text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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Meydan Sar-e Keshteli (, also Romanized as Meydān Sar-e Keshtelī; also known as Meydān Sar) is a village in Gatab-e Shomali Rural District, Gatab District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 947, in 253 families.
References
Populated places in Babol County |
Sebaceous carcinoma, also known as sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGc), sebaceous cell carcinoma, and meibomian gland carcinoma is an uncommon malignant cutaneous tumor. Most are typically about 1.4 cm at presentation. SGc originates from sebaceous glands in the skin and, therefore, may originate anywhere in the body where these glands are found. SGc can be divided into 2 types: periocular and extraocular. The periocular region is rich in sebaceous glands making it a common site of origin. The cause of these lesions in the vast majority of cases is unknown. Occasional cases may be associated with Muir-Torre syndrome. SGc accounts for approximately 0.7% of all skin cancers, and the incidence of SGc is highest in Caucasian, Asian, and Indian populations. Due to the rarity of this tumor and variability in clinical and histological presentation, SGc is often misdiagnosed as an inflammatory condition or a more common neoplasm. SGc is commonly treated with wide local excision or Mohs micrographic surgery, and the relative survival rates at 5 and 10 years are 92.72 and 86.98%, respectively.
Epidemiology
SGc accounts for approximately 0.7% of all skin cancers and 0.2 to 4.6% of all malignant cutaneous neoplasms. Notable risk factors include age, gender, and race. Over 98% of SGc occur in patients over the age of 40. The mean age of diagnosis for periocular and extraocular SGc is around 67 years. Periocular SGc tends to be more common in women, while extraocular SGc tends to be more common in men. SGc is extraordinarily rare in children with only a few cases reported. There is a higher incidence of SGc in Caucasians, Asians, and Indians. While SGc affects Caucasians over 80% of the time, SGc tends to be more prevalent in the Eastern versus Western Hemisphere, contributing to 33% of eyelid malignancies in China versus 1–5.5% in Caucasians. The higher incidence of SGc in Asian populations may be due to the lower incidence of other eyelid tumors or genetic.
Presentation
Sebaceous carcinoma is a neoplastic growth of sebaceous glands. It is predominantly seen in the head and neck region given the high density of sebaceous glands in this region. The periocular region, which includes the meibomian, Zeis, and sebaceous glands of the caruncle and eyelid, is the most common site accounting for up to 75% of SGc. Meibomian glands are a type of sebaceous gland that lines the upper and lower eyelids and do not contain a follicle. The glands of Zeis contain the individual eyelash. The upper eyelid contains more meibomian glands than the lower eyelid and consequently, SGc is 2-3 times more common in the upper eyelid.
Periocular SGc most commonly presents as a yellow, hard, painless, subcutaneous nodule or papule, which may rapidly enlarge, and may be confused with chalazion, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or other inflammatory conditions of the eye.
Extraocular SGc accounts for approximately 25% of all SGc. commonly presents as a painless, red and brown or red and yellow, ulcerated papule on the head or neck and may mimic nonmelanoma skin cancers, molluscum contagiosum, adnexal neoplasms, or pyogenic granuloma.
The mean lesion size of periocular and extraocular SGc is approximately 1.4 cm.
Pathophysiology
SGc arises from the adnexal epithelium of sebaceous glands, most commonly the Meibomian glands or glands of Zeis. On histology, there are irregular lobules of different sizes with undifferentiated cells and distinct sebaceous cells with a foamy cytoplasm. The pathogenesis of SGc remains poorly understood. The majority of SGc are solitary and sporadic and believed to be associated with such factors as ultraviolet exposure, radiotherapy, and immunosuppression. Other SGc including those occurring outside of the head and neck region and the presentation of multiple at a time are believed to be associated with genetic defects including defects in mismatch repair genes, Muir–Torre syndrome (MTS), and familial retinoblastoma.
The observation of extraocular SGc arising from Bowen disease or actinic keratosis and the predisposition of SGc to arise in sun-exposed areas suggest a role for ultraviolet exposure or intraepidermal neoplasia in the pathogenesis of some SGc in sun-exposed areas. While there are markedly increased rates of cutaneous neoplasms in solid organ transplant recipients, there is evidence to suggest that solid organ transplantation may increase the risk of SGc up to 90 times. Others have observed a significantly increased risk of SGc in patients with AIDS, suggesting some role for immunosuppression. Reports have also shown the onset of SGc within the field of irradiation for patients undergoing radiotherapy for retinoblastoma, eczema, or cosmetic epilation. There are cases reported of SGc arising from nevus sebaceus.
MTS is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome characterized by multiple sebaceous and visceral neoplasms, the most common being colorectal adenocarcinoma. MTS results from defects in DNA mismatch repair genes, MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6, leading to a buildup of unstable microsatellite sequences and replication errors predisposing to various malignancies. Patients with MTS may present with numerous sebaceous tumors at a younger age (mean age of 53 years) and in atypical locations, including extraocular. The incidence of MTS in patients with sebaceous neoplasms as high as 14 to 50%.
Besides mutations in mismatch repair genes, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is known to be altered and play a significant role in the development of sebaceous tumors. Altered expression of beta-catenin, p21, sonic hedgehog signaling (Shh), and E-cadherin have been associated with invasion, metastasis, and poor clinical outcomes. More recently, mutations in tumor suppressor genes including p53 and Rb have been associated with the development of sporadic SGc as well as SGc in MTS patients with intact mismatch repair and subsets of younger patients presenting with SGc harboring transcriptionally active high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV).
Diagnosis
Due to the variable clinical and histological appearance of SGc, they are often misdiagnosed. There is no pathognomonic presentation of SGc often resulting in a delay of diagnosis of months to years. The average delay in diagnosis has been reported to be 1.0 – 2.9 years from expected onset of the lesion.
Patients with ocular sebaceous carcinomas present with nonhealing eyelid tumors that are often misdiagnosed for more common benign conditions such as chalazion, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or other inflammatory conditions. Extraocular SGc frequently appears similarly to skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and benign lesions such a molluscum contagiosum and pyogenic granuloma. SGc share a similar histological presentation to other cutaneous tumors, such as sebaceous adenomas, basal cell carcinomas (BCC), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and clear cell tumors. A high level of suspicion is extremely important to prevent treatment delay and increased mortality.
Given the aggressive growth and pagetoid spread of SGc, full thickness biopsy with microscopic examination is required for definitive diagnosis of sebaceous carcinomas. A full thickness biopsy of the eyelid (in suspected periocular SGc) includes the skin, tarsus, and palpebral conjunctiva. Map biopsies, taken from distinct areas of the conjunctiva are recommended in cases exhibiting pagetoid spread in order to determine the extent of disease. Different markers and stains help differentiate sebaceous carcinomas from other cancers. These markers include lipid stains such as oil red O stain and Sudan IV, and immunohistochemical stains.
Morphology
SGc is classified based on histopathological presentation, including cytoarchitecture, cytology, and pattern of growth. The lobular variant is the most common histological pattern followed by papillary, comedocarcinoma and mixed. Tumors may be also classified by differentiation, from poor to well differentiated. Well- and moderately differentiated sebaceous carcinoma tend to exhibit vacuolization within the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. This is known as sebocytic differentiation, where the vacuolization is caused by lipid containing cytoplasmic vacuoles that present as round clear areas in the cell. Periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma exhibits pagetoid (intraepithelial) spread, an upward growth of abnormal cells invading the epidermis, it is most often seen in the lid margin and/or conjunctiva. Periorbital SGc also presents with multicentric origins, in the upper and lower eyelids, increasing the risk of local recurrence.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry may be used to establish a definitive diagnosis, but it is not required with typical histopathological findings. SGc tumor cells stain positive with epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin -7 (CK-7), Ber-EP4, adipophilin, perilipin, and androgen receptor (AR). Meanwhile, SGc cells are negative for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), gross cystic disease fluid protein, and S100 protein, helping differentiate SGc from SCC and BCC. Immunohistochemistry may also be used to differentiate SGc from benign growths and certain markers may predict an increased chance of recurrence or metastasis including Ki-67, ALDH1, and AR.
Tissue immunohistochemistry is routinely used in evaluation of SGc to screen for MTS. The absence of staining for DNA mismatch repair MSH2, MSH6, and MLH1 may suggest a diagnosis of MTS and identify patients for further genetic testing. Patients with extraocular SGc and a Mayo MTS risk score greater than or equal to 2 (2 or more sebaceous tumors, age under 60 at presentation of sebaceous carcinoma, family history of any Lynch-related cancers, personal history of any Lynch-related cancers) should undergo genetic testing for MTS.
Staging
Periocular SGc is staged according to the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for eyelid carcinoma since it is primarily an eyelid tumor. No staging criteria exist for extraocular SGc, but the AJCC guidelines for nonmelanoma skin cancer or the eighth edition of the Union for International Cancer Control TNM staging system for skin carcinomas may be used.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Regional nodes are involved in as many as 10 to 28% of periocular SGc. Nodal involvement in extraocular SGc is less well studied. The rate of metastasis is approximately 4.4% for ocular SGc and 1.4% for extraocular SGc. Since periocular tumors have a higher rate of regional metastasis than extraocular tumors, SLNB is currently recommended for SGc stage T2c or higher according to the AJCC guidelines (10–20 mm in greatest dimension and involving the full thickness of the eyelid). SLNB is not routinely recommended for extraocular SGc. Treatment for nodal metastasis confirmed via SLNB involves advanced imaging studies (CT with or without PET scan), followed by removal of the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes, with adjuvant radiotherapy. However, it is important to note there has been no evidence of decreased mortality in those who had SLNB identified lymph node involvement. In addition, subsequent risks associated with surgical and radiotherapy may increase morbidity.
Treatment
Local SGc is most commonly managed with local resection and/or radiation therapy. Systemic therapy for metastatic disease is not well described, and may include conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapies (anti-androgen, EGFR inhibitors, and retinoid receptor ligands), and immunotherapy.
Surgical resection
Wide local excision and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) are the mainstay of treatment for both periocular and extraocular. Unlike wide local excision, MMS allows for precise and accurate removal of the tumor and complete assessment of margins. Furthermore, MMS is associated with significantly lower local and distant recurrence rates in both periocular and extraocular SGc, when compared to wide local excision. MMS also limits morbidity and is useful in cosmetically sensitive areas such as the face. According to the MMS appropriate use criteria (AUC), MMC may be considered for SGc in any location, unlike basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma, given the high recurrence rates and potentially aggressive nature of SGc.
Radiation therapy
Radiotherapy is associated with higher recurrence rates and mortality when compared to surgical excision. It is not recommended as a primary therapy and is only for patients who cannot undergo or refuse surgical excision. Potential adverse effects from radiation include keratitis, conjunctivitis, dry eyes, keratitis and loss of vision.
Chemotherapy
There is a limited amount of information on the effectiveness of chemotherapy for SGc, and it is not indicated for local disease. Few studies have shown topical adjuvant chemotherapy to be effective in treating SGc. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be used in advanced tumors to allow for local resection and to avoid highly morbid procedures, such as exenteration.
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy
Postsurgical adjuvant radiation therapy has been used in locally advanced primary tumors and those with positive margins or perineural invasion. Data on the role of adjuvant radiation therapy in the treatment of SGc is scarce, however, and recurrence following adjuvant radiation therapy has been reported.
Prognosis
Greater survival rates have been observed for ocular versus extraocular tumors and localized versus regional disease. The observed survival rates at 5 and 10 years are 78.20 and 61.72%, respectively, while the relative survival rates at 5 and 10 years are 92.72 and 86.98%, respectively. SGc is believed to spread through the blood and lymphatic system via three mechanisms: tumor growth, multifocal tumor proliferation and shedding of atypical epithelial cells that subsequently transplant in a distant site.
Due to difficulty in promptly diagnosing SGc, the rate of metastasis and recurrence is relatively high. The rate of metastasis is approximately 4.4% for periocular SGc and 1.4% for extraocular SGc. Periocular SGc frequently causes regional metastases resulting in a mortality rate of approximately 22%. Periocular SGc most commonly metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and rarely the lungs, liver, brain, or bone. Regional nodes are involved in as many as 10 to 28% of periocular SGc. Nodal involvement in extraocular SGc is less well studied. At the time of diagnosis nearly 25% of tumors will metastasize. In those with metastatic disease, survival decreases to approximately 50% at 5 years. Recurrence rates are higher in periocular vs extraocular tumors (4-37% and 4-29%, respectively). Other features associated with prognosis include tumor differentiation, androgen-receptor staining index, ALDH1 expression, Ki-67 positivity, and PD-1 expression. Poorly or undifferentiated tumors are more likely to have nodal involvement and are associated with higher mortality. Over time there has been a notable improvement in prognosis in those with SGc, which may be due to earlier recognition and improved treatment modalities.
See also
Sebaceous adenoma
Sebaceous hyperplasia
Sebaceoma
List of cutaneous neoplasms associated with systemic syndromes
References
External links
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts |
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha ("Ibrahim Pasha of Parga"; 1495 – 15 March 1536), also known as Frenk Ibrahim Pasha ("the Westerner"), Makbul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Favorite"), which later changed to Maktul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Executed") after his execution in the Topkapı Palace, was the first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire appointed by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
Ibrahim, born as Orthodox Christian, was enslaved during his youth. He and Suleiman became close friends in their youth. In 1523, Suleiman appointed Ibrahim as Grand Vizier to replace Piri Mehmed Pasha, who had been appointed in 1518 by Suleiman's father, the preceding sultan Selim I. Ibrahim remained in office for the next 13 years. He attained a level of authority and influence rivaled by only a handful of other grand viziers of the Empire, but in 1536, he was executed on Suleiman's orders and his property (much of which was gifted to him by the Sultan) was confiscated by the state.
Biography
Origin
Ibrahim was born to Orthodox Christian parents in Parga, Epirus, then part of the Republic of Venice. His ethnicity is unknown, but he probably originally spoke a Slavic dialect and also knew Greek and Albanian. His father was either a sailor or a fisherman. Some time between 1499 and 1502 he was captured in a raid by Iskender Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Bosnia, becoming a slave. He first met Prince Suleiman while residing at Iskender Pasha's estate near Edirne, most likely in 1514. It was then that he was taken into Suleiman's service.
Political career
After his rival Hain Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Egypt, declared himself independent of the Ottoman Empire and was executed in 1524, Ibrahim Pasha traveled south to Egypt in 1525 and reformed the Egyptian provincial civil and military administration system. He promulgated an edict, the Kanunname, outlining his system.
In a lavish ceremony in 1523, Ibrahim Pasha was married to Muhsine Hatun, the granddaughter of the same Iskender Pasha who had captured him more than two decades previously. This marriage appears to have been politically motivated as a method of integrating Ibrahim, an outsider, into the Ottoman elite. While Muhsine was initially skeptical about her new husband, they eventually formed a loving relationship. Although historians once believed that the woman Ibrahim married was Hatice Sultan, the sister of Sultan Suleiman, this had been based on scanty evidence and conjecture. As a result of research carried out by the historian Ebru Turan, including the discovery of multiple references to Muhsine in Venetian and Ottoman texts as well as a signed letter from her to Ibrahim, it is now accepted that Ibrahim's wife was Muhsine and not Hatice. They had at least a son, Mehmed Şah Bey.
His palace, which still stands on the west side of the Hippodrome in Istanbul, has been converted into the modern-day Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum.
On the diplomatic front, Ibrahim's work with Western Christendom was a complete success. Portraying himself as "the real power behind the Ottoman Empire", Ibrahim used a variety of tactics to negotiate favorable deals with the leaders of the Catholic powers. The Venetian diplomats even referred to him as "Ibrahim the Magnificent", a play on Suleiman's usual sobriquet. In 1533, he convinced Charles V to turn Hungary into an Ottoman vassal state. In 1535, he completed a monumental agreement with Francis I that gave France favorable trade rights within the Ottoman Empire in exchange for joint action against the Habsburgs. This agreement would set the stage for joint Franco-Ottoman naval maneuvers, including the basing of the Ottoman fleet in southern France (in Toulon) during the winter of 1543–1544.
Although Ibrahim Pasha had long since converted to Islam, he maintained some ties to his roots, even bringing his parents to live with him in the Ottoman capital, where they also converted to Islam. His father took the name Yusuf and joined the Ottoman elite, becoming a governor in Epirus.
As his power and wealth grew, so did his arrogance, and he behaved as if he were in charge, not the Sultan. This deeply troubled the Sultan's wife, Hurrem, who plotted Ibrahim's downfall. After a dinner with the Sultan on 5 March 1536, Ibrahim Pasha went to bed. Upon arrival to his room, he was seized, and killed. Thus, Hurrem became the chief political advisor to her husband, the Sultan.
In popular media
In the internationally popular Turkish television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha is portrayed by actor Okan Yalabık.
He appears as a unique Ottoman governor in the video game Civilization 6 in the Gathering Storm expansion.
See also
Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum, formerly Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha's palace
List of Ottoman grand viziers
List of Ottoman governors of Egypt
References
Bibliography
Jenkins, Hester Donaldson. Ibrahim Pasha: grand vizir of Suleiman the Magnificent (1911) online
pnline
1495 births
1536 deaths
16th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
16th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt
16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire
Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy
Executed people from the Ottoman Empire
Pashas
Seraskers
Suleiman the Magnificent
Grand Viziers of Suleiman the Magnificent
Ottoman governors of Egypt
Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Persian Wars
Former Greek Orthodox Christians
People from Parga
16th-century slaves
16th century in Egypt
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Royal favourites |
```smalltalk
using System.Collections.Generic;
using JetBrains.Annotations;
namespace Volo.Abp.Validation.StringValues;
public interface IValueValidator
{
string Name { get; }
object? this[string key] { get; set; }
[NotNull]
IDictionary<string, object?> Properties { get; }
bool IsValid(object? value);
}
``` |
```glsl
// Animation kernels for Skinner Particle
Shader "Hidden/Skinner/Particle/Kernels"
{
Properties
{
_SourcePositionBuffer0("", 2D) = ""{}
_SourcePositionBuffer1("", 2D) = ""{}
_PositionBuffer("", 2D) = ""{}
_VelocityBuffer("", 2D) = ""{}
_RotationBuffer("", 2D) = ""{}
}
SubShader
{
Pass
{
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert_img
#pragma fragment InitializePositionFragment
#pragma target 3.0
#include "ParticleKernels.cginc"
ENDCG
}
Pass
{
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert_img
#pragma fragment InitializeVelocityFragment
#pragma target 3.0
#include "ParticleKernels.cginc"
ENDCG
}
Pass
{
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert_img
#pragma fragment InitializeRotationFragment
#pragma target 3.0
#include "ParticleKernels.cginc"
ENDCG
}
Pass
{
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert_img
#pragma fragment UpdatePositionFragment
#pragma target 3.0
#include "ParticleKernels.cginc"
ENDCG
}
Pass
{
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert_img
#pragma fragment UpdateVelocityFragment
#pragma target 3.0
#include "ParticleKernels.cginc"
ENDCG
}
Pass
{
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert_img
#pragma fragment UpdateRotationFragment
#pragma target 3.0
#include "ParticleKernels.cginc"
ENDCG
}
}
}
``` |
The United Alliance of Sabah (; abbreviated: GBS) is a political coalition bringing together Sabah-based opposition parties in Malaysia established by Joseph Pairin Kitingan following the fall of the Barisan Nasional coalition in the 2018 Malaysian general election. The new coalition was intended to include the United Sabah Party, Homeland Solidarity Party and remnants of former Sabah BN members, mainly those of the United Malays National Organisation's Sabah branch led by Musa Aman who was rumoured to have intended on joining to PBS. However, no such move has materialised, with Musa Aman remaining a member of UMNO and BN. The GBS Alliance is not yet registered until now. On September 12, 2020, This coalition was later followed by the Sabah People's Alliance (GRS) founded by Datuk Seri Panglima Haji Hajiji Noor. (Malay: Gabungan Rakyat Sabah)
GBS was founded by 5 political parties in Sabah namely Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS), Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Parti Solidariti Tanah Air-ku Sabah (STAR Sabah), Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP) and UMNO Sabah which has its own autonomy from UMNO Pusat in Sabah.
In February 2020, the parties in the GBS gave their support to the National Alliance (PN) to form a new central government to replace the Pakatan Harapan-led government. PBRS rejoined BN, while SAPP and STAR Sabah joined the National Alliance Party. PBS is back as a single party but supports the National Alliance (PN).
These parties then merged through their respective coalitions to form the Sabah People's Alliance (GRS) to face the Sabah state election in September 2020.
References
Defunct political party alliances in Malaysia
2018 establishments in Malaysia
Political parties established in 2018 |
Pednor House (formerly known as Little Pednor) is a house near Chartridge parish of Buckinghamshire. It has been listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England since November 1983.
The original 17th century timber-framed house was enlarged in 1910 under the architects James Edwin Forbes and John Duncan Tate (as Forbes and Tate) in the Arts and Crafts style. Originally a farmhouse, the barns and outbuildings were converted into a single large residence. Forbes and Tate specialised in converting old buildings into houses, the Buckinghamshire edition of the Pevsner Architectural Guides describes Pednor House as their "most extensive and successful conversion" that created a "picturesque Tudor courtyard house" Forbes and Tate commissioned Gertrude Jekyll for a garden planting plan around the sundial at Pednor House. In his 2000 book The Gardens of Gertrude Jekyll, Richard Bisgrove described Jekyll's detailed plan for Pednor House as creating planting in "carefully disposed in repeated and irregular groups to provide a low mosaic of flowers and foliage throughout the year".
A cylindrical brick dovecote is situated by the front gate.
Pednor House was photographed by Edwin Smith in 1930. Smith's photographs of Pednor House are in the collection of the British Architectural Library.
The house was owned by the British Army officer and former Governor of the Bahamas Daniel Knox, 6th Earl of Ranfurly, for several years and was put up for sale by him in 1963 through Knight, Frank and Rutley.
References
External links
Pednor House at Parks & Gardens UK
Arts and Crafts architecture in England
Chiltern District
Grade II listed houses in Buckinghamshire
Houses completed in 1910
Houses completed in the 17th century |
```css
.root {
height: 100%;
position: relative;
}
.quick_filter_input {
padding-left: var(--layout-horizontal-padding);
padding-right: calc(var(--layout-horizontal-padding) - 6px);
}
.filters {
padding-left: var(--layout-horizontal-padding);
padding-right: calc(var(--layout-horizontal-padding) - 6px);
}
.collapsed .filters {
display: none;
}
.dragAndDropArea {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
height: 72px;
width: 184px;
border: 1px solid var(--main-text-color3);
margin-top: 16px;
border-radius: 2px;
padding: 12px;
position: relative;
}
.dragAndDropAreaPlaceholder {
width: 135px;
color: var(--main-text-color3);
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 20px;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
}
.placeholderText {
max-width: 100px;
}
.dragIcon {
font-size: 22px;
margin-right: 12px;
flex-shrink: 0;
}
.title {
font-size: 15px;
color: #444444;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
}
.filtersIcon {
font-size: 18px;
margin-right: 18px;
flex-shrink: 0;
}
.filtersCollapsed .filtersIcon {
margin: 0;
}
.filtersCollapsed {
padding: 0 var(--layout-horizontal-padding);
padding-bottom: 16px;
cursor: pointer;
position: relative;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
}
.filtersCollapsedCounter {
position: absolute;
top: 11px;
right: 11px;
height: 20px;
width: 22px;
border-radius: 10.5px;
background-color: #dedede;
color: #222222;
font-size: 11px;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
``` |
The Alpha 29, also called the Albin Alpha, is a Swedish sailboat that was designed by Peter Norlin and first built in 1984.
Production
The design was built by Albin Marine in Sweden between 1984 and 1991, with 200 boats completed, but it is now out of production.
Design
The Alpha 29 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder and a fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of ballast.
The boat has a draft of with the standard keel.
The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar diesel engine of for docking and manoeuvring. The fuel tank holds and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .
The design has a hull speed of .
See also
List of sailing boat types
References
External links
Photo of an Alpha 29
Sailing the Albin 29 video
Sailing the Albin 29 under gennaker video
Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Peter Norlin
Sailboat types built by Albin Marine |
Oryctodiplax is an extinct genus of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae.
Fossils (mainly larvae) of these dragonflies have been found in the Miocene of Italy (age range: from 7.246 to 5.332 million years ago).
The type species is Oryctodiplax gypsorum. It was a species resistant to a highly saline environment, formed in the Mediterranean salinity crisis, occurred during the latest stage of the Miocene, with the isolation of the Mediterranean sea and its subsequent drying.
References
O. Cavallo and P. A. Galletti. 1987. Studi di Carlo Sturani du Odonati e altri insetti fossili del Messiniano albese (Piemonte) con descrizione di Oryctodiplax gypsorum n. gen., n. sp. (Odonata, Libellulidae). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 26(1-2):151-176
Libellulidae |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var tape = require( 'tape' );
var Float64Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float64' );
var Complex64Array = require( '@stdlib/array/complex64' );
var realf = require( '@stdlib/complex/float32/real' );
var imagf = require( '@stdlib/complex/float32/imag' );
var ndarray = require( './../lib' );
// TESTS //
tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
t.ok( true, __filename );
t.strictEqual( typeof ndarray, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method which throws an error if not provided an integer value (4d)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
values = [
'5',
3.14,
NaN,
true,
false,
null,
void 0,
[],
{},
function noop() {}
];
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, 1 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), TypeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget( value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, 1 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 0 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 1 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 2 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 3 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; complex typed)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var v;
dtype = 'complex64';
buffer = new Complex64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, 1 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
v = arr.iget( 0 );
t.strictEqual( realf( v ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( imagf( v ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
v = arr.iget( 1 );
t.strictEqual( realf( v ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( imagf( v ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
v = arr.iget( 2 );
t.strictEqual( realf( v ), 5.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( imagf( v ), 6.0, 'returns expected value' );
v = arr.iget( 3 );
t.strictEqual( realf( v ), 7.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( imagf( v ), 8.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, -1 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 0 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 1 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 2 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 3 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; complex typed)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var v;
dtype = 'complex64';
buffer = new Complex64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, -1 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
v = arr.iget( 0 );
t.strictEqual( realf( v ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( imagf( v ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
v = arr.iget( 1 );
t.strictEqual( realf( v ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( imagf( v ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
v = arr.iget( 2 );
t.strictEqual( realf( v ), 7.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( imagf( v ), 8.0, 'returns expected value' );
v = arr.iget( 3 );
t.strictEqual( realf( v ), 5.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( imagf( v ), 6.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, 1 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 0 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 1 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 2 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 3 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, -1 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 0 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 1 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 2 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 3 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, 2 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 0 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 1 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 2 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 3 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, 2 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 0 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 1 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 2 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 3 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, -2 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 0 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 1 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 2 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 3 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, -2 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 0 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 1 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 2 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 3 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=wrap)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'wrap'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, 1 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=wrap)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'wrap'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, -1 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=wrap)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'wrap'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, 1 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=wrap)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'wrap'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, -1 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=wrap)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'wrap'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, 2 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=wrap)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'wrap'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, 2 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=wrap)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'wrap'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, -2 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=wrap)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'wrap'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, -2 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=clamp)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'clamp'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, 1 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=clamp)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'clamp'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, -1 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=clamp)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'clamp'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, 1 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=clamp)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'clamp'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, -1 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=clamp)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'clamp'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, 2 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=clamp)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'clamp'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, 2 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=clamp)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'clamp'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, -2 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 2.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 3.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=clamp)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
opts = {
'mode': 'clamp'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, -2 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 4 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( 5 ), 1.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -2 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.strictEqual( arr.iget( -1 ), 4.0, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=throw)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'throw'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, 1 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=throw)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'throw'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, -1 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=throw)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'throw'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, 1 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=throw)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'throw'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, -1 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=throw)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'throw'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, 2 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=throw)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'throw'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, 2 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=throw)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'throw'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, -2 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=throw)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'throw'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, -2 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=normalize)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'normalize'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, 1 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -20 ],
[ -10 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=normalize)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'normalize'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, -1 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -20 ],
[ -10 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=normalize)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'normalize'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, 1 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -20 ],
[ -10 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=normalize)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'normalize'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, -1 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -20 ],
[ -10 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=normalize)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'normalize'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, 2 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -20 ],
[ -10 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=normalize)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'normalize'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, 2 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -20 ],
[ -10 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=normalize)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'normalize'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, -2 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -20 ],
[ -10 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=normalize)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var opts;
var arr;
var i;
opts = {
'mode': 'normalize'
};
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, -2 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order, opts );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -20 ],
[ -10 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=default)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, 1 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=default)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, 2, -1 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=default)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, 1 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; row-major; mode=default)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'row-major';
strides = [ 4, 4, -2, -1 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=default)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, 2 ];
offset = 0;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=default)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, 2 ];
offset = 1;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=default)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, 1, -2 ];
offset = 2;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
tape( 'an ndarray constructor returns an instance which has an `iget` method for retrieving an array element using a linear index (4d; column-major; mode=default)', function test( t ) {
var strides;
var buffer;
var offset;
var values;
var dtype;
var order;
var shape;
var arr;
var i;
dtype = 'float64';
buffer = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ] );
shape = [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ];
order = 'column-major';
strides = [ 1, 1, -1, -2 ];
offset = 3;
arr = ndarray( dtype, buffer, shape, strides, offset, order );
values = [
[ 4 ],
[ 5 ],
[ -2 ],
[ -1 ]
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[ i ] ), RangeError, 'throws an error when provided ' + values[ i ] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
arr.iget.apply( arr, value );
};
}
});
``` |
Khalil Al-Zayani () is a Saudi Arabian football coach. Al-Zayani is part of Al-Zayani family residing in Dammam city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
Playing career
Al-Zayani played for the Al-Ettifaq first team as a defender his whole career from 1962 to 1971, captaining the side in 1965 when they won the Crown Prince Cup. He was also part of the team which won the 1968 King Cup. Al-Zayani also represented the Saudi national. He retired from professional football in 1973.
Managerial career
Zayani's rise as a coach was a natural progression given the success he had as a player. His coaching career started soon after he retired as a player, as an assistant coach for the Al-Ittifaq first team. That particular tenure lasted two years but he later had several stints with the club a manager, he was promoted to head coach for the first time in 1976.
Al-Zayani won the 1982–83 Saudi Premier League, thus Al-Ettifaq became the first team from Dammam to win the title and first team to win the league title undefeated, and Khalil Al-Zayani also became the first Saudi Arabian manager to win the league title. The 1983 Gulf Club competition was also won in the same season making Al-Ettifaq the first Saudi team to win a non-domestic title.
In between his Ettifaq managerial stints, he was successful as the Saudi Arabia national team coach, a mission he first started in March 1984. Al-Zayani was called up by the national federation and asked to travel to Muscat, Oman to replace the sacked Mário Zagallo, coach of the Brazil World Cup-winning team of 1970 that featured Pelé. Zagalo was let go after a 4–0 defeat to Iraq as the Saudis collected only one win from their first three matches in the 7th Arabian Gulf Cup. Al-Zayani became the first Saudi head coach to manage the Saudi Arabia national football team. Zayani, nonetheless, proved to be up to the task as he oversaw a draw against Kuwait and was victories over the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain as Saudi Arabia finished third in the competition.
In August 1984, he oversaw the Saudi national football team in the Olympic Games finals in Los Angeles, which was considered a significant achievement at the time, but his sights were firmly fixed on the AFC Asian Cup scheduled for December that year.
Zayani called up several younger players, including players such as Mohaisen Al-Jam'an, Majed Abdullah and Mohamed Abd Al-Jawad. He took Saudi Arabia to new heights in the continent as he led the country as debutants in the 1984 AFC Asian Cup in Singapore. Saudi Arabia won Group A ahead of Kuwait, Qatar, Syria and Korea Republic. In the semi-finals they followed up with a 5-4 penalty shootout victory over Iran after a 1–1 draw in extra time to qualify to the final. In the final, Al-Zayani led the Saudi Arabia national football team to 2-0 victory over China with goals from Shaye Al-Nafisah and Majed Abdullah to claim their first Asian Cup and first senior national team title.
Al-Zayani came back to coach Al-Ettifaq in 1987 for the second time, winning the 1986–87 Saudi Premier League in his first season, and the 1988 Arab Club Champions Cup together with the 1988 Gulf Club Champions Cup in his second season.
Al-Zayani went on to coach Al-Qadisiya and Al-Hilal, as well as a third stint with Al-Ettifaq.
Asian Cup success
Al-Zayani's decision to go with youth paid off with the Saudis defeating China 2–0 in the final for their first-ever AFC Asian Cup title.
Al-Zayani said about the tournament: “That was our first ever title, and everyone was happy to get such a magnificent continental success..
“The psychological side of football is very important and this should work hand-in-hand with the tactical side. “The Asian Cup in Singapore had always special meaning, not only for me but for all the people involved in Saudi football at the time. “It was the start of a great era for us and we became one of the strongest sides in Asia in the following years.”
Current activities
In 2002, after a long career as a coach, Zayani decided to move from the bench to behind-the-desk role, as vice-president of Al-Ittifaq for a certain time. He is also an occasional television pundit.
Honours
Player
Al-Ettifaq
Crown Prince Cup:
Champion (1): 1965
King's Cup:
Champion (1): 1968
Manager
Al-Ettifaq
Saudi Premier League:
Champion (2): 1982–83, 1986–87
GCC Champions League:
Champions (2): 1983, 1988
Arab Club Champions Cup:
Champions (1): 1988
Saudi Arabia
AFC Asian Cup:
Champions (1): 1984
References
http://www.ettifaq.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20100611163816/http://www.alzyani.com/
https://web.archive.org/web/20090417192132/http://vb.alnassrclub.com/t214415.html
http://www.foulsport.com/vb/t12377/
1947 births
Living people
People from Dammam
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Al-Ettifaq FC players
Al-Ettifaq FC managers
Saudi Arabian football managers
1984 AFC Asian Cup managers
AFC Asian Cup-winning managers
Sports commentators
Saudi Arabia national football team managers
Al Hilal SFC managers
Al Qadsiah FC managers
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders |
Boumourt (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.
See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department
References
Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Ambrósio Amaro Manuel Pascoal best known as Rats, (born 5 May 1977) is a retired Angolan football player. He has played for Angola national team.
National team statistics
References
1977 births
Living people
Angolan men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Académica Petróleos do Lobito players
Girabola players
Angola men's international footballers |
The Spitzer Space Telescope, formerly the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), was an infrared space telescope launched in 2003. Operations ended on 30 January 2020. Spitzer was the third space telescope dedicated to infrared astronomy, following IRAS (1983) and ISO (1995–1998). It was the first spacecraft to use an Earth-trailing orbit, later used by the Kepler planet-finder.
The planned mission period was to be 2.5 years with a pre-launch expectation that the mission could extend to five or slightly more years until the onboard liquid helium supply was exhausted. This occurred on 15 May 2009. Without liquid helium to cool the telescope to the very low temperatures needed to operate, most of the instruments were no longer usable. However, the two shortest-wavelength modules of the IRAC camera continued to operate with the same sensitivity as before the helium was exhausted, and continued to be used into early 2020 in the Spitzer Warm Mission.
During the warm mission, the two short wavelength channels of IRAC operated at 28.7 K and were predicted to experience little to no degradation at this temperature compared to the nominal mission. The Spitzer data, from both the primary and warm phases, are archived at the Infrared Science Archive (IRSA).
In keeping with NASA tradition, the telescope was renamed after its successful demonstration of operation, on 18 December 2003. Unlike most telescopes that are named by a board of scientists, typically after famous deceased astronomers, the new name for SIRTF was obtained from a contest open to the general public.
The contest led to the telescope being named in honor of astronomer Lyman Spitzer, who had promoted the concept of space telescopes in the 1940s. Spitzer wrote a 1946 report for RAND Corporation describing the advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory and how it could be realized with available or upcoming technology. He has been cited for his pioneering contributions to rocketry and astronomy, as well as "his vision and leadership in articulating the advantages and benefits to be realized from the Space Telescope Program."
The Spitzer was launched on 25 August 2003 at 05:35:39 UTC from Cape Canaveral SLC-17B aboard a Delta II 7920H rocket. It was placed into a heliocentric (as opposed to a geocentric) orbit trailing and drifting away from Earth's orbit at approximately 0.1 astronomical units per year (an "Earth-trailing" orbit).
The primary mirror is in diameter, , made of beryllium and was cooled to . The satellite contains three instruments that allowed it to perform astronomical imaging and photometry from 3.6 to 160 micrometers, spectroscopy from 5.2 to 38 micrometers, and spectrophotometry from 55 to 95 micrometers.
History
By the early 1970s, astronomers began to consider the possibility of placing an infrared telescope above the obscuring effects of Earth's atmosphere.
In 1979, a report from the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s, identified a Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) as "one of two major astrophysics facilities [to be developed] for Spacelab", a shuttle-borne platform. Anticipating the major results from an upcoming Explorer satellite and from the Shuttle mission, the report also favored the "study and development of ... long-duration spaceflights of infrared telescopes cooled to cryogenic temperatures."
The launch in January 1983 of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, jointly developed by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, to conduct the first infrared survey of the sky, whetted the appetites of scientists worldwide for follow-up space missions capitalizing on the rapid improvements in infrared detector technology.
Earlier infrared observations had been made by both space-based and ground-based observatories. Ground-based observatories have the drawback that at infrared wavelengths or frequencies, both the Earth's atmosphere and the telescope itself will radiate (glow) brightly. Additionally, the atmosphere is opaque at most infrared wavelengths. This necessitates lengthy exposure times and greatly decreases the ability to detect faint objects. It could be compared to trying to observe the stars in the optical at noon from a telescope built out of light bulbs. Previous space observatories (such as IRAS, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, and ISO, the Infrared Space Observatory) were launched during the 1980s and 1990s and great advances in astronomical technology have been made since then.
Most of the early concepts envisioned repeated flights aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. This approach was developed in an era when the Shuttle program was expected to support weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. A May 1983 NASA proposal described SIRTF as a Shuttle-attached mission, with an evolving scientific instrument payload. Several flights were anticipated with a probable transition into a more extended mode of operation, possibly in association with a future space platform or space station. SIRTF would be a 1-meter class, cryogenically cooled, multi-user facility consisting of a telescope and associated focal plane instruments. It would be launched on the Space Shuttle and remain attached to the Shuttle as a Spacelab payload during astronomical observations, after which it would be returned to Earth for refurbishment prior to re-flight. The first flight was expected to occur about 1990, with the succeeding flights anticipated beginning approximately one year later. However, the Spacelab-2 flight aboard STS-51-F showed that the Shuttle environment was poorly suited to an onboard infrared telescope due to contamination from the relatively "dirty" vacuum associated with the orbiters. By September 1983, NASA was considering the "possibility of a long duration [free-flyer] SIRTF mission".
Spitzer is the only one of the Great Observatories not launched by the Space Shuttle, as was originally intended. However, after the 1986 Challenger disaster, the Shuttle-Centaur upper stage, which would have been required to place it into its final orbit, was abandoned. The mission underwent a series of redesigns during the 1990s, primarily due to budget considerations. This resulted in a much smaller but still fully capable mission that could use the smaller Delta II expendable launch vehicle.
One of the most important advances of this redesign was an Earth-trailing orbit. Cryogenic satellites that require liquid helium (LHe, T ≈ 4 K) temperatures in near-Earth orbit are typically exposed to a large heat load from Earth, and consequently require large amounts of LHe coolant, which then tends to dominate the total payload mass and limits mission life. Placing the satellite in solar orbit far from Earth allowed innovative passive cooling. The sun shield protected the rest of the spacecraft from the Sun's heat, the far side of the spacecraft was painted black to enhance passive radiation of heat, and the spacecraft bus was thermally isolated from the telescope. All of these design choices combined to drastically reduce the total mass of helium needed, resulting in an overall smaller and lighter payload, resulting in major cost savings, but with a mirror the same diameter as originally designed. This orbit also simplified telescope pointing, but did require the NASA Deep Space Network for communications.
The primary instrument package (telescope and cryogenic chamber) was developed by Ball Aerospace & Technologies, in Boulder, Colorado. The individual instruments were developed jointly by industrial, academic, and government institutions, the principals being Cornell, the University of Arizona, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Ball Aerospace, and Goddard Spaceflight Center. The shorter-wavelength infrared detectors were developed by Raytheon in Goleta, California. Raytheon used indium antimonide and a doped silicon detector in the creation of the infrared detectors. These detectors are 100 times more sensitive than what was available at the beginning of the project during the 1980s. The far-infrared detectors (70–160 micrometers) were developed jointly by the University of Arizona and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using gallium-doped germanium. The spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin. The mission was operated and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Spitzer Science Center, located at IPAC on the Caltech campus in Pasadena, California.
Launch and commissioning
Warm mission and end of mission
Spitzer ran out of liquid helium coolant on 15 May 2009, which stopped far-IR observations. Only the IRAC instrument remained in use, and only at the two shorter wavelength bands (3.6 μm and 4.5 μm). The telescope equilibrium temperature was then around , and IRAC continued to produce valuable images at those wavelengths as the "Spitzer Warm Mission".
Late in the mission, ~2016, Spitzer's distance to Earth and the shape of its orbit meant the spacecraft had to pitch over at an extreme angle to aim its antenna at Earth. The solar panels were not fully illuminated at this angle, and this limited those communications to 2.5 hours due to the battery drain. The telescope was retired on 30 January 2020 when NASA sent a shutdown signal to the telescope from the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex (GDSCC) instructing the telescope to go into safe mode. After receiving confirmation that the command was successful, Spitzer Project Manager Joseph Hunt officially declared that the mission had ended.
Instruments
Spitzer carries three instruments on board:
Infrared Array Camera (IRAC)
An infrared camera which operated simultaneously on four wavelengths (3.6 μm, 4.5 μm, 5.8 μm and 8 μm). Each module used a 256×256-pixel detector—the short-wavelength pair used indium antimonide technology, the long-wavelength pair used arsenic-doped silicon impurity band conduction technology. The principal investigator was Giovanni Fazio of Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian; the flight hardware was built by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Infrared Spectrograph (IRS)
An infrared spectrometer with four sub-modules which operate at the wavelengths 5.3–14 μm (low resolution), 10–19.5 μm (high resolution), 14–40 μm (low resolution), and 19–37 μm (high resolution). Each module used a 128×128-pixel detector—the short-wavelength pair used arsenic-doped silicon blocked impurity band technology, the long-wavelength pair used antimony-doped silicon blocked impurity band technology. The principal investigator was James R. Houck of Cornell University; the flight hardware was built by Ball Aerospace.
Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS)
Three detector arrays in the mid- to far-infrared (128 × 128 pixels at 24 μm, 32 × 32 pixels at 70 μm, 2 × 20 pixels at 160 μm). The 24 μm detector is identical to one of the IRS short-wavelength modules. The 70 μm detector used gallium-doped germanium technology, and the 160 μm detector also used gallium-doped germanium, but with mechanical stress added to each pixel to lower the bandgap and extend sensitivity to this long-wavelength. The principal investigator was George H. Rieke of the University of Arizona; the flight hardware was built by Ball Aerospace.
All three instruments used liquid helium for cooling the sensors. Once the helium was exhausted, only the two shorter wavelengths in IRAC were used in the "warm mission".
Results
While some time on the telescope was reserved for participating institutions and crucial projects, astronomers around the world also had the opportunity to submit proposals for observing time. Prior to launch, there was a proposal call for large, coherent investigations using Spitzer. If the telescope failed early and/or ran out of cryogen very quickly, these so-called Legacy Projects would ensure the best possible science could be obtained quickly in the early months of the mission. As a requirement tied to the funding these Legacy teams received, the teams had to deliver high-level data products back to the Spitzer Science Center (and the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive) for use by the community, again ensuring the rapid scientific return of the mission. The international scientific community quickly realized the value of delivering products for others to use, and even though Legacy projects were no longer explicitly solicited in subsequent proposal calls, teams continued to deliver products to the community. The Spitzer Science Center later reinstated named "Legacy" projects (and later still "Exploration Science" projects) in response to this community-driven effort.
Important targets included forming stars (young stellar objects, or YSOs), planets, and other galaxies. Images are freely available for educational and journalistic purposes.
The first released images from Spitzer were designed to show off the abilities of the telescope and showed a glowing stellar nursery, a big swirling, dusty galaxy, a disc of planet-forming debris, and organic material in the distant universe. Since then, many monthly press releases have highlighted Spitzer capabilities, as the NASA and ESA images do for the Hubble Space Telescope.
As one of its most noteworthy observations, in 2005, Spitzer became one of the first telescopes to directly capture light from exoplanets, namely the "hot Jupiters" HD 209458 b and TrES-1b, although it did not resolve that light into actual images. This was one of the first times the light from extrasolar planets had been directly detected; earlier observations had been indirectly made by drawing conclusions from behaviors of the stars the planets were orbiting. The telescope also discovered in April 2005 that Cohen-kuhi Tau/4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed.
In 2004, it was reported that Spitzer had spotted a faintly glowing body that may be the youngest star ever seen. The telescope was trained on a core of gas and dust known as L1014 which had previously appeared completely dark to ground-based observatories and to ISO (Infrared Space Observatory), a predecessor to Spitzer. The advanced technology of Spitzer revealed a bright red hot spot in the middle of L1014.
Scientists from the University of Texas at Austin, who discovered the object, believe the hot spot to be an example of early star development, with the young star collecting gas and dust from the cloud around it. Early speculation about the hot spot was that it might have been the faint light of another core that lies 10 times further from Earth but along the same line of sight as L1014. Follow-up observation from ground-based near-infrared observatories detected a faint fan-shaped glow in the same location as the object found by Spitzer. That glow is too feeble to have come from the more distant core, leading to the conclusion that the object is located within L1014. (Young et al., 2004)
In 2005, astronomers from the University of Wisconsin at Madison and Whitewater determined, on the basis of 400 hours of observation on the Spitzer Space Telescope, that the Milky Way galaxy has a more substantial bar structure across its core than previously recognized.
Also in 2005, astronomers Alexander Kashlinsky and John Mather of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center reported that one of Spitzer earliest images may have captured the light of the first stars in the universe. An image of a quasar in the Draco constellation, intended only to help calibrate the telescope, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. Kashlinsky and Mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the Big Bang, redshifted by cosmic expansion.
In March 2006, astronomers reported an nebula near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, the Double Helix Nebula, which is, as the name implies, twisted into a double spiral shape. This is thought to be evidence of massive magnetic fields generated by the gas disc orbiting the supermassive black hole at the galaxy's center, from the nebula and from Earth. This nebula was discovered by Spitzer and published in the magazine Nature on 16 March 2006.
In May 2007, astronomers successfully mapped the atmospheric temperature of HD 189733 b, thus obtaining the first map of some kind of an extrasolar planet.
Starting in September 2006, the telescope participated in a series of surveys called the Gould Belt Survey, observing the Gould's Belt region in multiple wavelengths. The first set of observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope was completed from 21 September 2006 through 27 September. Resulting from these observations, the team of astronomers led by Dr. Robert Gutermuth, of the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian reported the discovery of Serpens South, a cluster of 50 young stars in the Serpens constellation.
Scientists have long wondered how tiny silicate crystals, which need high temperatures to form, have found their way into frozen comets, born in the very cold environment of the Solar System's outer edges. The crystals would have begun as non-crystallized, amorphous silicate particles, part of the mix of gas and dust from which the Solar System developed. This mystery has deepened with the results of the Stardust sample return mission, which captured particles from Comet Wild 2. Many of the Stardust particles were found to have formed at temperatures in excess of 1,000 K.
In May 2009, Spitzer researchers from Germany, Hungary, and the Netherlands found that amorphous silicate appears to have been transformed into crystalline form by an outburst from a star. They detected the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star EX Lupi during one of its frequent flare-ups, or outbursts, seen by Spitzer in April 2008. These crystals were not present in Spitzer previous observations of the star's disk during one of its quiet periods. These crystals appear to have formed by radiative heating of the dust within 0.5 AU of EX Lupi.
In August 2009, the telescope found evidence of a high-speed collision between two burgeoning planets orbiting a young star.
In October 2009, astronomers Anne J. Verbiscer, Michael F. Skrutskie, and Douglas P. Hamilton published findings of the "Phoebe ring" of Saturn, which was found with the telescope; the ring is a huge, tenuous disc of material extending from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn.
GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL surveys
GLIMPSE, the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire, was a series of surveys that spanned 360° of the inner region of the Milky Way galaxy, which provided the first large-scale mapping of the galaxy. It consists of more than 2 million snapshots taken in four separate wavelengths using the Infrared Array Camera. The images were taken over a 10-year period beginning in 2003 when Spitzer launched.
MIPSGAL, a similar survey that complements GLIMPSE, covers 248° of the galactic disk using the 24 and 70 μm channels of the MIPS instrument.
On 3 June 2008, scientists unveiled the largest, most detailed infrared portrait of the Milky Way, created by stitching together more than 800,000 snapshots, at the 212th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in St. Louis, Missouri. This composite survey is now viewable with the GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL Viewer.
2010s
Spitzer observations, announced in May 2011, indicate that tiny forsterite crystals might be falling down like rain on to the protostar HOPS-68. The discovery of the forsterite crystals in the outer collapsing cloud of the protostar is surprising because the crystals form at lava-like high temperatures, yet they are found in the molecular cloud where the temperatures are about . This led the team of astronomers to speculate that the bipolar outflow from the young star may be transporting the forsterite crystals from near the star's surface to the chilly outer cloud.
In January 2012, it was reported that further analysis of the Spitzer observations of EX Lupi can be understood if the forsterite crystalline dust was moving away from the protostar at a remarkable average speed of . It would appear that such high speeds can arise only if the dust grains had been ejected by a bipolar outflow close to the star. Such observations are consistent with an astrophysical theory, developed in the early 1990s, where it was suggested that bipolar outflows garden or transform the disks of gas and dust that surround protostars by continually ejecting reprocessed, highly heated material from the inner disk, adjacent to the protostar, to regions of the accretion disk further away from the protostar.
In April 2015, Spitzer and the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment were reported as co-discovering one of the most distant planets ever identified: a gas giant about away from Earth.
In June and July 2015, the brown dwarf was discovered using the gravitational microlensing detection method in a joint effort between Swift, Spitzer, and the ground-based Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment, the first time two space telescopes have observed the same microlensing event. This method was possible because of the large separation between the two spacecraft: Swift is in low-Earth orbit while Spitzer is more than one AU distant in an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit. This separation provided significantly different perspectives of the brown dwarf, allowing for constraints to be placed on some of the object's physical characteristics.
Reported in March 2016, Spitzer and Hubble were used to discover the most distant-known galaxy, GN-z11. This object was seen as it appeared 13.4 billion years ago.
Spitzer Beyond
On 1 October 2016, Spitzer began its Observation Cycle 13, a year extended mission nicknamed Beyond. One of the goals of this extended mission was to help prepare for the James Webb Space Telescope, also an infrared telescope, by identifying candidates for more detailed observations.
Another aspect of the Beyond mission was the engineering challenges of operating Spitzer in its progressing orbital phase. As the spacecraft moved farther from Earth on the same orbital path from the Sun, its antenna had to point at increasingly higher angles to communicate with ground stations; this change in angle imparted more and more solar heating on the vehicle while its solar panels received less sunlight.
Planet hunter
Spitzer was also put to work studying exoplanets thanks to creatively tweaking its hardware. This included doubling its stability by modifying its heating cycle, finding a new use for the "peak-up" camera, and analyzing the sensor at a sub-pixel level. Although in its "warm" mission, the spacecraft's passive cooling system kept the sensors at . Spitzer used the transit photometry and gravitational microlensing techniques to perform these observations. According to NASA's Sean Carey, "We never even considered using Spitzer for studying exoplanets when it launched. ... It would have seemed ludicrous back then, but now it's an important part of what Spitzer does."
Examples of exoplanets discovered using Spitzer include HD 219134 b in 2015, which was shown to be a rocky planet about 1.5 times as large as Earth in a three-day orbit around its star; and an unnamed planet found using microlensing located about from Earth.
In September–October 2016, Spitzer was used to discover five of a total of seven known planets around the star TRAPPIST-1, all of which are approximately Earth-sized and likely rocky. Three of the discovered planets are located in the habitable zone, which means they are capable of supporting liquid water given sufficient parameters. Using the transit method, Spitzer helped measure the sizes of the seven planets and estimate the mass and density of the inner six. Further observations will help determine if there is liquid water on any of the planets.
See also
Herschel Space Observatory (2009–2013)
Infrared astronomy
List of deep fields
List of space telescopes
List of largest infrared telescopes
References
Further reading
External links
Spitzer Space Telescope at NASA.gov
Spitzer Space Telescope at Caltech.edu
Spitzer Space Telescope by NASA's Solar System Exploration
GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL image viewer at Alienearths.org
" Spitzer Space Telescope: Discovering "More Things in the Heavens" with NASA's Spitzer Project Scientist Michael Werner", 'Bridging the Gaps: A Portal for Curious Minds', 2019
Great Observatories program
Space telescopes
Infrared telescopes
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Lockheed Martin satellites and probes
Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit
Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
Space probes launched in 2003
2003 establishments in Florida |
Niknam Deh () may refer to:
Niknam Deh, Mazandaran
Niknam Deh, Tehran |
Tetraopes pilosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak in 1963. It is known from the United States.
References
Tetraopini
Beetles described in 1963 |
```smalltalk
/*
This file is part of the iText (R) project.
Authors: Apryse Software.
This program is offered under a commercial and under the AGPL license.
For commercial licensing, contact us at path_to_url For AGPL licensing, see below.
AGPL licensing:
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
using System;
using iText.Forms.Form;
using iText.Kernel.Colors;
using iText.Kernel.Pdf;
using iText.Kernel.Utils;
using iText.Layout;
using iText.Layout.Borders;
using iText.Layout.Element;
using iText.Layout.Properties;
using iText.Test;
using iText.Test.Attributes;
namespace iText.Forms.Form.Element {
[NUnit.Framework.Category("IntegrationTest")]
public class TextAreaTest : ExtendedITextTest {
public static readonly String SOURCE_FOLDER = iText.Test.TestUtil.GetParentProjectDirectory(NUnit.Framework.TestContext
.CurrentContext.TestDirectory) + "/resources/itext/forms/form/element/TextAreaTest/";
public static readonly String DESTINATION_FOLDER = NUnit.Framework.TestContext.CurrentContext.TestDirectory
+ "/test/itext/forms/form/element/TextAreaTest/";
[NUnit.Framework.OneTimeSetUp]
public static void BeforeClass() {
CreateOrClearDestinationFolder(DESTINATION_FOLDER);
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void BasicTextAreaTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "basicTextArea.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_basicTextArea.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea formTextArea = new TextArea("form text area");
formTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_FLATTEN, false);
formTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "form\ntext\narea");
document.Add(formTextArea);
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("flatten text area");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_FLATTEN, true);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "flatten\ntext\narea");
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
[LogMessage(iText.IO.Logs.IoLogMessageConstant.PROPERTY_IN_PERCENTS_NOT_SUPPORTED, Count = 16)]
public virtual void PercentFontTextAreaTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "percentFontTextArea.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_percentFontTextArea.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea formTextArea = new TextArea("form text area");
formTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_FLATTEN, false);
formTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "form\ntext\narea");
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.FONT_SIZE, UnitValue.CreatePercentValue(10));
document.Add(formTextArea);
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("flatten text area");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_FLATTEN, true);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "flatten\ntext\narea");
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.FONT_SIZE, UnitValue.CreatePercentValue(10));
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void HeightTextAreaTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "heightTextArea.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_heightTextArea.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("flatten text area with height");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_FLATTEN, true);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "flatten\ntext area\nwith height");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.HEIGHT, new UnitValue(UnitValue.POINT, 100));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(2f));
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void MinHeightTextAreaTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "minHeightTextArea.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_minHeightTextArea.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("flatten text area with height");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_FLATTEN, true);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "flatten\ntext area\nwith height");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MIN_HEIGHT, new UnitValue(UnitValue.POINT, 100));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(2f));
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void HugeMarginPaddingBorderTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "hugeMarginPaddingBorder.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_hugeMarginPaddingBorder.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea formTextArea = new TextArea("interactive text area with paddings");
formTextArea.SetInteractive(true);
formTextArea.SetValue("interactive\ntext area\nwith paddings");
formTextArea.SetBorder(new SolidBorder(20));
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.PADDING_BOTTOM, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.PADDING_TOP, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.PADDING_RIGHT, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.PADDING_LEFT, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_BOTTOM, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_TOP, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_RIGHT, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
formTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_LEFT, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
document.Add(formTextArea);
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("flatten text area with paddings");
flattenTextArea.SetInteractive(false);
flattenTextArea.SetValue("flatten\ntext area\nwith paddings");
flattenTextArea.SetBorder(new SolidBorder(20));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.PADDING_BOTTOM, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.PADDING_TOP, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.PADDING_RIGHT, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.PADDING_LEFT, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_BOTTOM, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_TOP, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_RIGHT, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_LEFT, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(20));
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void TextAreaDoesNotFitTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "textAreaDoesNotFit.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_textAreaDoesNotFit.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
Div div = new Div();
div.SetWidth(UnitValue.CreatePointValue(400));
div.SetHeight(UnitValue.CreatePointValue(730));
div.SetBackgroundColor(ColorConstants.PINK);
document.Add(div);
TextArea textArea = new TextArea("text area");
textArea.SetInteractive(true);
textArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "some text to not\nbe able to fit in on the page\nmore text just text\nreally big height"
);
textArea.SetHeight(50);
textArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(2f));
document.Add(textArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void TextAreaWith0FontSizeDoesNotFitTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "textAreaWith0FontSizeDoesNotFit.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_textAreaWith0FontSizeDoesNotFit.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
document.Add(new Div().SetBackgroundColor(ColorConstants.RED).SetHeight(695));
TextArea textArea = new TextArea("text area");
textArea.SetInteractive(true);
textArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "Font\n size \nof this\nText Area will \nbe approximated\nbased on the content"
);
textArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(1f));
textArea.SetFontSize(0);
textArea.SetHeight(75);
document.Add(textArea);
document.Add(new Div().SetBackgroundColor(ColorConstants.RED).SetHeight(695));
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("text area");
flattenTextArea.SetInteractive(false);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "Font\n size \nof this\nText Area will \nbe approximated\nbased on the content"
);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(1f));
flattenTextArea.SetFontSize(0);
flattenTextArea.SetHeight(75);
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void TextAreaWith0FontSizeFitsTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "textAreaWith0FontSizeFits.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_textAreaWith0FontSizeFits.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea textArea = new TextArea("text area");
textArea.SetInteractive(true);
textArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "Font\n size \nof this\nText Area will \nbe approximated\nbased on the content"
);
textArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(1f));
textArea.SetFontSize(0);
textArea.SetHeight(75);
document.Add(textArea);
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("text area");
flattenTextArea.SetInteractive(false);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "Font\n size \nof this\nText Area will \nbe approximated\nbased on the content"
);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(1f));
flattenTextArea.SetFontSize(0);
flattenTextArea.SetHeight(75);
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void TextAreaWith0FontSizeWithoutHeightTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "textAreaWith0FontSizeWithoutHeight.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_textAreaWith0FontSizeWithoutHeight.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea textArea = new TextArea("text area");
textArea.SetInteractive(true);
textArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "Font\n size \nof this\nText Area will not " + "\nbe approximated\nbased on the content\nbecause height is not set"
);
textArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(1f));
textArea.SetFontSize(0);
document.Add(textArea);
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("text area");
flattenTextArea.SetInteractive(false);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "Font\n size \nof this\nText Area will not " +
"\nbe approximated\nbased on the content\nbecause height is not set");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(1f));
flattenTextArea.SetFontSize(0);
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void TextAreaWithBorderLessThan1Test() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "textAreaWithBorderLessThan1.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_textAreaWithBorderLessThan1.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea textArea = new TextArea("text area");
textArea.SetInteractive(true);
textArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "Is border visible?\nAnd after clicking on the field?\nIt should be by the way"
);
textArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(0.5f));
document.Add(textArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void TextAreaWithJustificationTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "textAreaWithJustification.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_textAreaWithJustification.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea textArea = new TextArea("text area");
textArea.SetValue("text area with justification\nWords shall be in the center\nAre they?");
textArea.SetInteractive(true);
textArea.SetTextAlignment(TextAlignment.CENTER);
document.Add(textArea);
TextArea flattenedTextArea = new TextArea("flattened text area");
flattenedTextArea.SetValue("text area with justification\nWords shall be in the center\nAre they?");
flattenedTextArea.SetInteractive(false);
flattenedTextArea.SetTextAlignment(TextAlignment.CENTER);
document.Add(flattenedTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void TextAreaWithCustomBorderTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "textAreaWithCustomBorder.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_textAreaWithCustomBorder.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea textArea = new TextArea("text area");
textArea.SetValue("text area with custom border\nBorder shall be orange, 10 points wide and dashed");
textArea.SetInteractive(true);
textArea.SetBorder(new DashedBorder(ColorConstants.ORANGE, 10));
document.Add(textArea);
TextArea flattenedTextArea = new TextArea("flattened text area");
flattenedTextArea.SetValue("text area with custom border\nBorder shall be orange, 10 points wide and dashed"
);
flattenedTextArea.SetInteractive(false);
flattenedTextArea.SetBorder(new DashedBorder(ColorConstants.ORANGE, 10));
document.Add(flattenedTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void MaxHeightTextAreaTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "maxHeightTextArea.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_maxHeightTextArea.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea flattenTextArea = new TextArea("flatten text area with height");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_FLATTEN, true);
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(FormProperty.FORM_FIELD_VALUE, "flatten\ntext area\nwith height");
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MAX_HEIGHT, new UnitValue(UnitValue.POINT, 28));
flattenTextArea.SetProperty(Property.BORDER, new SolidBorder(2f));
document.Add(flattenTextArea);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
[NUnit.Framework.Test]
public virtual void TextAreaWithCustomLeadingTest() {
String outPdf = DESTINATION_FOLDER + "textAreaWithCustomLeading.pdf";
String cmpPdf = SOURCE_FOLDER + "cmp_textAreaWithCustomLeading.pdf";
using (Document document = new Document(new PdfDocument(new PdfWriter(outPdf)))) {
TextArea textArea = new TextArea("text1").SetBorder(new SolidBorder(ColorConstants.PINK, 1));
textArea.SetValue("text area with 1 used as the basis for the leading calculation");
textArea.SetInteractive(true);
textArea.SetProperty(Property.LEADING, new Leading(Leading.MULTIPLIED, 1));
textArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_BOTTOM, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(5));
document.Add(textArea);
TextArea textArea2 = new TextArea("text2").SetBorder(new SolidBorder(ColorConstants.YELLOW, 1));
textArea2.SetValue("text area with 3 used as the basis for the leading calculation");
textArea2.SetInteractive(true);
textArea2.SetProperty(Property.LEADING, new Leading(Leading.MULTIPLIED, 3));
textArea2.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_BOTTOM, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(5));
document.Add(textArea2);
TextArea flattenedTextArea = new TextArea("text3").SetBorder(new SolidBorder(ColorConstants.PINK, 1));
flattenedTextArea.SetValue("text area with 5 used as the basis for the leading calculation");
flattenedTextArea.SetInteractive(false);
flattenedTextArea.SetProperty(Property.LEADING, new Leading(Leading.MULTIPLIED, 5));
flattenedTextArea.SetProperty(Property.MARGIN_BOTTOM, UnitValue.CreatePointValue(5));
document.Add(flattenedTextArea);
TextArea flattenedTextArea2 = new TextArea("text4").SetBorder(new SolidBorder(ColorConstants.YELLOW, 1));
flattenedTextArea2.SetValue("text area with 0.5 used as the basis for the leading calculation");
flattenedTextArea2.SetInteractive(false);
flattenedTextArea2.SetProperty(Property.LEADING, new Leading(Leading.MULTIPLIED, 0.5f));
document.Add(flattenedTextArea2);
}
NUnit.Framework.Assert.IsNull(new CompareTool().CompareByContent(outPdf, cmpPdf, DESTINATION_FOLDER));
}
}
}
``` |
Fred Swift Wolcott (May 2, 1882 – July 27, 1967) was an American entertainment businessman and cotton planter who was the owner and manager of the Original Rabbit's Foot Company from 1912 to 1950. He bought the business after the death of its founder Pat Chappelle, and operated the company from Port Gibson, Mississippi, close to his 1000-acre plantation.
The Rabbit Foot Minstrels or "Foots", as they were colloquially known, made up the leading traveling vaudeville show featuring African-American performers through the first half of the twentieth century. Many leading blues, comedy and jazz entertainers got their start while touring with the company. Under his ownership, it became known as "F. S. Wolcott's Original Rabbit's Foot Company".
Life
Wolcott was born in Onondaga Township, Michigan, and grew up on a farm. He married and moved South, establishing a small touring company, F. S. Wolcott Carnivals, in Columbia, South Carolina. It produced a touring show, "F. S. Wolcott's Fun Factory", in the Carolinas.
In 1912, he bought the Rabbit's Foot Company from Rosa Chappelle, widow of founder Pat Chappelle. Chappelle was an African-American theatre owner in Tampa, Florida, who had founded the business in 1900. Chappelle's vaudeville company was noted as "authentic" (that is, it used all African-American, or black, rather than blackface performers). It was highly popular, and toured widely in the southern states each year.
Wolcott maintained the company, initially as both owner and manager; he also attracted new talent, including blues singer Ida Cox who joined the company in 1913. Wolcott moved the company's base in 1918 to his 1,000-acre Glen Sade Plantation outside Port Gibson, Mississippi. Company offices were located in the center of the trading town.
Wolcott began to refer to the show as a "minstrel show" – a term Chappelle had eschewed. As a major planter and businessman, he became a member of "Port Gibson's privileged white aristocracy". Company member trombonist Leon "Pee Wee" Whittaker, described Wolcott as "a good man" who looked after his performers.
The company became known as "F. S. Wolcott's Original Rabbit's Foot Company", and continued to perform annual tours through the 1920s and 1930s. It played small towns during the week and bigger cities at weekends. In 1943 Wolcott placed an advertisement in Billboard, describing the show as "the Greatest Colored Show on Earth", and seeking "Comedians, Singers, Dancers, Chorus Girls, Novelty Acts and Musicians". He remained its general manager and owner until he sold the company as a going concern in 1950, to Earl Hendren of Erwin, Tennessee.
Legacy and honors
In the early 21st century, a historical marker was placed in Port Gibson near the site of the company's former offices. A 2006 exhibit at the city's cultural arts center celebrated the company, its founder Chappelle and long-term owner/manager Wolcott, and its many notable performers.
Death
Wolcott died in 1967 at The Baptist Hospital in Jackson, Mississippi, aged 85. He is buried at Wintergreen Cemetery in Port Gibson, Mississippi.
In popular culture
The song "The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show", written by Robbie Robertson for The Band, is partially named and inspired by F.S. Wolcott and his traveling show.
References
External links
"Rabbit's Foot Minstrels" vimeo
1882 births
1967 deaths
People from Ingham County, Michigan
People from Port Gibson, Mississippi
American entertainment industry businesspeople
African-American culture
Vaudeville producers |
SoLé Mia is a 184 acres (0.74 km) master-planned community located in North Miami, Florida, east of Biscayne Blvd, within an enclave on Biscayne Bay. The project was called a "mini-city" by The Miami Herald and has the first man-made lagoon in South Florida as well as plans for more than 4,000 residences, retail and office spaces, a medical facility, school, hotel and parks. It is being developed by Oleta Partners LLC, a joint venture between Aventura's Turnberry Associates and New York-based LeFrak.
The property is bordered to the east by Oleta River State Park, Florida's largest remaining coastal mangrove preserve and urban park, and next to Florida International University's Biscayne Bay Campus. Previous proposals for the site included an international exposition known as Interama that featured an amusement park in the 1960s, an indoor ski slope in the late 1990s in addition to several developments attempts in the 2000s.
Overview
SoLé Mia has been the largest parcel of undeveloped land east of Biscayne Boulevard in Miami-Dade County. In 2012, the City of North Miami leased the property to Oleta Partners LLC, a joint venture between Aventura's Turnberry Associates and New York-based LeFrak, for 200 years. In 2015, Oleta Partners purchased more than 55 acres of the leased 184 acres site for $20 million from the city and began development. Oleta purchased another 20 acres of the original leasehold in 2019. The developers announced plans for more than 4,000 residences, retail and office spaces, a medical facility, school, hotel and parks.
In January 2019, Oleta Partners LLC completed work on The Shoreline, SoLe Mia's first 397-unit residential complex that was designed by Arquitectonica and Robert M. Swedroe Architects. Laguna Solé, an 11 acre park and man-made lagoon, the size of 21 Olympic-sized swimming pools, was also completed at that time, which marked the end of the first phase of the project. UHealth, the University of Miami health system, acquired a leasehold interest for about 10 acres to build a healthcare facility at SoLé Mia in February 2019. A Costco and Warren Henry, an automobile dealership with the largest electric vehicle charging facility in the United States, opened at SoLé Mia in 2019.
Previous iterations
After working to turn the property into an amusement park, the land became a municipal landfill with some landfilling activities noted as far back as the 1940s. Landfilling activities ceased in 1981. It was designated a Superfund site by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1982 and was declared safe for development in 1990 after extensive environmental investigations and studies. Groundwater treatments and disposal systems were also installed.
In 2007, through a partnership with the City of North Miami, the previous developer, Boca Developers built a twin-tower residential community on the site, then known as Biscayne Landing, with 373 units. Wells Fargo Bank filed a foreclosure suit against the developer in August 2009. It was one of the largest write-offs in securitized mortgage history with a $196 million write-off of an initial $200 million investment. iStar Residential purchased 160 unsold units while the property was in foreclosure.
References
Geography of Miami-Dade County, Florida
North Miami, Florida
Planned communities in Florida |
```python
from typing import Any, Dict, NoReturn, Optional, Sequence
from typing_extensions import override
import typing
import inspect
import json
import logging
from requests import Session
from pyicloud_ipd.exceptions import (
PyiCloudAPIResponseException,
PyiCloud2SARequiredException,
PyiCloudServiceNotActivatedException,
)
LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
HEADER_DATA = {
"X-Apple-ID-Account-Country": "account_country",
"X-Apple-ID-Session-Id": "session_id",
"X-Apple-Session-Token": "session_token",
"X-Apple-TwoSV-Trust-Token": "trust_token",
"X-Apple-TwoSV-Trust-Eligible": "trust_eligible",
"X-Apple-I-Rscd": "apple_rscd",
"X-Apple-I-Ercd": "apple_ercd",
"scnt": "scnt",
}
class PyiCloudPasswordFilter(logging.Filter):
def __init__(self, password: str):
super().__init__(password)
@override
def filter(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> bool:
message = record.getMessage()
if self.name in message:
record.msg = message.replace(self.name, "********")
record.args = [] # type: ignore[assignment]
return True
class PyiCloudSession(Session):
"""iCloud session."""
def __init__(self, service: Any):
self.service = service
super().__init__()
@override
# type: ignore
def request(self, method: str, url, **kwargs):
# Charge logging to the right service endpoint
callee = inspect.stack()[2]
module = inspect.getmodule(callee[0])
request_logger = logging.getLogger(module.__name__).getChild("http") #type: ignore[union-attr]
if self.service.password_filter not in request_logger.filters:
request_logger.addFilter(self.service.password_filter)
request_logger.debug("%s %s %s", method, url, kwargs.get("data", ""))
has_retried = kwargs.get("retried")
kwargs.pop("retried", None)
response = super().request(method, url, **kwargs)
content_type = response.headers.get("Content-Type", "").split(";")[0]
json_mimetypes = ["application/json", "text/json"]
request_logger.debug(response.headers)
for header, value in HEADER_DATA.items():
if response.headers.get(header):
session_arg = value
self.service.session_data.update(
{session_arg: response.headers.get(header)}
)
# Save session_data to file
with open(self.service.session_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as outfile:
json.dump(self.service.session_data, outfile)
LOGGER.debug("Saved session data to file")
# Save cookies to file
self.cookies.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
LOGGER.debug("Cookies saved to %s", self.service.cookiejar_path)
if not response.ok and (
content_type not in json_mimetypes
or response.status_code in [421, 450, 500]
):
try:
# pylint: disable=protected-access
fmip_url = self.service._get_webservice_url("findme")
if (
has_retried is None
and response.status_code in [421, 450, 500]
and fmip_url in url
):
# Handle re-authentication for Find My iPhone
LOGGER.debug("Re-authenticating Find My iPhone service")
try:
# If 450, authentication requires a full sign in to the account
service = None if response.status_code == 450 else "find"
self.service.authenticate(True, service)
except PyiCloudAPIResponseException:
LOGGER.debug("Re-authentication failed")
kwargs["retried"] = True
return self.request(method, url, **kwargs)
except Exception:
pass
if has_retried is None and response.status_code in [421, 450, 500]:
api_error = PyiCloudAPIResponseException(
response.reason, str(response.status_code), True
)
request_logger.debug(api_error)
kwargs["retried"] = True
return self.request(method, url, **kwargs)
self._raise_error(str(response.status_code), response.reason)
if content_type not in json_mimetypes:
if self.service.session_data.get("apple_rscd") == "401":
code: Optional[str] = "401"
reason: Optional[str] = "Invalid username/password combination."
self._raise_error(code or "Unknown", reason or "Unknown")
return response
try:
data = response.json() if response.status_code != 204 else {}
except:
request_logger.warning("Failed to parse response with JSON mimetype")
return response
request_logger.debug(data)
if isinstance(data, dict):
if data.get("hasError"):
errors: Optional[Sequence[Dict[str, Any]]] = typing.cast(Optional[Sequence[Dict[str, Any]]], data.get("service_errors"))
# service_errors returns a list of dict
# dict includes the keys: code, title, message, supressDismissal
# Assuming a single error for now
# May need to revisit to capture and handle multiple errors
if errors:
code = errors[0].get("code")
reason = errors[0].get("message")
self._raise_error(code or "Unknown", reason or "Unknown")
elif not data.get("success"):
reason = data.get("errorMessage")
reason = reason or data.get("reason")
reason = reason or data.get("errorReason")
if not reason and isinstance(data.get("error"), str):
reason = data.get("error")
if not reason and data.get("error"):
reason = "Unknown reason"
code = data.get("errorCode")
if not code and data.get("serverErrorCode"):
code = data.get("serverErrorCode")
if not code and data.get("error"):
code = data.get("error")
if reason:
self._raise_error(code or "Unknown", reason)
return response
def _raise_error(self, code: str, reason: str) -> NoReturn:
if (
self.service.requires_2sa
and reason == "Missing X-APPLE-WEBAUTH-TOKEN cookie"
):
raise PyiCloud2SARequiredException(self.service.user["accountName"])
if code in ("ZONE_NOT_FOUND", "AUTHENTICATION_FAILED"):
reason = (
"Please log into path_to_url to manually "
"finish setting up your iCloud service"
)
api_error: Exception = PyiCloudServiceNotActivatedException(reason, code)
LOGGER.error(api_error)
raise (api_error)
if code == "ACCESS_DENIED":
reason = (
reason + ". Please wait a few minutes then try again."
"The remote servers might be trying to throttle requests."
)
if code in ["421", "450", "500"]:
reason = "Authentication required for Account."
api_error = PyiCloudAPIResponseException(reason, code)
LOGGER.error(api_error)
raise api_error
``` |
Summer Solstice is a 1981 American made-for-television romantic drama film directed by Ralph Rosenblum, written by Bill Phillips and starring Henry Fonda (in his final acting performance) and Myrna Loy.
Summary
The film centers on Joshua and Margaret Turner, an aging couple visiting the beach where they met 50 years earlier.
Cast
References
External links
1981 television films
1981 films
American drama television films
Films directed by Ralph Rosenblum
Films shot in Massachusetts
American films based on plays
ABC Motion Pictures films
HBO
1980s American films |
The Santorini Brewing Company is a brewery on the Greek island of Santorini. Opening in 2011, the company is the first and only brewery on the island.
Description
The Santorini Brewing Company was founded by a group of four brewers in 2011. The brewery uses locally grown wheat, hops, and barley, but imports malt from Bosnia. The company was the first brewery to open on Santorini, and was the only such establishment as of August 2018. The brewery is located in the Mesa Gonia region of Santorini, the traditional home of the island's longstanding wine industry. Many of the brewery's products are sold in local restaurants and bars, often with donkey-themed names.
References
Santorini
Breweries in Greece |
Desulfacinum is an acetate-oxidizing bacteria genus from the family of Syntrophobacteraceae.
References
Further reading
Thermodesulfobacteriota
Bacteria genera |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Nu2 Canis Majoris b}}
Nu2 Canis Majoris b, (7 CMa b) is a water cloud jovian extrasolar planet orbiting the star Nu2 Canis Majoris, approximately 64.71 light years away in the constellation of Canis Major. It was discovered in 2011 by Wittenmyer, R. by radial velocity.
References
External links
Canis Major
Giant planets
Exoplanets discovered in 2011
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity |
An M visa may refer to:
M-1 visa, a type of visa for students who want to study in the United States
M-2 visa, a type of visa for the dependents of an individual with an M-1 visa
mVisa, a mobile payments system run by Visa Inc. |
This is a list of cities who have nicknames after fruits.
Ostensibly, the first was Big Apple, from which the others have been deemed in popular culture. (American) Note for international cities, these terms are English language exonyms, and may not jibe with locals if referring to a foreign city, but often associated with backpackers, and/or expats and tourists.
Various
The Big Orange
United States
The Big Peach - Atlanta
The Big Guava - Tampa, FL
The Big Tomato - Sacramento, CA
The Big Apple - New York City
International
The Big Durian - Jakarta
The Big Mango - Bangkok
The Big Mikan - Tokyo
The Big Coconut - Mumbai
The Big Lychee - Hong Kong
References
United States
United States Cities |
Rock pigeon may refer to:
Rock dove (Columba livia), a Eurasian species introduced worldwide
Petrophassa, an Australian genus of terrestrial pigeons
Speckled pigeon (Columba guinea), an African species
Animal common name disambiguation pages |
```c++
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// Tests for OpExtension validator rules.
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "source/spirv_target_env.h"
#include "test/unit_spirv.h"
#include "test/val/val_fixtures.h"
namespace spvtools {
namespace val {
namespace {
using ::testing::HasSubstr;
using ::testing::Values;
using ::testing::ValuesIn;
using ValidateSpvKHRBitInstructions = spvtest::ValidateBase<bool>;
TEST_F(ValidateSpvKHRBitInstructions, Valid) {
const std::string str = R"(
OpCapability Kernel
OpCapability Addresses
OpCapability BitInstructions
OpExtension "SPV_KHR_bit_instructions"
OpMemoryModel Physical32 OpenCL
OpEntryPoint Kernel %main "main"
%void = OpTypeVoid
%void_fn = OpTypeFunction %void
%u32 = OpTypeInt 32 0
%u32_1 = OpConstant %u32 1
%main = OpFunction %void None %void_fn
%entry = OpLabel
%unused = OpBitReverse %u32 %u32_1
OpReturn
OpFunctionEnd
)";
CompileSuccessfully(str.c_str());
EXPECT_EQ(SPV_SUCCESS, ValidateInstructions());
}
TEST_F(ValidateSpvKHRBitInstructions, RequiresExtension) {
const std::string str = R"(
OpCapability Kernel
OpCapability Addresses
OpCapability BitInstructions
OpMemoryModel Physical32 OpenCL
OpEntryPoint Kernel %main "main"
%void = OpTypeVoid
%void_fn = OpTypeFunction %void
%u32 = OpTypeInt 32 0
%u32_1 = OpConstant %u32 1
%main = OpFunction %void None %void_fn
%entry = OpLabel
%unused = OpBitReverse %u32 %u32_1
OpReturn
OpFunctionEnd
)";
CompileSuccessfully(str.c_str());
EXPECT_NE(SPV_SUCCESS, ValidateInstructions());
EXPECT_THAT(
getDiagnosticString(),
HasSubstr("1st operand of Capability: operand BitInstructions(6025) "
"requires one of these extensions: SPV_KHR_bit_instructions"));
}
TEST_F(ValidateSpvKHRBitInstructions, RequiresCapability) {
const std::string str = R"(
OpCapability Kernel
OpCapability Addresses
OpExtension "SPV_KHR_bit_instructions"
OpMemoryModel Physical32 OpenCL
OpEntryPoint Kernel %main "main"
%void = OpTypeVoid
%void_fn = OpTypeFunction %void
%u32 = OpTypeInt 32 0
%u32_1 = OpConstant %u32 1
%main = OpFunction %void None %void_fn
%entry = OpLabel
%unused = OpBitReverse %u32 %u32_1
OpReturn
OpFunctionEnd
)";
CompileSuccessfully(str.c_str());
EXPECT_NE(SPV_SUCCESS, ValidateInstructions());
EXPECT_THAT(getDiagnosticString(),
HasSubstr("Opcode BitReverse requires one of these capabilities: "
"Shader BitInstructions"));
}
} // namespace
} // namespace val
} // namespace spvtools
``` |
Pathargaon is a village in India, situated in Mawal taluka of Pune district in the state of Maharashtra. It encompasses an area of .
Administration
The village is administrated by a sarpanch, an elected representative who leads a gram panchayat. At the time of the 2011 Census of India, the gram panchayat governed three villages and was based at Taje.
Demographics
At the 2011 census, the village comprised 97 households. The population of 537 was split between 279 males and 258 females.
Air travel connectivity
The closest airport to the village is Pune Airport.
See also
List of villages in Mawal taluka
References
Villages in Mawal taluka |
Solar cycle 7 was the seventh solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 10.5 years, beginning in May 1823 and ending in November 1833 (thus overlapping the Dalton Minimum). The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 119.2 (November 1829), and the starting minimum was 0.2.
See also
List of solar cycles
References
Solar cycles |
Arago hotspot (also known as the Rurutu hotspot, Young Rurutu hotspot or Atiu hotspot) is a hotspot in the Pacific Ocean, presently located below the Arago seamount close to the island of Rurutu, French Polynesia.
Arago is part of a family of hotspots in the southern Pacific, which include the Society hotspot and the Macdonald hotspot among others. These are structures beneath Earth's crust which generate volcanoes and which are in part formed by mantle plumes, although Arago itself might have a shallower origin. As the Pacific plate moves over the hotspots, new volcanoes form and old volcanoes are carried away; sometimes an older volcano is carried over the hotspot and is then uplifted as happened with Rurutu.
The Arago hotspot is responsible for the formation of Arago seamount and uplift on Rurutu; however reconstructions of the past positions of tectonic plates and geochemistry suggest that other islands and seamounts were constructed by the Arago hotspot during the past 120 million years. These potentially include the Wake Seamounts, the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands, numerous seamounts northwest of the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Gilbert Islands as well as part of the Austral Islands and Cook Islands.
Name
The hotspot is named after the Arago seamount southeast of Rurutu. The seamount is named after the French Navy ship Arago, which discovered the seamount in 1993. The ship itself is named after astronomer François Arago. Polynesians knew of the existence of the shallow ( beneath sea level) seamount and named it Tinomana. Before the link to Arago seamount was discovered, the hotspot was also known as "Rurutu hotspot", a name sometimes still used, which is a name also used for an older volcanic chain that starts at Raivavae or President Thiers Bank. Other names are "Young Rurutu" and "Atiu trend"; "Old Rurutu" refers to the Macdonald hotspot.
Geography and geology
The southern Pacific Ocean is the site of the South Pacific Superswell, an area where the ocean is anomalously shallow (by about ) and which covers an area of about . Underneath this superswell a large mantle plume might give rise to secondary plumes which in turn form the surface hotspots. Hotspots in the region are the Macdonald hotspot, Marquesas hotspot, Pitcairn hotspot and Society hotspot; of which the first and the last appear to be rooted deep in the mantle. The nature of the volcanism in the area is not completely understood.
Arago Seamount is part of the volcanic chain that forms the Austral Islands and Cook Islands. The long chain consists of two separate trends that form two atolls and eleven islands; of these systems one (Macdonald seamount) is a still active volcano. The ages of these islands follow an approximate age progression typical of a hotspot volcano but the occurrence of younger ages on Aitutaki and Rurutu and the chemistry of these younger rocks indicated that there must be more than one hotspot involved. Recent models envisage the presence of a number of separate hotspot tracks in what has been dubbed a "hotspot highway", fed by plumes apart. Further, some hotspots such as the Hawaii hotspot show evidence of movement but the Arago hotspot appears to be static.
The Arago and other hotspots probably are not deep mantle plumes but rather more shallow structures that are also influenced by the lithosphere; in the case of the Arago hotspot the absence of an oceanic plateau that could have been formed by the head of the mantle plume supports such a shallow origin. The upper mantle might be the source of the Arago hotspot. Data on the presence of seismic velocity anomalies and whether they are positive (higher) or negative (lower) beneath Arago are contradictory. Seismic imaging published in 2009 indicates only a slight seismic velocity anomaly shallower than , with no indication of a deep mantle root. More recent research however has endorsed a deep mantle origin for the Arago hotspot. Presently, Arago and the Macdonald hotspot are the two active hotspots of the Austral Islands, but a hotspot that formed Rarotonga may also still be active; additional hotspots in the area are Tubuai, Taukina and Ngatemato. Arago is a long lived hotspot that could be as much as 140 million years old.
Arago Seamount
The eponymous Arago Seamount is a composite volcano with three rift zones, similar to Rurutu. The seamount was formed by three volcanoes with one overlapping the other two; potassium-argon dating on Arago has yielded ages of 230,000 ± 4,000 before present and an imprecise age of 0 years before present. There is some evidence of submarine landslide activity, a typical occurrence on ocean volcanoes, with one landslide scar each on the northern, eastern and western flank. This seamount is considered to be the present location of the hotspot, given its young age; however, unlike Macdonald, Arago Seamount has no recorded historical eruptions.
Hotspots other than the Arago hotspot may have contributed to the growth of the Arago Seamount; a hotspot associated with Raivavae and potentially the President Thiers Bank has been associated through isotope analysis with 8.2 million year old samples taken from Arago Seamount. Other volcanoes in the region also show evidence that they were built by more than one hotspot; this might indicate that their formation is controlled by lithospheric features.
Other islands and seamounts
As the Pacific Plate drifted over the hotspot several volcanoes were formed on the hotspot where weaknesses in the crust allowed the penetration of magma, and were subsequently carried away, at a rate of about . Isotope ratios of lead in the volcanic rocks tie the younger volcanics of Rurutu to the Arago hotspot, the ratio in this case is characterized by high radiogenic lead isotope composition ("HIMU"). Some volcanic material from the Arago hotspot may have been recycled in the mantle and mixed into the magmas erupted in the northeastern Lau basin; rocks shed from seamounts created by the Arago hotspot may have been subducted in the Tonga trench which is close to the reconstructed path of the Arago hotspot and then erupted onto the Lau basin. HIMU xenoliths have been found in Tubuai just ahead of Arago Seamount as well.
Rurutu already existed before the interaction with the Arago hotspot, having been formed by an older volcanic episode; when it moved over the Arago hotspot a volcanic episode occurred and emplaced lava flows that are formed by basanite and hawaiite. Also, the island and surrounding coral reef were uplifted, and these uplifted coral reefs (known as makatea) caught the attention of early geologists, who were speculating as to what might have lifted the reefs out of the sea already in 1840. Other uplifted atolls occur northwest from Rurutu and may have formed in the same way when they passed over the Arago hotspot.
The following volcanics are at least tentatively attributed to the Arago hotspot:
The 1 million years old episode of Rurutu ().
The ZEP2-6 (), ZEP2-7 () and ZEP2-8 () seamounts close to Rurutu have similar morphologies to the island and may have been formed by the Arago hotspot.
Rimatara ().
ZEP2-12 seamount () close to Rimatara has been dated at 2.6 million years ago and may be linked to Arago.
The 19 million year old rocks from Mangaia (), although the Macdonald hotspot has also been considered responsible for these rocks.
Possibly Îles Maria (). Maria may be close to the present-day position of another hotspot.
Possibly Mitiaro ().
Possibly Takutea ().
Possibly Manuae ().
Atiu () and Mauke () likewise with the characteristic "HIMU" chemistry, but more questionable owing to differences in neodymium isotope ratios and because no basaltic outcrops can be inspected on Mauke.
Aitutaki (), specifically the older volcanic series according to geochronology and isotope ratios.
Possibly Palmerston Island ().
Rose Atoll () east of Samoa 24.8 ± 1.0 million years ago.
Some seamounts in western Samoa ("Samoan Seamounts") such as East Niulakita and Kosciusko, which were emplaced together with Tuvalu between 63 and 42 million years ago. These are also known as the "interloper seamounts" and include Malulu and Papatua close to the Samoa hotspot. Other undated seamounts in Samoa have been linked to the Arago hotspot on the basis of geochemical evidence. This region has been called the "hotspot highway" and a number of hotspot tracks intersect there, including these of the Arago, Rarotonga and Samoa hotspots.
Part of the Arago hotspot track may have been subducted in the Tonga Trench or been buried under volcanoes formed by the Samoa hotspot.
Tuvalu (, 50–70 million years ago), preceding a "bend" in the hotspot track similar to the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. In the case of the Arago hotspot, the "bend" occurred about 50 million years ago close to the atolls Funafuti and Nukufetau, the latter of which has eruption ages consistent with activity of the Arago hotspot. Trace element isotope ratios and argon-argon dating of samples taken from seamounts support this theory.
Possibly Gilbert Islands (, 64–70 million years ago), also supported by isotope data. The plate reconstruction might require some wander by the Arago hotspot in such a case, however.
Possibly Tokelau (). Tokelau however has isotope similarity to the Macdonald hotspot, and plate reconstructions place Tokelau over the Macdonald hotspot.
Possibly most of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands between 74 and 100 million years ago. One theory supposes that some volcanoes there were built in various stages by the Arago hotspot and other hotspots in the region. The plate reconstruction may require some wander by the Arago hotspot to fit.
This includes the Wōdejebato () and Limalok () Guyots: Wōdejebato is reconstructed to have passed over the Arago hotspot 85 million years ago and a volcanic rock sample from this guyot is dated 84.4 million years ago, while Limalok was in such a position 75 million years ago. Other hotspots in the area of Arago may also have participated; Strontium and lead isotope data from Wōdejebato have affinities to these of the Arago hotspot.
Woden-Kopakut Guyot () has an age of 80.6–83.8 million years ago, similar to the age of 82 million years which is when the guyot was carried over the Arago hotspot.
Enewetak () and Lo-En Guyots () likewise are on the path of the Arago hotspot but there is no evidence of volcanism during the time when they were over Arago (90-85 million years ago), with the possible exception of glass shards of Campanian age from Lo-En. Plate reconstructions indicate that Lo-En may have been located too far south of the hotspot path to be formed by the Arago hotspot.
Possibly West Pacific Seamount Province over 100 million years ago on the basis of geochemical similarities, including Wake Island (). and the older stage of Pako Guyot () together with the Rarotonga hotspot.
Marcus-Wake seamounts () between 100 and 150 million years ago, including Lamont Guyot (, less than 87 million years ago), Miami Guyot (, 97 million years old) and Wilde Guyot (, 91 million years old). Both isotope ratios from rocks sampled on the guyots and reconstructions of former plate positions support that the Marcus-Wake seamounts were built by the Arago hotspot, although not all guyots are sampled and a stronger link exists to the Southern Wake seamounts. Research published in 2022 indicates that the Arago hotspot may have contributed to their growth more indirectly.
Volcanism in the Eastern Mariana Basin 117 million years ago.
126.1 ± 0.6 million year old dolerite sills which were drilled into in 1992 in the seafloor of the Eastern Mariana Basin () show similar geochemistry to Arago hotspot volcanites and plate reconstructions place the sills above the Arago hotspot at the time of their formation.
The Himu () and Golden Dragon () seamounts show similar composition to the Arago hotspot volcanic rocks and are located where the Arago hotspot would have been about 120 million years ago, when the Himu seamount was formed.
The trail of volcanoes ends in the Mariana Trench, however material from older seamounts may have been accreted to the trench forearc.
The oldest volcanic structures potentially formed by the Arago hotspot are 120 million years old. If their attribution is correct, the Arago hotspot may be the oldest still active hotspot in the Pacific Ocean, ahead of the Hawaii hotspot and the Louisville hotspot. A contrasting viewpoint believes that Arago is a short-lived hotspot with few dated volcanoes along its predicted path. Assuming the first is the case, it is possible to fit Pacific Plate movements over the last 80 million years to the widely separate postulated tracks of this hotspot, the Louisville hotspot and the Hawaii hotspot very well.
The island of Tubuai is located ahead of the hotspot, and the island will be transported over it in a few million years. As with Rurutu, this interaction will lead to uplift in Tubuai and possibly to renewed volcanism.
References
Sources
External links
Cook-Austral volcanic chain
Hotspots of the Pacific Ocean
Cretaceous Oceania
Cenozoic Oceania
Volcanism of Oceania
Seamount chains
Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean |
Evergreen High School is a public high school located in Metamora, Ohio, United States. It was first opened in 1968 and as of the 2021–22 school year, serves 348 students in grades 9-12. Athletic teams are known as the Vikings and the school competes as a member of the Northwest Ohio Athletic League. Evergreen has many school organizations and clubs and the school is also partnered with Four-County Vocational School in Archbold, Ohio.
Notes and references
External links
1968 establishments in Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1968
High schools in Fulton County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
From June 2010, to the end of 2019, Falcon 9 was launched 77 times, with 75 full mission successes, one partial failure and one total loss of the spacecraft. In addition, one rocket and its payload were destroyed on the launch pad during the fueling process before a static fire test was set to occur. Falcon Heavy was launched three times, all successful.
The first Falcon 9 version, Falcon 9 v1.0, was launched five times from June 2010, to March 2013, its successor Falcon 9 v1.1 15 times from September 2013, to January 2016, and the Falcon 9 Full Thrust (through Block 4) 36 times from December 2015, to June 2018. The latest Full Thrust variant, Block 5, was introduced in May 2018, and launched 21 times until the end of 2019.
Statistics
Rocket configurations
Launch sites
Launch outcomes
Booster landings
Second Stage Configurations
{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart
| float = center
| width = 420
| height = 320
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 1:0:2:1:0:0:0:0:0:0
| group 2 = 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
| group 3 =0:0:0:2:6:7:8:18:21:12
| group 4 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
| colors = LightBlue : Gold : MediumBlue : LightSeaGreen
| group names = Regular Merlin 1C Stage": Short Nozzle Merlin 1C Stage: "Regular Merlin 1D Stage": "Regular Merlin 1D Stage with Grey Banded Oxygen Tank"
| x legends = '10:'11:'12:'13:'14:'15:'16:'17:'18:'19
}}
Launches
2010 to 2013
2014
With six launches, SpaceX became the second most prolific American company in terms of 2014 launches, behind Atlas V launch vehicle.
2015
With 7 launches in 2015, Falcon 9 was the second most launched American rocket behind Atlas V.
2016
With 8 successful launches for 2016, SpaceX equalled Atlas V for most American rocket launches for the year.
2017
With 18 launches throughout 2017, SpaceX had the most prolific yearly launch manifest of all rocket families. Five launches in 2017, used pre-flown boosters.
2018
In November 2017, Gwynne Shotwell expected to increase launch cadence in 2018, by about 50% compared to 2017, leveling out at a rate of about 30 to 40 per year, not including launches for the planned SpaceX satellite constellation Starlink. The actual launch rate increased by 17% from 18 in 2017, to 21 in 2018, giving SpaceX the second most launches for the year for a rocket family, behind China's Long March. Falcon Heavy made its first flight.
2019
Shotwell stated in May 2019, that SpaceX might conduct up to 21 launches in 2019, not counting Starlink missions. With a slump in worldwide commercial launch contracts for 2019, SpaceX ended up launching only 13 launch vehicles throughout 2019, (11 without Starlink), significantly fewer than in 2017, and 2018, and third most launches of vehicle class behind China's Long March and Russia's R-7 launch vehicles.
Notable launches
First flight of Falcon 9
On 4 June 2010, the first Falcon 9 launch successfully placed a test payload into the intended orbit. Starting at the moment of liftoff, the booster experienced roll. The roll stopped before the craft reached the top of the tower, but the second stage began to roll near the end of its burn, tumbling out of control during the passivation process and creating a gaseous halo of vented propellant that could be seen from all of Eastern Australia, raising UFO concerns.
COTS demonstration flights
Second launch of Falcon 9 was COTS Demo Flight 1, which placed an operational Dragon capsule in a roughly orbit on 8 December 2010, The capsule re-entered the atmosphere after two orbits, allowing testing for the pressure vessel integrity, attitude control using the Draco thrusters, telemetry, guidance, navigation, control systems, and the PICA-X heat shield, and intended to test the parachutes at speed. The capsule was recovered off the coast of Mexico and then placed on display at SpaceX headquarters.
The remaining objectives of the NASA COTS qualification program were combined into a single Dragon C2+ mission, on the condition that all milestones would be validated in space before berthing Dragon to the ISS. The Dragon capsule was propelled to orbit on 22 May, and for the next days tested its positioning system, solar panels, grapple fixture, proximity navigation sensors, and its rendezvous capabilities at safe distances. After a final hold position at away from the Harmony docking port on 25 May, it was grabbed with the station's robotic arm (Canadarm2), and eventually, the hatch was opened on 26 May. It was released on 31 May and successfully completed all the return procedures, and the recovered Dragon C2+ capsule is now on display at Kennedy Space Center. Falcon 9 and Dragon thus became the first fully commercially developed launcher to deliver a payload to the International Space Station, paving the way for SpaceX and NASA to sign the first Commercial Resupply Services agreement for 12 cargo deliveries.
CRS-1
First operational cargo resupply mission to ISS, the fourth flight of Falcon 9, was launched on 7 October 2012. At 76 seconds after liftoff, engine 1 of the first stage suffered a loss of pressure which caused an automatic shutdown of that engine, but the remaining eight first-stage engines continued to burn and the Dragon capsule reached orbit successfully and thus demonstrated the rocket's "engine out" capability in flight. Due to ISS visiting vehicle safety rules, at NASA's request, the secondary payload Orbcomm-2 was released into a lower-than-intended orbit. The mission continued to rendezvous and berth the Dragon capsule with the ISS where the ISS crew unloaded its payload and reloaded the spacecraft with cargo for return to Earth. Despite the incident, Orbcomm said they gathered useful test data from the mission and planned to send more satellites via SpaceX, which happened in July 2014, and December 2015.
Maiden flight of v1.1
Following unsuccessful attempts at recovering the first stage with parachutes, SpaceX upgraded to much larger first stage booster and with greater thrust, termed Falcon 9 v1.1 (also termed Block 2). SpaceX performed its first, demonstration flight of this version on 29 September 2013, with CASSIOPE as a primary payload. This had a payload mass that is very small relative to the rocket's capability, and was launched at a discounted rate, approximately 20% of the normal published price. After the second stage separation, SpaceX conducted a novel high-altitude, high-velocity flight test, wherein the booster attempted to reenter the lower atmosphere in a controlled manner and decelerate to a simulated over-water landing.
Loss of CRS-7 mission
On 28 June 2015, Falcon 9 Flight 19 carried a Dragon capsule on the seventh Commercial Resupply Services mission to the ISS. The second stage disintegrated due to an internal helium tank failure while the first stage was still burning normally. This was the first (and only as of February 2022) primary mission loss for any Falcon 9 rocket. In addition to ISS consumables and experiments, this mission carried the first International Docking Adapter (IDA-1), whose loss delayed preparedness of the station's US Orbital Segment (USOS) for future crewed missions.
Performance was nominal until T+140 seconds into launch when a cloud of white vapor appeared, followed by rapid loss of second-stage LOX tank pressure. The booster continued on its trajectory until complete vehicle breakup at T+150 seconds. The Dragon capsule was ejected from the disintegrating rocket and continued transmitting data until impact with the ocean. SpaceX officials stated that the capsule could have been recovered if the parachutes had deployed; however, the Dragon software did not include any provisions for parachute deployment in this situation. Subsequent investigations traced the cause of the accident to the failure of a strut that secured a helium bottle inside the second-stage LOX tank. With the helium pressurization system integrity breached, excess helium quickly flooded the tank, eventually causing it to burst from overpressure. NASA's independent accident investigation into the loss of SpaceX CRS-7 found that the failure of the strut which led to the breakup of the Falcon-9 represented a design error. Specifically, that industrial grade stainless steel had been used in a critical load path under cryogenic conditions and flight conditions, without additional part screening, and without regard to manufacturer recommendations.
Full-thrust version and first booster landings
After pausing launches for months, SpaceX launched on 22 December 2015, the highly anticipated return-to-flight mission after the loss of CRS-7. This launch inaugurated a new Falcon 9 Full Thrust version (also initially termed Block 3) of its flagship rocket featuring increased performance, notably thanks to subcooling of the propellants. After launching a constellation of 11 Orbcomm-OG2 second-generation satellites, the first stage performed a controlled-descent and landing test for the eighth time, SpaceX attempted to land the booster on land for the first time. It managed to return the first stage successfully to the Landing Zone 1 at Cape Canaveral, marking the first successful recovery of a rocket first stage that launched a payload to orbit. After recovery, the first stage booster performed further ground tests and then was put on permanent display outside SpaceX's headquarters in Hawthorne, California.
On 8 April 2016, SpaceX delivered its commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station marking the return-to-flight of the Dragon capsule, after the loss of CRS-7. After separation, the first-stage booster slowed itself with a boostback maneuver, re-entered the atmosphere, executed an automated controlled descent and landed vertically onto the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You'', marking the first successful landing of a rocket on a ship at sea. This was the fourth attempt to land on a drone ship, as part of the company's experimental controlled-descent and landing tests.
Loss of AMOS-6 on the launch pad
On 1 September 2016, the 29th Falcon 9 rocket exploded on the launchpad while propellant was being loaded for a routine pre-launch static fire test. The payload, Israeli satellite AMOS-6, partly commissioned by Facebook, was destroyed with the launcher. On 2 January 2017, SpaceX released an official statement indicating that the cause of the failure was a buckled liner in several of the COPV tanks, causing perforations that allowed liquid and/or solid oxygen to accumulate underneath the COPVs carbon strands, which were subsequently ignited possibly due to friction of breaking strands.
Inaugural reuse of the first stage
On 30 March 2017, Flight 32 launched the SES-10 satellite with the first-stage booster B1021, which had been previously used for the CRS-8 mission a year earlier. The stage was successfully recovered a second time and was retired and put on display at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
Zuma launch controversy
Zuma was a classified United States government satellite and was developed and built by Northrop Grumman at an estimated cost of US$3.5 billion. Its launch, originally planned for mid-November 2017, was postponed to 8 January 2018, as fairing tests for another SpaceX customer were assessed. Following a successful Falcon 9 launch, the first-stage booster landed at LZ-1. Unconfirmed reports suggested that the Zuma spacecraft was lost, with claims that either the payload failed following orbital release, or that the customer-provided adapter failed to release the satellite from the upper stage, while other claims argued that Zuma was in orbit and operating covertly. SpaceX's COO Gwynne Shotwell stated that their Falcon 9 "did everything correctly" and that "Information published that is contrary to this statement is categorically false". A preliminary report indicated that the payload adapter, modified by Northrop Grumman after purchasing it from a subcontractor, failed to separate the satellite from the second stage under the zero gravity conditions. Due to the classified nature of the mission, no further official information is expected.
Falcon Heavy test flight
The maiden launch of the Falcon Heavy occurred on 6 February 2018, marking the launch of the most powerful rocket since the Saturn V, with a theoretical payload capacity to low Earth orbit more than double the Delta IV Heavy. Both side boosters landed nearly simultaneously after a ten-minute flight. The central core failed to land on a floating platform at sea. The rocket carried a car and a mannequin to an eccentric heliocentric orbit that reaches further than the aphelion of Mars.
Maiden flight Crew Dragon and first crewed flight
On 2 March 2019, SpaceX launched its first orbital flight of Dragon 2 (Crew Dragon). It was an uncrewed mission to the International Space Station. The Dragon contained a mannequin named Ripley which was equipped with multiple sensors to gather data about how a human would feel during the flight. Along with the mannequin was 300 pounds of cargo of food and other supplies. Also on board was Earth plush toy referred to as a 'super high tech zero-g indicator'. The toy became a hit with astronaut Anne McClain who showed the plushy on the ISS each day and also deciding to keep it on board to experience the crewed SpX-DM2.
The Dragon spent six days in space including five docked to the International Space Station. During the time, various systems were tested to make sure the vehicle was ready for US astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken to fly in it in 2020. The Dragon undocked and performed a re-entry burn before splashing down on 8 March 2019, at 08:45 EST, off the coast of Florida. SpaceX held a successful launch of the first commercial orbital human space flight on 30 May 2020, crewed with NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken. Both astronauts focused on conducting tests on the Crew Dragon capsule. Crew Dragon successfully returned to Earth, splashing down in the Gulf of Mexico on 2 August 2020.
Booster reflight records
Most records were set during launches of Starlink satellites.
On 3 December 2018, Spaceflight SSO-A launched on B1046. It was the first commercial mission to use a booster flying for the third time.
See also
List of Falcon 1 launches
List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters
List of SpaceX Dragon 1 missions
List of SpaceX Dragon 2 missions
List of Starlink flights
List of SpaceX Starship flight tests
Notes
References
Falcon 9
Falcon Heavy
Falcon 9
Articles containing video clips
2010s in spaceflight
SpaceX related lists |
```python
import lit.util
import os
import sys
main_config = sys.argv[1]
main_config = os.path.realpath(main_config)
main_config = os.path.normcase(main_config)
config_map = {main_config : sys.argv[2]}
builtin_parameters = {'config_map' : config_map}
if __name__=='__main__':
from lit.main import main
main_config_dir = os.path.dirname(main_config)
sys.argv = [sys.argv[0]] + sys.argv[3:] + [main_config_dir]
main(builtin_parameters)
``` |
George Palaiologos or Palaeologus (; ) was a Byzantine aristocrat and general. One of the earliest known ancestors of the Palaiologos dynasty, he was a capable military commander who played a critical role in helping his brother-in-law Alexios I Komnenos seize the throne in 1081. In subsequent year he played an important role in Alexios' campaigns, especially the Battle of Dyrrhachium against the Italo-Normans or the Battle of Levounion against the Pechenegs, and was a major source used by Anna Komnene in her Alexiad.
Life
Early life and career
George Palaiologos was the son of the first known member of the Palaiologos family, Nikephoros Palaiologos. He was also linked to the Kourtikes family, as the general Basil Kourtikes was his cousin. Sometime before 1081, he married Anna Doukaina, the sister of Irene Doukaina, the wife of Alexios I Komnenos (), making him the brother-in-law to the future emperor.
George Palaiologos is first mentioned in 1078, alongside his father, who was serving as the governor of the Theme of Mesopotamia at the time; the two supported the rise to the throne of Emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates (), although his father had been a Doukas loyalist. In 1080, Palaiologos participated in a campaign against the rebel general Nikephoros Melissenos. Along with his cousin, Basil Kourtikes, he was placed under the command of the incompetent court eunuch John, who refused to follow Palaiologos' advice. Soon, however, John became frightened of the constant attacks of the Turks, and left the army in Palaiologos' hands. Although the latter managed to save the army from disaster, John complained about him at court, and on his return to Constantinople Palaiologos was prohibited from entering the imperial palace.
Role in the Komnenian coup
Although related to the Komnenoi by marriage, Palaiologos only joined their plot to usurp the throne reluctantly, and at the last moment; the historian Basile Skoulatos suggests that he rather preferred his wife's grandfather, the John Doukas, to seize the throne instead. The Komnenoi met Palaiologos as they were departing Constantinople to lead the revolt at Kosmidion, on the night of 14 February 1081; Palaiologos had taken the precaution of bringing with him his fortune from the Blachernae Monastery where he had deposited it. According to the sources, it was the pleading of his mother-in-law, Maria of Bulgaria, which convinced him to cast his lot with the Komnenoi, joining their forces at Tzouroulos. At the family council at Skiza, Palaiologos supported the candidature of Alexios for the throne, against Alexios' elder brother, Isaac Komnenos.
When the Komnenian army marched on Constantinople, Palaiologos was put in charge of negotiating with the German commander Gilpract, who commanded the garrison at the Gate of Charisios; Palaiologos managed to persuade Gilpract to defect, allowing the Komnenian forces unopposed entry to the capital on 1 April. Immediately after, Palaiologos boarded a boat and secured the allegiance of the imperial fleet for Alexios. This proved crucial, as Botaneiates attempted to use the fleet to ferry across the troops of Melissenos, who had been encamped at the Asian shore of the Bosporus at Damalis.
At the same time, when the Komnenoi and some of their partisans, now sure of their victory, contemplated sidelining the Doukai and having Alexios discard Irene Doukaina, Palaiologos angrily protested that he had only joined them in support of her interests. Palaiologos' control of the fleet was vital to the yet insecure Komnenian regime, as only the fleet prevented Melissenos from crossing the strait; and Palaiologos had the sailors of the fleet acclaim jointly Alexios and Irene. along with the John Doukas, Palaiologos successfully pressured Patriarch Cosmas I of Constantinople to not resign before he had crowned Irene as empress.
Palaiologos' father had remained loyal to Botaneiates, and their meeting in Constantinople after the coup is described by Skoulatos as one of the "most passionate" scenes of the Alexiad, the great historical biography written by Alexios Komnenos' daughter Anna Komnene.
Military career under Alexios
Soon after the Komnenian coup, Palaiologos was tasked by Alexios with defending the city of Dyrrhachium against an imminent attack by the Italo-Normans of Robert Guiscard. Palaiologos arrived in the city to find its previous governor gone, but hastened to organize its defence, before the Normans landed on 17 June. He led the city's resistance in the ensuing siege, despite being wounded in a sally in July, in support of a Venetian attack on the Normans. On 15 October, as Alexios arrived at the city at the head of a relief army, Palaiologos left the city to join him. In the ensuing war council, Palaiologos opposed a pitched battle with the Normans, but was overruled; and in the Battle of Dyrrhachium on 18 October the Byzantines were heavily defeated. His father Nikephoros was killed, and the city, left without hope of rescue, surrendered soon after.
In October or November 1083, Palaiologos led the Byzantine army that recaptured Kastoria from Norman control. In 1087, he participated in Alexios' campaign against the Pechenegs. There he advised the emperor to pursue the Pechenegs into the Paristrion, and later to seek the protection of the walls of Great Preslav. Alexios however listened to other advice, and in the ensuing Battle of Dristra in August 1087, the Byzantines suffered another heavy defeat; Palaiologos himself was nearly captured in the melee. In February 1091 he led a force out from Constantinople to reinforce Alexios, who was fighting the Pechenegs, only to encounter the emperor returning victorious to the capital. Two months later, on 29 April, Palaiologos commanded the Byzantine right wing at the Battle of Levounion, which ended the Pecheneg threat for good.
In 1094 Palaiologos, with the rank of , took part in the Council of Blachernae. In early 1095, he was placed in charge of the defence of Berrhoe (modern Stara Zagora) against Cuman attacks, alongside Nikephoros Melissenos. In July 1097, after the Siege of Nicaea by the First Crusade, Palaiologos engaged in a violent quarrel with Tancred, who refused to swear allegiance to Alexios.
Likely his last mention was a visit to the hermit saint Cyril Phileotes, shortly before the latter's death in December 1110. George Palaiologos died sometime between 1118 and 1136.
Legacy
George Palaiologos was the chief source used by Anna Komnene in her Alexiad on her father's battles, and is very favourably portrayed by her in her book as both capable and loyal. The Alexiad is in turn the main source about Palaiologos' life. Anna's positive assessment is also shared by her husband, the general and historian Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, who calls Palaiologos a "brave warrior, of high military ability".
Family
George Palaiologos had a younger brother, Nicholas. Through his marriage to Anna Doukaina, George had four sons:
Nikephoros, paternal ancestor of the Palaiologos dynasty that became the Empire's ruling dynasty after 1261.
Andronikos, of Thessalonica.
Michael, a , married a daughter of Theodore Dasiotes
Alexios, married Anna Komnene Doukaina and became a maternal ancestor of the Palaiologos dynasty
References
Bibliography
Further reading
11th-century births
11th-century Byzantine people
12th-century deaths
Byzantine generals
George
Generals of Alexios I Komnenos
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Norman wars
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Sebastoi
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Pecheneg wars
Byzantine governors of Dyrrhachium |
60008 Dwight D Eisenhower is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive named after Dwight D. Eisenhower, the United States General of the Army.
Built for the London & North Eastern Railway in 1937, this locomotive was originally numbered 4496 and named Golden Shuttle. It was renamed Dwight D. Eisenhower after World War II and renumbered 8 on 23 November 1946, under Edward Thompson's LNER 1946 renumbering scheme. After nationalisation in 1948, British Railways renumbered it 60008 on 29 October 1948. It was retired from service in 1963 and was moved to the National Railroad Museum in Ashwaubenon, a suburb of Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States, where it is currently on display. It returned to England in 2012 for display at the National Railway Museum in York, when all surviving A4s were reunited. It returned to Green Bay in 2014.
Liveries
Like the other members of the A4 class, Dwight D. Eisenhower has carried numerous liveries during its career. When first introduced into traffic on 4 September 1937, locomotive 4496 was named Golden Shuttle and painted in LNER garter blue with stainless steel trim on the base of the valances and tender. The numbers and LNER lettering on the tender were also stainless steel. This livery design was also used on the A4s that were named after countries, on the Coronation service in order to match with the rolling stock.
4496's next livery was wartime black with 'LNER' on the tender, applied 30 January 1942. This livery was modified to read just 'NE' on the tender in a repaint on 12 March 1943. LNER garter blue was reapplied 25 September 1945 and the name Dwight D. Eisenhower applied, but the name was covered until February 1946. The next livery applied was British Railways dark blue livery with black and white lining on 14 June 1950. The final livery applied was British Railways Brunswick green, applied 9 November 1951.
Dwight D. Eisenhower had a non-standard red background to the nameplate c. 1958. During its time allocated to Grantham motive power depot, the name of the depot was stencilled on the buffer beam.
Technical details
Like all the early A4 locomotives prior to Mallard, Golden Shuttle was released to service with a single chimney and side valances covering the wheels. The valances were removed to aid in maintenance during a general overhaul on 30 January 1942. Experimental Automatic Train Control equipment was fitted on 23 June 1950. A double chimney and Kylchap double blastpipe was installed to help performance, during an overhaul 20 August 1958. A Smith-Stone type speed indicator was installed 30 June 1960.
Dwight D. Eisenhower has had eleven boilers during its career: 8959 (from new); 8945 (from 4482 Golden Eagle), 30 January 1942; 8906 (spare) from 23 November 1946; 8955 (from 60026 Miles Beevor), 14 June 1950; 29314 (new), 9 November 1951; 29303 (from 60020 Guillemot) 18 June 1954; 29296 (from 60033 Seagull), 8 July 1955; 29308 (from 60030 Golden Fleece), 20 December 1956; 29312 (from 60010 Dominion of Canada), 20 August 1958; 27964 (new), 30 June 1960 and finally 29335 (from 60019 Bittern), 17 May 1962.
Dwight D. Eisenhower had two tenders during its career: 5651 from new and 5671 from 1 April 1957.
Career
Locomotive 4496 was to have been named Sparrow Hawk, but was instead named Golden Shuttle. Sparrow Hawk was later used on 4463. 25 September 1945 locomotive 4496 was ex-works and the next day was at Marylebone station for the directors of the LNER to view it. The nameplates were covered and it was intended that the Supreme Commander, Allied Forces would attend an official unveiling, but this could not be arranged.
From new, Golden Shuttle was allocated to Doncaster shed for just nine days from 20 to 29 September 1937. It was transferred to Kings Cross Top Shed until 4 December 1939, when it was reallocated to Grantham. On 4 June 1950, Dwight D. Eisenhower was reallocated back to Top Shed. On 7 April 1957, it moved back to Grantham until it was sent back to 'Top Shed' on 15 September 1957. Its final depot allocation was New England shed in Peterborough from 16 June 1963.
On 4 October 1962, Dwight D. Eisenhower hauled a special train from Stratford station in East London to York, after being specially cleaned by Kings Cross Top Shed staff. It was withdrawn from service on 20 July 1963. By this time, the Deltic diesel electric locomotives had displaced steam from premier services, so the A4 fleet was reduced and concentrated further north. Dwight D. Eisenhower was donated to the United States of America and sent to Doncaster Works for restoration.
Preservation
Earmarked for the National Railroad Museum in Ashwaubenon, a suburb of Green Bay, Wisconsin, the locomotive was cosmetically restored at Doncaster Works on 19 July 1963. The following spring, it was shipped to the US, arriving in New York Harbor on 11 May 1964. Shipped by rail, it arrived at the museum later that month. In October 1990, it was moved to Abilene, Kansas for the celebrations of the centenary of Eisenhower's birth. The move both ways was done as a special train at slow speed, since the locomotive and two cars from the command train used the British vacuum braking system, which was incompatible with the American air-braked trains.
The locomotive is displayed with two British passenger carriages, once used as part of Eisenhower's Command Train. These have been restored to the condition they were in when used by Eisenhower.
There have been some efforts to repatriate the locomotive back to the UK, most of which have been unsuccessful. However, in 2012, the National Railway Museum announced plans to repatriate the engine, along with 60010, which has been preserved in Canada, as part of a plan to reunite all six preserved A4s of the class for the 75th anniversary of the class's world record breaking 126 mph run. Both 60008 and 60010 were loaned to the National Railway Museum for a period of two years, returning to North America in early 2014. While at York, the locomotive was cosmetically overhauled and received a new coat of authentic BR Brunswick Green paint to replace the inaccurate shade applied during a repaint at Green Bay. The background on the Dwight D. Eisenhower nameplates was also changed from a red colour to a black colour.
In mid-August 2012, 60008 left its base in the Green Bay area and travelled to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where it met with 60010 arriving by rail in late September. On 3 October 2012, 60008 and 60010 arrived back in the UK at the Port of Liverpool. On 4 October 2012, 60008 began its journey to the National Railway Museum Shildon, arriving that evening. The locomotive moved to York soon after for its cosmetic restoration.
The loco's cosmetic restoration was completed in February 2013 and the loco was then put on display in the Great Hall at the National Railway Museum in York, next to sister engine 4468 Mallard. 60008 and 4468 were later to meet up with the other four members of the class in a 2-week event at York from 3 July, called 'The Great Gathering', 75 years to the day that Mallard set the World Speed Steam record. Both 60008 and 60010 appeared at Barrow Hill Engine Shed along with Bittern (60019), as part of the 'East Coast Giants' event over the weekend of 8/9 February 2014.
In August 2013, the move of the two North American-based A4s back to the UK was the subject of an episode of the television series Monster Moves.
The final event in which 60008 was reunited with its five remaining A4 sisters was the 'Great Goodbye', held between 15 and 23 February 2014, at The National Railway Museum's Locomotion annex at Shildon. During this time, the National Railroad Museum was offered US$1 million by an undisclosed buyer for the engine to remain in the UK. The museum declined the offer and the engine remained on display at Shildon until mid-April 2014. The engine, along with 60010 (which had been restored to its original number, 4489, as part of the exhibition plans) were covered in two layers of tarpaulins to protect and conceal them. In late April-early May, the covered engines were sent to the Port of Liverpool where they were loaded aboard the Atlantic Container Line's Atlantic Concert vessel for the voyage to Halifax. The engines were unloaded at the ports in Halifax on 11 May, where they were transferred on to flat cars to be taken by rail to their respective museums. 60008 arrived at the National Railroad Museum in the Green Bay suburb of Ashwaubenon on 6 June 2014 and, on 23 June, the museum had returned the engine to the display building in which it was displayed prior to leaving for the UK. The museum officially unveiled the engine as part of a new World War II themed exhibit on 2 August 2014.
Modelling
In 2012 Bachmann released a model of 60008 to celebrate its return to the UK and in 2013 Hornby also released a limited edition model of 60008 along with the other 5 surviving A4s. In 2015, Hornby also released a model of it in its original garter blue livery and name, Golden Shuttle.
References
An overall history of the Gresley A4 class, as well as unparalleled details about the class and individual members.
Histories of the A4 and W1 classes of locomotive with details of repairs and liveries etc.
4496
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Preserved London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1937
Eisenhower
Preserved steam locomotives of Wisconsin |
The Bachmann hitch (sometimes misspelled 'Bachman') is a friction hitch, named after the Austrian alpinist Franz Bachmann. It is useful when the friction hitch needs to be reset quickly or often or made to be self-tending as in crevasse and self-rescue. (See Prusik knot)
The Bachmann hitch requires the use of a carabiner. It does not matter if the carabiner is locking or not. Most importantly, the carabiner must be of round cross section for friction. Grabbing hold of the carabiner will release the friction and allow the hitch to slide freely and thus be moved appropriately. To remove the Bachmann hitch, just unclip the top loop, hold on to the carabiner and pull the cord free.
This knot is frequently tied using a sling made from 1" tubular webbing. In this case wrap the webbing 3 times around the rope (this means the carabiner gate must be opened 3 times in the tying of the knot) for normal (dry) applications. There are a limited number of applications that involve repeated shock loads to the knot and in these 4 wraps are usually sufficient.
However, with a non-locking carabiner it is safer to use the knot with the carabiner gate opening facing down (opposite to what is shown in the picture). This decreases the risk of self-unclipping: at maximum, one twist goes off. Otherwise, the whole knot may fail.
It is important for safety reasons to mention that the rope used for the friction hitch should be smaller in diameter than the tension rope. This allows for movement when resetting the hitch position but when a large load is applied to the friction hitch, the hitch locks on to the tension rope. If two ropes of the same diameter are used for the friction hitch and tension rope, the hitch may move freely like a slip knot (lasso or noose) and not lock into place. When encircling any cylindrical object, most ropes can only be tightened to a diameter slightly greater than the ropes own diameter(USMC Assault Climber Course).
See also
List of knots
List of friction hitch knots
External links
A study of common friction knots
Climbing knots |
```smalltalk
using System;
using JetBrains.Annotations;
using Volo.Abp;
using Volo.Abp.Domain.Entities.Auditing;
using Volo.Abp.MultiTenancy;
namespace Volo.CmsKit.GlobalResources;
public class GlobalResource : AuditedAggregateRoot<Guid>, IMultiTenant
{
public virtual string Name { get; private set; }
public virtual string Value { get; private set; }
public virtual Guid? TenantId { get; protected set; }
protected GlobalResource()
{
}
internal GlobalResource(
Guid id,
[NotNull] string name,
[CanBeNull] string value,
Guid? tenantId = null) : base(id)
{
Name = Check.NotNullOrEmpty(name, nameof(name), GlobalResourceConsts.MaxNameLength);
Value = Check.Length(value, nameof(value), GlobalResourceConsts.MaxValueLength);
TenantId = tenantId;
}
public virtual void SetValue(string value)
{
Check.Length(value, nameof(value), GlobalResourceConsts.MaxValueLength);
Value = value;
}
}
``` |
Robert Fleming Rich (June 23, 1883 – April 28, 1968) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Early life and education
Robert F. Rich was born in Woolrich, Pennsylvania. He attended Dickinson Seminary in Williamsport, PA, and the Williamsport Commercial College. He graduated from the Mercersburg Academy in 1902 and attended Dickinson College in Carlisle, PA, from 1903 to 1906.
Commercial enterprises
Rich was engaged in the woolen-mills business in 1906. He was also engaged in banking and became financially interested in various business and manufacturing enterprises. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1924, 1952, and 1956. He was a member of the board of trustees of Dickinson College from 1912 to 1958, of the Lock Haven Teachers College from 1918 to 1928, and of the Lock Haven Hospital from 1920 to 1951. He was an important supporter of Lycoming College and a member of its board of trustees from 1931 to 1963.
United States House of Representatives
Rich was against allying the USA with the USSR, saying that it would akin to 'get in bed with a rattlesnake and a skunk'.
Rich was elected as a Republican to the 71st Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Edgar R. Kiess. He was reelected to the 72nd Congress and to the five succeeding Congresses. He did not seek renomination in 1942. He was again elected to the Seventy-ninth, Eightieth, and Eighty-first Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1950. According to Christopher Manion, Rich:
Woolrich Woolen Mills
He served as general manager of the Woolrich Woolen Mills from 1930 to 1959, president from 1959 to 1964, and chairman of the board from 1964 until 1966 when he became honorary chairman. He died at Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania, and is interred in Woolrich Cemetery.
References
Sources
The Political Graveyard
External links
1883 births
1968 deaths
Politicians from Williamsport, Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Old Right (United States)
20th-century American politicians |
```objective-c
//
//
// path_to_url
//
#ifndef PXR_USD_IMAGING_USD_IMAGING_TYPES_H
#define PXR_USD_IMAGING_USD_IMAGING_TYPES_H
#include "pxr/pxr.h"
PXR_NAMESPACE_OPEN_SCOPE
/// Given to an invalidation call to indicate whether the property was
/// added or removed or whether one of its fields changed.
///
enum class UsdImagingPropertyInvalidationType
{
Update,
Resync
};
PXR_NAMESPACE_CLOSE_SCOPE
#endif
``` |
A transcontinental railroad or transcontinental railway is contiguous railroad trackage, that crosses a continental land mass and has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express.
Transcontinental railroads helped open up unpopulated interior regions of continents to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. Many of them continue to have an important role in freight transportation and some like the Trans-Siberian Railway even have passenger trains going from one end to the other.
North America
United States
A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845.
A series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that united the country by rail. The first of these, the "Pacific Railroad", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad, as well as the Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870), to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa — thereby creating the world's second transcontinental railroad when it was completed from Omaha to Alameda on September 6, 1869. (The first transcontinental railroad was the Panama Railroad of 1855.) Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867. Its original course was very close to current Interstate 80.
Transcontinental railroad
The U.S.'s first transcontinental railroad was built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States. Begun just before the American Civil War, its construction was considered to be one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century. Known as the "Pacific Railroad" when it opened, this served as a vital link for trade, commerce, and travel and opened up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement. Shipping and commerce could thrive away from navigable watercourses for the first time since the beginning of the nation. Much of this route, especially on the Sierra grade west of Reno, Nevada, is currently used by Amtrak's California Zephyr, although many parts have been rerouted.
The transcontinental railroad provided fast, safe, and cheap travel. The fare for a one-week trip from Omaha to San Francisco on an emigrant sleeping car was about $65 for an adult. It replaced most of the far slower and more hazardous stagecoach lines and wagon trains. The number of emigrants taking the Oregon and California Trails declined dramatically. The sale of the railroad land grant lands and the transport provided for timber and crops led to the rapid settling of the "Great American Desert".
The Union Pacific recruited laborers from Army veterans and Irish immigrants, while most of the engineers were ex-Army men who had learned their trade keeping the trains running during the American Civil War.
The Central Pacific Railroad faced a labor shortage in the more sparsely settled West. It recruited Cantonese laborers in China, who built the line over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains and then across Nevada to their meeting in northern Utah. Chinese workers made up ninety percent of the workforce on the line. The Chinese Labor Strike of 1867 was peaceful, with no violence, organized across the entire Sierra Nevada route, and was carried out according to a peaceful Confucian model of protest. The strike began with the Summer Solstice in June, 1867 and lasted for eight days.
Land Grants
The Transcontinental Railroad required land and a complex federal policy for purchasing, granting, conveying land.
Some of these land-related acts included:
One motive for the Gadsden Purchase of land from Mexico in 1853 was to obtain suitable terrain for a southern transcontinental railroad, as the southern portion of the Mexican Cession was too mountainous. The Southern Pacific Railroad was completed in 1881.
The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (based on an earlier bill in 1856) authorized land grants for new lines that would "aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean".
The rails of the "first transcontinental railroad" were joined on May 10, 1869, with the ceremonial driving of the "Last Spike" at Promontory Summit, Utah, after track was laid over a gap between Sacramento and Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa in six years by the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad. Although through train service between Omaha and Sacramento was in operation as of that date, the road was not completed to the Pacific Ocean until September 6, 1869, when the first through train reached San Francisco Bay at Alameda Terminal, and on November 8, 1869, when it reached the terminus at Oakland Long Wharf. Later, November 6, 1869, was deemed to be the official completion date of the Pacific Railroad. (A physical connection between Omaha, Nebraska, and the statutory Eastern terminus of the Pacific road at Council Bluffs, Iowa, located immediately across the Missouri River was also not finally established until the opening of UPRR railroad bridge across the river on March 25, 1873, prior to which transfers were made by ferry operated by the Council Bluffs & Nebraska Ferry Company.)
The first permanent, continuous line of railroad track from coast to coast was completed 15 months later on August 15, 1870, by the Kansas Pacific Railroad near its crossing of Comanche Creek at Strasburg, Colorado. This route connected to the eastern rail network via the Hannibal Bridge across the Missouri River at Kansas City completed June 30, 1869, passed through Denver, Colorado, and north to the Union Pacific Railroad at Cheyenne, Wyoming, making it theoretically possible for the first time to board a train at Jersey City, New Jersey, travel entirely by rail, and step down at the Alameda Wharf on San Francisco Bay in Oakland. This singularity existed until March 25, 1873 when the Union Pacific constructed the Missouri River Bridge in Omaha.
Subsequent transcontinental routes
Almost 12 years after Promontory Summit, the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) constructed the second transcontinental railroad, building eastwards through the Gadsden Purchase, which had been acquired from Mexico in 1854 largely with the intention of providing a route for a railroad connecting California with the Southern states. This line was completed with milestones and ceremonies in 1881 and 1883:
March 8, 1881: the SP met the Rio Grande, Mexico and Pacific Railroad (a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway) with a "silver spike" ceremony at Deming, New Mexico, connecting Atchison, Kansas, to Los Angeles.
December 15, 1881: the SP met the Texas and Pacific Railway (T&P) at Sierra Blanca, Texas, connecting eastern Texas to Los Angeles.
January 12, 1883: the SP completed its own southern section, meeting its subsidiary Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway at the Pecos River in Texas, and linking New Orleans to Los Angeles.
In Colorado, the 3-foot gauge Denver & Rio Grande (D&RG) extended its route from Denver via Pueblo across the Rocky Mountains to Grand Junction in 1882. In central Utah, the D&RG acquired a number of independent narrow gauge companies, which were incorporated into the first (1881-1889) Denver and Rio Grande Western Railway (D&RGW). Tracks were extended north through Salt Lake City, while simultaneously building south and eastward toward Grand Junction. The D&RG and the D&RGW were linked on March 30, 1883, the extension to Ogden (where it met the Central Pacific) was completed on May 14, 1883, and through traffic between Denver and Ogden began a few days later. The break of gauge made direct interchange of rolling stock with standard gauge railroads at both ends of this bridge line impossible for several years. The D&RG in 1887 began rebuilding its mainline in standard gauge, including a new route and tunnel at Tennessee Pass. The first D&RGW was reincorporated as the Rio Grande Western (RGW) in June 1889 and immediately began the conversion of track gauge. Standard gauge operations linking Ogden and Denver were completed on November 15, 1890.
The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad completed its route connecting the AT&SF at Albuquerque, New Mexico, via Flagstaff, Arizona, to the Southern Pacific at Needles, California, on August 9, 1883. The SP line into Barstow was leased by the A&P in 1884 (and purchased in 1911); this gave the AT&SF (the A&P's parent company) a direct route into Southern California. This route now forms the western portion of BNSF's Southern Transcon.
The Northern Pacific Railway (NP) completed the fifth independent transcontinental railroad on August 22, 1883, linking Chicago with Seattle. The Completion Ceremony was held on September 8, 1883, with former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant contributing to driving the Final Spike.
The California Southern Railroad (chartered January 10, 1882) was completed from National City on San Diego Bay via Temecula Cañon to Colton and San Bernardino in September, 1883, and extended through the Cajon Pass to Barstow, a junction of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, in November, 1885. In September, 1885, the line of the Southern Pacific from Colton to Los Angeles, a distance of , had been leased by the California Central with equal rights and privileges thus allowing the Santa Fe's Transcontinental route to be completed by the connection with the California Southern and A&PRR. The SP grade was used until the completion of the California Central's own line between San Bernardino and Los Angeles in June, 1887, a distance of , which was part of the old Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad, which had been acquired by purchase. In August, 1888, the California Central completed its Coast Division south from Los Angeles to a junction with the California Southern Railroad near Oceanside, a distance of , and these two divisions comprised the main line of the California Central, forming, in connection with the California Southern, a direct line between Southern California and the East by way of the Atlantic and Pacific and Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroads.
The Great Northern Railway was built, without federal aid, by James J. Hill in 1893; it stretched from St. Paul to Seattle.
The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific reached Santa Rosa, New Mexico, from the east in late 1901, shortly before the El Paso & Northeastern arrived from the southwest. The two were connected on February 1, 1902, thus forming an additional link between the Midwest and southern California. Through passenger service was provided by the Golden State Limited (Chicago—Kansas City—Tucumcari—El Paso—Los Angeles) jointly operated by the Rock Island and the Southern Pacific (EP&NE's successor) from 1902 to 1968.
The San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad completed its line connecting Los Angeles through Las Vegas to Salt Lake City on May 1, 1905. Through passenger service from Chicago to Los Angeles was provided by Union Pacific's Los Angeles Limited from 1905 to 1954, and the City of Los Angeles from 1936 to 1971.
The Western Pacific Railway (WP), financed by the Denver & Rio Grande on behalf of the Gould System, completed its new line (the Feather River Route) from Oakland to Ogden in 1909, in direct competition with the Southern Pacific's existing route. Through passenger service (Oakland-Salt Lake City-Denver-Chicago) was provided by the Exposition Flyer 1939 to 1949 and its successor, the California Zephyr 1949 to 1970, both jointly operated by the WP, the D&RGW and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy.
In 1909, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul (or Milwaukee Road) completed a privately built Pacific extension to Seattle. On completion, the line was renamed the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific. Although the Pacific Extension was privately funded, predecessor roads did benefit from the federal land grant act, so it cannot be said to have been built without federal aid.
John D. Spreckels completed his privately funded San Diego and Arizona Railway in 1919, thereby creating a direct link (via connection with the Southern Pacific lines) between San Diego, California and the Eastern United States. The railroad stretched from San Diego to Calexico, California, of which were south of the border in Mexico.
In 1993, Amtrak's Sunset Limited daily railroad train was extended eastward to Miami, Florida, later rerouted to Orlando, making it the first regularly scheduled transcontinental passenger train route in the United States to be operated by a single company. Hurricane Katrina cut this rail route in Louisiana in 2005. The train now runs from Los Angeles to New Orleans.
The Gould System
George J. Gould attempted to assemble a truly transcontinental system in the 1900s. The line from San Francisco, California, to Toledo, Ohio, was completed in 1909, consisting of the Western Pacific Railway, Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railroad, and Wabash Railroad. Beyond Toledo, the planned route would have used the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad (1900), Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway, Little Kanawha Railroad, West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway, Western Maryland Railroad, and Philadelphia and Western Railway, but the Panic of 1907 strangled the plans before the Little Kanawha section in West Virginia could be finished. The Alphabet Route was completed in 1931, providing the portion of this line east of the Mississippi River. With the merging of the railroads, only the Union Pacific Railroad and the BNSF Railway remain to carry the entire route.
Canada
The completion of Canada's first transcontinental railway with the driving of the Last Spike at Craigellachie, British Columbia, on November 7, 1885, was an important milestone in Canadian history. Between 1881 and 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed a line that spanned from the port of Montreal to the Pacific coast, fulfilling a condition of British Columbia's 1871 entry into the Canadian Confederation. The City of Vancouver, incorporated in 1886, was designated the western terminus of the line. The CPR became the first transcontinental railway company in North America in 1889 after its International Railway of Maine opened, connecting CPR to the Atlantic coast.
The construction of a transcontinental railway strengthened the connection of British Columbia and the North-West Territories to the country they had recently joined, and acted as a bulwark against potential incursions by the United States.
Subsequently, two other transcontinental lines were built in Canada: the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) opened another line to the Pacific in 1915, and the combined Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR)/National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) system opened in 1917 following the completion of the Quebec Bridge, although its line to the Pacific opened in 1914. The CNoR, GTPR, and NTR were nationalized to form the Canadian National Railway, which currently is now Canada's largest transcontinental railway, with lines running all the way from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic Coast.
Central America (inter-oceanic lines)
Panama (South America)
The first railroad to directly connect two oceans (although not by crossing a broad "continental" land mass) was the Panama Rail Road. Opened in 1855, this line was designated instead as an "inter-oceanic" railroad crossing Country at its narrowest point, the Isthmus of Panama, when that area was still part of Colombia. (Panama split off from Colombia in 1903 and became the independent Republic of Panama). By spanning the isthmus, the line thus became the first railroad to completely cross any part of the Americas and physically connect ports on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Given the tropical rain forest environment, the terrain, and diseases such as malaria and cholera, its completion was a considerable engineering challenge. The construction took five years after ground was first broken for the line in May, 1850, cost eight million dollars, and required more than seven thousand workers drawn from "every quarter of the globe."
This railway was built to provide a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts. This need was mainly triggered by the California Gold Rush. Over the years the railway played a key role in the construction and the subsequent operation of the Panama Canal, due to its proximity to the canal. Currently, the railway operates under the private administration of the Panama Canal Railroad Company, and its upgraded capacity complements the cargo traffic through the Panama Canal.
Guatemala
A second Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in 1908 as a connection between Puerto San José and Puerto Barrios in Guatemala, but ceased passenger service to Puerto San José in 1989.
Costa Rica
A third Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in 1910 as a connection between Puntarenas and Limón in gauge. It currently (2019) sees no passenger service.
South America
There is activity to revive the connection between Valparaíso and Santiago in Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, through the Transandino project. Mendoza has an active connection to Buenos Aires. The old Transandino began in 1910 and ceased passenger service in 1978 and freight 4 years later. Technically a complete transcontinental link exists from Arica, Chile, to La Paz, Bolivia, to Buenos Aires, but this trans-Andean crossing is for freight only.
On December 6, 2017 the Brazilian President Michel Temer and his Bolivian counterpart Evo Morales signed an agreement for an Atlantic - Pacific railway. The construction will start in 2019 and will be finished in 2024. The new railway is planned to be 3750 km in length. There are two possible tracks in discussion: Both have an Atlantic end in Santos, Brazil but the Pacific ends are in Ilo, Peru and Matarani, Peru.
Another longer Transcontinental freight-only railroad linking Lima, Peru, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is under development.
Eurasia
The first transcontinental railroad in Europe, that connected the North Sea or the English Channel with the Mediterranean Sea, was a series of lines that included the Paris–Marseille railway, in service 1856. Multiple railways north of Paris were in operation at that time, such as Paris–Lille railway and Paris–Le Havre railway.
The second connection between the seas of Northern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, was a series of lines finalized in 1857 with the Austrian Southern Railway, Vienna–Trieste. There were before that railroad connections Hamburg–Berlin–Wroclaw–Vienna (including Berlin–Hamburg Railway, Berlin–Wrocław railway, Upper Silesian Railway and Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway). The Baltic Sea was also connected through the Lübeck–Lüneburg railway.
The Trans-Siberian Railway, completed in 1905, was the first network of railways connecting Europe and Asia. It connects Western Russia to the Russian Far East, and is the longest railway line in the world, with a length of over . The railway starts from Russia's capital Moscow, which is the largest city in Europe, and ends at Vladivostok, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Expansion of the railway system continues , with connecting rails going into Asia, namely Mongolia, China and North Korea. There are also plans to connect Tokyo, the capital of Japan, to the railway.
A second rail line connects Istanbul in Turkey with China via Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. This route imposes a break of gauge at the Iranian border with Turkmenistan and at the Chinese border. En route there is a train ferry in eastern Turkey across Lake Van. The European and Asian parts of Istanbul was linked 2019 linked by the Marmaray undersea tunnel, before that by train ferry. There is no through service of passenger trains on the entire line. A uniform gauge connection was proposed in 2006, commencing with new construction in Kazakhstan. A decision to make the internal railways of Afghanistan gauge potentially opens up a new standard gauge route to China, since China abuts this country.
Asia
The Trans-Asian Railway is a project to link Singapore to Istanbul and is to a large degree complete with missing pieces primarily in Myanmar. The project has also linking corridors to China, the central Asian states, and Russia. This transcontinental line unfortunately uses a number of different gauges, , , and , though this problem may be lessened with the use of variable gauge axle systems such as the SUW 2000.
The TransKazakhstan Trunk Railways project by Kazakhstan Temir Zholy will connect China and Europe with standard gauge . Construction is set to start in 2006. Initially the line will go to western Kazakhstan, south through Turkmenistan to Iran, then to Turkey and Europe. A shorter to-be-constructed link from Kazakhstan is considered going through Russia and either Belarus or Ukraine.
The Baghdad Railway connects Istanbul with Baghdad and finally Basra, a sea port at the Persian Gulf. When its construction started in the 1880s it was in those times a Transcontinental Railroad.
Australia
East-west
Australia's east–west transcontinental rail corridor, consisting of lines built to three different track gauges, was completed in 1917, when the Trans-Australian Railway was opened between Port Augusta, South Australia and Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. This line, built by the federal government as a federation commitment, filled the last gap in the lines between the mainland state capitals of Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. Passengers and freight alike suffered from time-consuming breaks of gauge: a Perth–Brisbane journey at that time involved two standard gauge 1435 mm (4 ft 8 in) lines, a broad gauge 1600 mm (5 ft 3 in) line, and three of 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge.
In the 1940s and 1960s, steps were taken to progressively reduce the huge inefficiencies caused by the numerous historically imposed breaks of gauge by linking the mainland capital cities with lines all of standard gauge.
In 1970, the route across the continent was completed to standard gauge and a new, all-through passenger train, the Indian Pacific was inaugurated.
An east–west transcontinental line across northern Australia from the Pilbara to the east coast – more than 1000 km (600 mi) north of the Sydney-Perth rail corridor – was proposed in 2006 by Project Iron Boomerang to connect iron ore mining in the Pilbara and coal mining in the Bowen Basin in Queensland, with steel manufacturing plants at both ends.
North–south
Australia's north–south transcontinental rail corridor was built in stages during the 20th century, leaving a gap to be finished after the Tarcoola to Alice Springs section was completed in 1980. That final section, from Alice Springs to Darwin, was opened in 2004. The total length of the corridor, from Adelaide to Darwin, is . Completion of the corridor ended 126 years of freight and passengers alike having to be transferred between trains on tracks of different gauges: the corridor is now entirely 1435 mm (4 ft 8 in) standard gauge. The corridor is an important route for freight. An upmarket experiential tourism passenger train, The Ghan, operated by Journey Beyond, makes the journey once a week in each direction from Adelaide to Darwin, and the company's east–west Indian Pacific runs on the southernmost before heading west to Perth. There is no intermediate passenger traffic on the line.
In 2018, the Australian Rail Track Corporation started building a standard gauge fast-freight railway from Melbourne to Brisbane, known as the Inland Railway. , completion was anticipated in 2027.
Africa
East-west
There are several ways to cross Africa transcontinentally via connecting east–west railways. One is the Benguela railway, completed in 1929. It starts in Lobito, Angola, and connects through Katanga to the Zambia railways system. From Zambia several ports are accessible on the Indian Ocean: Dar es Salaam in Tanzania through the TAZARA, and, through Zimbabwe, Beira and Maputo in Mozambique. The Angolan Civil War has made the Benguela line largely inoperative, but efforts are being taken to restore it. Another west–east corridor leads from the Atlantic harbours in Namibia, either Walvis Bay or Luderitz to the South African rail system that, in turn, links to ports on the Indian Ocean ( i.e. Durban, Maputo).
A 1015 km gap in the east–west line between Kinshasa and Ilebo filled by riverboats could be plugged with a new railway.
There are two proposals for a line from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Guinea, including TransAfricaRail.
In 2010 a proposal sought to link Dakar to Port Sudan. Thirteen countries would be on the main route; another six would be served by branches.
North-south
A north-south transcontinental railway had been proposed by Cecil Rhodes, who termed it the Cape-Cairo railway. This system would act as a direct route from the northernmost British possession in Africa, Egypt, to the southernmost one, the Cape Colony. The project was never completed. During its development, a competing French colonial project for a competing line from Algiers or Dakar to Abidjan was abandoned after the Fashoda incident. This line would have had four gauge islands in three gauges.
An extension of Namibian Railways is being built in 2006 with the possible connection to Angolan Railways.
Libya has proposed a Trans-Saharan Railway connecting possibly to Nigeria which would connect with the proposed AfricaRail network.
African Union of Railways
The African Union of Railways has plans to connect the various railways of Africa including the Dakar-Port Sudan Railway.
See also
Cosmopolitan Railway
Transmountain railroad
Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
References
Further reading
Glenn Williamson, Iron Muse: Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2013.
External links
The Old Transandino
Trans-Asian Railway Project
Uniting the States of America
Railways by type
Continents
Railroad |
Ctenosaura nolascensis, the Nolasco spiny-tailed iguana or San Pedro Nolasco spinytail iguana, is a species of iguana native to Mexico. It is endemic to one island, the Isla San Pedro Nolasco.
References
Endemic reptiles of Mexico
Fauna of Gulf of California islands
Reptiles described in 1972
Ctenosaura
Taxa named by Hobart Muir Smith |
United Left La Rioja (, IU–La Rioja) is the regional branch of United Left (a political coalition that was organised in 1986) in the autonomous community of La Rioja.
References
Notes
La Rioja |
Lawrence Paul Bachmann (December 12, 1911 – September 7, 2004) was an American film producer and executive who settled for a time in the United Kingdom.
Biography
Bachmann was born in New York City, where his father, J.G. Bachmann, worked at Paramount with B.P. Schulberg in the 1920s. He gained employment in the motion picture industry aged 16, beginning as an assistant film editor at Universal. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from University of South Carolina (USC) and then a master's degree at Oxford University in the UK. After his period of formal education, he became an assistant to Pandro S. Berman, who was then head of production at RKO. He switched to MGM to work for J.J. Cohn, head of the B-picture unit writing screenplays and becoming a producer.
During World War II, Bachmann served in the U.S. Army Air Forces and was the principal overseas correspondent for Air Force magazine. After the war, he worked in Berlin as head of films for the US State Department, then lived in France and Italy.
Bachmann moved to the UK where he became head of production for Paramount's British subsidiary. He then performed a similar function for MGM, joining the studio in 1959. He ran MGM British for some years. Among other films he supervised the four Miss Marple films featuring Margaret Rutherford in the lead role.
After becoming an independent producer, Bachmann was interviewed by The New York Times in 1982. According to Bachmann, "You don't need a huge organization" or "wastefully high budgets. All you need is a good story, the right attack, and the determination to make a movie for a reasonable price."
Bachmann died at the Motion Picture Country Home and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles on September 7, 2004.
Credits
Jalna (1935) - writer
Speed (1936) - story
They Wanted to Marry (1937) - story
The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941) - stry
Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day (1941) - story
Calling Dr. Gillespie (1942) - writer (uncredited)
Fingers at the Window (1942) - writer
Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant (1942) - writer
Dr. Gillespie's Criminal Case (1943) - writer
Shadow on the Wall (1950) - story "Death in a Doll's House"
The Devil Makes Three (1952) - story
Whirlpool (1959) - writer, original novel "The Lorelai"
Ten Seconds to Hell (1959) - original novel "The Phoenix"
Village of the Damned (1960) - head of MGM British
Murder, She Said (1961) - head of MGM British
The Green Helmet (1961) - head of MGM British
Kill or Cure (1962) - executive producer
In the Cool of the Day (1962) - head of MGM British
The Password is Courage (1962) - head of MGM British
Cairo (1963) - executive producer
The Friendliest Girls in the World (1963) -head of MGM British
The Haunting (1963) - head of MGM British
Follow the Boys (1963) - story, producer
Murder at the Gallop (1963) - producer (uncredited)
Children of the Damned (1964) - executive producer
Night Must Fall (1964) - executive producer
Murder Most Foul (1964) - executive producer
Zero One (1962–65) (TV series) - producer
The Alphabet Murders (1966) - producer
Whose Life Is It Anyway? (1981) - producer
References
American film producers
American male screenwriters
Film producers from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Writers from New York City
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
1911 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters |
```python
# DO NOT EDIT! This file was generated by jschema_to_python version 0.0.1.dev29,
# with extension for dataclasses and type annotation.
from __future__ import annotations
import dataclasses
from typing import Any, Optional
from torch.onnx._internal.diagnostics.infra.sarif import _message, _property_bag
@dataclasses.dataclass
class EdgeTraversal(object):
"""Represents the traversal of a single edge during a graph traversal."""
edge_id: str = dataclasses.field(metadata={"schema_property_name": "edgeId"})
final_state: Any = dataclasses.field(
default=None, metadata={"schema_property_name": "finalState"}
)
message: Optional[_message.Message] = dataclasses.field(
default=None, metadata={"schema_property_name": "message"}
)
properties: Optional[_property_bag.PropertyBag] = dataclasses.field(
default=None, metadata={"schema_property_name": "properties"}
)
step_over_edge_count: Optional[int] = dataclasses.field(
default=None, metadata={"schema_property_name": "stepOverEdgeCount"}
)
# flake8: noqa
``` |
The 10th Engineer Regiment () is a military engineer regiment of the Italian Army based in Cremona in Lombardy. Today the regiment is the engineer unit of the 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete".
The 10th Engineer Regiment was formed in 1926. During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and during World War II the regiment formed engineer battalions and smaller units for deploying divisions. The regiment was disbanded by invading German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943. In 1953 the III Army Corps Engineer Battalion was formed and assigned to the III Army Corps. In 1975 the battalion was named for the Lario river and assigned the flag and traditions of the 10th Engineer Regiment. In 1993, the battalion was disbanded and the regiment's flag was transferred to the newly formed 10th Pioneer Regiment. Since 2000, the regiment is assigned to the 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete".
History
On 13 October 1922, the 8th Army Corps Engineer Grouping was formed in Santa Maria Capua Vetere, which received the Sappers Battalion and the Telegraphers Battalion of the X Army Corps, and a miners company from the disbanded Miners Engineer Regiment. The grouping consisted of a command, a sappers-miners battalion, a telegraphers battalion, a photo-electricians company, two dovecotes (in Gaeta and Catanzaro), and a depot. On 5 November 1926, the grouping was renamed 10th Engineer Regiment. In February 1928, the regiment provided troops for the formation of the 11th Engineer Regiment. On 28 October 1932, the regiment received the IV Battalion of the disbanded 1st Radio-Telegraphers Regiment.
For the Second Italo-Ethiopian War the regiment mobilized on 23 September 1935 the X Replacements Engineer Battalion, which supplied 1,300 men to the 8th Engineer Regiment fighting in Ethiopia. The X Replacements Engineer Battalion was disbanded on 15 January 1936. The regiment also formed the XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII, and XXXIV sappers-engineer battalions in 1935 for the war, and the XXXIII and XXXVIII engineer battalions in 1936. The regiment also formed in 1936 the XX and XXXI marching engineer battalions for deployment to Ethiopia, which provided additional replacement troops to the already deployed battalions.
At the end of 1936, the regiment consisted of a command, an engineer battalion, a telegraphers battalion, the dovecote in Gaeta, and a depot. In January 1937, the telegraphers and radio-telegraphers battalions were renamed connections battalions. On 1 January 1937, the regiment's depot helped form the 20th Engineer Regiment, which was raised for service in Libya.
World War II
With the outbreak of World War II the regiment's depot began to mobilize new units:
Command of the 4th Engineer Grouping (for service in Albania)
Command of the 130th Marching Regiment (to provide replacements for units fighting in the Western Desert Campaign)
XXV Mixed Engineer Battalion (for the 25th Infantry Division "Bologna")
XXVII Mixed Engineer Battalion (for the 27th Infantry Division "Brescia")
LV Mixed Engineer Battalion (for the 55th Infantry Division "Savona")
XIX Engineer Battalion
XXIII Engineer Battalion
XXIV Engineer Battalion
IV Telegraphers Battalion
X Army Corps Engineer Battalion
X Army Corps Connections Battalion (for the X Army Corps)
XL Workers Group
and many smaller units
The regiment was disbanded by invading German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.
Cold War
On 1 April 1953, III Army Corps Engineer Battalion was formed in Pavia by expanding the existing 3rd Territorial Engineer Company. On 1 June 1953, the Command Platoon and the 2nd Engineer Company were added. In November 1953 Field Park Company was activated. The battalion was assigned to the III Army Corps.
During the 1975 army reform, the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions were granted for the first time their own flags. During the reform engineer battalions were named for a lake if they supported a corps or named for a river if they supported a division or brigade. On 10 October 1975 the III Army Corps Engineer Battalion was renamed 3rd Engineer Battalion "Lario" and assigned the flag and traditions of the 10th Engineer Regiment. The battalion consisted of a command, a command and park company, and three engineer companies and was assigned to the 3rd Army Corps' Engineer Command.
On 1 January 1987, the Command and Park Company split into the Command and Services Company and the Special Equipment Company. In 1992, the battalion moved from Pavia to Cremona.
On 15 August 1993, the 3rd Engineer Battalion "Lario" was disbanded and the next day the 10th Pioneer Regiment was formed with the personnel and materiel of the disbanded battalion and the personnel and materiel of the 131st Engineer Battalion "Ticino", which had been disbanded on 10 June 1993. And on 16 August 1993 the flag and traditions of the 10th Engineer Regiment were transferred to the 10th Pioneer Regiment.
On 24 September 1996, the regiment was renamed 10th Engineer Regiment. In June 1999 the regiment relocated almost completely to Kosovo for Operation Joint Guardian. On 1 September 2000, the regiment was assigned to the 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete".
International missions
The regiment participated in the following international missions:
Operation "Joint Forge" (Bosnia), in 1999 at company level and in 2000 at platoon level
Operation “Joint Guarantor” (North Macedonia), in 1999 at company level
Operation Joint Guardian (Kosovo), in 1999 and 2002 at regimental level and in 2000 and 2001 at battalion level
ISAF (Afghanistan), in 2002, initially at company level and, later with two companies and a Multinational Engineer Group
Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan), in 2003 with an EOD platoon
Operation “Decisive Endeavor” (Kosovo), in 2003 at battalion level
Operation Ancient Babylon (Iraq), in 2004 at regimental level
Structure
As of 2023 the 10th Engineer Regiment consists of:
Regimental Command, in Cremona
Command and Logistic Support Company
Sappers Battalion "Ticino"
1st Sappers Company
4th Sappers Company
5th Sappers Company
6th Deployment Support Company
The Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, Commissariat Platoon, and EOD Platoon. Each of the two sapper companies fields a Command Platoon, an Advanced Combat Reconnaissance Teams Platoon, and two sapper platoons. The Deployment Support Company and Mobility Support Company field the battalion's heavy military engineering vehicles: Biber bridgelayers, Dachs armored engineer vehicles, cranes, excavators, Medium Girder Bridges etc. The sapper companies and Command and Logistic Support Company are equipped with VTLM "Lince" and VTMM "Orso" vehicles.
See also
132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete"
External links
Italian Army Website: 10° Reggimento Genio Guastatori
References
Engineer Regiments of Italy
Military units and formations established in 1926
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943
Military units and formations established in 1975
Military units and formations disestablished in 1993
Military units and formations established in 1993 |
Bailey Ridge () is a serrate ridge long, standing between Mount Blades and the Fleming Peaks in the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land. It was discovered on aerial flights of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition in 1934, and named by the United States Antarctic Service (1939–41) for Clay W. Bailey, a member of both expeditions.
References
Ridges of Marie Byrd Land |
Joseph Lowe (1845-1899), aka "Rowdy Joe" Lowe, was a gambler and saloon keeper/owner of the Old West. Although sometimes described as a gunfighter, he did not historically fit into that category.
Originally from Illinois, Lowe and his wife Katherine, aka "Rowdy Kate", moved to Kansas following the Civil War. The couple relocated to Newton, Kansas in 1871 and opened a tavern and brothel there. Kate sneaked off to a rival brothel in 1872 with a shooter. Joe found out and shot the man. The controversy forced the pair to relocate to the Wichita area where they bought another saloon in Delano, Kansas. This business venture that at first was extremely profitable. On October 27, 1873, Lowe shot and killed fellow saloon owner Edward "Red" Beard after Beard stormed into his saloon shooting at one of Lowe's "girls". Beard hit another girl with one shot, and a patron with another before Lowe shot him.
However, after numerous complaints of cheating and under-handed card deals, Lowe's business began to suffer. The couple moved to Texas, where they rode, on occasion, with the Sam Bass gang. The couple began drifting, gambling and occasionally working in saloons in numerous towns of the Old West. On February 11, 1899, Lowe was drunk in the Walrus Saloon in Denver, Colorado. He began insulting a man named E.A. Kimmel due to his disapproval of Kimmel being a policeman. Kimmel, knowing Lowe had a reputation as a gunman, drew his pistol shooting and killing Lowe, who turned out to be unarmed.
The Wichita City Eagle tells the story of Rowdy Joe Lowe’s death being in October 1874. The newspaper reported that Rowdy Joe was attacked by Indians en route to the Black Hills. He was shot by three bullets and instantly died.
Further reading
Joseph G. Rosa, and Waldo E. Koop. Rowdy Joe Lowe: Gambler with a Gun. University of Oklahoma Press (1989). .
References
1845 births
1899 deaths
People of the American Old West
American gamblers
Saloonkeepers
People from Newton, Kansas |
```java
package org.lamport.tla.toolbox.tool.tlc.ui.wizard;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.Document;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.IDocumentPartitioner;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.ITextOperationTarget;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.source.SourceViewer;
import org.eclipse.jface.wizard.WizardPage;
import org.eclipse.swt.SWT;
import org.eclipse.swt.custom.StyledText;
import org.eclipse.swt.events.KeyEvent;
import org.eclipse.swt.events.KeyListener;
import org.eclipse.swt.events.ModifyEvent;
import org.eclipse.swt.events.ModifyListener;
import org.eclipse.swt.layout.GridData;
import org.eclipse.swt.layout.GridLayout;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Composite;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Label;
import org.lamport.tla.toolbox.editor.basic.TLAEditorActivator;
import org.lamport.tla.toolbox.editor.basic.TLAFastPartitioner;
import org.lamport.tla.toolbox.editor.basic.TLAPartitionScanner;
import org.lamport.tla.toolbox.editor.basic.TLASourceViewerConfiguration;
import org.lamport.tla.toolbox.tool.tlc.ui.util.FormHelper;
import org.lamport.tla.toolbox.util.UIHelper;
/**
* A page with a simple field for formula editing
* @author Simon Zambrovski
*/
public class FormulaWizardPage extends WizardPage
{
private SourceViewer sourceViewer;
private Document document;
private final String extendedDescription;
private final String helpId;
public FormulaWizardPage(String action, String description)
{
this(action, description, null, null);
}
public FormulaWizardPage(String action, String description, String extendedDescription, String helpId)
{
super("FormulaWizardPage");
setTitle(action);
setDescription(description);
this.extendedDescription = extendedDescription;
this.helpId = helpId;
}
/* (non-Javadoc)
* @see org.eclipse.jface.dialogs.IDialogPage#createControl(org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Composite)
*/
public void createControl(Composite parent)
{
Composite container = new Composite(parent, SWT.NULL);
GridLayout layout = new GridLayout(1, false);
container.setLayout(layout);
if (helpId != null) {
UIHelper.setHelp(container, helpId);
}
sourceViewer = FormHelper.createSourceViewer(container, SWT.BORDER | SWT.MULTI | SWT.H_SCROLL | SWT.V_SCROLL,
new TLASourceViewerConfiguration());
sourceViewer.getTextWidget().addKeyListener(new KeyListener() {
@Override
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control.addModifyListener(new ModifyListener() {
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getContainer().updateButtons();
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final IDocumentPartitioner partitioner = new TLAFastPartitioner(
TLAEditorActivator.getDefault().getTLAPartitionScanner(), TLAPartitionScanner.TLA_PARTITION_TYPES);
document.setDocumentPartitioner(TLAPartitionScanner.TLA_PARTITIONING, partitioner);
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extendedLbl.setText(extendedDescription);
gd = new GridData(GridData.FILL_HORIZONTAL);
gd.widthHint = 400; // same width as source viewer
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return this.document;
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this.document = document;
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``` |
Gorenji Radenci (; ) is a settlement on the left bank of the Kolpa River in the Municipality of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
There is a small church in the settlement dedicated to Mary Magdalene. It was built in the 17th century and belongs to the Parish of Stari Trg ob Kolpi.
References
External links
Gorenji Radenci on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Črnomelj |
The Acoustic EP is the second EP from The Early November, recorded shortly before the band's first full-length CD and released in 2003.
Track listing
(all songs written by Arthur Enders)
"Ever So Sweet" – 4:15
"I Want to Hear You Sad" – 3:24
"All We Ever Needed" – 2:27
"Sunday Drive" – 3:46
"Come Back" – 2:47
"Make It Happen" – 3:21
"Every Night's Another Story" – 2:40
Credits
Arthur 'Ace' Enders – vocals, guitar
References
Acoustic EP, The
Acoustic EP (The Early November album), The
Acoustic EP (The Early November album), The |
This is a list of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft grouped by the year in which the accident or incident occurred. Not all of the aircraft were in operation at the time. Combat losses are not included except for a very few cases denoted by singular circumstances.
Aircraft terminology
Information on aircraft gives the type, and if available, the serial number of the operator in italics, the constructors number if the serial number is not known, also known as the manufacturer's serial number (c/n), exterior codes in apostrophes, nicknames (if any) in quotation marks, flight callsign in italics, and operating units.
1990
12 JanuaryUSMC Douglas A-4M Skyhawk, 158149, of VMA-131, crashes on approach to NAS Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, after an engine fire, coming down in Upper Moreland Township, impacting in an intersection, debris tearing off roof of an auto-leasing business, destroying four autos, and damaging six houses, but no injuries on the ground. Pilot Capt. Duane Pandorf, 35, parachutes into tree, suffering only minor injuries.
23 JanuaryMid-air collision between two Blue Angels McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 aircraft during a practice session at El Centro. One airplane, Angel Number 2, 161524, piloted by Capt Chase Moseley (ejected) was destroyed and the other, Angel Number 1, badly damaged but managed to land safely. Both pilots survived unharmed.
6 FebruaryA USAF General Dynamics F-111E, 68-0001, known as "Balls 1", out of RAF Upper Heyford, crashes into the North Sea off the east coast of England during a routine training mission, killing two crew. The Third Air Force identified the crew as pilot Capt Clifford W. Massengill, 30, of Edenton, North Carolina, and WSO 1st Lt Thomas G. Dorsett, 26, of Pensacola, Florida.
7 FebruaryA USAF Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II crashes in the Black Mountains of Wales, UK, around eight miles S of Hay-on-Wye, less than 18 hrs. after a General Dynamics F-111 was lost in the North Sea. Captain Bradley Burrows, the A-10 pilot was killed. Lt Gen Marcus Anderson, commander of the Third Air Force, grounds all British-based tactical fighters for a one-day safety review, although an Air Force press spokesman said the two accidents were unrelated, calling it "a terrible coincidence" that they occurred so close together.
12 FebruaryA USMC pilot died and a reconnaissance observer was hurt when they ejected almost simultaneously from separate aircraft during training missions at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, Twentynine Palms, California. Capt Thomas Kolb, 28, of San Diego, California, was killed after ejecting from his McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II, BuNo 163187, from VMA-223, based at MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina, which crashed in a remote area of range N of Twentynine Palms. Aerial observer Capt Jeffrey P. Schade, of Southold, New York, ejected from North American OV-10 Bronco, suffering minor injuries. The Bronco landed safely.
23 FebruaryA Marine Corps student pilot and his U.S. Navy instructor from Whiting Field, Florida, were killed after two Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentors collided in mid-air, near Summerdale, Alabama. One aircraft crashed near the edge of the field, killing the instructor pilot, LT Gordon Bruce Wulf, 29, a Wichita, Kansas, native who lived in Cantonment, Florida, and his student, Marine 1st Lt Cary K. Smith Jr., 25, of Columbia, South Carolina. The second aircraft made an emergency landing at another outlying field about 15 miles away near Silverhill, Alabama, with only slight damage and without injury to the instructor pilot or his student.
16 MarchA USAF F-16A in route from Hill AFB crashed in the western Utah Salt Flats due to an engine failure east of Wendover Air Force Base. The pilot ejected safely.
22 MarchTwo F-16A fighters from the 419th Tactical Fighter Wing collided midair southeast of Wendover, Utah. Both pilots ejected safely. 10 minutes later an F-16C caught fire and made an emergency landing at Wendover AFB.
19 MarchA McDonnell-Douglas F-15C Eagle, 80-0002, of the 3d Wing, stationed at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, accidentally fired an AIM-9M Sidewinder missile at F-15C, 81-0054. The damaged aircraft was able to make an emergency landing; it was subsequently repaired and returned to service, finally retired to AMARG, 8 September 2009. According to one account, the wing commander was relieved over this incident.
17 AprilTwo McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornets, 188779 and 188765, of the 439 Combat Support Squadron based at CFB Baden–Soellingen, Germany, collided in midair over the nearby city of Karlsruhe, killing pilot Capt. Timothy Kirk Leuty. Capt. Reg Decoste safely ejected and escaped injury despite landing on a busy highway. Debris was scattered across the city causing damage to buildings and cars but no injuries on the ground.
25 AprilMcDonnell-Douglas F-15C Eagle, 81-0049, of the 32d Tactical Fighter Squadron, 79th Test and Evaluation Group, based at Soesterberg AB, Netherlands, suffered an engine fire while flying in a three ship formation during Exercise Elder Forest and subsequently lost all hydraulic power. Pilot major George D. Hulsey ejected safely and was picked up by an oil-rig supply vessel. Aircraft crashed into the North Sea, 9 miles off Spurn Point, Humberside, United Kingdom
30 April
An Avro Shackleton, of No. 8 Squadron RAF crashes into a hill on the Isle of Harris, in Scotland. All ten crew on board die in the accident. It was later determined to be a CFIT, but no reason was found as to why.
10 May A McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle of the USAF, originating probably from Ramstein Air Base, near-misses a Danish civil aircraft near Hermeskeil, Eifel, West Germany. During the evasive maneuver three passengers in the civil aircraft were injured.
30 MayTwo USAF LTV A-7 Corsair IIs of the 175th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 114th Tactical Fighter Group, South Dakota Air National Guard, collide in mid-air and crash in a "ball of flame" over northwestern Iowa near Spencer, Iowa, during mock combat, both pilots and a civilian passenger eject safely. The flight consisted on an A-7D single-seater 70-1050, and A-7K 80-0292 a two-seater.
9 August A Panavia Tornado IDS, tactical number 45+11 of the German Air Force was severely damaged on station of the Büchel Air Base.
24 AugustA fatal aircraft landing accident involving a U.S. Coast Guard Grumman E-2C Hawkeye, CG 3501, of CGAW-1, based at CGAS St. Augustine, Florida, while returning to the former Naval Station Roosevelt Roads in Puerto Rico where the mission originated, prompted the Coast Guard to discontinue flying E-2Cs and to return all of its eight remaining borrowed airframes to the U.S. Navy. The Hawkeye's port engine caught fire and the aircraft crashed on short final in a cow pasture one quarter mile from the runway, all four crew KWF. A granite memorial to LT Duane Stenbak, LT Craig Lerner, LT Paul Perlt, and AT1 Matthew Baker was dedicated at St. Augustine's City Hall Square on 23 August 1991. Another plaque honoring the four was placed near St. Augustine lighthouse.
29 AugustA C-5 Galaxy, 68-0228, crashed after take off from Ramstein Air Base, killing 13 of its crew on board and injuring 4 more. The plane was on its way to Saudi Arabia with medical supplies, food & maintenance equipment in support of US Troops stationed there, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The investigation concluded that the cause was an uncommanded & inadvertent deployment of the thrust reverser on Engine No.1 during takeoff.
9 SeptemberRimantas Antanas-Antonovich Stankiavicius (1944–1990), a Lithuanian test pilot selected as a cosmonaut and serving as a pilot for the Buran, is killed in the crash of a Sukhoi Su-27 fighter, '14 Red', at the Salgareda Air Show at Treviso, Italy.
19 September While flying a training mission in preparation for Operation Desert Storm over the Fallon, Nevada desert, Lieutenant Andrew G. "Andy" Baer a Weapons Systems Officer and Captain Ralph Miller a pilot with the Indiana Air National Guard's 181st Fighter Group, 113th Fighter Squadron, based at the Hulman International Airport in Terre Haute, IN were killed while flying their F-4 Phantom II during a high-speed, low-altitude turning maneuver. At the outset of the mishap, Lt. Baer initiated the dual-sequenced ejection seats however due to their low altitude and the aircraft's attitude those life saving systems were unsuccessful and Lt. Andrew Baer and his pilot, Captain Ralph Miller (who were both natives of Terre Haute, Indiana and fellow graduates of both Terre Haute North High School and Indiana State University) were unable to survive the incident.
30 September SH-60B, BuNo 162343 of HSL-43, crashed into sea off Oregon killing all three crew aboard while deployed with USS Crommelin (FFG-37) at the time, headed north along the western coast off Oregon during workups.
6 NovemberCrew of a US Navy Grumman A-6E Intruder, '506', of VA-176, suffering an engine fire, aimed the aircraft away from the Virginia Beach, Virginia oceanfront before ejecting just after take-off from NAS Oceana, Runway 5. Aircraft comes down at 2215 hrs. in the Atlantic Ocean ~.75 miles offshore, after just clearing the Station One Hotel, on-shore breeze carries crew inland about three blocks from the beach, one landing in a tree, the other in a courtyard of a condominium, suffering only cuts and bruises. Aircraft, on routine training mission, was unarmed. Officials did not identify the crew, but said the pilot was a 29-year-old lieutenant, and the bombardier-navigator was a 34-year-old lieutenant commander, both assigned to VA-176.
6 DecemberAn Italian Air Force Aermacchi MB-326 jet, of 603 SC, crashes into a high school in Casalecchio di Reno, Italy. Twelve students are killed, 84 more are severely injured. The pilot ejected after losing control of the aircraft.
1991
15 JanuaryA Soviet Air Force Tupolev Tu-16K crashes at Tartu Air Base, Estonia, on landing when wheels lock up. Pilot and copilot eject, but four other crew are killed.
24 JanuaryLTV A-7E Corsair II, BuNo 158830, 'AC 403', of VA-72 has the dubious distinction of being the last of the type in US Navy service to need a barricade landing aboard a carrier when the nose gear was damaged on catapult launch from the , at start of mission 12.41 against a target in western Iraq, losing one tire. Pilot, Lt. Tom Dostie, succeeds in hooking 1-wire and aircraft snags safely in barricade. Since the A-7 type was about to be retired, airframe is stripped for parts and buried at sea 25 January with full military honors, but refuses to sink until strafed by air wing jets. This disposition is in question, however. Joe Baugher states that there is an A-7 marked as 158830 preserved in Museo dell'Aviazione near Rimini, Italy. It was reported as damaged during Desert Storm and was left at Sigonella, Italy.
20 FebruaryPetty Officer John David Bridges is sucked into the port intake of a Grumman A-6E Intruder, of VA-65, in a 0341.11 hrs. flight deck accident on board as the attack jet powers up to move onto the catapult. He is saved when the pilot hears the crewman's helmet and safety goggles ingest into the engine and shuts down immediately. Bridges, who was caught momentarily in the intake, is saved by the pilot's quick reaction and is able to crawl out suffering various minor injuries. The US Navy now uses film of this incident as a training tool and revised deck procedures to avoid a recurrence.
3 MarchUS Navy North American CT-39G Sabreliner, BuNo 160057, crashed at 1145 hrs. in a neighborhood ~.5 miles S of NAS Glenview, Illinois, killing three crew, but missing houses. No one on ground was injured and witnesses said the pilot appeared to intentionally avoid structures, the jet coming down 20 feet from homes.
20 MarchCuban Air Force pilot Major Orestes Lorenzo Perez defects in his Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23BN to Naval Air Station Key West, Florida on a training mission. U.S. fighters never scramble to intercept, and embarrassed military authorities say that "hardware and software problems" with the radar net contributed to the failure. On 19 December 1992 he returns to Cuba in a borrowed small, twin-engined 1961 Cessna 310, landing on a well known bridge along the coastal highway east of Havana in Northern Matanzas Province at an agreed time. His wife Victoria and their two sons, Reyneil, 11, and Alejandro, 6, are already waiting on his order delivered through a messenger earlier. Lorenzo picks up his family and safely returns to Miami.
21 MarchTwo US Navy Lockheed P-3C Orion anti-submarine patrol aircraft, P-3C 158930 coded 'SG 12', and P-3C 159325, 'SG 8', are lost during an ASW training mission off the San Diego, California coast when they collide in bad weather. The crash occurs in a storm 60 miles SW of San Diego at 0226 hrs., as one aircraft flies to relieve the other, which had been airborne for seven hours. Search-and-rescue workers discover wreckage from the downed aircraft but all 27 crewmen are lost, 13 on one and 14 on the other. , the destroyer USS Merrill (DD-976) and at least two other ships, along with helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft, were assisting in the search. A Navy helicopter crew flying in the area and sailors from the Merrill reported a ball of fire and loud explosion about 0230 PST, said Senior Chief Petty Officer Bob Howard, a Navy public affairs officer at NAS North Island, during a briefing at that base. "It is very cold out there. We're talking about what apparently is a mid-air collision...two aircraft. I would say it would be very grim." The two Orions were assigned to Patrol Squadron 50 (VP-50), based at Naval Air Station Moffett Field in Mountain View, California. Crewmen of a miniature Navy sub located wreckage from the aircraft 29 May following a month-long search of the ocean floor. No bodies were found after the accident and no remains of any crew members are known to have been recovered. The Navy ended the search on 18 July, and said that a navy court of inquiry would reconvene 22 July at NAS North Island to hear more testimony to try to make a final determination of what caused the accident. Radar tapes from the Fleet Area Control and Surveillance Facility at North Island show the aircraft were flying at their assigned altitudes of 3,500 feet and 2,500 feet when one pilot suddenly veered up and smashed into the belly of the other aircraft. Investigators believe pilot error was involved in the accident, one of the worst in recent military history. Mechanical failure, air traffic controller error and weather have been ruled out as possible causes. Radar tapes reviewed during earlier court of inquiry sessions show that one aircraft had been in the air 7 1/2 hours, veered up and struck the other craft that was arriving to relieve it. Both pilots were flying under visual flight rules and were not receiving flight instructions from the Fleet Area Control and Surveillance Facility, which was monitoring the exercise. The pilots had requested permission to change to a radio frequency not normally monitored at the facility shortly before communication stopped between the two aircraft. A granite memorial was placed outside the Officers' Club (Building 3) at NAS Moffett Field, listing all of the lost crew "still on station." VP-50 was disestablished at NAS Moffett Field on 21 May 1992 after which the aircraft were transferred to VP-22. The official disbandment was on 30 June 1992. NAS Moffett Field itself would be disestablished on 1 July 1994".
6 AprilIslamic Republic of Iran Air Force Grumman F-14A Tomcat crashed at unknown location, killing both crew.
28 MayA Sikorsky MH-60G Pave Hawk based at Eglin AFB, Florida, crashes off Antigua in the Caribbean, injuring six of eight aboard, but no fatalities. Although initially reported to have been on a training mission, an accident report obtained by the Northwest Florida Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, in August, revealed that the crew was sightseeing, taking pictures over beachside hotels and harbors, when the accident occurred.
4 JuneA student pilot died after ejecting from his North American T-2C Buckeye 158877 coded 'F 807', of VT-4, CTW-6, based at NAS Pensacola, Florida, which impacted on an embankment on the south side of Berryhill Road extension, N of Pace, Florida about 1300 hrs.
5 JuneA Royal Australian Air Force McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18A Hornet, A21-041, of 75 Squadron, crashes 100 kilometres NE of Weipa, Queensland. The pilot was killed. The wreckage was found in July 1994.
11 JuneThe first crash involving a Bell-Boeing Osprey occurs when the fifth MV-22, BuNo 163915, three minutes into its maiden flight at a Boeing flight test facility at Wilmington, Delaware, suffers problems with the gyros due to incorrect wiring in the flight-control system and crashes into the ground from a 15-foot (4.6 metre) hover during an attempted landing, the left rotor striking first, the airframe turning over and catching fire. Two crew eject and survive. Two of the three roll-rate gyros had been wired in reverse. "To compound the problem, the flight control built-in test was not run before the flight. With the flight control voting logic discounting the correct gyro signal, the aircraft was doomed." As this airframe was heavily damaged on its acceptance flight, it never officially entered service. This airframe had been slated for avionics integration, autopilot, aircrew training, and operational evaluation.
9 JulyBombardier-Navigator Lt. Keith Gallagher suffers partial ejection from U.S. Navy Grumman KA-6D Intruder 152911 coded '515', of VA-95, from the in the Indian Ocean, four days out of Singapore headed NW for patrol duty in the Persian Gulf. While flying at 8,000 feet, seven miles abeam the ship, heading aft, the B/N's ejection seat suffers an uncommanded partial activation of the ejection seat, which leaves him hanging out of the canopy. Pilot Lt. Mark Baden makes immediate return to the ship, lands safely, Gallagher surviving and returning to flight duty six months later. Pilot is awarded the Navy Air Medal and the LSO on the carrier the "Bug Roach Paddles Award" for his part in the successful recovery.
30 JulyA United States Air Force F-16D from the 388th Fighter Wing at Hill AFB crashed in Nevada killing Captain Keith G. Nylander.
15 August A Panavia Tornado IDS, tactical number 44+74 of the GAF crashed near Hühnerberg / Bad Ems. The aircraft was destroyed, no information about the crew.
31 AugustA Tomahawk missile launched from a warship in the Gulf of Mexico to recover on a target on the test ranges at Eglin AFB, Florida, misses by approximately 100 miles, coming down eight miles east of Jackson, Alabama, around 60 miles north of Mobile. "Within minutes of the missile's falling near Jackson, a recovery team arrived by helicopter. Such teams are stationed along the missile's flight path during a test so they can get to a crash scene within 20 minutes no matter where the Tomahawk goes down." Cause was found to be two incorrect screws used to assemble a tailfin, said Denny Kline, a Pentagon spokesman for the Navy Cruise Missile Project, on 13 December 1991. A screw, rubbing against an actuator coil disabled one of the missile's two fins. "Somebody during assembly put two screws in, which were moderately too long. Well, in fact, in this case extremely too long because it physically made contact with a coil. It was fine for the first one hour and 21 minutes, but over time it wore away the protective coating and got down to the wound part of the coil and shorted it out," said Kline. As a result, one fin worked properly but the other did not when the missile was to make a pre-planned turn causing it to crash in Alabama. The wrong screws were put in by General Dynamics Corp., said Susan Boyd, Pentagon spokeswoman for the missile program. Four Tomahawks have landed in civilian areas since the Navy began the gulf tests in 1985. There have been no injuries.
14 September A Sikorsky MH-53 Sea Dragon crashes into the Persian Gulf at 2105 hrs., shortly after taking off from the , 40 miles N of Bahrain. All 6 service members on board were killed. The aircraft was part of squadron HM-15 based out of Naval Air Station Alameda, near San Francisco.
5 OctoberVladimir A. Yakimov attempts a vertical landing on the stern flight deck of the Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov (ex-Baku) in Yakovlev Yak-141 (Yak-41M), 48-3, callsign "77", but during heavy touchdown the undercarriage ruptures a fuel tank, causing a serious fire. About 25 seconds later, Yakimov ejected successfully, and was rescued from the sea. The aircraft was later repaired and placed on display at the Yakovlev OKB Museum.
9 OctoberOn Wednesday, four members of a Sikorsky SH-3H Sea King crew operating from the Norfolk, Virginia-based were presumed lost after the aircraft crashed during a training mission near Bermuda, the Navy said Friday. The helicopter was assigned to the Anti-Submarine Squadron 11 at the Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, The crewmen were identified as: Lt. Richard D. Calderon, 26, of Jacksonville, Florida; Lt. Cmdr. Karl J. Wiegand, 35, of Orange Park, Florida; aviation anti-submarine warfare operator Karl J. Wicklund, 23, of Clear Lake, Minnesota; and aviation anti-submarine warfare operator Vincent W. Bostwick, 20, of Orange Park, Florida.
11 OctoberThe crash of a Beechcraft T-34C Turbo-Mentor in Baldwin County, Alabama, kills Navy Cmdr. Duane S. Cutter, 44, from Newfield, New York, and his student, Marine 2nd Lt. Thomas J. Gaffney, 24, of West Chester, Pennsylvania, while on a routine training mission out of NAS Whiting Field, Florida, said Lt. Cmdr. Diane Hooker, a Navy spokeswoman at Whiting Field. Hooker couldn't immediately say what techniques the two were practising when the T-34 went down.
29 OctoberA Royal Australian Air Force Boeing 707-368C A20-103 stalled and crashed into the sea near RAAF Base East Sale, Victoria, Australia, killing all five crew. The crash was attributed to a simulation of asymmetric flight resulting in a sudden and violent departure from controlled flight.
30 OctoberA Canadian Forces Lockheed CC-130E Hercules on a supply mission slammed into the frozen tundra near Alert, Nunavut. Pilot error caused the crash, which led to the five deaths, but 13 survived for 32 hours in the cold arctic prior to rescue. The event was made into the television film Ordeal in the Arctic.
14 NovemberA USAF F-16B assigned to the 419th Tactical Fighter Wing at Hill AFB crashed northwest of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, killing Capt. Arnold Clarke and Capt. Michael Sowell.
20 November
A helicopter carrying Azerbaijani military personnel and peacekeeper observers crashed in hilly terrain near Karakend during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict either due to hostile weapons fire or losing altitude during foggy conditions or from both. All 22 passengers and crew on board perished.
30 NovemberDuring routine training mission, pilot Lt. Michael Young, 28, bailed out of his disabled USAF LTV A-7D-9-CV Corsair II 70-1054 of the 180th Tactical Fighter Group, Ohio Air National Guard, based at Toledo Express Airport, Swanton, Ohio, over the coast of Michigan's Thumb area. He landed in Lake Huron, and was dragged 12 miles in his parachute by winds before being lost and presumed drowned. The jet crashed in a wooded area near Port Hope, Michigan. Rescuers were unable to reach the pilot at the speed he was being dragged, and survival was unlikely in the 38-degree water. Waves were too large to deploy Coast Guard vessels. A passing freighter located the pilot still in the parachute harness. The freighter crew attempted to hook the parachute and bring the pilot up. Evidently the pilot had been able to partially release his parachute harness before drowning and when the freighter crew attempted to pull up the parachute, the pilot slipped out of the harness and his body was not recovered. Wurtsmith Air Force Base Command Post had been notified by a local sheriff department that a parachute had been seen. Wurtsmith Air Force Base Command Post Controllers immediately notified Selfridge Air Force Reserve Base Command to take over responsibility as it was in Selfridge's area of responsibility.
1992
9 JanuaryA Belgian Air Force General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon crashes near Euskirchen, West-Germany close to an Autobahn-junction.
13 January General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, 84-1267, of the 184th TFG out of McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas Air National Guard was returning from a practice firing sortie of a M61A1 20mm cannon, and in the process of beginning touch-and-goes. Major David Ternes of the 127th Fighter Squadron was bringing the aircraft into McConnell AFB when he experienced trouble at 11:06 hours. Ternes was forced to eject at 150 feet and two miles from base. The aircraft tore through a house nearly hitting the sole occupant. Both the pilot and the home's occupant survived uninjured. The cause was determined to be a lack of engine response.
15 JanuaryLockheed U-2R, 68-10332, Article 054 of the 9th SRW crashed into the Sea of Japan off the Korean coast this date while on flight out of Osan Air Base, South Korea, pilot Capt. Marty McGregor killed. This was the first of five U-2 losses (and four pilots) suffered by the newly formed Air Combat Command in its first five years. Prior to the ACC takeover, there had been no Class A mishaps in the previous eight years. A team of six old U-2 hands, known as the "Graybeard panel," was assembled by ACC to examine the problem.
6 FebruaryA Kentucky Air National Guard Lockheed C-130B Hercules 58-0732 of the 165th Tactical Airlift Squadron, 123d Tactical Airlift Wing, out of Standiford Field, Louisville Air National Guard Base, Kentucky, stalls and crashes into the JoJo's restaurant and Drury Inn at U.S. 41 and Lynch Road at 0953 while practicing touch and go manoeuvers at the Evansville, Indiana Airport, when a supervising instructor-pilot, simulated an engine failure. The pilot who was relatively inexperienced in the type, became distracted with checklists and air traffic control commands and let the airspeed bleed off as the C-130 climbed to 1,300 feet. When it dropped below the in-flight minimum control speed, the aircraft stalled and banked to port, into the dead engine. The IP took control and began to correct but had insufficient altitude for recovery. All five crew members and eleven people on the ground were killed. Several others were injured. The Hercules descended almost vertically on the rear of Jojos, demolishing the kitchen, and spraying burning jet fuel on the center north wall of the neighboring Drury Inn, which military officials later estimated at 6,000 gallons. Room 416, where 13 employees of Plumbing and Industrial Supply Company were conducting a quality-control seminar, was engulfed by the fireball. Only four in the room escaped, all but one with severe burns. P and I Supply lost a third of its workforce. Two restaurant employees were also killed, trapped under rubble. The Air Force paid out $36.3 million to settle wrongful death, personal injury and property damage claims. "Military training exercises at Evansville Regional Airport using C-130 aircraft essentially stopped after the 1992 crash." Room 416 of the Inn is no longer publicly used.
AprilA Marine Corps Boeing-Vertol CH-46E Sea Knight suffers a catastrophic explosion and crashes into the Red Sea, killing four Marines including the pilot and injuring eight Marines.
15 AprilA U.S. Navy North American T-2C Buckeye crashes in the Gulf of Mexico shortly after launch from training carrier , operating ≈70 miles S of NAS Pensacola, Florida. Both instructor pilots eject but helicopter only retrieves Lt. Tim Fisher of VT-19, based at NAS Meridian, Mississippi, other pilot lost. This was the first training accident since the Forrestal became a training carrier on 4 February 1992.
25 AprilSecond prototype Lockheed YF-22A N22YX, suffers severe damage during start of a go-around when it belly-flops at Edwards AFB, California, following eight seconds of pilot-induced oscillation at an altitude of 40 feet when test pilot Tom Morgenfeld ignored a test-card requiring the 2-D convergent-divergent thrust nozzles to be locked in position during this stage of the PIO tests. Control surface actuators hit rate limiters causing commands to get out of synchronization with their execution, and the test fighter hit the ground, skidded several thousand feet, inducing fire that destroyed 25 percent of the airframe. Aircraft never flew again, being rebuilt as a shell and subsequently used to test antennae at the Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss AFB, New York.
13 MayA U.S. Navy instructor pilot is killed after two Navy Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentors collide over a densely wooded field 6 miles SW of NAS Whiting Field, Florida.
19 JuneA U.S. Navy Sikorsky H-53 crashes into a river near Virginia Beach, Virginia, this date, apparently killing all seven aboard, authorities said. The helicopter crashed during a training flight, said Cmdr. Stephen Honda, a spokesman for the Navy's Atlantic Fleet air force. Meanwhile, two Army fliers were killed Friday when their Bell AH-1 Cobra helicopter crashed during a training exercise near Fort Irwin, California, an Army spokesman said.
13 JulyMcDonnell-Douglas F-15C Eagle 85-0116 of the 60th Fighter Squadron, 33rd Fighter Wing, based at Eglin AFB, Florida, crashes at 0900 hrs. in the Gulf of Mexico, 90 miles S of Eglin. The pilot ejects assigned to the 60th Fighter Squadron, ejects safely and is rescued. He and another F-15 had departed Eglin at 0835 hrs. for a training mission.
20 JulyA Bell-Boeing MV-22 Osprey prototype, BuNo 163914, arriving from Eglin AFB, Florida, catches fire and falls into the Potomac River at MCAS Quantico, Virginia, USA, killing 5 crew members in front of an audience of high-ranking US government officials; this is the first of a series of fatal accidents involving the controversial tiltrotor aircraft.
22 JulyTwo soldiers from Fort Carson, Colorado, manage to avoid being killed when their U.S. Army McDonnell-Douglas AH-64 Apache crashes into the side of the north peak of 12,300 foot Almagre Mountain, known as "Mount Baldy", S of Pikes Peak. Chief Warrant Officers Douglas Mohr and David Reaves are on a routine training mission when their attack helicopter impacts several hundred feet below the crest in steep, rocky terrain. Fuel on the Apache ignited shortly after impact, burning a 30-square yard area but didn't spread because the area was mostly rock. How the crew escaped before the fire was unknown.
31 JulyA US Navy Grumman E-2C Hawkeye of VAW-126 on a training flight crashes in the Atlantic Ocean ≈75 miles N of Puerto Rico while returning to the , killing all five crew. The Navy reported on 1 August that the aircraft radioed that it was in trouble before coming down ≈4 miles from the carrier, the second aircraft loss of that air wing in less than a fortnight.
4 AugustA Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk, 85-801, "The Perpetrator", goes out of control after take off for a night training mission from Holloman AFB, New Mexico. The pilot from the 416th Fighter Squadron, ejects safely, suffering only minor cuts. The aircraft came down in sparsely populated area near a trailer park. Investigators believed that an improperly reinstalled bleed air duct led to control failure.
13 OctoberAntonov An-124 Ruslan, CCCP-82002, believed destined for Aeroflot, on test flight by Antonov/Aviastar, suffers nose cargo door failure during high-speed descent (part of test program) resulting in total loss of control. Airframe comes down in forest near Kyiv, killing eight of nine crew.
16 OctoberA U.S. Army McDonnell-Douglas AH-64 Apache of Company B, 1/151st Aviation Battalion, out of McEntire Air National Guard Base, crashes in a wooded area near Dacusville, South Carolina. Both crew sustained minor injuries.
19 OctoberA Panavia Tornado crashes in the evening on the Nellis AFB, Nevada range, 100 miles NE of Las Vegas, during Red Flag combat exercises, killing two crew from the Italian Air Force.
29 October A United States Air Force Sikorsky MH-60G Pave Hawk crashed near Antelope Island, Utah, killing five US Army Rangers and seven Air Force Special Operations Airmen. Only the commanding pilot survived.
2 November A United States Navy Grumman EA-6B Prowler crashes in field near NAS El Centro, California. The three crewmen ejected at a very low altitude while inverted, and all were killed. Crew included Lt. Charles Robert Gurley (USN), Lt. Peter Limoge (USMC), and Ltjg. Dave Roberts (USN).
30 November On 29 November 1992, four Lockheed C-141 Starlifters, of the 62d Airlift Wing, deployed from McChord AFB, Washington, to Malmstrom AFB, Montana, to take part in what was supposed to be a routine local air refueling/airdrop mission, with a KC-135 Stratotanker of the 141st Air Refueling Wing, Washington Air National Guard, out of Fairchild AFB, Washington. Two Starlifters collided over Harlem, in north central Montana, at 2020 hrs., this date, while involved in a refueling training exercise at between 24,000 and 27,000 feet, killing all 13 aboard the two jets, said Mike O'Connor of the Federal Aviation Administration. C-141Bs 65-0255 and 66-0142 came down a mile apart. Wreckage was scattered over 16 square miles 12 miles north of Harlem, a town of 1,100 near the Canada–US border. There were six people on one of the aircraft and seven on the other. Eleven of the men were from the 36th Airlift Squadron, one from the 8th Airlift Squadron, and one from the 4th Airlift Squadron. Neither aircraft was carrying any cargo on the training mission, indications they had finished part of the refueling and one of the aircraft was moving back into formation when the collision occurred.
30 November Rockwell B-1B Lancer, 86-0106, "Lone Wolf", of 337th Bomb Squadron, 96th Bomb Wing, flies into a mountain, 300 feet below a 6,500-foot ridge line approximately 36 miles SSW of Van Horn, Texas, when the pilot interrupted the terrain-following radar. 4 fatalities. The Air Force attributed the crash to pilot error. Aircraft had collided with a KC-135R over Nebraska on 24 Mar 1992, but was repaired.
22 DecemberMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23UB collides at 3,500 feet with Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103, Boeing 727-2L5, registered 5A-DIA, near Tripoli, Libya, 147 passengers and ten crew all killed, as well as two crew of fighter. Airliner was from Benghazi-Benina International Airport to Tripoli International Airport.
23 December Grumman F-14 Tomcat Lieutenant Commander James Robert Segars of the United States Naval Reserve died tragically in the crash of his F-14 Tomcat jet fighter near Comanche, Texas.
1993
24 FebruaryA UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter approaching Wiesbaden Air Base crashed killing Maj. Gen. Jarrett J. Robertson, 52, of Springfield, Mo.; Col. William J. Densberger, 47, of Westwood, N.J.; Col. Robert J. Kelly, 48, of Boston, Mass., and Spec. Gary L. Rhodes Jr., 23, of Orange Park, Fla.
25 MarchA US Navy Grumman E-2C Hawkeye, BuNo 161549 of VAW-124, crashes into the Ionian Sea off of southern Italy shortly after being waved off from the due to a fouled deck. The aircraft had been monitoring nightly drops of humanitarian aid to Muslims in eastern Bosnia, and was returning to the carrier when it was sent into the holding pattern. The radar aircraft then disappeared about one mile from the ship without any radio call and no cause was determined for the loss. KWF were Lt. Cmdr. Jon A. Rystrom, Lt. William R. Dyer, Lt. Robert A. Forwalder, Lt. Patrick J. Ardaiz, and Lt. John A. Messier.
27 April
A Zambian Air Force de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo, AF-319, crashed shortly after take-off from Libreville, Gabon. One engine caught fire and failed; the tired pilot then shut down the wrong engine, causing a complete loss of power during the climb and leading to a crash 500 metres offshore. The aircraft was carrying the Zambia national football team to a 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Senegal. All 30 on board, including 18 players, the coach, and team support staff, were killed.
19 MaySikorsky VH-60N White Hawk, BuNo 163267, of HMX-1, MCAS Quantico, Virginia, crashes in Charles County, Maryland, ≈35 miles SW of Washington, D.C., during a routine inspection flight, killing four.
25 MayIn an 1844 hrs. flight deck accident aboard , the undercarriage of a McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 Hornet attempting a wave-off from the carrier due to still fouled deck, strikes the vertical fin on Grumman A-6E Intruder, BuNo 164382, coded '500', shearing away a large portion of the empennage, as the A-6 was taxiing away from the arresting gear. The Hornet dropped its underwing tanks and safely recovered to the carrier.
20 JulyAttempting a night landing aboard , operating in the Eastern Indian Ocean, Grumman F-14A-90-GR Tomcat, BuNo 159843, 'NH 111', of VF-213, piloted by Lt. Matthew T. Claar "Planet", first bird in the recovery cycle, drops below approach slope just before reaching fantail, suffers massive ramp strike at 2104:33 hrs. with rear fuselage striking deck and completely disintegrating aft of the wing in huge fireball and pitching airframe up on its nose and skidding along port edge of the angle leaving trail of burning fuel in its wake. Both crew eject in Martin-Baker seats, but only RIO Lt. Dean A. Fuller survives, trajectory into the water off the angle, with minor injuries, recovered by SAR helicopter. Pilot, who sequenced out first, did so while the airframe was extremely nose-low, landed on deck and died on impact, immediate attempts to resuscitate him for nought. LSO had repeatedly tried to wave him off, according to CPL Kevin R. Fox, Powerline, VMFA-314 Black Knights, whom the pilot landed right in front of. Through diligent efforts of crew, all fires were extinguished and a ready deck was available for further recoveries in 33 minutes. An award, a sword, is given to the outstanding Midshipman 1/C selected for Naval Aviation, chosen by the NROTC Staff at Villanova University in Lt. Claar's memory, where he was a 1986 graduate.
24 JulyAt 1517 hrs. two Mikoyan MiG-29s, 526 and 925 of the Russian Flight Research Institute took off for a demonstration at RIAT RAF Fairford 1993, but during display suffer mid-air collision, both pilots, Alexander Beschastonov and Sergey Tresvyatsk, ejecting safely.
8 AugustA Saab JAS 39 Gripen, 39–102, crashed on the central Stockholm island of Långholmen, near the Västerbron bridge, during a slow speed manoeuver during a display over the Stockholm Water Festival. Lars Rådeström, the same pilot as in the 1989 incident, ejected safely. Despite large crowds of onlookers, only one person on the ground was injured. A woman was hospitalized for three weeks for burns. This crash was, like the previous one, caused by a PIO.
10 AugustA McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II, BuNo 162955, of VMA-231, crashed on the runway at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina as the pilot was doing "touch and go" landings. The aircraft's flaps jammed when moisture got into the flap controller causing it to short out. The Marine pilot ejected before the aircraft hit the runway however his parachute trajectory descended him into the fireball, killing him.
8 SeptTwo Camp Pendleton Marines are killed in San Diego when their Bell AH-1 SuperCobra helicopter crashed at Montgomery Field, a civilian suburban airfield. Witnesses said the helicopter rotor broke off in the air before the craft smashed into the ground. This led to the Marine Corps grounding all SuperCobra's after a series of recent helicopter crashes. Miller said flights involving the helicopter have been suspended pending final analysis of two accidents that occurred within 24 hours, one at Montgomery Field in San Diego and the other at Twentynine Palms, Calif.
13 DecemberUSAF Lockheed U-2R, 68-10339, Article 061, of the 9th SRW goes out of control on take-off from Beale AFB, California, experienced U-2 Instructor Pilot but does not survive.
1994
3 March A Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter of the 15th Fighter Wing, Republic of Korea Air Force exploded above Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, killing all of the six personnel on board, including General Cho Kun-hae, then Chief of the Air Staff of South Korea.
23 March
A mid-air collision between a Lockheed C-130 Hercules and a General Dynamics F-16D Fighting Falcon causes a ground crash at Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina. The F-16 hits and destroys a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter parked on the tarmac, and flaming wreckage careens into paratroopers preparing for a practice drop, killing 24 and injuring many more. The C-130 landed safely.
5 AprilA U.S. Navy Grumman A-6 Intruder, based at NAS Alameda, crashes into the San Francisco Bay, California at 1200 hrs., close to the mid-span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, killing two crew, the Coast Guard said.
14 April
Two U.S. Army Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters are mistakenly shot down by USAF McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle jets while patrolling the no-fly zone over Iraq, killing 26 personnel.
5 MayA 1st Fighter Squadron pilot from Tyndall Air Force Base near Panama City, Florida, safely ejected from his McDonnell-Douglas F-15C Eagle of the 1st FS, 325th Fighter Wing, before it crashed into the Gulf of Mexico about 5 miles south of Port St. Joe, Florida. On a training mission, student pilot lost control due to G‑induced loss of consciousness; was rescued from the gulf by an MH-53 Pave Low Helicopter from the Air Force Special Operations Command at Hurlburt Field.
2 June
A Royal Air Force Boeing Chinook HC.2 helicopter, ZD576, 'G', of Odiham Wing, crashes near Campbeltown, Scotland, killing 29 crew and passengers, including several top officials of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
19 JuneRoyal Air Force BAe 146 CC.2 ZE700, operated by No. 32 Squadron RAF and flown by the Prince of Wales overran the runway at Islay Airport, Argyll and Bute. The aircraft had been landed downwind. There were no injuries amongst the eleven people on board although the aircraft suffered substantial damage when the nose gear collapsed. The aircraft was subsequently repaired and returned to service.
24 June
Czar 52, a USAF Boeing B-52H Stratofortress, 61-0026, crashes during an airshow practice at Fairchild AFB. After having rehearsed the maneuvers profile that in itself was dangerous to fly in a B-52, the aircraft came into land. Due to a KC-135 Stratotanker still being on the runway, the aircraft was required to make a 'go around'. After beginning a 360-degree turn left, the aircraft exceeded 90 degrees angle of bank, stalled and crashed into the ground. All four aircrew members were killed in the crash.
23 JulyA U.S. Navy North American T-2C Buckeye, BuNo 157051, '0601', of VT-19, based at NAS Meridian, Mississippi, crashed at 1355 hrs. shortly after take-off from NAS Oceana, Virginia, impacting in a wooded area several hundred yards past the runway, with both crew ejecting before the crash. The student was injured but the instructor pilot died.
17 August A mid-air collision occurred between two U.S. Navy McDonnell Douglas T-45A Goshawks 163629 and 163639 60 miles southwest of NAS Kingsville, Texas. Pilot LTJG Brian S. DeHaan did not eject and was killed.
22 September Near Mayen in the Eifel a Royal Air Force Lynx helicopter crashed because of burning engine, and on the same day a German Air Force F-4F suffered engine loss near Pferdsfeld because of fire but could be landed safely.
23 September US Army Boeing CH-47D Chinook, 90-00220, of the 6–158th AVN, assigned for fire duty with the U.S. Forest Service, crashes at approximately 1750 hrs. on the Davis Ranch, 35 miles NE of McCall, Idaho, killing one of five on board. During a landing attempt in a clearing, the slope was misjudged, being ≈11 degrees rather than the anticipated 2–3 degrees. After the front gear touched down, power was reduced to lower the tail but the airframe rolled backward downslope until the front rotor made contact with the ground and then immediately impacted the fuselage, severing the driveshaft, flight control tubes and all electrical and hydraulic lines along the top of the cabin. The aft rotor, still under power, lifted the tail until the ship went over on its nose, the fuselage then rolling onto its starboard side. One Army crew killed, three others and a Forest Service passenger survived. The port engine continued to run for almost two hours after the accident, even though it was partially detached. Eventually a fuel valve was closed. Cause was insufficient reconnaissance of the proposed landing sight compounded by the crew's inability to perceive the slope from their observation angle. The loss was estimated at $13,770,360. Written off with 4007 flight hours.
24 OctoberUS Navy Grumman F-14A Tomcat, BuNo 160390, 'NH 103', of VF-213, crashed on approach to the carrier , operating 40 miles (65 km.) off the Southern California coast, killing Lt. Kara Hultgreen, the first female Tomcat-qualified pilot in the Navy. The RIO, Lieutenant Matthew Klemish, initiated ejection as it became apparent that the flight envelope was being exceeded, his seat firing first. He was rescued. Due to low-speed rolling turn, the ejections were on the edge of the seat capabilities, and Hultgreen's, firing 0.4 seconds later, did not have time to fully sequence as the airframe had rolled past 90 degrees and she was ejected downward into the water, killing her instantly. Her body was recovered by a Navy salvage team on 12 November, still strapped into her seat, less than 100 yards (90 m.) from her F-14 on the seabed. The aircraft involved was used to shoot down a Libyan Air Force Su-22 Fitter during the 1981 Gulf of Sidra incident.
31 October A Swiss Air Force Northrop F-5 Tiger was lost because a forgotten wrench, in the right landing gear, blocked the release mechanism and prevented to land the aircraft. The pilot was forced to pull out in 8500 feet over the Axalp shooting range. The pilot was unhurt.
5 DecemberA U.S. Navy pilot from Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, is killed when he loses control of his Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentor near Robertsdale, Alabama.
1995
19 JanuaryRockwell-MBB X-31, BuNo 164584, first of two testbed airframes, crashes on 67th flight, north of Edwards AFB, California. German Federal Ministry of Defense test pilot Karl-Heinz Lang, assigned to the X-31 International Test Organization (ITO), ejects safely at 18,000 feet. He is taken to hospital for examination, a fire department spokesman said.
28 JanuaryUS Navy McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C Hornet, BuNo 164044, of VFA-22 crashed into the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast, after a night catapult launch from , killing Lt. Glennon Kersgieter.
28 JanuaryUSMC McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II Plus, BuNo 164547, After taking off from USMC pilot Capt. Raymond N. McKay, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing crashed into the Indian Ocean 140 miles off the coast of Somalia.
19 FebruaryUSMC Bell UH-1N Twin Huey, BuNo 159692, After lifting off the deck from the Huey crashed into the Indian Ocean 100 yards from the ship. The pilot was Capt Eric Douglas, with HMLA-267. He was struggling to free Sgt Justin A Harris, the crew chief, from his gun belt when the weight of the helicopter dragged Sgt Harris under water, drowning him.
22 FebruarySlingsby T-3A Firefly, 93-0555/N3092K of the 557th FTS, crashes when it fails to recover from a spin, killing instructor and student. Trainer made 17 tight spirals as it dropped one mile in 30 seconds before impacting ≈50 miles E of the Air Force Academy in Colorado. This was the first of three Firefly fatal accidents before the type was withdrawn from operation and the surviving airframes scrapped.
17 AprilA USAF LearJet C-21, the U.S. military version of the LearJet 35A, crashed in a wooded area four miles south of Alexander City, Alabama, while trying to make an unplanned landing at the airport. The aircraft was en route to Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, from Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. An Air Force spokesman said that the aircraft carried a crew of two and six passengers. One of the eight killed in the crash was Clark G. Fiester, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force; Maj. Gen. Glenn A. Profitt II, director of plans and operations for the Air Education and Training Command.
27 AprilWhile performing ACM near the Hawaiian Islands, the starboard engine of a USN Grumman F-14A Tomcat, BuNo 161273, coded 'NH 116', of VF-213 from the , suffers catastrophic compressor stall, severing hydraulic and fuel lines. Pilot Lt. Cdr. John Stacy Bates and RIO Lt. M. Crawford successfully eject and are rescued by a helicopter of HS-6.
10 MayA USAF Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk, 85-0822, callsign Spear 26, from the 49th Fighter Wing, Holloman AFB, New Mexico, crashes 7 miles S of Zuni, New Mexico, while on a training mission. The pilot, Capt. Kenneth W. Levens, 35, of the 9th Fighter Squadron, was killed in the crash. The autopilot apparently disengaged, aircraft enters inverted near-vertical dive, impacts in a 70 degree dive with 120 degrees starboard bank at more than 600 mph at 2225 hrs, creating a 30 foot crater. A Kirtland AFB H-60 Blackhawk finds the impact site shortly after 0000 hrs.
16 May
A Royal Air Force Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1, XW666, ditched in the Moray Firth in Scotland as a result of an in-flight engine fire; all seven crew survived.
21 May-22 May
Historic Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 45-21768, "Kee Bird", of the 46th/72d Reconnaissance Squadrons, abandoned in 1947 and recently restored to flying condition after a number of highly calamitous setbacks, is severely damaged by fire while attempting to take off from a frozen lakebed in Greenland. Its remains are abandoned to sink into the melting ice.
30 MayA USAF McDonnell-Douglas F-15C Eagle, 79-0068, of the 53d Fighter Squadron, 52d Fighter Wing, Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany, crashes on take-off killing pilot who dies en route to hospital. Cause was cross-connected control rods for the flaps. The USAF despite awareness of poorly coordinated color scheme for keeping the rods from being misconnected (identical cases in 1986 and 1991, which, fortunately, were detected before leading to accidents), subjects two mechanics to courts martial for criminally negligent homicide, punishable by four years in prison, a dishonorable discharge and forfeiture of all pay and allowances. The Air Force also engages in dirty tricks, intercepting the defendants' mail and holding it when they were contacted by a safety expert who wanted to assist them. One defendant committed suicide on 3 October 1995, the date the court martial was due to begin. On 13 November, the service, citing "justice and the interests of the Air Force", dropped its case against the other mechanic, in exchange for his decision to leave the military. Motivation for the scape-goating attempt by the service can be traced to criticism the 52d Fighter Wing received for not bringing up on charges pilots who were responsible for downing two U.S. Army helicopters over Iraq in 1994, killing 26. "The 53rd FS 'Tigers' never fully recovered from the dark blemish on their otherwise exemplary record. The only way the USAF could make the issue and the pain go away was by closing the unit. This was done on March 10, 1999, leaving USAFE with only one Eagle squadron for the next war in its theater."
29 AugustLockheed U-2R, 68-10338, Article 060, of the 9th Reconnaissance Wing flying under call sign Mooch 31, with sensor pod on pylon above spine, departs RAF Fairford at 0727 hrs. for intended Bosnian overflight Senior Span mission, but port underwing pogo fails to detach. Pilot returns to airfield runway 27, attempts to shake loose the outrigger. Just after passing the runway's midpoint the aircraft enters a stall during which the left wing drops, hits the runway, breaking off the wingtip. The aircraft veers left towards the grass, strikes a power sub-station and crashes through the base's perimeter fence. As the aircraft bounces on a concrete taxiway pilot attempts ejection, but zero-zero seat is outside of parameters, pilot chute deploys but main canopy does not have time to fully inflate. Pilot comes to rest 150 feet E of airframe, which ends up in farmer's field. Nose breaks off, rest of U-2 fully engulfed in fire. Pilot is transported to Princess Margaret Hospital in Swindon by police helicopter where he dies at 0955 hrs. He is interred at Arlington National Cemetery.
2 September
A Royal Air Force Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR.2P, XV239, stalls during low altitude turn, crashes into Lake Ontario, at Toronto, Canada, during the 46th Canadian National Exhibition International Air Show, killing all seven crew of 120 Squadron. Video of this crash is widely available on the internet.
20 SeptemberJust after making a supersonic pass close by the starboard side of the , Grumman F-14A Tomcat, BuNo 161146, 'NH 112', of VF-213 from the , explodes in flight from catastrophic compressor failure, both crew ejecting, suffering burns to the upper body. Crew recovered. Aircraft goes down in the Central Pacific, about 800 miles W of Guam, and 55 miles from the carrier.
22 September
A USAF Boeing E-3B Sentry 77-0354 callsign Yukla 27, of the 962nd Airborne Air Control Squadron, 552d Air Control Wing, crashes shortly after take off from Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, when a flock of Canadian snow geese were ingested by its engines. All 24 crew members die, including 2 Canadian air crew members. This was the first loss of an E-3 since the type entered service in 1977.
22 NovemberA Japanese Air Self Defense Force Mitsubishi F-15J, 02-8919, of the 308 Hiko-tai is accidentally shot down by an AIM-9L Sidewinder fired by another JASDF F-15 during air-to-air combat training. The pilot ejects and is picked up safe.
1996
29 JanuaryA Grumman F-14A Tomcat, BuNo 162599, of VF-213, crashes on take-off from Nashville International Airport, Nashville, Tennessee, killing both crew and three people on ground as fireball engulfs three houses. The U.S. Navy determines that the accident was the result of pilot error, when pilot Lt. Cmdr. John Bates, attempted a high speed, steep-angle take-off, the review board announces in April 1996. Pilot loses spatial orientation in overcast, suffers vertigo. Bates had previously been involved in an F-14 accident in April 1995.
2 FebruaryA Grumman F-14A Tomcat crashes in the northern Persian Gulf. The U.S. Navy announces a three-day stand down for F-14 operations. The safety standdown will allow the service "to assess all aspects of operations and procedures", a Navy spokeswoman said. She said the review will "assess available information to determine if any procedural or other modifications to F-14 operations are warranted."
8 FebruaryA Northrop F-5 Tiger assigned to VFC-13, Fallon NAS, Nevada, crashed in the Clan Alpine Mountains at the north end of Edwards Creek Valley. The pilot, LCDR Richard T. Ryon ejected from the F-5N and did not survive.
16 February A Marine Corps AV8B Harrier crashed shortly after takeoff when it was struck by lightning seconds after it lifted off the runway at Cherry Point, North Carolina. The lightning strike hit one of the fuel cells on the Harrier that caused a fire. The fire spread to the wing where it caused the composite wing to delaminate, resulting in the loss of lift and control. The pilot Captain Ron Walkerwicz was killed upon impact with the ground.
18 FebruaryA Grumman F-14A Tomcat, converted to Grumman F-14D(R), BuNo 161158, of VF-11, suffers engine failure, disintegration of airframe, crashes into the Pacific Ocean at ≈1230 hrs., ≈120 miles off the coast of southern California during routine flight exercises, killing two crew. The fighter was part of a squadron that was taking part in a two-week operation with the , said Doug Sayers, spokesman for NAS Miramar, California. Kenneth Bacon, chief spokesman for Secretary of Defense William Perry, said Perry met Tuesday, 20 February, with Adm. Mike Boorda, the chief of naval operations, to hear how the Navy is approaching its investigation of the latest crash, the Associated Press reported on 21 February. The Navy sees no accident pattern in two fatal crashes of F-14 fighter jets in the past month that would call for special safety measures, officials said Tuesday. The pilot was Lt. Terence Lee Clark, 27, of Hemet, California.
9 MarchA Marine Corps McDonnell-Douglas F-18 Hornet went down off Charleston, South Carolina, with two pilots aboard. The search for the Marine pilots was called off 10 March.
15 MarchA Cecil Field Naval Air Station Lockheed S-3 Viking crashed shortly after take-off near Puerto Rico. Navy officials called off the search for the two pilots on 16 March.
17 MarchA Navy pilot safely ejected from his McDonnell-Douglas T-45A Goshawk, training jet, BuNo 163645, 'B 245', of TW-2, during an emergency landing at Cecil Field Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida. The pilot, who was not injured, notified officials that two tires on the jet had blown out during take-off from the aircraft carrier , off Jacksonville. According to officials he had planned to land the aircraft at Cecil Field without the wheels, but ejected after the jet first made contact with the runway. After he ejected, the aircraft flipped over. The pilot was assigned to Training Squadron 22, of Kingsville, Texas. The squadron was doing routine training flights off the carrier and onto land.
3 April
A USAF Boeing CT-43 73-1149, call sign IFO 21, of the 76th Airlift Squadron, 86th Airlift Wing, Ramstein Air Base, Germany, on an official trade mission, crashed on approach to Dubrovnik Airport, Croatia, killing United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown and 34 other people. The crash board findings, announced 7 June 1996, blamed the crash on a failure of command, aircrew error and an improperly designed instrument approach procedure.
17 AprilA Grumman F-14B Tomcat BuNo 161444, coded 'AD 201', of VF-101, based at NAS Oceana, Virginia Beach, Virginia, crashes near Norfolk, Virginia, the fourth accident for the type this year. The two crew survive.
22 AprilThe prototype Lockheed Martin RQ-3 DarkStar crashes shortly after take off on its second flight due to incorrect aerodynamic modeling of the vehicle's flight control laws.
28 April A Panavia Tornado IDS, tactical number 43+83 of the GAF was severely damaged during low level flight exercise at CFB Goose Bay, Canada.
10 May A CH-46E Sea Knight and an AH-1W Cobra assault helicopter collided mid-air during a training exercise in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, killing 14 Marines with the two pilots of the CH-46E surviving.
18 MayA Grumman F-14A Tomcat BuNo 161282, coded 'NF 101', of VF-154 crashes into the Pacific Ocean 500 miles W of Guam after suffering engine malfunction. Both crew eject safely.
12 JuneTwo Australian Army Aviation Sikorsky S-70A Black Hawk helicopters, A25-113 and A25-209 collide during a night training exercise near Townsville, Queensland, killing 18 soldiers. One source lists fatalities as 19.
19 JuneA Department of the Navy F/A-18C operated by McDonnell-Douglas Aerospace from the St. Louis Regional Airport crashed into terrain while executing a reverse half Cuban eight manoevre in preparation for a Czech airshow, killing pilot Jeffrey James Crutchfield, a Navy veteran and McDonnell employee.
27 JuneAn Air National Guard General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon makes a dead-stick landing at Elizabeth City Air Station following an engine failure. Capt Chris H. Rose of 121st Fighter Squadron was returning from a training mission when his engine suffered a flameout at 13,000 feet, but he was able to jettison his fuel tanks and glide for 15 miles to a successful landing with the assistance of his three wingmen and air traffic controllers. For his outstanding airmanship he was awarded the Koren Kolligian Jr Trophy.
4 JulyA Swiss Air Force formation of three Northrop F-5 Tigers were returning to base as the leader rolled his fighter on its back for a visual check under the formation. Because a modification to the ejection seat locking lever that limited the pull weight to only 4 to 16 pounds, it was sufficient that the own weight of the lever, combined with a slow negative G-load, initiated the ejection sequence during the inverted flight. The aircraft crashed near a playground in Schänis. The pilot was injured. Afterward all the seats of the Tiger fleet were modified.
11 JulyA General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon, 91-0354, of the 77th Fighter Squadron, being relocated from Shaw AFB, South Carolina, to Eglin AFB, Florida, to avoid Hurricane Bertha, crashes at ≈1530 hrs. into a neighborhood 20 miles N of Pensacola, Florida, following an engine failure, striking two homes and killing a four-year-old boy. A man and woman in the house suffered burns. The pilot was forced to eject two miles short of the runway. The pilot was uninjured. The accident investigation showed foreign object damage to a fan blade caused a crack seven thousands of an inch (too small to visually spot). The blade was ingested into the engine. The engine had failed three times during the flight with two relights. With the third engine failure the pilot ditched the aircraft into what he hoped was an unpopulated area, and ejected at only 200 feet.
14 JulyNATO Boeing E-3B Sentry AWACS LX-N90457 overruns runway into sea on take-off from Preveza AFB, Preveza, Greece. Fuselage breaks in two, but no casualties among crew of 16. Aircraft had rolled out at Boeing Renton, Washington plant on 21 April 1984, first flown 5 June 1984. Delivered to NATO on 19 December 1984 after AEW suite fitted out by Dornier.
15 JulyAt approximately 1803 hrs., a Belgian Lockheed C-130H Hercules, CH-06 at Eindhoven Air Base in the Netherlands after bird strikes stopped three engines. A total of 34 people lost their lives as a result of the accident, and seven people were seriously injured.
24 AugustTwo Panavia Tornados of the Luftwaffe crashed during low-level training exercises 80 miles west of CFB Goose Bay killing one pilot.
30 SeptemberAir Force Academy Slingsby T-3A Firefly crashes 30 miles E of Colorado Springs, Colorado when the crew, who had been practicing a forced landing, suffer engine failure during the key part of the manoeuvre, the instructor and student both killed.
23 OctoberFuerza Aérea Argentina Boeing 707-372C, LV-LGP, on approach to Ezeiza-Ministro Pistarini Airport, Buenos Aires, Argentina, makes high approach without proper attention to pre-landing procedures, develops nose-down attitude at ≈900–1,000 metres, does not have time to correct, strikes ground hard ≈750 metres short of runway 11, breaks up, burns. Two of eight on board are killed.
1 November 1996 A U.S. Navy McDonnell-Douglas T-45A Goshawk crashes on final approach to NAS Kingsville during Night Familiarization flight due to birdstrike causing low altitude catastrophic engine failure. Both Instructor and student ejected safely. The mishap investigation revealed multiple canvasback duck DNA remains in the burner section of the angle-engine aircraft.
2 DecemberA U.S. Navy Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentor crashes at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, killing the instructor and his student navigator from Italy. The pair, flying out of NAS Pensacola, Florida, were practicing manoeuvers.
1997
9 JanuaryRoyal Air Force BAE Systems Harrier GR.7, ZD377, crashed at Laarbruch, ending up inverted on runway, burned.
10 JanuaryUSAF McDonnell-Douglas F-15C Eagle 85-0099 of the 58th TFS, 33d TFW, based at Eglin AFB, catches fire on take-off from Eglin. Pilot returns for an immediate landing and egresses safely on the ground. Aircraft completely destroyed by fire. This aircraft credited with MiG-25 kill by AIM-7M on 19 January 1991 during Operation Desert Storm while flown by Capt. Lawrence E. Pitta.
4 February
Two Israeli Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallions, 357 and 903 collide in darkness near the remote She'ar Yeshuv kibbutz, over northern Israel at ≈1900 hrs. in a storm, killing 73 Israel Defense Forces soldiers. Three crew and 34 passengers on 357, three crew and 33 passengers on 903.
4 FebruaryA USAF General Dynamics F-16D Fighting Falcon, 87–385, of the 466th Fighter Squadron, crashed about ten miles northeast of Wendover, Utah, near the Utah-Nevada state line after suffering engine flame-out. The crew was from the 419th Fighter Wing at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. A Hurlburt Field crew flying an MC-130E Combat Talon I on a mountain terrain exercise were diverted to help search for the jet's crew. After refueling in mid-air, the Hurlburt crew found the two flyers and sent up flares to pinpoint their location for search helicopters. Major Edward G. Goggins was the pilot and Captain Mark C. Snyder a passenger flight surgeon. One suffered a broken ankle and the other had burns.
16 March An F/A-18C crashes aboard the USS John F. Kennedy off the coast of North Carolina, injuring eight crewmen.
20 March A Swiss Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIRS crashed near Sainte-Croix, Switzerland by bad weather conditions. It was the first loss of a Reconnaissance Mirage since the introduction in the 60'. The pilot died in the crash.
2 AprilCraig D. Button (November 24, 1964—April 2, 1997), a United States Air Force pilot, dies when he mysteriously crashes a Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft in the Colorado Rockies. Before the incident, Captain Button inexplicably flew hundreds of miles off-course without radio contact, appeared to maneuver purposefully and did not attempt to eject before the crash. His death is regarded as a suicide because no other theory explains the events. His aircraft carried live bombs, which were never recovered. It took three weeks to find the crashsite. During that time, there was widespread public speculation about Captain Button's intentions and whereabouts.
25 JuneThird USAF Air Force Academy Slingsby T-3A Firefly crash in 28 months kills student and instructor when the engine fails during a turn at ≈500 feet altitude, aircraft enters spin and explodes on impact, two miles E of the Colorado Springs academy airfield. "Their aircraft had been written up by pilots 10 times for engine problems, including one during the flight immediately before the fatal trip. The Air Force said the engine was running at impact, although it was producing so little power that the propeller was barely turning." Although the Academy continues to fly the type, another incident in which the T-3 engine quits in-flight, forcing a dead-stick landing at the airfield, finally leads to USAF to ground the design on 25 July 1997, with the whole fleet eventually scrapped.
8 JulyA Sikorsky UH-60L Black Hawk helicopter of the 82nd Airborne Division operating out of Fort Bragg crashed in a remote wooded area about 20 miles southwest of Fayetteville, North Carolina during a routine training mission, killing all eight aboard. An Army investigation concluded the cause was pilot error. A rotor blade hit a 60-foot-tall pine tree during a sharp, banking turn witnesses described as between 75 degrees and 85 degrees. The 28-year-old pilot was involved in a blade strike just two months earlier, and there were reports of his tendency to fly fast, unusually low (below the tree line in the May incident), close to obstacles, and to bank excessively during turns; although one pilot who flew with him reported that he had a "good, sound reputation", and a Forestry Service pilot who observed the Black Hawk just prior to the crash reported that it was banking normally about 200 feet above the trees.
22 AugustThe crew of a USAF General Dynamics F-16B Fighting Falcon, 82-1037, of the 39th Flight Test Squadron at Eglin Air Force Base, "ET" tailcode, ejected over the Gulf of Mexico after their jet suffered separation of engine fourth stage at speeds past Mach, about seven miles south of Destin, Florida. The airmen were rescued by the crew and passengers of Top Gun, a charter fishing boat out of Destin, who saw the crash. The airmen were members of the Eglin's Development Test Center's 39th Flight Test Squadron. The aircraft was returning to Eglin after flying as a chase aircraft in a mission with an Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle. Divers located the jet in 70 feet of water a week following the accident. A barge carried the wreckage to a hangar at Eglin where investigators hoped to find clues as to what caused the crash.
13 September
German Air Force Tupolev Tu-154M, 11+02, call sign GAF 074, of 1 Staffel/FBS (Flugbereitschaft), used for Open Skies treaty verification, collided with a USAF Lockheed C-141B Starlifter, 65-9405, call sign REACH 4201, of the 305th AMW, about W of the coast of Namibia over the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 24 aboard the Tu-154 and all nine on the C-141. Accident investigations by both countries, released 31 March 1998, found that the Tu-154 was flying at the wrong altitude, 35,000 feet (11,600 m.) instead of 39,000 feet (12,900 m.), and was thus primarily at fault. Contributory factor was chronically poor ATC in the area.
14 SeptemberA USAF Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, 81-793, of the 7th Fighter Squadron, 49th Fighter Wing, at Holloman AFB, New Mexico, lost its port wing at 1500 hrs. during a pass over Martin State Airport, Middle River, Maryland during the Chesapeake Air Show and crashed into a residential area of Bowley's Quarters, Maryland damaging several homes. Four people on the ground received minor injuries and the pilot, Maj. Bryan "B.K." Knight, 36, escaped with minor injuries after ejecting from the aircraft. A month-long Air Force investigation found that four of 39 fasteners for the wing's structural support assembly were apparently left off when the wings were removed and reinstalled in January 1996, according to a report released 12 December 1997.
23 SeptemberStatic test Boeing F/A-18E Super Hornet airframe, ST56, being barricade tested at NAES Lakehurst, New Jersey by being powered down a track by a Pratt & Whitney J57-powered jet car, flips over and crashes into nearby woods when the steel cable linking the barrier with underground hydraulic engines fails.
23 September A USN EP-3 Aries II (electronic warfare P-3C Orion variant, BuNo 157320) crashed in the early morning hours while landing at Souda Bay airfield near Chania, Greece. No fatalities. 24 crew members sustained minor injuries after the aircraft landed at high speed, drifted to the right, clipped side runway lights before making strong corrections towards centerline, and finally overran the runway. The nose was ground off and the left outboard ("Number 1") engine caught fire. Aircraft written off, airframe airlifted using C-5B to Raytheon in Waco, Texas.}
2 OctoberA USN Grumman F-14A Tomcat, BuNo 161425, converted to F-14A+, later redesignated F-14B, of VF-101, based at NAS Oceana, Virginia Beach, Virginia, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the North Carolina coast Thursday afternoon, moments after the two crew eject. "A Coast Guard helicopter later plucked the Tomcat's radar intercept officer from 4- to 5-foot seas, but rescuers were still searching for the jet's pilot after nightfall. The Navy declined to identify either of the crewmen...until their families were notified. The radar intercept officer was undergoing a medical examination at Oceana Thursday night, and was reportedly in good condition." The U.S. Navy suspends search for the missing aviator on 5 October. The cause of the crash was not known, the Navy said in a statement. A failure of left horizontal stab linkage—while the trailing edge was down—threw the aircraft into violent right-hand rolls. When the pilot put in corrective stick, the aircraft would pitch down violently due to a stuck left-hand horizontal stab. This flight condition was unrecoverable. The RIO pulled the ejection handle at 7000 feet. The mishap pilot died when his ejection seat failed.
3 October A Pakistan Air Force F-7P Skybolt crashes at bhakkar after suffering a bird strike. The pilot safely ejected.
12 November A Swiss Air Force PC-6 crashes on the Simmental in cause of bad weather conditions. One pilot and four soldiers dies in the crash.
21 NovemberA Pakistani Shenyang F-6C Farmer crashed at Saranan some clicks away from Samungli Air Base. The pilot Flight lieutenant Zarrar Rahman Niazi was KIA after his Martin-Baker ejection seat's parachute failed to deploy.
5 DecemberRussian Air Force Antonov An-124 Ruslan, RA-82005, delivering two Sukhoi Su-27 Flankers to Vietnam, loses both port engines at 200 feet (60 m) on take-off from Irkutsk, crashing into residential area, killing eight crew, 15 passengers, and 45 on the ground (some accounts list higher ground casualties). Cause was thought to be either contaminated fuel or wrong grade of fuel, taken on at Irkutsk.
1998
3 February
A U.S. Marine Corps Grumman EA-6B Prowler, BuNo 163045, coded 'CY-02', callsign Easy 01, of VMAQ-2, struck a cable supporting a gondola in Cavalese. The cable was severed and 20 people in the cabin plunged over 80 metres to their deaths. The aircraft had wing and tail damage but was able to return to the base.
3 February
A German Panavia Tornado, coded 4482, creshed near Lippstadt. Both crew members saved themselves with the ejection seat.
6 FebruaryTwo F/A-18C Hornets of VMFA-251 that launched from the USS George Washington (CVN-73) collided mid-air 80 miles east of Kuwait City killing one pilot.
12 February
A Sudan Air Force Antonov An-26 overshoots the runway in heavy fog and crashes into a river at Nasir, South Sudan killing 26 of the 57 people on board, including Sudan's vice president and other civilian government officials.
29 MarchA Peruvian Air Force Antonov An-32, FAP-388/OB-1388, carrying villagers affected by floods, crashes in Piura, Peru after engine failure. Of the 55 people on board, 22 are killed.
8 AprilA Swiss Air Force McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 Hornet crashes near Crans-Montana during bad weather conditions, Switzerland.
5 MayA Peruvian Air Force Boeing 737-200 FAP-351 crashes at ≈2130 hrs. during poor weather near Andoas, Peru killing 75 of the 88 people on board.
25 MayA Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force Yakovlev Yak-40, RDPL-34001, '001', crashes into a mountain during heavy rain killing all of the 26 on board, including Lt. Gen. Dao Trong Lich, Chief of the General Staff of the Vietnamese People's Army.
11 JuneA USN instructor and his student pilot from NAS Whiting Field are killed near Key Largo, Florida, when their Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentor hits another training aircraft in mid-air and crashes into 2 feet of water.
17 JuneKamov Ka-50, Hokum, crash at Army Aviation Combat Training Centre, Torzhok, kills Gen. Boris Vorobyov.
1 JulyA MK.51 BAE Hawk HW-324 of the Finnish Air Force crashes into the forest near Luopioinen due to Engine failure. Both pilots ejected. One of the pilots sustained minor injuries.
8 AugustA Grumman F-14A Tomcat, BuNo 160407, coded 'AC 105', of VF-32, based at NAS Oceana, Virginia Beach, Virginia, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, while on a routine training mission. Both crewmen eject and are rescued within 15 minutes, Navy officials in Norfolk, Virginia said. The F-14 was operating from the .
3 SeptemberTwelve USAF airmen are killed when two HH-60G Pavehawk helicopters, 88-26105 and 91-26359, call signs Jolly 38 and Jolly 39, assigned to the 66th Rescue Squadron at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, are involved in a mid-air collision over the Nevada Test and Training Range during a routine night training exercise. An investigation by the Air Force Accident Investigation Board concluded that at least three of the crew did not have the necessary training for the flight, and that the group commander at Nellis was aware of training and morale problems prior to the accident, yet failed to report them to the wing commander.
14 October Two Swiss Air Force PC-9 collided during a target towing exercise near Oberuzwil. One pilot ejected and was flown immediately to the hospital, but succumbed to his injuries during the morning. The other pilot managed to land the damaged aircraft at a airfield in Altenrhein.
8 NovemberLockheed S-3B Viking, BuNo 159733, of VS-22 lands on the deck of the at 1918 hrs. during night landing requalifications off of the Virginia coast. At 1920 hrs. an EA-6B Prowler, BuNo 163885, of VAQ-130 receives a wave-off due to the deck still being fouled, but its starboard wing strikes the Viking. The Prowler continues over the side as all four crew eject, as well as two crew from the S-3. The Viking crew are recovered, but the Prowler crew are all casualties with only one body recovered. Deck fire is brought under control in seven minutes. The damaged S-3B is also jettisoned.
1999
13 JanuaryA Washington Air National Guard Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker 59-1452, call sign ESSO 77, crashes short of the runway at Geilenkirchen Air Base, Germany, killing the pilot, Maj. David Fite; co-pilot Capt. Kenneth Thiele; navigator Maj. Matthew Laiho; and Tech. Sgt. Richard Visintainer, the aircraft’s boom operator. The aircraft was assigned to the 141st Air Refueling Wing, Fairchild AFB, Washington
21 JanuaryA Nicaraguan Air Force Antonov An-26 126, crashes into a mountain near Bluefields, Nicaragua, killing all 28 on board.
21 JanuaryRoyal Air Force Panavia Tornado GR.1 ZA330, 'coded B-08', crashed into a Cessna 152 II, G-BPZX near Mattersley Nottinghamshire. In the Air Accident Report 3/2000 the conclusion was none of the pilots saw each other in time to take avoiding action. Both crew of the Tornado as well as the pilot and passenger in the Cessna, were killed.
28 JanuaryA USAF McDonnell-Douglas F-15C Eagle, 82-0020, of the 85th Test and Evaluation Squadron, 53rd Wing has mid-air collision at 35,000 feet over the Gulf of Mexico with another McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle 84-0011, of the 85th Test and Evaluation Squadron, 53rd Wing, 80 miles S of Eglin over Eglin water range during a 2 versus 3 Dissimilar Air Combat Training (DACT). Both pilots eject, pilot of 82–0020 slightly injured. Pilots rescued after 45 minutes in the water by a MH-53, call sign COWBOY 22, on instrument check-flight out of Hurlburt Field.
7 MarchAn Indian Air Force Antonov An-32 crashes upon landing in New Delhi, India during poor weather. All 19 people on board are killed.
27 March
A USAF Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk, 82-0806, on a bombing mission over Serbia, was shot down by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia unit using a SA-3 Goa. The pilot ejected and the F-117A crashed in hostile territory.
7 AprilA Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker, 57-1418, of the 153rd Air Refueling Squadron, Mississippi Air National Guard, is written off while undergoing maintenance at the Oklahoma ALC, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, when the cabin is over-pressurized during a test and ruptures, tearing a 35 foot (10.6 m) hole in the aft fuselage, allowing tail section to drop to the ground.
18 AprilRoyal Australian Air Force General Dynamics F-111G, A8-291, of 6 Squadron crashes about 2230 hrs. while on exercises in Malaysia. Believed to have hit one of two peaks on small island Pulua Aur, off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and then crashed into the South China Sea. The two crew, Sqn. Ldr. Steve Hobbs and Flt. Lt. Anthony Short, are killed.
22 AprilA Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24MR Fencer disappears from radar at 1140 hrs. while descending through cloud during a coastal surveillance flight. Wreckage found ≈9 miles (15 km) from Novorossiysk and from Anapa. Both crew did not eject and are killed.
2 May The same day an American F-16 was shot down near Šabac and an A-10 Thunderbolt II was heavily damaged, operation control lost contact of an UAV in the Adriatic Sea, close to the coast and minutes from landing. Local fishermen witnesses give credit to the rumors this was a covered Dassault Mirage F1B (codename yogsothoth) damaged in dogfight over Beograd. Reports of airplane discharging something at sea were collected by coast guard, as well as the bail out of two pilots. Following the accident, never credited by the air force, it was confirmed that jet fighters were dropping unused weapons into the sea before landing.
27 MayAn Indian Air Force HAL Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-27L of 9 Wolfpack Sqn. suffers flame-out, fails to get relight, over Muntho Dhalo, Kargil, India during Kargil conflict. The MiG-27 pilot, Flt Lt K. Nachiketa successfully ejected at 1045 hrs., and he was captured by Pakistani ground forces as a POW. Pakistan claimed it as a shoot-down.
27 MayAn Indian Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MF, C-1539, of 17 Golden Arrows Sqn., is shot down by a Pakistani FIM-92 Stinger while searching for downed MiG-27 pilot during the Kargil conflict. Aircraft comes down at 1105 hrs., some 7.5 miles (12 km.) inside Pakistani-Administered Azad Kashmir. Although pilot Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja ejected safely, Pakistan claimed he had been killed. After his body was returned 28 May, "initial examination found bullet wounds, which suggested he had been shot after ejecting. This was the first time since 1971 that India had lost an aircraft to hostile fire."
28 MayAn Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 helicopter is shot down by Pakistan air defence units using an FIM-92 Stinger missile during the Kargil conflict. Four IAF personnel were killed.
11 June A Royal Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules veered off an airstrip in Kukës, Albania, after hitting a fence and several ground obstacles. The 15 people on board evacuated safely, however the aircraft was destroyed after fuel leakage from a damaged wing ignited. The cause of this accident was insufficient distance from the starting point of the take-off for the aircraft to get airborne safely.
12 JuneRussian Air Force Sukhoi Su-30MK-1 demonstrator '01' with vectored thrust crashes on opening day of the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget Airport. At the completion of a downward spiralling maneuver, the tail contacted the grass surface. With almost no forward speed the fighter was able to pull away from the ground, wings level, with an up pitch of 10–15 degrees and climb to ≈150 feet (46 m), with the right jet nozzle deflected fully up and flames engulfing the left engine. Sukhoi test pilot Vyacheslav Averynov initiated ejection with navigator Vladimir Shendrikh departing the aircraft first. The Zvezda K-36D-3.5 ejection seats work perfectly and both crew descend on a taxiway unhurt. The Su-30 impacted some distance from the crew. Video of this accident is widely available on the internet.
16 JuneA United States Marine Corps F/A-18 fighter-attack jet crashes, killing a student pilot and injuring a flight instructor. The aircraft had taken off from the Marine Corps Air Station in Yuma but was from Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 101, stationed in San Diego. Capt. Douglas F. Aguilera, 33, of Paso Robles, Calif., was killed. Maj. John P. Hesford, 33, of Worcester, Mass., was treated at Yuma Regional Medical Center and released.
30 JuneA NAS Whiting Field, Florida, flight instructor bails out of a USN Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentor and parachutes to safety moments before the aircraft crashes near East Brewton, Alabama. The aircraft had recently been modified to add a GPS system which had unknowingly crimped/crushed a metal line from the pitot/static system. During the flight the aircraft was intentionally placed in a spin (common practice used to teach student naval aviators how to recognize and recover). As a result of the crushed pitot/static line cockpit displays erroneously indicated that the aircraft was in a “spiral” which appeared to be increasing in airspeed as a result of the damaged pitot/static system. The pilot bailed out in accordance with NATOPS procedures.
30 July A Panavia Tornado IDS, tactical number 45+05 of the GAF crashed near Engeløya, Norway during a NATO exercise.
10 AugustA Pakistan Navy Breguet Atlantic of 29 Squadron, is shot down by two Indian Air Force MiG-21 jets, citing airspace violation. Dubbed the Atlantique Incident, it raises tensions between India and Pakistan.
20 SeptemberA Swedish Air Force Saab JAS-39 Gripen, 39156, '56', of F7 Wing, 2nd Sqn., crashes into Vänern at about 1430 hrs. during an air-to-air combat exercise. Aircraft sank in about 260 feet of water (80 m). Pilot ejected safely and was recovered by Hkp 10 SAR helicopter. The accident was caused by a design flaw in the aircraft's control system, rendering it in a stalled mode after passing another aircraft's vortex. This was the first loss of a Gripen since the type became operational.
22 OctoberA Royal Air Force BAE Systems Hawk of 100 Sqn based at RAF Leeming crashed near Shap, Cumbria killing the pilot and navigator.
14 NovemberA VS-32 Lockheed S-3 Viking, BuNo 158864 pitched up, rolled left and crashed on launch from to practice for the Dubai airshow. Both crew members ejected but did not survive.
22 NovemberA Japanese Air Self Defense Force T-33A 51-5648 crashed into Iruma River, killing 2 pilots, who managed to avoid a residential district by ditching.
9 DecemberDuring a USN "Fast Rope" training exercise, a Boeing-Vertol CH-46D Sea Knight, BuNo 154790, c/n 2397, helicopter of HMM-166 departs the and approaches the fantail landing pad of the USNS Pecos, cruising ≈15 miles (24 km) WSW of Point Loma, California at 1316 hrs. The port rear landing gear leg of the helicopter snags a safety net on the deck edge and the chopper tips backwards into the Pacific, sinking within five seconds. Eleven of 18 on board escape and are picked up by Navy SEALS following the USNS Pecos in zodiac boats. The bodies of six U.S. Marines and one U.S. Navy corpsman, from the 1st Force Recon, 5th Platoon, 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, based at Camp Pendleton, California, are recovered from a depth of 3,600 feet.
10 DecemberA United States Air Force Lockheed C-130E Hercules, 63-7854, of 61st Airlift Squadron, 463d Airlift Group, crashes during landing at Ahmed Al Jaber air base, Kuwait City, Kuwait, killing three of the 94 people on board. Investigation report, released 31 March 2000, blamed crew complacency and failure to follow governing directives during approach to the runway, failing to monitor instruments, a critical function for night flying in reduced visibility.
See also
List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft
List of C-130 Hercules crashes
References
External links
AVIATION WEEK
PlaneCrashInfo.com
Dutch Scramble Website Brush and Dustpan Database
Flight Safety Foundation's Aviation Safety Network
Blog covers Widow’s travels to Vietnam in search of her MIA husband’s jet crash site in Que Son Mtns
1990 |
Ptychotrema is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Enneinae of the family Streptaxidae.
Distribution
The distribution of the genus Ptychotrema is Afrotropical, and includes:
Uganda
Species
Species within the genus Ptychotrema include:
Ptychotrema mazumbiensis Tattersfield, 1999
Ptychotrema usambarense Verdcourt
? subgenus Ennea
Ptychotrema (Ennea) bequaerti (Dautzenberg & Germain, 1914)
Ptychotrema (Ennea) fraterculus Pilsbry, 1919
Ptychotrema (Ennea) paradoxulum (Martens, 1895)
Ptychotrema (Ennea) pollonerae Preston, 1913
Ptychotrema (Ennea) silvaticum Pilsbry, 1919
subgenus Haplonepion Pilsbry, 1919
Ptychotrema (Haplonepion) geminatum (Martens, 1895)
Ptychotrema (Haplonepion) runsoranum (Martens, 1892)
? subgenus Parennea
Ptychotrema (Parennea) aequatoriale Pilsbry, 1919
Ptychotrema (Parennea) cossyphae van Bruggen, 1989
Ptychotrema (Parennea) goossensi (Adam & van Goethem, 1978)
Ptychotrema (Parennea) kerereense (Adam & van Goethem, 1978)
Ptychotrema (Parennea) kigeziense (Preston, 1913)
Ptychotrema (Parennea) pelengeense (Adam & van Goethem, 1978)
References
Further reading
Adam W. & van Goethem J. L. (1978). Revision du sous-genre Parennea Pilsbry du Genre Ptychotrema Morch (Mollusca-Pulmonata-Streptaxidae)". Études du Continent Africain, Bruxelles 5: 1-79.
Oke O. C. & Odiete W.O. (1996). "New species of land molluscs from south western Nigeria I. A new species attributed to Ptychotrema (Mollusca, Gastropoda)". Journal of African Zoology 110: 99–104.
Verdcourt B. (1985). "New taxa of Gulella L. Pfr. and Ptychotrema Mörch (Mollusca, Streptaxidae) from Eastern Africa". Journal of Conchology 32(1): 109–122. abstract.
Streptaxidae
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Gondysia telma is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Sullivan in 2010. It is found in the United States, from North Carolina southward at least to the Florida Panhandle and central Florida and westward to Texas, with one record farther north from Indiana.
It occurs in swamp forests where there is standing water. In this habitat red maples tend to dominate emergent forests whereas mature forests are more mixed with cypress often the dominant large tree.
The length of the forewings is 19–20 mm. There are multiple brooded throughout its range with adults on wing from April through September.
Etymology
The Greek word telma refers to standing water. Specimens from North Carolina and Florida are associated with hydric forests in the Coastal Plain.
External links
Catocalinae
Moths described in 2010 |
```css
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
.page-tabs .page-list ul,
.section-tabs ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0125);
border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}
.page-tabs .page-list ul + ul,
.section-tabs ul + ul {
font-size: 0.75em;
}
.page-tabs .page-list li,
.section-tabs li {
display: inline-block;
list-style: none;
}
.page-tabs .page-list li a[href],
.section-tabs li a {
display: block;
color: black;
text-decoration: none;
padding: 0.75em 1em;
}
.page-tabs .page-list li a[href]:visited {
color: black;
}
.page-tabs .page-list li a[href]:hover,
.section-tabs li a:hover {
background-color: #CDA;
cursor: pointer;
}
.page-tabs .page-list li a[href].current,
.page-tabs .page-list li a[href].current:hover,
.section-tabs li a.current,
.section-tabs li a.current:hover {
background: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
cursor: default;
}
``` |
```java
package razerdp.demo.utils.gson;
import com.google.gson.JsonDeserializationContext;
import com.google.gson.JsonDeserializer;
import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
import com.google.gson.JsonParseException;
import com.google.gson.JsonPrimitive;
import com.google.gson.JsonSerializationContext;
import com.google.gson.JsonSerializer;
import com.google.gson.JsonSyntaxException;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
public class DoubleDefaultAdapter implements JsonSerializer<Double>, JsonDeserializer<Double> {
@Override
public Double deserialize(JsonElement json, Type type, JsonDeserializationContext jsonDeserializationContext) throws JsonParseException {
try {
if (json.getAsString().equals("") || json.getAsString().equals("null")) {//double,""null,0.00
return 0.0;
}
} catch (Exception ignore) {
}
try {
return json.getAsDouble();
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
throw new JsonSyntaxException(e);
}
}
@Override
public JsonElement serialize(Double aDouble, Type type, JsonSerializationContext jsonSerializationContext) {
return new JsonPrimitive(aDouble);
}
}
``` |
Víctor Ricardo Mayorga Miranda (born 3 April 1942) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. He was a former Congressman representing the Cusco Region for the 2006–2011 period and was elected under the joint Nationalist-Union for Peru ticket, and belongs to the Peruvian Nationalist Party. Mayorga was a Supplementary Representative to the Andean Parliament between 2011 and 2016, elected under the ticket of the dominated Nationalists-Peru Wins alliance.
Early life and career
He was born in Cusco on April 3, 1942. He attended his primary studies at the Colegio San Francisco de Asís and his secondary studies at the Colegio Ciencias. Between 1960 and 1968, he studied law at the National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco, graduating as a lawyer. During those years, between 1965 and 1968 he was a teacher of secondary education at the Colegio de Las Mercedes teaching Universal History. Between 1978 and 1996 he was a professor at the National University of San Antonio Abad del Cusco. In 1980, he entered the Judiciary as a Labor Judge and then as a member of the Superior Court of Justice of Cusco until 2002.
He participated in the general elections of 2006 and was elected a congressman for the department of Cusco for the Union for Peru-Peruvian Nationalist Party joint ticket. In 2011, he was elected as supplementary representative of Peru in the Andean Parliament until 2016. From 2011 to 2014, he served as Ambassador to Cuba.
References
Living people
1942 births
Peruvian Nationalist Party politicians
Union for Peru politicians
Members of the Congress of the Republic of Peru
National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco alumni
20th-century Peruvian judges |
This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first, second, or third place and the number of starters in the Precisionist Stakes, an American Thoroughbred horse race run at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California. The race is a Grade 3 event for horses three years-old and older and run at 1-1/16 miles in dirt.
From inception through 2013 the race was known as the Mervyn Leroy Handicap when it was hosted by Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood, California. (List 1980–present)
References
The Precisionist Stakes at Pedigree Query
Graded stakes races in the United States
Open mile category horse races
Lists of horse racing results
Santa Anita Park
Hollywood Park Racetrack |
```javascript
import { describe, beforeAll, it, expect } from "vitest";
import { findIdentity, createIdentity } from "../src/libs/sesUtils";
import { run, IDENTITY_EMAIL } from "../src/ses_deleteidentity";
describe("ses_deleteidentity", () => {
beforeAll(async () => {
await createIdentity(IDENTITY_EMAIL);
});
it("should successfully delete an email identity", async () => {
let identity = await findIdentity(IDENTITY_EMAIL);
expect(identity).toBeTruthy();
await run();
identity = await findIdentity(IDENTITY_EMAIL);
expect(identity).toBeFalsy();
});
});
``` |
A settler is a person who has immigrated to an area and established a permanent residence there.
A settler who migrates to an area previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited may be described as a pioneer.
Settlers are generally thought of as people who travel to discover new land. Many times in history, it has not been like that. Most of the time in history, settlers are people who travel to a land that already belongs to someone else, forcing them out, and claiming the land as their own.
Settlers are generally from a sedentary culture, as opposed to nomadic peoples who may move settlements seasonally, within traditional territories. Settlement sometimes relies on dispossession of already established populations within the contested area, and can be a very violent process. Sometimes settlers are backed by governments or large countries. Settlements can prevent native people from continuing their work.
Historical usage
One can witness how settlers very often occupied land previously residents to long-established peoples, designated as Indigenous (also called "natives", "Aborigines" or, in the Americas, "Indians").
The process by which Indigenous territories are settled by foreign peoples is usually called settler colonialism. It relies upon a process of often violent dispossession.
In the figurative usage, a "person who goes first or does something first" also applies to the American English use of "pioneer" to refer to a settlera person who has migrated to a less occupied area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area; as first recorded in English in 1605. In United States history it refers to Europeans who were part of settling new lands on Indigenous territories.
In this usage, pioneers are usually among the first to an area, whereas settlers can arrive after first settlement and join others in the process of human settlement. This correlates with the work of military pioneers who were tasked with construction of camps before the main body of troops would arrive at the designated campsite.
In Imperial Russia, the government invited Russians or foreign nationals to settle in sparsely populated lands. These settlers were called "colonists". See, e.g., articles Slavo-Serbia, Volga German, Volhynia, Russians in Kazakhstan.
Although they are often thought of as traveling by sea—the dominant form of travel in the early modern era—significant waves of settlement could also use long overland routes, such as the Great Trek by the Boer-Afrikaners in South Africa, or the Oregon Trail in the United States.
Anthropological usage
Anthropologists record tribal displacement of native settlers who drive another tribe from the lands it held, such as the settlement of lands in the area now called Carmel-by-the-Sea, California where Ohlone peoples settled in areas previously inhabited by the Esselen tribe (Bainbridge, 1977).
Modern usage
In Canada, the term settler is currently used to describe "the non-Indigenous peoples living in Canada who form the European-descended sociopolitical majority," asserting that settler colonialism is an ongoing phenomenon. The usage is controversial.
In the Middle East, there are a number of references to various squatter and specific policies referred as "settler". Among those:
Iraq – the Arabization program of the Ba'ath Party in the late 1970s in North Iraq, which aimed at settling Arab populations instead of Kurds following the Second Iraqi-Kurdish War.
Israel – Israelis who moved to areas captured during the Six-Day War in 1967 (such as the Gaza Strip and West Bank) in the absence of a final peace agreement.
Syria – In recent times, Arab settlers have also moved in large numbers to ethnic minority areas, such as northeast Syria.
Cyprus – In the aftermath of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the Turkish government started settling farmers from the mainland in the newly declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Today it is estimated that these settlers constitute around half the population of Northern Cyprus.
Causes of emigration
The reasons for the emigration of settlers vary, but often they include the following factors and incentives: the desire to start a new and better life in a foreign land, personal financial hardship, social, cultural, ethnic, or religious persecution (e.g., the Pilgrims and Mormons), penal deportation (e.g. of convicted criminals from England to Australia), political oppression, and government incentive policies aimed at encouraging foreign settlement.
See also
References
Human migration
Anthropological categories of peoples
Cultural anthropology
Settler colonialism |
Joseph Cohen may refer to:
Joseph J. Cohen (1878–1953), Russian–American anarchist and founder of intentional communities
Joseph Cohen (solicitor) (1889–1980) solicitor and property developer; head of the Jacey Cinemas chain; prominent figure in the Jewish community of Birmingham, England
Joseph Cohen (politician) (1891–1973), Canadian lawyer, academic, and politician
Joe Cohen (born 1984), American player of American and Canadian football |
Simone Boccanegra is a 1963 Australian television play. It was directed by Christopher Muir. It was based on the opera Simon Boccanegra by Verdi.
References
Australian television plays
Australian television plays based on operas |
3 Godfathers is a 1948 American Western film directed by John Ford and filmed (although not set) primarily in Death Valley, California. The screenplay, written by Frank S. Nugent and Laurence Stallings, is based on the 1913 novelette The Three Godfathers by Peter B. Kyne. The story is something of a retelling of the story of the Three Wise Men in an American Western context.
Ford had already adapted the novelette once before in Marked Men (1919)—a silent film thought to be lost today. He decided to remake the story in Technicolor and dedicate the film to the memory of long-time friend Harry Carey, who starred in the previous movie. Carey's son, Harry Carey, Jr., plays one of the title roles in this 1948 film.
Plot
Three rustlers—Bob Hightower, Pete and The Abilene Kid—ride into Welcome, Arizona. They have a friendly conversation with Sheriff Buck Sweet and his wife, who asks if they have seen her niece and her husband on the trail. The three subsequently rob the local bank, but the loot is lost when Kid is shot and his horse falls. They flee into the desert on two horses, pursued by Sweet and his men in a buckboard. Sweet shoots a hole in their water bag and then turns back to the depot.
The fugitives come within sight of the railroad's water tank, only to see Sweet station a guard. Doubling back to Terrapin Tanks, a granite sump at the edge of the desert, the robbers lose their horses in a sandstorm. Desperate for water, they find the tanks dynamited by a tenderfoot, who disappeared chasing his thirsting horses. In a covered wagon nearby lies the man's wife—Sweet's niece-in-law—who is in labor. While Pete helps with the delivery, the other two laboriously collect water from nearby cacti. Many hours later, the woman has a boy, whom she names "Robert William Pedro Hightower" after her benefactors. Before dying, she exacts a promise from them to save him and be his godfathers.
Moved, the three desperadoes keep their vow. They find a chest filled with baby things, condensed milk, an advice book, and a Bible. Pete offers Bob the Bible for guidance, but Bob slaps it aside. Kid, certain that a higher power guided them there, compares the baby to the infant Jesus in the manger and themselves as the Three Wise Men. Inspired by a Bible verse, they head for the town of New Jerusalem, across the desert and over a mountain. The posse later comes upon the abandoned wagon, and recognizing the possessions of his niece-in-law, Sweet believes that the fugitives killed her and sets out for revenge.
When they cross a salt flat, Kid collapses and dies. Once past the flat, Pete trips, breaking his leg. He asks Bob to leave him his pistol, "for coyotes"; as Bob walks toward the mountain, he hears a single gunshot. Staggering through a ravine, Bob finally falls, but in his delirium the ghosts of his two friends refuse to let him give up. Finding a donkey and her colt at the end of the ravine, he uses them to reach New Jerusalem, where he stumbles into a cantina to get drinks for himself and the baby. Just as Sheriff Sweet catches up with him, Bob collapses from exhaustion.
Bob is jailed in Welcome, but with his heroic rescue of the baby, the entire town has become sympathetic towards him. Bob gives his godchild into the temporary custody of the Sweets, now his friends, but when the judge asks him to give up custody permanently in exchange for a suspended sentence, he refuses to break his promise to the baby's mother. Pleased, the judge gives him the minimum sentence of a year and a day; and as he leaves for prison, all the townspeople give Bob a rousing farewell.
Cast
John Wayne as Robert Marmaduke Hightower
Pedro Armendáriz as Pedro Encarnación Escalante y Rocafuerte, a.k.a. "Pete"
Harry Carey Jr. as William Kearney, a.k.a. "The Abilene Kid"
Mildred Natwick as Dying Mother
Ward Bond as Sheriff Buck Sweet
Mae Marsh as Mrs. Sweet
Jane Darwell as Miss Florie
Guy Kibbee as Judge
Hank Worden as Deputy Curly
Dorothy Ford as Ruby Latham
Charles Halton as Oliver Latham
Jack Pennick as Luke
Fred Libby as Deputy
Ben Johnson as Posseman #1
Michael Dugan as Posseman #2
Francis Ford as Drunken Old-Timer at Bar
Richard Hageman as Saloon Pianist
Ruth Clifford as Woman in Bar
Jack Curtis as Bartender #1
Harry Tenbrook as Bartender #2
Gertrude Astor as Townswoman #1
Eva Novak as Townswoman #2
Amelia Yelda as Robert William Pedro Hightower (the baby boy)
Points of interest
This film was dedicated to John Ford's friend and early star, Harry Carey, who died in 1947. At the beginning, stuntman Cliff Lyons is shown silhouetted against a sunset, riding Carey's favorite horse, Sonny, over the words: "To the Memory of Harry Carey, bright star of the Western sky..."
The opening credits say "Introducing Harry Carey, Jr." but this was not his first appearance on screen. He had been in at least five pictures before this one. Young Carey had had a close relationship with Ford until this picture, but found himself the target of verbal and physical abuse that shocked him. John Wayne explained that Ford did this to everyone as a way of getting the performances he wanted. The acerbic director showed some real sensitivity when he made young Carey go home early one day. The tribute segment described above was going to be filmed, and Ford wanted to spare him.
The senior Carey starred in the first film version, The Three Godfathers (1916) playing Bob Sangster, a former horsethief who is trying to go straight. In the remake Marked Men (1919), directed by John Ford, he played Harry, a prison escapee who also survives the ordeal, finding love on the way.
Hell's Heroes (1930), directed by William Wyler, stars Charles Bickford as Bob Sangster, a true desperado, who originally plans to rape the woman in the wagon, and in the end saves the baby by drinking from a poisoned waterhole, knowing it will give him enough time to get to safety.
Three Godfathers (1936), stars Chester Morris as Bob, a ruthless killer, with Lewis Stone and Walter Brennan as members of the gang. He also uses the poisoned well.
In the 1948 version no one is killed during the robbery, and the loot is small. It is lost before they leave town and is never mentioned again. In the 1930 and 1936 versions, which are grimmer, the bad guys are very bad, people are killed during the robbery, and saddlebags full of stolen gold play a crucial role. Film critic Leonard Maltin prefers Hell's Heroes as the "most satisfying, least sentimental" of all the films. He praised the "underrated" 1936 version as "beautifully shot and warmly acted".
Maltin describes the 1948 film as "sturdy, sentimental, sometimes beautiful", but feels that the last scene "didn't ring true".
Reception
The film has maintained its positive reception. It holds an 82% "Fresh" score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 critics.
According to MGM records, the film earned $2,078,000 in the US and Canada and $763,000 overseas, resulting in a profit of $450,000.
See also
John Wayne filmography
List of American films of 1948
List of Christmas films
Tokyo Godfathers – a Japanese anime film based on the same book
References
External links
1948 films
1948 Western (genre) films
American Christmas films
American Western (genre) films
Films based on Western (genre) novels
Films directed by John Ford
Films set in Arizona
Films shot in the Mojave Desert
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films based on American novels
1940s Christmas films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films |
Nathan Smith Davis Sr., M.D., LLD (January 9, 1817 – June 16, 1904) was a physician who was instrumental in the establishment of the American Medical Association and was twice elected its president. He became the first editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Biography
Davis was born near Greene, Chenango County, New York. He lived and worked on the farm until 16 years of age, attending district school in the winter, and studying for six months in Cazenovia Seminary. At the age of 17 he began mastering medicine under Dr. Daniel Clark, attended three courses of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York, Fairfield, and was graduated from that institution, on January 31, 1837, with a thesis on "Animal Temperature". He first practiced in Vienna, New York, but after a few months moved to Binghamton, New York and soon after settled in New York City.
In 1841, he was awarded the prize from the Medical Society of the State of New York for the best "Analysis of the Discoveries Concerning the Physiology of the Nervous System." About seven years later the State Agricultural Society of New York awarded him a prize for a "Text-Book on Agricultural Chemistry." He became a member of the Broome County Medical Society, and was one of its censors in 1838. In 1841, 1842 and 1843 he was secretary and librarian of the society, and in 1843 delegate from Broome County to the Medical Society of the State of New York. In 1845 his report as chairman of the Committee on Correspondence relative to Medical Education and Examination led to the organization of the American Medical Association.
Almost from the beginning of his career, Davis was identified with medical education. While in Binghamton, he obtained a cadaver and demonstrated anatomy to medical students. His first work as a teacher was lecturer and demonstrator of anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the city of New York in 1848. A year later he moved to Chicago and accepted the chair of physiology and pathology in Rush Medical College. A year later, in addition, he assumed the duties of the chair of practice of medicine, and remained connected with the institution for ten years. Soon after he became connected with this college, he appreciated the necessity of a better system of medical education, as at that time there was no classification of students and no adjustable curriculum. He began to agitate for reform, but was opposed. He withdrew, and with a few colleagues founded the Chicago Medical College, of which he was for more than forty years the dean and professor of principles and practice of medicine. When Davis arrived in Chicago, there was no organization of physicians, and he was one of the prime movers in the Chicago Medical Society and the Illinois State Medical Society. For twelve years he was secretary of
the Chicago Medical Society, and in 1855 served as its president.
Soon after his arrival in Chicago, there was an epidemic of malaria, and he found on analyzing the drinking water that it was polluted by sewage. He straightway began agitation for a system of drainage, and to this end delivered a number of lectures resulting in sewerage reconstruction and foundation of Mercy Hospital. His editorial work began while he was residing in New York City, where he was editor of the Annalist. In 1855 became editor of the Chicago Medical Journal, and five years later the Chicago Medical Examiner, remaining with these journals for twenty years. It was chiefly through his efforts that the Journal of the American Medical Association was established in 1883, and he was its first editor, continuing in that position for six years. He was a member of the International Medical Congress in 1876, and at that time read a notable paper on "American Medical Institutions." In 1887 he was secretary-general and later president of the Ninth International Medical Congress in Washington. While organizing this congress, he was stricken with cerebral hemorrhage, but recovered within three weeks.
Davis was the founder of the American Medical Association (AMA), served as its president in 1864 and 1865 and as a trustee from 1882 to 1884. He was the founder and first editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). He was one of the founders of Lind University, which was reorganized into the Chicago Medical College and in 1870 became the medical school of Northwestern University. He was also a founder of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopical Society and Union College of Law, of which he was professor of medical jurisprudence. He was also an honorary member of the British Medical Association, and many other scientific societies in the US and abroad, a charter member of the American Medical Association, American Medical Temperance Association, Illinois State Medical Society, and the Chicago Medical Society. A Chicago Public School was later named after him.
Davis was a voluminous writer. Among his chief contributions to the medical literature are his "Principles and Practice of Medicine", "Medical Education and Reform", "Verdict of Science Concerning the Effects of Alcohol on Man", and "Clinical Lectures". In 1876 he was first attacked by a prostatic disease, from which he suffered until his death. On June 5, 1904, he was taken ill, showing signs of uremic poisoning. Up to within one hour of his death he talked clearly and well. He died in Chicago on June 16, quietly and without pain. He was buried at Rosehill Cemetery.
Davis's son and grandson of the same name themselves became physicians.
References
1817 births
1904 deaths
Rush University faculty
Northwestern University faculty
JAMA editors
People from Greene, New York
Physicians from New York (state)
Presidents of the American Medical Association
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery |
Exit! It's the Way-Out Show was a British television game show aired in 1967. It was compered by disc jockey Ed Stewart with hostesses Lesley Judd and Jane Tucker and produced by Associated-Rediffusion. All 13 episodes plus the pilot are missing, believed lost.
References
External links
Exit! It's the Way-Out Show on IMDb
1967 British television series debuts
1967 British television series endings
Lost television shows
English-language television shows
1960s British game shows
ITV game shows
Black-and-white British television shows |
WCRZ (107.9 MHz, "Cars 108") is a commercial FM radio station in Flint, Michigan, broadcasting an adult contemporary format and switching to Christmas music for much of November and December. WCRZ is the top-rated heritage station in the market. Its studios and offices are on East Bristol Road in Burton, east of Flint.
WCRZ has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts, the maximum for most of Michigan. It is the only station in Flint that broadcasts using HD Radio technology, with a simulcast of classic rock sister station WQUS on its second digital subchannel. The transmitter is on South Vassar Road in Burton.
Programming
WCRZ has local DJs on weekdays. It is also the Flint outlet for the syndicated call-in and request show, "Delilah," heard evenings. Cars 108 features "John Tesh, Intelligence for Your Life" during overnight hours. It also is the local affiliate for "American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest."
History
WGMZ
On , the station signed on as WGMZ. It had a long-running and successful MOR/easy listening format. The station played quarter-hour sweeps of soft, instrumental music, mostly cover versions of popular songs, as well as Broadway and Hollywood show tunes.
WGMZ was originally co-owned with WAMM AM 1420 (now WFLT). The owner of WAMM at that time sold WGMZ in 1966. By 1968, WGMZ was co-owned with WKMF AM 1470 (now WFNT).
WCRZ
On June 25, 1984 at 1 am, the call sign changed to WCRZ and the format became adult contemporary. "Fame" by Irene Cara was the first song played in the new format. The call letters WGMZ were assumed by a station in Tuscola, Michigan, three years later, and that station is known today as WWBN, and has been a sister station to WCRZ since the mid-1990s.
Since the mid-1990s, WCRZ has been the number one radio station in Flint, off and on, and was the first station in the market to broadcast in high definition. Since then, sister stations WWBN and WRCL have also added HD broadcasting, as has competing station WDZZ.
Vandalization
In the Spring of 1995, WCRZ went off the air for some time due to a vandalizing of the station's transmitting antenna. During this time, the frequency of 107.9 was dark for roughly a week. However, sister station 101.7 (now 101.5) WWBN allowed WCRZ to share signals until repairs were made on the antenna.
Jingles
WCRZ's jingle melody was adapted from KVIL in Dallas, Texas. For much of the 1990s, JAM Creative Productions produced WCRZ's jingles; it was TM Century that chose to sing the station's nickname, "Cars 108" to the melody of KVIL. For over a decade, however, WCRZ's jingles have been by TM Studios.
The KVIL jingles were originally produced from the TM Century package "KVIL: The '90s". KVIL-FM in the Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas market first aired that jingle package in January 1991 and continued to do so until Late Spring or Early Summer 1993, when JAM introduced the "Celebrate" package for that station. Before that time, however, that jingle package was first tested by TM on a radio station in country of Japan in late 1990, but TM later decided to shift the jingle package to American radio stations, just so that they could more easily syndicate that package to radio stations in several American markets. Following that, the "Memphis' Best Music" package from Thompson Creative was used.
Jam Jingles were not used until the mid/late 1990s, and the package was Q95-Detroit's "Q Cuts" and "Quick Qs." Cars 108 returned to the KVIL packages from TM Century around the turn of the century. In 2008, Cars 108 had a custom jingle package produced by the world-famous jingle expert, Johnny Hooper. The RadioScape Package, simply called "Cars 108," was originally produced in 2008, with 5 new cuts added in 2010. The current jingle package is another adaptation of a KVIL jingle package, which is the "103.7 Lite FM"-era jingle package produced by Reel World Productions.
References
Michiguide.com - WCRZ History
Previous Logos
External links
CRZ
Mainstream adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1961
Townsquare Media radio stations |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.profiler.heapwalk.memorylint;
import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Deque;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.ArrayItemValue;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.Field;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.FieldValue;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.GCRoot;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.Heap;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.Instance;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.JavaClass;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.ObjectArrayInstance;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.ObjectFieldValue;
import org.graalvm.visualvm.lib.jfluid.heap.Value;
import org.openide.util.NbBundle;
/**
*
* @author nenik
*/
public class Utils {
//~ Methods your_sha256_hash--------------------------------------------------
/** Performs a check whether target object is strongly referenced from source.
* @param source object to search path from
* @return true is target is held by source
*/
public static boolean isReachableFrom(Instance source, Instance target) {
if ((source == null) || (target == null)) {
return false;
}
Logger.getLogger(Utils.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "Utils.isReachableFrom {0}, {1}", new Object[] { source, target });
Set<Instance> processed = new HashSet<>();
Deque<Instance> fifo = new ArrayDeque<>();
fifo.add(source);
while (!fifo.isEmpty()) {
if (fifo.size() > 200) {
Logger.getLogger(Utils.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "overflow in isReachableFrom {0}, {1}", new Object[] { source, target });
break;
}
Instance act = fifo.removeFirst();
if (act.equals(target)) {
return true;
}
//System.err.println(" processing iof " + act.getJavaClass().getName() );
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
List<FieldValue> outgoing = act.getFieldValues();
for (FieldValue v : outgoing) {
Instance neu = null;
if (v instanceof ObjectFieldValue) {
Field fld = ((ObjectFieldValue) v).getField();
if ("referent".equals(fld.getName()) && "java.lang.ref.Reference".equals(fld.getDeclaringClass().getName())) { // NOI18N
continue;
}
neu = ((ObjectFieldValue) v).getInstance();
}
if (v instanceof ArrayItemValue) {
neu = ((ArrayItemValue) v).getInstance();
}
if (neu == null) {
continue;
}
if (processed.add(neu)) {
fifo.add(neu);
}
}
}
return false;
}
/*
private static void printObject(Instance in, Heap heap) {
System.err.println(in.getJavaClass().getName() + "@" + Long.toHexString(in.getInstanceId()));
List<FieldValue> lfv = in.getFieldValues();
for (FieldValue fv : lfv) {
if ("object".equals(fv.getField().getType().getName()) &&
"char[]".equals(((ObjectFieldValue)fv).getInstance().getJavaClass().getName())) { // char[], special printout
ObjectFieldValue ofv = (ObjectFieldValue)fv;
PrimitiveArrayInstance carr = (PrimitiveArrayInstance)ofv.getInstance();
List<String> vals = carr.getValues();
StringBuilder val = new StringBuilder("'");
for (String v : vals) val.append(v);
val.append("'");
System.err.println(" " + fv.getField().getName() + ":" + val.toString());
} else {
System.err.println(" " + fv.getField().getName() + "(" + fv.getField().getType().getName() + "):" + fv.getValue());
}
}
printPath(in, heap);
System.err.println("");
}
private static void printPath(Instance in, Heap heap) {
String prefix = " ";
while (in != null) {
if (in.isGCRoot()) {
GCRoot root = heap.getGCRoot(in);
System.err.println(prefix + "<-" + in.getJavaClass().getName() + "@" + Long.toHexString(in.getInstanceId()) + " is ROOT: " + root.getKind());
break;
}
System.err.println(prefix + "<-" + in.getJavaClass().getName() + "@" + Long.toHexString(in.getInstanceId()));
prefix += " ";
in = in.getNearestGCRootPointer();
}
}
*/
/** Computes object set retained by some objects.
*/
public static Set<Instance> getRetainedSet(Collection<Instance> objSet, Heap heap) {
Field ref = null;
JavaClass reference = heap.getJavaClassByName("java.lang.ref.Reference"); // NOI18N
for (Field f : reference.getFields()) {
if ("referent".equals(f.getName())) { // NOI18N
ref = f;
break;
}
}
Set<Instance> results = new HashSet<>();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Collection<GCRoot> roots = heap.getGCRoots();
Set<Instance> marked = new HashSet<>();
Deque<Instance> fifo = new ArrayDeque<>();
for (GCRoot r : roots) {
Instance curr = r.getInstance();
if (!objSet.contains(curr)) {
fifo.add(curr);
}
}
while (!fifo.isEmpty()) {
Instance curr = fifo.removeFirst();
if (!marked.add(curr)) {
continue;
}
for (FieldValue fv : curr.getFieldValues()) {
// skip weak references
if (fv.getField().equals(ref)) {
continue;
}
//
if (fv instanceof ObjectFieldValue) {
Instance neu = ((ObjectFieldValue) fv).getInstance();
if ((neu != null) && !objSet.contains(neu)) {
fifo.add(neu);
}
}
}
if (curr instanceof ObjectArrayInstance) {
for (Instance neu : ((ObjectArrayInstance) curr).getValues()) {
if ((neu != null) && !objSet.contains(neu)) {
fifo.add(neu);
}
}
}
}
// now find what we can reach from 'in'
fifo.addAll(objSet);
results.addAll(objSet);
while (!fifo.isEmpty()) {
Instance curr = fifo.removeFirst();
for (FieldValue fv : curr.getFieldValues()) {
// skip weak references
if (fv.getField().equals(ref)) {
continue;
}
//
if (fv instanceof ObjectFieldValue) {
Instance neu = ((ObjectFieldValue) fv).getInstance();
if ((neu != null) && !marked.contains(neu)) {
if (results.add(neu)) {
fifo.add(neu);
}
}
}
}
}
return results;
}
/** Computes object set retained by some object.
*/
public static Set<Instance> getRetainedSet(Instance in, Heap heap) {
return getRetainedSet(Collections.singleton(in), heap);
}
/** Perform BFS of incomming references and find shortest one not from SDK
*/
public static String getRootIncommingString(Instance in) {
String temp = null;
for (;;) {
in = in.getNearestGCRootPointer();
if (in == null) {
break;
}
String rName = in.getJavaClass().getName();
if (temp == null) {
temp = "<< " + rName; // there is at least some incoming ref
}
if (!rName.startsWith("java.") && !rName.startsWith("javax.")) {
return rName;
}
if (in.isGCRoot()) {
break;
}
}
return (temp == null) ? "unknown" : temp;
}
// Perform BFS of incomming references and find shortest one not from SDK
public static String getSignificantIncommingString(Instance in) {
Set<Instance> processed = new HashSet<>();
String temp = null;
Deque<Instance> fifo = new ArrayDeque<>();
fifo.add(in);
while (!fifo.isEmpty()) {
if (fifo.size() > 10) {
Logger.getLogger(Utils.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "overflow in getSignificantIncommingString({0})", new Object[] { in });
break;
}
Instance act = fifo.removeFirst();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
List<Value> incoming = act.getReferences();
for (Value v : incoming) {
String rName = v.getDefiningInstance().getJavaClass().getName();
if (temp == null) {
temp = "<< " + rName; // there is at least some incoming ref
}
if (rName.startsWith("java.") || rName.startsWith("javax.")) { // NOI18N
Instance i = v.getDefiningInstance();
if (processed.add(i)) {
fifo.add(i);
}
} else { // Bingo!
return rName;
}
}
}
return (temp == null) ? "unknown" : temp; // NOI18N
}
public static String printClass(MemoryLint context, String cls) {
if (cls.startsWith("<< ")) { // NOI18N
cls = cls.substring("<< ".length()); // NOI18N
}
if ("unknown".equals(cls)) { // NOI18N
return NbBundle.getMessage(Utils.class, "LBL_UnknownClass");
}
String fullName = cls;
String dispName = cls;
String field = ""; // NOI18N
// now you can wrap it with a/href to given class
int dotIdx = cls.lastIndexOf('.');
int colonIdx = cls.lastIndexOf(':');
if (colonIdx == -1) {
colonIdx = cls.lastIndexOf(';');
}
if (colonIdx > 0) {
fullName = cls.substring(0, colonIdx);
field = "." + cls.substring(colonIdx + 1);
}
dispName = fullName.substring(dotIdx + 1);
return "<a href='file://class/" + fullName + "'>" + dispName + "</a>" + field; // NOI18N
}
public static String printInstance(Instance in) {
String className = in.getJavaClass().getName();
return "<a href='file://instance/" + className + "/" + in.getInstanceNumber() + "'>" + className + '#' + in.getInstanceNumber() + "</a>"; // NOI18N
// return in.getJavaClass().getName() + '@' + Long.toHexString(in.getInstanceId()) + '#' + in.getInstanceNumber();
}
}
``` |
"Me and My Baby" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Paul Overstreet. It was released in July 1992 as the first single from the album Love Is Strong. The song reached #22 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Overstreet and Paul Davis.
It should not be confused with a song of the same name from the Broadway musical Chicago.
Chart performance
References
1992 singles
1992 songs
Paul Overstreet songs
Songs written by Paul Davis (singer)
Songs written by Paul Overstreet
Song recordings produced by Brown Bannister
RCA Records singles |
```javascript
//
// This software (Documize Community Edition) is licensed under
// GNU AGPL v3 path_to_url
//
// You can operate outside the AGPL restrictions by purchasing
// Documize Enterprise Edition and obtaining a commercial license
// by contacting <sales@documize.com>.
//
// path_to_url
import { A } from '@ember/array';
import ArrayProxy from '@ember/array/proxy';
import RSVP, { Promise as EmberPromise } from 'rsvp';
import Service, { inject as service } from '@ember/service';
export default Service.extend({
session: service('session'),
ajax: service(),
appMeta: service(),
store: service(),
initialized: false,
init() {
this._super(...arguments);
this.pins = [];
},
getUserPins() {
let userId = this.get('session.user.id');
if (!this.get('session.authenticated')) {
return new RSVP.resolve(A([]));
}
if (this.get('initialized')) {
return new RSVP.resolve(this.get('pins'));
}
return this.get('ajax').request(`pin/${userId}`, {
method: 'GET'
}).then((response) => {
if (!_.isArray(response)) response = [];
let pins = ArrayProxy.create({ content: A([]) });
pins = response.map((pin) => {
let data = this.get('store').normalize('pin', pin);
return this.get('store').push(data);
});
this.set('initialized', true);
this.set('pins', pins);
return pins;
});
},
// Pin an item.
pinItem(data) {
let userId = this.get('session.user.id');
this.set('initialized', false);
if(this.get('session.authenticated')) {
return this.get('ajax').request(`pin/${userId}`, {
method: 'POST',
data: JSON.stringify(data)
}).then((response) => {
let data = this.get('store').normalize('pin', response);
return this.get('store').push(data);
});
}
},
// Unpin an item.
unpinItem(pinId) {
let userId = this.get('session.user.id');
this.set('initialized', false);
if(this.get('session.authenticated')) {
return this.get('ajax').request(`pin/${userId}/${pinId}`, {
method: 'DELETE'
});
}
},
// updateSequence persists order after use drag-drop sorting.
updateSequence(data) {
let userId = this.get('session.user.id');
if(this.get('session.authenticated')) {
return this.get('ajax').request(`pin/${userId}/sequence`, {
method: 'POST',
data: JSON.stringify(data)
}).then((response) => {
if (!_.isArray(response)) response = [];
let pins = ArrayProxy.create({
content: A([])
});
pins = response.map((pin) => {
let data = this.get('store').normalize('pin', pin);
return this.get('store').push(data);
});
this.set('pins', pins);
return pins;
});
}
},
isDocumentPinned(documentId) {
return new EmberPromise((resolve, reject) => { // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
let userId = this.get('session.user.id');
return this.getUserPins().then((pins) => {
pins.forEach((pin) => {
if (pin.get('userId') === userId && pin.get('documentId') === documentId) {
resolve(pin.get('id'));
}
});
resolve('');
});
});
},
isSpacePinned(spaceId) {
return new EmberPromise((resolve, reject) => { // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
let userId = this.get('session.user.id');
return this.getUserPins().then((pins) => {
pins.forEach((pin) => {
if (pin.get('userId') === userId && pin.get('documentId') === '' && pin.get('spaceId') === spaceId) {
resolve(pin.get('id'));
}
});
resolve('');
});
});
}
});
``` |
Caswell Bay (; meaning: straw fortress), is a beach on the south east of the Gower Peninsula, Swansea, Wales. It is a sandy beach popular with families, holiday makers and surfers, and it regularly achieves Blue Flag status.
Facilities and access
There is good access to Caswell Bay by car and public transport by First Cymru from Swansea Bus Station. There is a large pay and display car park and buses go to the nearby village of Oystermouth and the Mumbles. To the east is a well maintained coastal path leading to the neighbouring Langland Bay. To the west is a more rural path leading to Brandy Cove and Pwlldu Bay.
Caswell Bay has a cafe, which is open all year round, and a beach shop. The Surfside Cafe suffered severe storm damage in January and February 2014, but reopened in the spring following repair and refurbishment. There are also public toilets and outdoor public showers.
Swansea City Council operate a Lifeguard service 7 days a week from early May to the beginning of September. The bay is a popular surfing location and is home to a surf school offering lessons all year round. It has a fully adaptive and inclusive surf centre, which opened in 2020 next to the public car park. It is also a renowned rock pooling location.
The Bishop's Wood nature reserve sits behind the bay, a rare example of a limestone woodland. The nature reserve is open to the public for unaccompanied visits at any time. Educational tours can be arranged through the Bishop's Wood countryside centre.
History
Between 1829 and 1840 much of the land around Caswell Bay was bought by John James, a former Curate of Bishopston, for his daughter and his son-in-law, Charles Morgan. In 1846, The Morgans sold a piece of land on the eastern side of the bay to 19th Century pioneer photographer John Dillwyn Llewelyn who was a regular visitor to the bay. Llewelyn built a holiday home, Caswell Cottage, which stood until around 1960 on the site of what is now the Caswell Bay public car park. In 1854 images of two of his photographs of Caswell Bay were requested by Prince Albert. In August 1878 Llewelyn's thirteen-year-old grandson drowned whilst swimming in the bay, with the inquest held at the Caswell Bay Hotel.
After the death of Mrs Charles Morgan in 1877, her Caswell Estate was divided amongst her six children. Soon afterwards, a portion of the land on the western side of the bay was sold to the Davenport family who built a large house on the land. The house was called Redcliffe, named after Redley Cliff which bounds the western side of the bay. In the late 1920s Redcliffe was the family home of poet Vernon Watkins, a contemporary and close friend of Dylan Thomas. The house stood until the 1960s when it was demolished to make way for the Redcliffe apartments that now overlook the west side of the bay.
The three daughters of Mrs Charles Morgan, Emma, Agnes and Alice made Caswell Bay their home from 1877 and built many of the houses which remain to this day, including their own home, Bay House which stands above the centre of the bay. The sisters also planted many of the bay's distinctive pine trees.
In 1879, the religious poet and hymn writer Frances Ridley Havergal died of peritonitis in a house near Caswell Bay. A memorial plaque commemorates this.
In 1883 a wind pump was built at the peak of Redley Cliff to pump water to nearby houses. The wind pump was badly damaged in a gale less than five years later and had ceased to be used by 1900. It remained a landmark until it was destroyed for safety reasons in 1930 having been badly damaged in a suspicious fire. On top of Redley Cliff there is also evidence of the existence of a defended Iron Age enclosure.
In the 1890s a large concrete water tank was built at the base of the cliff, which remains to this day. The water tank was used to collect water from a small spring during the late 19th century. Around the same time a pump house was built on the eastern side of the bay. The sea soon smashed it and a replacement was built near the road consisting of two buildings built a short time apart. By the end of World War I the pump house was no longer required and for a time it was used as a café. The newer of the two buildings remains to this day alongside the base of the older building.
For more than forty years in the 20th century, Caswell Bay played a central role in a murder mystery. Less than 2 years after settling in a house overlooking Caswell Bay, George Shotton and his wife Mamie Stuart mysteriously disappeared before Christmas 1919. When police tracked down Shotton in 1920 they feared he had murdered Mamie Stuart, but were unable to find the evidence. On 5 November 1961 a sack of human bones was found in a disused mine at the nearby Brandy Cove. A coroner's inquest determined the remains were those of the missing Mamie Stuart. After an extensive manhunt George Shotton was traced to a cemetery in Bristol, having died just 3 years earlier.
On the cliff top above the centre of the bay are the Caswell Bay Court apartments which were built in the 1990s on the site previously occupied by the Caswell Bay Hotel. The hotel was expanded from a simple Victorian villa built in the 1850s.
In 2006 Caswell Bay was named as one of the top 50 beaches in the UK by The Guardian newspaper.
In 2020 the world's first purpose-built, fully adaptive surf centre was built at Caswell Bay. The centre was built by a team of volunteers as part of a special episode of the television programme DIY SOS for BBC Children in Need.
References
External links
surfing school at Caswell Bay
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Caswell Bay and surrounding area
Surfing and beach pictures of Caswell bay, Mumbles, Swansea
Bays of the Gower Peninsula
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in West Glamorgan
Tourist attractions in Swansea |
Bradenton Athletics were a professional American women's soccer team based in Bradenton, Florida. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League, then the premier women's soccer league in the United States and Canada, from 2004 to 2008, when they folded. They played in the Atlantic Division of the W-League's Eastern Conference.
The team was associated with the IMG Soccer Academy, the United States Soccer Federation's full-time youth residency program, which itself is part of the larger IMG Academies organization initiated by tennis coach Nick Bollettieri in 1978. They played their home games at the IMG Soccer Academy's stadium in Bradenton. The team was a sister organization of the men's Bradenton Academics team, which plays in the USL Premier Development League. Their colors were blue, gold and black.
2008 roster
Year-by-year
External links
Bradenton Athletics
Soccer clubs in Florida
Women's soccer clubs in the United States
Defunct USL W-League (1995–2015) teams
2004 establishments in Florida
2008 disestablishments in Florida
Association football clubs established in 2004
Association football clubs disestablished in 2008
Women's sports in Florida |
Walter Krause (14 March 1896 – 28 April 1948) was a German international footballer.
References
1896 births
1948 deaths
German men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Germany men's international footballers
SC Victoria Hamburg players
Holstein Kiel players |
```java
/*
*
* *
* *
* * path_to_url
* *
* * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
*/
package com.androidnetworking.interfaces;
import com.androidnetworking.error.ANError;
import okhttp3.Response;
/**
* Created by amitshekhar on 22/08/16.
*/
public interface OkHttpResponseListener {
void onResponse(Response response);
void onError(ANError anError);
}
``` |
Matthias Bonvehi (born November 14, 1989) is an American-Argentine soccer player.
Playing career
Amateur
Bonhevi played college soccer at Cal State Northridge between 2007 and 2011, including a red-shirted year in 2008.
Club career
Out of college, Bonhevi signed with German fifth-tier side TV Echterdingen in 2012, before moving to Filipino club Stallion FC, where he won the United Football League Cup. He signed with United Soccer League club Sacramento Republic on March 10, 2015.
Isidro Metapán
Bonvehi signed with Isidro Metapán of the Salvadoran Primera División for the Apertura 2017 tournament. He scored his first goal for Isidro Metapán in a 2–1 victory against Sonsonate in the Estadio Anna Mercedes Campos, in September 2017. Bonvehi also scored in a 2–1 victory against Municipal Limeño in the Estadio Jorge Calero Suárez, in November 2017.
References
1989 births
Living people
Soccer players from California
American men's soccer players
Men's association football defenders
Cal State Northridge Matadors men's soccer players
Sacramento Republic FC players
A.D. Isidro Metapán footballers
USL Championship players |
See also
Conservation in Uganda
Central Forest Reserves of Uganda
List of national parks in Africa
References
External links
Kibale Travel Guide
Uganda Holiday Guide
List
Protected Areas
Uganda
Protected Areas |
Đorđe Ivelja (; also transliterated Djordje Ivelja; born 30 June 1984) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.
Club career
Ivelja made his First League of FR Yugoslavia debut with OFK Beograd in 2001, aged 17. He spent seven years there, including several loan spells with lower-tier clubs. In early 2009, Ivelja moved to Romanian side Rapid București. He made 11 league appearances for the club, before leaving at the end of the year.
On 12 January 2017, Ivelja joined Bulgarian First League side Montana, signing a short-term contract. He left the club in June. In the summer of 2017, Ivelja joined Swiss club NK Pajde Möhlin.
International career
Ivelja represented Serbia at the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, winning the silver medal.
Statistics
Honours
Napredak Kruševac
Serbian First League: 2015–16
References
External links
PrvaLiga profile
Srbijafudbal profile
Ivelja Đorđe at Utakmica.rs
1984 births
Living people
Serbian men's footballers
Serbia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Uzbekistan
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovenia
Expatriate men's footballers in Uzbekistan
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
OFK Beograd players
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005) players
FK Napredak Kruševac players
FC Rapid București players
FK ČSK Čelarevo players
FK Javor Ivanjica players
FK Mačva Šabac players
FK Mladi Radnik players
FK Veternik players
FC Montana players
Serbian First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Liga I players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
People from Bačka Palanka
Footballers from South Bačka District
Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers |
Andrés Carillo (born 16 August 1980) is a Cuban fencer. He competed in the individual épée event at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
References
1980 births
Living people
Cuban male épée fencers
Olympic fencers for Cuba
Fencers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in fencing
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Fencers at the 2003 Pan American Games
20th-century Cuban people
21st-century Cuban people |
Ectoedemia tadshikiella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by Rimantas Puplesis in 1988. It is known from Tadzhikistan.
References
Nepticulidae
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1988 |
Jacqueline Medura Logan (November 30, 1902 – April 4, 1983) was an American actress and silent film star. Logan was a WAMPAS Baby Star of 1922.
Early life
Logan was born in Corsicana, Texas, on November 30, 1902, the only child to Charles A. Logan and Marian Logan. Her father was an architect and her mother, who was born to a French mother and Irish father, was briefly an opera singer and later gave vocal lessons. Her childhood was spent in El Paso, Colorado and Scottsbluff, Nebraska where she briefly worked as a journalist for the Scottsbluff Republican.
Stage career and Broadway
Logan traveled to Colorado Springs, Colorado, for her health and acted in stock theater there. While there she took a course in journalism from Ford Frick, who later became commissioner of Major League Baseball. Setting out to Chicago, Logan found employment dancing in a stage production of a theater. Her family believed she intended to visit an uncle in the windy city and also attend college. To get the job she lied about her age, and when her uncle found out, he was irate. She was let go from the stage job as a result.
She left Chicago and set out for New York City. Again Logan was untruthful regarding her intentions. With her on her trip to New York was a theatrical troupe. She secured a small role in Florodora, a musical on Broadway in 1920. At this time, Flo Ziegfeld noticed her and hired her for a job dancing on his Ziegfeld Roof. She replaced Billie Donovan who was leaving to act in films in Hollywood. Together with the Ziegfeld venture, Logan modeled as a Dobbs Girl in Alfred Cheney Johnston photographs. She also had a part in a Johnny Hines' comedy short. Her other Broadway credits included Two Strange Women (1933) and Merrily We Roll Along (1934).
Motion pictures
Logan was awarded a screen test with the then unknown actor Ben Lyon. Lyon was the husband of Hollywood actress Bebe Daniels and became a prominent figure in the movies. Later he furthered the careers of such stars as Marilyn Monroe. Working for Associated Producers, Logan was featured opposite Jane Peters, the future Carole Lombard in the film A Perfect Crime (1921). Peters was only a youth, appearing as a pretty blonde child actress. The same year she played with Mabel Normand in Molly O' (1921).
Other features she starred in during the early 1920s include Burning Sands (1922), A Blind Bargain (1922), Sixty Cents an Hour (1923), Java Head (1923), and A Man Must Live (1924). Among her co-stars were Thomas Meighan, Milton Sills, Ricardo Cortez, Leatrice Joy, Richard Dix, Lon Chaney Sr., and William Powell. The House of Youth (1924) is described as her "first starring vehicle."
In 1926, Logan made Footloose Widows with Louise Fazenda and The Blood Ship in 1927 with Richard Arlen. Other prominent leading men whom the actress worked with were Lionel Barrymore, John Barrymore, and Antonio Moreno.
Logan was selected by Cecil B. De Mille for the role of Mary Magdalene in the classic The King of Kings (1927). The part was much sought after by actresses of the era. The movie broke records for audience attendance. It was shown somewhere in the world each day for decades after its release. When talking pictures began, Logan's voice was recorded to accompany her acting part in the original silent film.
The actress of silent films was largely unsuccessful in the new medium of talkies. In an early musical, The Show of Shows (1929), Logan was a member of an all-star cast. This followed her work in some early and profitable sound films for Columbia Pictures.
Writer and director of films
Logan was in England for a time to do stage work such as Smoky Cell. This gained for her some good reviews. After completing the English film The Middle Watch, she was awarded a Command Performance. British International Pictures signed her to write and direct. She wrote Knock-Out (1931) and wrote and directed Strictly Business (1931). Both were successful movies.
The new writer/director found herself less in demand behind the camera when she returned to Hollywood. Columbia Pictures production chief Harry Cohn was complimentary of her work but unwilling to sign a female director.
Logan retired from films entirely after her marriage in 1934. Just prior to this she was part of several Broadway plays like Merrily We Roll Along and Two Strange Women.
Later years
Jacqueline Logan was married three times. Her first marriage was to Ralph James Gillespie, also referred to as Robert Gillespie, on June 4, 1925. Logan filed for divorce in 1927, claiming that Gillespie kicked her and called her dumb.
Five months later, Logan eloped to Tijuana with Los Angeles broker Larry Winston. Upon learning she could face a bigamy charge if she returned to the United States, the couple lived separately until the interlocutory decree expired. Logan's divorce from Gillespie became final in March 1928, and she married Winston in June of that year.
After divorcing Winston in 1947, Logan resided in Westchester County, New York into the late 1960s. She spent her winters in Florida where she visited friends such as Lila Lee and Dorothy Dalton, both former actresses. The remainder of the year she resided in Bedford Hills, New York with her prize Great Dane from the Lina Basquette Kennels.
Death
Logan, at age 78, died in Melbourne, Florida in 1983. Her gravesite is in Greenwood Cemetery in Decatur, Illinois.
Filmography
A Perfect Crime (1921)
White and Unmarried (1921)
The Fighting Lover (1921)
Molly O (1921)
Fool's Paradise (1921)
Gay and Devilish (1922)
A Tailor-Made Man (1922)
Saved by Radio (1922)
Burning Sands (1922)
Ebb Tide (1922)
A Blind Bargain (1922)
Java Head (1923)
Mr. Billings Spends His Dime (1923)
Sixty Cents an Hour (1923)
Salomy Jane (1923)
The Light That Failed (1923)
Flaming Barriers (1924)
The Dawn of a Tomorrow (1924)
Code of the Sea (1924)
Dynamite Smith (1924)
The House of Youth (1924)
Manhattan (1924)
A Man Must Live (1925)
The Sky Raider (1925)
Playing with Souls (1925)
If Marriage Fails (1925)
Thank You (1925)
Peacock Feathers (1925)
When the Door Opened (1925)
Wages for Wives (1925)
The Outsider (1926)
White Mice (1926)
Out of the Storm (1926)
Tony Runs Wild (1926)
Footloose Widows (1926)
One Hour of Love (1927)
The King of Kings (1927)
The Blood Ship (1927)
For Ladies Only (1927)
The Wise Wife (1927)
The Leopard Lady (1928)
Midnight Madness (1928)
Broadway Daddies (1928)
The Beautiful Spy (1928)
The Cop (1928)
Stocks and Blondes (1928)
Power (1928)
The Charge of the Gauchos (1928)
The Lookout Girl (1928)
Nothing to Wear (1928)
Ships of the Night (1928)
The River Woman (1928)
The Faker (1929)
Stark Mad (1929)
The Bachelor Girl (1929)
The King of the Kongo (1929)
The Show of Shows (1929)
Sombras habaneras (1929)
General Crack (1930)
Symphony in Two Flats (1930)
The Middle Watch (1930)
Strictly Business (1931)
Shadows (1931)
References
Bibliography
Whatever Became Of...? Vol. II, pages 156-157 by Richard Lamparski, 1968, IMDB.com Webpage.
External links
Jacqueline Logan at Virtual History
1902 births
1983 deaths
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
People from Corsicana, Texas
20th-century American actresses
People from Bedford Hills, New York
Actresses from Nebraska
Entertainers from Nebraska
People from Scottsbluff, Nebraska
WAMPAS Baby Stars
Ziegfeld girls
American stage actresses |
The 1976 Greenlandic Men's Handball Championship (also known as the or ) was the third edition of the Greenlandic Men's Handball Championship. It was held in Nuuk. It was won by GSS who defeated B-67 in the final.
Venues
The championship was played at the Godthåbhallen in Nuuk.
Modus
The six teams were split into two groups. And they played a round robin.
The third placed teams played a fifth place game, the second best the small final and the group winners the final.
Results
Group stage
Group I
Group II
Championship
5th Place Game
Small Final
Final
Final ranking
References
1975
Handball - Men |
R3 Motorsports (formerly Richardson Motorsports) was an American professional stock car racing team that last competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, Nationwide Series, Camping World Truck Series and ARCA Re/Max Series. The team commonly fielded No. 23 North Texas Pipe Chevrolet Impala driven by Robert Richardson, Jr. part-time in the Nationwide Series. The team shut down in 2015 and sold their equipment to Rick Ware Racing.
History
R3 Motorsports began running the ARCA RE/MAX Series in 2005 as Richardson Racing. It fielded the No. 33 in the first two races of the season with Richardson Jr., with a fourteenth-place finish at Nashville Superspeedway. The team changed its name to R3 Motorsports and started their entry into NASCAR's top series.
Camping World Truck Series
Truck No. 1 history
In 2005, R3 ran one race in the Craftsman Truck Series at Phoenix with Richardson, Jr. finishing thirty-fourth in the No. 35 Chevrolet Silverado after wrecking.
At the end of the season, the team bought the equipment and owners points from Ultra Motorsports and changed to the No. 1 running full-time in 2006. With WinYourMortage.com sponsoring, the team qualified for twenty races and had two top-twenty finishes, but shut down their Truck team at the end of the season due to lack of sponsorship. They did attempt three Busch Series races in the No. 80 McKinley Pipe/Kinky Friedman Chevy, but did not qualify for either race.
Nationwide Series
Car Nos. 03 and 50 history
In 2011, the team entered a second car, No. 03, at Las Vegas for Charles Lewandoski due to the short field of 42 cars. Alex Kennedy drove the No. 03 at Fontana. Scott Riggs drove at Michigan and Kentucky. Scott Wimmer drove at Road America. All races in 2011 have been start and parks to help fund the No. 23, the team's main car.
Also in 2011 a third R3 car the No. 50 car attempted one race at Watkins Glen. Driver Brian Simo got a DNQ.
Car No. 23 history
In 2008, R3 returned with Robert Richardson attempting 8 races and making 5. Renegade wheels served as the sponsor at Lowes and Mahindra Tractors at other races. Richardson had a best finish of 23rd at Kansas.
In 2009, the team ran a full schedule with Aaron's and Mahindra serving as the primary sponsors. Robert Richardson Jr and Ken Butler III served as the primary drivers for the season. For the race at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Canadian driver Jean-Francois Dumoulin drove the car and finished in 7th (R3 Motorsports' best finish of the year). Jeff Fuller drove at Darlington Raceway and finished thirtieth.
For the 2010 season, R3 Motorsports fielded five drivers in the NASCAR Nationwide series No. 23. Robert Richardson III ran most of the tracks throughout the season. R3 hired Alex Kennedy for Road America and Watkins Glen. R3 Motorsports also hired Coleman Pressley (the son of former NASCAR Sprint cup series driver Robert Pressley) to drive at Bristol Motor Speedway and Nashville, the team finished 12th at Nashville. The team also ran with Marc Davis, Johnny Sauter, and Peyton Sellers each running one race.
For 2011, the No. 23 team returned and switched from Chevrolet to Dodge and was sponsored by Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Richardson has run the majority of the races. Richardson's best finish so far is 22nd at Las Vegas and Iowa. Alex Kennedy drove the No. 23 at Dover and America finishing 32nd and 21st respectively. Scott Riggs ran the No. 23 at Darlington finishing 13th, R3's best finish in 2011. The team made the switched back Chevrolet at Kentucky Motorspeedway and will remain in the Chevy Camp fielding Impala's.
They fielded the No. 23 full-time again in 2012 with Robert Richardson Jr. and Jamie Dick sharing the ride. Anthony Gandon ran the No. 23 at Mid-Ohio.
In 2015, R3 Motorsports shut down the team, with the shop being leased.
Car No. 80 history
In 2006, R3 attempted three Nationwide series races in the No. 80 Chevy with Richardson driving. The team did not qualify for any of their events.
R3 attempted only one race in 2007. Richardson attempted to qualify the No. 80 at Texas, but once again failed to qualify. After 2007, R3 shut down the No. 80 team.
Sprint Cup Series
Car No. 23 history
R3 attempted the 2009 Daytona 500 with Mike Skinner, but did not qualify for the event.
In 2010, R3 Motorsports attempted to run the October race at Charlotte with Johnny Sauter driving, but failed to qualify. They also attempted the November Texas race with Josh Wise, but again did not qualify.
After not attempting a race for a year, they attempted the 2011 fall race at Phoenix with Scott Riggs but did not qualify.
For 2012, the team would attempt the full Sprint Cup Series schedule using cars purchased from Earnhardt Ganassi Racing, using the number 23. Robert Richardson Jr. ran two Daytona races and two Talladega races in Toyotas. Scott Riggs ran through the majority of the season, running Chevys. Riggs got the team qualified for the first time in Phoenix. The Cup team was a start-and-park operation to help fund the Nationwide Series team.
Car No. 23 results
Statistics
Nationwide Series
Truck Series
References
Defunct NASCAR teams
ARCA Menards Series teams
Auto racing teams established in 2005
Auto racing teams disestablished in 2015 |
Miss America 1951, the 24th Miss America pageant, was held at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey on September 9, 1950. Based on the majority of Miss America's reign occurring during the year following her coronation, the pageant began referring to her title with the upcoming year. Thus, Yolande Betbeze, who was crowned in September 1950 would be called Miss America 1951. This continued until pageant activities moved from September to January in 2006. At that point, the queen would once again have the year of her title the same as the year in which she won. That change also marked the move away from its long-time base and point of origin, Atlantic City, to its new home in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Results
Awards
Preliminary awards
Other awards
Contestants
References
Secondary sources
External links
Miss America official website
1951
1950 beauty pageants
1950 in the United States
1950 in New Jersey
September 1950 events in the United States
Events in Atlantic City, New Jersey |
Meadow Garden is a historic house museum at 1320 Independence Drive in Augusta, Georgia. It was a home of Founding Father George Walton (1749–1804), one of Georgia's three signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Walton was later elected governor of Georgia and also served as a United States senator. Meadow Garden was saved by the Daughters of the American Revolution, who established it as a museum in 1901. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981.
Description and history
Meadow Garden is located on the west side of downtown Augusta, separated from the Augusta Canal by the Augusta Canal Historic Walking Trail, and just east of the Sutherland Mill. It is a -story wood-frame structure, set on a high brick basement. It was built in stages, originally three bays in width, but is now six, with three gabled dormers and two chimneys projecting from the gabled roof. A shed-roof porch extends across the front, supported by slender Doric columns. The facade is irregularly arranged, with two doors and four windows.
It is a Sand Hills cottage.
The oldest portion of the house, its right three bays, was built in 1791. The left three bays were added sometime after 1800, and the front porch was also probably added at a later date. Although the property was never owned by him, it was from 1791 to his death in 1804 the home of George Walton, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Trained as a lawyer, he served in the Continental Congress (1776–1781) and in the Georgia militia, in whose service he was captured by the British during the 1778 Capture of Savannah. Exchanged and released, he was soon afterward elected Governor of Georgia, an office he held from November 1779 to January 1780. He also served as the state's Chief Justice, and in a second term as Governor 1789–80. He died at College Hill, his country house, in 1804. The house passed out of the Walton family in 1812, and is now owned and operated as a museum by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.
It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934-35. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and further was promoted to a National Historic Landmark in 1981.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Georgia
References
External links
Meadow Garden - official site
Augusta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Meadow Garden - National Park Service article
Postcard image of Meadow Garden Picturing Augusta: Historic Postcards from the Collection of the East Central Georgia Regional Library
National Historic Landmarks in Augusta, Georgia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses completed in 1794
Sand Hills cottage architecture
Houses in Augusta, Georgia
Historic house museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Museums in Augusta, Georgia
National Register of Historic Places in Augusta, Georgia
1794 establishments in the United States
Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution_museums
Homes of United States Founding Fathers |
Qazanta (, also Romanized as Qāzāntā; also known as Qāzāntāh) is a village in Torjan Rural District, in the Central District of Saqqez County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 72, in 18 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
Towns and villages in Saqqez County
Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan Province |
```raw token data
Total PORT-VLAN entries: 10
Maximum PORT-VLAN entries: 1024
Legend: [Stk=Stack-Id, S=Slot]
PORT-VLAN 1, Name OPS, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: (U1/M1) 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 2, Name REG, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: (U1/M1) 10 11 12
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 3, Name DVR, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: (U1/M1) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Untagged Ports: (U1/M1) 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Untagged Ports: (U1/M1) 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 4, Name SIPS, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: (U1/M1) 47 48
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 5, Name APS, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: (U1/M1) 1 2 3
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 7, Name P2PE, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: None
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 10, Name 901SIPS, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: None
Tagged Ports: (U1/M1) 1 2 3
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 11, Name CUSTOMERWIFI, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: None
Tagged Ports: (U1/M1) 1 2 3
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 12, Name SYOD, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: None
Tagged Ports: (U1/M1) 1 2 3
Tagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
PORT-VLAN 666, Name DEFAULT-VLAN, Priority level0, Off
Untagged Ports: (U1/M2) 1 2
Untagged Ports: (U1/M3) 1 2 3 4
Tagged Ports: None
Mac-Vlan Ports: None
Monitoring: Disabled
``` |
"You Were Right" is a song by Australian alternative dance group Rüfüs Du Sol. The song was released on 26 June 2015 as the lead single from the group's second studio album, Bloom (2016). The song peaked at number 22 on the ARIA Chart, becoming the group's first top 40 single. The song was certified 2× platinum in Australia in 2017.
At the 2015 Australian Independent Record Labels Association Awards, the song was nominated for Best Independent Dance/Electronica or Club Single.
At the ARIA Music Awards of 2015, the song won the ARIA Award for Best Dance Release.
Reception
AAA Backstage said the song has a "hypnotizing beat with slightly faded melodies, accompanied by catchy and rhythmic claps and synths, not to mention warm vocals, which unconditionally stuck in your head."
Jacob Robinson from Daily Review, in a review of the album Bloom, said ""You Were Right" is a brilliant dance-floor filler and easily the best song on the album. It mixes the light grooves of sunny Sydney summers with the throbbing house build-ups of a chilly winter safe haven of a German club."
Music video
The music video was directed by Katzki and released on 6 August 2015. Band member Jon George said "We worked with long time collaborator Katzki, who also happens to be my brother and has done every one of our videos. The video is about a feeling. It's the anticipation of a single moment and waiting for that moment of euphoria."
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2015 songs
2015 singles
Rüfüs Du Sol songs
ARIA Award-winning songs |
Dustin Brown and Jonathan Marray were the defending champions but Marray decided not to participate.
Brown played alongside Jamie Delgado, but they lost in the quarterfinals to Dominik Meffert and Philipp Oswald.
Andreas Beck and Martin Fischer defeated Martin Emmrich and Rameez Junaid 7–6(7–2), 6–0 in the final to win the title.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
References
Main Draw
Rai Open - Doubles
2013 Doubles |
Matthias Seestern-Pauly (born 28 February 1984) is a German teacher and politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Lower Saxony since 2017.
Early life and career
Born in Osnabrück, Seestern-Pauly finished school in 2004 with the Abitur at the Gymnasium Bad Iburg and then completed his civilian service. From 2006 to 2011 Seestern-Pauly studied to become a teacher in Osnabrück and Vechta. He completed his studies as Master of Education in the subjects German and History. After his legal clerkship he worked as a teacher at the Gymnasium Ursulaschule Osnabrück since 2014.
Political career
Seestern-Pauly became a member of the Bundestag in the 2017 German federal election.
In parliament, Seestern-Pauly has been serving on the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, where he was his parliamentary group’s coordinator. Since 1 February 2020 he has been chairman of the Children's Commission. He is also an alternate member of the Committee on Education, Research and Technology Assessment. He has served as his parliamentary group's spokesman for child and youth policy (2018–2018) and for families (since 2021).
Other activities
Federal Agency for Civic Education (BPB), Member of the Board of Trustees
References
External links
Bundestag biography
1984 births
Living people
Members of the Bundestag for Lower Saxony
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag for the Free Democratic Party (Germany) |
In additive combinatorics, the Erdős sumset conjecture is a conjecture which states that if a subset of the natural numbers has a positive upper density then there are two infinite subsets and of such that contains the sumset . It was posed by Paul Erdős, and was proven in 2019 in a paper by Joel Moreira, Florian Richter and Donald Robertson.
See also
List of conjectures by Paul Erdős
Notes
Conjectures
Conjectures that have been proved
Paul Erdős
Combinatorics |
Diegocanis is an extinct genus of cynodonts from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of Argentina. The type species, Diegocanis elegans, was named in 2013 from fossils found in the Cancha de Bochas Member of the Ischigualasto Formation in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin. Diegocanis was classified within a new family of probainognathian cynodonts called Ecteniniidae, along with the genera Ecteninion and Trucidocynodon.
References
Bibliography
Prehistoric probainognathians
Prehistoric cynodont genera
Carnian genera
Late Triassic synapsids of South America
Triassic Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Ischigualasto Formation
Fossil taxa described in 2013 |
Nimmer may refer to
People
Melville Nimmer (1923–1985), American lawyer and expert in freedom of speech and copyright law
Dan Nimmer (born 1982), American jazz pianist and composer
David Nimmer, professor at the UCLA School of Law and son of Melville.
Raymond Nimmer (1944–2018), attorney and Dean of the University of Houston Law Center
Other
Nimmer on Copyright, a 1963 copyright treatise initially written by Melville Nimmer, now revised by David Nimmer |
Martin Harold Phillips Bott (12 July 1926 – 20 October 2018) was a British geologist and Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Durham, England.
Education
Bott was educated at Clayesmore School in Dorset and Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was awarded a Master of Arts degree and PhD.
Career
Bott worked throughout his academic career at the University of Durham. In 1954 he started as Turner & Newall Research Fellow. In 1956 he received an appointment as lecturer in Geophysics, was promoted to Reader in Geophysics in 1963 and in 1966 appointed Professor of Geophysics. This place he held until his retirement in 1988, interrupted only in 1970 by a year abroad at the Lamont–Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University.
Research
Bott dealt first with the interpretation of magnetic and gravimetric anomalies in England, including Devon and Cornwall and in the eastern Alps. In the late 1950s he began studies on the mechanism of geological disturbances, and published work on various problems in relation to the structure of the crust.
In the 1960s Bott published papers on the use of digital computation methods for solving geophysical problems and further work on the structure of the crust, regional geophysical studies in England and Ireland. In the early 1970s he published his textbook The Interior of the Earth, in which he summarised the current knowledge about the structure of the earth. In addition to theoretical work on the interpretation of magnetic and gravimetric anomalies that appeared over the next few years, he published other geophysical papers on regions such as the Faroe Islands, South Greenland and the Lesser Antilles. Even after his retirement, he remained true to his research and published numerous scientific papers and books.
Awards and honours
Bott was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1976, and was the 1992 recipient of the Wollaston Medal from the Geological Society of London. His nomination for the Royal Society reads:
Personal life
Bott was a Vice-President of Christians in Science.
He died on 20 October 2018 at the age of 92.
References
1926 births
2018 deaths
Academics of Durham University
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
English Christians
English geologists
English geophysicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the International Society for Science and Religion
People educated at Clayesmore School
Wollaston Medal winners |
Belgian Brazilian () is a Brazilian person of full, partial, or predominantly Belgian ancestry, or a Belgian-born person immigrant in Brazil.
History
Belgians have been in Brazil since colonial times. Some of the early settlers and bandeirantes from São Paulo were Belgians or had Belgian forefathers (most of them were flemings), like Cornélio de Arzam, Pedro Taques (his father was a merchant from Brabant), Fernão Dias Pais Leme (the Leme family established itself in Portugal in the late 15th century through a merchant named Martim Leme; his descendants came to São Vicente in the beginning of the colonization of Brazil), and probably Jacques Félix (it is likely that his father was also named Jacques Félix, nicknamed "the Flemish", who was from Flanders and established himself in Santos in the early 16th century). All these settlers and their relatives had huge descent, spreading throughout the southern and central parts of Brazil. Today it is still common to find these surnames (Leme, Taques etc.) in the interior of São Paulo state and neighboring states, through people who are descendants of those settlers.
With the independence of the country in 1822, Belgians kept coming through immigration. Many colonies were founded during the 19th century, especially in Southern Brazil, but also in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro.
Belgian Colonies
Botucatu (São Paulo - 1960);
Taubaté (São Paulo – 1889);
Porto Feliz (São Paulo - 1888)
Ilhota (Santa Catarina - 1845);
Notable Belgian Brazilians
Matheus Nachtergaele, actor
Eric Leme Walther Maleson, Bobsleigh athlete, 2002 Olympian
Fernanda Paes Leme, actress
Gregório Duvivier, actor, comedian and poet
Antônio Rodrigues Arzão, bandeirante from São Paulo who found gold in what is today Minas Gerais, in 1693.
João Havelange former president of FIFA
José Maria Eymael politician
Igor de Camargo
Daniel Henrique Hostin bishop of Lages
George Santos, Brazilian-American congressman and indicted alleged fraudster
Sidnei Tendler, architect, visual artist and poet.
See also
Immigration to Brazil
White Brazilians
Belgian Americans
Flemish people
References
European Brazilian
Brazil |
Al Futaisi () is an island about southwest of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates with a size of approximately .
The largest part of the island, which is long and wide, is covered by a wildlife sanctuary but also a resort for ecotourism was built on Futaisi.
The discovery of old water catchments showed that the original settlement of Futaisi dates back several hundred years. Although the island does currently not have any fresh water, it supports a diverse flora and fauna with Dugong, Osprey, lizards (Uromastyx) and Gazelles.
Futaisi is not connected to the mainland by bridges but has a small airport and a boat dock.
A special sign of the owner of the island, Hamad bin Hamdan Al Nahyan, was the construction of a waterway formed by Latin letters in the south of the island "at ", which produced the word 'HAMAD'. The individual letters were almost long, the channel width was and the total width of the word extended over which allowed the word to be read from air or satellite images like Google Maps. The project was abandoned and the waterway filled in by 2012.
References
Islands of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi |
Ribeirão Claro is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.
See also
List of municipalities in Paraná
References
Municipalities in Paraná |
Triantha japonica is a species of flowering plant in the genus Triantha. It is native to Japan, and is the only Triantha species without a presence in North America. It was first described by John Gilbert Baker in 1879.
References
Tofieldiaceae
Plants described in 1879 |
```php
<?php
// autoload_static.php @generated by Composer
namespace Composer\Autoload;
class ComposerStaticInite473ae9052a5c1a5d8622024753b107a
{
public static $files = array (
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'0b47d6d4a00ca9112ba3953b49e7c9a4' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/yajra/laravel-datatables-oracle/src/helper.php',
);
public static $prefixLengthsPsr4 = array (
'v' =>
array (
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),
'p' =>
array (
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),
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array (
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),
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array (
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array (
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array (
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array (
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),
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array (
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),
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array (
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),
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array (
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),
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array (
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),
'B' =>
array (
'Brick\\Math\\' => 11,
),
'A' =>
array (
'App\\' => 4,
),
);
public static $prefixDirsPsr4 = array (
'voku\\helper\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/voku/anti-xss/src/voku/helper',
),
'voku\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/voku/portable-ascii/src/voku',
1 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/voku/portable-utf8/src/voku',
),
'phpseclib3\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/phpseclib/phpseclib/phpseclib',
),
'Yajra\\DataTables\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/yajra/laravel-datatables-oracle/src',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Php81\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php81',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Php80\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php80',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Php73\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php73',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Php72\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php72',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Mbstring\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-mbstring',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Intl\\Normalizer\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-intl-normalizer',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Intl\\Idn\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-intl-idn',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Intl\\Grapheme\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-intl-grapheme',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Iconv\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-iconv',
),
'Symfony\\Polyfill\\Ctype\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-ctype',
),
'Symfony\\Contracts\\Translation\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/translation-contracts',
),
'Symfony\\Contracts\\Service\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/service-contracts',
),
'Symfony\\Contracts\\EventDispatcher\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/event-dispatcher-contracts',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\VarDumper\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/var-dumper',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\Translation\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/translation',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\String\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/string',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\Process\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/process',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\Mime\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/mime',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\HttpKernel\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/http-kernel',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/http-foundation',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\Finder\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/finder',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\EventDispatcher\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/event-dispatcher',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\ErrorHandler\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/error-handler',
),
'Symfony\\Component\\Console\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/console',
),
'Spipu\\Html2Pdf\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/spipu/html2pdf/src',
),
'Spatie\\EloquentSortable\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/spatie/eloquent-sortable/src',
),
'Ramsey\\Uuid\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/ramsey/uuid/src',
),
'Ramsey\\Collection\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/ramsey/collection/src',
),
'Psr\\SimpleCache\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/simple-cache/src',
),
'Psr\\Log\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/log/Psr/Log',
),
'Psr\\Http\\Message\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/http-factory/src',
1 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/http-message/src',
),
'Psr\\Http\\Client\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/http-client/src',
),
'Psr\\EventDispatcher\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/event-dispatcher/src',
),
'Psr\\Container\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/container/src',
),
'Psr\\Clock\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/clock/src',
),
'Psr\\Cache\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/psr/cache/src',
),
'ParagonIE\\ConstantTime\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/paragonie/constant_time_encoding/src',
),
'Opis\\Closure\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/opis/closure/src',
),
'OpenSpout\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/openspout/openspout/src',
),
'OpenSID\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/opensid/router/src',
),
'Monolog\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/monolog/monolog/src/Monolog',
),
'Mike42\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/mike42/escpos-php/src/Mike42',
1 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/mike42/gfx-php/src/Mike42',
),
'League\\MimeTypeDetection\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/league/mime-type-detection/src',
),
'League\\Flysystem\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/league/flysystem/src',
),
'Laravel\\SerializableClosure\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/laravel/serializable-closure/src',
),
'Karriere\\PdfMerge\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/karriere/pdf-merge/src',
),
'Illuminate\\View\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/view',
),
'Illuminate\\Support\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/collections',
1 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/macroable',
2 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/support',
),
'Illuminate\\Session\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/session',
),
'Illuminate\\Queue\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/queue',
),
'Illuminate\\Pipeline\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/pipeline',
),
'Illuminate\\Pagination\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/pagination',
),
'Illuminate\\Http\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/http',
),
'Illuminate\\Hashing\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/hashing',
),
'Illuminate\\Filesystem\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/filesystem',
),
'Illuminate\\Events\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/events',
),
'Illuminate\\Encryption\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/encryption',
),
'Illuminate\\Database\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/database',
),
'Illuminate\\Contracts\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/contracts',
),
'Illuminate\\Container\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/container',
),
'Illuminate\\Console\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/console',
),
'Illuminate\\Config\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/config',
),
'Illuminate\\Cache\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/cache',
),
'Illuminate\\Bus\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/illuminate/bus',
),
'GuzzleHttp\\Psr7\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/guzzlehttp/psr7/src',
),
'GuzzleHttp\\Promise\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/guzzlehttp/promises/src',
),
'GuzzleHttp\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src',
),
'Google\\Service\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient-services/src',
),
'Google\\Auth\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/auth/src',
),
'Google\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src',
),
'Firebase\\JWT\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/firebase/php-jwt/src',
),
'Fcm\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/edwinhoksberg/php-fcm/src',
),
'Doctrine\\Inflector\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/doctrine/inflector/lib/Doctrine/Inflector',
),
'Doctrine\\Deprecations\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/doctrine/deprecations/lib/Doctrine/Deprecations',
),
'Doctrine\\DBAL\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/doctrine/dbal/src',
),
'Doctrine\\Common\\Cache\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/doctrine/cache/lib/Doctrine/Common/Cache',
),
'Doctrine\\Common\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/doctrine/event-manager/src',
),
'Cviebrock\\EloquentSluggable\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/cviebrock/eloquent-sluggable/src',
),
'Cocur\\Slugify\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/cocur/slugify/src',
),
'Carbon\\Doctrine\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/carbonphp/carbon-doctrine-types/src/Carbon/Doctrine',
),
'Carbon\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/nesbot/carbon/src/Carbon',
),
'Brick\\Math\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/brick/math/src',
),
'App\\' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/../..' . '/app',
),
);
public static $prefixesPsr0 = array (
'P' =>
array (
'Parsedown' =>
array (
0 => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/erusev/parsedown',
),
),
);
public static $classMap = array (
'Attribute' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php80/Resources/stubs/Attribute.php',
'CURLStringFile' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php81/Resources/stubs/CURLStringFile.php',
'Composer\\InstalledVersions' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/composer/InstalledVersions.php',
'Datamatrix' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/barcodes/datamatrix.php',
'FPDF' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/karriere/pdf-merge/tcpi/tcpdi.php',
'FPDF_TPL' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/karriere/pdf-merge/tcpi/fpdf_tpl.php',
'Google_AccessToken_Revoke' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_AccessToken_Verify' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_AuthHandler_AuthHandlerFactory' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_AuthHandler_Guzzle6AuthHandler' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_AuthHandler_Guzzle7AuthHandler' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Client' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Collection' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Exception' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Http_Batch' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Http_MediaFileUpload' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Http_REST' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Model' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Service' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Service_Exception' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Service_Resource' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Task_Composer' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Task_Exception' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Task_Retryable' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Task_Runner' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'Google_Utils_UriTemplate' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/google/apiclient/src/aliases.php',
'JsonException' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php73/Resources/stubs/JsonException.php',
'Normalizer' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-intl-normalizer/Resources/stubs/Normalizer.php',
'PDF417' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/barcodes/pdf417.php',
'PhpToken' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php80/Resources/stubs/PhpToken.php',
'QRcode' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/barcodes/qrcode.php',
'ReturnTypeWillChange' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php81/Resources/stubs/ReturnTypeWillChange.php',
'Stringable' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php80/Resources/stubs/Stringable.php',
'TCPDF' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/tcpdf.php',
'TCPDF2DBarcode' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/tcpdf_barcodes_2d.php',
'TCPDFBarcode' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/tcpdf_barcodes_1d.php',
'TCPDF_COLORS' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/tcpdf_colors.php',
'TCPDF_FILTERS' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/tcpdf_filters.php',
'TCPDF_FONTS' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/tcpdf_fonts.php',
'TCPDF_FONT_DATA' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/tcpdf_font_data.php',
'TCPDF_IMAGES' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/tcpdf_images.php',
'TCPDF_IMPORT' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/tcpdf_import.php',
'TCPDF_PARSER' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/tcpdf_parser.php',
'TCPDF_STATIC' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/tecnickcom/tcpdf/include/tcpdf_static.php',
'TCPDI' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/karriere/pdf-merge/tcpi/tcpdi.php',
'UnhandledMatchError' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php80/Resources/stubs/UnhandledMatchError.php',
'ValueError' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/symfony/polyfill-php80/Resources/stubs/ValueError.php',
'tcpdi_parser' => __DIR__ . '/..' . '/karriere/pdf-merge/tcpi/tcpdi_parser.php',
);
public static function getInitializer(ClassLoader $loader)
{
return \Closure::bind(function () use ($loader) {
$loader->prefixLengthsPsr4 = ComposerStaticInite473ae9052a5c1a5d8622024753b107a::$prefixLengthsPsr4;
$loader->prefixDirsPsr4 = ComposerStaticInite473ae9052a5c1a5d8622024753b107a::$prefixDirsPsr4;
$loader->prefixesPsr0 = ComposerStaticInite473ae9052a5c1a5d8622024753b107a::$prefixesPsr0;
$loader->classMap = ComposerStaticInite473ae9052a5c1a5d8622024753b107a::$classMap;
}, null, ClassLoader::class);
}
}
``` |
Proud: An Urban Pacific Streetsoul Compilation is a 1994 New Zealand hip hop and R&B compilation album. It was released in New Zealand by Second Nature Records and in Australia by Volition Records, and later rereleased in New Zealand by Huh! Records in 2000 and then on vinyl for the first time on 26 May 2023, again on Huh! Records. Proud has been described as "one of the most important NZ releases in the past decades" by New Zealand music industry figure Simon Grigg.
Background
The album had its origins with the work of record producer Alan Jansson. In his Freemans Bay recording studio, Uptown Studios, he was impressed with the young hip hop and R&B acts from South Auckland and West Auckland who were recording at the studio, and the initial success of the resulting singles. Encouraged by Andrew Penhallow of the Australian label Volition Records, Jansson started work on a compilation album to showcase the new musical talent of Auckland.
While the album was based around hip hop and R&B music, Jansson's production emphasised the Pacific sounds of the songs - log drumming, ukuleles and 'Maori strumming', though some performers felt their songs did not sound American enough. Breaking from the urban styles of the rest of the album, the final two tracks featured acoustic log drumming ("Pacific Beats") and an a cappella version of the New Zealand national anthem. The resulting album was received well in both New Zealand and Australia.
Proud tour
In 1994, Otara Millionaires Club's Phil Fuemana organised the national Proud tour, in order to promote the acts featured on the album. Fuemana described it as "like a modern version of Motown – taking the talent and travelling around the country with it." The tour included the Otara Millionaires Club (and singer Sina) and Sisters Underground. The tour lost money, but boosted the profile of the featured acts.
Legacy
The main breakout act from Proud was the Otara Millionaires Club. The following year, as the OMC, Pauly Fuemana had a worldwide hit single with "How Bizarre". Hip hop duo Sisters Underground had two tracks on the album, including "In the Neighbourhood", which is now regarded as a landmark single for both in the emerging South Auckland music scene of the 1990s and for New Zealand music as a whole. Musician and producer Phil Fuemana contributed to two tracks on Proud and continued his work with the South Auckland music scene, developing the urban Pasifika sound. Hip hop performers Herman Loto (Ermehn) and Sani Sagala (Dei Hamo) later had local success with their solo work.
The album is now considered a hallmark of New Zealand music, and was one of the featured albums in music journalist Nick Bollinger's 2009 book 100 Essential New Zealand Albums.
In 2022 Alan Jansson won the Taite Music Prize's Independent Music NZ Classic Record award for the album.
Charting singles
Two singles from the album charted in the New Zealand singles chart.
Track listing
References
External links
Proud listing at Discogs
Essential NZ Albums: Proud - An Urban-Pacific Streetsoul Compilation profile (Radio NZ National)
Compilation albums by New Zealand artists
1994 compilation albums
Hip hop compilation albums |
Patania emmetris is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1915. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from the Northern Territory.
References
Moths described in 1915
Moths of Australia
Spilomelinae
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner |
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