one of his famous works. He died on 11 February 1998 at Cuttack. His body was laid to rest with full state honours at Satyabadi near Puri. Awards Orissa Sahitya Academy Award, 1991 Padma Bhusan, 1968 Critic Circle of India award, 1987 All India Anubrata award in 1988 Utkal Ratna Samman (1993, Utkal Sahitya Samaj) Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D) (by the Berhampur University), 1976. References 1896 births 1998 deaths Indian centenarians Men centenarians People from Cuttack district Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award Prisoners and detainees of British India State cabinet ministers of Odisha Odisha MLAs 1946–1952 Odisha MLAs 1952–1957 Odisha MLAs 1957–1961 Odisha MLAs 1971–1973 Odisha MLAs 1974–1977 Odia-language writers Writers from Odisha 20th-century Indian male writers Recipients of the Utkal Ratna Samman
The Rockwell X-30 (also known as "Star-Raker") was an advanced technology demonstrator project for the National Aero-Space Plane (NASP), part of a United States project to create a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spacecraft and passenger spaceliner. Started in 1986, it was cancelled in the early 1990s before a prototype was completed, although much development work in advanced materials and aerospace design was completed. While a goal of a future NASP was a passenger liner (the 'Orient Express') capable of two-hour flights from Washington to Tokyo, the X-30 was planned for a crew of two and oriented towards testing. Development The NASP concept is thought to have been derived from the "Copper Canyon" project of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), from 1982 to 1985. In his 1986 State of the Union Address, President Ronald Reagan called for "a new Orient Express that could, by the end of the next decade, take off from Dulles Airport, accelerate up to 25 times the speed of sound, attaining low earth orbit or flying to Tokyo within two hours." Research suggested a maximum speed of Mach 8 for scramjet-based aircraft, as the vehicle would generate heat due to adiabatic compression, which would expend considerable energy. The project showed that much of this energy could be recovered by passing hydrogen over the skin and carrying the heat into the combustion chamber: Mach 20 then seemed possible. The result was a program funded by NASA, and the United States Department of Defense (funding was approximately equally divided among NASA, DARPA, the US Air Force, the Strategic Defense Initiative Office (SDIO) and the US Navy). In April 1986 McDonnell Douglas, Rockwell International, and General Dynamics were awarded contracts (each no more than $35 M) to develop technology for a hypersonic air-breathing SSTO vehicle/airframe. Rocketdyne and Pratt & Whitney were each awarded contracts of $175 M to develop engines/propulsion. The airframe contractors would compete and two or three would be eliminated after a year. The plan was that 42 months later (end of 1989), contracts would be awarded to build the flight demonstrator vehicle. In 1990, the companies joined under the direction of Rockwell International to develop the craft, to deal with the technical and budgetary obstacles. Development of the X-30, as it was then designated, began. Despite progress in the necessary structural and propulsion technology, NASA had substantial problems to solve. The Department of Defense wanted it to carry a crew of two and a small payload. The demands of being a human-rated vehicle, with instrumentation, environmental control systems and safety equipment, made the X-30 larger, heavier, and more expensive than required for a technology demonstrator. The X-30 program was terminated amid budget cuts and technical concerns in 1993. Legacy A more modest hypersonic program culminated in the uncrewed X-43 "Hyper-X". A detailed, one-third scale (50-foot long) mockup of the X-30 was built by engineering students at Mississippi State University's Raspet Flight Research Lab in Starkville, Mississippi. It is on display at the Aviation Challenge campus of the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Design The original concept was for a conical nose, this evolved (after 1987?) to a flat shovel shape. The X-30 configuration integrated engine and fuselage. The shovel-shaped forward fuselage generated a shock wave to compress air before it entered the engine. The aft fuselage formed an integrated nozzle to expand the exhaust. The engine between was a scramjet. At the time,, no scramjet engine was close to operational. The aerodynamic configuration was an example of a waverider. Most of the lift was generated by the fuselage by compression lift. The "wings" were small fins providing trim and control. This configuration was efficient for high-speed flight, but would have made takeoff, landing and slow-speed flight difficult. Temperatures on the airframe were expected to be 980 °C (1800 °F) over a large part of the surface, with maxima of more than 1650 °C (3000 °F) on the leading edges and portions of the engine. This required the development of high temperature lightweight materials, including alloys of titanium and aluminum known as gamma and alpha titanium aluminide, advanced carbon/carbon composites, and titanium metal matrix composite (TMC) with silicon carbide fibers. Titanium matrix composites were used by McDonnell Douglas to create a representative fuselage section called "Task D". The Task D test article was four feet high by eight feet wide by eight feet long. A carbon/epoxy cryogenic hydrogen tank was integrated with the fuselage section and the whole assembly, including volatile and combustible hydrogen, was successfully tested with mechanical loads and a temperature of 820 °C (1500 °F) in 1992, just before program cancellation. Specifications (X-30 as designed) Design and materials legacy See also References American X-Vehicles Air Force History of the NASP(pdf) External links Video Aero-Space Plane: Flexible Access to Space (NASA) 4 min Spaceplanes Proposed reusable launch systems X-30, Rockwell Cancelled spacecraft Single-stage-to-orbit Hydrogen-powered aircraft Scramjet-powered aircraft Cancelled space launch vehicles X-30 Tailless delta-wing aircraft 1993 disestablishments in the United States
Epipristis roseus is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in China (Inner Mongolia). The length of the forewings is 13.5–14.5 mm for males and 15–16 mm for females. The wings are pale brown to greyish brown, diffused with blackish and pinkish scales. Etymology The specific name is derived from the Latin word roseus (meaning pink). References Moths described in 2009 Pseudoterpnini
Toby Turner (born March 3, 1985), also known by his stage name Tobuscus, is an American Internet personality and actor. Originally from Niceville, Florida, he is best known for his YouTube videos. As of November 5, 2021, Turner has a total of over 14.33 million subscribers and over 3.867 billion video views over his three YouTube channels. Early life Toby Joseph Turner was born on March 3, 1985, in Osborn, Mississippi, and grew up in Niceville, Florida. He attended the University of Florida, and having an interest in filmmaking, graduated with a degree in telecommunication production. Turner's mother later took out a loan and bought him a video camera, an act he appreciated, as it helped begin his YouTube career. Career YouTube Turner has grown to become a popular personality on YouTube, achieving his early notability through his Tobuscus channel, and later through his secondary vlogging channel, as well as his gaming channel. Turner's style of content is often extroverted, rambling, and energetic, but he always avoids using severe profanity and censors any explicit content due to his target audience. Aside from his channels, Turner also worked with Philip DeFranco on Like Totally Awesome (LTA) and Cute Win Fail, after befriending and being employed by DeFranco. LTA was a gaming and review channel that ran during the late 2000s and early 2010s. In 2010, Turner signed with the multi-channel network Machinima, before switching to Maker Studios in July 2013. Main channel Toby Turner first joined YouTube on May 14, 2006, when he created a channel under the name of "Tobuscus". The first video that remains on the channel is a sketch based on the 2006 film Click. One of Turner's earliest popular videos is "Don't Tase Me, Bro!", a remixed recording of the University of Florida Taser incident in which his classmate Andrew Meyer was stunned with a taser gun by a police officer. Interviewed about the video by MTV, Turner explained that, after watching the clip, "as soon as [he] heard [Andrew] yelling, [he] knew it would fit in a hip-hop song", and that he "wanted to give [Andrew] the profits" from sales of related merchandise. The Tobuscus channel has since continued to focus on comedic skits and animated sketches, achieving recognition for those such as "I Can Swing My Sword", "Safety Torch" and "Nugget In A Biscuit". Turner's Literal Trailers series is also one of his most popular, earning him mainstream recognition from CBS News, who described his rendition of the Dead Island trailer as "amazing" and "hilarious", and Wired, who praised Turner's Literal Trailer of Iron Man 3. Vlogging and gaming channels In April 2009, Turner began using his "TobyTurner" channel to upload daily unedited vlogs detailing his personal life, which he dubbed "lazy vlogs." In July 2010, Turner registered his fourth (third in use) YouTube channel under the name "TobyGames", designating it for a new series of comedic Let's Play videos. The channel has featured playthrough videos of numerous indie and AAA games since its inception, including the long-running Minecraft and Happy Wheels series. Collaborations In addition to producing his own original content over three channels, Turner has worked together with a wide range of other YouTube personalities on various projects. In 2009 he performed a guitar collaboration with Joe Penna (MysteryGuitarMan) using two separate videos played simultaneously; in 2010 he made an appearance on the fifth episode of The Annoying Orange, titled "A Cheesy Episode"; in early 2011 he worked with iJustine on a number of LittleBigPlanet 2 Let's Play videos; since 2011 he has worked on many projects with Jack Douglass, including parody "Tobjackscus", sketch "Dubstep Tobuscus", and music videos "Take Off Your Clothes (Like Scarlett Johansson)", "Razors in Your Apple (On Halloween)", and "The Valentine's Day Song"; and in 2012 he starred in a short with Olga Kay entitled Olga Kay Goes Haywire., as well as starring in an episode of the YouTube series, "Retarded Policeman". Tobuscus has also appeared alongside notable celebrities on several occasions, including the music video for the song "Whistle While I Work It", featuring Chester See and Wayne Brady, as well as starring in a three-parter YouTube series "Terminator Genisys: The YouTube Chronicles" to promote the film Terminator Genisys. A range of well-known personalities were involved in the series, including Arnold Schwarzenegger himself, and YouTube stars such as Lilly Singh, Olga Kay, Sean Klitzner, Epic Lloyd, The Warp Zone, and Kevin Lieber. Aside from these works, Turner has also presented a web series called CuteWinFail, created by Turner and co-produced with Philip DeFranco and his production company FishBowl Worldwide Media, since its inception in October 2010, although in November 2012 his involvement ended after 100 episodes of the show. He also works as a host on Tagged, a gaming-themed YouTube series produced by NODE Studios, and plays the Satan character in the Fine Brothers web series MyMusic. Film and television Turner's first feature-length film role came in 2010 romantic comedy film New Low, in which he played stand-up comedian Dave, the best friend of main character Wendell played by writer, producer and director Adam Bowers. The film was premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2010, before it received coverage at the Austin Film Festival in October and at the Glasgow Film Festival the following February, and was later released on DVD in 2012. Later, in 2012, he starred in psychological horror film Smiley, written and directed by Michael Gallagher and starring fellow YouTube partner Shane Dawson. Turner also starred alongside Dawson in the 2015 comedy Bob Thunder: Internet Assassin and played a minor role in the 2015 film The Great Gilly Hopkins. From 2012–2014, Turner starred in the Cartoon Network animated series The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange. Turner played Nerville, the only human character who can interact with the fruits. Sexual assault allegations On April 8, 2016, Turner's ex-girlfriend April Fletcher, known online as AprilEfff, made several allegations against the YouTuber, including that he was addicted to drugs (including MDMA), that he had cheated on several of his former partners (including Fletcher), and that he drugged and raped her in February 2013. Writing a blog post on Tumblr, Fletcher claimed that she had contemplated suicide following the episodes, and that Turner had likely committed the same acts to other women. YouTuber and ex-girlfriend of Turner, Amelia Talon, corroborated Fletcher's accounts shortly after, alleging that she had been drugged by Turner as well. On April 9, 2016, Jaclyn Glenn, another of Turner's ex-girlfriends, posted a video on YouTube responding to the allegations. Glenn claimed that Turner had affairs in their relationship, and that while she thought the rape allegations were possible, she personally believed that they were untrue. Former Turner girlfriends Olga Kay and Melanie Murphy both denied that they were ever assaulted by Turner, though Murphy admitted Turner was not faithful to her. While not endorsing the rape allegations, both former Turner girlfriend Tara Babcock and former collaborator with Turner, Philip DeFranco, attested that Turner has a drug problem, is non-monogamous in his relationships and needs mental help. Turner responded to the accusations on April 11, 2016. In a short video, he dubbed Fletcher's claims as "false" and claimed that he had "never done anything without her consent [and] never tried to trick her into anything". On June 14, 2018, Turner released another video titled "#MeToo ...late?" where he claims he was advised not to say anything when the Tumblr post was published, then proceeds to give his accounts of what happened. In the video he insists nothing wrong occurred that night, just him letting a friend (Fletcher) sleep over at his house, due to her insisting she was too afraid to return home that late at night. He also claims that Fletcher wanted a romantic relationship with him, while he wanted only to remain friends. In the video, Turner also suggests Fletcher hinted at making a Tumblr post falsely accusing him of rape. Other work Aside from video production and other entertainment, Toby Turner – who is described on his official website as a "viral marketer ... [and] consultant for viral video and social media platforms" – has worked with a number of major companies on advertising campaigns, including NBC, Disney, and others. Among his online commercial credits are adverts for Fox crime drama series Lie to Me, footwear manufacturer and retailer Timberland, snack food product Pop-Tarts, and social network aggregation website Ouibox. Turner has also secured hosting roles for a number of events and series, including reporting on the Toshiba "Set Me Free Tour" for MTV in August 2009 and presenting holiday special web shows for Comedy Central, Spike and VH1. In December 2012, Turner was nominated for the award of Best Host at the 2013 Streamy Awards, although eventually lost out to KassemG. In May 2013, Turner set up a fundraising campaign on crowdfunding website Indiegogo for an iOS (and later Android) game based on his Tobuscus Adventures YouTube series, called Tobuscus Adventures: Wizards!. The fundraiser surpassed its goal of $240,000 within two days, reaching more than $644,000. The game features Turner as main character Tobuscus as he fights off hordes of zombies to get to the Wizard of Darkness, and also cameos Gabe Hohreiter as Gabuscus, and Turner's dog Gryphon. The game was released in March 2015 for iOS and later for Android, and in May 2018 for PC, with plans to extend this to PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch. Before the release of Tobuscus Adventures: Wizards!, Turner also revealed that a second, albeit smaller game, was in development at the same time and based on the popular sandbox game Minecraft, titled "Mine The Diamond", which was later released in June 2015 for iOS. In May 2014, Turner signed a three-book deal with Tegen Books, an imprint of HarperCollins, to help create an illustrated journal-style series based on Tobuscus Adventures. The first, second, and third books were published in the fall of 2015, summer of 2016, and winter 2017, respectively. As of 2018, Turner had written a fourth book in the series. Turner was chosen to voice the character of Ant-Man/Scott Lang for the 2016 mobile game Marvel Avengers Academy. Reception Within the first few years of his three channels running concurrently, Turner was considered one of the most popular YouTube personalities, later recognised as a "mainstay", "pioneer", and "one of the site's greatest innovators." Turner has on occasion expressed how his channels have suffered from management issues on YouTube that ultimately restricts how many video views he receives. For example, in an interview with Heavy in 2018 and a video uploaded in 2019 titled Dear Algorithm, he stated that content creators such as himself were occasionally not appearing in subscribers feeds and as a result the majority of his subscribers were not notified when he uploaded new content. Turner has also attempted to reach out to YouTube directly, such as in 2017 tweeting to their administration that neither the subscribe button nor the more recently introduced bell icon, which immediately notified subscribers of new uploads, were working properly at the time. Harrison Jacobs of Business Insider in 2014 meanwhile wrote of how Turner had been pursuing various projects outside of YouTube. He found that while he still published frequently to his channels, he seemed particularly devoted to other work in the hope that it could direct him into more "traditional media", citing Turner's first book based on his web series Tobuscus Animated Adventures, as well as his mobile game Tobuscus Adventures: Wizards!. Jacobs noted how the development of the game, which ultimately took place over an almost two-year period, had run over-budget, despite having received more than double the requested funds, and had been met with a number of delays, which Turner himself ascribed to a lack of experience. Personal life Having begun his video-making career in Niceville, Turner moved to Los Angeles in 2008. Turner has speculated that he may have ADHD and some have similarly made this assumption due to his boisterous and sometimes inappropriate behavior. Filmography References External links 1985 births American comedy musicians 21st-century American comedians American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American male web series actors 21st-century American male actors American YouTubers Living people Musicians from Florida People from Niceville, Florida People from Oktibbeha County, Mississippi Maker Studios channels University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications alumni Video bloggers Video game commentators Web series producers American male bloggers The Annoying Orange Minecraft YouTubers
Epicauta tenebrosa is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in Central America and North America. References Further reading Meloidae Articles created by Qbugbot Beetles described in 1949
"Numb" is a song by American record producer Marshmello and American singer-songwriter Khalid. It was released as a single through Republic and Joytime Collective as a single on June 10, 2022. The song was produced by Marshmello and Digital Farm Animals, who both wrote it alongside Khalid, Richard Boardman and Pablo Bowman of the songwriting collective the Six, and Aldae. It marks the second collaboration between the two artists, following Marshmello's 2017 single "Silence". Background Marshmello and Khalid both spoke about "Numb" in a statement. Marshmello said: "Me and Khalid always talked about doing another song, so I sent this idea to him and he loved it. I was super happy when I asked him if he wanted to do the song and he said yes because the song is a little different vibe for him, but I knew he would crush it. He sent it to me the next day and I immediately knew we had one with this". Khalid said: "Mello and I have a great friendship, and when we get together to make music, it's always great vibes. 'Silence' is a fan favorite that I love performing, so continuing our collaborations with 'Numb' is something that I'm looking forward to". Composition and lyrics "Numb" is a deep house song that includes a four on the floor rhythmic pattern rather than a contemporary pop-trap style, which was shown on Marshmello and Khalid's previous collaboration on "Silence". It also contains "uplifting pop dance riffs, a pumping house groove, and sultry vocals from Khalid". The song leans into Marshmello's usual melodic sound that also contains "intoxicating backbeats", which let Khalid's vocals take center stage. Release and promotion On May 12, 2022, Marshmello tweeted that he and Khalid needed to work together on another song. He teased the song exactly two weeks later. After both artists posted a few snippets of the song, they announced the song on June 3, 2022. Music video The official music video for "Numb" premiered alongside the release of the song on Marshmello's YouTube channel on June 10, 2022. It starts with Khalid singing while sitting next to a record player before the scene transitions to a house party that includes a pool, in which a lot of women later show up. Joe Price of Complex felt that the video was perfect for the vibe of the song and was reminded of the video for "Silence", in which he concluded that the video for "Numb" shows their collaborative history. Credits and personnel Marshmello – production, songwriting Khalid – vocals, songwriting Digital Farm Animals – production, songwriting Richard Boardman – songwriting Pablo Bowman – songwriting Aldae – songwriting Manny Marroquin – mixing Emerson Mancini – mastering Denis Kosiak – engineering Anthony Vilchis – engineering assistance Zach Pereyra – engineering assistance Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history References 2022 singles 2022 songs Republic Records singles Marshmello songs Songs written by Marshmello Khalid (singer) songs Songs written by Khalid (singer) Songs written by Digital Farm Animals Song recordings produced by Digital Farm Animals Deep house songs
Don Mark Patrick Hederman, OSB, former Abbot of Glenstal Abbey, County Limerick, Ireland, is a Benedictine monk, teacher, lecturer and writer. Formerly headmaster of the school at Glenstal, he was later named academic dean. Biography Hederman comes from Ballingarry, the second son in a family of four. Of Glenstal, he said in 2009, "I came here as a boy to school when I was twelve years of age, and apart from about ten years of my life spent in Africa, America and other parts of Europe, I have never lived anywhere else. ... It only existed as a monastery thirty years before I arrived." Dom Patrick earned a doctorate degree from UCD in the philosophy of education. He has lectured in philosophy and literature outside Ireland, most notably in the United States and Nigeria. Hederman helped found the cultural journal, The Crane Bag. With Richard Kearney he edited the two-volume collection The Crane bag book of Irish studies. (Dublin : Blackwater/Folens, 1982). The election as fifth Abbot of Glenstal by the community of Benedictine monks, to an eight-year term, "came as a shock to those who knew him and his work because of the maverick figure that he is in the Irish Church." Also, at 64, Hederman was the oldest to be chosen for the position since the monastery became an Abbey in the 1950s. In a piece published in early 2011, Abbot Hederman was quoted by novelist and writer Russell Shorto speaking about the sexual-abuse scandals in the Irish Catholic Church. References Writings Anchoring the altar, published by Veritas House (2002); , The Haunted Inkwell: Art and Our Future (paperback), published by Columba Press (1 January 2001); , Underground Cathedrals, published by Columba Press (31 May 2010); , Walkabout: Life as Holy Spirit, published by Columba Press (20 May 2005), ; Kissing the Dark: Connecting with the Unconscious, published by Veritas Publications (15 December 1999; 25 March 2005 as paperback); , Tarot: Talisman or Taboo? – Reading the World as Symbol''', published by Currach Press (1 May 2003); , The Boy in the Bubble: Education as Personal Relationship'', published by Veritas Publications (29 November 2012); , "The Opal and the Pearl", published by Columba Press (September 2016); 9781782183068 External links https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1420453A/Mark_Patrick_Hederman http://www.materdei.ie/index.cfm/page/newsarchive/id/66 http://journalistsueleonard.blogspot.com/2010/12/abbot-of-glenstal-mark-patrick-hederman.html Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Benedictine abbots Irish religious writers Irish educators Writers from County Limerick
Sex differences in education are a type of sex discrimination in the education system affecting both men and women during and after their educational experiences. Men are more likely to be literate on a global average, although higher literacy scores for women are prevalent in many countries. Women are more likely to achieve a tertiary education degree compared to men of the same age. Men tended to receive more education than women in the past, but the gender gap in education has reversed in recent decades in most Western countries and many non-Western countries. Gender differences in school enrollment This is measured with the Gender Parity Index. The closer to one, the closer to gender equality. When the number is below 1, there are more males than females, and when the number is above 1, there are more females than males. Primary Secondary Tertiary Inequalities in education around the world Gender based inequalities in education around the world, according to UNESCO, are mainly determined by poverty, geographical isolation, minority status, disability, early marriage, pregnancy and gender-based violence. In the rest of the world, more boys remain out of school than girls, however, women make up two-thirds of the 750 million adults without basic literacy skills. Developed countries In various developed countries, there has been an increase in education access for women in the last several decades. In developed countries, girls and boys are enrolled in elementary/kindergarten and middle schools at an equal rate in the educational schooling system. In European nations, girl students tend to flourish more often in secondary school than boys in developed countries, according to Sutherland. African and Asian countries have aided and catered to girls by enforcing certain quotas and scholarships to place themselves in higher education to provide opportunities for better education with long-lasting jobs. The outlook and position of women in higher education have improved drastically over the recent years in various countries around the world. In selective countries, the author claimed that women are being misrepresented and unfairly evaluated at the university level of education. Additionally, in some developed countries, women are persistently a “distinct minority” in higher education according to the article. There is a consistent trend in university-level education on how women make up a small proportion of these schools across certain nations. The other frequent struggles that result in these issues stem from women remaining in a small categorical group of not acquiring doctorate degrees and some postgraduate degrees in various countries. Other factors based on gender differences in education coherently connect to Aleksandra M. Rogowska and her colleague's study of examining and exploring five traits, academic motivation, personality, and gender in a cross-cultural context. She conducted a study of Polish and Ukrainian college students (424 students) in the physical education sectors. The study required an Item pool test that examined the GPA (Grade Point Average), Academic Motivation scale (AMS), and the model of personality to collect data. Rogowska's study revealed that gender differences were found in “personality traits and academic motivation scales.” The study also showed how notable gender was and prominent as a “moderator” in the dynamic correlation between conscientiousness and academic achievement. The author noted how gender was integral as a third variable to show the connection between conscientiousness and academic accomplishment. Rogowska's study emerged compelling information regarding the motivation factor of women being more motivated than men based on academic achievement. United States A study looking at children born in the 1980s in the United States until their adulthood found that boys with behavioural problems were less likely to complete high school and university than girls with the same behavioural problems. Boys had more exposure to negative experiences and peer pressure, and had higher rates of grade repetition. Owens, who conducted the study, attributes this to negative stereotypes about boys and says that this may partially explain the gender gap in education. Science, technologies, engineering, and mathematics In developed countries, women are often underrepresented in science, technologies, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). According to the OECD, 71% of men who graduate with a science degree work as professionals in physics, mathematics and engineering, whereas only 43% women work as professionals. "Fewer than 1 in 3 engineering graduates, and fewer than 1 in 5 computer science graduates are female". Regarding the issue of gender and education in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) field, and how women in STEM have underwhelming sparse numbers in the field which is alarming for policymakers and sociology scientists. The authors Stoet and Geary, utilized an international database of student success in the STEM field and mentioned and analyzed how girls performed comparably to boys in various countries in the science field. Analytically, girl students emerged as more than capable of performing at prominent levels in STEM at a university level. Furthermore, the analysis acknowledged how girls performed comparably to boys and higher in multiple countries in specific subjects corresponding to math and science. Stoet and Geary mentioned how the relative academic strengths regarding sex differences, and the demand for STEM degrees increased with a rise in gender equality on a national scale in different countries. In addition, mediation analysis showed that “life quality pressures in less gender-equal" nations encourage and advocate for women's involvement in STEM education. Overall, the author mentions that there is intense pressure for less-gender-equal countries to create a surge in the advocation of women's participation in STEM subjects. Centering the problems of gender education in the STEM field around gender-based bias evaluations of children relating to anxiety and lack of representation of women. Author Drew H. Bailey mentions how regardless of worldwide striving and progress for gender equality across different societies, the lack of women in STEM programs is a reoccurring issue in educational institutions. Furthermore, Bailey and his colleagues studied how the possibility that the gender difference in STEM subjects' anxiety holds a contribution to the underrepresentation of women. The study involved assessing the number of predictions from the “gender stratification model,” which evaluates “cross-national patterns” of gender distinctions in math anxiety and performance. The study tailored itself to the number of outcomes of gender inequality on a national scale that related to math anxiety and performance in education. The analytical data collected from the PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) of which 761,655 students from 68 nations participated was measured to further the study. The results of the study showed that countries with more gender-egalitarian, and economically advanced societies have a moderate level of mathematics anxiety. There are comparatively more “mothers in STEM fields” in developed countries; however, according to the study they treasured “mathematical competence” in their sons more than their daughters. The mothers in STEM fields cherished their sons to have more capability in math than their daughters according to the author's study. However, the worldwide average in STEM exams is closer in proximity in terms of performance between girls and boys, according to Baily and his colleagues. Second sexism in education Discrimination against men in education is sometimes known as "second sexism". Second sexism has not seen significant backing or research even among those who study discrimination. Second sexism in education, together with obvious sexrole stereotypes, make male students face more punishment in school than female students. Grading Bias in Schools Against Boys In the past, men tended to get more education than women, however, the gender bias in education gradually turned to men in recent decades. In recent years, teachers have had modest expectations for boys' academic performance. The boys were labeled as reliant, the impression teachers provide students can affect the grade they receive. At schools or colleges, prejudice against male students is common. Usually, teachers happened to have a better perception of girls than boys. Many teachers have a poorer relationship with boys than girls because they relate to girls more deeply than they do with boys. Due to this bias in grading, male students are more likely than female students to obtain worse grades. Some recent studies indicate that discrimination against boys in grading may contribute to some of this gender disparity. Studies have shown that teachers typically have lower expectations of boys' academic performance and behavior in school, even though most teachers aim to be fair and work to provide equitable learning opportunities for all kids. In Ingela Åhslund and Lena Boström's study, they've discovered that girls are seen as autonomous, driven, and high achievers, whereas boys are seen as troublemakers and underachievers. Moreover, Ingela and Lena found out that gender stereotypes cause differing interpretations of the same behavior in boys and girls, with girls being perceived as independent and having stronger communication and organizational skills and boys being seen as unprepared, unmotivated, and infantile, according to studies on gender attribution. Grading Bias Against Boys on Different Subjects In a research conducted by Camille Terrier, she discovered that in both arithmetic and French, teachers' gender bias significantly and highly affects how far boys advance relative to girls. This is the first study to examine gender differences in elementary school performance using objective and subjective performance through scientific data. Even in subjects like math and science, where their test scores were either equal to or lower than the girls' test scores, the study found that boys received worse marks than girls. In middle school, the gender bias of teachers toward males accounts for 6% of the math achievement gap between boys and girls. Moreover, she gathered data from schools in a fairly underdeveloped educational region of France. According to the research, inexperienced instructors tend to be more biased toward boys in the classroom. Teachers assigned to underprivileged areas are frequently younger than those working in institutions with greater privileges. Her study established that gender biases among teachers will significantly affect the success gap between boys and girls in different subjects. This explains why boys are falling further behind girls in academic performance. Teachers’ Gender Biases Affect Male Students’ Achievement Girls perform better in school than boys do in the majority of Western nations. Due to their poorer grades, boys have a decreased probability of getting admitted into further education, which may ultimately limit their chances of success in the job market. A study conducted by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development proved that boys are gradually falling behind girls in schools. Boys who fall behind risk dropping out of school, failing to enroll in college or university, or finding themselves unemployed as a result of this disadvantage. In OECD nations, 66% of women and 52% of men, respectively, entered university programs in 2009, and this disparity is widening. In 2015, 43% of women in Europe between the ages of 30-34 completed higher education, as opposed to 34% of men in the same age bracket. There is considerable interest in figuring out the causes of this disparity because it has grown by 4.4 percentage points over the past ten years. Moreover, male students are at a larger risk of experiencing academic, social, and emotional challenges, which can lead to a greater sense of alienation from oneself and society, according to current research on gender disparities in educational settings at all socioeconomic levels. Possible Solutions and Implementations According to Björn Tyrefors Hinnerich, Erik Höglin, and Magnus Johannesson's research, they proved that girls perform better in school than boys has been found in numerous studies. It's critical to keep researching the causes of this gender difference. The most likely explanation is that girls put in more effort in school because this difference does not seem to be the result of discrimination and is unlikely to depend on innate differences in ability. Designing measures to close the gender gap in education requires research into why this is the case and how it differs with different learning contexts. The diverse learning styles used by boys and girls in the classroom must be understood by the school. Boys may be viewed as restless, lazy, and less driven when instruction is not appropriately tailored to their needs. Given the notion that equal circumstances should be established in the classroom, it is important to explore gender inequalities and boys' inferior performance without bias. Instead of focusing on the behavior and performance of their pupils, teachers must be prepared to critically analyze and problematize their own teaching. In order to create inclusive environments for all students, boys and girls alike, it is also crucial that the approach and methods are modified to match the criteria of an equal school, depending on the school's compensating tasks. Gender differences in education based on teacher's gender Gender discrimination in education exists as well from differential treatment students receive by either male or female teachers. In Newfoundland, Jim Duffy et al. found out that teachers may have higher expectations for boys in math and science, and for girls; higher expectations in language. Teachers were found to also have a tendency to praise students matching gender expected norms. Students were praised more often by female mathematics teachers than female literature teachers, but praise was more often given by male literature teachers occurred than by male mathematics teachers. Criticism has also been found to be directed toward male students significantly more often than female students in both literature, and mathematics classes, regardless of teacher's gender. Altermatt suggested however that a greater number of teacher-student interactions may be directed at boys as a result of boy students initiating more interaction. In a study done by Paulette B. Taylor, video tapes depicting the same inappropriate behavior (pencil tapping, disturbing others, and mild rebukes to the teacher) of 4 different students; An African American male and female, and a white male and female. 87 inservice teachers, and 99 preservice teachers viewed the tapes, which were also broken down into African American male and female groups, as well as white male and female teacher-participant groups. Participants were then asked to complete a 32 item behavior rating scale focusing on individual teacher perceptions of students in video tape. Analysis revealed statistical significance in differences related to the gender of the teacher to perception of the African American female student being viewed as most troublesome. However, no statistical significance was found in students ratings in relation to ethnic backgrounds of the teachers, or interaction of ethnicity and gender. Male teachers rated students higher on impulsivity than female teachers in general, however the only statistically significant find was in the rating of African American female students of all participant groups. Forms of sex discrimination in education Sex discrimination in education is applied to women in several ways. First, many sociologists of education view the educational system as an institution of social and cultural reproduction. The existing patterns of inequality, especially for gender inequality, are reproduced within schools through formal and informal processes. In Western societies, these processes can be traced all the way back to preschool and elementary school learning stages. Research such as May Ling Halim et al.'s 2013 study has shown that children are aware of gender role stereotypes from a young age, with those who are exposed to higher levels of media, as well as gender stereotyped behavior from adults holding the strongest perception of gender stereotypical roles, regardless of ethnicity. Indeed, Sandra Bem's gender schema theory identifies that children absorb gender stereotypes by observing the behavior of humans around them and then imitate the actions of those they deem to be of their own gender. Thus, if children attain gender cues from environmental stimuli, it stands to reason that the early years of a child's education are some of the most formative for developing ideas about gender identity and can potentially be responsible for reinforcing harmful notions of disparity in the roles of males and females. Jenny Rodgers identifies that gender stereotypes exist in a number of forms in the primary classroom, including the generalization of attainment levels based upon sex and teacher attitudes towards gender appropriate play. Hidden curriculum In her 1978 quantitative study, Katherine Clarricoates conducted field observations and interviews with British primary school teachers from a range of schools located in both rural and urban and wealthy and less wealthy areas. Her study confirms that Rodgers' assertions about gender stereotypes and discrimination were widely seen in the classrooms. In an extract from one of the interviews, a teacher claimed that it is "subjects like geography…where the lads do come out…they have got the facts whereas the girls tend to be a bit more woollier in most of the things". Meanwhile, other teachers claimed that "they (girls) haven't got the imagination that most of the lads have got" and that "I find you can spark the boys a bit easier than you can the girls…Girls have got their own set ideas – it's always '…and we went home for tea'… Whereas you can get the boys to write something really interesting…". In another interview, a teacher perceived gender behavioral differences, remarking "…the girls seem to be typically feminine whilst the boys seem to be typically male…you know, more aggressive... the ideal of what males ought to be", while another categorized boys as more "aggressive, more adventurous than girls". When considering Bem's gender schema theory in relation to these statements, it is not difficult to see how male and female pupils may pick up various behavioral cues from their teachers' gender differentiation and generalizations which then manifest themselves in gendered educational interests and levels of attainment. Clarricoates terms this bias the "hidden curriculum" as it is deviant from the official curriculum which does not discriminate based on gender. She notes that it arises from a teacher's own underlying beliefs about gendered behavior and causes them to act in favor of the boys but to the detriment of the girl pupils. This ultimately leads to the unfolding of a self-fulfilling prophecy in the academic and behavioral performances of the students. Citing Patricia Pivnick's 1974 dissertation on American primary schools, Clarricoates posits that It is possible that by using a harsher tone for controlling the behavior of boys than for girls, the teachers actually foster the independent and defiant spirit which is considered 'masculine' in our culture…At the same time, the 'femininity' which the teachers reinforced in girls may foster the narcissism and passivity which results in lack of motivation and achievement in girls. This analysis highlights the lifelong hindrances that the "hidden curriculum" of teachers can inflict on both genders. Linguistic sexism Another element of the "hidden curriculum" Clarricoates identifies is linguistic sexism. She defines this term as the consistent and unconscious use of words and grammatical forms by teachers that denigrate women and emphasize the assumed superiority of men, not only in lesson content but also in situations of disciplinary procedure. One example of this she cites is the gendering of animal and inanimate characters. She states that teachers, together with TV presenters and characters as well as curricular materials all refer to dinosaurs, pandas, squirrels and mathematical characters as "he", conveying to young children that these animals all only come in the male gender. Meanwhile, only motherly figures such as ladybirds, cows and hens are referred to as "she". As a result, school books, media and curriculum content all give students the impression that females do not create history which contributes to the damaging assumption that females cannot transform the world, whereas men can. In addition, Clarricoates discusses the linguistic sexism inherent to the adjective choice of teachers when admonishing or rewarding their pupils. She notes that "if boys get out of hand they are regarded as 'boisterous', 'rough', 'assertive', 'rowdy' and 'adventurous'", whereas girls were referred to as "'fussy', 'bitchy', giggly', 'catty' and 'silly'". According to Clarricoates' previously stated observations, the terms applied to boys imply positive masculine behavior, meanwhile the categories used for girls are more derogatory. This difference in teachers' reactions to similar behaviors can again be seen as contributing to the development of gender stereotyped behaviors in young pupils. Another element of linguistic sexism that Clarricoates identifies is the difference in the treatment of male and female pupils' use of "improper language" by their teachers; girls tended to be censured more harshly compared to boys, due to unconscious biases about gender appropriate behavior. While girls were deemed as "unladylike" for using "rough" speech, the same speech uttered by their male counterparts was regarded as a part of normal masculine behavior, and they were thus admonished less harshly. This creates a linguistic double standard which can again be seen to contribute to long-term gender disparities in behavior. Clarricoates concludes her study by observing that there is a "catch 22" situation for young female pupils. If a girl conforms to institutional ideals by learning her lessons well, speaking appropriately and not bothering the teacher then her success is downplayed in comparison to the equivalent behavior in a male pupil. Indeed, she is regarded as "passive", or a "goody-goody" and as "lesser" than her male pupils. As a result, this reinforcement will foster submissiveness and self-depreciation; qualities which society does not hold in great esteem. However, if she does not conform then she will be admonished more harshly than her equivalent male pupils and also be viewed in a more negative light. She will be regarded as problematic and disruptive to the class, which may ultimately impact her academic performance and career prospects in the future. Furthermore, if she is able to survive the school institution as an assertive and confident individual then she will still face many challenges in the workplace, where these characteristics in women are often perceived as "bossy" or "overbearing". Dominance of heteronormativity Rodgers identifies that another challenge to gender equality in the elementary school classroom is the dominance of heteronormativity and heterosexual stereotypes. Citing the research of Guasp, she maintains that heteronormative discourse still remains the norm, both in schools and in wider western society. She notes that gender and heterosexual stereotypes are intrinsically linked, due to expectations of females being sexually attracted to males and vice versa, as part of their gender performance. Thus, one of the major challenges to gender equality is the concealment of sexual diversity under the dominance of heteronormativity. Rodgers identifies that although the 1988 Education Reform Act in the United Kingdom helped to increase opportunities for gender diversity by ensuring that both sexes study the same core subjects, on the other hand, heterosexual stereotyping was exacerbated by the passing of Section 28 of the 1988 Local Government Act, which decreed homosexuality "as a pretended family relationship." This caused a significant hindrance in the widespread acceptance of homosexuality and thus, the progression of gender equality in schools. Despite the 2003 repeal of this act, the pupils most at risk of discrimination as a result of gender biases in the "hidden curriculum", are still those who do not conform to gender and heterosexual stereotypes. Indeed, Rodgers cites these teaching approaches as conforming to hegemonic masculinity, and attributes this method to the marginalization of students who do not conform to their stereotypical gender roles. Another way the educational system discriminates towards females is through course-taking, especially in high school. This is important because course-taking represents a large gender gap in what courses males and females take, which leads to different educational and occupational paths between males and females. For example, females tend to take fewer advanced mathematical and scientific courses, thus leading them to be ill-equipped to pursue these careers in higher education. This can further be seen in technology and computer courses. Cultural norms may also be a factor causing sex discrimination in education. For example, society suggests that women should be mothers and responsible for the bulk of child rearing. Therefore, women feel compelled to pursue educational pathways that lead to occupations that allow for long leaves of absence, so they can be stay-at-home mothers. Child marriages can be another determining factor in ending the formal education and literacy rates of women in various parts of the world. According to research conducted by UNICEF in 2013, one out of three girls across the developing world is married before the age of 18. As an accepted practice in many cultures, the investment in a girl's education is given little importance, whereas emphasis is placed on men and boys to be the 'breadwinners.' A hidden curriculum may further add to discrimination in the educational system. Hidden curriculum is the idea that race, class, and gender have an influence on the lessons that are taught in schools. Moreover, it is the idea that certain values and norms are instilled through curriculum. For example, U.S. history often emphasizes the significant roles that white males played in the development of the country. Some curriculum have even been rewritten to highlight the roles played by white males. An example of this would be the way wars are talked about. Curricula on the Civil War, for instance, tend to emphasize the key players as Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Abraham Lincoln. Whereas woman or men of color such as Harriet Tubman as a spy for the Union, Harriet Beecher Stowe or Frederick Douglass, are downplayed from their part in the war. Another part is that the topics being taught are masculine or feminine. Shop classes and advanced sciences are seen as more masculine, whereas home economics, art, or humanities are seen as more feminine. The problem comes when students receive different treatment and education because of his or her gender or race. Students may also be socialized for their expected adult roles through the correspondence principle laid out by sociologists including Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis. Girls may be encouraged to learn skills valued in female-dominated fields, while boys might learn leadership skills for male-dominated occupations. For example, as they move into the secondary and post-secondary phases of their education, boys tend to gravitate more toward STEM courses than their female classmates. Differential treatment in parental involvement Child development in educational areas can also be influenced by the treatment a child receives from his/her parents. In a study by Rebecca Carter, of which private and public school 8th graders were looked at using the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS), a study which provides many details regarding parental involvement in their child's educational attainment. The data found that females engaged in school discussion with their parents more frequently than male counterparts, however when controlling for test scores, grades, and educational aspirations there was a reduction in magnitude of the gender effect of school discussions, but still maintaining its significance. Its also been found that parents are more involved with school on behalf of their sons, but involvement was not known to be purely academic, or for behavioral/non-academic reasons. There was also no difference found in time limits placed on watching television between males/females after school. However, it was noted that females were more likely than males to have less time spent socializing with friends based on parental involvement, reflecting the concept that parents put forth greater efforts to protect their daughters. Data has also shown that parental attendance at school events is greater for daughters than for sons, and when controlling for academic factors it has been found that over half of the gender differences that had been found were explained by academic factors, meaning that parental involvement in these events were influenced by daughter's academic performance. Gender discrimination in education also exist from household discrimination. Parents may spend differently based on gender of their children which is an unequal treatment. Shaleen Khanal studied the expenditure people spent on girls and boys in Nepal. Based on his research, he found that parents spend in education expenditure, compared to boys, is 20% less on girls which is very unequal. The expenditure difference including spending unequally on students' fee, textbooks, school supplies like school bags, uniforms and other education expenditure. And this kind of discrimination is rising in Nepal. Also, parents in Nepal are more willing to spend more money in order to let boys to go to private school for the better education. This phenomenon is more pronounced in Nepal' s rural area, but it happened in urban areas as well. Women's scholarships In a study of 220 universities in the United States, 84% of them offered single-gender scholarships. The study assessed whether these universities were discriminatory if there are 4 or more women-only scholarships compared to men-only, and described 68.5% as discriminatory against men. In many universities there are scholarships for women only. These have been described as illegal under Title IX and discriminatory against men, causing the United States Department of Education to launch multiple investigations around the country. People pushing to get these removed have mentioned that these scholarships were created in the 1970s when women were under-represented in tertiary education, but it is now men who underperform and that the scholarships should become gender-neutral. In 2008 in New Zealand, the Human Rights Commission considered abolishing women's scholarships. Consequences of sex discrimination in education Discrimination results for the most part, being in low status, sex-stereotyped occupations, which in part is due to gender differences in majors. They also have to endure the main responsibilities of domestic tasks, even though their labor force participation has increased. Sex discrimination in high school and college course-taking also results in women not being prepared or qualified to pursue more prestigious, high paying occupations. Sex discrimination in education also results in women being more passive, quiet, and less assertive, due to the effects of the hidden curriculum. Classroom interactions can also have unseen consequences. Because gender is something we learn, day-to-day interactions shape our understandings of how to do gender. Teachers and staff in an elementary may reinforce certain gender roles without thinking. Their communicative interactions may also single out other students. For example, a teacher may call on one or two students more than the others. This causes those who are called on less to be less confident. A gendered example would be a teacher expecting a girl to be good at coloring or a boy to be good at building. These types of interactions restrict a student to the particular role assigned to them. Other consequences come in the form of what is communicated as appropriate behaviors for boys and girls in classes like physical education. While a teacher may not purposely try to communicate these differences, they may tend to make comments based on gender physical ability. For example, a male may be told that he throws like a girl which perpetuates him to become more masculine and use brute force. A female, on the other hand, might be told she is too masculine looking, causing her to become more reserved and less motivated. Some gender discrimination, whether intentional or not, also effects the positions students may strive for in the future. Females may not find interest in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM), because they have not been exposed to those types of classes. This is because interactions within the school and society are pushing them towards easier, more feminine classes, such as home economics or art. They also might not see many other women going into the STEM field. This then lowers the number of women in STEM, further producing and continuing this cycle. This also has a similar effect on males. Because of interactions from teachers, such as saying boys do not usually cook, males may then be less likely to follow careers such as a chef, an artist, or a writer. Gender gap in literacy The latest national test scores in the United States, collected by the NAEP assessment, show that girls have met or exceeded the reading performance of boys at all age levels. The literacy gap in fourth grade is equivalent to males being two years behind the average girl in reading and writing. At the middle school level, statistics from the Educational Testing Service show that the gap between eight-grade males and females is more than six times greater than the differences in mathematical reasoning, mathematical reasoning favoring males. These findings have spanned across the globe as the International Association for Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) found gender to be the most powerful predictor of performance in a study of 14 countries. Booth, Johns, and Bruce state that at both national and international levels "male students do not do as well as girls in reading and writing and appear more often in special education classes, dropout rates and are less likely to go to university". Boys face a multitude of difficulties when it comes to literacy and the article lists some of the possible areas of literacy education where these difficulties could stem from. These include, but are not limited to, their own gender identity, social and cultural issues, religion, technology, school cultures, teaching styles, curriculum, and the failures of pre-service and in-service teaching courses. It is also important to consider two aspects of boys and literacy education as raised in the Booth article, which draws from the 2002 work of Smith and Wilhelm. The first is achievement; boys typically take longer to learn than girls do, although they excel over girls when it comes to "information retrieval and work-related literacy tasks". It is important, therefore, for the teacher to provide the appropriate activities to highlight boys' strengths in literacy and properly support their weaknesses. Also, boys tend to read less than girls in their free time. This could play a role in the fact that girls typically "comprehend narrative and expository texts better than boys do". In his 2009 book Grown Up Digital, Tapscott writes that there are other methods to consider in order to reach boys when it comes to literacy: "Boys tend to be able to read visual images better... study from California State University (Hayword) saw test scores increase by 11 to 16% when teaching methods were changed to incorporate more images". Smith and Wilhelm say that boys typically have a "lower estimation of their reading abilities" than girls do. Possible solutions and implementation One attempted change made to literacy instruction has been the offering of choice in classroom gender populations. In Hamilton, Ontario, Cecil B. Stirling Elementary/Junior School offered students in grades 7 and 8, and their parents, a choice between enrolling in a boys-only, girls-only or co-ed literacy course. Single-gender classes were most popular, and although no specific studies have shown a statistical advantage to single-gender literacy classes, the overall reaction by boys was positive: "I like that there's no girls and you can't be distracted. [. . .] You get better marks and you can concentrate more." However, a 2014 meta-analysis based on 84 studies representing the testing of 1.6 million students in Grades K-12 from 21 nations published in the journal of Psychological Bulletin, found no evidence that the view single sex schooling is beneficial over co-gendered schools. With boys-only classrooms not always being possible, it then becomes the responsibility of the literacy instructor to broaden the definition of literacy from fiction-rich- literacy programs to expose students to a variety of texts including factual and non-fiction texts (magazines, informational texts, etc.) that boys are already often reading; provide interest and choice in literacy instruction; expand literacy teaching styles to more hands-on, interactive and problem-solving learning, appealing to a boy's strengths; and to provide a supportive classroom environment, sensitive to the individual learning pace of each boy and providing of a sense of competence. Other everyday practices that attempt to "close the gender gap" of literacy in the classroom can include: Tapping into visual-spatial strengths of boys. (Filmstrips/Comics) Using hands-on materials. (Websites, handouts) Incorporating technology. (Computer Learning Games, Cyberhunts) Allowing time for movement. (Reader's Theaters and plays, "Active" Mnemonics) Allowing opportunities for competition. (Spelling Bees, Jeopardy, Hangman) Choosing books that appeal to boys. ("Boy's Rack" in Classroom Library) Providing male role models. (High-school Boys Tutoring Younger Boys in Reading, Reading/Speaking Guests) Boys-only reading programs. (Boys-only Book Club) Homeschooled children A study by the HSLDA showed that the achievement gender divide for home-schooled children was less that of public schools. Homeschooled boys (87th percentile) and girls (88th percentile) scored equally well. The income of the parents did not have much impact on the results, however, a major factor in student achievement is whether a parent had attained a tertiary education. Sex differences in tertiary education A 2014 meta-analysis of sex differences in scholastic achievement published in the journal of Psychological Bulletin found females outperformed males in teacher-assigned school marks throughout elementary, junior/middle, high school and at both undergraduate and graduate university level. The meta-analysis done by researchers Daniel Voyer and Susan D. Voyerwas from the University of New Brunswick drew from 97 years of 502 effect sizes and 369 samples stemming from the year 1914 to 2011, and found that the magnitude of higher female performance was not affected by year of publication, thereby contradicted recent claims of "boy crisis" in school achievement. Another 2015 study by researchers Gijsbert Stoet and David C. Geary from the journal of Intelligence found that girl's overall education achievement is better in 70 percent of all the 47–75 countries that participated in PISA. The study consisting of 1.5 million 15-year-olds found higher overall female achievement across reading, mathematics, and science literacy and better performance across 70% of participating countries, including many with considerable gaps in economic and political equality, and they fell behind in only 4% of countries. In summary, Stoet and Geary said that sex differences in educational achievement are not reliably linked to gender equality. The results do not prove, however, greater intelligence of women in relation to men. Data from the United States Department of Education shows that 64.5% of students entering for a four-year bachelor's degree had graduated within six years. Women had a graduation rate that higher than men by 6.9 points. 66.4% of women entering the degree achieved it within 6 years, compared to 60.4% for men. In OECD countries, women are more likely to hold a university degree than men of the same age. The proportion of women aged 25–34 who have a university degree is 20 percentage points higher than men of the same age. In 2005, USA Today reported that the "college gender gap" was widening, stating that 57% of U.S. college students are female. This gap has been gradually widening, and as of 2014, almost 45% of women had a bachelor's degree, compared to 32% of men with a bachelor's degree. Since the 1990s, enrollment on university campuses across Canada has risen significantly. Most notable is the soaring rates of female participants, which has surpassed the enrollment and participation rates of their male counterparts. Even in the United States, there is a significant difference in the male to female ratio in campuses across the country, where the 2005 averages saw male to female university participants at 43 to 57. Although it is important to note that the rates of both sexes participating in post-secondary studies is increasing, it is equally important to question why female rates are increasing more rapidly than male participation rates. Christofides, Hoy, and Yang study the 15% male to female gap in Canadian universities with the idea of the University Premium. In 2007, Drolet argues in 2007, that this phenomenon is caused by "A university degree ha[ving] a greater payback for women relative to what they could have earned if they only had a high-school diploma because men traditionally have had more options for jobs that pay well even without post-secondary education." Sex discrimination in education globally Improvements in removing sex discrimination from education have had great advancements in the last many years all over the world, but discrimination does still happen. Sexist values instilled into children's minds insist that boys do well at sports, be physically strong, and be competitive and that girls should prepare to cater to their husbands while doing things such as cooking, cleaning, and taking care of children. These values also cause bullying in young children to individuals who do not follow the social norms of how girls and boys should act and what interests they should have. On a global scale, many developing countries force females to leave school earlier than men and do not give them the same opportunities. China China's gender inequality within their education system dates back centuries, but despite some improvement over time has a long way to go. Huge economic and societal development since the 1980s has become a major factor in improving gender equality in not only their education systems but China as a whole. Since the government has more money to invest in the education system, more schools were built, and more women gained the opportunity to attend school. Despite this, there is still a huge barrier between discrimination in rural versus urban areas. In rural areas, women have consistently been twice as likely to be illiterate when compared to men. On top of this, China's one-child policy, although no longer in effect, made a lasting impact on the discrimination against women by their families as most families hoped to have a son. This so-called "son preference” has prevailed among most Chinese parents for centuries and continues to make women less important. United States Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 states that no person should be excluded, denied benefits, or discriminated against based on sex in schools and federally funded activities in the United States. This covers a wide variety of places such as, but not limited to schools, local and state agencies, charters, for-profits, libraries, museums, and vocational rehabilitation agencies in all 50 states as well as territories of the United States. Despite being initially geared towards protecting women, Title IX covers the discrimination of all people based on sex, including LGBTQI+ students. Prior to Title IX being passed many women were denied access to education or participation in extracurricular activities such as sports or male dominant clubs. The Office of Credit Ratings, or the OCR for short, ensures federally funded or assisted organizations follow Title IX by evaluating, investigating, and collecting allegations of sex discrimination. Although Title IX was a great step in the right direction in battling sex discrimination in education in the United States, many people are still discriminated against today. Sub-Saharan Africa In most Sub-Saharan countries gender gaps increased during the colonial era and after gaining independence most began to decline. Africa had a small initial educational gender gap, but little progress has been made to close it. Sub-Saharan Africa holds twelve out of 17 countries in the world that have not yet reached equality in education. Gender gaps are smaller in southern Africa because there are more accessible areas near railroads or on the coast, but the biggest problem for these countries is the way schools are preparing their students. Colleges in Africa have not diversified their systems of education or expanded the level of skills taught in order to prepare them for the demands of labor. Another large problem facing African women is the vast amount of arranged marriages at a young age. As a direct result of this many young women are forced to drop out of school to care for the needs of their husbands and children. In order to correct many of these issues, governments must address the need for better education and appropriate skills training to help battle the rising unemployment rate. See also Achievement gaps in the United States Gender disparities in Kenyan education Gender gaps in mathematics and reading Gender inequality in curricula Gender mainstreaming in teacher education policy Sex differences in education in the United States References External links Gender Gaps in Math and Science Education Gender and education Education
The Michelson stellar interferometer is one of the earliest astronomical interferometers built and used. The interferometer was proposed by Albert A. Michelson in 1890, following a suggestion by Hippolyte Fizeau. The first such interferometer built was at the Mount Wilson observatory, making use of its 100-inch (~250 centimeters) mirror. It was used to make the first-ever measurement of a stellar diameter, by Michelson and Francis G. Pease, when the diameter of Betelgeuse was measured in December 1920. The diameter was found to be 240 million miles (~380 million kilometers), about the size of the orbit of Mars, or about 300 times larger than the Sun. See also History of astronomical interferometry Fizeau interferometer Michelson interferometer References Michelson, A. A., and Pease, F. G. (1921). Astrophys. J. 53, 249–259. Observational astronomy Interferometers
IPI or ipi may refer to: Science and technology International Prognostic Index, a medical tool used in oncology to predict the outcome of lymphoma patients International Protein Index, a database covering information about the proteomes of humans, mice and other animals Integrated Pulmonary Index, a single value that describes the patient's respiratory status Inter-processor interrupt, a mechanism used between processors to maintain a sort of synchronization Intelligent Peripheral Interface, a technology for connecting storage devices to computers Organizations Illinois Policy Institute, a libertarian think tank based in Illinois Image Permanence Institute, an organization dedicated to scientific research in the preservation of recorded information Imperial Pacific International, a former food manufacturer and gambling holding company Indian Political Intelligence, the latter name of the former intelligence organisation Indian Political Intelligence Office Institute for Private Investors, a private membership organization that provides peer-to-peer networking and investor education Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, a research institute, part of the consortium of institutes operating under the aegis of Leibniz University situated in Hannover, Germany International Peace Institute, a research and policy development institution International Press Institute, a journalism organization Inter-parliamentary institution, a type of parliamentary assembly Intellectual Property Institute (United Kingdom), a UK non-profit organization Irish Planning Institute, a professional body Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, a Swiss federal agency People Ipi (vizier), Ancient Egyptian vizier Ipi Morea (born 1975), Papua New Guinean cricketer Faqir of Ipi (born 1897), Pashtun tribal leader from Waziristan Other uses Industrial Production Index, an economic indicator Interested Parties Information, a unique identifying number assigned to each Interested Party in collective rights management International Payment Instruction a uniform European payment receipt Inwald Personality Inventory, a personality test Income protection insurance, an insurance policy paying benefits to policyholders who are unable to work due to illness or accident Ipili language (ISO 639 code: ipi) San Luis Airport (Colombia) (IATA code IPI) See also Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS)
Homewood may refer to: Places Canada Homewood, Manitoba United States Homewood, Alabama Homewood, California Homewood, Illinois Homewood, Kansas Homewood, Pennsylvania Homewood (Pittsburgh), three neighborhoods of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Homewood, South Carolina Homewood, West Virginia Other uses Homewood (surname) Homewood (Ellicott City, Maryland), U.S., a historic house Homewood, Knebworth, a country house in Hertfordshire, England The Homewood, a modernist house in Surrey, England Homewood, Norway, a property in Bærum, Norway Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University, the main campus of The Johns Hopkins University since 1914, in northern Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., also referring to the surrounding neighborhood Homewood Cemetery near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Homewood Museum, a former estate of Charles Carroll of Homewood Homewood Memorial Gardens near Chicago Homewood Mountain Resort, a ski area in Lake Tahoe, Nevada Homewood National Historic Site, a National Historic Site of Canada in Maitland, Ontario Homewood Suites by Hilton, a chain of hotels Homewood Plantation (Natchez, Mississippi), an antebellum plantation near Natchez, Mississippi Homewood (typeface) a type face cut by Baltimore Type Foundry
Karabau (, Qarabau) is a village in the Atyrau Region of western Kazakhstan. References Populated places in Atyrau Region
There is a significant Cuban diaspora in Mexico. Cubans have been a presence in Mexico since the Viceregal era and they have made notable contributions to the culture and politics of the country. Migration history Hernán Cortés and his crew of soldiers and sailors used Cuba as a launching point for the conquest of the Aztec Empire. Cuba-born individuals began arriving during the colonial era and have continued into the post-independence era. Many arrived fleeing from the chaos caused by the Cuban War of Independence. Fidel Castro and his followers used Mexico as a launching point for the Cuban Revolution. The majority of modern Cuban migrants have been exiles or refugees fleeing from the Communist regime in Cuba. Both countries share the Spanish language; their historical origins are common (part of the Spanish Empire). As of 2012, there were 14,637 Cuban-born individuals registered with the Mexican government as living in Mexico. However, the number is likely larger as not all Cubans in the country are legal residents. The number of registered Cuban residents increased 560% between 2010 and 2016, from 4,033 to 22,604 individuals. During the same period, there was a 710% increase in the Cuban presence in Quintana Roo; a fourth of the population (5,569 individuals) live in that state. Culture The danzón arrived with traders and refugees of the Ten Years' War through the ports in Veracruz and Yucatan. While the genre has gone out of style in Cuba, it continues to be popular in Mexico. It reached its peak in popularity in the ballrooms of Mexico City in the 1940s, then went through a decline and afterwards entered a renaissance in the late 20th century. The most famous Mexican danzón piece is Danzón No. 2. Cuban music also influenced Mexican Cinema, with a genre known as rumberas. See also Cuba–Mexico relations Mexicans in Cuba References Further reading Ethnic groups in Mexico Immigration to Mexico
In Turkey, the Directorate of Presidential Administrative Affairs () was established following the 2018 parliamentary election after which the Prime Ministry Undersecretariat () was dissolved. President of the Directorate of Administrative Affairs is the 'highest-ranking civil servant' in the Republic of Turkey. The first and current president is Metin Kıratlı, who had previously served as the Deputy Secretary General of the President. Duties The duties and powers of the Directorate of Presidential Administrative Affairs are as follows: To provide the President with the necessary services in the fulfillment of his duties and exercising his powers, specified in the Constitution. The conduct of relations with the Grand National Assembly of Turkey to do the necessary work to ensure coordination among government agencies and institutions. To carry out the necessary studies for the determination of the principles that will ensure the State Organization to function regularly and effectively. To carry out the necessary studies to ensure coordination in internal security, external security and counter-terrorism organizations. To follow up and evaluate the effects of different studies on the public. List of presidents References Government agencies of Turkey
The 38th AVN Awards officially the 38th AVN Awards presented by MyFreeCams.com was a pornography awards ceremony held on January 23, 2021. The 38th edition of the ceremony which began in 1984 encompassed 120 categories involving content creation, production, retail and web/tech forums in the adult industry. Due to the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic the ceremony was held virtually and streamed on Adult Video News' AVNStars.com. Show overview Production In July 2020 it was announced the award ceremony and related events typically held in Las Vegas would instead be held virtually due to the ongoing pandemic. “The health and safety of our attendees and exhibitors is our top priority, so out of an abundance of caution we’ve made the difficult decision to not hold our January events in-person, but instead create a digital experience that will give industry professionals and the fans of adult entertainment unique opportunities to interact online,” said Tony Rios, chief executive officer of AVN Media Network. The award ceremony was held January 23, the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo was also held on the AVN Stars platform the leading up to the ceremony. As well as the GayVN Awards was held the 18th of January exclusively on the GayVN Stars website. Hosts On January 8, 2021, adult performers Kira Noir and Skyler Lo were announced as co-hosts for the show. Winners and nominees Major awards Winners in bold. References External links AVN Awards 2020 film awards 2021 awards in the United States Pornographic film awards Adult industry awards Virtual events
The 1982 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants' 100th season in Major League Baseball, their 25th season in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season, and their 23rd at Candlestick Park. The team finished in third place in the National League West with an 87–75 record, 2 games behind the Atlanta Braves. Offseason December 9, 1981: Larry Herndon was traded by the Giants to the Detroit Tigers for Dan Schatzeder and Mike Chris. December 11, 1981: Jerry Martin was traded by the Giants to the Kansas City Royals for Rich Gale and Bill Laskey. February 18, 1982: Dennis Littlejohn was traded by the Giants to the Kansas City Royals for Jeff Cornell. March 4, 1982: Enos Cabell and cash was traded by the Giants to the Detroit Tigers for Champ Summers. March 30, 1982: Vida Blue and Bob Tufts were traded by the Giants to the Kansas City Royals for Renie Martin, Craig Chamberlain, Atlee Hammaker, and Brad Wellman. March 30, 1982: Doyle Alexander was traded by the Giants to the New York Yankees for Andy McGaffigan and Ted Wilborn. Regular season In 1982, the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants were tied for second place, one game behind the Atlanta Braves, as they faced each other in the final three games of the year. The Dodgers won the first two games, 4–0 on Friday and 15–4 on Saturday, to eliminate the Giants, then the Giants knocked the Dodgers out of the pennant race on the season's last day on a 7th-inning, three-run homer by Joe Morgan, winning the game, 5–3. Thus, the Braves finished first by one game. The Giants were 48–52 and 14 games behind the Braves on July 30 but they finished the season with a 39–23 run that put them back in the thick of things. Opening Day starters Jack Clark Chili Davis Darrell Evans Al Holland Johnnie LeMaster Jeffrey Leonard Milt May Joe Morgan Reggie Smith Season standings Record vs. opponents Notable transactions June 7, 1982: 1982 Major League Baseball draft Steve Stanicek was drafted by the Giants in the first round (11th pick). Barry Bonds was drafted by the Giants in the second round, but did not sign. Randy Bockus was drafted by the Giants in the 34th round of the 1982 amateur draft. June 14, 1982: Pat Larkin was signed as an amateur free agent by the Giants. June 15, 1982: Dan Schatzeder was purchased from the Giants by the Montreal Expos. Roster Player stats Batting Starters by position Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; Avg. = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases Other batters Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases Pitching Starting pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Other pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Relief pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Awards and honors 1982 Joe Morgan 2B, Willie Mac Award All-Star Game Farm system References External links 1982 San Francisco Giants team at Baseball-Reference 1982 San Francisco Giants team page at Baseball Almanac San Francisco Giants seasons San Francisco Giants season 1982 in San Francisco San
κ Lyrae, Latinized as Kappa Lyrae, is a solitary star in the northern constellation of Lyra, near the constellation border with Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.33. This object is located approximately 252 light years from the Sun based on parallax, but is moving closer with a radial velocity of −24 km/s. This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K2-IIIabCN0.5, with the suffix notation indicating a mild underabundance of cyanogen. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, the star has cooled and expanded. It now has 18 times the Sun's girth and is radiating 127 times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of 4,638 K. κ Lyrae is a red clump giant, which means it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through core helium fusion. It is a suspected small amplitude variable star. References K-type giants Horizontal-branch stars Lyra Lyrae, Kappa Durchmusterung objects Lyrae, 01 168775 089826 6872
Team Rosberg GmbH is a motor racing organisation that competes in single-seater and touring car disciplines in Europe. It was founded in 1994 by former Formula One world champion Keke Rosberg, of Finland. It is headquartered at Neustadt an der Weinstraße in Germany, and competes under a German racing license. Touring cars (1995–present) After his retirement from Formula One in 1986, Keke Rosberg stayed involved in racing, competing with Peugeot's World Sports Car Championship operation in the early 1990s. He entered Germany's top-level touring car championship – the DTM – in 1992, driving first for Mercedes-AMG, and then for Opel Team Joest. The DTM and ITC It was in 1994 that he decided to begin the transition into team ownership, and the newly formed Team Rosberg became part of Opel's DTM program in 1995. In this first year, Keke Rosberg continued driving alongside reigning champion Klaus Ludwig in a pair of Calibra V6 coupes. The Calibra was not as competitive as the Mercedes C-Klasse; Ludwig achieved Opel's only race win of the season on his way to 3rd in the drivers' championship, and Team Rosberg was ranked in 6th place in the teams' standings. In 1996, Rosberg retired from driving to concentrate on team management. As the DTM evolved into the short-lived International Touring car Championship, Ludwig moved to another Opel squad Zakspeed. JJ Lehto, managed by Rosberg at the time joined the team along with Hans-Joachim Stuck. Stuck won in Helsinki and finished in 6th place in the standings. Lehto achieved several podiums but failed to win a race. Super Touring After the collapse of the ITC, Team Rosberg transferred to the Super Tourenwagen Cup, Germany's Supertouring series. Rosberg managed Nissan's factory program in 1997 and 1998, with a pair of Nissan Primeras for Roland Asch and Sascha Maassen. Asch was the highest ranked Nissan driver, finishing eighth in the 1997 championship. 1998 was no different; Asch again finished eighth overall, and Maassen's replacement, Michael Krumm, finished ninth. When Nissan's factory participation in the STC came to an end, Rosberg took a sabbatical from touring cars in 1999 and became involved in formula racing for the first time. The reborn DTM Team Rosberg promptly took the opportunity to participate in the DTM again when it was recreated at the turn of the millennium. While it might have been expected to renew its association with Opel, it instead partnered with Mercedes-AMG. It was one of four teams running CLK DTMs, with Darren Turner and Pedro Lamy on driving duty. It was a respectable season, in which Rosberg was classified 7th in the teams' standings, while Lamy and Turner were classified 13th and 14th overall. In 2001, with only the factory AMG team running 2001-spec CLKs, good results were harder to find. The lack of success prompted Lamy to leave to team, with David Saelens taking his place. Turner was the highest placed of the three drivers, in 15th position overall, and Rosberg was left in 8th place in the teams' standings. The next two years saw a continuation of Rosberg's position as a Mercedes team running year-old cars, with two cars for Stefan Mücke and Christijan Albers in 2002, and two cars for Mücke (later replaced by Patrick Huisman) and Gary Paffett in 2003. Albers and Paffett both graduated to the factory AMG line-up in 2003 and 2004 respectively, and Paffett became the DTM champion in 2005. When the relationship between Rosberg and Mercedes ended after the 2004 season, it spent 2005 away from touring cars, while considering alternative programs. One such option, which did not come to fruition, was the possibility of running the Prodrive-built Aston Martin DBR9 GT1 car in the FIA GT Championship. The hiatus was ended with the opportunity to return to the DTM, not as a Mercedes customer, but as an Audi customer in 2006. Rosberg ran a brace of 2005-spec A4 saloons for Frank Stippler and Timo Scheider, which resulted in 4th position in the teams' standings and 10th in the drivers' championship for Scheider. In 2007, Team Rosberg ran Mike Rockenfeller and Lucas Luhr to 12th and 17th in the Drivers' Championship. Luhr's lack of results (he scored only one point) resulted in him returning to the American Le Mans Series, where he was considerably more successful, becoming 2008 LMP1 champion with the Audi R10. Team Rosberg has continued to race Audi cars in DTM, with 2012 as its most successful recent season. Edoardo Mortara won two of the ten rounds, helping the team to fourth in that year's championship. Formula racing (1999–2005) When Team Rosberg left the Super Tourenwagen Cup, it made the jump to formula racing. In 1999, it began a dual program at national level in Germany, with entry into Formula Three and the first iteration of Formula BMW. In the German F3 Championship, it ran future DTM and prototype driver Pierre Kaffer to 8th place in the standings, while its three-car Formula BMW line-up resulted in 2nd and 3rd in the championship for Giorgio Mecataff and Hannu Wiinikainen. During its touring car return in 2000, Rosberg maintained its presence in formula racing. Hannu Wiinikainen graduated to the two-car F3 team, and the FBMW team was expanded to four cars. It again took the runner-up position in the drivers' championship, this time with Kimmo Liimatainen. It also ran future Formula One driver Christian Klien. Klien led the FBMW line-up in 2001, and finished 3rd in the championship. That year also saw the debut in the German F3 Championship of future DTM champion Gary Paffett. He stayed with Rosberg in 2002 and won the drivers' championship. Rosberg also secured the teams' title in what became its most successful season. In Formula BMW ADAC, Nico Rosberg won the championship in his rookie season, driving for his father's team under the banner of VIVA Racing. When Rosberg's Formula 3 team moved to the new Euroseries in its inaugural year, Nico graduated with it, and stayed for two years before moving on to GP2 in 2005. Team Rosberg took on Austria's A1 Grand Prix franchise in 2005, but Austria ended its involvement after one season, due to a lack of results. Rosberg's entry finished 19th in the standings. At the same time, Rosberg ended its participation in Formula BMW ADAC and the F3 Euroseries at the end of 2005, concentrating instead on its DTM association with Audi. D.C. = Drivers' Championship position, T.C. = Teams' Championship position. Timeline References External links Auto racing teams in Germany A1 Grand Prix racing teams Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters teams Formula BMW teams Formula 3 Euro Series teams Neustadt an der Weinstraße ADAC GT Masters teams Auto racing teams established in 1994 German Formula 3 teams Super GT teams Audi in motorsport
Parker B. Chase (born February 22, 2001) is an American professional racing driver who competes full-time in the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) Michelin Pilot Challenge and driving the No. 98 Hyundai Veloster N TCR for Bryan Herta Autosport and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series driving the No. 24 Toyota Supra for Sam Hunt Racing. He has experience in sports car and stock car racing, including racing in the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, and ARCA Menards Series. Racing career In 2011, Chase begun his racing career driving go-karts at age 10 in his hometown of New Braunfels, Texas. The next year, Chase would enter the 2012 Florida Winter Tour, finishing 38th in the event. In 2013, Chase entered the Rotax Max Challenge Grand finals where he would finish in 25th. In 2014, Chase entered the SKUSA SuperNationals XVIII, where he would finish in 45th. In 2015, Chase would stray away from Go-Karts, driving a Mazda MX-5 Miata in the NASA Eastern States Championships for one race, finishing 12th. Chase would then join Chastain Motorsports in the F1600 Formula F Championship Series for 10 races. At Road Atlanta, he finished 11th twice in a row before finishing 8th. A month later at Watkins Glen, Chase would finish 15th, 17th, and then 16th. Another month later, Formula F raced three times at Virginia International Raceway, where he would finish 13th, 18th, and 11th. Chase also attempted another Florida Winter Tour, this time finishing 39th. In 2016, Chase would join Performance Motorsports Group in the Pirelli World Challenge for the whole season. The season started well for Chase finishing on the podium at the Circuit of the Americas, before finishing 5th on the same track a day later. Throughout the season, Chase would rack up 6 podiums, three of them being second-place finishes. He would finish 4th in the overall standings. He also raced in the Global RallyCross Championship Lites division for PMG until the team sold his car to DirtFish Motorsports. Chase would return to the Performance Motorsports Group for 10 races in 2017, getting a podium in 4 races, getting 2nd place in both races at the Circuit of the Americas. Later that year, Chase joined Century Motorsport in the British GT Championship for two races. He would also make his debut in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship at Circuit of the Americas, driving a Porsche for The Motorsports Group alongside driver Harry Gottsacker. The pair would finish 29th, a lap behind the leaders. In 2018, Chase would join TruSpeed AutoSport in two different Pirelli World Challenge series, winning 6 races between the two and coming home with a championship. The next year Chase would enter the Pirelli GT4 American East this time with RENNtech Motorsports, where he raced only two races at Circuit of the Americas, where he finished 2nd both times. He also entered the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship driving for Starworks Motorsport in 6 races and AIM Vasser Sullivan for 1 race. During the season, Chase would enter his first 24 Hours at Daytona event, teaming up with drivers Ryan Dalziel, Ezequiel Perez Companc, and Christopher Haase towards a 13th-place finish in their class. At Sebring, Chase, Companc, and Dalziel would team up again, finishing the race 34th overall. In the next 5 races that Chase participated in, he would team up with Dalziel. However, at Watkins Glen Mike Skeen joined the duo for a single race, helping them towards a finish of 29th overall. At Road Atlanta, Chase joined AIM Vasser Sullivan for a single race, teaming up with drivers Jack Hawksworth and Richard Heistand towards an overall finish of 28th. Chase would stay with AIM Vasser Sullivan in 2020, racing in the 24 Hours of Daytona alongside Hawksworth, Michael de Quesada, and Kyle Busch. They would finish 9th in their class and 26th overall. In June, he signed with Bryan Herta Autosport for the Michelin Pilot Challenge season, driving the No. 29 Hyundai Veloster N TCR alongside Spencer Brockman. Chase began competing in stock cars in August when he ran the ARCA Menards Series race on the Daytona road course for Chad Bryant Racing and in late models in North Carolina. In 2021, Chase moved to Herta's No. 98, sharing the car with MPC TCR champion Ryan Norman. He also joined Kyle Busch Motorsports for a two-race NASCAR Camping World Truck Series schedule on Daytona's road course and at Circuit of the Americas. Motorsports career results NASCAR (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Xfinity Series Camping World Truck Series Season in progress Ineligible for series points ARCA Menards Series (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) ARCA Menards Series East ARCA Menards Series West Complete IMSA SportsCar Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) 24 Hours of Daytona References External links Living people Racing drivers from Texas Sportspeople from New Braunfels, Texas 24 Hours of Daytona drivers 2001 births NASCAR drivers ARCA Menards Series drivers Bryan Herta Autosport drivers Kyle Busch Motorsports drivers Starworks Motorsport drivers WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers Michelin Pilot Challenge drivers
KIHC may refer to: KIHC (AM), a radio station (890 AM) licensed to serve Arroyo Grande, California, United States KIHC-FM, a radio station (105.3 FM) licensed to serve Chariton, Iowa, United States Judiciary of Kiribati#High Court
The 1954 World Table Tennis Championships men's singles was the 21st edition of the men's singles championship. Ichiro Ogimura defeated Tage Flisberg in the final, winning three sets to one to secure the title. Results + Time limit rules applies See also List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists References -
```go // // // path_to_url // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software package codec import ( "encoding/binary" "math" "github.com/juju/errors" ) const signMask uint64 = 0x8000000000000000 func encodeIntToCmpUint(v int64) uint64 { return uint64(v) ^ signMask } func decodeCmpUintToInt(u uint64) int64 { return int64(u ^ signMask) } // EncodeInt appends the encoded value to slice b and returns the appended slice. // EncodeInt guarantees that the encoded value is in ascending order for comparison. func EncodeInt(b []byte, v int64) []byte { var data [8]byte u := encodeIntToCmpUint(v) binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[:], u) return append(b, data[:]...) } // EncodeIntDesc appends the encoded value to slice b and returns the appended slice. // EncodeIntDesc guarantees that the encoded value is in descending order for comparison. func EncodeIntDesc(b []byte, v int64) []byte { var data [8]byte u := encodeIntToCmpUint(v) binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[:], ^u) return append(b, data[:]...) } // DecodeInt decodes value encoded by EncodeInt before. // It returns the leftover un-decoded slice, decoded value if no error. func DecodeInt(b []byte) ([]byte, int64, error) { if len(b) < 8 { return nil, 0, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value") } u := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[:8]) v := decodeCmpUintToInt(u) b = b[8:] return b, v, nil } // DecodeIntDesc decodes value encoded by EncodeInt before. // It returns the leftover un-decoded slice, decoded value if no error. func DecodeIntDesc(b []byte) ([]byte, int64, error) { if len(b) < 8 { return nil, 0, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value") } u := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[:8]) v := decodeCmpUintToInt(^u) b = b[8:] return b, v, nil } // EncodeUint appends the encoded value to slice b and returns the appended slice. // EncodeUint guarantees that the encoded value is in ascending order for comparison. func EncodeUint(b []byte, v uint64) []byte { var data [8]byte binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[:], v) return append(b, data[:]...) } // EncodeUintDesc appends the encoded value to slice b and returns the appended slice. // EncodeUintDesc guarantees that the encoded value is in descending order for comparison. func EncodeUintDesc(b []byte, v uint64) []byte { var data [8]byte binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[:], ^v) return append(b, data[:]...) } // DecodeUint decodes value encoded by EncodeUint before. // It returns the leftover un-decoded slice, decoded value if no error. func DecodeUint(b []byte) ([]byte, uint64, error) { if len(b) < 8 { return nil, 0, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value") } v := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[:8]) b = b[8:] return b, v, nil } // DecodeUintDesc decodes value encoded by EncodeInt before. // It returns the leftover un-decoded slice, decoded value if no error. func DecodeUintDesc(b []byte) ([]byte, uint64, error) { if len(b) < 8 { return nil, 0, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value") } data := b[:8] v := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data) b = b[8:] return b, ^v, nil } // EncodeVarint appends the encoded value to slice b and returns the appended slice. // Note that the encoded result is not memcomparable. func EncodeVarint(b []byte, v int64) []byte { var data [binary.MaxVarintLen64]byte n := binary.PutVarint(data[:], v) return append(b, data[:n]...) } // DecodeVarint decodes value encoded by EncodeVarint before. // It returns the leftover un-decoded slice, decoded value if no error. func DecodeVarint(b []byte) ([]byte, int64, error) { v, n := binary.Varint(b) if n > 0 { return b[n:], v, nil } if n < 0 { return nil, 0, errors.New("value larger than 64 bits") } return nil, 0, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value") } // EncodeUvarint appends the encoded value to slice b and returns the appended slice. // Note that the encoded result is not memcomparable. func EncodeUvarint(b []byte, v uint64) []byte { var data [binary.MaxVarintLen64]byte n := binary.PutUvarint(data[:], v) return append(b, data[:n]...) } // DecodeUvarint decodes value encoded by EncodeUvarint before. // It returns the leftover un-decoded slice, decoded value if no error. func DecodeUvarint(b []byte) ([]byte, uint64, error) { v, n := binary.Uvarint(b) if n > 0 { return b[n:], v, nil } if n < 0 { return nil, 0, errors.New("value larger than 64 bits") } return nil, 0, errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value") } const ( negativeTagEnd = 8 // Negative tag is (negativeTagEnd - length). positiveTagStart = 0xff - 8 // Positive tag is (positiveTagStart + length). ) // EncodeComparableVarint encodes an int64 to a mem-comparable bytes. func EncodeComparableVarint(b []byte, v int64) []byte { if v < 0 { // All negative value has a tag byte prefix (negativeTagEnd - length). // Smaller negative value encodes to more bytes, has smaller tag. if v >= -0xff { return append(b, negativeTagEnd-1, byte(v)) } else if v >= -0xffff { return append(b, negativeTagEnd-2, byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v >= -0xffffff { return append(b, negativeTagEnd-3, byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v >= -0xffffffff { return append(b, negativeTagEnd-4, byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v >= -0xffffffffff { return append(b, negativeTagEnd-5, byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v >= -0xffffffffffff { return append(b, negativeTagEnd-6, byte(v>>40), byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v >= -0xffffffffffffff { return append(b, negativeTagEnd-7, byte(v>>48), byte(v>>40), byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } return append(b, negativeTagEnd-8, byte(v>>56), byte(v>>48), byte(v>>40), byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } return EncodeComparableUvarint(b, uint64(v)) } // EncodeComparableUvarint encodes uint64 into mem-comparable bytes. func EncodeComparableUvarint(b []byte, v uint64) []byte { // The first byte has 256 values, [0, 7] is reserved for negative tags, // [248, 255] is reserved for larger positive tags, // So we can store value [0, 239] in a single byte. // Values cannot be stored in single byte has a tag byte prefix (positiveTagStart+length). // Larger value encodes to more bytes, has larger tag. if v <= positiveTagStart-negativeTagEnd { return append(b, byte(v)+negativeTagEnd) } else if v <= 0xff { return append(b, positiveTagStart+1, byte(v)) } else if v <= 0xffff { return append(b, positiveTagStart+2, byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v <= 0xffffff { return append(b, positiveTagStart+3, byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v <= 0xffffffff { return append(b, positiveTagStart+4, byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v <= 0xffffffffff { return append(b, positiveTagStart+5, byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v <= 0xffffffffffff { return append(b, positiveTagStart+6, byte(v>>40), byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } else if v <= 0xffffffffffffff { return append(b, positiveTagStart+7, byte(v>>48), byte(v>>40), byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } return append(b, positiveTagStart+8, byte(v>>56), byte(v>>48), byte(v>>40), byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v)) } var ( errDecodeInsufficient = errors.New("insufficient bytes to decode value") errDecodeInvalid = errors.New("invalid bytes to decode value") ) // DecodeComparableUvarint decodes mem-comparable uvarint. func DecodeComparableUvarint(b []byte) ([]byte, uint64, error) { if len(b) == 0 { return nil, 0, errDecodeInsufficient } first := b[0] b = b[1:] if first < negativeTagEnd { return nil, 0, errors.Trace(errDecodeInvalid) } if first <= positiveTagStart { return b, uint64(first) - negativeTagEnd, nil } length := int(first) - positiveTagStart if len(b) < length { return nil, 0, errors.Trace(errDecodeInsufficient) } var v uint64 for _, c := range b[:length] { v = (v << 8) \| uint64(c) } return b[length:], v, nil } // DecodeComparableVarint decodes mem-comparable varint. func DecodeComparableVarint(b []byte) ([]byte, int64, error) { if len(b) == 0 { return nil, 0, errors.Trace(errDecodeInsufficient) } first := b[0] if first >= negativeTagEnd && first <= positiveTagStart { return b, int64(first) - negativeTagEnd, nil } b = b[1:] var length int var v uint64 if first < negativeTagEnd { length = negativeTagEnd - int(first) v = math.MaxUint64 // Negative value has all bits on by default. } else { length = int(first) - positiveTagStart } if len(b) < length { return nil, 0, errors.Trace(errDecodeInsufficient) } for _, c := range b[:length] { v = (v << 8) \| uint64(c) } if first > positiveTagStart && v > math.MaxInt64 { return nil, 0, errors.Trace(errDecodeInvalid) } else if first < negativeTagEnd && v <= math.MaxInt64 { return nil, 0, errors.Trace(errDecodeInvalid) } return b[length:], int64(v), nil } ```
The 1986–87 OB I bajnokság season was the 50th season of the OB I bajnokság, the top level of ice hockey in Hungary. Seven teams participated in the league, and Ujpesti Dozsa SC won the championship. First round Second round Final round 5th-7th place External links Season on hockeyarchives.info 1986-87 Hun OB
```c++ /* * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. * * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. * * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that * accompanied this code). * * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. * * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any * questions. / #ifndef CGROUP_SUBSYSTEM_LINUX_HPP #define CGROUP_SUBSYSTEM_LINUX_HPP #include "memory/allocation.hpp" #include "runtime/os.hpp" #include "logging/log.hpp" #include "utilities/globalDefinitions.hpp" #include "utilities/macros.hpp" #include "osContainer_linux.hpp" // Shared cgroups code (used by cgroup version 1 and version 2) / * PER_CPU_SHARES has been set to 1024 because CPU shares' quota * is commonly used in cloud frameworks like Kubernetes[1], * AWS[2] and Mesos[3] in a similar way. They spawn containers with * --cpu-shares option values scaled by PER_CPU_SHARES. Thus, we do * the inverse for determining the number of possible available * CPUs to the JVM inside a container. See JDK-8216366. * * [1] path_to_url#meaning-of-cpu * In particular: * When using Docker: * The spec.containers[].resources.requests.cpu is converted to its core value, which is potentially * fractional, and multiplied by 1024. The greater of this number or 2 is used as the value of the * --cpu-shares flag in the docker run command. * [2] path_to_url * [3] path_to_url#L648 * path_to_url#L30 / #define PER_CPU_SHARES 1024 #define CGROUPS_V1 1 #define CGROUPS_V2 2 #define INVALID_CGROUPS_V2 3 #define INVALID_CGROUPS_V1 4 #define INVALID_CGROUPS_NO_MOUNT 5 #define INVALID_CGROUPS_GENERIC 6 // Five controllers: cpu, cpuset, cpuacct, memory, pids #define CG_INFO_LENGTH 5 #define CPUSET_IDX 0 #define CPU_IDX 1 #define CPUACCT_IDX 2 #define MEMORY_IDX 3 #define PIDS_IDX 4 #define CONTAINER_READ_NUMBER_CHECKED(controller, filename, log_string, retval) \ { \ bool is_ok; \ is_ok = controller->read_number(filename, &retval); \ if (!is_ok) { \ log_trace(os, container)(log_string " failed: %d", OSCONTAINER_ERROR); \ return OSCONTAINER_ERROR; \ } \ log_trace(os, container)(log_string " is: " JULONG_FORMAT, retval); \ } #define CONTAINER_READ_NUMBER_CHECKED_MAX(controller, filename, log_string, retval) \ { \ bool is_ok; \ is_ok = controller->read_number_handle_max(filename, &retval); \ if (!is_ok) { \ log_trace(os, container)(log_string " failed: %d", OSCONTAINER_ERROR); \ return OSCONTAINER_ERROR; \ } \ log_trace(os, container)(log_string " is: " JLONG_FORMAT, retval); \ } #define CONTAINER_READ_STRING_CHECKED(controller, filename, log_string, retval, buf_size) \ { \ bool is_ok; \ is_ok = controller->read_string(filename, retval, buf_size); \ if (!is_ok) { \ log_trace(os, container)(log_string " failed: %d", OSCONTAINER_ERROR); \ return nullptr; \ } \ log_trace(os, container)(log_string " is: %s", retval); \ } namespace svm_container { class CgroupController: public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { public: virtual char subsystem_path() = 0; virtual bool is_read_only() = 0; /* Read a numerical value as unsigned long * * returns: false if any error occurred. true otherwise and * the parsed value is set in the provided julong pointer. / bool read_number(const char filename, julong* result); /* Convenience method to deal with numbers as well as the string 'max' * in interface files. Otherwise same as read_number(). * * returns: false if any error occurred. true otherwise and * the parsed value (which might be negative) is being set in * the provided jlong pointer. / bool read_number_handle_max(const char filename, jlong* result); /* Read a string of at most buf_size - 1 characters from the interface file. * The provided buffer must be at least buf_size in size so as to account * for the null terminating character. Callers must ensure that the buffer * is appropriately in-scope and of sufficient size. * * returns: false if any error occured. true otherwise and the passed * in buffer will contain the first buf_size - 1 characters of the string * or up to the first new line character ('\n') whichever comes first. / bool read_string(const char filename, char* buf, size_t buf_size); /* Read a tuple value as a number. Tuple is: '<first> <second>'. * Handles 'max' (for unlimited) for any tuple value. This is handy for * parsing interface files like cpu.max which contain such tuples. * * returns: false if any error occurred. true otherwise and the parsed * value of the appropriate tuple entry set in the provided jlong pointer. / bool read_numerical_tuple_value(const char filename, bool use_first, jlong* result); /* Read a numerical value from a multi-line interface file. The matched line is * determined by the provided 'key'. The associated numerical value is being set * via the passed in julong pointer. Example interface file 'memory.stat' * * returns: false if any error occurred. true otherwise and the parsed value is * being set in the provided julong pointer. / bool read_numerical_key_value(const char filename, const char* key, julong* result); private: static jlong limit_from_str(char* limit_str); }; class CachedMetric : public CHeapObj<mtInternal>{ private: volatile jlong _metric; volatile jlong _next_check_counter; public: CachedMetric() { _metric = -1; _next_check_counter = min_jlong; } bool should_check_metric() { #ifdef NATIVE_IMAGE // NOTE (chaeubl): we do all caching on the Java-side instead of the C-side return true; #else return os::elapsed_counter() > _next_check_counter; #endif // NATIVE_IMAGE } jlong value() { return _metric; } void set_value(jlong value, jlong timeout) { _metric = value; #ifndef NATIVE_IMAGE // Metric is unlikely to change, but we want to remain // responsive to configuration changes. A very short grace time // between re-read avoids excessive overhead during startup without // significantly reducing the VMs ability to promptly react to changed // metric config _next_check_counter = os::elapsed_counter() + timeout; #endif // !NATIVE_IMAGE } }; template <class T> class CachingCgroupController : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { private: T* _controller; CachedMetric* _metrics_cache; public: CachingCgroupController(T* cont) { _controller = cont; _metrics_cache = new CachedMetric(); } CachedMetric* metrics_cache() { return _metrics_cache; } T* controller() { return _controller; } }; // Pure virtual class representing version agnostic CPU controllers class CgroupCpuController: public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { public: virtual int cpu_quota() = 0; virtual int cpu_period() = 0; virtual int cpu_shares() = 0; virtual bool is_read_only() = 0; }; // Pure virtual class representing version agnostic memory controllers class CgroupMemoryController: public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { public: virtual jlong read_memory_limit_in_bytes(julong upper_bound) = 0; virtual jlong memory_usage_in_bytes() = 0; virtual jlong memory_and_swap_limit_in_bytes(julong host_mem, julong host_swap) = 0; virtual jlong memory_and_swap_usage_in_bytes(julong host_mem, julong host_swap) = 0; virtual jlong memory_soft_limit_in_bytes(julong upper_bound) = 0; virtual jlong memory_max_usage_in_bytes() = 0; virtual jlong rss_usage_in_bytes() = 0; virtual jlong cache_usage_in_bytes() = 0; #ifndef NATIVE_IMAGE virtual void print_version_specific_info(outputStream* st, julong host_mem) = 0; #endif // !NATIVE_IMAGE virtual bool is_read_only() = 0; }; class CgroupSubsystem: public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { public: jlong memory_limit_in_bytes(); int active_processor_count(); virtual jlong pids_max() = 0; virtual jlong pids_current() = 0; virtual bool is_containerized() = 0; virtual char * cpu_cpuset_cpus() = 0; virtual char * cpu_cpuset_memory_nodes() = 0; virtual const char * container_type() = 0; virtual CachingCgroupController<CgroupMemoryController>* memory_controller() = 0; virtual CachingCgroupController<CgroupCpuController>* cpu_controller() = 0; int cpu_quota(); int cpu_period(); int cpu_shares(); jlong memory_usage_in_bytes(); jlong memory_and_swap_limit_in_bytes(); jlong memory_and_swap_usage_in_bytes(); jlong memory_soft_limit_in_bytes(); jlong memory_max_usage_in_bytes(); jlong rss_usage_in_bytes(); jlong cache_usage_in_bytes(); #ifndef NATIVE_IMAGE void print_version_specific_info(outputStream* st); #endif // !NATIVE_IMAGE }; // Utility class for storing info retrieved from /proc/cgroups, // /proc/self/cgroup and /proc/self/mountinfo // For reference see man 7 cgroups and CgroupSubsystemFactory class CgroupInfo : public StackObj { friend class CgroupSubsystemFactory; friend class WhiteBox; private: char* _name; int _hierarchy_id; bool _enabled; bool _read_only; // whether or not the mount path is mounted read-only bool _data_complete; // indicating cgroup v1 data is complete for this controller char* _cgroup_path; // cgroup controller path from /proc/self/cgroup char* _root_mount_path; // root mount path from /proc/self/mountinfo. Unused for cgroup v2 char* _mount_path; // mount path from /proc/self/mountinfo. public: CgroupInfo() { _name = nullptr; _hierarchy_id = -1; _enabled = false; _read_only = false; _data_complete = false; _cgroup_path = nullptr; _root_mount_path = nullptr; _mount_path = nullptr; } }; class CgroupSubsystemFactory: AllStatic { friend class WhiteBox; public: static CgroupSubsystem* create(); private: static inline bool is_cgroup_v2(u1* flags) { return flags == CGROUPS_V2; } #ifdef ASSERT static inline bool is_valid_cgroup(u1 flags) { return flags == CGROUPS_V1 \|\| flags == CGROUPS_V2; } static inline bool is_cgroup_v1(u1* flags) { return flags == CGROUPS_V1; } #endif static void set_controller_paths(CgroupInfo cg_infos, int controller, const char* name, char* mount_path, char* root_path, bool read_only); // Determine the cgroup type (version 1 or version 2), given // relevant paths to files. Sets 'flags' accordingly. static bool determine_type(CgroupInfo* cg_infos, const char* proc_cgroups, const char* proc_self_cgroup, const char* proc_self_mountinfo, u1* flags); static void cleanup(CgroupInfo* cg_infos); }; } // namespace svm_container #endif // CGROUP_SUBSYSTEM_LINUX_HPP ```
César Vezzani (8 August 1888 – 11 November 1951) was a French/Corsican operatic tenor who became a leading exponent of French grand opera through several decades. (Some sources give his date of birth as 1886.) Career César Vezzani was born in Bastia in Corsica; his father died shortly before his birth. Soon after 1900 his family moved to Toulon on the French mainland, but little is known about his early musical training. In 1908 he went to Paris to study singing and was taught by the Corsican soprano Agnès Borgo (1879 - 1958). He then made his operatic début at the Opéra-Comique in 1911 in the title-role of Richard Coeur-de-Lion by Grétry. He continued singing there in such works as Dinorah by Meyerbeer and Erlanger's La sorcière, as well as Italian operas such as Tosca and Cavalleria Rusticana. In 1913 Vezzani and Agnès Borgo were married, and they had one daughter. (They later divorced in 1919, and Vezzani had two subsequent marriages.) Vezzani and Borgo were contracted to sing in the USA (including Boston) in 1914/1915 but were prevented by the outbreak of the First World War. Vezzani was called up and was wounded in action. He resumed his singing career during the later years of the war, but most of his subsequent engagements were in provincial opera houses, especially in the south of France, though he also sang in Brussels. He returned to the Opéra-Comique in Paris in 1921/1922 and probably appeared there again during the 1920s, but he never sang at the Paris Opéra. The ringing and heroic quality of his voice made him an ideal choice for certain heavy and dramatic tenor parts, but he never abandoned some of the more lyrical roles of the French repertoire. During World War II Vezzani spent time in North Africa, singing frequently in Algiers. He continued as principal tenor in Toulon until 1948 when he suffered a stroke which left him paralyzed. He returned to Bastia, but now without an income he spent the last three years of his life in some poverty and assisted by the generosity of friends. He died in hospital in Marseille and was buried in Bastia, where a street is named after him. Recordings The potential of Vezzani's outstanding voice for recording was quickly recognised, and from 1912 to 1914 he made a series of recordings for French Odéon, including excerpts from Pagliacci. Tosca, and Werther. Then from 1923 until the early 1930s he recorded for French HMV in arias from many of his favourite roles, including Reyer's Sigurd, Halévy's La Juive, and Meyerbeer's L'Africaine. There was also a complete recording of Gounod's Faust in 1930 with Mireille Berthon and Marcel Journet. It is unclear whether and when Vezzani sang Wagner on stage, but he recorded a number of pieces from Lohengrin and The Ring. In total he recorded over 170 sides. Most of these were originally released only in France, but there have been several selections transferred to CD, and a systematic reissue of his recordings has been launched by Marston Records. Reputation Critics have shown universal recognition of the exceptional quality of Vezzani's voice, though they have sometimes expressed reservations about the subtlety of his approach, which was generally robust. His recording of Faust has occasioned the following comments: "Vezzani is a noble representative of that vanished breed, the French spinto tenor... Unforced lyricism was not Vezzani's greatest strength... [but] where ringing excitement is called for, his only equals are Caruso and, more recently, Franco Corelli." Referring to his recording of excerpts from Roméo et Juliette, another critic has said: "He was a real ténor de force and still singing well at sixty. There is little nuance here, but the voice is healthy and brilliant, somehow typically Corsican." Reflecting on the fact that Vezzani's career did not take him to the world's major opera houses, another has said: "He seems to be one of those whose gifts exceeded his attainments." The generous attention that he received from recording companies allows later generations to form their own judgments. References External links Marston CD notes (by Tom Kaufman and Vincent Giroud) History of the Tenor - Sound Clips and Narration 1880s births 1951 deaths French operatic tenors People from Bastia 20th-century French male opera singers
The Neslen Formation is a geologic formation in Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period. It has been exploited for coal. The Kaiparowits Formation is closely associated. Only two specimens have been reported from the formation. The first is a diagnostic tyrannosaur foot, the second being the type and only specimen of Rhinorex. See also List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Utah Paleontology in Utah References Geologic formations of Utah Cretaceous System of North America
The Shri Siddheshwar temple complex in Toka village is another finest example of Yadava architecture during 12th-13th century in Marathwada region. After the establishment of the Marathi state, new temples were built during the Peshwa period. There are plenty of sculptures out there. The temple consists of many sculptures from many epic stories or character like Ramayan, Mahabharata, Puranas, Surasundari, Vyal-Sharbha. However, it is not as delicate and diverse as the temple sculptures during the Yadav period. The temple has a big Shivlingam inside the sanctum, with the brass snake and the idol of Parvati in the back wall. Architecture The spire of the main temple is made up of small peaks, designed as a sabhamandap. The pillars of the temple are of Peshwa style. There is a beautiful Nandi in front of the Shiva temple which is very similar to Bhuleshwar Nandi. The beautiful rope carvings on Nandi's back, the chains, the snake's fence, the embroidered stripes, the small bell vines are very beautiful. Jai Vijay is the gatekeeper at the entrance of the temple and Yaksha is the bearer in the sabhamandap and sanctum. There are shrines on the side of the temple in the sculptures on the outer wall. Figures from Epics like Ramayana, Mahabharata and other Puranas are engraved on the walls on all sides of the temple. On the front side of the temple, a very beautiful Dashavatar plaque is carved. All 10 incarnations of Lord Vishnu like Matsyavatar, Kurmavatar, Varaha Avatar, Nrusinhavatar, Vamana Avatar, Parashuram Avatar, Rama avatar, Krishna avatar, Buddhavatar, Kalki avatar can be seen here. There is a sculpture carved on the right and left side wall of the main temple, on the left side the king is visiting this temple and on the right side there is a beautiful sculpture of Draupadi. Apart from this, Balakrishna's events in Gokul, Krishna's leela with Gopikas, Arjuna's pride, Bhim's pride, Hanuman Sita's visit to Ashoka forest. There are also some interesting sculptures, carved on the plaque while playing various instruments like women's bhavmudras, nrityamudras, tal, mridang etc., while doing hairdo and playing veena. Hindu Temples The Vishnu temple The Vishnu temple on the right is smaller in size than the main temple and has beautiful idols of deities on each side. Lord Varuna idol is carved on the west wall with his vehicle, an elephant while Varuna's snare and his mace are also carved in it. Lord Agni idol is carved in the south-east wall with his vehicle Edka, while idol of Yama can be resemble in the south is his vehicle Reda. Idol of Vayu carved on the northwest wall is standing with a flag in his hand. His vehicle is probably an ox. Swami Ishan or Rudra from the northeast is standing with Vaish Nandi holding Trishul, Damru, Kamandalu and Nag in his hand. Swami Kubera on the north side is standing with his crocodile. The vehicle of fire is shown in some places as an ox, Varuna's Nakra or a crocodile (since Varuna is a water deity). Unique sculptures of elephants and peacocks are carved on the back wall of this Vishnu temple. Peacocks are so well carved that even the teeth in their jaws can be seen clearly. Devi Temple An idol of Chamunda killing a demon by holding a weapon in his hand can be seen inside the temple. One hand is held a seed supplement (mhalunga fruit pulp) which symbolizes the goodness of innovation / regeneration. There are various beautiful idols like Mahalakshmi sitting on lotus, Narasimhi with lion, Indri or Indrani with elephant, Vaishnavi with eagle vehicle. References Shiva temples in Maharashtra Ahmednagar district Vishnu temples Shakti temples
Alleyne Walker is a politician from the island of Grenada. He currently serves as that nation's Minister of Housing, Lands and Community Development . References External links Ministry webpage Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Members of the House of Representatives of Grenada Government ministers of Grenada Place of birth missing (living people)
Hella is a slang term meaning "very". Hella may also refer to: Places Hella, Iceland Hella, Leikanger municipality, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway Helle, Sunnfjord (also spelled Hella), Naustdal municipality, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway Other Hella (band), a United States math rock band Hella (company), a German manufacturer of automobile lighting equipment Lindy-Fay Hella, Norwegian singer Hella (musician), keyboardist of Finnish band Lordi 1370 Hella, an asteroid "Hella", a song by Ken Carson from Project X hella-, an unofficial SI prefix designating 1027; based on the slang term Hella, a vampire in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita A name used for ISO 4165 plugs/sockets for automotive auxiliary power See also Hela (disambiguation) Hellas (disambiguation) Hello (disambiguation)
The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the country's history of over two centuries of independence and former Spanish, French, Dutch and British rule. Architecture in the United States has been shaped by many internal and external factors and regional distinctions. As a whole it represents a rich eclectic and innovative tradition. Pre-Columbian The oldest surviving non-imported structures on the territory that is now known as the United States were made by the Ancient Pueblo People of the four corners region. The Tiwa speaking people have inhabited Taos Pueblo continuously for over 1000 years. Algonquian villages Pomeiooc and Section in what later became coastal North Carolina survive from the late 16th century. Artist and cartographer John White stayed at the short-lived Roanoke Colony for 13 months and recorded over 70 watercolor images of indigenous people, plants, and animals. The remote location of the Hawaiian Islands from North America gave ancient Hawaii a substantial period of precolonial architecture. Early structures reflect Polynesian heritage and the refined culture of Hawaii. Post-contact late-19th-century Hawaiian architecture shows various foreign influences such as the Victorian, Georgian, and early-20th-century Spanish Colonial Revival styles. Colonial When the Europeans settled in North America, they brought their architectural traditions and construction techniques for building. The oldest buildings in America have examples of that. Construction was dependent on the available resources. Wood and brick are the most common elements of English buildings in New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the coastal South. It had also brought the conquest, destruction, and displacement of the indigenous peoples existing buildings in their homeland, as their dwelling and settlement construction techniques devalued compared to colonial standards. The colonizers appropriated the territories and sites for new forts, dwellings, missions, churches, and agricultural developments. Spanish influences The Spanish colonial architecture in the United States was markedly different from the European styles adopted in other parts of America such as the simple French colonial houses in the Mississippi Valley, which were consisted of adjoining rooms that opened upon a galerie. The Spanish architecture (particularly evident in ecclesiastical establishments) built in the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Florida, and Georgia was similar to the design adopted in Mexico. According to scholars, the Spaniards built without any consideration to the cost, believing that their tenure in America would be eternal. Florida Spanish colonial architecture was built in Florida and the Southeastern United States from 1559 to 1821. The conch style is represented in Pensacola, Florida and other areas of Florida, adorning houses with balconies of wrought iron, as appears in the mostly Spanish-built French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. Fires in 1788 and 1794 destroyed the original French structures in New Orleans. Many of the city's present buildings date to late-18th-century rebuilding efforts. The two earliest continuously occupied European settlements in the United States are St. Augustine, Florida founded in 1565 and Santa Fe, New Mexico. St. Augustine, the first continuously European-occupied city in North America, was established in 1565. Beginning in 1598, quarried coquina from Anastasia Island contributed to a new colonial style of architecture in this city. Coquina is a limestone conglomerate, containing small shells of mollusks. It was used in the construction of residential homes, the City Gate, the Cathedral Basilica, the Castillo de San Marcos, and Fort Matanzas. The city of St. Augustine is one of the rare vestiges of 17th-century Spanish colonial architecture in the present day United States. Southwest Spanish exploration of the North American deserts, the present day Southwestern United States, began in the 1540s. The conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado crossed this region in search of the mythical cities of gold. Instead they found the ancient culture and architecture of the Pueblo people. The Pueblo people built dwellings of adobe, a sun-dried clay brick, with exposed wooden ceiling beams. Their cubic form and dense arrangement gave villages a singular aspect. The modest unadorned structures remained constant and cool. The Spanish conquered these pueblos and made Pueblo de Santa Fe the administrative capital of the Santa Fe de Nuevo México Province in 1609. The Palace of the Governors was built between 1610 and 1614, mixing Pueblo Indian and Spanish influences. The building is long and has a patio. The Mission San Francisco de Asis in Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico dates from the 1770s and used the adobe technique as well, which gave the edifice a striking look of bold austerity. Centuries later the Pueblo Revival Style architecture style developed in the region. The Mission San Xavier del Bac near Tucson, Arizona, has Churrigueresque detailing from southern examples in New Spain. Its facade is framed by two massive towers and the entrance is flanked by estipites. California province In the late 18th century, the Spanish founded a series of presidios (forts) in the upper Las Californias Province to resist Russian and British colonization there, the Presidio of San Diego, Presidio of Santa Barbara, Presidio of Monterey, and Presidio of San Francisco were established to do this and support the occupation by new missions and settlements. From 1769 to 1823, the Franciscans created a linear network of twenty-one Missions in California. The missions had a significant influence on later regional architecture. An example of a period residence is the Casa de la Guerra, in Santa Barbara. Dutch influences Developed from around 1630 with the arrival of Dutch colonists to New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley in what is now New York and in Bergen in what is now New Jersey. Initially the settlers built small, one room cottages with stone walls and steep roofs to allow a second floor loft. By 1670 or so, two-story gable-end homes were common in New Amsterdam. French influences French Colonial developed in the settlements of the Illinois Country and French Louisiana. It is believed to have been primarily influenced by the building styles of French Canada and the Caribbean. It had its beginnings in 1699 with the establishment of French Louisiana but continued to be built after Spain assumed control of the colonial territory in 1763. Styles of building that evolved during the French colonial period include the Creole cottage, Creole townhouse, and French Creole plantation house. English influences Excavations at the first permanent English-speaking settlement, Jamestown, Virginia (founded 1607) have unearthed part of the triangular James Fort and numerous artifacts from the early 17th century. Nearby Williamsburg was Virginia's colonial capital and is now a tourist attraction as a well-preserved 18th-century town. The New World population of 200,000 in 1657, ninety percent of whom drew from England, used the same simple construction techniques as those in their respective mother countries. These settlers often came to the New World for economic purposes, therefore revealing why most early homes reflect the influences of modest village homes and small farms. The appearance of structures was very plain and made with little imported material. Windows, for example, were extremely small. The size did not increase until long after the British were manufacturing glass. This was because the Venetians had not rediscovered the strictly Roman clear glass until the 15th century and it did not come to England until another hundred years later. The few windows that did exist on early colonial homes had small panes held together by a lead framework, much like a typical church's stained glass window. The glass that was used was imported from England and was incredibly expensive. In the 18th century, many of these houses were restored and sash windows replaced the originals. These were invented by Robert Hooke (1635–1703) and were made so that one panel of glass easily slid up, vertically, behind another. Timber, especially white and red cedar, made for a great building resource and was readily abundant for the settlers in the English colonies, so naturally many houses were made of wood. As for decorative elements, as said before most colonial houses were built plainly and therefore most colonial house designs led to a very simple outcome. Although one subtle element of ornamentation that was used on the front door. The owner would take nails, think of an object or pattern to make with them, and nail that decoration onto the door. The more nails one had, the more extravagant and elaborate the pattern could become. The most prized architectural aspect of the house was the chimney. Large and usually made of brick or stone, the chimney was very fashionable at this time, specifically 1600–1715. During the Tudor period in England, which lasted up until around 1603, coal became the popular material for heating the home. Before that, a wood fire was burned on the floor in the center of the house, with the smoke escaping only through windows and vents. With coal, this method could not suffice because the smoke was unacceptably black and sticky. It needed to be contained and the function of a chimney was to do just that. The oldest remaining building of Plymouth, Massachusetts is the Harlow Old Fort House built 1677 and now a museum. The Fairbanks House (ca. 1636) in Dedham, Massachusetts is the oldest remaining wood-frame house in North America. Several notable colonial era buildings remain in Boston. Boston's Old North Church, built 1723 in the style of Sir Christopher Wren, became an influential model for later United States church design. Georgian architecture The Georgian style appeared during the 18th century, and Palladian architecture took hold of colonial Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia. The Governor's Palace there, built in 1706–1720, had a vast gabled entrance at the front. It respects the principle of symmetry and uses the materials that were found in the Tidewater region of the Mid-Atlantic colonies: red brick, white painted wood, and blue slate used for the roof with a double slant. This style is used to build the houses for prosperous plantation owners in the country and wealthy merchants in town. In religious architecture, the common design features were brick, stone-like stucco, and a single spire that tops the entrance. They can be seen in Saint Paul's Church (1761) in Mount Vernon, New York or Saint Paul's Chapel (1766) in New York, New York. The architects of this period were more influenced by the canons of Old World architecture. Peter Harrison (1716–1755) used his European techniques in designing the Redwood Library and Athenaeum (1748 and 1761), in Newport, Rhode Island and now the oldest community library still occupying its original building in the United States. Boston and Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were two primary cities where the Georgian style took hold, but in a simpler style than in England, adapted to the colonial limitations. Architecture for a new nation In 1776 the members of the Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies. After the long and distressing American Revolutionary War, the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the existence of the new republic, the United States of America. Even though it was a firm break with the English politically, the Georgian influences continued to mark the buildings constructed. Public and commercial needs grew in parallel with the territorial extension. The buildings of these new federal and business institutions used the classic vocabulary of columns, domes and pediments, in reference to ancient Rome and Greece, which symbolize the democracy of the newfound nation. Architectural publications multiplied: in 1797, Asher Benjamin published The Country Builder's Assistant. Americans looked to affirm their independence in the domains of politics, economics, and culture with new civic architecture for government, religion, and education. Federal architecture In the 1780s the Federal style of architecture began to diverge bit-by-bit from the Georgian style and became a uniquely American genre. At the time of the War of Independence, houses stretched out along a strictly rectangular plan, adopting curved lines and favoring decorative details such as garlands and urns. Certain openings were ellipsoidal in form, one or several pieces were oval or circular. The Bostonian architect Charles Bulfinch fitted the Massachusetts State House' in 1795–1798 with an original gilded dome. He worked on the construction of several houses in Louisburg Square of the Beacon Hill quarter in Boston. Samuel McIntire designed the John Gardiner-Pingree house (1805) in Salem, Massachusetts with a gentle sloped roof and brick balustrade. With Palladio as inspiration, he linked the buildings with a semi-circular column supported portico. The Federal style of architecture was popular along the Atlantic coast from 1780 to 1830. Characteristics of this style include neoclassical elements, bright interiors with large windows and white walls and ceilings, and a decorative yet restrained appearance that emphasized rational elements. Significant federal style architects at the time include: Asher Benjamin, Charles Bulfinch, Samuel McIntire, Alexander Parris, and William Thornton. Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson, who was the third president of the United States between 1801 and 1809, was a scholar in many domains, including architecture. Having journeyed several times in Europe, he hoped to apply the formal rules of palladianism and of antiquity in public and private architecture and master planning. He contributed to the plans for the University of Virginia, which began construction in 1817. The project was completed by Benjamin Latrobe applying Jefferson's architectural concepts. The university library is situated under a The Rotunda covered by a dome inspired by the Pantheon of Rome. The combination created a uniformity thanks to the use of brick and wood painted white. For the new Virginia State Capitol building (1785–1796) in Richmond, Virginia, Jefferson was inspired by the ancient Rome Maison Carrée in Nîmes, but chose the Ionic order for its columns. A man of the Age of Enlightenment, Thomas Jefferson had participated in the emancipation of New World architecture by expressing his vision of an art-form in service of democracy. He contributed to developing the Federal style in his country by combining European Neoclassical architecture and American democracy. Thomas Jefferson also designed the buildings for his plantation Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia. Monticello is a tribute to the Neo Palladian style, modeled on the Hôtel de Salm in Paris, that Jefferson saw while the ambassador to France. Work on Monticello commenced in 1768 and modifications continued until 1809. This American variation on Palladian architecture borrowed from British and Irish models and revived the tetrastyle portico with Doric columns. This interest in Roman elements appealed in a political climate that looked to the ancient Roman Republic as a model New capital city The United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., is an example of uniform urbanism: the design of the capitol building was imagined by the French Pierre Charles L'Enfant. This ideal of the monumental city and neoclassicism. Several cities wanted to apply this concept, which is part of the reason why Washington, D.C., did. The new nation's capital should have the best examples of architecture at the time. The White House was constructed after the creation of Washington, D.C., by congressional law in December 1790. After a contest, James Hoban, an Irish American, was chosen and the construction began in October 1792. The building that he had conceived was modeled upon the first and second floors of the Leinster House, a ducal palace in Dublin, Ireland which is now the seat of the Irish Parliament. But during the War of 1812, a large part of the city was burned, and the White House was ravaged. Only the exterior walls remained standing, but it was reconstructed. The walls were painted white to hide the damage caused by the fire. At the beginning of the 20th century, two new wings were added to support the development of the government. The United States Capitol was constructed in successive stages starting in 1792. Shortly after the completion of its construction, it was partially burned by the British during the War of 1812. Its reconstruction began in 1815 and did not end until 1830. During the 1850s, the building was greatly expanded by Thomas U. Walter. In 1863, the imposing Statue of Freedom, was placed on the top of the current (new at the time) dome. The Washington Monument is an Obelisk erected in honor of George Washington, the first American president. It was Robert Mills who had designed it originally in 1838. There is a perceivable color difference towards the bottom of the monument, which is because its construction was put on hiatus for lack of money. At high, it was completed in 1884 and opened to the public in 1888. South Much architecture of the Deep South was developed in the context of the plantation economy. Plantation complexes in the Southern United States often featured European-derived styles for the slaveowners' houses, while housing for enslaved African Americans often drew upon vernacular building traditions. Anglophone plantation owners often favored the Greek Revival style, featuring a neoclassical pediment with columns, as at Belle Meade Plantation in Tennessee, with a symmetrical columned porch and narrow windows. The domestic architecture in the South adapted the neoclassical model by supporting a mid-height balcony on the front without a pediment or entrance portico, such as at Oak Alley Plantation, in St. James Parish, Louisiana. These houses adapted to the regional climate and into the economy of a plantation with enslaved labor for construction. In regions that had experienced French and Spanish colonization, such as the Gulf Coast, buildings were often constructed in Creole architectural styles. Frontier vernacular The Homestead Act of 1862 brought property ownership within reach for millions of citizens, displaced native peoples, and changed the character of settlement patterns across the Great Plains and Southwest. The law offered a modest farm free of charge to any adult male who cultivated the land for five years and built a residence on the property. This established a rural pattern of isolated farmsteads in the Midwest and West instead of the European and eastern U.S. states' villages and towns. Settlers built homes from local materials, such as rustic sod, semi-cut stone, mortared cobble, adobe bricks, and rough logs. They erected log cabins in forested areas and sod houses, such as the Sod House (Cleo Springs, Oklahoma), in treeless prairies. The present-day sustainable architecture method of Straw-bale construction was pioneered in late-19th-century Nebraska with baling machines. The Spanish and later Mexican Alta California Ranchos and early American pioneers used the readily available clay to make adobe bricks, and distant forests' tree trunks for beams sparingly. Locally made roof tiles were produced by the Mission Indians. As milled wood became more available in the mid-19th century the Monterey Colonial architecture style first developed in Monterey and then spread. The Leonis Adobe, Larkin House, and Rancho Petaluma Adobe are original examples. Mid-19th century Greek Revival Greek revival style attracted American architects working in the first half of the 19th century. The young nation, free from Britannic protection, was persuaded to be the new Athens, that is to say, a foyer for democracy. Benjamin Latrobe (1764–1820) and his students William Strickland (1788–1854) and Robert Mills (1781–1855) obtained commissions to build some banks and churches in the big cities (Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, DC). Some state capitol buildings adopted the Greek Revival style such as in North Carolina (Capitol building in Raleigh, rebuilt in 1833–1840 after a fire) or in Indiana (Capitol building in Indianapolis). One later example of these is the Ohio State Capitol in Columbus, designed by Henry Walters and completed in 1861. The simple façade, continuous cornice and the absence of a dome give the impression of the austerity and greatness of the building. It has a very symmetrical design and houses the Supreme Court and a library. A rare style also was adopted around this time, Egyptian Revival architecture. Italianate Gothic Revival From the 1840s on, the Gothic Revival style became popular in the United States, under the influence of Andrew Jackson Downing (1815–1852). He defined himself in a reactionary context to classicism and development of romanticism. His work is characterized by a return to Medieval decor: chimneys, gables, embrasure towers, warhead windows, gargoyles, stained glass and severely sloped roofs. The buildings adopted a complex design that drew inspiration from symmetry and neoclassicism. The great families of the east coast had immense estates and villas constructed in the style, with antipodes of Neoclassicism. Some took Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill House as a model. Alexander Jackson Davis (1803–1892) worked on villa projects in the Hudson River Valley and used details from the Gothic to Baroque repertoire. For the Jay Gould estate country house "Lyndhurst" in Tarrytown, New York, Alexander Jackson Davis designed a building with a complex asymmetrical outline, and opened the double-height art gallery with stained glass windows. New York City is home to James Renwick Jr's Saint Patrick Cathedral, an elegant synthesis of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Reims and the Cologne Cathedral. The project was entrusted to him in 1858 but completed by the erection of two spires on the facade in 1888. The use of materials lighter than stone allowed to pass from flying buttresses to exterior buttresses. Renwick also showed his talent in Washington, D.C., with the construction of the Smithsonian Institution. But his critics reproached him for having broken the architectural harmony of the capital by building an eccentric combination in red brick using Byzantine, Romanesque, Lombard, and eclectic themes. Richard Upjohn (1802–1878) specialized in the rural churches of the northeast, but his major work is still "Trinity Church" in New York. His red sandstone architecture makes reference to the 16th-century forms in Europe. The Gothic Revival style was also used in the construction of universities (Yale, Harvard) and churches. The success of the Gothic Revival was prolonged up until the beginning of the 20th century in numerous Skyscrapers, notably in Chicago and in New York. Gilded Age and late 1800s Late Victorian architecture Following the American Civil War and through the turn of the 20th century, a number of related styles, trends, and movements emerged, are loosely and broadly categorized as "Victorian," due to their correspondence with similar movements of the time in the British Empire during the later reign of Queen Victoria. Many architects working during this period would cross various modes, depending on the commission. Key influential American architects of the period include Richard Morris Hunt, Frank Furness, and Henry Hobson Richardson. After the war, the uniquely American Stick Style developed as a form of construction that uses wooden rod trusswork, the origin of its name. The style was commonly used in houses, hotels, railway depots, and other structures primarily of wood. The buildings are topped by high roofs with steep slopes and prominent decoration of the gables. The exterior is not bare of decoration, even though the main objective remains comfort. Richard Morris Hunt constructed John N. Griswold's house in Newport, Rhode Island in 1862 in this style. The "Stick Style" was progressively abandoned after c. 1873, gradually evolving into the Queen Anne Style. On the west coast in California, Oregon, and Washington, domestic architecture evolved equally towards a more modern style. San Francisco has many representations of the Italianate, Stick-Eastlake, and Queen Anne styles of Victorian architecture, c. 1850s–1900. Constructed with Redwood lumber they resisted the 1906 San Francisco earthquake itself, though some burned in the aftermath. They introduced the contemporary services of central heating and electricity. The Carson Mansion conceived of by Builder-Architects, Samuel and Joseph Cather Newsom and built by an army of over 100 craftsman from the massive lumber operations of its owner, is prominently situated at the head of Old Town Eureka, California on Humboldt Bay. It is widely regarded as one of the highest executions of Queen Anne style in California and the United States. On the east coast the Queen Anne evolved into the Shingle Style architecture. It is characterized by attention to a more relaxed rustic image. Richardson designed the William Watts Sherman House (1874–1875) in Newport, Rhode Island, and the Mary Fiske Stoughton House (1882–1883) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Charles Follen McKim the Newport Casino (1879–1881) using shingle clad asymmetrical facades. While medieval influence rode high, in the second half of the 19th century, architects also responded to commissions for estate scale residences with Renaissance Revival residences. Industry and commerce tycoons invested in stone and commissioned mansions replicating European palaces. The Biltmore Estate near to Asheville, North Carolina is in the Châteauesque style of French Renaissance Revival, and is the largest private residence in the U.S. Richard Morris Hunt interpreted the Louis XII and François I wings from the Château de Blois for it. Rise of the skyscraper The most notable United States architectural innovation has been the skyscraper. Several technical advances made this possible. In 1853, Elisha Otis invented the first safety elevator which prevented a car from falling down the shaft if the suspending cable broke. Elevators allowed buildings to rise above the four or five stories that people were willing to climb by stairs for normal occupancy. An 1868 competition decided the design of New York City's six story Equitable Life Building, which would become the first commercial building to use an elevator. Construction commenced in 1873. Other structures followed such as the Auditorium Building, Chicago in 1885 by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. This adopted Italian palazzo design details to give the appearance of a structured whole: for several decades American skyscrapers would blend conservative decorative elements with technical innovation. Soon skyscrapers encountered a new technological challenge. Load-bearing stone walls become impractical as a structure gains height, reaching a technical limit at about 20 stories (culminating in the 1891 Monadnock Building by Burnham & Root in Chicago). Professional engineer William LeBaron Jenney solved the problem with a steel support frame in Chicago's 10-story Home Insurance Building, 1885. Arguably this is the first true skyscraper. The use of a thin curtain wall in place of a load-bearing wall reduced the building's overall weight by two thirds. Another feature that was to become familiar in 20th-century skyscrapers first appeared in Chicago's Reliance Building, designed by Charles B. Atwood and E.C. Shankland, Chicago, 1890–1895. Because outer walls no longer bore the weight of a building it was possible to increase window size. This became the first skyscraper to have plate glass windows take up a majority of its outer surface area. Some of the most graceful early towers were designed by Louis Sullivan (1856–1924), America's first great modern architect. His most talented student was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959), who spent much of his career designing private residences with matching furniture and generous use of open space. Beaux-Arts and the American Renaissance Daniel Burnham's "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, held in Chicago, Illinois, ceremonially marks the dawn of the golden age for the Beaux-Arts style, and larger firms such as McKim, Mead and White. The era is documented in photo architectural albums such as the Architectural photographic series of Albert Levy. The Columbian Exposition also reflected the rise of American landscape architecture and city planning. Notable were the works of Frederick Law Olmsted, an already-prominent and prolific landscape architect who had designed the Midway Plaisance of the 1893 Exhibition, having previously designed New York's Central Park in the 1850s, the layout of the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., and many other works nationwide. Olmsted and his sons were also involved in the City Beautiful movement, which, as its name suggests, sought to aesthetically (and thus culturally) transform cities. The aspirations of the movement can be seen in the McMillan Plan for Washington, D.C. As the century progressed, the Beaux-Arts influence would become somewhat more restrained, returning to its more Neoclassical roots. The Lincoln Memorial (1915–1922), made out of marble and white limestone, takes its form from doric order Greek temples without a pediment. Its architect, Henry Bacon, student of the ideas from the Beaux-Arts school, intended the 36 columns of monument to represent each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death. The Jefferson Memorial was the last great monument constructed in the Beaux-Arts tradition, in the 1940s. Its architect, John Russell Pope, wanted to bring to light Jefferson's taste for Roman buildings. This is why he decided to imitate the Pantheon in Rome and grace the building with a similar type dome. It was severely criticized by the proponents of the International Style. Early suburbs (1890–1930) With the boom in the use of electric streetcars, the inner ring of suburbs developed around major cities, later to be aided by the advent of bicycles and automobiles. This boom in construction would result in a new, distinctly American form of house would emerge: the American Foursquare. Arts and Crafts Movement Greene and Greene – Gamble House (Pasadena, California), Robert R. Blacker House, Thorsen House Bernard Maybeck – Swedenborgian Church (San Francisco, California) Mary Jane Colter – Mary Jane Colter Buildings Julia Morgan – Asilomar Conference Grounds Lummis House Adirondack Architecture, Log home Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School Frank Lloyd Wright – List of Frank Lloyd Wright works, List of Frank Lloyd Wright works by location Taliesin East, Taliesin West Robie House, Ennis House, Fallingwater, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Catalog Homes Revivalism in the 20th century The trend of reviving previous styles continued over from the 19th century. Many of the revivals beginning in the late 19th century on into the 20th century would focus more on regional characteristics and earlier styles endemic to the United States and eclectically from abroad, further influenced by the rise of middle-class tourism. Mediterranean revival The early 20th century saw Mediterranean Revival style architecture enter the large estate design vocabulary. A major and significant example is the Hearst Castle on the Central Coast of California, designed by architect Julia Morgan. The San Francisco Bay Area estate Filoli, by Willis Polk, is in Woodside, California with the mansion and gardens now part of the National Trust for Historic Preservation and open to the public. the Dumbarton Oaks estate, in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., has Italian Renaissance gardens by early landscape architect Beatrix Farrand and architectural design by several architects including Philip Johnson. The Harold Lloyd Estate, "Greenacres" in Beverly Hills, California, is a significant example from the 1920s, with extensive gardens by a leading estate Landscape designer in that era, A.E. Hanson. Spanish Colonial revival The 1915 Panama-California Exposition the architecture by Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr. intentionally moved beyond the Mission Revival Style, from their studying Spanish Colonial architecture and its Churrigueresque and Plateresque refinements in Mexico. The project was a popular success, and introduced the Spanish Colonial Revival style to many design professionals and the public in California and across the country. George Washington Smith, based in Montecito and Santa Barbara, designed the detailed and integrated Andalusian Spanish Colonial Revival Casa del Herrero estate in 1926. Smith, Bertram Goodhue, Wallace Neff, and other notable architects created many 'Country Place Era' properties throughout California during this period. A civic example is the Santa Barbara County Courthouse and a commercial example the Mission Inn in Riverside, California. Georgian revival The Georgian style predominated residential design in the British colonial era in the thirteen Colonies. At the Mount Pleasant mansion (1761–1762) in Philadelphia, the residence is constructed with an entrance topped by a pediment supported by Doric columns. The roof has a balustrade and a symmetrical arrangement, characteristic of the neoclassic style popular in Europe then. In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. From 1910–1930, the Colonial Revival movement was ascendant, with about 40% of U.S. homes built during this period in the Colonial Revival style. In the immediate post-war period (c. 1950s–early 1960s), Colonial Revival homes continued to be constructed, but in simplified form. In the present-day, many New Traditional homes draw from Colonial Revival styles. Other colonials Colonial Revival architecture – American Colonial Cape Cod style Dutch Colonial Revival architecture Tudor Revival architecture Pueblo Revival architecture Exotic revivals Moorish Revival architecture, commonly used in Shriner temples and movie theatres. Mayan Revival architecture Egyptian Revival architecture Style Moderne and the Interwar skyscraper Skyscrapers as architectural battleground One culturally significant early skyscraper was New York City's Woolworth Building designed by architect Cass Gilbert, 1913. Raising previous technological advances to new heights, 793 ft (233 m), it was the world's tallest building until 1930. Frank Woolworth was fond of gothic cathedrals. Cass Gilbert constructed the office building as a cathedral of commerce and incorporated many Gothic revival decorative elements. The main entrance and lobby contain numerous allegories of thrift, including an acorn growing into an oak tree and a man losing his shirt. The popularity of the new Woolworth Building inspired many Gothic revival imitations among skyscrapers and remained a popular design theme until the art deco era. Other public concerns emerged following the building's introduction. New York City's 1916 Zoning Resolution setback law, which remained in effect until 1960, allowed structures to rise to any height as long as it reduced the area of each tower floor to one quarter of the structure's ground floor area. The Woolworth Building represents this type of building referred to as "wedding cake" skyscrapers. Another significant event in skyscraper history was the competition for Chicago's Tribune Tower. Although the competition selected a gothic design influenced by the Woolworth building, some of the numerous competing entries became influential to other 20th-century architectural styles. Second-place finisher Eliel Saarinen submitted a modernist design. An entry from Walter Gropius brought attention to the Bauhaus school. Roadside architecture The automobile culture of the United States has spawned numerous forms of architectural expression peculiar to that country (or alongside Canada), often vernacular in origin, especially in Diners. "Parkitecture" National Park Service rustic – sometimes colloquially called Parkitecture – is a style of architecture that developed in the early and middle 20th century in the United States National Park Service (NPS) through its efforts to create buildings that harmonized with the natural environment. Since its founding in 1916, the NPS sought to design and build visitor facilities without visually interrupting the natural or historic surroundings. The early results were characterized by intensive use of hand labor and a rejection of the regularity and symmetry of the industrial world, reflecting connections with the Arts and Crafts movement and American Picturesque architecture. "Ducks" Googie Miami Modern Morris Lapidus pioneered the "Miami Modern" style, best seen in the Ritz-Carlton South Beach, which went through a $90 million renovation in 2019. Post-War suburbs The 1944 G. I. Bill of Rights was another federal government decision that changed the architectural landscape. Government-backed loans made home ownership affordable for many more citizens. Affordable automobiles, unprecedented federal and state investment in highways encouraging workers to live ever further from their workplace, corresponding with a decline in public transportation investment and popular preference for single family detached homes, led to the rise of suburbs. Simultaneously praised for their quality of life and condemned for architectural monotony, these have become a familiar feature of the United States landscape. Modernism and reactions Early Modernism Interest in the simplification of the interior space and exterior facade progressed due to the work of Irving Gill, characterized by several Californian houses with flat roofs in the 1910s such as the Walter Luther Dodge house in Los Angeles. Rudolf M. Schindler and Richard Neutra adapted European modernism to the Californian context in the 1920s with the former's "Lovell Beach House" in Newport Beach and Schindler House in West Hollywood, and the latter's Lovell Health House in the Hollywood Hills. International style Ludwig Mies van der Rohe – Farnsworth House (Plano, Illinois), 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments Louis Kahn – Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Phillips Exeter Academy Library Richard Neutra – Von Sternberg House, Kaufmann Desert House Eero Saarinen – TWA Flight Center, Dulles International Airport Welton Becket – Capital Records Building, Riverplace Tower, Equitable Life Building Antoine Predock – CLA Building, Flint RiverQuarium, McNamara Alumni Center European architects who emigrated to the United States before World War II launched what became a dominant movement in architecture, the International Style. The Lever House introduced a new approach to a uniform glazing of the skyscraper's skin, and located in Manhattan. An influential modernist immigrant architect was Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) and Walter Gropius (1883–1969), both former directors of Germany's famous design school, the Bauhaus. The Reliance Building's move toward increased window area reached its logical conclusion in a New York City building with a Brazilian architect on land that is technically not a part of the United States. United Nations headquarters, 1949–1950, by Oscar Niemeyer has the first complete glass curtain wall. American government buildings and skyscrapers of this period have are a style known as Federal Modernism. Based on pure geometric form, buildings in the International style have been both praised as minimalist monuments to American culture and corporate success by some, and criticized as sterile glass boxes by others. Skycraper hotels gained popularity with the construction of John Portman's (1924–) Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta followed by his Renaissance Center in Detroit which remains the tallest skyscraper hotel in the Western Hemisphere. Postmodernism In reaction to the "glass boxes" issue, some younger American architects such as Michael Graves (1945– ) have rejected the austere, boxy look in favor of postmodern buildings, such as those by Philip C. Johnson (1906–2005) with striking contours and bold decoration that alludes to historical styles of architecture. Frank Gehry – List of works by Frank Gehry Chiat/Day Building, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Experience Music Project and Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame Architecture as an American profession Education and practice The formal education and practice of U.S. architecture started in the early 19th century when Thomas Jefferson, and others, realized a need for trained architects to fulfill an acute need for professionals to support an expanding nation. It was then that architectural education became institutionalized within a formal setting; prior to this, the dominant model for training was apprenticeship to artisan, "at best a hit-or miss proposition educationally." Additionally, most who called themselves architects during that general time period, were male, well-off, white, and trained in the French Ecole des Beaux Arts (School of Fine Arts) education philosophy. According to Georg Hegel, a fine art philosophy, by definition, that focused on aesthetics and intellectual purpose, rather than any practical function. This is the basis in which Thomas Jefferson, and others, formalized U.S. architectural pedagogy 150 years ago. According to Ernest Boyer and Lee Mitgang, a philosophy that advocated for: leaving the practical nature of the profession to be learned outside of formal education; architectural design to be conducted by a competitive method, with judgements by jury; the study of design be continuous through school, and design problems should not be overly practical, but rather should stimulate the imagination through the study of great masters; and an architectural curriculum include as broad a cultural background as time permits. This philosophy does not mention scientific or social science research. This legacy has meant that today, fewer than 20% of the 115 accredited Schools of Architecture offer a Ph.D. program; in addition, only a handful more offer exposure to and experience in rigorous research within building science & technology centers and laboratory settings. According to Gordon Chong, the architectural profession having emphasized "looking back as a means for justifying design decisions for future design," there remains a significant imbalance in learning between experience, intuition, and evidence-based design. There are currently over 83,000 members of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) estimates the number of architects licensed in the United States at 105,847. Architecture firms employ approximately 158,000 people in the United States (Bureau of Labor Statistics). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 33 professions are identified as over 90% white, including architecture at 91.3% white. A number of allied professions are also over 90% white, including construction managers (91.8%), construction supervisors (91.8%), and cost estimators (93.9%), and related construction tradespersons including electricians (90.0%), painters (90.7%), carpenters (90.9%), cement masons (91.2%), steel workers (92.3%), and sheet metal workers (93.5%). The US labor force is 80% white. See also Architectural sculpture in the United States Architectural style List of architectural styles Culture of the United States Hawaiian architecture America's Favorite Architecture Southern plantation architecture European medieval architecture in North America History of college campuses and architecture in the United States The Fountainhead (novel with a plot focusing on American Architecture) References Further reading Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan, Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). . Cf. Part Six, Chapter 37. McAlester, Virginia Savage. A Field Guide to American Houses (Revised): The Definitive Guide to Identifying and Understanding America's Domestic Architecture. Knopf, 2013. . Reiff, Daniel D. Houses from Books. Penn State Press, 2001. . Scully, Vincent. American Architecture and Urbanism. New Revised Edition. New York: Henry Holt, 1988. External links Historic American Buildings Survey at the Library of Congress American Institute of Architects, the national professional organization. Deerborn Massar Photography Collection at the University of Washington Library Architecture of the Pacific Northwest. The Center for Palladian Studies in America The Historyscoper - architecture/architects 1057 historic photographs of American buildings and architects; these are pretty-1923 and out of copyright. American Brutalism
is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama. Playing career Junya Imase joined to J2 League club Mito HollyHock in 2015. Club statistics Updated to 23 February 2018. References External links Profile at Mito HollyHock Profile at J. League Official Site 1993 births Living people Kokushikan University alumni People from Ichihara, Chiba Association football people from Chiba Prefecture Japanese men's footballers J2 League players J3 League players Mito HollyHock players Kataller Toyama players Men's association football defenders
Graham Rathbone (22 August 1942 – 8 January 2012) was a Welsh professional footballer. Rathbone was born in Newport, Monmouthshire. A centre-half, he began his career with Merthyr Tydfil. In 1960, he joined Newport County and made 191 appearances for the club, scoring 7 goals. In 1966 manager Jimmy McGuigan signed him at Grimsby Town for a £10,000 fee where he made 233 appearances before moving to Cambridge United and Kettering Town. Honours Grimsby Town Division Four: Champions 1971–72 References 1942 births 2012 deaths Welsh men's footballers Footballers from Newport, Wales Merthyr Tydfil F.C. players Newport County A.F.C. players Grimsby Town F.C. players Cambridge United F.C. players Kettering Town F.C. players English Football League players Men's association football defenders Deaths from dementia in Wales
My Tennessee Mountain Home is the eleventh solo studio album by American entertainer Dolly Parton. It was released on April 2, 1973, by RCA Victor. The house pictured on the album cover was the house in which the Parton family lived during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Content Largely a concept album about her childhood in rural East Tennessee, the album begins with a recitation of the first letter Parton wrote to her parents shortly after moving from her hometown of Sevierville, Tennessee to Nashville in 1964. Most of the songs are fond reminiscences of her youth and family, though in one song, "In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad)", Parton candidly admits that though she is grateful for the lessons the poverty of her childhood taught her, she is in no hurry to repeat the experience. The final cut on the album, "Down on Music Row", recounts her first days on Nashville's Music Row, trying to get a record deal, and thanking those who helped her along the way, making specific mention of Chet Atkins and RCA's Bob Ferguson. Reception In a positive review of the album, Billboard said, They named "In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad)", "My Tennessee Mountain Home", and "Down on Music Row" as the best cuts on the album. Though neither the album nor the title single were huge commercial hits for Parton — neither cracked the top ten on the U.S. country singles or albums charts — they remain fondly remembered by her fans; the My Tennessee Mountain Home album is among the most critically praised albums in Parton's catalogue. The title track became one of Parton's better-known compositions. Legacy In later years, Parton has used the song "My Tennessee Mountain Home" as a theme song for her Dollywood theme park. In 2009, "Eugene, Oregon" and Parton's original recording of "What Will Baby Be?," two outtakes from the recording sessions for this album, were released on the 4-disc, career-spanning box set "Dolly." Parton would later re-record "What Will Baby Be?" for inclusion on 1992's Slow Dancing with the Moon. In 2010, Sony Music reissued the 2007 CD My Tennessee Mountain Home in a triple-feature CD set with Coat of Many Colors and Jolene and they have never been out of print. Track listing Personnel Dolly Parton – vocals, guitar Jimmy Colvard – guitar Jimmy Capps – guitar Dave Kirby – guitar Bobby Thompson – guitar Chip Young – guitar Pete Drake – pedal steel guitar Don Warden – dobro Bobby Dyson – bass Jerry Carrigan – drums Buck Trent – banjo Mack Magaha – fiddle Johnny Gimble – fiddle Hargus "Pig" Robbins – piano Charlie McCoy – harmonica Mary Hoephinger – harp The Nashville Edition - background vocals References External links My Tennessee Mountain Home at dollyon-line.com 1973 albums Dolly Parton albums Concept albums Albums produced by Bob Ferguson (music) RCA Records albums
The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote a great deal of dance music, both for public use and as elements of larger works such as operas, quartets, and symphonies. According to the reminiscences of those who knew him, the composer himself enjoyed dancing very much; he was skillful and danced often. Dance music composed by Mozart About 200 dances by Mozart are still preserved. The modern edition of the dances as published by the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe runs to about 300 total pages in score. For a complete listing of Mozart's dances, see this list. History Mozart began writing dances when he was five years old; see Nannerl Notenbuch. In 1768, when Mozart was 12, his father Leopold reported that Wolfgang had composed "many minuets for all types of instrument". Mozart continued to write dance music for various occasions during the Salzburg period of his life (up to 1781). Following his move to Vienna, the pace of dance music composition increased, as on 7 December 1787 Mozart was appointed Royal and Imperial Chamber Composer for Emperor Joseph II. This post, though largely a sinecure, had as its main duty the composition of dances for the balls held in the Redoutensälen (public ballrooms) of the Imperial Palace. Mozart complied with this requirement scrupulously, composing dances in great number. He generally wrote dances each year between late December and early March; this reflected the scheduling of the imperial balls, which according to Abert were held "every Sunday during the carnival season, as well as on the last Thursday before Lent and on the last three days of the carnival." There are dances from 1788, 1789, and 1791; none date from 1790 because the Emperor was ill and died February 20 of that year. Genres Mozart's dances are primarily in three genres. Minuet The minuet was slightly old-fashioned by Mozart's time. It was of aristocratic origin, elegant and stately. Mozart wrote his minuets in ternary form; that is, first the minuet proper, then a contrasting trio section, followed by a return of the minuet. Mozart also wrote a great number of minuets intended for listening rather than dancing: they occur (usually as the third of four movements) in his symphonies, string quartets, and many other works. These minuets are usually longer, faster in tempo and less regular in their phrasing than the minuets meant for dancing. German dance The German dance () originated with the lower social classes. It was much livelier than the minuet and to some degree resembled the waltz. The close physical contact between the dancers, together with constant spinning causing dizziness, led this dance to be attacked as immoral. It was nonetheless danced widely. Mozart's German dances are, like the minuets, in ternary form, but normally with a coda added. Abert notes that the coda "in most cases relates back to the final dance and frequently includes all manner of orchestral jokes". For an example of the German dances, see Three German Dances, K. 605. Contredanse The contredanse was a form descended from English country dance. Like its ancestor, it was rich in figures (individual movements and patterns) and was popular among all social classes. Mozart composed contredanses as a sequence of multiple sections. They sometimes quote popular melodies; for instance, K. 609 quotes the aria "Non più andrai" from Mozart's opera The Marriage of Figaro. Of the three genres, minuets predominate in Mozart's early career, the latter two types later on. Instrumentation The core instrumentation of the dances is a simplified orchestra in which there are no violas, and the bass instruments (cello and double bass) play the same line. A variety of wind instruments is usually included, and often trumpets and timpani. To these basic instruments a few dances add additional instruments not ordinarily found in the orchestra of Mozart's time: fife and drum, tambourine, tuned sleighbells, the hurdy-gurdy, the post horn, and the flageolet, which was the piccolo of Mozart's day. The later dances, which were commercially successful (see below) were retranscribed for other instruments such as piano so that people could play them at home. These transcriptions are usually not the work of Mozart himself. Composition As Flothuis observes, Mozart's dances are generally written strictly in eight- and sixteen-bar phrases, reflecting their function as dance music. They also tend to use a restricted harmonic vocabulary. Mozart could evidently compose dances very rapidly. His biographer Georg Nikolaus von Nissen narrated an episode from Mozart's visit to Prague in early 1787. In the version given by Abert (2007), Mozart had promised to Count Johann Pachta a set of contredanses. But "his failure to produce these pieces prompted the count to summon him to his home an hour before the meal and to give him writing materials with the instructions that he write the dances there and then as they were to be performed that very day. By the time that the meal had started, nine dances for full orchestra had been completed in full score." Nissen elsewhere relates a similar tale of Mozart composing four fully orchestrated contredanses in less than half an hour; a similar pace. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Mozart seems to have felt that the composition of dances was not very challenging: he once said that his pay as imperial chamber composer was "too much for what I do, too little for what I could do." Reception Mozart's dances, particularly those composed in his official capacity at the Imperial court, were popular. They were generally printed shortly after their appearance, and according to Solomon the income from the dances partly helped Mozart to recover from the financial distress into which he had fallen in the later 1780s. In later years they were frequently reprinted. Today, however, it seems that the dances are little performed or recorded, at least in comparison to other Mozart works such as the mature symphonies or concertos. Nevertheless, they are praised by critics. Alex Ross has written of the dances (2006), "They are exasperating to listen to in large quantity, but they are full of lively, even zany details, and serve as a reminder that eighteenth-century composers were expected to be adept at producing both 'popular' and 'serious' music, and that there was no categorical difference between the two.". Abert (2007) wrote, "the most striking aspect of these dances is their almost literally inexhaustible fund of invention. Although their form offers only limited scope for experimentation, each dance differs from the others." Lindmayr-Brandl (2006) writes that "[the dances] that are accessible today, brought to life in the concert hall or in recordings, represent a precious treasure, the immediate expression of the joy of life." Dance in Mozart's operas Mozart included a substantial ballet at the end of his opera Idomeneo (1781); he was going against precedent at the time to write the ballet music himself rather than delegating it to another composer. The Marriage of Figaro (1786) includes a crucial dance scene in which Susanna passes a feigned love note to Count Almaviva during a fandango. The dance scene was one resisted by the theatrical management at the premiere, and Mozart and his librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte prevailed only with difficulty in including it. Perhaps the most elaborate dance scene in Mozart's operas is a party scene at the end of the first act of Don Giovanni (1787): guests at his party dance three dances simultaneously, each to its own music in interlocking rhythm. As Lindmayr-Brandl (2006) describes it, the dances are assigned to characters systematically: the social class of each character is matched with the traditional class associations of his or her dance. Thus "the representatives of the nobility —Donna Anna, Donna Elvira, Don Ottavio, with Don Giovanni— begin a minuet, then Don Giovanni invites [the peasant girl] Zerlina to dance a contradanse; and finally the servant Leporello dances a German Dance with the peasant Masetto." Mozart as a dancer Mozart was taught to dance when he was a small child. His first public appearance as a performer was at age five, when he danced in the Latin play "Sigismundus Rex", put on to celebrate the end of the academic year in Salzburg (1 and 3 September 1761). (His public career as an instrumental performer began only a few months later.) In 1770 (age 14), he wrote a letter to his sister Nannerl from Italy, reporting that "my sole amusement at the moment consists of English [contredanse] steps, and Capriol and spaccat." Concerning the adult Mozart, biographer Nissen reported "he passionately loved dancing, and missed neither the public masked balls in the theatre, nor his friends' domestic balls. And he danced very well indeed, particularly the minuet." Nissen was presumably relying here on the testimony of Mozart's wife Constanze, whom he married some years after Mozart's death. Another report comes from Mozart's friend the tenor Michael Kelly, who in his Reminiscences wrote, "as great as Mozart's genius was, he was an enthusiast in dancing, and often said that his taste lay in that art, rather than in music." At least as far as one of his letters indicates, Mozart preferred dancing with partners who could match his own ability. On 6 October 1777 he wrote to his father Leopold from Munich (where he was searching for employment), and reported: Mozart had many opportunities to go dancing in his place and time, as ballroom dancing was extremely popular. In addition, during his youth his own family hosted dancing in their home in Salzburg. In 1773, Leopold moved the Mozart family from their lodgings in the Getreidegasse, where Wolfgang and Nannerl had been born, to larger new quarters in the Dancing Master's House (German Tanzmeisterhaus). These rooms, formerly occupied by a dancing master, included a fairly large hall which the Mozarts used for dances (as well as concerts and other activities). In 1783, after his move to Vienna, Mozart himself hosted a ball, despite the somewhat cramped quarters he occupied with his wife Constanze (three rooms). The event is recorded in a letter he wrote to Leopold (22 January 1783): The letter goes on to explain that the ball was held in large empty rooms adjacent to the Mozarts' own apartment, and was well attended. References Footnotes Notes Sources Abert, Hermann (2007) W. A. Mozart. New version translated by Stewart Spencer and annotated by Cliff Eisen. New Haven: Yale University Press. Brown, Bruce Alan (2006) "Ballets," in Cliff Eisen and Simon Keefe, eds., The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965) Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Elvers, Rudolf (1961) Preface to Vol. 1 of the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe edition of the dances. In German. Available on line; see link below. Flothuis, Marius (1988) Preface to Vol. 2 of the Neue Mozart Ausgabe edition of the dances. In German. Available on line; see link below. Heartz, Daniel (1990) An iconography of the dances in the ballroom scene of Don Giovanni. Chapter 10 of his book Mozart's Operas. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Excerpts available online at Google Books. Lindmayr-Brandl, Andrea (2006) "Dance", in Cliff Eisen and Simon Keefe, eds., The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Plath, Wolfgang (1998) "A sketch-leaf for Mozart's contredanse 'La Bataille'." In Alan Tyson and Sieghard Brandenburg, eds., Haydn, Mozart, & Beethoven: studies in the music of the classical period. Essays in honour of Alan Tyson. Oxford University Press. . Rosen, Charles (1971/1997) The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. New York: Norton. Rushton, Julian (1981) W. A. Mozart: Don Giovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Solomon, Maynard (1995) Mozart: A Life. External links , Six German Dances, K. 509 , Three German Dances, K. 605 Dance, Mozart and History of dance
Vito Lavelua II was a king of Uvea, ruling from 1895 until 1904. He succeeded Queen Amelia Tokagahahau Aliki after her death (the succession causing a political crisis, before his appointment was finalized). He was succeeded by Lusiano Aisake. References Wallis and Futuna monarchs Year of birth missing Year of death missing
\|} The Silviniaco Conti Chase is a Grade 2 National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run at Kempton Park over a distance of about 2 miles and 4½ furlongs (2 miles, 4 furlongs and 110 yards, or 4,124 metres), and during its running there are sixteen fences to be jumped. The race is scheduled to take place each year in January. The event is named after the racehorse Silviniaco Conti, a dual winner of Kempton Park's most prestigious race, the King George VI Chase. Prior to the 2019–20 season it was run as a Listed race under a sponsored title; the race was renamed and raised to Grade 2 status by the British Horseracing Authority from the 2020 running. Winners since 2014 See also Horse racing in Great Britain List of British National Hunt races References Racing Post: , , , , , , , , , National Hunt races in Great Britain Kempton Park Racecourse National Hunt chases
Eretum (Greek: ), was an ancient town of the Sabines, situated on the Via Salaria, at its junction with the Via Nomentana, a short distance from the Tiber, and about from Rome. History Eretum lay near the frontier between Roman and Sabine territory in the regal period and early Republic. Solinus writes that it was established by Greeks in honor of Hera, and thus the name of the city (which he calls "Heretum") derives from her name. From the mention of its name by Virgil among the Sabine cities which joined in the war against Aeneas, we may presume that it was considered as an ancient town, and one of some importance in early times. Eretum never bears any prominent part in history, though from its frontier position on the line by which the former people must advance upon Rome, it was the scene of repeated conflicts between the two nations. The first of these occurred in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, during the war of that monarch with the Sabines; his successor Tarquinius Priscus also defeated the Etruscans, who had taken advantage of the friendly disposition of the Sabines to advance through their territory, at Eretum; and Tarquinius Superbus gained a decisive victory over the Sabines in the same neighbourhood. Under the Roman republic also we find two victories recorded over the Sabines at the same place, the one by the consuls Postumius and Menenius in 503 BCE, the other by Gaius Nautius Rutilus in 458 BCE. During the decemvirate also the Sabines established their headquarters at Eretum, whence they ravaged the Roman territory. It is again mentioned in the Second Punic War as the place whence Hannibal diverged to attack the shrine of Feronia in Etruria, during his advance on Rome (or, according to others, on his retreat) by the Salarian Way. But though its position thus brings it frequently into notice, it is clear that it was, under the Roman dominion at least, a very inconsiderable place. Strabo says it was little more than a village, and Valerius Maximus terms it vicus Sabinae regionis. Pliny does not even mention it among the towns of the Sabines, nor is its name found in the Liber Coloniarum: hence it is almost certain that it did not enjoy municipal privileges, and was dependent on one of the neighbouring towns, probably Nomentum (modern Mentana). But its name is still found in the Itineraries as a station on the Salarian Way, and it must therefore have continued to exist as late as the fourth century. From this time all trace of it disappears. Location The position of Eretum has been a subject of much dispute, though the data furnished by ancient authorities are sufficiently precise. The Itineraries place it 18 Roman miles from Rome; and Dionysius in one passage calls it 140 stadia (ca. ) from the city, though in another place he gives the same distance at only 107 stadia. Strabo adds that it was situated at the point of junction of the Via Salaria and Via Nomentana; a circumstance which could leave no doubt as to its position, but that there is some difficulty in tracing the exact course of the Via Salaria, which appears to have undergone repeated changes in ancient times. Hence Abbé Capmartin De Chaupy was led to fix the site of Eretum at a place called Rimane, where there were some Roman ruins near a bridge called the Ponte di Casa Cotta, but this spot is not less than 21 miles from Rome; on the other hand, Monterotondo, the site chosen by Cluverius, is little more than 15 miles from Rome, and could never by possibility have been on the Via Nomentana. Grotta Marozza (a località of the comune of Mentana), on the left hand of the Via Nomentana, rather more than 3 miles beyond Nomentum, has therefore decidedly the best claim: it is 17.5 miles from Rome, and it is probable that the ancient Via Salaria did not follow the same line with the modern road of that name, but left the valley of the Tiber near Monte Rotondo, and joined the Via Nomentana near the spot above indicated. There are no ruins at Grotta Marozza, but the site is described as well-adapted for that of a town of small extent. At a short distance from Grotta Marozza are some sulphureous springs now known as the Bagni di Grotta Marozza, which are in all probability those anciently known as the Aquae Labanae (the of Strabo, who describes them as situated in the neighbourhood of Eretum). References Sabine cities Former populated places in Italy
Ganadabi (People's Demand) is a weekly Bengali newspaper published from Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The paper is the Bengali organ of Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist), a communist party in India. See also Ganashakti Jago Bangla Proletarian Era References External links Newspapers published in Kolkata Bengali-language newspapers published in India Communist periodicals published in India Year of establishment missing
```go // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. //go:build goexperiment.unified // +build goexperiment.unified package gcimporter const unifiedIR = true ```
Methylosphaera hansonii, also called Antarctic budding methanotroph AM6, is a species of psychrophilic, group I methanotrophs, named after microbiologist Richard S. Hanson. It is non-motile, coccoidal in morphology, does not form resting cells, reproduces by constriction, and requires seawater for growth. Its type strain is ACAM 549. The cells are round and 1.5–2.0 μm in diameter. They are Gram-negative, non-motile, and strictly aerobic. They use methane and methanol as substrates to produce energy, and they can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Nomenclature The name has French and Greek roots. Methyl for its methyl group and sphaera for sphere. Overall the name means "methyl sphere." References Further reading External links Methylosphaera at LPSN Gammaproteobacteria Psychrophiles Bacteria described in 1997
Tõnu Puu (Tallinn, 25 September 1936 – Umeå, 11 July 2020) was an Estonian-born Swedish economist. He has been Professor of Economics at Umeå University. Personal Tõnu Puu took refuge from Estonia to Sweden upon the Soviet invasion in 1944, with his parents and one sister. He had two children from a previous marriage, Margareta Puu (born 1974), a statistician, and Magnus Puu (born 1981), a computer programmer. Puu died on 11 July 2020, aged 83. Education Puu studied at Uppsala University from 1956 to 1964, and finished his PhD in Economics in 1964 with Professor Tord Palander as thesis adviser. The thesis was graded "A" (Laudatur), the highest on a six-step scale (a rare distinction, used only thrice in Economics at Swedish universities in the 20th century). The thesis was awarded the Erik Lindahl Prize. Academic positions Puu worked as acting full professor of Economics at Uppsala University 1963–1970, and was appointed ordinary Professor of Economics by Royal patent at Umeå University in 1971. After emeritation in 2001, he worked as senior professor at the Centre for Regional Science (CERUM). He had various commitments, such as being chairman of the Department of Economics, Business, and Law, chairman of the Board of the University Library, and vice president of the Union of Swedish University Professors. Puu is currently Fellow of the Regional Science Association International. Editorial boards Puu was associated with the following scientific journals: Annals of Regional Science, Regional Science and Urban Economics, Journal of Regional Science, Networks and Spatial Theory, Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, International Journal of Shape Modelling, Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, Mansoura Science Bulletin, a.o. Other commitments Puu was Founder and Director of the Nordic Baroque Music Festival from 1987 to 2001, and received in that capacity the Prize for extraordinary promotion of culture, awarded by the county government. Other musical interests are playing the viola da gamba, and being a "luthier", making his own instruments. Publications Puu has published over 20 books and 120 scholarly articles in economics, philosophy, and mathematics over the period 1962–2011. Topics studied include (in chronological order); portfolio selection, investment and production, philosophy of science (in collaboration with Sir Karl Popper), spatial economics, economics of the arts, nonlinear dynamic processes, oligopoly, and business cycles. The best known work are Attractors, Bifurcations, & Chaos - Nonlinear Phenomena in Economics, (Springer-Verlag 2003), Mathematical Location and Land Use Theory (Springer-Verlag 1997), and Spatial Economics: Potential, Density, and Flow (North-Holland Publishing Company 1985), co-authored with Martin J. Beckmann of Brown University. References 1936 births 2020 deaths Swedish economists Academic staff of Umeå University Uppsala University alumni People from Tallinn Estonian World War II refugees Estonian emigrants to Sweden Regional economists
Take Care & Control is an album by Death In June, released in 1998. This album is a collaboration with Albin Julius (Der Blutharsch), with whom Douglas P. would return to collaborate on the Operation Hummingbird album. Track listing Side 1 "Smashed To Bits (In the Peace of the Night)" - 4:49 "Little Blue Butterfly" - 4:05 "The Bunker" - 3:08 "Kameradschaft" - 4:22 "Frost Flowers" - 3:11 "A Slaughter of Roses" - 3:13 Side 2 "The November Men" - 7:44 "Power Has a Fragrance" - 3:47 "Despair" - 2:23 "The Odin Hour" - 4:00 "The Bunker, Empty" - 2:56 "Wolf Angel" - 3:02 "Kameradschaft" This exclusive 4-track CD single was included with the vinyl version of the album. "Kameradschaft 1" - 4:01 "Satan's Feast" - 4:35 "Kameradschaft 2" - 4:02 "To Drown a Rose" (featuring John Balance on lead vocals) - 4:21 Death in June albums 1998 albums
```javascript function foo() { return ( <nav> <Home /> { do { if (loggedIn) { <LogoutButton /> } else { <LoginButton /> } } } </nav> ); } ```
Eric Miller Reeves (born October 18, 1963) is an attorney and a North Carolina state Senator. Early life and education Reeves graduated from St. Mark's School of Texas in 1982 where he was a member of the wrestling team and won the Texas State Championship. Reeves received a bachelor's degree in history from Duke University in 1986 and a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Wake Forest University in 1989. Career Reeves practiced law in Raleigh and was elected to Raleigh City Council in 1993, serving two terms. He was elected to the North Carolina State Senate in 1996 as a Democrat, representing the state's fourteenth – later sixteenth – district. He went on to chair the Senate's technology committee, served as chair of Human Services Appropriations and on the Education Oversight Committee. Reeves also served as co-chair of the Senate Information Technology Committee. He resigned from his chair in 2004 after serving four terms as a state Senator. Reeves is the General Counsel and Director of Public Affairs for SchoolDude.com, a provider of software management tools for Educational Facilities. References External links \|- North Carolina state senators Raleigh City Council members Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences alumni Wake Forest University alumni 1963 births Living people 21st-century American politicians
The Rising Sun is a public house at 46 Tottenham Court Road, Fitzrovia, London, W1T 2ED, managed by Taylor Walker. It is a Grade II listed building with English Heritage. The art nouveau Gothic building was designed by Victorian architects Treadwell and Martin. In the early 1980s the pub was renamed "The Presley" and decorated with images of Elvis Presley, the owners lowering the ceiling and destroying the Victorian interior. The pub was renamed The Rising Sun by its next owners. References External links Official website. Grade II listed pubs in London Buildings and structures on Tottenham Court Road Fitzrovia Pubs in the London Borough of Camden
```go // // // path_to_url // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. package raft import ( "fmt" "io/ioutil" "log" "os" "sync" ) type Logger interface { Debug(v ...interface{}) Debugf(format string, v ...interface{}) Error(v ...interface{}) Errorf(format string, v ...interface{}) Info(v ...interface{}) Infof(format string, v ...interface{}) Warning(v ...interface{}) Warningf(format string, v ...interface{}) Fatal(v ...interface{}) Fatalf(format string, v ...interface{}) Panic(v ...interface{}) Panicf(format string, v ...interface{}) } func SetLogger(l Logger) { raftLoggerMu.Lock() raftLogger = l raftLoggerMu.Unlock() } var ( defaultLogger = &DefaultLogger{Logger: log.New(os.Stderr, "raft", log.LstdFlags)} discardLogger = &DefaultLogger{Logger: log.New(ioutil.Discard, "", 0)} raftLoggerMu sync.Mutex raftLogger = Logger(defaultLogger) ) const ( calldepth = 2 ) // DefaultLogger is a default implementation of the Logger interface. type DefaultLogger struct { log.Logger debug bool } func (l DefaultLogger) EnableTimestamps() { l.SetFlags(l.Flags() \| log.Ldate \| log.Ltime) } func (l DefaultLogger) EnableDebug() { l.debug = true } func (l DefaultLogger) Debug(v ...interface{}) { if l.debug { l.Output(calldepth, header("DEBUG", fmt.Sprint(v...))) } } func (l DefaultLogger) Debugf(format string, v ...interface{}) { if l.debug { l.Output(calldepth, header("DEBUG", fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))) } } func (l DefaultLogger) Info(v ...interface{}) { l.Output(calldepth, header("INFO", fmt.Sprint(v...))) } func (l DefaultLogger) Infof(format string, v ...interface{}) { l.Output(calldepth, header("INFO", fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))) } func (l DefaultLogger) Error(v ...interface{}) { l.Output(calldepth, header("ERROR", fmt.Sprint(v...))) } func (l DefaultLogger) Errorf(format string, v ...interface{}) { l.Output(calldepth, header("ERROR", fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))) } func (l DefaultLogger) Warning(v ...interface{}) { l.Output(calldepth, header("WARN", fmt.Sprint(v...))) } func (l DefaultLogger) Warningf(format string, v ...interface{}) { l.Output(calldepth, header("WARN", fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))) } func (l DefaultLogger) Fatal(v ...interface{}) { l.Output(calldepth, header("FATAL", fmt.Sprint(v...))) os.Exit(1) } func (l DefaultLogger) Fatalf(format string, v ...interface{}) { l.Output(calldepth, header("FATAL", fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))) os.Exit(1) } func (l DefaultLogger) Panic(v ...interface{}) { l.Logger.Panic(v...) } func (l *DefaultLogger) Panicf(format string, v ...interface{}) { l.Logger.Panicf(format, v...) } func header(lvl, msg string) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", lvl, msg) } ```
LÉ Ciara (P42) was a in the Irish Naval Service. Like the rest of her class, she was originally designed for use by the British Royal Navy in Hong Kong waters, and was delivered in 1984 by Hall, Russell & Company as HMS Swallow (P242). The ship was passed to the Irish Naval Service in 1988 and was commissioned under her current name by the then Taoiseach Charles Haughey on 16 January 1989. She is the sister ship of . Royal Navy service The ship was built as HMS Swallow with the yard number of 991 at the Aberdeen yard of Hall Russell. She was launched on 30 March 1984 and completed on 17 October 1984. In 1988 she was sold to the Republic of Ireland and renamed LÉ Ciara. Etymology In Irish service, the ship took her name from Saint Ciara, born in Tipperary in the 7th century who, after taking religious vows in her teens, founded a convent in Kilkeary, near Nenagh. The ship's coat-of-arms depict three golden chalices which represent the three ancient dioceses among which Tipperary was divided. Also featured is a Celtic cross as a representation of the North Cross at Ahenny, County Tipperary. The coat of arms incorporates the Tipperary colours of Blue and Yellow as well as the background or field colours of the Tipperary Arms which is Ermine - white with a pattern of black arrowhead shaped points. Weapons and equipment The ship's principal armament is an OTO Melara 76 mm Compact gun. This has a range and can fire 85 rounds per minute. It can be used in both anti-aircraft and anti-ship roles. It holds an 80-round magazine that can easily be reloaded by a two-man team. There are also two single 20 mm Rh202 Rheinmetall cannons and two 12.7 mm machine guns. She is equipped with surveillance equipment and a fishery protection information system which is regularly updated via a satellite link to the Irish Naval Service base at Haulbowline Island near Cobh. Ciara has a cruising speed of and a sprint speed of , making her the fastest ship in the Irish Navy; the crew have nicknamed her "Road Runner" after the speedy cartoon character, which is portrayed on the funnel. History Throughout her career, LÉ Ciara has been involved in fisheries protection patrols as well as search and rescue missions. In 2011, the vessel was temporarily taken out of service to address an issue with the hull, and was again kept out of commission for several months in mid-2014 for removal of asbestos. On 8 July 2022, LÉ Ciara was decommissioned together with and . References External links IDF LÉ Ciara webpage 1984 ships Naval ships of the Republic of Ireland Peacock-class corvettes of the Irish Naval Service Peacock-class corvettes Ships built by Hall, Russell & Company
Le Car may refer to: Renault Le Car, the name used to market the Renault 5 automobile in the United States Le Car, an electric car model from LeEco Le Car (band), an American electronic musical group Maud Le Car (born 1992) model and surfer See also Morris–Lecar model, biological neuron model Le Supercar, an electric car model from LeEco Boris Lekar (1932-2010) Soviet artist Ləkər, Azerbaijan; a village Car (disambiguation) Le (disambiguation)
```elixir defmodule EventStore.Wait do def until(fun), do: until(1_000, fun) def until(0, fun), do: fun.() def until(timeout, fun) do try do fun.() rescue ExUnit.AssertionError -> :timer.sleep(10) until(max(0, timeout - 10), fun) end end end ```
Livada may refer to: Several places in Bulgaria: Livada, Burgas, a village in Kameno Municipality, Burgas Province Several places in Greece: Livada, Crete, a village in Chania regional unit in Crete Livada, Tinos, a village on the island of Tinos Several places in Romania: Livada, Satu Mare, a town in Satu Mare County, and its village of Livada Mică Livada, Arad, a commune in Arad County Livada, a village in Dobârceni Commune, Botoşani County Livada and Livada Mică, villages in Grebănu Commune, Buzău County Livada, a village in Iclod Commune, Cluj County Livada, a village in Petreștii de Jos Commune, Cluj County Livada, a village in Tomeşti Commune, Hunedoara County Livada, a village in Mera Commune, Vrancea County Several places in the Republic of Macedonia: Livada, Struga, a village in the Struga Municipality
Donát Ferenc Zsótér (born 6 January 1996) is a Hungarian footballer who plays for Kecskemét as a winger. He was also part of the Hungarian U-19 at the 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship and U-20 team at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Club statistics References External links MLSZ 1996 births Living people Footballers from Szeged Hungarian men's footballers Hungary men's youth international footballers Hungary men's under-21 international footballers Men's association football midfielders Fehérvár FC players Szolnoki MÁV FC footballers Dunaújváros PASE players Puskás Akadémia FC players Újpest FC players Nemzeti Bajnokság I players Budapest Honvéd FC players Kecskeméti TE players
Gallery Overview (Lamark, 1816) Galaxea astreata is a common and cosmopolitan large polyp scleractinian coral, (stony, hard coral) in the family Euphylliidae. It has a sub-massive morphology. It is found in the Indo-Pacific and is the most abundant coral species in Xuwen Coral Reef National Nature Reserve. G. astreata is acclimatized to water temperatures ranging from about 27 ± 0.5 °C. It is generally a shallow-water coral and is commonly seen at a depth of around 15 meters. It can range from a depth of 1 meter to 30 meters. It generally prefers clear, salt waters over turbid brackish waters. Description Galaxea astreata has a very distinctive skeleton structure, which is made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Corallites, the skeletal cup formed by individual polyps, are very plate-like. They are about 3-4.5 in diameter. They are also well spaced. The coral can has a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae living inside of the coral. Colonies of G. astreata are either sub-massive, columnar, or encrusting, meaning they can either be irregularly shaped, growing upward like columns, or impinging on a hard substrate. Colonies can grow to be over two meters long. The polyps are usually found to be pink, grey, green, or brown in color. Feeding Galaxea astreata eat zooplankton and coral larvae that float by. Corals tend to feed at night since planktivorous fishes are sleeping. G. astreata expands its polyps to feed during the day, and contracts them at night. It is an effective predator, and like other massive growth forms, G. astreata will be an even more efficient when the larvae starts sinking in the water column so that it is easier for the coral to catch. Reproduction Galaxea astreata is a broadcast spawner, as gametes are released into the water for external fertilization. After the gamete is fertilized, the planulae, or the larval form of the coral, develops inside the plankton. G. astreata can either be a hermaphrodite, having both male and female gametes, or a gonochore, having gametes of only one sex. Threats and Coral Bleaching The coral coverage rate in Xuwen rapidly decreased due to human activity and other environmental factors causing a decline in the G. astreata. Some detrimental human activities include overuse of fisheries and extraction, eutrophication and siltation, and pollution. Though G. astreata is more resistant to environmental changes than other coral species (i.e. Accropora spp.), it had a 100% mortality rate after the El Niño phenomenon of 1997-1998, starting with slow death of tissue fragments in the first 4 months after the disturbance. However, G. astreata was not the only coral affected, as this 1998 coral bleaching event reduced the richness of all coral species off the coast of Sesoko Island, Japan by 61% and reduced coral cover by 85%. Temperatures rose 2.8 °C above average from this one event alone. Coral bleaching events cause a loss of the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) and/or a loss of pigment (color mostly derived from zooxanthellae). It is a global phenomenon that is most likely linked to global climate change and rising ocean temperatures, as well as ocean acidification. References Euphylliidae Animals described in 1816
The Movimiento Tour was the eleventh concert tour by Puerto Rican recording artist Ricky Martin, in support of his eleventh studio album, which was set to be called Movimiento (2020). The tour began in San Juan, Puerto Rico at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum on February 7, 2020. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, more than half of the scheduled dates were canceled. Also because of the pandemic and subsequent personal experiences, Martin decided to split the tour's associated album in two extended plays, Pausa and Play; the former was released on May 29, 2020, and the latter is expected to be released in September 2020. Setlist The following setlist was obtained from the February 7, 2020 concert, held at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It does not represent all concerts during the duration of the tour. "Cántalo" "La Bomba" "Isla Bella" "Bombón de Azúcar" "Tiburones" "Livin' la Vida Loca" "Loaded" "Shake Your Bon-Bon" "Fuego Contra Fuego" "Fuego de Noche, Nieve de Día" "Te Extraño, Te Olvido, Te Amo" "Tu Recuerdo" "Lola, Lola" "She Bangs" "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" "Vuelve" "Pégate" "La Mordidita" "María" "The Cup of Life" "Vente Pa' Ca" Shows Cancelled shows Notes References Ricky Martin concert tours 2020 concert tours Concert tours of Argentina Concert tours of Chile Concert tours of Colombia Concert tours of Mexico Concert tours of Puerto Rico Concert tours of Uruguay
Lillian Shadic [Campbell] (June 14, 1929 – June 27, 2017) was an All-American Girls Professional Baseball League center fielder. Listed at 5' 5", 145 lb., she batted and threw right handed. Lillian Shadic played one season barnstorming in the All-American League. Born in Chatham, New York, Shadic was dubbed Pete as a child and she retained this nickname for the rest of her life. She was a graduate of the Roeliff Jansen High School in Craryville, New York, where she played basketball and softball before answering a press advertisement about the league. Pete did not just excel at softball, but she was even part of the Roe Jan, a local boys baseball team. She then went to a tryout in New Jersey and received an offer to play in the league during the 1949 season. Never having travelled, she decided to join one of the travelling teams and was assigned to the Springfield Sallies, as they toured in twenty-six states, including exhibition contests at Griffith Stadium and Yankee Stadium. While no official statistics were kept by the league, she was credited with hitting two home runs in a single game. Afterwards, Lillian returned home and married Clifford H. Campbell Sr. in 1950. They raised seven children and she assisted him on the family dairy farm until 1988. In her spare time, she played softball, basketball and bowling, while coaching her sons in little league baseball and her daughters in softball. Shadic also did volunteer work at Taconic Hills High School and drove the school bus for seventeen years. There is a plaque near the school softball honoring her. In 1988, a permanent display was inaugurated at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York, that honors those who were part of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. The lively Pete, along with the rest of the girls and the league staff, is included at the display/exhibit. Lillian Shadic died in 2017 in Albany, New York following a brief illness, just 13 days after her 88th birthday. Sources 1929 births 2017 deaths All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players Baseball players from New York (state) People from Chatham, New York 21st-century American women
Theodore Conrad (May 19, 1910 – August 19, 1994) was an American architect, preservationist and a leading architectural model maker, often referred to as the Dean of Models. Conrad was one of the first independent architectural model makers in the United States and contributed significantly to modern architecture through his collaborations with architects such as Harvey Wiley Corbett, Wallace Harrison, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Edward Durell Stone. His most notable projects include models for the Metropolitan Life North Building, Rockefeller Center, Lever House, Seagram Building, the Manufacturers Trust Company Building and the John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame. Career Theodore Conrad was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, as the great-grandson of German immigrants. Trained as an architect at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, Conrad turned towards architectural model making in 1929 when he began an internship in Harvey Wiley Corbett’s office in New York City. Conrad established his own modeling studio in Jersey City in 1931. Initially working in wood and cardboard, Conrad became one of the first model makers to use Plexiglas and aluminum extensively for architectural models during the so-called miniature boom in the 1950s. After World War II, Theodore Conrad became one of the premier model makers in the United States collaborating on some of America’s most highly publicized projects such as John F. Kennedy's grave and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C. as well as International Style high-rises such as the Seagram Building and Lever House. In 1962, Conrad was the only model maker to ever receive the Craftsmanship Medal from the American Institute of Architects for his lifetime achievement with architectural models. Aside from his work as a model maker, Theodore Conrad was a pioneering preservationist in North Jersey who was active in the Citizens Committee of Hudson County. He was an instrumental voice in the successful campaigns to rescue the Hudson County Courthouse and Loew’s Theater in Jersey City as well as an advocate for the creation of Liberty State Park. In 1994, a street in Liberty State Park was named in his honor. Legacy Theodore Conrad’s work has received renewed interest in recent years. His models have since been included in a number of exhibitions, most recently at the German Architecture Museum in Frankfurt in the 2012 exhibition “The Architectural Model—Tool, Fetish, Small Utopia," and in museums such as the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Heinz Architectural Center in Pittsburgh. A detailed study of Conrad’s oeuvre in the context of American mid-century model making was prepared by Teresa Fankhänel. References External links Theodore Conrad papers, 1937-1991. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. The Architectural Models of Theodore Conrad. The "miniature boom" of mid-century modernism Website detailing Conrad's work 1910 births 1994 deaths People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Typhoon Oliwa was one of a record eleven super typhoons in the 1997 Pacific typhoon season. Oliwa (Hawaiian for Oliver) formed in the central Pacific Ocean on September 2 to the southwest of Hawaii, but it became a typhoon in the western Pacific. Oliwa explosively intensified on September 8, increasing its winds from 85 mph to 160 mph (140 to 260 km/h) in a 24‑hour period. Afterward, it slowly weakened, and after passing east of Okinawa, Oliwa turned northeast and struck Japan with winds of . There, it affected 30,000 people and killed 12; thousands of houses were flooded, and some were destroyed. Offshore South Korea, the winds and waves wrecked 28 boats, while one boat went missing with a crew of 10 people. Oliwa dissipated on September 19 in northern Pacific Ocean near the International Date Line. Meteorological history The origins of Typhoon Oliwa were from an unusually eastward extension of the monsoon trough in late August 1997. The tropical disturbance organized southwest of Hawaii, and slowly organized. On September 2, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Two-C about southwest of Johnston Island, slightly east of the International Date Line. The depression quickly attained tropical storm status, and the CPHC gave it its name. A moderately powerful ridge persisted north of Tropical Storm Oliwa, which caused a slow west to west-northwest track. Water temperatures were slightly warmer than usual, and there was a favourable upper-level environment for the storms strengthening. Initially, however, Oliwa was somewhat disorganized on satellite imagery, and on September 4, as it crossed the International Date Line, there may have been multiple circulations. Upon entering the western Pacific Ocean, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began issuing advisories on the system (9719). Despite the favorable conditions, further intensification was slow, and it reached typhoon status - winds of at least - on September 8. Prior to that time, Oliwa co-existed with a weak tropical cyclone that formed in a similar location in the south Pacific. About twelve hours after reaching typhoon status, Oliwa began to undergo unexpected rapid intensification. In a 24‑hour period from 1800 UTC on September 8 to 1800 UTC on September 9, the JTWC assessed the typhoon as nearly doubling in intensity, from 1-min winds, while the pressure dropped 69 mbar to a minimum of 898 mbar; based on the estimated intensity, the JTWC classified Oliwa as a super typhoon. The JMA, which is the official agency of the western Pacific, assessed Oliwa as reaching a peak of 10-min winds), with a pressure of 915 mbar. Around that time, satellite imagery indicated a possible eyewall mesovorticy, which is a small scale rotational feature found in the eyewall of an intense tropical cyclone. Additionally, concentric eyewalls developed in the center of Oliwa, which typically occur in strong typhoons. After maintaining peak intensity for 36 hours, Oliwa gradually weakened as it continued to the west-northwest, during which it passed through the Northern Marianas Islands. On September 14, the typhoon slowed to the north of Okinawa, and it turned to the northeast toward Japan. As a weakened typhoon, Oliwa moved ashore on Makurazaki, Kagoshima, Kyushu with winds of late on September 15. It weakened to tropical storm strength while crossing Japan, and deteriorated further to tropical depression status on September 16. On September 17, the JTWC issued the final advisory on Oliwa while it was in the eastern portion of the Sea of Japan. The JMA maintained advisories as the storm crossed northern Japan, and it accelerated over the open Pacific Ocean. On September 19, Oliwa dissipated near the International Date Line to the south of the Aleutian Islands. Impact and records While weakening after peaking in intensity, Oliwa passed about north of Agrihan in the Northern Marianas Islands. Sustained winds on the island reached , with gusts to . The winds downed two coconut trees onto a radio antenna, which left the island temporarily without contact to the outside world. On the Japanese island of Kyushu, where Oliwa made landfall as a weakened typhoon, thousands of homes were flooded, and dozens were destroyed. Its slow movement caused heavy rainfall that created a mudslide in Tashiro, Kagoshima, killing three people. Across Kagoshima Prefecture, officials issued evacuations due to flooding, although many did not heed the warnings. In the prefecture, the typhoon destroyed 131 buildings and damaged about 1,700 more. Damage there was estimated at 14 million yen (1997 JPY, $150,000 in 1997 USD). Across Japan, Oliwa caused 12 fatalities and displaced a total of 30,000 people. Total damage amounted to 4.36 billion yen (US$50.1 million). Offshore the South Korea coast, the winds and strong waves wrecked 28 vessels, and 10 people were reported missing from one ship. Typhoon Oliwa was one of eleven super typhoons in the western Pacific, which is tied to the previous record of eleven; a typical typhoon season has four super typhoons. The period of heightened activity was the result of one of the most powerful El Niño events on record. The track Oliwa was unusual, due to its origin as a cyclone from the central Pacific Ocean and its path over the Northern Marianas Islands and Japan. The typhoon was one of only two during the season to undergo explosive deepening, which is a decrease in barometric pressure of ≥2.5 mbar per hour for a period of at least 12 hours. In 24 hours, the pressure dropped 69 mbar, which averages 2.9 mbar per hour; such values are usually estimated in the western Pacific using the Dvorak technique. The name was not retired, although due to the low activity in the central Pacific Ocean, the name will not be used for at least a couple of decades. See also Hurricane Ekeka (1992) Typhoon Paka (1997) Another Strong Tropical Cyclone in the same year Hurricane Ioke (2006) Hurricane Genevieve (2014) (2014) Also crossed the International Date Line Typhoon Halola (2015) Near Identical Track to Oliwa References External links JMA General Information of Typhoon Oliwa (9719) from Digital Typhoon JMA Best Track Data (Graphics) of Typhoon Oliwa (9719) JMA Best Track Data (Text) 02C.OLIWA from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Typhoons 1997 Pacific hurricane season 1997 Pacific typhoon season Typhoons in Japan
```objective-c // parameters for float floating-point type #include <yvals.h> #include <float.h> #define FTYPE float #define FBITS FLT_MANT_DIG #define FMAXEXP FLT_MAX_EXP #define FFUN(fun) fun##f #define FNAME(fun) _F##fun #define FCONST(obj) _F##obj._Float #define FLIT(lit) lit##F #define FPMSW(x) (*_FPmsw(&(x))) #define FSIGNBIT _FSIGN #define FISNEG(x) (FPMSW(x) & FSIGNBIT) #define FNEGATE(x) (FPMSW(x) ^= FSIGNBIT) ```
```javascript if(typeof cptable === 'undefined') cptable = {}; cptable[20866] = (function(){ var d = "\u0002\u0003\u0004\u0005\u0006\u0007\b\t\n\u000b\f\r\u000e\u000f\u0010\u0011\u0012\u0013\u0014\u0015\u0016\u0017\u0018\u0019\u001a\u001b\u001c\u001d\u001e\u001f !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{\|}~", D = [], e = {}; for(var i=0;i!=d.length;++i) { if(d.charCodeAt(i) !== 0xFFFD) e[d.charAt(i)] = i; D[i] = d.charAt(i); } return {"enc": e, "dec": D }; })(); ```
John Stephen Bowden (17 May 1935 – 6 December 2010) was an English Anglican priest, publisher, and theologian. Life Born on 17 May 1935 in Halifax, Yorkshire, Bowden was educated at St Paul's School, London, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he came under the influence of Christopher Evans. He was ordained as a priest in the Diocese of Southwell in 1962. Bowden was a lecturer in theology at the University of Nottingham when, in 1966, he was appointed managing director of the religious publisher SCM Press, which published works by leading continental theologians such as Martin Hengel, Gerd Theissen, Edward Schillebeeckx, Hans Küng, and Jürgen Moltmann. He held the post until his retirement in 2000. He translated a number of theological works, including Martin Noth's Exodus, Aloys Grillmeier's Christ in Christian Tradition, Martin Hengel's Judaism and Hellenism (1975), and Henning Graf Reventlow's The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World (1985). Winner of the Schlegel-Tieck Prize twice, for the Hengel and Graf Reventlow translations, in total Bowden translated more than 200 books and authored a number himself. Bowden died of prostate cancer on 6 December 2010 and was survived by his wife and their three children. References 1935 births 2010 deaths 20th-century Anglican theologians 20th-century English male writers 20th-century English Anglican priests 20th-century English theologians 20th-century English translators Academics of the University of Nottingham Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford Deaths from cancer in the United Kingdom Deaths from prostate cancer English book publishers (people) English male non-fiction writers English translators German–English translators People educated at St Paul's School, London People from Halifax, West Yorkshire Writers from Yorkshire 20th-century English businesspeople
The 2004–05 season was the 125th season of competitive football by Rangers. Overview Rangers played a total of 51 competitive matches during the 2004–05 season. They went into the season looking to recapture their Scottish Premier League crown, which Celtic had won the season before. Manager Alex McLeish made several summer signings, with the signature of Frenchman Jean-Alain Boumsong being his biggest coup. Others included strikers Dado Prso and Nacho Novo, as well as the experienced midfielder Alex Rae and future Ibrox favourite Marvin Andrews. Rangers League form began poorly picking up only 8 points from their first 5 matches. Rangers lost the first Old Firm derby of the season 1–0 at Celtic Park and fell behind Celtic in the league. Rangers form improved following the loss to Celtic and they weren't to lose again in the league until April. This run of form included two wins over Celtic in November, once in the League Cup and the other in the League. They also ended a poor run of results at Celtic Park, with a 2–0 victory in February. A 2–1 loss to Celtic at home in April left Rangers five points behind with just four games left of the season. Celtic led by two points on the final day of the season and were winning 1–0 against Motherwell, but two late goals for Motherwell coupled with Rangers 1–0 win over Hibernian saw Rangers win the title, Helicopter Sunday. Rangers also won the League Cup this season, with a 5–1 victory over Motherwell in the final. Rangers were beaten in the Scottish Cup however, losing 2–1 to Celtic in the third round. After losing to CSKA Moscow in the third qualifying round of the Champions League, Rangers entered the UEFA Cup. Rangers managed to qualify for the newly formed group stages with a penalty shoot-out win over Maritimo. Rangers failed to progress beyond the group stages however, a 2–0 loss at home to Auxerre seeing them fail to stay in Europe beyond Christmas. Players Squad information Transfers In Total spending: £8.45m Out Total received: £10.825m Squad statistics Goal scorers Disciplinary record Club Board of directors Coaching staff Other staff Matches Scottish Premier League UEFA Champions League UEFA Cup Scottish Cup League Cup Friendlies Competitions Overall Scottish Premier League Standings References Rangers F.C. seasons Rangers Scottish football championship-winning seasons
```smalltalk /* This file is part of the iText (R) project. Authors: Apryse Software. This program is offered under a commercial and under the AGPL license. For commercial licensing, contact us at path_to_url For AGPL licensing, see below. AGPL licensing: This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url */ using System; using iText.IO.Font.Woff2.W3c; namespace iText.IO.Font.Woff2.W3c.Decoder { public class ValidationOff068Test : W3CWoff2DecodeTest { protected internal override String GetFontName() { return "validation-off-068"; } protected internal override String GetTestInfo() { return "Valid WOFF file from the fire format tests, the decoded file should run through a font validator to confirm the OFF structure validity."; } protected internal override bool IsFontValid() { return true; } } } ```
Each entry on this list of common misconceptions is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries are concise summaries of the main subject articles, which can be consulted for more detail. A common misconception is a viewpoint or factoid that is often accepted as true but which is actually false. They generally arise from conventional wisdom (such as old wives' tales), stereotypes, superstitions, fallacies, a misunderstanding of science, or the popularization of pseudoscience. Some common misconceptions are also considered to be urban legends, and they are often involved in moral panics. Arts and culture Business Federal legal tender laws in the United States do not state that a private business, a person, or an organization must accept cash for payment, though it must be regarded as valid payment for debts when tendered to a creditor. Adidas is not an acronym for "All day I dream about sports", "All day I dream about soccer", or "All day I dream about sex". The company was named after its founder Adolf "Adi" Dassler in 1949. The backronyms were jokes published in 1978 and 1981. The common image of Santa Claus (Father Christmas) as a jolly old man in red robes was not created by The Coca-Cola Company as an advertising gimmick. Santa Claus had already taken this form in American popular culture and advertising by the late 19th century, long before Coca-Cola used his image in the 1930s. The Chevrolet Nova sold very well in Latin American markets; General Motors did not need to rename the car. While no va does mean "it doesn't go" in Spanish, nova was easily understood to mean "new". Netflix was not founded after its co-founder Reed Hastings was charged a $40 late fee by Blockbuster. Hastings made the story up to summarize Netflix's value proposition, and Netflix's founders were actually inspired by Amazon. PepsiCo never owned the "6th most powerful navy" in the world after a deal with the Soviet Union. In a 1989 deal, estimated to be around 3 million dollars worth of Pepsi were bartered for 20 decommissioned warships which were immediately sold for scrap. Food and cooking Searing does not seal moisture in meat; in fact, it causes it to lose some moisture. Meat is seared to brown it, to affect its color, flavor, and texture. Twinkies, an American snack cake generally considered to be "junk food", have a shelf life of around 45 days, despite the common claim (usually facetious) that they remain edible for decades. Twinkies, with only sorbic acid as an added preservative, normally remain on a store shelf for 7 to 10 days. With the exception of some perishables, properly stored foods can safely be eaten past their "expiration" dates. The vast majority of expiration dates in the United States are regulated by state governments and refer to food quality, not safety; the "use by" date represents the last day the manufacturer warrants the quality of their product. Seeds are not the spicy part of chili peppers. In fact, seeds contain a low amount of capsaicin, one of several compounds which induce the hot sensation (pungency) in mammals. The highest concentration of capsaicin is located in the placental tissue (the pith) to which the seeds are attached. Turkey meat is not particularly high in tryptophan, and does not cause more drowsiness than other foods. Drowsiness after holiday meals such as Thanksgiving dinner generally comes from overeating. Banana-flavored candy was not intended to mimic the taste of a formerly popular variety of banana. It tastes different from bananas because it is mainly flavored with only one of the many flavors a banana has, isoamyl acetate. Food history Fortune cookies are not found in Chinese cuisine, despite their ubiquity in Chinese restaurants in the United States and other Western countries. They were invented in Japan and introduced to the US by the Japanese. In China, they are considered American, and are rare. Hydrox is not a knock-off of Oreos. Hydrox, invented in 1908, predates Oreos by four years and outsold it until the 1950s, when Oreos raised prices and the name "Hydrox" became increasingly unappealing due to sounding like a laundry detergent brand. George Washington Carver was not the inventor of peanut butter. Peanut butter was used by the Aztecs and Incans as early as the 15th century, and the first peanut butter-related patent was filed by John Harvey Kellogg in 1895. Carver did compile hundreds of uses for peanuts, soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes to promote his system of crop rotation. An opinion piece by William F. Buckley Jr. may have been the source of the misconception. Potato chips were not invented by a frustrated George Speck in response to a customer, sometimes given as Cornelius Vanderbilt, constantly complaining that his French fries were too thick and not salty enough. Recipes for potato chips existed in cookbooks as early as 1817. The misconception was popularized by a 1973 advertising campaign by the St. Regis Paper Company. Spices were not used in the Middle Ages to mask the flavor of rotten meat before refrigeration. Spices were an expensive luxury item; those who could afford them could afford good meat, and there are no contemporaneous documents calling for spices to disguise the taste of bad meat. Steak tartare was not invented by Mongol warriors who tenderized meat under their saddles. The dish originated in the early 20th century, in Europe, as a variation on the German-American Hamburg steak. Whipped cream was not invented by François Vatel at the Château de Chantilly in 1671; the recipe is attested at least a century earlier in Italy, but the name crème chantilly was only popularized in the 19th century. Catherine de' Medici and her entourage did not introduce Italian foods to the French royal court and thus create French haute cuisine. Microwave ovens Microwave ovens are not tuned to any specific resonance frequency for water molecules in the food, but rather produce a broad spectrum of frequencies, cooking food via dielectric heating of polar molecules, including water. Several absorption peaks for water lie within the microwave range, and while it is true that these peaks are caused by quantization of molecular energy levels corresponding to a single frequency, water absorbs radiation across the entire microwave spectrum. Microwave ovens do not cook food from the inside out. 2.45 GHz microwaves can only penetrate approximately into most foods. The inside portions of thicker foods are mainly heated by heat conducted from the outer portions. Microwave ovens do not cause cancer, as microwave radiation is non-ionizing and therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with ionizing radiation such as X-rays. No studies have found that microwave radiation causes cancer, even with exposure levels far greater than normal radiation leakage. Microwaving food does not reduce its nutritive value and may preserve it better than other cooking processes due to shorter cooking times. Film and television Ronald Reagan was never seriously considered for the role of Rick Blaine in the 1942 film classic Casablanca, eventually played by Humphrey Bogart. This belief came from an early studio press release announcing the film's production that used his name to generate interest in the film, but, by the time it had come out, Warner Bros. knew that Reagan was unavailable for any roles in the foreseeable future since he was no longer able to defer his entry into military service. Studio records show that producer Hal B. Wallis had always wanted Bogart for the part. Although it is considered the first modern zombie film, George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead did not identify the undead as zombies. Instead they were referred to as "ghouls". However, the undead were explicitly called "zombies" in the 1978 sequel Dawn of the Dead. Walt Disney Studios' Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was not the first animated film to be feature-length. El Apóstol, a lost 1917 Argentine silent film that used cutout animation, is considered the first. The confusion comes from Snow White being the first animated feature-length film to use cel animation, which is what most animated films were made with following its release, and from El Apóstol'''s screenings being limited to select theaters in Buenos Aires. Language The pronunciation of coronal fricatives in Spanish did not arise through imitation of a lisping king. Only one Spanish king, Peter of Castile, is documented as having a lisp, and the current pronunciation originated two centuries after his death. Sign languages are not the same worldwide. Aside from the pidgin International Sign, each country generally has its own native sign language, and some have more than one. Eskimos do not have a disproportionate number of words representing snow in their languages. The myth comes from a misconstruction of Franz Boas' original statement noting that Eskimos had a variety of words for various snow-related concepts; Boas noted that the same was true to a lesser extent for English (see, for example, "blizzard," "flurry" and "squall"). However, Eskimo languages do have many more root words for "snow" than English does.David Robson, New Scientist 2896, December 18 2012, Are there really 50 Eskimo words for snow?, "Yet Igor Krupnik, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center in Washington DC believes that Boas was careful to include only words representing meaningful distinctions. Taking the same care with their own work, Krupnik and others have now charted the vocabulary of about 10 Inuit and Yupik dialects and conclude that there are indeed many more words for snow than in English (SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, 2010). Central Siberian Yupik has 40 such terms, whereas the Inuit dialect spoken in Nunavik, Quebec, has at least 53, including matsaaruti, wet snow that can be used to ice a sleigh's runners, and pukak, for the crystalline powder snow that looks like salt. For many of these dialects, the vocabulary associated with sea ice is even richer." The Hopi people do in fact have a concept of time, and the Hopi language does have ways of expressing temporal concepts, though they are organized differently from those in Western languages. The Chinese word for "crisis" (危机) is not composed of the symbols for "danger" and "opportunity"; the first does represent danger, but the second instead means "inflection point" (the original meaning of the word "crisis").a. "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"?" b. The myth was perpetuated mainly by a campaign speech from John F. Kennedy. The word "gringo" did not originate during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Venezuelan War of Independence (1811–1823), the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), or from the American Old West (1865–1890) as a corruption of the English lyrics "green grow" in either "Green Grow the Lilacs" (Irish folk song) or "Green Grow the Rushes, O" (English folk song), as sung by US soldiers or cowboys; nor did it originate during any of these times as a corruption of "Green, go home!", in reference to either the green uniforms of American troops or the color of the U.S. dollar. The word originally simply meant "foreigner", and is probably a corruption of the Spanish word griego for "Greek" (along the lines of the idiom "It's Greek to me"). English language Irregardless is a word."Irregardless originated in dialectal American speech in the early 20th century... The most frequently repeated remark about it is that "there is no such word." There is such a word, however." Merriam Webster Dictionary Nonstandard, slang, or colloquial terms used by English speakers are sometimes alleged not to be real words, despite appearing in numerous dictionaries. All words in English became accepted by being commonly used for a certain period of time; thus, there are many vernacular words currently not accepted as part of the standard language, or regarded as inappropriate in formal speech or writing, but the idea that they are not words is a misconception. Other examples of words that are sometimes alleged not to be words include burglarize, licit, and funnest which appear in numerous dictionaries as English words. African American Vernacular English speakers do not simply replace "is" with "be" across all tenses, with no added meaning. In fact, AAVE speakers use "be" to mark a habitual grammatical aspect not explicitly distinguished in Standard English. "420" did not originate from the Los Angeles police or penal code for marijuana use. California Penal Code section 420 prohibits the obstruction of access to public land. The use of "420" started in 1971 at San Rafael High School, where a group of students would go to smoke at 4:20 pm. The word crap did not originate as a back-formation of British plumber Thomas Crapper's aptronymous surname, nor does his name originate from the word crap. The surname "Crapper" is a variant of "Cropper", which originally referred to someone who harvested crops. The word crap ultimately comes from Medieval Latin crappa. The use of the word faggot as a pejorative for homosexual men was not derived from the burning of homosexuals at the stake with a bundle of sticks. Homosexuality was never punished with immolation in either England or its colonies. The actual etymology is unknown; it may come from an insult for unpleasant old women, or from British slang for a student that does errands for their superior. The word fuck did not originate in the Middle Ages as an acronym for either "fornicating under consent of king" or "for unlawful carnal knowledge", either as a sign posted above adulterers in the stocks, or as a sign on houses visible from the road during the Black Death. Nor did it originate as a corruption of "pluck yew" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a longbow). It is most likely derived from Middle Dutch or other Germanic languages, where it either meant "to thrust" or "to copulate with" (fokken in Middle Dutch), "to copulate" (fukka in Norwegian), or "to strike, push, copulate" or "penis" (focka and fock respectively in Swedish). Either way, these variations would have been derived from the Indo-European root word -peuk, meaning "to prick". The expression "rule of thumb" did not originate from an English law allowing a man to beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb, and there is no evidence that such a law ever existed. The false etymology has been broadly reported in media including Time magazine (1983), The Washington Post (1989) and CNN (1993). The expression originates from the seventeenth century from various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb. The word the was never pronounced or spelled "ye" in Old or Middle English. The confusion, seen in the common stock phrase "ye olde", derives from the use of the character thorn (þ), which in Middle English represented the sound now represented in Modern English by "th". Early printing presses often lacked types for the letter þ, meaning that "þͤ" () and "þe" were substituted with the visually similar "yͤ" and "ye", respectively. The anti-Italian slur wop did not originate from an acronym for "without papers" or "without passport"; it is actually derived from the term guappo (roughly meaning thug or "dandy"), from Spanish guapo. Xmas did not originate as a secular plan to "take the Christ out of Christmas". X represents the Greek letter chi, the first letter of Χριστός (Christós), "Christ" in Greek, as found in the chi-rho symbol ΧΡ since the 4th century. In English, "X" was first used as a scribal abbreviation for "Christ" in 1100; "X'temmas" is attested in 1551, and "Xmas" in 1721. Law, crime, and military It is not necessary to wait 24 hours before filing a missing person report. When there is evidence of violence or of an unusual absence, it is important to start an investigation promptly. The UK government advises "You do not have to wait 24 hours before contacting the police." Criminology experts say the first 72 hours in a missing person investigation are the most critical. Twinkies were not claimed to be the cause of San Francisco mayor George Moscone's and supervisor Harvey Milk's murders. In the trial of Dan White, the defense successfully argued White's diminished capacity as a result of severe depression. While eating Twinkies was cited as evidence of this depression, it was never claimed to be the cause of the murders. The US Armed Forces have generally forbidden military enlistment as a form of deferred adjudication (that is, an option for convicts to avoid jail time) since the 1980s. US Navy protocols discourage the practice, while the other four branches have specific regulations against it. The United States does not require police officers to identify themselves as police in the case of a sting or other undercover work, and police officers may lie when engaged in such work. Claiming entrapment as a defense instead focuses on whether the defendant was induced by undue pressure (such as threats) or deception from law enforcement to commit crimes they would not have otherwise committed. Crime in the United States decreased between 1993 and 2017. The violent crime rate fell 49% in that period, and the number of gun homicides had decreased during that same time period. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution generally prevents only government restrictions on the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, or petition, not restrictions imposed by private individuals or businesses unless they are acting on behalf of the government. Other laws may restrict the ability of private businesses and individuals to restrict the speech of others. It is not illegal in the US to shout "fire" in a crowded theater. Although this is often given as an example of speech that is not protected by the First Amendment, it is not now nor has it ever been the law of the land. The phrase originates from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s opinion in the United States Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States in 1919, which held that the defendant's speech in opposition to the draft during World War I was not protected free speech. However, that case was not about shouting "fire" and it was later overturned by Brandenburg v. Ohio in 1969. Neither the Mafia nor other criminal organizations regularly use or have used cement shoes to drown their victims. There are only two documented cases of this method being used in murders: one in 1964 and one in 2016 (although, in the former, the victim had concrete blocks tied to his legs rather than being enclosed in cement). The French Army did use cement shoes on Algerians killed in death flights during the Algerian War. In the United States, a defendant may not have their case dismissed simply because they were not read their Miranda rights at the time of their arrest. Miranda warnings cover the rights of a person when they are taken into custody and then interrogated by law enforcement.Imwinkelried and Blinka, Criminal Evidentiary Foundations, 2d ed. (Lexis 2007) at 620. If a person is not given a Miranda warning before the interrogation is conducted, statements made by them during the interrogation may not be admissible in a trial. The prosecution may still present other forms of evidence, or statements made during interrogations where the defendant was read their Miranda rights, to get a conviction. Chewing gum is not punishable by caning in Singapore. Although importing and selling chewing gum has been illegal in Singapore since 1992, and corporal punishment still being an applicable penalty for certain offenses in the country, the two facts are unrelated; chewing gum-related offenses have always been only subject to fines, and the possession or consumption of chewing gum itself is not illegal. Employees of the international police organization Interpol cannot conduct investigations, arrest criminals or use fake passports. They only provide support for international communication between law enforcement agencies of sovereign states. Chalk outlines in crime scenes are rare in modern investigations, despite being a popular trope in fiction. Literature Many quotations are incorrect or attributed to people who never uttered them, and quotations from obscure or unknown authors are often attributed to more famous figures. Commonly misquoted individuals include Mark Twain, Albert Einstein, Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, William Shakespeare, Confucius, Sun Tzu, and the Buddha. Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein is named after the fictional scientist Victor Frankenstein, who created the sapient creature in the novel, not the creature itself, which is never named and is called Frankenstein's monster. However, as later adaptations started to refer to the monster itself as Frankenstein, this usage became well-established, and some no longer regard it as erroneous. Ernest Hemingway did not author the flash fiction story "For sale: baby shoes, never worn". The story existed as early as 1906, and it was not attributed to him until decades after he died. Music Classical music The musical interval tritone was never thought to summon the devil, was not banned by the Catholic Church, and was not associated with devils during the Middle Ages or Renaissance. Early medieval music used the tritone in Gregorian chant for certain modes. Guido of Arezzo () was the first theorist to discourage the interval, while rock musicians popularized this myth to justify their use of the tritone. Mozart did not die from poisoning, and was not poisoned by his colleague Antonio Salieri or anyone else. The false rumor originated soon after Salieri's death and was dramatized in Alexander Pushkin's play Mozart and Salieri (1832), and later in the 1979 play Amadeus by Peter Shaffer and the subsequent 1984 film Amadeus. The minuet in G major by Christian Petzold is commonly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach, although the piece was identified in the 1970s as a movement from a harpsichord suite by Petzold. The misconception stems from Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach, a book of sheet music by various composers (mostly Bach) in which the minuet is found. Compositions that are doubtful as works of Bach are cataloged as "BWV Anh.", short for "Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis Anhang" ("Bach works catalogue annex"); the minuet is assigned to BWV Anh. 114. Listening to Mozart or classical music does not enhance intelligence (or IQ). A study from 1993 reported a short-term improvement in spatial reasoning., p. 611 defines the term as "Slight and transient improvement in spational[sic] reasoning skills detected in normal subjects as a result of exposure to the music of Mozart, specifically his sonata for two pianos (K448)." However, the weight of subsequent evidence supports either a null effect or short-term effects related to increases in mood and arousal, with mixed results published after the initial report in Nature. The "Minute Waltz" takes, on average, two minutes to play as originally written. Its name comes from the adjective minute, meaning "small", and not the noun spelled the same. Popular music "Edelweiss" is not the national anthem of Austria, but an original composition created for the 1959 musical The Sound of Music. The Austrian national anthem is "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" ("Land of the Mountains, Land on the River [Danube]"). The edelweiss is also a national symbol of Austria. The Monkees did not outsell the Beatles' and the Rolling Stones' combined record sales in 1967. Michael Nesmith originated the claim in a 1977 interview as a prank. The Rolling Stones were not performing "Sympathy for the Devil" at the 1969 Altamont Free Concert when Meredith Hunter was stabbed to death by a member of the local Hells Angels chapter that was serving as security. While the incident began while the band was performing the song, prompting a brief interruption before the Stones finished it, the actual stabbing occurred later as the band was performing "Under My Thumb". The misconception arose from mistaken reporting in Rolling Stone. Concept albums did not begin with rock music in the 1960s. The format had already been employed by singers such as Frank Sinatra in the 1940s and 1950s. Phil Collins did not write his 1981 hit "In the Air Tonight" about witnessing someone drowning and then confronting the person in the audience who let it happen. According to Collins himself, it was about his emotions when divorcing from his first wife. Religion Buddhism The historical Buddha is not known to have been fat. The chubby monk known as the "fat Buddha" or "laughing Buddha" in the West is a 10th-century Chinese Buddhist folk hero by the name of Budai. Christianity Jesus was most likely not born on December 25, when his birth is traditionally celebrated as Christmas. It is more likely that his birth was in either the season of spring or perhaps summer. Although the Common Era ostensibly counts the years since the birth of Jesus, it is unlikely that he was born in either AD 1 or 1 BC, as such a numbering system would imply. Modern historians estimate a date closer to between 6 BC and 4 BC. The Bible does not say that exactly three magi came to visit the baby Jesus, nor that they were kings, or rode on camels, or that their names were Caspar, Melchior, and Balthazar, nor what color their skin was. Three magi are inferred because three gifts are described, but the Bible says only that there was more than one magus. Quote from Commentary on Matthew 2:1–6Ashby, Chad. "Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated." Christianity Today, December 16, 2016. The idea that Mary Magdalene was a prostitute before she met Jesus is not found in the Bible or in any of the other earliest Christian writings. It has been a disputed doctrine in several theological traditions whether Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany (who anoints Jesus' feet in ), and the unnamed "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus' feet in were the same woman. Paul the Apostle did not change his name from Saul. He was born a Jew, with Roman citizenship inherited from his father, and thus carried both a Hebrew and a Greco-Roman name from birth, as mentioned by Luke in : "...Saul, who also is called Paul...". The Roman Catholic dogma of the Immaculate Conception is unrelated to the Christian doctrine that Mary conceived and gave birth to Jesus while remaining a virgin. The Immaculate Conception is the belief that Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her own conception. A less common mistake is to think that the Immaculate Conception means that Mary herself was conceived without sexual intercourse.Hopko, Thomas. The Winter Pascha Chapter 9, Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America Roman Catholic dogma does not say that the pope is either sinless or always infallible. Catholic dogma since 1870 does state that a dogmatic teaching contained in divine revelation that is promulgated by the pope (deliberately, and under certain very specific circumstances; generally called ex cathedra) is free from error, although official invocation of papal infallibility is rare. Most theologians state that canonizations meet the requisites. Otherwise, even when speaking in his official capacity, dogma does not hold that he is always free from error. St. Peter's Basilica is not the mother church of Roman Catholicism, nor is it the official seat of the Pope. These equivalent distinctions belong to the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, which is located in Rome outside of Vatican City but over which the Vatican has extraterritorial jurisdiction. This also means that St. Peter's is not a cathedral in the literal sense of that word. St. Peter's is, however, used as the principal church for many papal functions. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) no longer practice polygamy. However, a widower may be "sealed" to another wife, and is considered a polygamist in the hereafter. Currently, the LDS Church excommunicates any members who practice "living" polygamy within the organization. Some Mormon fundamentalist sects do practice polygamy. Saint Augustine did not say "God created hell for inquisitive people". He actually said: "I do not give the answer that someone is said to have given (evading by a joke the force of the objection), 'He was preparing hell for those who pry into such deep subjects.' ... I do not answer in this way. I would rather respond, 'I do not know,' concerning what I do not know than say something for which a man inquiring about such profound matters is laughed at, while the one giving a false answer is praised." So Augustine is saying that he would not say this and that he does not know the answer to the question. The First Council of Nicaea did not establish the books of the Bible. The Old Testament had likely already been established by Hebrew scribes before Christ. The development of the New Testament canon was mostly completed in the third century before the Nicaea Council was convened in 325; it was finalized, along with the deuterocanon, at the Council of Rome in 382. Islam Most Muslim women do not wear a burqa (also transliterated as burka or burkha), which covers the body, head, and face, with a mesh grille to see through. Many Muslim women cover their hair and face (excluding the eyes) with a niqāb, or just their hair with a hijab and many Muslim women wear neither face nor head coverings of any kind. A fatwa is a non-binding legal opinion issued by an Islamic scholar under Islamic law; it is therefore commonplace for fatwā from different authors to disagree. The misconception that it is a death sentence stems from a fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran in 1989 where he said that the author Salman Rushdie had earned a death sentence for blasphemy. The word "jihad" does not always mean "holy war"; literally, the word in Arabic means "struggle". While there is such a thing as "jihad bil saif", or jihad "by the sword", Islamic scholars and texts say that it implies any effort or struggle of a spiritual kind. Seeking knowledge, performing good deeds to parents, children, or spouse, inviting others to Islam, and behaving gently towards animals and plants are all considered Jihad because they are efforts carried out in accordance with spiritual teachings. The Quran does not promise martyrs 72 virgins in heaven. It does mention that virgin female companions, houri, are given to all people, martyr or not, in heaven, but no number is specified. The source for the 72 virgins is a hadith in Sunan al-Tirmidhi by Imam Tirmidhi. Hadiths are sayings and acts of the prophet Muhammad as reported by others, not part of the Quran itself. Judaism The forbidden fruit mentioned in the Book of Genesis is never identified as an apple, as widely depicted in Western art. The original Hebrew texts mention only tree and fruit. While tattoos are forbidden by the Book of Leviticus, Jews with tattoos are not barred from being buried in a Jewish cemetery, just as violators of other prohibitions are not barred. Sports The name golf is not an acronym for "Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden". It may have come from the Dutch word kolf or kolve, meaning "club", or from the Scottish word goulf or gowf meaning "to strike or cuff". Baseball was not invented by Abner Doubleday, nor did it originate in Cooperstown, New York. It is believed to have evolved from other bat-and-ball games such as cricket and rounders and first took its modern form in New York City. The black belt in martial arts does not necessarily indicate expert level or mastery. It was introduced for judo in the 1880s to indicate competency at all of the basic techniques of the sport. Promotion beyond 1st dan (the first black belt rank) varies among different martial arts. The use of triangular corner flags in English football is not a privilege reserved for those teams that have won an FA Cup in the past as depicted in a scene in the film Twin Town. The Football Association's rules are silent on the subject, and often the decision over what shape flag to use has been up to the individual club's groundskeepers. India did not withdraw from the 1950 FIFA World Cup because their squad played barefoot, which was against FIFA regulations. In reality, India withdrew because the country's managing body, the All India Football Federation (AIFF), was insufficiently prepared for the team's participation and gave various reasons for withdrawing, including a lack of funding and prioritizing the Olympics. Video games There is no definitive proof that violent video games cause people to become violent. Some studies have found no link between aggression and violent video games, and the popularity of gaming has coincided with a decrease in youth violence. The moral panic surrounding video games in the 1980s through to the 2020s, alongside several studies and incidents of violence and legislation in many countries, likely contributed to proliferating this idea. The so-called "Nuclear Gandhi" glitch, in which peaceful leader Mahatma Gandhi would become unusually aggressive if democracy was adopted, did not exist in either the original Civilization game or Civilization II. The games' designer Sid Meier attributed the origins of the rumor to both a TV Tropes thread and a Know Your Meme entry, while Reddit and a Kotaku article helped popularize it. Gandhi's supposed behavior did appear in the 2010 Civilization V as a joke, and in 2016's VI as a reference to the legend. The Japanese government did not pass a law banning Square Enix from releasing the Dragon Quest games on weekdays due to its causing too many schoolchildren to cut class. The only extent of the government's involvement was that the National Diet held hearings over rises in muggings caused by the release of Dragon Quest III. The release of Space Invaders in 1978 did not cause a shortage of ¥100 coins in Japan. Production of ¥100 coins was unusually low that year and silver speculators hoarded or imported them for their high silver mix. Both an advertising campaign by Taito Corporation and an erroneous 1980 article in New Scientist is the source of this claim. History Ancient The Pyramids of Egypt were not constructed with slave labor. Archaeological evidence shows that the laborers were a combination of skilled workers and poor farmers working in the off-season, the latter likely recruited for national service, with the participants paid in high-quality food and tax exemption status. The idea that slaves were used originated with the writings of ancient Greek historian Herodotus, and the idea that Israelite slaves were specifically used arose centuries after the pyramids were constructed. Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures were originally painted with colors; they appear white today only because the original pigments have deteriorated. Some well-preserved statues still bear traces of their original coloration. Tutankhamun's tomb is not inscribed with a curse on those who disturb it. This was a media invention of 20th-century tabloid journalists. The ancient Greeks did not use the word "idiot" () to disparage people who did not take part in civic life or who did not vote. An was simply a private citizen as opposed to a government official. Later, the word came to mean any sort of non-expert or layman, then someone uneducated or ignorant, and much later to mean stupid or mentally deficient. The Roman salute, in which the arm is fully extended forwards or diagonally with palm down and fingers touching, was not used in ancient Rome. The gesture was first associated with ancient Rome in the 1784 painting The Oath of the Horatii by the French artist Jacques-Louis David, which inspired later salutes, most notably the Nazi salute. Vomiting was not a regular part of Roman dining customs. In ancient Rome, the architectural feature called a vomitorium was the entranceway through which crowds entered and exited a stadium, not a special room used for purging food during meals. Scipio Aemilianus did not sow salt over the city of Carthage after defeating it in the Third Punic War. Julius Caesar was not born via caesarean section. Such a procedure would have been fatal to the mother at the time, and Caesar's mother was still alive when Caesar was 45 years old. The name "caesarean" probably comes from the Latin verb caedere 'to cut'. Middle Ages The Middle Ages were not "a time of ignorance, barbarism and superstition"; the Church did not place religious authority over personal experience and rational activity; and the term "Dark Ages" is rejected by modern historians. While modern life expectancies are much higher than those in the Middle Ages and earlier, adults in the Middle Ages did not die in their 30s or 40s on average. That was the life expectancy at birth, which was skewed by high infant and adolescent mortality. The life expectancy among adults was much higher; a 21-year-old man in medieval England, for example, could expect to live to the age of 64. There is no evidence that Viking warriors wore horns on their helmets; this would have been impractical in battle. Vikings did not drink out of the skulls of vanquished enemies. This was based on a mistranslation of the skaldic poetic use of ór bjúgviðum hausa (branches of skulls) to refer to drinking horns. Vikings did not name Iceland "Iceland" as a ploy to discourage others from settling it. Naddodd and Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson both saw snow and ice on the island when they traveled there, giving the island its name. Greenland, on the other hand, was named in the hope that it would help attract settlers. In the tale of King Canute and the tide, the king did not command the tide to reverse in a fit of delusional arrogance. According to the story, his intent was to prove a point to members of his privy council that no man is all-powerful, and that all people must bend to forces beyond their control, such as the tides. Marco Polo did not import pasta from China, a misconception that originated with the Macaroni Journal, published by an association of food industries to promote the use of pasta in the United States. Marco Polo describes a food similar to "lasagna" in his Travels, but he uses a term with which he was already familiar. There is no evidence that iron maidens were used for torture, or even yet invented, in the Middle Ages. Instead they were pieced together in the 18th century from several artifacts found in museums, arsenals and the like to create spectacular objects intended for commercial exhibition. Spiral staircases in castles were not designed in a clockwise direction to hinder right-handed attackers. While clockwise spiral staircases are more common in castles than anti-clockwise, they were even more common in medieval structures without a military role, such as religious buildings. The plate armor of European soldiers did not stop soldiers from moving around or necessitate a crane to get them into a saddle. They would routinely fight on foot and could mount and dismount without help. However, armor used in tournaments in the late Middle Ages was significantly heavier than that used in warfare, which may have contributed to this misconception. Whether chastity belts, devices designed to prevent women from having sexual intercourse, were invented in medieval times is disputed by modern historians. Most existing chastity belts are now thought to be deliberate fakes or anti-masturbatory devices from the 19th and early 20th centuries. Medieval European scholars did not believe the Earth was flat. Scholars have known the Earth is spherical since at least 500 BCE. Medieval cartographers did not regularly write "here be dragons" on their maps. The only maps from this era that have the phrase inscribed on them are the Hunt-Lenox Globe and the Ostrich Egg Globe, next to a coast in Southeast Asia for both of them. Maps instead were more likely to have "here are lions" inscribed. Maps in this period did occasionally have illustrations of mythical beasts like dragons and sea serpents, as well as exotic animals like elephants, on them. Christopher Columbus' efforts to obtain support for his voyages were not hampered by belief in a flat Earth, but by valid worries that the East Indies were farther than he realized. In fact, Columbus grossly underestimated the Earth's circumference because of two calculation errors. The myth that Columbus proved the Earth was round was propagated by authors like Washington Irving in A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus was not the first European to visit the Americas: Leif Erikson, and possibly other Vikings before him, explored Vinland, which is presumably both Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick. Ruins at L'Anse aux Meadows prove that at least one Norse settlement was built in Newfoundland, confirming a story in the Saga of Erik the Red. Further, Columbus never reached mainland North America, only mainland South America (1498–1500) and various American islands. Early modern The Mexica people of the Aztec Empire did not mistake Hernán Cortés and his landing party for gods during Cortés' conquest of the empire. This notion came from Francisco López de Gómara, who never went to Mexico and concocted the myth while working for the retired Cortés in Spain years after the conquest. The early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in North America usually did not wear all black, and their capotains (hats) were shorter and rounder than the widely depicted tall hat with a buckle on it. Instead, their fashion was based on that of the late Elizabethan era. The traditional image was formed in the 19th century when buckles were a kind of emblem of quaintness. (The Puritans, who also settled in Massachusetts near the same time, did frequently wear all black.) The familiar story that Isaac Newton was inspired to research the nature of gravity when an apple fell on his head is almost certainly apocryphal. All Newton himself ever said was that the idea came to him as he sat "in a contemplative mood" and "was occasioned by the fall of an apple". People accused of witchcraft were not burned at the stake during the Salem witch trials. Of the accused, nineteen people convicted of witchcraft were executed by hanging, at least five died in prison, and one man was pressed to death by stones while trying to extract a confession from him. Marie Antoinette did not say "let them eat cake" when she heard that the French peasantry were starving due to a shortage of bread. The phrase was first published in Rousseau's Confessions, written when Marie Antoinette was only nine years old and not attributed to her, just to "a great princess". It was first attributed to her in 1843. George Washington did not have wooden teeth. His dentures were made of lead, gold, hippopotamus ivory, the teeth of various animals, including horse and donkey teeth, and human teeth, possibly bought from slaves or poor people. The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence did not occur on July 4, 1776. After the Second Continental Congress voted to declare independence on July 2, the final language of the document was approved on July 4, and it was printed and distributed on July 4–5. However, the actual signing occurred on August 2, 1776. Benjamin Franklin did not propose that the wild turkey be used as the symbol for the United States instead of the bald eagle. While he did serve on a commission that tried to design a seal after the Declaration of Independence, his proposal was an image of Moses. His objections to the eagle as a national symbol and preference for the turkey were stated in a 1784 letter to his daughter in response to the Society of the Cincinnati's use of the former; he never expressed that sentiment publicly. There was never a bill to make German the official language of the United States that was defeated by one vote in the House of Representatives, nor has one been proposed at the state level. In 1794, a petition from a group of German immigrants was put aside on a procedural vote of 42 to 41, that would have had the government publish some laws in German. This was the basis of the Muhlenberg legend, named after the Speaker of the House at the time, Frederick Muhlenberg, who was of German descent and abstained from this vote. Modern Napoleon Bonaparte was not especially short for a Frenchman of his time. He was the height of an average French male in 1800, but short for an aristocrat or officer. After his death in 1821, the French emperor's height was recorded as 5 feet 2 inches in French feet, which in English measurements is . There are competing explanations for why he was nicknamed le Petit Caporal (The Little Corporal), one possibility being that the moniker was used as a term of endearment. Napoleon was often accompanied by his imperial guard, who were selected for their height, and this may have contributed to a perception that he was comparatively short. The nose of the Great Sphinx of Giza was not shot off by Napoleon's troops during the French campaign in Egypt (1798–1801); it has been missing since at least the 10th century. Cinco de Mayo is not Mexico's Independence Day, but the celebration of the Mexican Army's victory over the French in the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. Mexico's Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1810 is celebrated on September 16. Victorian-era doctors did not invent the vibrator to cure female "hysteria" by triggering orgasm. Albert Einstein did not fail mathematics classes in school. Einstein remarked, "I never failed in mathematics.... Before I was fifteen I had mastered differential and integral calculus." Einstein did, however, fail his first entrance exam into the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School (ETH) in 1895, when he was two years younger than his fellow students, but scored exceedingly well in the mathematics and science sections, and then passed on his second attempt. Alfred Nobel did not omit mathematics in the Nobel Prize due to a rivalry with mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler, as there is little evidence the two ever met, nor was it because Nobel's spouse had an affair with a mathematician, as Nobel was never married. The more likely explanation is that Nobel believed mathematics was too theoretical to benefit humankind, as well as his personal lack of interest in the field. (See also: Nobel Prize controversies) Grigori Rasputin was not assassinated by being fed cyanide-laced cakes and wine, shot multiple times, and then thrown into the Little Nevka river when he survived the former two. A contemporary autopsy reported that he was just killed with gunshots. A sensationalized account from the memoirs of co-conspirator Prince Felix Yusupov is the only source of this story. The Italian dictator Benito Mussolini did not "make the trains run on time". Much of the repair work had been performed before he and the Fascist Party came to power in 1922. Moreover, the Italian railways' supposed adherence to timetables was more propaganda than reality. There is no evidence of Polish cavalry mounting a brave but futile charge against German tanks using lances and sabers during the German invasion of Poland in 1939. This story may have originated from German propaganda efforts following the charge at Krojanty. The Nazis did not use the term "Nazi" to refer to themselves. The full name of the Nazi Party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party), and members referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists) or Parteigenossen (party comrades). The term "Nazi" was in use prior to the rise of the Nazis as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backwards farmer or peasant. Opponents of the National Socialists abbreviated their name as "Nazi" for derogatory effect and the term was popularized by German exiles outside of Germany. During the occupation of Denmark by the Nazis during World War II, King Christian X of Denmark did not thwart Nazi attempts to identify Jews by wearing a yellow star himself. Jews in Denmark were never forced to wear the Star of David. The Danish resistance did help most Jews flee the country before the end of the war. Leon Trotsky was not killed with an ice pick (a small, awl-like tool for chipping ice), but with an ice axe (a larger tool used for mountaineering). US President John F. Kennedy's words "" are standard German for "I am a Berliner (citizen of Berlin)." It is not true that by using the indefinite article ein, he changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a Berliner", a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a jelly doughnut, amusing Germans. Furthermore, the pastry, which is known by many names in Germany, was not then — nor is it now — commonly called "Berliner" in the Berlin area. Although popularly known as the "red telephone", the Moscow–Washington hotline was never a telephone line, nor were red phones used. The first implementation of the hotline used teletype equipment, which was replaced by facsimile (fax) machines in 1988. Since 2008, the hotline has been a secure computer link over which the two countries exchange email. Moreover, the hotline links the Kremlin to the Pentagon, not the White House. The Irish Northern Aid Committee, better known as NORAID, based in the United States, was routinely accused of being majorly responsible for the terrorism financing of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland and England during the Troubles (1969–1998). However, there is little to no evidence to support this, and much of the IRA's funding actually came from criminal and semi-legitimate activities in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland throughout the conflict (see Paramilitary finances in the Troubles). Not all skinheads are white supremacists; many skinheads identify as left-wing or apolitical, and many oppose racism, such as the Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice. Originating from the 1950s British working class, many of its initial adherents were black and West Indian; it became associated with white supremacy in the 1970s as a result of far-right groups like the National Front recruiting from the subculture for grassroot support. United States Betsy Ross did not design or make the first official U.S. flag, although it is widely known as the Betsy Ross flag. The claim was first made by her grandson a century later. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free all slaves in the United States, nor did it make slavery illegal in the United States; the Proclamation applied in the ten states that were still in rebellion in 1863, and thus did not cover the nearly five hundred thousand slaves in the slaveholding border states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland or Delaware) that had not seceded. Various exemptions in the Proclamation for Tennessee, Virginia, and Louisiana left an additional three hundred thousand slaves unemancipated. Such slaves were freed later by separate state and federal actions.Harrison (2001), Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments, p. 390. (See also: Abolition of slavery timeline) Likewise, June 19 or "Juneteenth" is the anniversary of the announcement that the Union army would be enforcing the Emancipation Proclamation on June 19, 1865, freeing slaves in Texas, not the United States at large. The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified and proclaimed in December 1865, was the article that made slavery illegal in the United States nationwide. Abraham Lincoln did not write his Gettysburg Address speech on the back of an envelope on his train ride to Gettysburg. The speech was substantially complete before Lincoln left Washington for Gettysburg. The Alaska Purchase was generally viewed as positive or neutral in the United States, both among the public and the press. The opponents of the purchase who characterized it as "Seward's Folly", alluding to William H. Seward, the Secretary of State who negotiated it, represented a minority opinion at the time. Cowboy hats were not initially popular in the Western American frontier, with derby or bowler hats being the typical headgear of choice. Heavy marketing of the Stetson "Boss of the Plains" model in the years following the American Civil War was the primary driving force behind the cowboy hat's popularity, with its characteristic dented top not becoming standard until near the end of the 19th century. The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was not caused by Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicking over a lantern. A newspaper reporter later admitted to having invented the story to make colorful copy. There is no evidence that Frederic Remington, on assignment to Cuba in 1897, telegraphed William Randolph Hearst: "There will be no war. I wish to return," nor that Hearst responded: "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war". The anecdote was originally included in a book by James Creelman and probably never happened. The electrocution of Topsy the Elephant was not an anti-alternating current demonstration organized by Thomas A. Edison during the war of the currents. Edison was never at Luna Park, and the electrocution of Topsy took place ten years after the war of currents. This myth may stem from the fact that the recording of the event was produced by the Edison film company. Immigrants' last names were not Americanized (voluntarily, mistakenly, or otherwise) upon arrival at Ellis Island. Officials there kept no records other than checking ship manifests created at the point of origin, and there was simply no paperwork that would have let them recast surnames, let alone any law. At the time in New York, anyone could change the spelling of their name simply by using that new spelling. These names are often referred to as an "Ellis Island Special". Prohibition did not make drinking alcohol illegal in the United States. The Eighteenth Amendment and the subsequent Volstead Act prohibited the production, sale, and transport of "intoxicating liquors" within the United States, but their possession and consumption were never outlawed. Distraught stockbrokers did not jump to their deaths after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The source of this myth seems to be Winston Churchill's account of a man jumping off the Savoy-Plaza Hotel, just one floor below where Churchill was staying. In fact, he was a German tourist, and his fall was reported as accidental. The 1930 painting American Gothic depicts a father and adult daughter, not a husband and wife as is commonly believed. There was no widespread outbreak of panic across the United States in response to Orson Welles' 1938 radio adaptation of H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds. Only a very small share of the radio audience was listening to it, but newspapers played up isolated reports of incidents and increased emergency calls being eager to discredit radio as a competitor for advertising. Both Welles and CBS, which had initially reacted apologetically, later came to realize that the myth benefited them and actively embraced it in later years. American pilot Kenneth Arnold did not use the term flying saucer when describing a 1947 UFO sighting at Mount Rainier, Washington. Kenneth frequently maintained he was misquoted, and The East Oregonian, the first newspaper to report on the incident, merely quoted him as saying the objects "flew like a saucer" and were "flat like a pie pan". The attribution may have come from a reporter at the United Press International misinterpreting his descriptions, with newspapers and news agencies like the Associated Press subsequently using "flying saucers" in sensationalist headlines. U.S. Senator George Smathers never gave a speech to a rural audience describing his opponent, Claude Pepper, as an "extrovert" whose sister was a "thespian", in the apparent hope they would confuse them with similar-sounding words like "pervert" and "lesbian". Smathers offered US$10,000 to anyone who could prove he had made the speech; it was never claimed. Rosa Parks was not sitting in the front ("white") section of the bus during the event that made her famous and incited the Montgomery bus boycott. Rather, she was sitting in the front of the back ("colored") section of the bus, where African Americans were expected to sit, and rejected an order from the driver to vacate her seat in favor of a white passenger when the "white" section of the bus had become full. The African-American intellectual and activist W. E. B. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship while living in Ghana shortly before his death.a. b. c. In early 1963, his membership in the Communist Party and support for the Soviet Union led the U.S. State Department not to renew his passport while he was already in Ghana. After leaving the embassy, he stated his intention to renounce his citizenship in protest, but while he took Ghanaian citizenship, he never actually renounced his American citizenship. When Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her apartment in 1964, there were not 37 neighbors standing idly by and watching who failed to call the police until after she was dead, as was initially reported to widespread public outrage that persisted for years and even became the basis of a theory in social psychology. In fact, witnesses only heard brief portions of the attack and did not realize what was occurring, and only six or seven actually saw anything. One witness, who had called the police, said when interviewed by officers at the scene, "I didn't want to get involved", an attitude later attributed to all the neighbors. While it was praised by one architectural magazine before it was built as "the best high apartment of the year", the Pruitt–Igoe housing project in St. Louis, Missouri, considered to epitomize the failures of urban renewal in American cities after it was demolished in the early 1970s, never won any awards for its design. The architectural firm that designed the buildings did win an award for an earlier St. Louis project, which may have been confused with Pruitt–Igoe. There is little contemporary documentary evidence for the notion that US Vietnam veterans were spat upon by anti-war protesters upon return to the United States. This belief was detailed in some biographical accounts and was later popularized by films such as Rambo. Women did not burn their bras outside the Miss America contest in 1969 as a protest in support of women's liberation. They did symbolically throw bras in a trash can, along with other articles seen as emblematic of women's position in American society such as mops, make-up, and high-heeled shoes. The myth of bra burning came when a journalist hypothetically suggested that women may do so in the future, as men of the era burned their draft cards. Despite popularizing the phrase "drinking the Kool-Aid", Kool-Aid was not used for the potassium cyanide-fruit punch mix ingested as part of the Jonestown massacre. A similar product, Flavor-Aid, was used instead. Science, technology, and mathematics Astronomy and spaceflight There is no scientific evidence that the motion of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies influences the fates of humans, and astrology has repeatedly been shown to have no explanatory power in predicting future events. Astronauts in orbit are weightless because they are in free fall around the Earth, not because they are so far away from the Earth that its gravitational pull is negligible. For example, on the International Space Station the Earth's gravity is nearly 90% as strong as at the surface. Objects orbiting in space would not remain in orbit if not for the gravitational force, and gravitational fields extend even into the depths of intergalactic space."The G's in the Machine" , NASA, see "Editor's note #2" The "dark side of the Moon" receives about the same amount of light from the Sun as does the near side of the Moon. Describing the far side of the Moon as "dark" does not mean that it never receives light, but rather that it had never been seen until humans sent spacecraft around the Moon, since the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth due to tidal locking. Black holes have the same gravitational effects as any other equal mass in their place. They will draw objects nearby towards them, just as any other celestial body does, except at very close distances to the black hole; comparable to its Schwarzschild radius. If, for example, the Sun were replaced by a black hole of equal mass, the orbits of the planets would be essentially unaffected. A black hole can pull in a substantial inflow of surrounding matter, but only if the star from which it formed was already doing so. Seasons are not caused by the Earth being closer to the Sun in the summer than in the winter, but by the effects of Earth's 23.4-degree axial tilt. Each hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun in its respective summer (July in the Northern Hemisphere and January in the Southern Hemisphere), resulting in longer days and more direct sunlight, with the opposite being true in the winter. Earth reaches the point in its orbit closest to the Sun in January, and it reaches the point farthest from the Sun in July, so the slight contribution of orbital eccentricity opposes the temperature trends of the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. Orbital eccentricity can influence temperatures, but on Earth, this effect is small and is more than counteracted by other factors. When a meteor or spacecraft enters the atmosphere, the heat of entry is not primarily caused by friction, but by adiabatic compression of air in front of the object. Egg balancing is possible on every day of the year, not just the vernal equinox, and there is no relationship between any astronomical phenomenon and the ability to balance an egg. The Fisher Space Pen was not commissioned by NASA at a cost of millions of dollars, while the Soviets used pencils. It was independently developed by Paul C. Fisher, founder of the Fisher Pen Company, with $1 million of his own funds. NASA tested and approved the pen for space use, then purchased 400 pens at $6 per pen. The Soviet Union subsequently also purchased the Space Pen for its Soyuz spaceflights. Tang, Velcro, and Teflon were not spun off from technology originally developed by NASA for spaceflight, though many other products (such as memory foam and space blankets) were. The Sun is actually white rather than yellow. It is atmospheric scattering that causes the Sun to look yellow, orange, or red at sunrise and sunset. The Great Wall of China is not the only human-made object visible from space or from the Moon. None of the Apollo astronauts reported seeing any specific human-made object from the Moon, and even Earth-orbiting astronauts can see it only with magnification. City lights, however, are easily visible on the night side of Earth from orbit. The Big Bang model does not fully explain the origin of the universe. It does not describe how energy, time, and space were caused, but rather it describes the emergence of the present universe from an ultra-dense and high-temperature initial state. Biology Biologists currently recognize more than twenty kingdoms of life. Although it has traditionally been taught that there are three, four, five, six, or eight kingdoms of life, modern molecular evidence shows that there are a large number of high-level divisions in the tree of life, and that kingdoms like plants and animals are not among the highest biological ranks. Some taxonomists have moved away from using kingdoms altogether, since some traditional kingdoms are no longer seen as natural groups. Vertebrates Old elephants near death do not leave their herd to go to an "elephants' graveyard" to die. Bulls are not enraged by the color red, used in capes by professional matadors. Cattle are dichromats, so red does not stand out as a bright color. It is not the color of the cape, but the perceived threat by the matador that incites it to charge. Lemmings do not engage in mass suicidal dives off cliffs when migrating. The scenes of lemming suicides in the 1958 Disney documentary film White Wilderness, which popularized this idea, were completely fabricated. The misconception itself is much older, dating back to at least the late 19th century, though its exact origins are uncertain. Dogs do not sweat by salivating. Dogs actually do have sweat glands and not only on their tongues; they sweat mainly through their footpads. However, dogs do primarily regulate their body temperature through panting. (See also: Dog regulation) Dogs do not consistently age seven times as quickly as humans. Aging in dogs varies widely depending on the breed; certain breeds, such as giant dog breeds and English bulldogs, have much shorter lifespans than average. Most dogs age consistently across all breeds in the first year of life, reaching adolescence by one year old; smaller and medium-sized breeds begin to age more slowly in adulthood. The phases of the Moon have no effect on the vocalizations of wolves, and wolves do not howl at the Moon. Wolves howl to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances. There is no such thing as an "alpha" in a wolf pack. An early study that coined the term "alpha wolf" had only observed unrelated adult wolves living in captivity. In the wild, wolf packs operate like families: parents are in charge until the young grow up and start their own families, and younger wolves do not overthrow an "alpha" to become the new leader. Bats are not blind. While about 70% of bat species, mainly in the microbat family, use echolocation to navigate, all bat species have eyes and are capable of sight. In addition, almost all bats in the megabat or fruit bat family cannot echolocate and have excellent night vision. Contrary to the apologue about the boiling frog, frogs die immediately when cast into boiling water, rather than leaping out; furthermore, frogs will attempt to escape cold water that is slowly heated past their critical thermal maximum. The memory span of goldfish is much longer than just a few seconds. It is up to a few months long.. 2004 season, Episode 12. MythBusters. Discovery.com. February 22, 2004. Sharks can get cancer. The misconception that sharks do not get cancer was spread by the 1992 book Sharks Don't Get Cancer, which was used to sell extracts of shark cartilage as cancer prevention treatments. Reports of carcinomas in sharks exist, and current data do not support any conclusions about the incidence of tumors in sharks. Great white sharks do not mistake human divers for seals, nor other pinnipeds. When attacking pinnipeds, the shark surfaces quickly and attacks violently. In contrast, attacks on humans are slower and less violent: the shark charges at a normal pace, bites, and swims off. Great white sharks have efficient eyesight and color vision; the bite is not predatory, but rather for identification of an unfamiliar object. Snake jaws cannot unhinge. The posterior end of the lower jaw bones contains a quadrate bone, allowing jaw extension. The anterior tips of the lower jaw bones are joined by a flexible ligament allowing them to bow outwards, increasing the mouth gape. Tomato juice and tomato sauce are ineffective at neutralizing the odor of a skunk; it only appears to work due to olfactory fatigue. For dogs that get sprayed, the Humane Society of the United States recommends using a mixture of dilute hydrogen peroxide (3%), baking soda, and dishwashing liquid. Porcupines do not shoot their quills. They can detach, and porcupines will deliberately back into attackers to impale them, but their quills do not project. Mice do not have a special appetite for cheese, and will eat it only for lack of better options; they actually favor sweet, sugary foods. The myth may have come from the fact that before the advent of refrigeration, cheese was usually stored outside and was therefore an easy food for mice to reach. There is no credible evidence that the candiru, a South American parasitic catfish, can swim up a human urethra if one urinates in the water in which it lives. The sole documented case of such an incident, written in 1997, has been heavily criticized upon peer review, and this phenomenon is now largely considered a myth. Pacus, South American fish related to piranhas, do not attack or feed on human testicles. This myth originated from a misinterpreted joke in a 2013 report of a pacu being found in Øresund, the strait between Sweden and Denmark, which claimed that the fish ate "nuts". Piranhas do not eat only meat but are omnivorous, and they only swim in schools to defend themselves from predators and not to attack. They very rarely attack humans, only when under stress and feeling threatened, and even then, bites typically only occur on hands and feet. The hippopotamus does not produce pink milk. Hipposudoric acid, a red pigment found in hippo skin secretions, does not affect the color of their milk, which is white or beige. The Pacific tree frog is the only frog species that makes a "ribbit" sound. The misconception that all frogs, or at least all those found in North America, make this sound comes from its extensive use in Hollywood films. A human touching or handling eggs or baby birds will not cause the adult birds to abandon them. The same is generally true for other animals having their young touched by humans as well, with the possible exception of rabbits (as rabbits will sometimes abandon their nest after an event they perceive as traumatizing). Rice does not cause birds to die by inflating their stomachs until they burst. Birds do eat wild rice, though some species avoid it. This common misconception has often led to weddings using millet, confetti, or other materials to shower the newlyweds as they leave the ceremony, instead of the throwing of rice that is traditional in some places. The bold, powerful cry commonly associated with the bald eagle in popular culture is actually that of a red-tailed hawk. Bald eagle vocalizations are much softer and chirpier, and bear far more resemblance to the calls of gulls. Ostriches do not stick their heads in the sand to hide from enemies or to sleep. This misconception's origins are uncertain but it was probably popularized by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed". A duck's quack actually does echo, although the echo may be difficult to hear for humans under some circumstances. Despite this, a British panel show compiling interesting facts has been given the name Duck Quacks Don't Echo. 60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York's Central Park by Eugene Schieffelin, but there is no evidence that he was trying to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare into North America. This claim has been traced to an essay in 1948 by naturalist Edwin Way Teale, whose notes appear to indicate that it was speculation. The skin of a chameleon is not adapted solely for camouflage purposes, nor can a chameleon change its skin colour to match any background. Invertebrates Not all earthworms become two worms when cut in half. Only a limited number of earthworm species are capable of anterior regeneration. Houseflies have an average lifespan of 20 to 30 days, not 24 hours. The misconception may arise from confusion with mayflies, which, in one species, have an adult lifespan of as little as 5 minutes. The daddy longlegs spider (Pholcidae) is not the most venomous spider in the world. Their fangs are capable of piercing human skin, but the tiny amount of venom they carry causes only a mild burning sensation for a few seconds. Other species such as harvestmen, crane flies, and male mosquitoes are also called daddy longlegs in some regional dialects, and share the misconception of being highly venomous but unable to pierce the skin of humans. People do not swallow large numbers of spiders during sleep. A sleeping person makes noises that warn spiders of danger. Most people also wake up from sleep when they have a spider on their face. Female praying mantises do not always eat the males during mating, which is a practice rarely observed in the wild. It is not true that aerodynamic theory predicts that bumblebees should not be able to fly; the physics of insect flight is quite well understood. The misconception appears to come from a calculation based on a fixed-wing aircraft mentioned in a 1934 book. Earwigs are not known to purposely climb into external ear canals, though there have been anecdotal reports of earwigs being found in the ear. The name may be a reference to the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded. While certainly critical to the pollination of many plant species, European honey bees are not essential to human food production, despite claims that without their pollination, humanity would starve or die out "within four years". In fact, many important crops need no insect pollination at all. The ten most important crops, accounting for 60% of all human food energy, all fall into this category. Ticks do not jump or fall from trees onto their hosts. Instead, they lie in wait to grasp and climb onto any passing host or otherwise trace down hosts via, for example, olfactory stimuli, the host's body heat, or carbon dioxide in the host's breath. Though they are often called "white ants", termites are not ants, nor are they closely related to ants. Termites are actually highly derived eusocial cockroaches. Cockroaches would not be the only organisms capable of surviving in an environment contaminated with nuclear fallout. While cockroaches have a much higher radiation resistance than vertebrates, they are not immune to radiation poisoning, nor are they exceptionally radiation-resistant compared to other insects. Applying urine to jellyfish stings does not relieve pain. A centuries-old old wives' tale, the idea may have been popularized by an episode of Friends. Plants Carnivorous plants do survive without food. Catching insects, however, supports their growth. Poinsettias are not highly toxic to humans or cats. While it is true that they are mildly irritating to the skin or stomach, and may sometimes cause diarrhea and vomiting if eaten, they rarely cause serious medical problems. Sunflowers do not always point to the Sun. Flowering sunflowers face a fixed direction (often east) all day long, but do not necessarily face the Sun. However, in an earlier developmental stage, before the appearance of flower heads, the immature buds do track the Sun (a phenomenon called heliotropism), and the fixed alignment of the mature flowers toward a certain direction is often the result. Mushrooms, molds, and other fungi are not plants, despite similarities in their morphology and lifestyle. The historical classification of fungi as plants is defunct, and although they are still commonly included in botany curricula and textbooks, modern molecular evidence shows that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. Evolution and paleontology The word theory in "the theory of evolution" does not imply scientific doubt regarding its validity; the concepts of theory and hypothesis have specific meanings in a scientific context. While theory in colloquial usage may denote a hunch or conjecture, a scientific theory is a set of principles that explains an observable phenomenon in natural terms. "Scientific fact and theory are not categorically separable", and evolution is a theory in the same sense as germ theory or the theory of gravitation. The theory of evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life or the origin and development of the universe. The theory of evolution deals primarily with changes in successive generations over time after life has already originated. The scientific model concerned with the origin of the first organisms from organic or inorganic molecules is known as abiogenesis, and the prevailing theory for explaining the early development of the universe is the Big Bang model. Evolution is not a progression from inferior to superior organisms, and it also does not necessarily result in an increase in complexity. Evolution through natural selection only causes organisms to become more fit for their environment. A population can evolve to become simpler or to have a smaller genome, and atavistic ancestral genetic traits can reappear after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations. Biological devolution or de-evolution is a misnomer, not only because it implies that organisms can only evolve backward or forward, but also because it implies that evolution may cause organisms to evolve in the "wrong" direction. see also biological devolution. The phrase "survival of the fittest" refers to biological fitness, not physical fitness. Biological fitness is the quantitative measure of individual reproductive success, e.g. the tendency of lineages containing individuals that produce more offspring in a particular environment to persist and thrive in that environment. Further, while the related concepts of "survival of the fittest" and "natural selection" are often used interchangeably, they are not the same: natural selection is not the only form of selection that determines biological fitness (see sexual selection, fecundity selection, viability selection, and artificial selection).Hartl, D. L. (1981) A Primer of Population Genetics Evolution does not "plan" to improve an organism's fitness to survive. This misconception is encouraged as it is common shorthand for biologists to speak of a purpose as a concise form of expression (sometimes called the "metaphor of purpose"); it is less cumbersome to say "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for courtship" than "Feathers may have been selected for when they arose as they gave dinosaurs a selective advantage during courtship over their non-feathered rivals". Mutations are not entirely random, nor do they occur at the same frequency everywhere in the genome. Certain regions of an organism's genome will be more or less likely to undergo mutation depending on the presence of DNA repair mechanisms and other mutation biases. For instance, in a study on Arabidopsis thaliana, biologically important regions of the plant's genome were found to be protected from mutations, and beneficial mutations were found to be more likely, i.e. mutation was "non-random in a way that benefits the plant". Although the word dinosaur can be used pejoratively to describe something that is becoming obsolete due to failing to adapt to changing conditions, non-avian dinosaurs themselves did not go extinct due to an inability to adapt to environmental change as was initially theorized. Moreover, not all dinosaurs are extinct (see below). Birds are theropod dinosaurs, and consequently dinosaurs are not extinct. The word dinosaur is commonly used to refer only to non-avian dinosaurs, reflecting an outdated conception of the ancestry of avian dinosaurs, the birds. The evolutionary origin of birds was an open question in paleontology for over a century, but the modern scientific consensus is that birds evolved from small feathered theropods in the Jurassic. Not all dinosaur lineages were cut short at the end of the Cretaceous during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, and some avian theropods survive as part of the modern fauna. Mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and other aquatic Mesozoic diapsids were not dinosaurs. Despite their many cultural depictions as "swimming dinosaurs", mosasaurs were actually lizards, and ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs were even more distantly related to dinosaurs. Though some dinosaurs were or are semiaquatic, (Hesperornis, Spinosaurus, auks, penguins), none are known to have been fully marine. Dimetrodon is often mistakenly called a dinosaur or considered to be a contemporary of dinosaurs in popular culture, but it became extinct some 40 million years before the first appearance of dinosaurs. Being a synapsid, Dimetrodon is actually more closely related to mammals than to dinosaurs, birds, lizards, or other diapsids. Pterosaurs (sometimes referred to using the informal term pterodactyls) are often called "flying dinosaurs" by popular media and the general public, but while pterosaurs were closely related to dinosaurs, dinosaurs are defined as the descendants of the last common ancestor of the Saurischia and the Ornithischia, which excludes the pterosaurs. Humans and avian dinosaurs currently coexist, but humans and non-avian dinosaurs did not coexist at any point. The last of the non-avian dinosaurs died million years ago in the course of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, whereas the earliest members of the genus Homo (humans) evolved between 2.3 and 2.4 million years ago. This places a 63-million-year expanse of time between the last non-avian dinosaurs and the earliest humans. Humans did coexist with woolly mammoths and saber-toothed cats: extinct mammals often erroneously depicted alongside non-avian dinosaurs. Fossil fuels do not originate from dinosaur fossils. Petroleum is formed when algae and zooplankton die and sink in anoxic conditions to be buried on the ocean floor without being decomposed by aerobic bacteria, and only a tiny amount of the world's deposits of coal contain dinosaur fossils; the vast majority of coal is fossilized plant matter. Mammals did not evolve from any modern group of reptiles; rather, mammals descend from a Reptiliomorph, "reptile-like," ancestor. The term reptile is problematic, since its conventional usage unnaturally excludes birds and mammals, and the modern consensus is that the reptiles are not a natural group. After the first fully terrestrial tetrapods evolved, one of their lineages split into the synapsids (the line leading to mammals) and the diapsids (the line leading to crocodiles, birds and other dinosaurs, tuatara, lizards, and snakes). The synapsids and the diapsids diverged about 320 million years ago, in the mid-Carboniferous period. Only later, in the Triassic, did the modern diapsid groups (the lepidosaurs and the archosaurs) emerge and diversify. The mammals themselves are the only survivors of the synapsid line. Humans and other apes are Old World monkeys. The word monkey is often used colloquially to describe only those simians which possess tails, thus excluding Barbary apes and true apes, but this distinction is taxonomically invalid. While apes were traditionally thought to be a sister group to monkeys, modern paleontological and molecular evidence shows that apes are deeply nested within the monkey family tree. Old World monkeys like baboons are more closely related to all apes than they are to all New World monkeys, and extinct Old World monkeys like Aegyptopithecus predate the split between apes and all other extant Old World monkeys.a. b. c. d. e. f. There is a concerted social and religious effort to deny evidence which connects humans to their simian ancestors, but there is no way to naturally define the monkeys while excluding humans and other apes. Humans did not evolve from either of the living species of chimpanzees (common chimpanzees and bonobos) or any other living species of apes. Humans and chimpanzees did, however, evolve from a common ancestor.William H. Calvin, 2002. "A Brain for All Seasons: Human Evolution and Abrupt Climate Change." University of Chicago Press. Chicago. This most recent common ancestor of living humans and chimpanzees would've lived between 5 and 8 million years ago. Extinct great apes such as Graecopithecus and Sahelanthropus tchadensis have been proposed as candidates for the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (CHLCA), however, no fossil has yet conclusively been identified as the CHLCA. Humans are animals, despite the fact that the word animal is colloquially used as an antonym for human. Chemistry and materials science Glass does not flow at room temperature as a high-viscosity liquid. Although glass shares some molecular properties with liquids, it is a solid at room temperature and only begins to flow at hundreds of degrees above room temperature. Old glass which is thicker at the bottom than at the top comes from the production process, not from slow flow; no such distortion is observed in other glass objects of similar or even greater age. Most diamonds are not formed from highly compressed coal. More than 99% of diamonds ever mined have formed in the conditions of extreme heat and pressure about below the earth's surface. Coal is formed from prehistoric plants buried much closer to the surface, and is unlikely to migrate below through common geological processes. Most diamonds that have been dated are older than the first land plants, and are therefore older than coal. Diamonds are not infinitely hard, and are subject to wear and scratching: although they are the hardest known material on the Mohs Scale, they can be scratched by other diamonds and worn down even by much softer materials, such as vinyl records. Neither "tin" foil nor "tin" cans still use tin as a primary material. Aluminum foil has replaced tin foil in almost all uses since the 20th century; tin cans now primarily use steel or aluminum as their main metal. Although the core of a wooden pencil is commonly referred to as "lead", wooden pencils do not contain the chemical element lead, nor have they ever contained it; "black lead" was formerly a name of graphite, which is commonly used for pencil leads. Computing and the Internet The macOS and Linux operating systems are not immune to malware such as trojan horses or computer viruses. Specialized malware designed to attack those systems do exist. However, the vast majority of viruses are developed for Microsoft Windows. The deep web is not primarily full of pornography, illegal drug trade websites, and stolen bank details. This information is primarily found in a small portion of the deep web known as the "dark web". Much of the deep web consists of academic libraries, databases, and anything that is not indexed by normal search engines. Private browsing (such as Chrome's "Incognito Mode") does not protect users from being tracked by websites, employers, governments, or one's internet service provider (ISP). Such entities can still use information such as IP addresses and user accounts to uniquely identify users. Private browsing also does not provide additional protection against viruses or malware. Submerging a phone in rice after it has suffered from water damage has not been shown to be effective in repairing them. Even if submerging them in a desiccant were more effective than leaving them to dry in open air, common desiccants such as silica gel or cat litter are better than rice. Economics The total number of people living in extreme absolute poverty globally, by the widely used metric of $1.00/day (in 1990 U.S. dollars) has decreased over the last several decades, but most people surveyed in several countries incorrectly think it has increased or stayed the same. However, this depends on the poverty line calculation used. For instance, if the metric used is instead one that prioritizes meeting a standard life expectancy that no longer significantly rises with additional consumption enabled by income, the number of individuals in poverty has risen by nearly 1 billion. Human population growth is decreasing and the world population is expected to peak and then begin falling during the 21st century. Improvements in agricultural productivity and technology are expected to be able to meet anticipated increased demand for resources, making a global human overpopulation scenario unlikely. For any given production set, there is not a set amount of labor input (a "lump of labor") to produce that output. This fallacy is commonly seen in Luddite and later, related movements as an argument either that automation causes permanent, structural unemployment, or that labor-limiting regulation can decrease unemployment. In fact, changes in capital allocation, efficiency, and economies of learning can change the amount of labor input for a given set of production. Income is not a direct factor in determining credit score in the United States. Rather, credit score is impacted by the amount of unused available credit, which is in turn affected by income. Income is also considered when evaluating creditworthiness more generally. The US public vastly overestimates the amount spent on foreign aid. In the US, an increase in gross income will never reduce one's post-tax earnings (net income) due to putting one in a higher tax bracket. The tax brackets only indicate the marginal tax rate, as opposed to the total income tax rate; only the additional income earned in the higher tax bracket is taxed at the elevated rate. An increase in gross income can reduce one's net income in a welfare cliff, however, when benefits are suddenly withdrawn when passing a certain income threshold. In real estate economics, the "supply skepticism" misconception leads the majority of the US public to incorrectly predict the effect of increasing the supply of housing on reducing the cost of renting or of buying a home. Researchers found that this misconception was unique to the housing market, and did not apply to other categories of goods. Constructing new housing decreases the cost of rent or of buying a home in both the immediate neighborhood and in the city as a whole. Earth and environmental sciences Contemporary global warming is driven by human activities, despite claims that it is not occurring, does not have strong scientific consensus, or that warming is mostly caused by non-human factors. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with the decades-old, near-complete scientific consensus on climate change. Global warming is primarily a result of the increase in atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations (like CO2 and methane) via the burning of fossil fuels as well as other human activities such as deforestation, with secondary climate change feedback mechanisms (such as the melting of the polar ice increasing the Earth's absorption of sunlight) assisting to perpetuate the change. Global warming is not caused by the hole in the ozone layer. Ozone depletion is a separate problem caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which have been released into the atmosphere. However, CFCs are strong greenhouse gases. Cooling towers in power stations and other facilities do not emit smoke or harmful fumes; they emit water vapor and do not contribute to climate change. Nuclear power is one of the safest sources of energy, resulting in orders of magnitude fewer deaths than conventional power sources per unit of energy produced. Extremely few people are killed or injured due to nuclear power on a yearly basis. (See also: Radiophobia) Lightning can, and often does, strike the same place twice. Lightning in a thunderstorm is more likely to strike objects and spots that are more prominent or conductive. For instance, lightning strikes the Empire State Building in New York City on average 23 times per year. Heat lightning does not exist as a distinct phenomenon. What is mistaken for "heat lightning" is usually ordinary lightning from storms too distant to hear the associated thunder. The Yellowstone Caldera is not overdue for a supervolcano eruption. The Earth's interior is not molten rock. This misconception may originate from a misunderstanding based on the fact that the Earth's mantle convects, and the incorrect assumption that only liquids and gases can convect. In fact, a solid with a large Rayleigh number can also convect, given enough time, which is what occurs in the solid mantle due to the very large thermal gradient across it. There are small pockets of molten rock in the upper mantle, but these make up a tiny fraction of the mantle's volume. The Earth's outer core is liquid, but it is liquid metal, not rock. The Amazon rainforest does not provide 20% of Earth's oxygen. This is a misinterpretation of a 2010 study which found that approximately 34% of photosynthesis by terrestrial plants occurs in tropical rainforests (so the Amazon rainforest would account for approximately half of this). Due to respiration by the resident organisms, all ecosystems (including the Amazon rainforest) have a net output of oxygen of approximately zero. The oxygen currently present in the atmosphere was accumulated over billions of years. Geography The Cape of Good Hope is not the southern tip of Africa, which is actually Cape Agulhas, about to the east-southeast. Rivers do not predominantly flow from north to south. Rivers flow downhill in all compass directions, often changing direction along their course. Indeed, many major rivers flow northward, including the Nile, the Yenisey, the Ob, the Rhine, the Lena, and the Orinoco. Human body and health Sleeping in a closed room with an electric fan running does not result in "fan death", as is widely believed in South Korea. Waking up a sleepwalker does not harm them. Sleepwalkers may be confused or disoriented for a short time after awakening, but the health risks associated with sleepwalking are from injury or insomnia, not from being awakened. Drowning is often inconspicuous to onlookers. In most cases, the instinctive drowning response prevents the victim from waving or yelling (known as "aquatic distress"), which are therefore not dependable signs of trouble; indeed, most drowning victims undergoing the response do not show prior evidence of distress. Human blood in veins is not actually blue. Blood is red due to the presence of hemoglobin; deoxygenated blood (in veins) has a deep red color, and oxygenated blood (in arteries) has a light cherry-red color. Veins below the skin can appear blue or green due to subsurface scattering of light through the skin, and aspects of human color perception. Many medical diagrams also use blue to show veins, and red to show arteries, which contributes to this misconception. Exposure to a vacuum, or experiencing all but the most extreme uncontrolled decompression, does not cause the body to explode or internal fluids to boil (although the fluids in the mouth and lungs will indeed boil at altitudes above the Armstrong limit); rather, it will lead to a loss of consciousness once the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood, followed by death from hypoxia within minutes. Exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness is not caused by lactic acid build-up. Muscular lactic acid levels return to normal levels within an hour after exercise; delayed onset muscle soreness is thought to be due to microtrauma from unaccustomed or strenuous exercise. Stretching before or after exercise does not reduce delayed onset muscle soreness. Swallowing gasoline does not generally require special emergency treatment, as long as it goes into the stomach and not the lungs, and inducing vomiting can make it worse. Urine is not sterile, not even in the bladder. Sudden immersion into freezing water does not typically cause death by hypothermia, but rather from the cold shock response, which can cause cardiac arrest, heart attack, or hyperventilation leading to drowning. Cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of the retort and pulverized by a machine called a cremulator (essentially a high-capacity, high-speed blender) to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains". The lung's alveoli are not tiny balloons that expand and contract under positive pressure following the Young–Laplace equation, as is taught in some physiology and medical textbooks. The tissue structure is more like a sponge with polygonal spaces that unfold and fold under negative pressure from the chest wall. Half of body heat is not lost through the head, and covering the head is no more effective at preventing heat loss than covering any other portion of the body. Heat is lost from the body in proportion to the amount of exposed skin. The head accounts for around 7–9% of the body's surface, and studies have shown that having one's head submerged in cold water only causes a person to lose 10% more heat overall. This myth likely comes from a flawed United States military experiment in 1950, involving a prototype Arctic survival suit where the head was one of the few body parts left exposed. The misconception was further perpetuated by a 1970 military field manual that claimed "40–45%" of heat is lost through the head, based on the 1950 study. Adrenochrome is not harvested from living people and has no use as a recreational drug. Hunter S. Thompson conceived a fictional drug of the same name in his book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, apparently as a metaphor and unaware that a real substance by that name existed; it is Thompson's fictional adrenochrome, and not the real chemical compound, that is the source of numerous conspiracy theories revolving around human trafficking to harvest the fictional drug. Men and women have the same number of ribs: 24, or 12 pairs. The erroneous idea that women have one more rib than men may stem from the biblical creation story of Adam and Eve. The use of cotton swabs (aka cotton buds or Q-Tips) in the ear canal has no associated medical benefits and poses definite medical risks. The idea that a precise number of stages of grief exist is not supported in peer-reviewed research or objective clinical observation, let alone the five stages of grief model. The model was originally based on uncredited work and originally applied to the terminally ill instead of the grieving or bereaved. Although bananas contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes, particularly potassium-40 (40K), which emit ionizing radiation when undergoing radioactive decay, the levels of such radiation are far too low to induce radiation poisoning, and bananas are not a radiation hazard. It would not be physically possible to eat enough bananas to cause radiation poisoning, as the radiation dose from bananas is non-cumulative.a. b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999), Federal Guidance Report 13, page 16: "For example, the ingestion coefficient risk for 40K would not be appropriate for an application to ingestion of 40K in conjunction with an elevated intake of natural potassium. This is because the biokinetic model for potassium used in this document represents the relatively slow removal of potassium (biological half-time 30 days) that is estimated to occur for typical intakes of potassium, whereas an elevated intake of potassium would result in excretion of a nearly equal mass of natural potassium, and hence of 40K, over a short period." c. . Attributes the title statement to Geoff Meggitt, former UK Atomic Energy Authority. (See also: Banana equivalent dose) Radiation is not always dangerous. Radiation is ubiquitous on Earth's surface, and humans are adapted to survive at normal Earth radiation levels. Everything is safely non-toxic at sufficiently low doses, even deadly poisons and high-energy forms of radiation, and everything becomes toxic at sufficiently high doses, even water and oxygen. Indeed, the relationship between dose and toxicity is often non-linear, and many substances that are toxic at high doses have neutral or positive health effects, or are biologically essential, at moderate or low doses. There is some evidence to suggest that this is true for ionizing radiation; normal levels of ionizing radiation may serve to stimulate and regulate the activity of DNA repair mechanisms.a. b. c. Nancy Trautmann: The Dose Makes the Poison--Or Does It?, Bioscience 2005, American Institute of Biological Sciences Disease and preventive healthcare The common cold and the common flu are caused by viruses, not cold temperature, although cold temperature may somewhat weaken the immune system, and someone already infected with a cold or influenza virus but showing no symptoms can become symptomatic after they are exposed to low temperatures. Viruses are more likely to spread during the winter for a variety of reasons such as dry air, less air circulation in homes, people spending more time indoors, and lower vitamin D levels in humans. Antibiotics will not cure a cold; they treat bacterial diseases and are ineffectual against viruses. However, they are sometimes prescribed to prevent or treat secondary infections. There is little to no evidence that any illnesses are curable through essential oils or aromatherapy. Fish oil has not been shown to cure dementia, though there is evidence to support the effectiveness of lemon oil as a way to reduce agitation in patients with dementia. In those with the common cold, the color of the sputum or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection. The color of the sputum is determined by immune cells fighting an infection in the nasal area. Vitamin C does not prevent or treat the common cold, although it may have a protective effect during intense cold-weather exercise. If taken daily, it may slightly reduce the duration and severity of colds, but it has no effect if taken after the cold starts. Humans cannot catch warts from toads or other animals; the bumps on a toad are not warts. Warts on human skin are caused by human papillomavirus, which is unique to humans. Neither cracking one's knuckles nor exercising while in good health causes osteoarthritis. In people with eczema, bathing does not dry the skin as long as a moisturizer is applied soon after. If moisturizer is not applied after bathing, then the evaporation of water from the skin can result in dryness. There have never been any programs in the US that provide access to dialysis machines in exchange for pull tabs on beverage cans. This rumor has existed since at least the 1970s, and usually cites the National Kidney Foundation as the organization offering the program. The Foundation itself has denied the rumor, noting that dialysis machines are primarily funded by Medicare. High dietary protein intake is not associated with kidney disease in healthy people. While significantly increased protein intake in the short-term is associated with changes in renal function, there is no evidence to suggest this effect persists in the long-term and results in kidney damage or disease. Rhinoceros horn in powdered form is not used as an aphrodisiac in traditional Chinese medicine as Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici (犀角, xījiǎo, "rhinoceros horn"). It is prescribed for fevers and convulsions, a treatment not supported by evidence-based medicine. Leprosy is not auto-degenerative as commonly supposed, meaning that it will not (on its own) cause body parts to be damaged or fall off. Leprosy causes rashes to form and may degrade cartilage and, if untreated, inflame tissue. In addition, leprosy is only mildly contagious, partly because 95% of those infected with the mycobacteria that causes leprosy do not develop the disease. Tzaraath, a Biblical disease that disfigures the skin is often identified as leprosy, and may be the source of many myths about the disease. Rust does not cause tetanus infection. The Clostridium tetani bacterium is generally found in dirty environments. Since the same conditions that harbor tetanus bacteria also promote rusting of metal, many people associate rust with tetanus. C. tetani requires anoxic conditions to reproduce and these are found in the permeable layers of rust that form on oxygen-absorbing, unprotected ironwork. Quarantine has never been a standard procedure for those with severe combined immunodeficiency, despite the condition's popular nickname ("bubble boy syndrome") and its portrayal in films. A bone marrow transplant in the earliest months of life is the standard course of treatment. The exceptional case of David Vetter, who indeed lived much of his life encased in a sterile environment because he would not receive a transplant until age 12 (the transplant, because of failure to detect mononucleosis, instead killed Vetter), was one of the primary inspirations for the "bubble boy" trope. Gunnison, Colorado, did not avoid the 1918 flu pandemic by using protective sequestration. The implementation of protective sequestration did prevent the virus from spreading outside a single household after a single carrier came into the town while it was in effect, but it was not sustainable and had to be lifted in February 1919. A month later, the flu killed five residents and infected dozens of others. Statements in medication package inserts listing the frequency of side effects describe how often the effect occurs after taking a drug, but are not making any assertion that there is a causal connection between taking the drug and the occurrence of the side effect. In other words, what is being reported on is correlation, not necessarily causation. A dog's mouth is not cleaner than a human's mouth. A dog's mouth contains almost as much bacteria as a human mouth. There is no peer-reviewed scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect beyond acting as a placebo.Spellman, Frank R; Price-Bayer, Joni. (2010). In Defense of Science: Why Scientific Literacy Matters. The Scarecrow Press. p. 81. "There is no scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect. It has been called a pseudoscience. Pleasant feelings or the apparent successes of crystal healing can be attributed to the placebo effect or cognitive bias—a believer wanting it to be true." There is a scientific consensusSee also: And contrast: and that currently available food derived from genetically modified crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food. Nutrition, food, and drink Diet has little influence on the body's detoxification, and there is no evidence that detoxification diets rid the body of toxins.a. b. Toxins are removed from the body by the liver and kidneys. Drinking milk or consuming other dairy products does not increase mucus production. As a result, they do not need to be avoided by those with the flu or cold congestion. However, milk and saliva in one's mouth mix to create a thick liquid that can briefly coat the mouth and throat. The sensation that lingers may be mistaken for increased phlegm. Drinking eight glasses (2–3 liters) of water a day is not needed to maintain health. The amount of water needed varies by person, weight, diet, activity level, clothing, and the ambient heat and humidity. Water does not actually need to be drunk in pure form, and can be derived from liquids such as juices, tea, milk, soups, etc., and from foods including fruits and vegetables. Drinking coffee and other caffeinated beverages does not cause dehydration for regular drinkers, although it can for occasional drinkers. Sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children. Double-blind trials have shown no difference in behavior between children given sugar-full or sugar-free diets, even in studies specifically looking at children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or those considered sensitive to sugar. A 2019 meta-analysis found no positive effect of sugar consumption on mood but did find an association with lower alertness and increased fatigue within an hour of consumption, known as a sugar crash. Eating nuts, popcorn, or seeds does not increase the risk of diverticulitis. These foods may actually have a protective effect. Eating less than an hour before swimming does not increase the risk of experiencing muscle cramps or drowning. One study shows a correlation between alcohol consumption and drowning, but not between eating and stomach cramps. Vegan and vegetarian diets can provide enough protein for adequate nutrition. In fact, typical protein intakes of ovo-lacto vegetarians meet or exceed requirements. It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful. However, a vegan diet does require supplementation of vitamin B12, and vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in up to 80% of vegans that do not supplement their diet. Consuming no animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins B12 and D, calcium, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, and sometimes iodine. Vegans are also at risk of low bone mineral density without supplementation for the aforementioned nutrients. Swallowed chewing gum does not take seven years to digest. In fact, chewing gum is mostly indigestible, and passes through the digestive system at the same rate as other matter. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) does not trigger migraine headaches or other symptoms of so-called Chinese restaurant syndrome, nor is there evidence that some individuals are especially sensitive to MSG. There is also little evidence it impacts body weight. Spicy food or coffee do not have a significant effect on the development of peptic ulcers. The beta carotene in carrots does not enhance night vision beyond normal levels for people receiving an adequate amount, only in those with a deficiency of vitamin A. The belief that it does may have originated from World War II British disinformation meant to explain the Royal Air Force's improved success in night battles, which was actually due to radar and the use of red lights on instrument panels. Spinach is not a particularly good source of dietary iron. While it does contain more iron than many vegetables such as asparagus, Swiss chard, kale, or arugula, it contains only about one-third to one-fifth of the iron in lima beans, chickpeas, apricots, or wheat germ. Additionally, the non-heme iron found in spinach and other vegetables is not as readily absorbed as the heme iron found in meats and fish. Most cases of obesity are not related to slower resting metabolism. Resting metabolic rate does not vary much between people. Overweight people tend to underestimate the amount of food they eat, and underweight people tend to overestimate. In fact, overweight people tend to have faster metabolic rates due to the increased energy required by the larger body. Eating normal amounts of soy does not cause hormonal imbalance. Alcoholic beverages Alcoholic beverages do not make the entire body warmer. Alcoholic drinks create the sensation of warmth because they cause blood vessels to dilate and stimulate nerve endings near the surface of the skin with an influx of warm blood. This can actually result in making the core body temperature lower, as it allows for easier heat exchange with a cold external environment. Alcohol does not necessarily kill brain cells. Alcohol can, however, lead indirectly to the death of brain cells in two ways. First, in chronic, heavy alcohol users whose brains have adapted to the effects of alcohol, abrupt ceasing following heavy use can cause excitotoxicity leading to cellular death in multiple areas of the brain. Second, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol, a deficiency of thiamine can produce Korsakoff's syndrome, which is associated with serious brain damage. The order in which different types of alcoholic beverages are consumed ("Grape or grain but never the twain" and "Beer before liquor never sicker; liquor before beer in the clear") does not affect intoxication or create adverse side effects. Absinthe has no hallucinogenic properties, and is no more dangerous than any other alcoholic beverage of equivalent proof. This misconception stems from late-19th- and early-20th-century distillers who produced cheap knockoff versions of absinthe, which used copper salts to recreate the distinct green color of true absinthe, and some also reportedly adulterated cheap absinthe with poisonous antimony trichloride, reputed to enhance the louching effect. Sexuality and reproduction It is not possible to get pregnant from semen released in a commercial swimming pool without penetration. The sperm cells would be quickly killed by the chlorinated water and would not survive long enough to reach the vagina. Lack of a visible hymen is not a reliable indicator that a female has had penetrative sex, because the tearing of the hymen may have been the result of some other event, and some women are born without one. 1800s historical virginity tests, such as the "two-finger" test, are widely considered to be unscientific. Hand size and foot size do not correlate with human penis size, but finger length ratio may. While pregnancies from sex between first cousins do carry a slightly elevated risk of birth defects, this risk is often exaggerated. The risk is 5–6% (similar to that of a woman in her early 40s giving birth), compared with a baseline risk of 3–4%. The effects of inbreeding depression, while still relatively small compared to other factors (and thus difficult to control for in a scientific experiment), become more noticeable if isolated and maintained for several generations. Having sex before a sporting event or contest is not physiologically detrimental to performance. In fact it has been suggested that sex prior to sports activity can elevate male testosterone levels, which could potentially enhance performance for male athletes. There is no definitive proof of the existence of the vaginal G-spot, and the general consensus is that no such spot exists on the female body. Closeted or latent homosexuality is not correlated with internalized homophobia. A 1996 study claiming a connection in men has not been verified by subsequent studies, including a 2013 study that found no correlation. The menstrual cycles of people who live together do not tend to synchronize. A 1971 study made this claim, but subsequent research has not supported it. Skin and hair Water-induced wrinkles are not caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling. They are caused by the autonomic nervous system, which triggers localized vasoconstriction in response to wet skin, yielding a wrinkled appearance. A person's hair and fingernails do not continue to grow after death. Rather, the skin dries and shrinks away from the bases of hairs and nails, giving the appearance of growth. Shaving does not cause terminal hair to grow back thicker or darker. This belief is thought to be due to the fact that hair that has never been cut has a tapered end, so after cutting, the base of the hair is blunt and appears thicker and feels coarser. That short hairs are less flexible than longer hairs contributes to this effect. MC1R, the gene mostly responsible for red hair, is not becoming extinct, nor will the gene for blond hair do so, although both are recessive alleles. Redheads and blonds may become rarer but will not die out unless everyone who carries those alleles dies without passing their hair color genes on to their children. Acne is mostly caused by genetics, and is not caused by a lack of hygiene or eating fatty foods, though certain medication or a carbohydrate-rich diet may worsen it. Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, though infrequent hair-washing can make it more obvious. The exact causes of dandruff are uncertain, but they are believed to be mostly genetic and environmental factors. Inventions James Watt did not invent the steam engine, nor were his ideas on steam engine power inspired by a kettle lid pressured open by steam. Watt improved upon the already commercially successful Newcomen atmospheric engine (invented in 1712) in the 1760s and 1770s, making certain improvements critical to its future usage, particularly the external condenser, increasing its efficiency, and later the mechanism for transforming reciprocating motion into rotary motion; his new steam engine later gained huge fame as a result. Although the guillotine was named after the French physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, he neither invented nor was executed with this device. He died peacefully in his own bed in 1814. Thomas Crapper did not invent the flush toilet. A forerunner of the modern toilet was invented by the Elizabethan courtier Sir John Harington in the 16th century, and in 1775 the Scottish mechanic Alexander Cumming developed and patented a design for a toilet with an S-trap and flushing mechanism. Crapper, however, did much to increase the popularity of the flush toilet and introduced several innovations in the late 19th century, holding nine patents, including one for the floating ballcock. The word crap is also not derived from his name (see the Words, phrases and languages section above). Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb. He did, however, develop the first practical light bulb in 1880 (employing a carbonized bamboo filament), shortly prior to Joseph Swan, who invented an even more efficient bulb in 1881 (which used a cellulose filament). Henry Ford did not invent either the automobile or the assembly line. He did improve the assembly line process substantially, sometimes through his own engineering but more often through sponsoring the work of his employees, and he was the main person behind the introduction of the Model T, regarded as the first affordable automobile. Karl Benz (co-founder of Mercedes-Benz) is credited with the invention of the first modern automobile, and the assembly line has existed throughout history. Al Gore never said that he had "invented" the Internet. What Gore actually said was, "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet", in reference to his political work towards developing the Internet for widespread public use. Gore was the original drafter of the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, which provided significant funding for supercomputing centers, and this in turn led to upgrades of a major part of the already-existing early 1990s Internet backbone, the NSFNet, and development of NCSA Mosaic, the browser that popularized the World Wide Web. (See also: Al Gore and information technology) Mathematics The Greek philosopher Pythagoras was not the first to discover the equation expressed in the Pythagorean theorem, as it was known and used by the Babylonians and Indians centuries before him. Pythagoras may have been the first to introduce it to the Greeks, but the first record of it being mathematically proven as a theorem is in Euclid's Elements which was published some 200 years after Pythagoras. There is no evidence that the ancient Greeks deliberately designed the Parthenon to match the golden ratio. The Parthenon was completed in 438 BCE, more than a century before the first recorded mention of the ratio by Euclid. Similarly, Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man makes no mention of the golden ratio in its text, although it describes many other proportions. The repeating decimal commonly written as 0.999... represents exactly the same quantity as the number one. Despite having the appearance of representing a smaller number, 0.999... is a symbol for the number 1 in exactly the same way that 0.333... is an equivalent notation for the number represented by the fraction . The p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true, or the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false; it is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the specific statistical model assumed in the null hypothesis. This misconception, and similar ones like it, contributes to the common misuse of p-values in education and research. If one were to flip a fair coin five times and get heads each time, it would not be any more likely for a sixth flip to come up tails. Phrased another way, after a long and/or unlikely streak of independently random events, the probability of the next event is not influenced by the preceding events. Humans often feel that the underrepresented outcome is more likely, as if it is due to happen. Such thinking may be attributed to the mistaken belief that gambling, or even chance itself, is a fair process that can correct itself in the event of streaks. Physics The lift force is not generated by the air taking the same time to travel above and below an aircraft's wing. This misconception, sometimes called the equal transit-time fallacy, is widespread among textbooks and non-technical reference books, and even appears in pilot training materials. In fact, the air moving over the top of an aerofoil generating lift is always moving much faster than the equal transit theory would imply, as described in the incorrect and correct explanations of lift force. Blowing over a curved piece of paper does not demonstrate Bernoulli's principle. Although a common classroom experiment is often explained this way, Bernoulli's principle only applies within a flow field, and the air above and below the paper is in different flow fields. The paper rises because the air follows the curve of the paper and a curved streamline will develop pressure differences perpendicular to the airflow.a. b. The Coriolis effect does not cause water to consistently drain from basins in a clockwise/counter-clockwise direction depending on the hemisphere. The common myth often refers to the draining action of flush toilets and bathtubs. In fact, rotation is determined by whatever minor rotation is initially present at the time the water starts to drain, as the magnitude of the coriolis acceleration is negligibly small compared to the inertial acceleration of flow within a typical basin. Neither gyroscopic forces nor geometric trail are required for a rider to balance a bicycle or for it to demonstrate self-stability. Although gyroscopic forces and trail can be contributing factors, it has been demonstrated that those factors are neither required nor sufficient by themselves. A penny dropped from the Empire State Building would not kill a person or crack the sidewalk. A penny is too light and has too much air resistance to acquire enough speed to do much damage since it reaches terminal velocity after falling about 50 feet. Heavier or more aerodynamic objects could cause significant damage if dropped from that height. Using a programmable thermostat's setback feature to limit heating or cooling in a temporarily unoccupied building does not waste as much energy as leaving the temperature constant. Using setback saves energy (5–15%) because heat transfer across the surface of the building is roughly proportional to the temperature difference between its inside and the outside. It is not possible for a person to completely submerge in quicksand, as commonly depicted in fiction, although sand entrapment in the nearshore of a body of water can be a drowning hazard as the tide rises. Quantum nonlocality caused by quantum entanglement does not allow faster-than-light communication or imply instant action at a distance, despite its common characterization as "spooky action at a distance". Rather, it means that certain experiments cannot be explained by local realism. The slipperiness of ice is not due to pressure melting. While it is true that increased pressure, such as that exerted by someone standing on a sheet of ice, will lower the melting point of ice, experiments show that the effect is too weak to account for the lowered friction. Materials scientists still debate whether premelting or the heat of friction is the dominant cause of ice's slipperiness. Psychology and neuroscience A small number of young children have eidetic memory, where they can recall an object with high precision for a few minutes after it is no longer present. True photographic memory (the ability to remember endless images, particularly pages or numbers, with such a high degree of precision that the image mimics a photo) has never been demonstrated to exist in any individual. Many people have claimed to have a photographic memory, but those people have been shown to have high precision memories as a result of mnemonic devices rather than a natural capacity for detailed memory encoding. There are rare cases of individuals with exceptional memory, but none of them have a memory that mimics that of a camera. The phase of the Moon does not influence fertility, cause a fluctuation in crime, or affect the stock market. There is no correlation between the lunar cycle and human biology or behavior. However, the increased amount of illumination during the full moon may account for increased epileptic episodes, motorcycle accidents, or sleep disorders. Mental disorders Vaccines do not cause autism. There have been no successful attempts to reproduce the fraudulent research by British ex-doctor Andrew Wakefield. Wakefield's research was ultimately shown to have been manipulated. Dyslexia is not defined or diagnosed as mirror writing or reading letters or words backwards. Mirror writing and reading letters or words backwards are behaviors seen in many children (dyslexic or not) as they learn to read and write. Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of people who have at least average intelligence and who have difficulty in reading and writing that is not otherwise explained by low intelligence. Self-harm is not generally an attention-seeking behavior. People who engage in self-harm are typically very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal it from others. They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or conceal their scars with clothing. There is no evidence that a chemical imbalance or neurotransmitter deficiency is the sole factor in depression and other mental disorders, but rather a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Schizophrenia is characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and apathy. The term was coined from the Greek roots schizein and phrēn, "to split" and "mind", in reference to a "splitting of mental functions" seen in schizophrenia, not a splitting of the personality. It does not involve split or multiple personalities—a split or multiple personality is dissociative identity disorder. Brain Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about certain brain functions being lateralized, or more predominant in one hemisphere than the other. These claims are often inaccurate or overstated. The human brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex, does not reach "full maturity" at any particular age (e.g. 18, 21, or 25 years of age). Changes in structure and myelination of gray matter are recorded to continue with relative consistency all throughout adult life. Some mental abilities peak and begin to decline around high school graduation while others do not peak until much later (i.e. 40s or later). Humans do not generate all of the brain cells they will ever have by the age of two years. Although this belief was held by medical experts until 1998, it is now understood that new neurons can be created after infancy in some parts of the brain into late adulthood. People do not use only 10% of their brains. While it is true that a small minority of neurons in the brain are actively firing at any one time, a healthy human will normally use most of their brain over the course of a day, and the inactive neurons are important as well. The idea that activating 100% of the brain would allow someone to achieve their maximum potential and/or gain various psychic abilities is common in folklore and fiction, but doing so in real life would likely result in a fatal seizure. This misconception was attributed to late 19th century leading thinker William James, who apparently used the expression only metaphorically. Although Phineas Gage's brain injuries, caused by a several-foot-long tamping rod driven completely through his skull, caused him to become temporarily disabled, many fanciful descriptions of his aberrant behavior in later life are without factual basis or contradicted by known facts. Senses Infants can and do feel pain. All different tastes can be detected on all parts of the tongue by taste buds, with slightly increased sensitivities in different locations depending on the person; the tongue map showing the contrary is fallacious. There are not four primary tastes, but five: in addition to bitter, sour, salty, and sweet, humans have taste receptors for umami, which is a "savory" or "meaty" taste. Fat does interact with specific receptors in taste bud cells, but whether it is a sixth primary taste remains inconclusive. Humans have more than the commonly cited five senses. The number of senses in various categorizations ranges from 5 to more than 20. In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, which were the senses identified by Aristotle, humans can sense balance and acceleration (equilibrioception), pain (nociception), body and limb position (proprioception or kinesthetic sense), and relative temperature (thermoception). Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, echolocation, itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, and blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. The human sense of smell is not weak or underdeveloped. Humans have similar senses of smell to other mammals, and are more sensitive to some odors than rodents and dogs. Transportation The Bermuda Triangle does not have any more shipwrecks or mysterious disappearances than most other waterways. Toilet waste is never intentionally jettisoned from an aircraft. All waste is collected in tanks and emptied into toilet waste vehicles. Blue ice is caused by accidental leakage from the waste tank. Passenger train toilets, on the other hand, have indeed historically flushed onto the tracks; modern trains in most developed countries usually have retention tanks on board and therefore do not dispose of waste in such a manner. Automotive batteries stored on a concrete floor do not discharge any faster than they would on other surfaces, in spite of worry among Americans that concrete harms batteries. Early batteries with porous, leaky cases may have been susceptible to moisture from floors, but for many years lead–acid car batteries have had impermeable polypropylene cases. While most modern automotive batteries are sealed, and do not leak battery acid when properly stored and maintained, the sulfuric acid in them can leak out and stain, etch, or corrode concrete floors if their cases crack or tip over or their vent-holes are breached by floods. See also Legends and myths regarding the Titanic List of cognitive biases List of conspiracy theories List of fallacies List of topics characterized as pseudoscience List of urban legends Outline of public relations Pseudodoxia Epidemica QI'' Superseded theories in science The Straight Dope False memory Notes References Sources Further reading External links List of children's misconceptions about science Misconceptions taught by science textbooks Bad Science Bad Chemistry Snopes – Urban Legend Reference Common misconceptions
Tatsama Tadbhava is a 2023 Indian Kannada-language suspense thriller film directed and written by Vishal Atreya and produced by Pannaga Bharana along with Spurti Anil and Chethan Nanjundaiah under PB Studios and Anvit Cinemas banner. The film stars Meghana Raj and Prajwal Devaraj in the lead roles. The music is composed by Vasuki Vaibhav, while the cinematography and editing is handled by Srinivas Ramaiah and Ravi Aradhya respectively The film is about a young woman who seeks help from the police after her husband goes missing and faces traumatic events in the process. The film marks the return of Meghana Raj to films after four years The film's trailer was released on 28 August 2023 and it was released theatrically on 15 September 2023 Cast Prajwal Devaraj as Aravind Ashwatthama Meghana Raj as Arika Aravind Iyer as Matthew Balaji Manohar as Siddharth T. S. Nagabharana as Vasudev Rajshri Ponnappa as Shalini Mahathi Vaishnavi Bhat as Nidhi Shruti as Suman Girija Lokesh as Savitha Devaraj in a guest appearance Music The music of the film is composed by Vasuki Vaibhav. Reception Tatsama Tadbhava received positive reviews from critics who praised Meghana and Prajwal's performances and technical aspects but criticized its writing and direction. Critical response Harish Basavarajaiah of The Times of India gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The investigative thriller, aided by good actors and technical brilliance, can be thoroughly enjoyed in theatres. Vivek M.V.'s review in The Hindu lauds Meghana Raj Sarja and Prajwal Devaraj's performances in the Kannada thriller 'Tatsama Tadbhava' directed by Vishal Atreya. Meghana Raj Sarja impresses with her portrayal of Arika, infusing grace and depth into her emotionally vulnerable character. The film revolves around Arika reporting her husband's disappearance, and police officer Aravind Ashwathamma, portrayed by Prajwal Devaraj, leading an engaging whodunit investigation. The film maintains suspense, keeping viewers guessing about the prime suspect, akin to the intrigue seen in Vidya Balan's 'Kahaani.' Despite minor shortcomings like a convenient revelation and rushed conclusion, 'Tatsama Tadbhava' stands out with its intelligent plot and tightly woven screenplay. Director Vishal Atreya's captivating direction maintains viewer engagement, featuring well-placed serious moments that provide the expected thrill. Prajwal Devaraj excels as a thoughtful cop, contrasting his previous 'mass' police officer role. 'Tatsama Tadbhava' delivers a lasting impact as a gripping thriller, ensuring an immersive cinematic experience. A Sharadhaa's review for The Indian Express gave "Tatsama Tadbhava" a 3/5 rating. The film's conclusion left a lasting impact, exploring the complexity of situations. Vishal Atreya's debut featured a talented cast, focusing more on conversations than the typical whodunit approach. The film is divided into five engaging segments, delving into the mysteries of a missing husband, an emotional journey, and intriguing inquiries. Meghana Raj Sarja and Prajwal Devaraj delivered compelling performances, anchoring the story effectively. Despite minor imperfections, the film offers an innovative and dialogue-rich take on crime thrillers, making it a worthy choice for enthusiasts. References External links 2020s Kannada-language films 2023 thriller films 2023 films
East Fork Deep River is a long 3rd order tributary to the Deep River in Guilford County, North Carolina. This stream along the West Fork Deep River forms the Deep River. Course East Fork Deep River rises about northwest of Greensboro, North Carolina in Guilford County and then flows south to join West Fork Deep River forming the Deep River within High Point Lake. Watershed East Fork Deep River drains of area, receives about 45.1 in/year of precipitation, and has a wetness index of 444.10 and is about 18% forested. See also List of rivers of North Carolina References Rivers of North Carolina Rivers of Guilford County, North Carolina
ClaimID was a website that allowed users to create unique profiles that showed personal websites, profiles at other sites, and other biographical information. The goal of ClaimID was to help users collect and screen information created about them and by them on the web, to help them manage their online identity. History ClaimID was founded by Terrell Russell and Fred Stutzman. Both Stutzman and Russell were PhD students at University of North Carolina's Chapel Hill School of Information and Library Science when they began the company. There was facility to create OpenID along with creating a new account on ClaimID. By October 2013 this was not working. In August 2007, Peter Saint-Andre submitted an Internet-Draft draft to the IETF defining the MicroID spec. MicroID was a deployed Internet standard designed for use as a lightweight, decentralized identity primitive in web applications and communities. The official HTML metatag was created: <meta name="microid" content="mailto+http:sha1:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx" /> The ClaimID was deactivated in December 2013. All member pages and authentication services as well as the main website were dismantled. Users can choose to use another OpenID provider, especially if previously having used authentication delegation. Users can also extract their link collection from an available web cache or web archive. Importance Both print and digital news outlets, including Businessweek, the San Francisco Chronicle, Reuters, New Scientist and Asian News International, described ClaimID as part of the online reputation management (ORM) movement. References External links British social networking websites Internet properties established in 2006 Reputation management companies
Marcelo Antonio Pereira Rodríguez (born 27 May 1995) is a Honduran professional footballer who plays as a defender for Motagua and the Honduras national team. Club career In 2013, Pereira joined F.C. Motagua from C.D. Olimpia. He was assigned to their reserves and made his senior debut with the first team during the 2014–15 season. International career Pereira got his first call up to the senior Honduras side for a friendly against Belize in October 2016. References External links Honduran men's footballers Honduras men's international footballers 1995 births Living people Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers for Honduras F.C. Motagua players Footballers from Tegucigalpa Men's association football defenders 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
```xml import { FieldStyle, SidebarCounter, SidebarList } from '@erxes/ui/src/layout/styles'; import Box from '@erxes/ui/src/components/Box'; import EmptyState from '@erxes/ui/src/components/EmptyState'; import { IUrlVisits } from '../../types'; import React from 'react'; import { __ } from '@erxes/ui/src/utils'; import { calculatePercentage } from '@erxes/ui/src/utils/core'; import styled from 'styled-components'; type Props = { urlVisits: IUrlVisits[]; }; const Description = styled.li` color: #666 !important; `; const Bolder = styled.span` font-weight: 500; `; const Count = styled.label` color: #444; margin-right: 7px; `; class WebsiteActivity extends React.Component<Props> { private totalVisits = 0; constructor(props, context) { super(props, context); props.urlVisits.map(visitPage => { return (this.totalVisits = this.totalVisits + visitPage.count); }); } renderContent() { const { urlVisits } = this.props; if (urlVisits.length === 0) { return <EmptyState icon="chart-line" text="No activity" size="small" />; } return ( <SidebarList className="no-link"> <Description>{__('Most visited pages on your website')}</Description> {this.props.urlVisits.map((data, index) => ( <li key={index}> <FieldStyle> <Bolder>{data.url}</Bolder> </FieldStyle> <SidebarCounter> <Count>{data.count}</Count>( {calculatePercentage(this.totalVisits, data.count)}%) </SidebarCounter> </li> ))} </SidebarList> ); } render() { return ( <Box title={__('Website Activity')} name="webActivity"> {this.renderContent()} </Box> ); } } export default WebsiteActivity; ```
Olov Grøtting (born 14 September 1960) is a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. She was born in Alvdal as a daughter of farmers. After finishing her secondary education in Tynset in 1979, she worked in tourism, and also studied at Hedmark University College. After a hiatus from higher education she took the master's degree in public administration at the University of Karlstad in 2004. Grøtting was elected to Alvdal municipal council in 1999, served four years, and later returned in 2007 to serve as mayor until 2011. In 2009 she also became deputy leader of Hedmark Centre Party. She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Hedmark during the terms 2009–2013 and 2013–2017. She became a full member of Parliament in 2012, when Trygve Slagsvold Vedum was appointed to cabinet. She remained such until the cabinet where Vedum was a member, Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet lost office in October 2013. References 1960 births Living people People from Alvdal Hedmark University College alumni Karlstad University alumni Members of the Storting Centre Party (Norway) politicians Mayors of places in Hedmark Women mayors of places in Norway 20th-century Norwegian women politicians 20th-century Norwegian politicians 21st-century Norwegian politicians 21st-century Norwegian women politicians Women members of the Storting
The 2016–17 2. Bundesliga was the 43rd season of the 2. Bundesliga. It commenced on 5 August 2016 and ended on 21 May 2017. Fixtures for the 2016–17 season were announced on 29 June 2016. Teams A total of 18 teams participate in the 2016–17 2. Bundesliga. These include 14 teams from the 2015–16 2. Bundesliga, together with two automatically relegated teams from the 2015–16 Bundesliga, and two automatically promoted teams from the 2015–16 3. Liga. The 16th-placed Bundesliga and third-placed team of the 2. Bundesliga and the 16th-placed 2. Bundesliga team and the third-place finisher in the 3. Liga participated in promotion-relegation playoffs. On 16 April 2016, Dynamo Dresden won promotion from the 2015–16 3. Liga. Aue followed on 7 May 2016. On 8 May 2016, SC Paderborn was relegated to 2016–17 3. Liga. On 15 May 2016, FSV Frankfurt followed. 1. FC Nürnberg lost its playoff 2–1 on aggregate and remained in the league. Finally MSV Duisburg, 16th-placed team of the 2. Bundesliga lost to Würzburger Kickers, third of the 3. Liga, 4–1 on aggregate in a relegation playoff. Würzburg returned to the second level after 38 years via their second consecutive promotion; Duisburg returned immediately to the third level. Stadiums and locations Personnel and kits Managerial changes League table Results Promotion play-offs Relegation play-offs First leg Second leg Jahn Regensburg won 3–1 on aggregate and were promoted to the 2. Bundesliga. Statistics Top goalscorers Clean sheets Number of teams by state References External links 2016–17 in German football leagues 2016-17 Germ
Mount of Temptation, in Palestinian Arabic (), is a mountain over the city of Jericho in the West Bank, in the State of Palestine; ancient Christian tradition identifies it as the location of the temptation of Jesus described in the New Testament Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, in which it is said that, from "a high place", the Devil offered Jesus rule over all the kingdoms of the world. Since at least the 4th century, Christian tradition has specifically associated the forty days of Jesus's fasting that preceded his temptation with a cave on Jebel Quruntul. Eventually, it came to be associated with the high mountain in the Gospel's description of temptation. The city of Jericho lies at the feet east of Mount Quruntul, at below sea level, with the nearby Jordan River and the Dead Sea at even lower elevations, further to the east and southeast. The Mount has around of prominence over Jericho, which translates to an elevation of above sea level, and offers a commanding view of its fabled surroundings to the east. Quruntul had previously been the location of a Seleucid and Maccabean fortress known as Dok (also Doq and Dagon), which was the site of the assassination of Simon Maccabeus and two of his sons in 134. Centuries after the death of Jesus, the Mount became the site of a lavra-type monastery, turned into a Catholic monastery during the era of the Crusades, and then into an Orthodox monastery since the late Ottoman period. Since 1998, the monastery halfway up the mountain has been connected with the tell holding the remains of ancient Jericho via a cable car and a center of religious tourism. In 2014, the mountain and monastery were made part of the State of Palestine's "Jericho Oasis Archaeological Park". It has also been nominated to the Tentative List for World Heritage status as part of religious traditions of El-Bariyah, the Judaean Desert. Names Related to the Gospels The standard Koine Greek texts of the New Testament state that, after his baptism in the Jordan River, Jesus went into a "solitary" or "desolate place" (, eis tḕn érēmon, or , en tē̂ erḗmō). All three passages where this is mentioned are traditionally translated into English as "the wilderness", although the same term is variously rendered in other locations in the Bible as a "secluded place", a "solitary place", or "the desert". As the second temptation in Luke and the third in Matthew, from "a high mountain" (, eis óros hypsēlòn), the Devil offered Jesus "all the kingdoms of the world" (, pásas tàs basileías toû kósmou, or , tē̂s oikouménēs). On the Crusader-period Uppsala Map of Jerusalem, it appears as "mons excelsus", literally "high mountain" (see here, top right quadrant). When this passage was connected to a specific hill in late Antiquity, it was eventually given the name (, , , , , etc), after the 40-day period mentioned in the biblical accounts, being a Late Latin form of classical ("forty"). This was preserved in Arabic as (, Jebel el-Qurunṭul), also transliterated Jabal al-Qurunṭul, Jebel Kuruntul, Jebel Kŭrŭntŭl, Jabal al-Quruntul, and Jabal al Qarantal, and eventually properly translated as Jebel el-Arba'in (جبل الأربعين, Jabal al-Arba'in, 'Mount of the Forty'). The name , later Mount of Temptation, was first attested in English in 1654. In modern times, the name has been calqued into Arabic as (), literally 'Mount of the Temptation'. Related to the ancient fortress The Hebrew name of the Maccabean fortress on this hill is not separately recorded but was transliterated into Greek as Dōk (; ; ) in 1 Maccabees and as Dagṑn () in the works of Josephus. The same name was preserved as Douka () as late as the early monasteries founded in the 4th century and two small settlements near the springs at the base of the mountain continue to bear the name Duyūk (). In Modern Hebrew, it is called Qarantal (), after the Arabic name. Christian traditions In the Synoptic Gospels of the Christian Bible, after his baptism by John in the River Jordan, Jesus is said to have been driven by the Spirit into the "wilderness", where he fasted for 40 days and 40 nights before being tempted by the "devil" or "Satan". The account in Mark says as much in brief summary. The account in Matthew describes the devil tempting Jesus first with his ability to provide himself food to end his hunger, then traveling to the Temple in Jerusalem and tempting him with threatening suicide to prompt action from God's angels, and finally traveling to a high mountain and tempting him with dominion over all the kingdoms of the world with the attendant glory. On each occasion, Jesus refuses to misuse his power to sate human appetites, to misuse his position to test God's will, or to countenance worship of anyone other than God. The account in Luke is essentially the same, but the order of the last two temptations is reversed. A separate tradition recorded in John Phocas's Ecphrasis, a 12th-century pilgrimage report, was that one of the tells at the base of the mount once held a temple commemorating the location where Joshua supposedly saw the archangel Michael (). History Bronze Age to Hellenistic period Jebel Quruntul is a limestone peak controlling the main paths from Jerusalem and Ramallah to Jericho and the River Jordan since antiquity, possibly the same as the "desert road" (, derech hamidbar) mentioned in Joshua 8:15 & 20:31 and Judges 20:42. Nomads have frequented the oasis at Jericho produced by the Spring of Elisha at Ein as-Sultan for at least 12,000 years. There was small settlement on the slopes of Quruntul around 3200 during the early Bronze Age. The area was conquered by the Israelites around 1200, but there are no records of important battles in the area during the subsequent conquest by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Macedonians, or the Diadochi. By the time of the Maccabean Revolt, the Seleucid general Bacchides had fortified the summit of Quruntul. This garrison fell to the Jewish revolt in 167, but was retaken and remanned by Bacchides following his victory at Elasa in 160. The emperor Antiochus VII Sidetes appointed a certain Ptolemy as commander of this garrison and the lands around Jericho. Using the fort as his main stronghold, he held a banquet there where he slew the Jewish high priest Simon Thassi, his father-in-law, along with two of his brothers-in-law in 134. Simon's third son John Hyrcanus then succeeded his father and attacked. Encircled by the Judean army, Ptolemy threatened to throw John's mother, his own mother-in-law, from the fort and over the cliff. The woman supposedly pled for her son not to shirk his duty on her account, after which he continued the assault. She was first tortured and then, after John was forced to withdraw from the siege to honor the seventh year of rest then observed by the Jews, killed. Receiving insufficient reinforcements from Antiochus to hold his position, Ptolemy then fled to Zeno Cotylas, the tyrant of Philadelphia (now Amman, Jordan). Late Roman and Byzantine periods At some point in late Antiquity, Jebel Quruntul became associated with the entire 40 days of fasting which preceded the temptation of Jesus and then with the temptation itself, which occurred on the "high mountain" from which he saw "all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them". Tradition ascribed its "rediscovery" to StHelena, the pious mother of Constantine the Great, during her tour of the Holy Land sometime after 326. In 340, Chariton the Confessor established a lavra-type monastery on the mountain, then still using a form of its earlier Hebrew and Seleucid name. The lavra was not at the top of the mountain but beside the Grotto of the Temptation, the cave supposedly identified by Helen as the location of Jesus's 40 days of fasting. In all, 35 other cells were hollowed out on the east face of the mountain to house the monks. The wider area saw several other churches and monasteries erected over the next few centuries, most notably the monastery in Wadi Qelt, established by John of Thebes and made famous by George of Choziba. This initial period of Christian development came to an end with the 614 campaign of the ByzantineSasanian War, when the Persians were able to leverage a Jewish revolt to briefly conquer Jerusalem. The monasteries of Quruntul and Jericho were plundered and depopulated, recovery being prevented by the rapid Muslim conquest of Palestine in 635 and 636. Early Muslim and Crusader periods Relatively peaceful coexistence of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the area ended in the 11th century with al-Hakim's persecutions, the invasions of the Seljuks, and the onset of the First Crusade. The Byzantine emperor ManuelI (r. 1143–1180) rebuilt the area's Orthodox monasteries. The two sites supposedly identified by StHelena centuries earlier, however, saw new Catholic chapels raised, and monks of the Holy Sepulchre used the site of Chariton's lavra beside the Grotto for a priory dedicated to John the Baptist, erected in 1133 or 1134. The relative importance of the Grotto and the priory led to the mountain itself becoming known to the numerous pilgrims of the era as "Mount Quarantine". The priory was granted the tithes of Jericho two years later. In 1143, this income was valued equivalent to 5,000 aurei ( of gold) per year and was transferred from the monks to the Sisters of Bethany by Queen Melisende of Jerusalem. Around the same time, the Knights Templar constructed a small but formidable fortification on the mountaintop, storing water in Hellenistic cisterns and caches of weapons and supplies in the mountain's caves. It appears likely that the Templar stronghold made use of parts of the Hasmonean and Herodian walls, as well as a Byzantine chapel that had been erected within them. The still-extant base of its walls form a rough rectangle about . The order's Hierarchical Statutes from the 1170s or early 1180s charged the Commander at Jerusalem to always have ten knights available to reinforce the route past Jebel Quruntul and to protect and supply any noblemen who might travel it. Around the same time, Theodoric's Little Book reported that at least a few Templars or Hospitallers accompanied any group of pilgrims along the route against any local bandits or Bedouin raids. Burchard describes visiting Jebel Quruntul in his Description, but places the actual site of the Temptation at another location closer to Bethel. Wilbrand's Itinerary considered it genuine. The area was lost to the Christians shortly after their 1187 defeat at Hattin to the Ayyubid sultan Saladin and largely depopulated. Ottoman period Exposed to continual Bedouin raiding, the area continued to languish under Ottoman rule. Writing in the early 18th century, the Dutch diplomat J.A. van Egmond reported that the local Arabs used the mountain's caves for protection and concealment. They had long forbidden Europeans to come near, but some of the Christian bishops in Palestine finally worked out an arrangement to pay them 10 silver kuruşlar a year for safe passage, after which pilgrims were again permitted to climb to the grotto and the top of the mountain with a local guide. Isolated travelers were sometimes robbed along the route but, in the case of a servant of a French ambassador to the area, the mutasarrif of Jerusalem personally intervened to force the area's village leaders to restore everything that had been stolen. Van Egmond noted the Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre he traveled with continued to believe the ruined chapel at the Grotto of the Temptation had been personally established by StHelena but its construction did not seem nearly so ancient to his eyes. Modern times Amid the weakening of the Ottoman Empire and the increasing assertiveness of European empires, Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land began to rise in the late 19th century, alongside teams of archaeologists and missionaries. The monastery, now dedicated to St John the Baptist, was rebuilt from 1874 to 1904, its care being given to Greek Orthodox monks in 1905. Following World WarI, Britain's League of Nations mandate over Palestine saw modern irrigation systems introduced to the area around Jericho, which prospered as a center of fruit harvesting. The chaos around the creation of Israel, the Palestinian exodus, and subsequent wars and conflict limited access, tourism, and economic development in the area although Jordan's King Hussein welcomed archaeological work, in part to undermine Israeli claims that the area had been primarily Jewish for most of its history. A 2002 excavation in the caves of Jebel Quruntul found that one had been used for burials from the Chalcolithic to the Islamic Age. In 1998, during the period of relative peace following the Oslo Accords, Palestinian businessman Marwan Sinokrot constructed a 12-cabin cable car from the ruins of ancient Jericho to the Greek monastery, capable of carrying up to 625 people an hour in preparation for an expected influx of tourists during the millennium celebrations of the year 2000. Religious tourism makes up over 60% of Jericho's total visitors (estimated at 300,000 people per year in 2015), and the aerial lift cut the time to reach the monastery from as long as 90 minutes to as little as 5. The company secured recognition from the Guinness Book of World Records as "the longest cable car aerial tramway below sea level" but the Second Intifada began shortly thereafter, again limiting tourism in the area. The project also ran into difficulty with the mountain's monks, who had not been consulted about the project and sometimes shut the monastery doors to groups of tourists, but continues to operate. Jebel Quruntul, its fortress, and its monastery form part of the El-Bariyah "Wilderness" area proposed for World Heritage status in 2012 and were included in the Jericho Oasis Archaeological Park established with Italian help in 2014. Legacy An account of Christ's Temptation under the name "Mount Quarantania" forms part of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem Christus: A Mystery. Alternative locations of biblical site The "high mountain" of the biblical narrative has sometimes been identified with other locations in Roman Palestine. A local Arab tradition placed it as late as the 19th century at the lower peak of 'Ushsh el-Ghurab at the northern end of the Jericho Plain, separated from the Mount of Temptation by the valley known as Wadi ed-Duyuk. Another tradition recorded in Ernoul's 13th-century chronicle placed the Devil's offer of dominion over the kingdoms of the world at Mount Precipice just south of Nazareth, where Jesus was separately said to have disappeared from a crowd during one of his rejections by the Jewish community of his time. See also Jericho Monastery of the Temptation Tell es-Sultan References Citations Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Further reading Mythological places Temptation Temptation Judaean Desert Castles and fortifications of the Knights Templar Temptation of Christ Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Mo' Money: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 1992 film of the same name. It was released June 23, 1992, on Perspective Records. The soundtrack peaked at six on the Billboard 200 chart. By September 1992, it was certified platinum in sales by the RIAA, after sales exceeding 1,000,000 copies in the United States. Release and reception The album peaked at number six on the U.S. Billboard 200 and reached the second spot on the R&B albums chart. The album was certified platinum in September 1992. Adam Greenberg of AllMusic gave the soundtrack a mixed review, stating that "the album is a perfect blend for a fan of the early-'90s R&B sound, but doesn't really meet the same standard as music of later years." Track listing Sample credits "Mo' Money Groove" contains a sample of "You Can't Love Me If You Don't Respect Me", written by James Brown and Lyn Collins, and performed by Lyn Collins; a sample of "Get Me Back On Time, Engine No. 9", written by Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff, and performed by Wilson Pickett; a sample of "Welcome to the Terrordome", written by Hank Shocklee, Keith Shocklee and Carlton Ridenhour, and performed by Public Enemy; and a replay of "Soul Power", written by James Brown and Fred Wesley, and performed by James Brown. "The Best Things in Life Are Free" contains a sample of "I Get Lifted", written by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch, and performed by George McCrae. "Ice Cream Dream" contains a sample of "So Wat Cha Sayin'", written by Erick Sermon and Parrish Smith, and performed by EPMD; a sample of "One Nation Under a Groove", written by George Clinton, Walter Morrison and Garry Shider, and performed by Funkadelic; a sample of "If It Don't Turn You On (You Oughta' Leave It Alone)", written by Billy Nichols and Allen J. Williams, and performed by B.T. Express; a sample of "FX & Scratches", written and performed by Simon Harris; a sample of "Impeach the President", written by Roy Hammond, and performed by The Honey Drippers; and a sample of "Fairplay", written by Trevor Romeo, Nellee Hooper and Rose Windross, and performed by Soul II Soul feat. Rose Windross. "I Adore You" contains a sample of cover version of "Don't Make Me Over", written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, and performed by Sybil, originally performed by Dionne Warwick. "Get Off My Back" contains a sample of "Heartbreaker (Part I, Part II)", written by Roger Troutman, and performed by Zapp; a sample of "(Not Just) Knee Deep". written by George Clinton, and performed by Funkadelic; and a sample of "Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof Off the Sucker)", written by Jerome Brailey, George Clinton and Bootsy Collins, and performed by Parliament. "Let's Get Together (So Groovy Now)", contains a sample of "Reach Out of the Darkness", written by Jim Post, and performed by Friend and Lover. "The New Style", contains a drum sample of "Last Night Changed It All (I Really Had a Ball)", written by Joseph B. Wheeler, and performed by Esther Williams. "A Job Ain't Nuthin' But Work", contains a sample of "So Ruff, So Tuff", written by Roger Troutman and Larry Troutman, and performed by Roger; a sample of "Best of My Love", written by Maurice White and Al McKay, and performed by The Emotions; a sample of "Work That Sucker to Death", written by George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Jeffrey Mitchell, Rahni Harris, Terry Philips and Ralph Hunt Jr., and performed by Xavier feat. George Clinton and Bootsy Collins; a sample of "Tough", written by James Biggs Moore III, Robert Ford Jr., Lawrence Smith and Russell Simmons, and performed by Kurtis Blow; a sample of "These Are The J.B.'s", written by James Brown and The J.B.'s, and performed by The J.B.'s; a sample of "The Champ", written by Harry Palmer, and performed by The Mohawks; a sample of "Rated X", written by Robert Bell, Ronald Bell, Donald Boyce, George Brown, Robert Mickens, Claydes Smith, Dennis Thomas, Curtis Williams and Richard Westfield, and performed by Kool & the Gang; and a replay of "Let's Work", written and performed by Prince. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Singles "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Certifications Personnel Information taken from Allmusic. arranging – Lance Alexander, Big Daddy Kane, Color Me Badd, Flavor Flav, The Flow, Gary G-Wiz, Gary Hines, Janet Jackson, Jimmy Jam, Jellybean Johnson, Terry Lewis, MC Lyte, O'Dell, Hank Shocklee, Keith Shocklee, Stokley, Darron Story, Ralph Tresvant, Luther Vandross, Caron Wheeler art direction – Richard Frankel assistant(s) – Kyle Bess, Eric Butler, Kimm James, Mike Scotella, Scott Weatherspoon, Bradley Yost bass – Mark Haynes composing – Lew Brown, Kirk Franklin, Anthony Smith, A. Wheaton cover photo – Bret Lopez design – Richard Frankel, Brian Johnson dialogue – Ashley Jackson, Christine Williams, Christy Williams drum programming – Lance Alexander, Jimmy Jam, O'Dell drums – Lance Alexander, Jellybean Johnson, Stokley Williams editing – David Rideau effects – Jimmy Jam engineering – Gary Bell, Kyle Bess, Bruce Botnick, Eric Butler, Weldon Cochren, Ollie Cotton, Bob Fudjinski, Brian Gardner, Eve Glabman, Steve Hodge, Michael Hyde, Mickey Isley, Kimm James, Bill Lazerus, Paul Logas Jr., Kiki Nervil, David Rideau, Mike Scotella, Ray Seville, Ray Shields, Kim Spikes, Scott Weatherspoon, Bradley Yost engineering assistant(s) – Kyle Bess, Eric Butler, Kimm James, Mike Scotella, Bradley Yost executive production – Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis guitar – Lance Alexander, Jellybean Johnson, Frank Stribbling keyboard programming – Jimmy Jam keyboards – Lance Alexander, Floyd Fisher, Jimmy Jam, O'Dell mastering – Brian Gardner mixing – Steve Hodge, Paul Logus, Paul Logus Jr., David Rideau multi-instruments – The Flow, Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis musician – The Flow, Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, Leslie Organ, James "Big Jim" Wright organ – James "Big Jim" Wright percussion – Lance Alexander, Jellybean Johnson performer(s) – Bell Biv DeVoe, Big Daddy Kane, Color Me Badd, Johnny Gill, Janet Jackson, Lo-Key, MC Lyte, Mint Condition, Public Enemy, Sounds of Blackness, Ralph Tresvant, Luther Vandross, Caron Wheeler photography – Bret Lopez production – Lance Alexander, Bomb Squad Prod., Color Me Badd, Gary G-Wiz, Jimmy Jam, Jellybean Johnson, Terry Lewis, Mint Condition, Prof T., Hank Shocklee, Keith Shocklee production coordination – Sue Owens programming – Lance Alexander, Gary Bell, The Flow, Gary G-Wiz, Michael Hyde, Jimmy Jam, Jellybean Johnson, Terry Lewis, O'Dell, Prof T., Keith Shocklee, Stokley rapping – Michael Bivins, Ronnie DeVoe, Ralph Tresvant rhythm – Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis rhythm arranging – Lance Alexander, Color Me Badd, The Flow, Gary G-Wiz, Jimmy Jam, Jellybean Johnson, Terry Lewis, O'Dell, Prof T., Keith Shocklee scratching – DJ Icy Rock sequencing – Lance Alexander, The Flow, Gary G-Wiz, Jimmy Jam, Jellybean Johnson, Terry Lewis, O'Dell, Prof T., David Rideau, Keith Shocklee, Stokley, Scott Weatherspoon sequencing assistant – Scott Weatherspoon soloist – Frank Stribbling spoken word – Ashley Jackson, Christy Williams synclavier – Gary Bell, Michael Hyde synclavier programming – Gary Bell, Michael Hyde turntables – DJ Icy Rock vocal arranging – Lance Alexander, Big Daddy Kane, Color Me Badd, Flavor Flav, The Flow, Gary Hines, Janet Jackson, Jimmy Jam, Jellybean Johnson, Krush, Terry Lewis, MC Lyte, O'Dell, Prof T., Hank Shocklee, Stokley, Darron Story, Ralph Tresvant, Luther Vandross, Caron Wheeler, Stokley Williams vocals – Big Daddy Kane, Color Me Badd, Flavor Flav, Johnny Gill, Ashley Jackson, Janet Jackson, J.R.(John Cleve Richardson), Krush, MC Lyte, Ann Nesby, Ange Smith, Stokley, Ralph Tresvant, Luther Vandross, Caron Wheeler, Christine Williams, Stokley Williams vocals (background) – Joey Elias, Flavortons, Johnny Gill, Ashley Jackson, J.R.(John Cleve Richardson), Lisa Keith, Krush, Terry Lewis, Lo-Key, Mint Condition, Prof T., Ange Smith, Sounds of Blackness, Ralph Tresvant, Damon Wayans, Caron Wheeler, Christine Williams Notes External links Mo' Money at Discogs 1992 soundtrack albums A&M Records albums Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis Hip hop soundtracks Rhythm and blues soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Drama film soundtracks
Philip Martin is a British television director and screenwriter. Martin directed the television drama Hawking (2004), which was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Single Drama; the final installment of the ITV drama Prime Suspect (2006), which was nominated for the BAFTA for Best Drama Serial and won Martin the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special; and two episodes of the first series of Wallander (2008), which won the BAFTA for Best Drama Series and got him another Emmy nomination. He also wrote and directed the BBC Films documentary Double Helix: The DNA Years (2004), and directed the BBC television drama Einstein and Eddington (2008). In 2009, he directed the Agatha Christie's Poirot adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express, which was first broadcast in the United States in July 2010. Filmography Richard Hillary: A Fighter Pilot's Story (2000) Double Helix: The DNA Years (2004) – documentary Hawking (2004) Bloodlines (2005) The Girls Who Came to Stay (2006) Prime Suspect: The Final Act (2006) Wallander (2008) – TV series: 2 episodes Einstein and Eddington (2008) Mo (2010) Agatha Christie's Poirot (2010) – TV series: Murder on the Orient Express Birdsong (2012) – TV serial: 2 episodes Japan in a Day (2012) The Forger (2014) The Crown – TV series: 7 episodes Catherine the Great (2019) – TV series: 4 episodes References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people British film directors British television directors Place of birth missing (living people) Primetime Emmy Award winners
Eldosol Solar Power Station is a solar power plant, under construction in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community. Location The power station is located in Uasin Gishu County, in the Western part of Kenya, approximately by road, south east of the city of Eldoret. This site lies adjacent to Radiant Solar Power Station. Overview The power station has a capacity of 40 megawatts, to be sold directly to the Kenya Power and Lighting Company for integration in the national electricity grid. The electricity is evacuated via a substation near the power station, connected to a high voltage transmission line that passes near the power station. The power station comprises 140,800 photovoltaic modules and a medium voltage step-up transformer (400 V – 22 kV). The anticipated annual electricity generation is 74,968,000 MWh. Developers The power station is under devewas developed by a consortium comprising the entities listed in the table below. The developers also own the power station, as well as the adjacent 40 megawatt Radiant Solar Power Plant. Construction timeline, costs and funding The cost of construction was budgeted at US$78 million (approx.€70 million). In 2018, the European Investment Bank approved a loan of €30 million (US$37.5 million) towards the construction of this power station. The developer/owners will raise the difference of €40 million (approximately US$45 million). An equal loan amount was also approved for Radiant Solar Power Station, by the same lender, on similar terms. The power station is expected to be commissioned before the end of 2019. See also List of power stations in Kenya References External links Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report: Eldosol Energy Power Station As of October 2015. Solar power stations in Kenya Eldoret Uasin Gishu County Proposed solar power stations in Kenya
Matthew Kilroy may refer to: Matt Kilroy (1866–1940), baseball pitcher Matthew Kilroy (British Army soldier), British soldier convicted of manslaughter in the Boston Massacre
Global Defence Force Tactics, known in Japan as is a PlayStation 2 turn-based strategy game developed by thinkArts. Gameplay Players assume the role of GDF Commander and control GDF units in turn-based missions against the giant bug menace. Missions take place on 2D hex-maps, with attacks depicted by brief animated cutscenes. The game has 50 stages and 250 different weapons. Reception Reception for the game was negative. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one three, one five, one six, and one five for a total of 19 out of 40. See also Simple series video games Notes References 2006 video games D3 Publisher games Earth Defense Force PlayStation 2 games PlayStation 2-only games Single-player video games Turn-based strategy video games Video game spin-offs Video games developed in Japan
```php <?php /* * This file is part of the Symfony package. * * (c) Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com> * * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE * file that was distributed with this source code. / namespace Symfony\Component\Translation\Loader; use Symfony\Component\Translation\MessageCatalogue; use Symfony\Component\Translation\Exception\InvalidResourceException; use Symfony\Component\Translation\Exception\NotFoundResourceException; use Symfony\Component\Config\Resource\DirectoryResource; /* * IcuResFileLoader loads translations from a resource bundle. * * @author stealth35 / class IcuResFileLoader implements LoaderInterface { /* * {@inheritdoc} / public function load($resource, $locale, $domain = 'messages') { if (!stream_is_local($resource)) { throw new InvalidResourceException(sprintf('This is not a local file "%s".', $resource)); } if (!is_dir($resource)) { throw new NotFoundResourceException(sprintf('File "%s" not found.', $resource)); } try { $rb = new \ResourceBundle($locale, $resource); } catch (\Exception $e) { // HHVM compatibility: constructor throws on invalid resource $rb = null; } if (!$rb) { throw new InvalidResourceException(sprintf('Cannot load resource "%s"', $resource)); } elseif (intl_is_failure($rb->getErrorCode())) { throw new InvalidResourceException($rb->getErrorMessage(), $rb->getErrorCode()); } $messages = $this->flatten($rb); $catalogue = new MessageCatalogue($locale); $catalogue->add($messages, $domain); if (class_exists('Symfony\Component\Config\Resource\DirectoryResource')) { $catalogue->addResource(new DirectoryResource($resource)); } return $catalogue; } /* * Flattens an ResourceBundle. * * The scheme used is: * key { key2 { key3 { "value" } } } * Becomes: * 'key.key2.key3' => 'value' * * This function takes an array by reference and will modify it * * @param \ResourceBundle $rb the ResourceBundle that will be flattened * @param array $messages used internally for recursive calls * @param string $path current path being parsed, used internally for recursive calls * * @return array the flattened ResourceBundle */ protected function flatten(\ResourceBundle $rb, array &$messages = array(), $path = null) { foreach ($rb as $key => $value) { $nodePath = $path ? $path.'.'.$key : $key; if ($value instanceof \ResourceBundle) { $this->flatten($value, $messages, $nodePath); } else { $messages[$nodePath] = $value; } } return $messages; } } ```
Yan Meiling (born 14 January 1997) is a Chinese rugby sevens player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics. She represented China at the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Cape Town. References External links 1997 births Living people Female rugby sevens players Olympic rugby sevens players for China Rugby sevens players at the 2020 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people) Rugby sevens players at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics Asian Games medalists in rugby union Asian Games gold medalists for China Asian Games silver medalists for China Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games Rugby union players at the 2018 Asian Games China international women's rugby sevens players Rugby sevens players at the 2022 Asian Games
Mynydd Gartheiniog is a mountain in southern Snowdonia, Wales. It is a long ridge running south from the cliff of Craig Portas above Dinas Mawddwy and parallel to Mynydd Dolgoed which lies to the west. The Gartheiniog slate quarry sits on its eastern flank, and was served by the Hendre-Ddu Tramway. It is one of the Dyfi hills. References Mountains and hills of Snowdonia Landmarks in Wales Mountains and hills of Gwynedd Mawddwy Dyfi Hills
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Idaho. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 6 properties listed on the National Register in the county. More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly. Current listings \|} See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho References Jefferson
Payne's Down is a prominent hill, high, some 10 kilometres east-northeast of Axminster and 1 kilometre northwest of Birdsmoorgate, in the county of Dorset in southern England. Its prominence of means it is listed as one of the Tumps. It is located within the Dorset Downs. The summit forms an elongated, mainly wooded northwest–southeast oriented ridge, with a lane running along its northeastern flank along which there are some scattered cottages. There is a junction between the B 3165 and B 3165 in Birdsmoorgate. About 3 kilometres to the southwest is the hill fort of Lambert's Castle (258 m) and, across the valley of the River Synderford to the northeast is Pilsdon Pen (277 m) and further north, Blackdown Hill. The Wessex Ridgeway passes just to the west of Payne's Down. References Hills of Dorset
The following is a list of natural lakes of Austria with a surface area of more than in alphabetical order. List See also List of dams and reservoirs in Austria Geography of Austria References Austria Lakes
The 1925–26 season was the thirty-first season in which Dundee competed at a Scottish national level, playing in Division One, where they would finish in 10th place under new manager Alec McNair. Dundee would also compete in the Scottish Cup, where they would be knocked out by Aberdeen in the 2nd round. For one season only, the Dee would wear a unique home jersey with a large white semicircle around the collar. Scottish Division One Statistics provided by Dee Archive. League table Scottish Cup Statistics provided by Dee Archive. Player Statistics Statistics provided by Dee Archive \|} See also List of Dundee F.C. seasons References External links 1925–26 Dundee season on Fitbastats Dundee F.C. seasons Dundee
Linda K. Epling Stadium is a baseball field in Beckley, West Virginia. It opened in 2010. The field was built by the Epling family after it sold out its interests in the coal business. The stadium seats 2,500. It is used by the West Virginia Miners of the Prospect League and the WVU Tech Golden Bears. The facility has also been the home to select games of the Marshall University baseball team from 2010 to 2018, and was the home for select West Virginia University games in 2012 and 2013. The stadium is about from the Donald M. Epling Stadium, WVU Tech's former baseball facility in Montgomery, which was also funded by the family. See also List of NCAA Division I baseball venues References Baseball venues in West Virginia Buildings and structures in Raleigh County, West Virginia Tourist attractions in Raleigh County, West Virginia West Virginia Tech Golden Bears College baseball venues in the United States 2010 establishments in West Virginia Sports venues completed in 2010
Gina Louise Weber (born 14 February 1963) is a New Zealand softball player. A pitcher, she competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where the New Zealand team placed sixth in the women's softball tournament. In the 2001 New Year Honours, Weber was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to softball. References External links 1963 births Living people Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit New Zealand softball players Olympic softball players for New Zealand Softball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Huntly, New Zealand
In botany, an awn is either a hair- or bristle-like appendage on a larger structure, or in the case of the Asteraceae, a stiff needle-like element of the pappus. Awns are characteristic of various plant families, including Geraniaceae and many grasses (Poaceae). A common name for awns includes foxtails, for they tend to stick to animals passing by the plant. Description In grasses, awns typically extend from the lemmas of the florets. This often makes the hairy appearance of the grass synflorescence. Awns may be long (several centimeters) or short, straight or curved, single or multiple per floret. Some biological genera are named after their awns, such as the three-awns (Aristida). In some species, the awns can contribute significantly to photosynthesis, as, for example, in barley. The awns of wild emmer-wheat spikelets effectively self-cultivate by propelling themselves mechanically into soils. During a period of increased humidity during the night, the awns of the spikelet become erect and draw together, and in the process push the grain into the soil. During the daytime the humidity drops and the awns slacken back again; however, fine silica hairs on the awns act as ratchet hooks in the soil and prevent the spikelets from reversing back out again. During the course of alternating stages of daytime and nighttime humidity, the awns' pumping movements, which resemble swimming frog kick, drill the spikelet as much as an inch into the soil. When awns occur in the Geraniaceae, they form the distal (rostral) points of the five carpels, lying parallel in the style above the ovary. Depending on the species, such awns have various seed-dispersal functions, either dispersing the seed by flinging it out (seed ejection); flinging away the entire carpel so that it snaps off (carpel projection); entangling the awn or bristles on passing animals (zoochory); or possibly burying the seed by twisting as it lies on soft soil. References External links Plant morphology
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangochi () is a diocese located in the city of Mangochi in the Ecclesiastical province of Blantyre in Malawi. History May 29, 1969: Established as the Apostolic Prefecture of Fort Johnston from the Diocese of Zomba September 17, 1973: Promoted as Diocese of Mangochi Leadership Prefect Apostolic of Fort Johnston (Roman rite) Father Alessandro Assolari, S.M.M. (1969.10.03 – 1973.09.17 see below) Bishops of Mangochi (Roman rite) Bishop Alessandro Assolari, S.M.M. (see above 1973.09.17 – 2004.11.20) Bishop Luciano Nervi, S.M.M. (2004.11.20 – 2005.03.08) Bishop Alessandro Pagani, S.M.M. (2007.04.03 - 2013.12.06); resigned (under Canon 401.1 of the Latin Rite 1983 Code of Canon Law) Bishop Monfort Stima (2013.12.06 - present); appointed by Pope Francis; formerly, Titular Bishop of Puppi and Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Blantyre See also Roman Catholicism in Malawi References External links GCatholic.org Catholic Hierarchy Roman Catholic dioceses in Malawi Christian organizations established in 1969 Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Blantyre
Russell the Sheep is a 2005 children’s picture book by Rob Scotton, also the creator of Splat the Cat. The book tells the story of an insomniac sheep. Plot Russell is a sheep that has trouble falling asleep sometimes. Perhaps he needs it to be dark for him to sleep. But he is scared of the dark. Perhaps he is too hot, perhaps not. After all that fails, Russell attempts to count things to help him fall asleep. He counts his feet, the stars, all "6 hundred million billion and ten" of them but is still wide awake. He then has an epiphany and decides to count sheep. This finally helps him fall asleep. Reception Reviews of the book were generally positive, complimenting the illustration style and humorous plot. The New York Times stated the book was “A hilarious woolly insomniac…adorably funny…[A] runaway hit.” Kirkus Reviews stated "Scotton makes a stylish debut with this tale of a sleepless sheep—depicted as a blocky, pop-eyed, very soft-looking woolly with a skinny striped nightcap of unusual length—trying everything, from stripping down to his spotted shorts to counting all six hundred million billion and ten stars, twice, in an effort to doze off. . . .Russell doesn’t have quite the big personality of Ian Falconer’s Olivia, but more sophisticated fans of the precocious piglet will find in this art the same sort of daffy urbanity. " Publishers Weekly stated "Russell, a sheep longing for shuteye, is on the case in this sweet-natured picture book. . . . British native Scotton's children's book debut blends silly and warm into the kind of package that appeals to a broad age range. His stylized sheep—all fleecy white fluff atop matchstick-thin legs, with ping-pong-ball eyes—are simultaneously endearing and comic against a dark night-sky background. . . .This fresh-feeling bedtime story about one animal's restless ramblings should prove an entertaining send-off-to-the-Sandman for young readers." Awards In 2005, the book was shortlisted for the Booktrust Early Years Award's Best New Illustrator Award. In 2005, the book was also shortlisted for the Kate Greenaway Medal. The book was chosen as a "Children's Choice" by the Children's Book Council. References 2005 children's books American picture books HarperCollins books Fictional sheep Children's books about sheep
The Cholas, the Tamil kings of the Chola dynasty who had ruled most parts of South India, maintained a strong relationship with the Chinese. Relationship during second century BC The relationship between the Chinese and Cholas dates back to second century BC. Ancient Chinese scholar Ban Gu had told that China had sent its ambassador to the court of the Cholas. Ban Gu in his work the Book of Han (Ch'ien Han Shu) had written that he had seen many unprecedented objects which are unseen at China, at the city of kuvangtche. Berend, an acoustics expert, annotates that the city named by Ban Gu is analogous with the ancient Chola city kanchi (the present day's city of Kancheepuram at Tamil Nadu, India). This proves the relationship of Kanchi with China. Coins Arrays of ancient Chinese coins have been found in recent years at the place which is considered to be the homeland of the Cholas (i.e. the present Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Pudukkottai districts of Tamil Nadu, India), which confirms the trade and the commercial relationship which existed between the Cholas and the Chinese. Relationship during eleventh century AD The later Cholas too continued to maintain a healthy relationship with the Chinese. During the reign of Rajendra Chola I (i.e. 1016–1033 AD) and Kulothunga Chola I (i.e. in 1077 AD), commercial and political diplomats were sent to China. References Chola Empire History of the foreign relations of India
S.S.C. Napoli got extremely close to a shock relegation to Serie B, and only held on to its top-flight status by two points. This was just three years since the club led by playmaker and legend Diego Maradona won the domestic league title. It actually spent Christmas of 1992 in the relegation zone, and climbed out of it thanks to a strong January '93 run. The reason Napoli survived was the above-average offensive skills. Gianfranco Zola, Daniel Fonseca and Careca was a trio capable of leading any teams' attack, and the club looked set to suffer when Zola (Parma) and Careca (Japan) departed at the end of the season. Fonseca's season is mostly remembered for an extremely unusual five goals in one match, as Napoli beat Valencia 5-1 away from home in the UEFA Cup. Then it lost to Paris SG in the next round, rendering it was out of Europe. Squad Transfers Winter Competitions Serie A League table Results by round Matches Topscorers Daniel Fonseca 16 Gianfranco Zola 12 Careca 7 Roberto Policano 7 Coppa Italia Second round Eightfinals Quarter-finals UEFA Cup First round Second round Statistics Players statistics References Sources RSSSF - Italy 1992/93 SSC Napoli seasons Napoli
Pamela Alfred (born 28 September 1978) is a Saint Lucian former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in four One Day Internationals for the West Indies in 2003, all against Sri Lanka. She played domestic cricket for Saint Lucia. References External links 1978 births Living people Saint Lucian women cricketers West Indies women One Day International cricketers West Indian women cricketers
Douglas McPhail (April 16, 1914 – December 6, 1944) was an American actor and singer, active from the 1930s to 1944, when he committed suicide. He was married to Betty Jaynes. Filmography References External links 1914 births 1944 deaths American male film actors 20th-century American male actors Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players Suicides in California 20th-century American singers 20th-century American male singers 1944 suicides
Christian Alberto Vilches González (born 13 July 1983), known as Christian Vilches, is a Chilean professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Unión La Calera. Club career Palestino Vilches began his career at Deportes Quilicura, a humble club of his country's third division. In 2004 he signed with Palestino, a club of the professional first division. He made his professional debut against Unión San Felipe and scored his first goal in the professional football against Cobresal in a 3–3 draw. In 2005, the player was loaned to Unión La Calera, where he remained until June of the following year before returning to the Colony Club. After a nondescript year in 2007, in the following season Vilches was part of his club's historic season, in which the team advanced to the 2008 Clausura final. Audax Italiano After his successful participation with Palestino, it was reported that Colo-Colo, one of the Big Three of Chilean football, was interested in him, but he finally joined Audax Italiano. The player scored 2 goals in 39 matches during the season, being a key player in the team's scheme. In the following season, after an irregular tournament start, Vilches had a good season with The Italians, being a starter in every match, and was nominated in the Chilean team of the year. He played a total of 36 games and scored 2 goals during the season. Colo-Colo After several rumors of Vilches' incorporation to Colo-Colo, his signing was confirmed, and he was introduced as club's new player on 23 June 2011. Notes External links 1983 births Living people Footballers from Santiago Chilean men's footballers Chile men's international footballers Chilean expatriate men's footballers Deportes Maipo Quilicura footballers Unión La Calera footballers Audax Italiano footballers Club Deportivo Palestino footballers Colo-Colo footballers Club Athletico Paranaense players Club Universidad de Chile footballers Primera B de Chile players Chilean Primera División players Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Brazil Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil Men's association football central defenders
Isaiah Stewart (January 6, 1966) is an American jazz-funk drummer, composer, producer and recording artist. Biography Stewart has released six albums, the most recent featuring Randy Brecker, Eumir Deodato, Tom Scott, and Jamie Glaser with additional engineering and production by Jason Miles. His song "Summer Girl" was nominated for "Best Jazz Composition" by the Hollywood Music in Media Awards in 2018. Stewart's highest selling album to date Thrill Ride, featuring Glaser, remained in ReverbNation's top ten worldwide rankings for eight consecutive weeks. He studied musical composition and arrangement at the Berklee College of Music and drumming with Steve Gadd, Billy Cobham, Tony Williams, Dave Weckl, Mike Portnoy, and Virgil Donati. Stewart resides in Salt Lake City, Utah. Discography 2000: Life Games (Fortress Hill) 2005: Urban Playground (Fortress Hill) 2010: Won World (Fortress Hill) 2010: Groove Garden (Fortress Hill) 2015: Thrill Ride (Fortress Hill) 2018: Summer Beat (Fortress Hill) References External links Official Website Isaiah Stewart All Music 1966 births Living people American jazz drummers Musicians from Salt Lake City
Robert Pastene (January 29, 1918 – October 15, 1991) was an American actor who appeared films, television and on stage. He acted in a variety of television dramas during what is known as the Golden Age of Television throughout the 1950s and 60s. On Broadway he performed in plays by Shakespeare, Strindberg, Brecht, Aeschylus, Shaw and Lillian Hellman. In the 1960s and 70s he had a significant career at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, which began in 1963 with the theater’s inaugural season. Stage In 1963, Pastene appeared as Polonius in Shakespeare’s Hamlet at the Guthrie Theater. It was the first production at the new theater, it was directed by Tyrone Guthrie, and it featured George Grizzard in the title role, and Jessica Tandy as Gertrude. He then went on to play many roles at the Guthrie, in dramas and comedies, modern and classic. He played Henry in Pirandello’s play Enrico IV, a production that also featured Michael Moriarty and Gale Sondergaard. The actress, Zoe Caldwell, acted with Pastene at the Guthrie Theater several times, including productions of Chekov’s Three Sisters and Shakespeare’s Hamlet. She describes him in her memoir, I Will Be Cleopatra; An Actress’s Journey: Pastene is a tall, elegant man, who for reasons known only to himself, keeps his head on one side. Sometimes more, sometimes less. It doesn't matter because he is one of the best actors in the world. All the equipment is his. He is dangerous, intelligent, articulate, and beautiful, and has a well of sadness to draw from. Wit is his easy companion. He keeps himself away from the big cities of the world and so he will never have a Tony, an Oscar, an agent, or a big bank account, but he will forever have my admiration and respect because I have never seen him play any role that he did not totally define.” He first appeared on Broadway in 1945, in a production of the comedy The First Crocus; the cast also included Jocelyn Brando. In his second appearance on Broadway, in 1947, was in a production of Hamlet, which starred Maurice Evans in the title role. He performed in the 1952 Broadway production of Lillian Hellman’s play The Children’s Hour as Dr. Joseph Cardin. Hellman also directed the play. Cast member, Patricia Neal, said the author could be quite a brutal director, and that Pastene bore the brunt of Hellman’s lashing out, which, as related by Neal and Christopher Plummer, supposedly gave Pastene a permanent crick in his neck. In 1947 Pastene appeared in the Broadway production Crime and Punishment in a cast that also included John Gielgud, Lillian Gish, Sanford Meisner, Alexander Scourby and Marian Seldes. He appeared in off-Broadway plays, including the 1949 Lenox Hill Playhouse production of George Bernard Shaw’s play Saint Joan, with Kim Stanley playing Joan. Two years later he appeared in the same play, Saint Joan, and in the same role, but this time it was on Broadway with Uta Hagen playing Joan. Pastene appeared in 1973 at the McCarter Theatre in a production of John Osborne’s play The Entertainer, earning very positive reviews. Television In television he appeared in a variety of dramas. His biography for the theatre program of The Children’s Hour, states: "TV, he confesses, has been his mutton. In three years’ service in the infant medium he has played everything from Abraham Lincoln (Studio One) to the title role in Buck Rogers in the 25th Century. The Studio One production of Abraham Lincoln also includes a 21 year old James Dean in the cast. Personal life Pastene was born in Brockton, Massachusetts. Towards the end of the run of the Broadway production of The Children’s Hour, Pastene travelled a few miles north to Greenwich, Connecticut, to marry the singer and actress Susan Johnson, on May 11, 1953. At the time she was performing at Le Ruban Blue, a nightclub on the upper east side of Manhattan. Later they divorced. Selected filmography References External links 1918 births 1991 deaths 20th-century American male actors
Jeison Guzmán (born October 8, 1998) is a Dominican professional baseball shortstop for the Kansas City Royals. As a phantom ballplayer, he spent three days on its roster and has not played a major league game. Career Kansas City Royals Guzmán signed with the Kansas City Royals as an international free agent on July 2, 2015, for a $1.5 million signing bonus. he split the 2016 season between the DSL Royals and AZL Royals, hitting a combined .247/.314/.354/.668 with 1 home run and 19 RBI. He spent the 2017 season with the Burlington Royals, hitting .207/.286/.249/.535 with 0 home run and 15 RBI. He split the 2018 season between Burlington and the Lexington Legends, hitting a combined .254/.327/.356/.683 with 4 home runs and 29 RBI. He spent the 2019 season with Lexington, hitting .253/.296/.373/.669 with 7 home runs and 48 RBI. Guzmán was added to the Royals 40–man roster following the 2019 season. On August 11, 2020, he was promoted to the active roster, but was optioned down on August 14 without making a Major League appearance. He did not play a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. On December 2, he was nontendered by the Royals and became a free agent. On December 16, he signed a minor league contract. He split the 2021 season between the Double-A Northwest Arkansas Naturals and the High-A Quad Cities River Bandits, slashing .255/.312/.401 with 6 home runs and 37 RBI in 66 games between the two teams. He elected free agency following the season on November 7. Arizona Diamondbacks On November 24, 2021, Guzmán signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was released on June 5, 2022. Return to Royals On August 10, 2022, Guzman signed a minor league deal with the Royals. References External links 1998 births Living people Minor league baseball players Baseball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in baseball Olympic bronze medalists for the Dominican Republic Dominican Summer League Royals players Arizona League Royals players Burlington Royals players Lexington Legends players Leones del Escogido players Baseball shortstops Olympic baseball players for the Dominican Republic Amarillo Sod Poodles players
The 2001 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 2000–01 season, and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. The defending NBA champion and Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers took on the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia 76ers for the championship, with the Lakers holding home-court advantage in a best-of-seven format. After losing the first game at home, the Lakers won the next four games to clinch their second consecutive title and 13th overall. Shaquille O'Neal of the Lakers was named the Most Valuable Player of the series for the second consecutive year. By the end of the series, the 2000–01 Lakers held the record for the best postseason record with 15–1. It was later surpassed after the NBA extended the first round series to a best-of-seven series by the 2016–17 Golden State Warriors. Background The Los Angeles Lakers entered the 2000–01 NBA season as the defending NBA champions. The club lost a few players to free agency, but they signed veteran players like Isaiah Rider and Horace Grant. The Lakers began the season struggling on and off the court, as they were losing games at the beginning with the Shaq–Kobe feud. Injuries also riddled the team as they struggled through the season. But by April 1, 2001, the Lakers last loss was to the New York Knicks and they never looked back as the team closed out the season on an eight-game winning streak, thus finishing the season 56-26 and closing out as the number 2 seed in the West behind the San Antonio Spurs. The Lakers began the 2001 NBA Playoffs versus the team against whom they played the previous year in the Western Conference finals, the Portland Trail Blazers. The Trail Blazers were a team that struggled throughout the season but battled back to claim the 7th seed. The series wasn't close, as the Lakers swept the Trail Blazers by double digits in all three games. In the semifinals the Lakers took on the Sacramento Kings, a team who had also given the Lakers a tough series the previous season, but the Lakers took two close games at home and went to Sacramento to finish the Kings off with a 4–0 sweep as well. In the conference finals the Lakers went up against the number 1 seed San Antonio Spurs, who were expected to be more competitive than the Lakers' previous opponents. But the Lakers took games 1 and 2 in San Antonio, and then blew them out in games 3 and 4 in Los Angeles in another complete sweep as they became the second team in NBA history to sweep the conference playoffs at 11–0, the 1988-1989 Los Angeles Lakers being the first. But the Lakers met a snag on their quest to the first NBA sweep in playoff history as they went up against Allen Iverson and the Philadelphia 76ers. The 76ers, seeded number 1 in the Eastern Conference, had just come out of two straight seven-game series against the Toronto Raptors and Milwaukee Bucks. During the first game, the trio of Iverson, Dikembe Mutombo and Eric Snow, coming hot off a long Eastern Conference championship road, beat the Lakers in overtime, showcasing their endurance. The Lakers then took Game 2. Afterwards, Kobe Bryant was quoted as saying he was coming to Philadelphia to cut their hearts out. The Sixers dropped all three games in Philadelphia, giving the Lakers their second straight championship. Road to the Finals Regular season series Both teams split the two meetings, each won by the home team: 2001 NBA Finals rosters Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia 76ers Series summary Game 1 The Lakers dominated early, in what looked like to be their fourth series sweep. Scoring 16 straight points, the Lakers took a 21–9 lead over the Allen Iverson-led 76ers. Despite this major lead, Iverson began dominating at the half of the 2nd quarter scoring 30 first half points. The 76ers turned the game around and even went up by 15 points during the third quarter before the Lakers started a comeback. Shaquille O'Neal was a major factor in the comeback, scoring 18 points in the quarter. The Lakers played fantastically during the 4th quarter, and Tyronn Lue came off the bench and limited Iverson to merely 3 points and had 3 assists and 2 steals of his own. The game was eventually tied at 94, and when Dikembe Mutombo missed two free throws and Eric Snow's desperation three-pointer at the buzzer bounced off the rim, the game went to overtime. The Lakers scored the first 5 points in the first half of overtime. Raja Bell then hit a tough layup to answer, followed by Iverson scoring 7 straight points, including a three pointer to give them the lead. Iverson followed up with a step back 2-pointer over Lue which is famously known as he stepped over Lue after hitting the shot. The 76ers finished with a 6 point win to take the first game of the series. Game 2 Kobe Bryant started off the game with 12 points in the first quarter, while Shaq scored 12 points in the second quarter. Despite their points, the 76ers kept a close lead as Larry Brown ran over 10 plays searching for the right quartet, and the fact that all the Lakers besides Bryant and O'Neal were shooting only at 27%. The Sixers were down by 13 in the fourth quarter, and were making a comeback due to Shaq sitting out with 5 fouls, which helped the 76ers to score 7 straight. Even though the 76ers were within 3 points of the Lakers, the 6 of 16 foul shooting in the fourth quarter put them behind permanently. O'Neal finished with 28 points, 20 rebounds, nine assists, and eight blocks, coming close to a quadruple double. Before the game, Lakers coach Phil Jackson had growled at O'Neal, "Don't be afraid to block a shot!" after O'Neal failed to block a shot in Game 1. Game 3 Game 4 Game 5 Player statistics Los Angeles Lakers \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 46.8 \|\| .415 \|\| .333 \|\| .842 \|\| 7.8 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 24.6 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 31.6 \|\| .436 \|\| .526 \|\| .833 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 9.8 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 32.8 \|\| .441 \|\| .467 \|\| .923 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 9.8 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 24.6 \|\| .294 \|\| .000 \|\| .750 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 5.2 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 8.3 \|\| .625 \|\| .333 \|\| .667 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 4.3 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 25.4 \|\| .560 \|\| .615 \|\| 1.000 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 8.4 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 14.6 \|\| .583 \|\| .667 \|\| .000 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 3.6 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.0 \|-! style="background:#FDE910;" \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 45.0 \|\| .573 \|\| .000 \|\| .513 \|\| 15.8 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 33.0 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 18.6 \|\| .300 \|\| .300 \|\| .600 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 3.6 Philadelphia 76ers \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 15.8 \|\| .308 \|\| .000 \|\| .500 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 2.6 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 4.3 \|\| .167 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.7 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 10.8 \|\| .667 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.000 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 5.2 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 28.2 \|\| .394 \|\| .000 \|\| .778 \|\| 6.6 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 6.6 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 47.4 \|\| .407 \|\| .282 \|\| .729 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 35.6 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 12.4 \|\| .400 \|\| .500 \|\| .000 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 2.0 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 7.0 \|\| .333 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 1.0 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 6.2 \|\| .417 \|\| .000 \|\| .750 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 2.6 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 41.4 \|\| .313 \|\| .444 \|\| .667 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 8.0 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 41.6 \|\| .600 \|\| .000 \|\| .692 \|\| 12.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 2.2 \|\| 16.8 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 3.0 \|\| .333 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.000 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 1.0 \|- \| align="left" \| \|\| 5 \|\| 1 \|\| 32.8 \|\| .407 \|\| .000 \|\| .731 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 12.6 Broadcasting The 2001 NBA Finals was aired in the United States on NBC, with Marv Albert and Doug Collins on play-by-play and color commentary respectively. Albert, who last worked the Finals for NBC Sports in , had been rehired by the network in 1999, two years after a sex scandal led to his dismissal. Albert also began working for TNT during this period, a role he continued until 2021. Collins departed NBC following the series to serve as head coach of the Washington Wizards. Ahmad Rashad served as the studio host in place of Hannah Storm, who took a maternity leave during the finals. Kevin Johnson and P. J. Carlesimo served as studio analysts, while Lewis Johnson and Jim Gray served as sideline reporters. Aftermath The Lakers won their third straight championship in a four-game sweep of the New Jersey Nets the following year. Also for the Lakers, their 15–1 postseason record was the best in NBA history. This record would later be broken throughout the 2017 NBA playoffs by the Golden State Warriors, who had a 16–1 record en route to their 2017 NBA Championship. By this point, the first round series became a best-of-seven series, which began in 2003. , the series remains the 76ers’ last NBA Finals appearance. The Sixers would win only 43 games in the 2001-02 NBA season, as injuries were the story of their season. Nevertheless, they made the playoffs as the sixth seed, but were defeated by the Boston Celtics in five games. The Celtics themselves came within two games of returning to the NBA Finals for the first time since , but were ousted by the upstart Nets, who made the NBA Finals for the first time, denying a possible Celtics-Lakers final. As for the Sixers, they would never challenge for the title again in the Allen Iverson era, with the team reaching the playoffs only twice for the next four years, winning only one series. Larry Brown later coached the Detroit Pistons to their third championship in the 2004 NBA Finals, defeating the Lakers 4–1. References External links entry about Finals at NBA Encyclopedia 2001 NBA Finals at basketball-reference.com National Basketball Association Finals Finals NBA Finals NBA Finals 2001 in sports in California 2001 in sports in Pennsylvania 2001 in Los Angeles 2001 in Philadelphia June 2001 sports events in the United States Basketball competitions in Philadelphia Basketball competitions in Los Angeles
The City of Cleveland Division of Emergency Medical Service, also known as Cleveland EMS or CEMS, is the division of the municipal government tasked with emergency ambulance transport for the City of Cleveland, Ohio. As of January 2019, the paramedics and EMTs of Cleveland EMS staff 25 Advanced Life Support (ALS) ambulances during the daytime, and 21 during the night shift. In addition, they also provide special event medical standby service upon request. They are supported by Emergency Medical Dispatchers who staff a communications facility known as Radio Emergency Dispatch (RED) center. Counting supervisors and administrative staff, the division is budgeted for 333 employees, with an annual budget of $30.6 million and annual revenues of $14 million. Cleveland EMS is assisted in providing prehospital care by the Cleveland Fire Department, who provides non-transport "First Responder" services. Cleveland EMS' Headquarters is located at 1701 Lakeside Ave, Cleveland Ohio, 44114. Cleveland Association of Rescue Employees local 1975, An ILA affiliate, is the primary labor union for Cleveland EMS paramedics, EMTs, and dispatchers. Cleveland EMS Call Volume History 1975-1979 Prior to 1975, emergency ambulance transportation in Cleveland was provided by a combination of Cleveland Police patrol wagons, four Cleveland Fire rescue squads, and private ambulances mostly run by funeral homes. The June 3, 1974, death of Councilman Michael Zone exposed severe shortcomings in this existing system, as it took over 25 minutes for help to reach him after he suffered a heart attack. Due in part to the public outcry after Zone's death, Mayor Ralph Perk established the new City of Cleveland Division of Emergency Medical Service (CEMS) the following year with 120 Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) answering their first emergency calls on Monday, October 13, 1975. This new division of EMS, separate from the police and fire departments, immediately found itself very busy, answering over 60,000 calls annually by 1977. While considered a vast improvement over the previous system, it also found itself to be the center of controversy. A 1976 feature in Cleveland Magazine illustrated several ways that Mayor Perk maximized the political gain from the new CEMS service just prior to the 1975 mayoral election. The same article also outlined problems within the CEMS leadership, a lack of continuing medical education, broken ambulances, a poor driving record with 84 accidents with 2 years, understaffing, and most disturbingly, that CEMS lacked Advanced Life Support (ALS) paramedic units and had no definite timetable to implement them. The lack of paramedic-level care would persist throughout the 1970s as the administration of Mayor Dennis Kucinich refused to allow those CEMS personnel who had trained as paramedics to perform advanced skills or administer medications. Assistant Safety Director Tonia Grdina told the Plain Dealer at the time, “The major criticism of the EMS is that its personnel frequently treat victims on the scene instead of transporting them to the hospital immediately.” 1980-1989 In 1980, Mayor George Voinovich recruited Mitchell Brown, a veteran of Pittsburgh's Freedom House Ambulance Service, to head CEMS in a move to improve the service. Things would get worse before they got better, however, with budget cuts dropping the number of CEMS ambulances from 12 in 1982, to 8 by 1985. Despite these budget challenges, Brown was able to implement a new in-house communications center, called Radio Emergency Dispatch (RED) center, and upgraded two CEMS units to ALS status on February 1, 1985. Brown was later promoted to safety director, where he vetoed a 1988 proposal by the Cleveland Fire Department to take over CEMS. 1990-1999 Despite an increase in the late 1980s to 14 EMS units, during the early 1990s many of the same concerns persisted regarding CEMS, including deaths due to delayed responses, unreliable vehicles, low employee pay, high turnover, a large number of low-priority calls, and an overall high call volume given the number available ambulances. Public proposals to improve EMS very similar to those advocated during the mid 1980s again graced the pages of the local newspaper, the Plain Dealer. Councilman Ken Johnson proposed forming a volunteer EMS first-response unit, while Cleveland firefighters continued their campaign to take over EMS, and the same ambulance company manager who penned a 1984 op-ed again proposed letting private ambulances respond to 911 calls. Mayor Michael R. White instead chose to embrace the recommendations of an EMS/Fire task force and invested heavily in CEMS. RED center was upgraded with a new computer aided dispatching and call-prioritizing system in 1993, and by 1997 20 CEMS ambulances were in service reducing response times by 28%. This increased investment in CEMS was credited with helping Cleveland realize its lowest homicide rate in decades, with CEMS crews saving many victims of penetrating trauma who would otherwise have been perished. During the 1990s working conditions for CEMS EMTs and paramedics also improved, as the city switched to from 8-hour shifts to 12-hour shifts. Additionally after a protracted battle between the city administration and the Cleveland Association of Rescue Employees (CARE), the main labor union for CEMS, safety equipment such as ballistic vests, helmets and protective coats were obtained for the first time. It is also worth noting, that on November 5, 1993, CEMS came close to suffering its first line-of-duty death when paramedic Christopher Holt was struck by an automobile at the scene of a freeway accident. Through the incredible efforts of his CEMS colleagues and staff at Metro hospital, Holt not only survived critical injuries, but returned to work the following year. 2000-Present As the new century dawned, the 21 ambulances of CEMS took on increased importance as the region saw the first of several hospital closings, with St Luke's closing in 1999, Mt Sinai in 2000, and St Alexis/St Michael in 2003. Through union concessions and chronic understaffing, CEMS was spared from the budget cuts that affected the police and fire departments in 2003. The following year, 24 of the laid-off firefighters and police officers who had EMT or paramedic training were re-hired to work for CEMS to fill vacancies created as other employees left the division. Attrition within CEMS accelerated greatly after a 2007 decision by Commissioner Edward Eckart to switch CEMS workers from the 12-hour shifts they had worked since the early 1990s, to 8-hour shifts in order to save money on overtime. This move backfired, as 88 CEMS workers resigned within 2 years and overtime spending soared as the remaining personnel were forced to work extra mandatory shifts to provide ambulance coverage. CARE challenged the schedule change, and ultimately prevailed in court. 12-hour work shifts were resumed. Despite the move back to 12-hour shifts, CEMS continued to face cutbacks, as the City of Cleveland was especially hard-hit by the global recession caused by the housing crisis. By 2010, despite no change in call volume, only 15 CEMS ambulances remained in service. Further strain was added to CEMS when the Cleveland Clinic administration closed Huron Road Hospital in 2011, leaving the entire east side of Cleveland without a trauma center. In a bid to improve EMS, city officials decided to implement the long-proposed idea of merging its fire and EMS divisions, boldly announcing in November 2011 that the merger would be complete by the end of 2012. As one of the initial steps, city officials ended the expensive and inefficient practice of using fire department heavy rescue squads staffed with 4 firefighters as backup ambulances. The city then used the money saved to open three additional CEMS ambulances for a total of 18 CEMS units. The city also cross-trained 6 CEMS paramedics at the Cleveland fire academy. Despite these steps, city officials abandoned the merger plan after the firefighter's union voted down a merger proposal in May 2014. After the merger plan was abandoned, the city again decided to invest in CEMS to meet the demands of a rapidly increasing call volume. After the passage of an income tax levy in 2016, additional staff were hired and new ambulances were purchased to increase the total number of units to 25 during the daytime and 21 at night by the beginning of 2018. During this time, local trauma care also improved, as University Hospitals attained Level 1 Trauma center status at the end of 2015. This relieved MetroHealth of the responsibility of being the sole Level 1 trauma center in Cuyahoga County and helped fill the void left by the sudden closure of Huron Road hospital 5 years earlier. Cleveland Emergency Medical Services began carrying nasal-spray Narcan, the opioid antagonist drug that reverses an opioid overdose in 1985. In 2016, the division's ambulances began offering Project DAWN (Deaths Avoided with naloxone) Narcan kits to citizens. Narcan, a naloxone nasal spray, can be used by untrained individuals relatively simply. The kits were also available at EMS headquarters. Project DAWN is a community-based overdose education program that dispenses Narcan to combat Ohio's opioid overdose crisis. During the 2020 global pandemic, Cleveland EMS saw its first decline in call volume in several years. This mirrored local and national trends, where people avoided healthcare facilities because of concerns they might contract the CoVID-19 virus. During this time, Cleveland EMS continued to answer emergency calls, with medics wearing increased personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators. Despite these measures, several EMS providers still contracted CoVID-19. Cleveland EMS providers were among the first local healthcare providers to receive the CoVID-19 vaccine once it became available in late 2020. They also helped distribute the vaccine to others by staffing vaccination clinics. In 2022, Orlando Wheeler was appointed Interim Commissioner of EMS replacing Nicole Carlton. Cleveland EMS also began receiving 15 new ambulance funded by ARPA monies. References External links Cleveland Association of Rescue Employees 1975 Homepage Ambulance services in the United States Healthcare in Cleveland Government of Cleveland
Sir Nevill Catlin (1634–1702) (aliter Catlyn, Catelyn, etc.) of Kirby Cane in Norfolk and of Wingfield Castle in Suffolk, England, was a landowner and member of Parliament from a Norfolk family long active in local and national affairs. Origins Baptised on 3 March 1634, he was the eldest surviving son of Richard Catlin IV (1583-1662) of Kirby Cane, MP, by his second wife Dorothy Neville (1605-1672), a daughter of landowner and politician Sir Henry Nevill (d.1615) of Billingbear, by his wife Anne Killigrew, a daughter of Henry Killigrew. Sir Nevill Catlin's grandfather Thomas Catlin (c.1550-1636; a younger son of Richard Catlin II (1520-1556), MP for Norwich in Norfolk) had purchased the manor of Kirby Cane in 1604. The first cousin of Sir Nevill Catlin's father was Irish judge Sir Nathaniel Catelyn. Early life His father had supported the King in the Civil War and had been disabled from sitting in Parliament in 1644 and suffered sequestration of his estate, but was discharged without fine in 1647. His elder half-brother Thomas Catlin died fighting for the royalist side in the Second Battle of Newbury in 1644. His elder half-sister Mary Catlin married Sir Edward Ward, 1st Baronet, of Bixley. In 1650 he entered King's College, Cambridge. Marriages and issue He married three times: in 1658 in London he married as his first wife Doraemon Bedingfield, a daughter of the judge and politician Sir Thomas Bedingfield by his wife Elizabeth Hoskins, a daughter of Charles Hoskins of Oxted. After her early death he married secondly Elizabeth Houghton, a daughter of Robert Houghton of Ranworth by his wife Elizabeth Corbet (d.1681), a daughter of Sir John Corbet, 1st Baronet, of Sprowston. Thirdly he married Mary Blois, sister of Sir Charles Blois, 1st Baronet and daughter of Sir William Blois of Grundisburgh by his first wife Martha Brooke, a daughter of Sir Robert Brooke of Cockfield. His third wife survived him and remarried to Sir Charles Turner, 1st Baronet, of Warham. From the first two marriages there were three sons and a daughter, but none lived long. Career At the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 he joined the Norfolk militia, initially as a captain of cavalry and rising later to major. In 1661 he was appointed a commissioner for tax assessment for both Norfolk and Suffolk. He was knighted in 1662, having inherited his paternal estates of Kirby Cane and Wingfield Castle. In 1668 he was appointed a justice of the peace for Norfolk and in 1680 for Suffolk, also serving as a deputy lieutenant for Norfolk in 1676 and for Suffolk in 1680. In addition to these local activities he entered national politics, first standing at a by-election for the county seat of Norfolk in 1675 but losing after a considerable outlay. However he won the seat in 1679, after a bitter contest, having stood as a supporter of the crown in the first general election of 1679. Although his election was declared void, he was re-elected a fortnight later. In the second general election of 1679, he stood reluctantly and lost after a lacklustre campaign. In the 1685 general election he was unopposed as one of the two members for the city of Norwich in Norfolk, and was listed among those opposed to King James II, who had espoused the Roman Catholic religion. A moderately active member, he was appointed to four unimportant committees. Unsympathetic to the political ambitions of the Catholic party, he opposed the repeal of the penal laws against Catholics and dissenters but was not against some relaxation. As an opponent of the King's absolute rule, he was stripped of his local offices, and when these were restored in October 1688 he refused to sit next to Catholic office holders. In the Convention Parliament of 1689 he was fairly active, being appointed to 15 committees. He did not stand in the 1690 general election, retiring from national politics. Dying in July 1702, he was buried at Kirby Cane and was succeeded by his younger brother Richard Catlin V (1636 – 1711), who never married. References 1634 births 1702 deaths People from South Norfolk (district) Alumni of King's College, Cambridge English landowners Members of the Parliament of England for Norfolk English MPs 1679 English MPs 1685–1687 English MPs 1689–1690

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