text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
The Casablanca Children's Soup Kitchen (La Soupe Populaire pour Enfants; SP) was a children's soup kitchen in the Mellah (Jewish quarter) of Casablanca, Morocco. Founded in 1941 by local architect Elias Suraqui, the organization operated until 1964. The institution was financed and supported from the year 1948 by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JOINT or JDC), the Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU), l'Œuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE), and private donors as well.
During its years of operation, approximately 6,000 children were supported and educated within the SP's framework. The staff consisted of a director and a dozen teachers, cooks, nurses and part-time or full-time educators.
Context
In 1941, with 40,000 inhabitants, the Mellah of Casablanca was the most populated in Morocco. Poverty was deep; families lived huddled together in a single room, with children in rags and often without shoes. Chronic malnutrition and epidemics were rampant especially among children who suffered from ringworm, trachoma and tuberculosis due to crowded living conditions. The French authorities under the Vichy rule were not inclined to finance a partial transfer of this Jewish population to salubrious dwellings in the European neighborhood. Even after the war, they focused primarily on the construction of cheap housing in the European city with the aim of accommodating Moroccan workers from the countryside, whom the city badly needed for its development. As for Jewish organizations, until 1945, they concentrated their efforts on Holocaust survivors. It was only in the late 1940s that they started addressing the issue. From 1940 to 1960 internal immigration to Morocco occurred. The Jewish population in the countryside moved to large cities, mainly Casablanca, thus contributing to an increase in the urban population. In 1960, the census of the Jewish population in Morocco was as follows:
The Casablanca agglomeration comprised about 45% of the Jewish population among them 40,000 Jews living in the Mellah.
The Hedarim (Children's Study Classes)
In 1941, the only structures in the Mellah that dealt with children were the hedarim, also known as Cheder. These were closed rooms, with no ventilation, no furniture, often without windows. The young children (usually boys) were huddled together under the guidance of an adult instructor who taught them the Hebrew alphabet and prayers. Every Mellah in Morocco (or elsewhere) has his Cheder, even in the most remote corners of the Atlas Mountains where the Jewish communities had none or very few contact with the outside. The hedarim existence is a Jewish specificity that has endured throughout history. This singularity meant that for centuries, illiteracy, at least as far as men were concerned, did not exist among the Jews. From the end of the 1940s, Jewish organizations, led by the JOINT, fought hard against the hedarim institution, as the hedarim contributed to the spread of contagious diseases that ravaged the Mellah. In 1948, an internal Joint report stated, “The eventual plan is to remove about 2,000 children from the Hedarim of the Mellah and to give them decent nursery care during the day” The JOINT thus supported alternative structures (Talmud Torah, Lubawitch, SP and others) which would be able to compete with the hedarim. In 1952, the JOINT expressly asked these organizations to integrate children from the hedarim as an absolute priority. This policy finally paid off. At the end of 1952, there were no more hedarim in the Mellah of Casablanca.
Historical
1941–1947
The initiative for the SP creation started in 1941, when population growth in the Casablanca Mellah was raising concerns over poor hygiene and undernutrition conditions. Few documents remain of the SP first period; the number of children benefiting from the canteen at this time is unknown. Its goal was to provide hot meals as well as to educate underprivileged young Jewish children between the ages of 6 and 8. The SP received 300 children per year . At the very beginning, only one teacher was hired and only a single class of thirty children was in operation There are few press articles, about fifty photographic shots, photos of charity balls in which money collections took place as well as some shots of benefactors. They were wealthy Jewish donors from Casablanca. Armand Tordjman was the first director and Mr. Elbaz was the accountant. Some assistants and cooks were also hired. Merchants of the central food market in Casablanca donated surpluses and sold food at reduced prices. The Civil Region (of Casablanca) provided coupons for fabrics, which were cut free of charge by Jewish tailoring companies and volunteers distributed the clothes. Millers provided flour at low cost, with which a baker made bread for free. In 1941, when the SP was established, Jewish structures capable of integrating the children of the Mellah were not equipped to meet the needs. These structures: the JOINT, ORT, Alliance Israélite Universelle, OSE, and others were more active in the following years. After Morocco's independence in 1956, the Jewish population of the Mellah gradually left the ghetto, which became depopulated.
The SP was located in a dead end of the Mellah of Casablanca at 113 boulevard du 2e tirailleurs (currently bd Tahar el Alaoui). The premises were cramped, two classrooms which alternately served as a refectory for the canteen, an office, a playground and the dead end itself where outdoor activities were carried out. In the following two decades, there were some expansions, but the layout of the premises changed little. Throughout its history, the SP has suffered from overcrowded premises.
1948–1964
From 1948 on, there was some immigration to Israel, but its magnitude was less than the natural population increase. In addition, a number of Jews immigrated from the Mellahs located in the periphery to the Casablanca Mellah, which exacerbated the latter's demographic problem. In the immediate post-World War II period, Jewish philanthropic organizations focused on Europe to provide support and aid to Holocaust survivors. However, from the early 1950s onwards, international Jewish organizations began to direct their efforts towards the Jewish populations in Moslem countries. The main Jewish organization, JOINT, devoted considerable financial resources, set up administrative structures capable of supporting a policy of aid and employed hundreds of experts as advisors in health, nutrition, education, financial organization and in monitoring investments. With regards to Morocco, the JOINT realized that the task was too large and that the organization would have to set some specific goals. In the late 1940s, the strategic decision to focus on childhood was implemented. In 1948, the JOINT agreed to collaborate and support the SP (and virtually all the other similar existing institutions for children) because these projects were in line with its overall strategy. This collaboration only increased over the years. The JOINT supported many children's institutions in Casablanca, mainly:
Statutes and Nomenclature
A director appointed by the president and the committee headed SP. His role was to monitor accounting as well as the proper functioning of kitchens and classrooms, ensure the supply of products used in catering, manage stocks, negotiate with suppliers, place orders, and to receive goods. The JOINT controlled his activities, directed its criticisms and suggestions to the President who was ultimately responsible for the SP functioning and who in turn gave instructions to the director. In the 50s and 60s the directors were Mr. Cohen and Mr. Teboul. In 1959, three years after Moroccan independence, the SP changed its statutes to adapt to the new legislation on humanitarian organizations.
The Joint (JDC)
From 1948, the JOINT contribution was decisive The JOINT fully financed the food provided by the SP, which represented the bulk of the total budget. In addition to the running costs of the canteen, the Joint regularly provided foodstuffs, mainly: milk, butter, cheese, oil, dried beans, flour, rice, sugar and jam It sponsored teams of nutritional, generalist and specialist doctors. Medical visits occurred at least three times a year. The JOINT delegated many experts responsible for verifying the smooth running of the SP management, and the use of the allocated funds. Its administrators constantly sent reports whose conclusions and recommendations were reported to the SP management. From time to time, the JOINT was pleased with the progress made. For example, in the 1958 annual report, one could read:
‘In the Soupe Populaire d'Enfants, many constructive changes were brought about. A new infirmary has been established, and what previously served that purpose was made available for preparing and cleaning vegetables, thus ensuring a greater degree of cleanliness and facilitating the work of the kitchen staff. New equipment of a work-saving nature, and at the same time conducive to cleanliness, has been purchased. One of the classes was transformed into a dining room, which makes it possible to serve meals more efficiently.’
In 1956, the daily cost of the JOINT food contribution was 8938 francs (not including the price of imported food). This sum does not include the costs of experts, travel, etc., it corresponds to approximately $200 (2022 value), i.e$. 6000 per month. In 1957, the annual cost of the canteen was 2,234,750 francs or about 48,000 current $. In 1962, the monthly cost of the canteen was 8981.97 francs and the operating costs 4750 francs, that is to say, a monthly total of $30,400 (2022 value). The JOINT also carried out a distribution of clothes at least once a year. In 1958, the clothing budget for the SP was 957,050 francs ($20,200 of 2022). Every year, the office of the JOINT in Morocco produced an annual report on all its activities. This report was a synthesis of thousands of documents (expertise by specialists, discussions between experts, minutes of debates, accounting reports, health reports, relations with the authorities and many more). The aim of the report was to provide some insights from the past year's activities and recommendations for the following years. These reports showed that the number of SP children fluctuated between 300 and 315, except in 1964 for the last year of operation when the number of children was 210.
Two other Jewish organizations under the aegis and in close collaboration with the JOINT played a leading role in the maintenance and operation of the SP, these are:
The Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU)
AIU's contribution to the SP educational process was essential It provided the directors, teachers and school assistants, and established the study program. Staff were AIU employees; however, they worked full-time at the SP. For this, the AIU received a partial contribution from the JOINT. The teaching was in two languages, French and Hebrew. Ms. Pérahia who was director of the AIU Ch. Finzi daycare center was one of the last SP's headmistress.
The Organisation du Secours à l’Enfance (OSE)
OSE was very active in Morocco; its collaboration with SP began as early as the end of the 1940s. In partnership and with partial funding from the JOINT, OSE sent doctors at least three times a year to examine all 300 children. In case of emergency or necessity, the children were transferred to the OSE dispensary in Casablanca. OSE undertook an evaluation on the Nutritional Improvement Diet program, whose pilot project in Morocco was implemented at the SP. Following the program's success, it was extended to other Jewish institutions in Morocco. OSE was responsible for the routine medical examination of children, the annual vaccination program, and the care of chronic children's illnesses and even had a temporary SP infirmary room where sick children were treated on site. In the early 1950s, OSE set up a modern medical dispensary in Casablanca with high-level medical staff. This structure was able to deal with the most common illnesses and emergencies such as the January 1961 outbreak of food poisoning at the SP. OSE undertook a massive campaign against trachoma, from which SP children benefited. In 1954 70% of SP children had trachomatous, in 1955 there were only 50% and in 1956, 30%. In addition, in the 1950s, OSE undertook a massive X-ray treatments campaign to treat ringworm and other diseases, SP children were also part of this program. A few decades later, this treatment was a subject of controversy. In 1959, OSE introduced for the first time in Morocco an antibiotic treatment, griseofulvin, against ringworm, apparently with success and without long-term negative effects.
THE ACTIONS
The Suralimentation program (1948)
The program was initiated by OSE in 1948 and was tested primarily at the SP, it consisted of giving the children a 'snack' consisting of bread with jam and a nourishing drink, in addition to their lunch. In 1949, the cost of the snack for the OSE was 20 francs per child.
The improved nutrition-feeding program (1956)
Following Dr. Schmidt's recommendations, the second project was to feed children without meat but with dairy, fish and eggs products; The SP was selected by the OSE and the JOINT as a pilot project to prove the effectiveness of the diet. The program was launched in March 1956 and improvements were noticed within 6 months. School doctors found that children (all below eight years old) were in better health than the control group who had not benefited from the diet. They had gained more weight, grew faster, had better hemoglobin levels, had no vitamin deficiency and looked in a better shape. This plan was later extended to other children's institutions, but this extension required staff training, which required time and additional investments. In 1959, however, a report noted that the diet was deficient in animal protein: ‘The deficiency in animal protein is mainly due to a lack of milk and cheese in the food ration’. In 1960, a report noted that the effect of the JOINT action is visible in the well-being of children
Managing a Crisis Situation
On January 11, 1961 afternoon, 44 SP children aged between 5 and 6 years old were affected of food poisoning with vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. The children were immediately treated at the OSE dispensary. A thorough investigation was undertaken by JOINT and OSE under the direction of Dr. Tavill, who determined that the intoxication origin came from the state of health of the kitchen staff. Dr. Tavill recommended for the future a thorough medical examination of the staff responsible for food and strict hygiene measures. There is no trace of any recurrence in the JOINT archives.
Clothes Distribution
Until 1948, the distribution of clothing was possible thanks to the action of the Region of Casablanca, and tailor companies, the distribution being carried out by volunteers. From 1948, the JOINT distributed clothes at least once a year, with a significant budget. For example, in 1958, the 303 children of the SP received clothes for a value of 957,050 francs ($20,200 of 2022). Photos from the 1960s show healthy and well-dressed children.
Summer Camps
Jewish institutions and French authorities realized the need for open air vacations for those children who had never left the Mellah, who knew neither the sea nor the mountains. The organization ‘L’Aide scolaire’ in Casablanca organized summer camps from the end of the 1940s. The DEJJ (Educational Department of Jewish Youth) trained a series of educators and monitors to supervise the camps. In 1956, 4070 children and in 1958, 5382 children were able to take advantage of summer camps thanks to the authorities and JOINT's funding. SP was not selected and could not send its children to the mountains or to seaside resorts. An alternative solution, ‘La Colonie Urbaine' (Urban Colony), was set up. During the summer, teaching classes were not held; but the children nevertheless went to the SP where three meals were served and outdoor activities were organized. Third of the children, i.e. a hundred, took advantage by rotation of 'La Colonie Urbaine': the AIU made available to the organizers a school, close to the beach, located in the greater suburbs of Casablanca, where the children could sleep and eat. In the morning, the children with a team of monitors left for the beach where they enjoyed outdoor sports and games around noon, they returned to the AIU premises for food and a nap, and in the evening, a car brought the food directly from the SP kitchens.
The Challenges
Admission criteria
A painful problem faced by SP was the children's selection. In 1961 for example, there were 400 applications for only 300 available places. The JOINT social services established a table of 15 criteria coupled with a point system, the higher the number of points, the more likely the candidate was to be accepted.
AIU Schools Limited Access
Another acute issue was the children's fate after they left SP. During the 1957–58 school year, six SP classes were not integrated to the AIU due to a lack of facilities. The situation was even more difficult after the independence of Morocco due to the reduction of European classes to which Jewish children had previously wide access, the requirement for trilingualism (French, Hebrew, and Arabic) in the schools of the Alliance and a lower government budget.
Conclusion
In 1961, following the founder's departure to France, Dr. Aboudaram was appointed SP's president. The new committee was composed of George Lévi, Henri Scali, Meyer Moyal, Dr. and Mrs. Bensimon. In October 1964, the institution ceased to exist after 24 years of activity. SP children were transferred to existing Jewish institutions in Casablanca. In 1967, Elias Suraqui was awarded the Legion of Honor mainly because of his charitable activities in Morocco.
Bibliography
Cohen, Jean-Louis (1998). Casablanca : mythes et figures d'une aventure urbaine. [Paris]: Hazan. .
Miller, Susan Gilson (2021). Years of Glory : Nelly Benatar and the Pursuit of Justice in Wartime North Africa. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. .
References
Jews and Judaism in Casablanca
Organizations based in Casablanca
1941 establishments in France
1964 disestablishments in Morocco
Soup kitchens
Child care skills organizations |
Thomas A. Lewis (born January 10, 1972) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears and New York Giants. He was drafted by the Giants in the first round of the 1994 NFL Draft out of Indiana University with the 24th pick. While at Indiana, he set a Big Ten record and tied an NCAA record with a 99-yard touchdown reception against Penn State on November 6, 1993. That same day, he set a Big Ten record with 285 receiving yards. Thomas Lewis was the Varsity head coach at Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona for 2 years before resigning on January 12, 2018.
High school career
Lewis attended Garfield High School in Akron, Ohio, where he was an All-Ohio Honorable Mention pick. During his three-year prep career he made 120 receptions, and 14 touchdowns.
References
1972 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Chicago Bears players
New York Giants players
Indiana Hoosiers football players
Players of American football from Akron, Ohio |
Dual_EC_DRBG (Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator) is an algorithm that was presented as a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) using methods in elliptic curve cryptography. Despite wide public criticism, including the public identification of the possibility that the National Security Agency put a backdoor into a recommended implementation, it was for seven years one of four CSPRNGs standardized in NIST SP 800-90A as originally published circa June 2006, until it was withdrawn in 2014.
Weakness: a potential backdoor
Weaknesses in the cryptographic security of the algorithm were known and publicly criticised well before the algorithm became part of a formal standard endorsed by the ANSI, ISO, and formerly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). One of the weaknesses publicly identified was the potential of the algorithm to harbour a cryptographic backdoor advantageous to those who know about it—the United States government's National Security Agency (NSA)—and no one else. In 2013, The New York Times reported that documents in their possession but never released to the public "appear to confirm" that the backdoor was real, and had been deliberately inserted by the NSA as part of its Bullrun decryption program. In December 2013, a Reuters news article alleged that in 2004, before NIST standardized Dual_EC_DRBG, NSA paid RSA Security $10 million in a secret deal to use Dual_EC_DRBG as the default in the RSA BSAFE cryptography library, which resulted in RSA Security becoming the most important distributor of the insecure algorithm. RSA responded that they "categorically deny" that they had ever knowingly colluded with the NSA to adopt an algorithm that was known to be flawed, but also stated "we have never kept [our] relationship [with the NSA] a secret".
Sometime before its first known publication in 2004, a possible kleptographic backdoor was discovered with the Dual_EC_DRBG's design, with the design of Dual_EC_DRBG having the unusual property that it was theoretically impossible for anyone but Dual_EC_DRBG's designers (NSA) to confirm the backdoor's existence. Bruce Schneier concluded shortly after standardization that the "rather obvious" backdoor (along with other deficiencies) would mean that nobody would use Dual_EC_DRBG. The backdoor would allow NSA to decrypt for example SSL/TLS encryption which used Dual_EC_DRBG as a CSPRNG.
Members of the ANSI standard group to which Dual_EC_DRBG was first submitted were aware of the exact mechanism of the potential backdoor and how to disable it, but did not elect to disable or publicize the backdoor. The general cryptographic community was initially not aware of the potential backdoor, until Dan Shumow and Niels Ferguson's publication, or of Certicom's Daniel R. L. Brown and Scott Vanstone's 2005 patent application describing the backdoor mechanism.
In September 2013, The New York Times reported that internal NSA memos leaked by Edward Snowden indicated that the NSA had worked during the standardization process to eventually become the sole editor of the Dual_EC_DRBG standard, and concluded that the Dual_EC_DRBG standard did indeed contain a backdoor for the NSA. In response, NIST stated that "NIST would not deliberately weaken a cryptographic standard", but according to the New York Times story, the NSA had been spending $250 million per year to insert backdoors in software and hardware as part of the Bullrun program. A Presidential advisory committee subsequently set up to examine NSA's conduct recommended among other things that the US government "fully support and not undermine efforts to create encryption standards".
On April 21, 2014, NIST withdrew Dual_EC_DRBG from its draft guidance on random number generators recommending "current users of Dual_EC_DRBG transition to one of the three remaining approved algorithms as quickly as possible."
Timeline of Dual_EC_DRBG
Description
Overview
The algorithm uses a single integer as state. Whenever a new random number is requested, this integer is updated. The -th state is given by
The returned random integer is a function of the state. The -th random number is
The function depends on the fixed elliptic curve point . is similar except that it uses the point . The points and stay constant for a particular implementation of the algorithm.
Details
The algorithm allows for different constants, variable output length and other customization. For simplicity, the one described here will use the constants from curve P-256 (one of the 3 sets of constants available) and have fixed output length. The algorithm operates exclusively over a prime finite field () where is prime. The state, the seed and the random numbers are all elements of this field. Field size is
An elliptic curve over is given
where the constant is
The points on the curve are . Two of these points are given as the fixed points and
Their coordinates are
A function to extract the x-coordinate is used. It "converts" from elliptic curve points to elements of the field.
Output integers are truncated before being output
The functions and . These functions raise the fixed points to a power. "Raising to a power" in this context, means using the special operation defined for points on elliptic curves.
The generator is seeded with an element from
The -th state and random number
The random numbers
Security
The stated purpose of including the Dual_EC_DRBG in NIST SP 800-90A is that its security is based on computational hardness assumptions from number theory. A mathematical security reduction proof can then prove that as long as the number theoretical problems are hard, the random number generator itself is secure. However, the makers of Dual_EC_DRBG did not publish a security reduction for Dual_EC_DRBG, and it was shown soon after the NIST draft was published that Dual_EC_DRBG was indeed not secure, because it output too many bits per round. The output of too many bits (along with carefully chosen elliptic curve points P and Q) is what makes the NSA backdoor possible, because it enables the attacker to revert the truncation by brute force guessing. The output of too many bits was not corrected in the final published standard, leaving Dual_EC_DRBG both insecure and backdoored.
In many other standards, constants that are meant to be arbitrary are chosen by the nothing up my sleeve number principle, where they are derived from pi or similar mathematical constants in a way that leaves little room for adjustment. However, Dual_EC_DRBG did not specify how the default P and Q constants were chosen, possibly because they were constructed by NSA to be backdoored. Because the standard committee were aware of the potential for a backdoor, a way for an implementer to choose their own secure P and Q was included. But the exact formulation in the standard was written such that use of the alleged backdoored P and Q was required for FIPS 140-2 validation, so the OpenSSL project chose to implement the backdoored P and Q, even though they were aware of the potential backdoor and would have preferred generating their own secure P and Q. New York Times would later write that NSA had worked during the standardization process to eventually become the sole editor of the standard.
A security proof was later published for Dual_EC_DRBG by Daniel R.L. Brown and Kristian Gjøsteen, showing that the generated elliptic curve points would be indistinguishable from uniformly random elliptic curve points, and that if fewer bits were output in the final output truncation, and if the two elliptic curve points P and Q were independent, then Dual_EC_DRBG is secure. The proof relied on the assumption that three problems were hard: the decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption (which is generally accepted to be hard), and two newer less-known problems which are not generally accepted to be hard: the truncated point problem, and the x-logarithm problem. Dual_EC_DRBG was quite slow compared to many alternative CSPRNGs (which don't have security reductions), but Daniel R.L. Brown argues that the security reduction makes the slow Dual_EC_DRBG a valid alternative (assuming implementors disable the obvious backdoor). Note that Daniel R.L. Brown works for Certicom, the main owner of elliptic curve cryptography patents, so there may be a conflict of interest in promoting an EC CSPRNG.
The alleged NSA backdoor would allow the attacker to determine the internal state of the random number generator from looking at the output from a single round (32 bytes); all future output of the random number generator can then easily be calculated, until the CSPRNG is reseeded with an external source of randomness. This makes for example SSL/TLS vulnerable, since the setup of a TLS connection includes the sending of a randomly generated cryptographic nonce in the clear. NSA's alleged backdoor would depend on their knowing of the single e such that . This is a hard problem if P and Q are set ahead of time, but it's easier if P and Q are chosen. e is a secret key presumably known only by NSA, and the alleged backdoor is a kleptographic asymmetric hidden backdoor. Matthew Green's blog post The Many Flaws of Dual_EC_DRBG has a simplified explanation of how the alleged NSA backdoor works by employing the discrete-log kleptogram introduced in Crypto 1997.
Standardization and implementations
NSA first introduced Dual_EC_DRBG in the ANSI X9.82 DRBG in the early 2000s, including the same parameters which created the alleged backdoor, and Dual_EC_DRBG was published in a draft ANSI standard. Dual_EC_DRBG also exists in the ISO 18031 standard.
According to John Kelsey (who together with Elaine Barker was listed as author of NIST SP 800-90A), the possibility of the backdoor by carefully chosen P and Q was brought up at an ANSI X9F1 Tool Standards and Guidelines Group meeting. When Kelsey asked Don Johnson of Cygnacom about the origin of Q, Johnson answered in a 27 October 2004 email to Kelsey that NSA had prohibited the public discussion of generation of an alternative Q to the NSA-supplied one.
At least two members of the Members of the ANSI X9F1 Tool Standards and Guidelines Group which wrote ANSI X9.82, Daniel R. L. Brown and Scott Vanstone from Certicom, were aware of the exact circumstances and mechanism in which a backdoor could occur, since they filed a patent application in January 2005 on exactly how to insert or prevent the backdoor in DUAL_EC_DRBG. The working of the "trap door" mentioned in the patent is identical to the one later confirmed in Dual_EC_DRBG. Writing about the patent in 2014, commentator Matthew Green describes the patent as a "passive aggressive" way of spiting NSA by publicizing the backdoor, while still criticizing everybody on the committee for not actually disabling the backdoor they obviously were aware of. Brown and Vanstone's patent list two necessary conditions for the backdoor to exist:
1) Chosen Q
2) Small output truncation
According to John Kelsey, the option in the standard to choose a verifiably random Q was added as an option in response to the suspected backdoor, though in such a way that FIPS 140-2 validation could only be attained by using the possibly backdoored Q. Steve Marquess (who helped implement NIST SP 800-90A for OpenSSL) speculated that this requirement to use the potentially backdoored points could be evidence of NIST complicity. It is not clear why the standard did not specify the default Q in the standard as a verifiably generated nothing up my sleeve number, or why the standard did not use greater truncation, which Brown's patent said could be used as the "primary measure for preventing a key escrow attack". The small truncation was unusual compared to previous EC PRGs, which according to Matthew Green had only output 1/2 to 2/3 of the bits in the output function. The low truncation was in 2006 shown by Gjøsteen to make the RNG predictable and therefore unusable as a CSPRNG, even if Q had not been chosen to contain a backdoor. The standard says that implementations "should" use the small max_outlen provided, but gives the option of outputting a multiple of 8 fewer bits. Appendix C of the standard gives a loose argument that outputting fewer bits will make the output less uniformly distributed. Brown's 2006 security proof relies on outlen being much smaller the default max_outlen value in the standard.
The ANSI X9F1 Tool Standards and Guidelines Group which discussed the backdoor also included three employees from the prominent security company RSA Security. In 2004, RSA Security made an implementation of Dual_EC_DRBG which contained the NSA backdoor the default CSPRNG in their RSA BSAFE as a result of a secret $10 million deal with NSA. In 2013, after the New York Times reported that Dual_EC_DRBG contained a backdoor by the NSA, RSA Security said they had not been aware of any backdoor when they made the deal with NSA, and told their customers to switch CSPRNG. In the 2014 RSA Conference keynote, RSA Security Executive Chairman Art Coviello explained that RSA had seen declining revenue from encryption, and had decided to stop being "drivers" of independent encryption research, but to instead to "put their trust behind" the standards and guidance from standards organizations such as NIST.
A draft of NIST SP 800-90A including the Dual_EC_DRBG was published in December 2005. The final NIST SP 800-90A including Dual_EC_DRBG was published in June 2006. Documents leaked by Snowden have been interpreted as suggesting that the NSA backdoored Dual_EC_DRBG, with those making the allegation citing the NSA's work during the standardization process to eventually become the sole editor of the standard. The early usage of Dual_EC_DRBG by RSA Security (for which NSA was later reported to have secretly paid $10 million) was cited by the NSA as an argument for Dual_EC_DRBG's acceptance into the NIST SP 800-90A standard. RSA Security subsequently cited Dual_EC_DRBG's acceptance into the NIST standard as a reason they used Dual_EC_DRBG.
Daniel R. L. Brown's March 2006 paper on the security reduction of Dual_EC_DRBG mentions the need for more output truncation and a randomly chosen Q, but mostly in passing, and does not mention his conclusions from his patent that these two defects in Dual_EC_DRBG together can be used as a backdoor. Brown writes in the conclusion: "Therefore, the ECRNG should be a serious consideration, and its high efficiency makes it suitable even for constrained environments." Note that others have criticised Dual_EC_DRBG as being extremely slow, with Bruce Schneier concluding "It's too slow for anyone to willingly use it", and Matthew Green saying Dual_EC_DRBG is "Up to a thousand times slower" than the alternatives. The potential for a backdoor in Dual_EC_DRBG was not widely publicised outside of internal standard group meetings. It was only after Dan Shumow and Niels Ferguson's 2007 presentation that the potential for a backdoor became widely known. Shumow and Ferguson had been tasked with implementing Dual_EC_DRBG for Microsoft, and at least Furguson had discussed the possible backdoor in a 2005 X9 meeting. Bruce Schneier wrote in a 2007 Wired article that the Dual_EC_DRBG's flaws were so obvious that nobody would be use Dual_EC_DRBG: "It makes no sense as a trap door: It's public, and rather obvious. It makes no sense from an engineering perspective: It's too slow for anyone to willingly use it." Schneier was apparently unaware that RSA Security had used Dual_EC_DRBG as the default in BSAFE since 2004.
OpenSSL implemented all of NIST SP 800-90A including Dual_EC_DRBG at the request of a client. The OpenSSL developers were aware of the potential backdoor because of Shumow and Ferguson's presentation, and wanted to use the method included in the standard to choose a guaranteed non-backdoored P and Q, but were told that to get FIPS 140-2 validation they would have to use the default P and Q. OpenSSL chose to implement Dual_EC_DRBG despite its dubious reputation for completeness, noting that OpenSSL tried to be complete and implements many other insecure algorithms. OpenSSL did not use Dual_EC_DRBG as the default CSPRNG, and it was discovered in 2013 that a bug made the OpenSSL implementation of Dual_EC_DRBG non-functioning, meaning that no one could have been using it.
Bruce Schneier reported in December 2007 that Microsoft added Dual_EC_DRBG support to Windows Vista, though not enabled by default, and Schneier warned against the known potential backdoor. Windows 10 and later will silently replace calls to Dual_EC_DRBG with calls to CTR_DRBG based on AES.
On September 9, 2013, following the Snowden leak, and the New York Times report on the backdoor in Dual_EC_DRBG, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ITL announced that in light of community security concerns, it was reissuing SP 800-90A as draft standard, and re-opening SP800-90B/C for public comment. NIST now "strongly recommends" against the use of Dual_EC_DRBG, as specified in the January 2012 version of SP 800-90A. The discovery of a backdoor in a NIST standard has been a major embarrassment for the NIST.
RSA Security had kept Dual_EC_DRBG as the default CSPRNG in BSAFE even after the wider cryptographic community became aware of the potential backdoor in 2007, but there does not seem to have been a general awareness of BSAFE's usage of Dual_EC_DRBG as a user option in the community. Only after widespread concern about the backdoor was there an effort to find software which used Dual_EC_DRBG, of which BSAFE was by far the most prominent found. After the 2013 revelations, RSA security Chief of Technology Sam Curry provided Ars Technica with a rationale for originally choosing the flawed Dual EC DRBG standard as default over the alternative random number generators. The technical accuracy of the statement was widely criticized by cryptographers, including Matthew Green and Matt Blaze. On December 20, 2013, it was reported by Reuters that RSA had accepted a secret payment of $10 million from the NSA to set the Dual_EC_DRBG random number generator as the default in two of its encryption products. On December 22, 2013, RSA posted a statement to its corporate blog "categorically" denying a secret deal with the NSA to insert a "known flawed random number generator" into its BSAFE toolkit
Following the New York Times story asserting that Dual_EC_DRBG contained a backdoor, Brown (who had applied for the backdoor patent and published the security reduction) wrote an email to an IETF mailing list defending the Dual_EC_DRBG standard process:
Software and hardware which contained the possible backdoor
Implementations which used Dual_EC_DRBG would usually have gotten it via a library. At least RSA Security (BSAFE library), OpenSSL, Microsoft, and Cisco have libraries which included Dual_EC_DRBG, but only BSAFE used it by default. According to the Reuters article which revealed the secret $10 million deal between RSA Security and NSA, RSA Security's BSAFE was the most important distributor of the algorithm. There was a flaw in OpenSSL's implementation of Dual_EC_DRBG that made it non-working outside test mode, from which OpenSSL's Steve Marquess concludes that nobody used OpenSSL's Dual_EC_DRBG implementation.
A list of products which have had their CSPRNG-implementation FIPS 140-2 validated is available at the NIST. The validated CSPRNGs are listed in the Description/Notes field. Note that even if Dual_EC_DRBG is listed as validated, it may not have been enabled by default. Many implementations come from a renamed copy of a library implementation.
The BlackBerry software is an example of non-default use. It includes support for Dual_EC_DRBG, but not as default. BlackBerry Ltd has however not issued an advisory to any of its customers who may have used it, because they do not consider the probable backdoor a vulnerability. Jeffrey Carr quotes a letter from Blackberry:
The Dual EC DRBG algorithm is only available to third party developers via the Cryptographic APIs on the [Blackberry] platform. In the case of the Cryptographic API, it is available if a 3rd party developer wished to use the functionality and explicitly designed and developed a system that requested the use of the API.
Bruce Schneier has pointed out that even if not enabled by default, having a backdoored CSPRNG implemented as an option can make it easier for NSA to spy on targets which have a software-controlled command-line switch to select the encryption algorithm, or a "registry" system, like most Microsoft products, such as Windows Vista:
In December 2013, a proof of concept backdoor was published that uses the leaked internal state to predict subsequent random numbers, an attack viable until the next reseed.
In December 2015, Juniper Networks announced that some revisions of their ScreenOS firmware used Dual_EC_DRBG with the suspect P and Q points, creating a backdoor in their firewall. Originally it was supposed to use a Q point chosen by Juniper which may or may not have been generated in provably safe way. Dual_EC_DRBG was then used to seed ANSI X9.17 PRNG. This would have obfuscated the Dual_EC_DRBG output thus killing the backdoor. However, a "bug" in the code exposed the raw output of the Dual_EC_DRBG, hence compromising the security of the system. This backdoor was then backdoored itself by an unknown party which changed the Q point and some test vectors. Allegations that the NSA had persistent backdoor access through Juniper firewalls had already been published in 2013 by Der Spiegel. The kleptographic backdoor is an example of NSA's NOBUS policy, of having security holes that only they can exploit.
See also
Random number generator attack
Crypto AG – a Swiss company specialising in communications and information security, who are widely believed to have allowed western security agencies (including NSA) to insert backdoors in their cryptography machines
References
External links
NIST SP 800-90A – Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators
Dual EC DRBG – Collection of Dual_EC_DRBG information, by Daniel J. Bernstein, Tanja Lange, and Ruben Niederhagen.
On the Practical Exploitability of Dual EC in TLS Implementations – Key research paper by Stephen Checkoway et al.
The prevalence of kleptographic attacks on discrete-log based cryptosystems – Adam L. Young, Moti Yung (1997)
United States Patent Application Publication on the Dual_EC_DRBG backdoor, and ways to negate the backdoor.
Comments on Dual-EC-DRBG/NIST SP 800-90, Draft December 2005 Kristian Gjøsteen's March 2006 paper concluding that Dual_EC_DRBG is predictable, and therefore insecure.
A Security Analysis of the NIST SP 800-90 Elliptic Curve Random Number Generator Daniel R. L. Brown and Kristian Gjøsteen's 2007 security analysis of Dual_EC_DRBG. Though at least Brown was aware of the backdoor (from his 2005 patent), the backdoor is not explicitly mentioned. Use of non-backdoored constants and a greater output bit truncation than Dual_EC_DRBG specifies are assumed.
On the Possibility of a Back Door in the NIST SP800-90 Dual Ec Prng Dan Shumow and Niels Ferguson's presentation, which made the potential backdoor widely known.
The Many Flaws of Dual_EC_DRBG – Matthew Green's simplified explanation of how and why the backdoor works.
A few more notes on NSA random number generators – Matthew Green
Sorry, RSA, I'm just not buying it – Summary and timeline of Dual_EC_DRBG and public knowledge.
[Cfrg] Dual_EC_DRBG ... [was RE: Requesting removal of CFRG co-chair] A December 2013 email by Daniel R. L. Brown defending Dual_EC_DRBG and the standard process.
DUELING OVER DUAL_EC_DRBG: THE CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTING A CRYPTOGRAPHIC STANDARDIZATION PROCESS Kostsyuk and Landau article about international cryptographic community's largely continued trust in NIST despite the Dual EC DRBG.
Broken cryptography algorithms
Kleptography
National Institute of Standards and Technology
National Security Agency
Pseudorandom number generators
Articles with underscores in the title |
Carpenter is a small unincorporated community in western Wilson County, Texas, United States. It lies between the towns of La Vernia and St. Hedwig on Farm to Market Road 1346. The community is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Carpenter was named for a local land owner when founded in 1893 as a stop on the San Antonio and Mexican Gulf Railroad. In the early 1900s the community had a cotton gin, general store and post office with Joseph Winkler as the postmaster, but the post office was discontinued in 1928. The town steadily declined after the rail line was closed and today only a small cluster of homes remain.
External links
Map of Carpenter, Texas
Carpenter, Texas at Handbook of Texas online
References
Unincorporated communities in Texas
Unincorporated communities in Wilson County, Texas
Greater San Antonio |
At least three vessels have been named Eliza Stewart.
was a sailing ship that traded with Australia, China, and India and was last listed in 1843, having wrecked in January 1844.
, of 97 tons (bm), was launched at Saint Thomas. She was carrying coals from Newcastle to Cadiz when she foundered on 21 July 1861 off the Humber.
was a merchant ship that also between 1851 and 1853 carried coolies between India and Trinidad; she was wrecked circa 1865.
Citations
Ship names |
These 379 genera belong to the family Leiodidae, round fungus beetles. There are about 3,800 described species in Leiodidae.
Leiodidae genera
Subfamily Camiarinae Jeannel, 1911
Tribe Agyrtodini Jeannel, 1936
Afropelates Jeannel, 1964
Agyrtodes Portevin, 1907
Agyrtolasia Szymczakowski, 1973
Chelagyrtodes Szymczakowski, 1973
Chiliopelates Jeannel, 1964
Cholevomorpha Blackburn, 1891
Dasypelates Portevin, 1907
Dictydiella Jeannel, 1936
Dontipelates Salgado Costas, 2015
Eupelates Portevin, 1907
Karinapelates Salgado Costas, 2015
Paragyrtodes Szymczakowski, 1966
Ragytodina Jeannel, 1957
Zeagyrtes Broun, 1917
Zeagyrtoma Szymczakowski, 1966
Zearagytodes Jeannel, 1936
†Cretagyrtodes Cai & Huang, 2017
Tribe Camiarini Jeannel, 1911
Baeosilpha Broun, 1895
Camiarites Jeannel, 1957
Camiarodes Seago, 2015
Camiarus Sharp, 1878
Camisolus Seago, 2015
Inocatops Broun, 1893
Neocamiarus Jeannel, 1957
Zenocolon Broun, 1917
Tribe Neopelatopini Jeannel, 1962
Alsobius
Capnosolius Seago & Newton, 2009
Catopsolius Sharp, 1886
Eublackburniella Jeannel, 1938
Myrmicholeva Lea, 1910
Neopelatops Jeannel, 1936
Ragytodes Jeannel, 1936
Sphaeropelatops Jeannel, 1962
Subfamily Catopocerinae Hatch, 1927
Catopocerus Motschulsky, 1870
Glacicavicola Westcott, 1968
Muganryus
Perkovskius Lafer, 1989
Pinodytes Horn, 1880
Subfamily Cholevinae Kirby, 1837
Tribe Anemadini Hatch, 1928
Subtribe Anemadina
Anemadiola Szymczakowski, 1963
Anemadus Reitter, 1884
Cholevodes Portevin, 1928
Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922
Subtribe Eocatopina
Eocatops Peyerimhoff, 1924
Neoeocatops Peck & Cook, 2007
Subtribe Eunemadina
Araucaniopsis Salgado Costas, 2005
Austrocholeva Zwick, 1979
Austronargus Zwick, 1979
Austronemadus Zwick, 1979
Catoposchema Jeannel, 1936
Dissochaetus Reitter, 1884
Eunemadus Portevin, 1914
Falkocholeva Hatch, 1928
Falkonemadus Szymczakowski, 1961
Nargiotes Jeannel, 1936
Nargomorphus Jeannel, 1936
Nemadiolus Jeannel, 1936
Nemadiopsis Jeannel, 1936
Nemadotropis Szymczakowski, 1971
Newtoniopsis Salgado Costas, 2005
Paranemadus Zwick, 1979
Peckardia Salgado Costas, 2005
Pseudonargiotes Salgado Costas, 2005
Pseudonemadus Portevin, 1914
Rangiola Jeannel, 1936
Subtribe Nemadina
Micronemadus Jeannel, 1936
Nemadus Thomson, 1867
Subtribe Paracatopina
Mesocolon Broun, 1880
Paracatops Portevin, 1907
Tribe Cholevini Kirby, 1837
Subtribe Catopina (Jeannel 1922)
Apocatops Zwick, 1968
Apterocatops Miyama, 1985
Catopidius Jeannel, 1922
Catopodes Portevin, 1914
Catops Paykull, 1798
Catoptrichus Murray, 1856
Chionocatops Ganglbauer, 1899
Cholevinus Reitter, 1901
Dreposcia Jeannel, 1922
Dzungarites Jeannel, 1936
Fissocatops Zwick, 1968
Himalops Perreau, 1986
Mesocatops Szymczakowski, 1961
Rybinskiella Reitter, 1906
Sciodrepoides Hatch, 1933
Subtribe Cholevina Kirby 1837
Attaephilus Motschoulsky, 1870
Attumbra Gozis, 1886
Catopsimorphus Aubé, 1850
Choleva Latreille, 1796
Nargus Thomson, 1867
Philomessor Jeannel, 1936
Prionochaeta Horn, 1880
Takobiella Ruzicka, 1992
Tribe Eucatopini
Eucatops Portevin, 1903
Tribe Leptodirini
Subtribe Anthroherponina
Anthroherpon Reitter, 1889
Croatodirus Casale, Giachino & Jalzic, 2000
Hadesia Muller, 1911
Kircheria Giachino & Vailati, 2006
Leptomeson Jeannel, 1924
Nauticiella Moravec & Mlejnek, 2002
Parantrophilon Noesske, 1914
Velebitodromus Casale, Giachino & Jalžic, 2004
Subtribe Bathysciina
Anillocharis Reitter, 1903
Anisoscapha Muller, 1917
Antrodulus Knirsch, 1927
Aphaobiella Gueorguiev, 1976
Aphaobius Abeille de Perrin, 1878
Augustia Zariquiey, 1927
Bathyscia Schiödte, 1848
Blattochaeta Reitter, 1910
Blattodromus Reitter, 1904
Cansiliella Paoletti, 1972
Deelemaniella Perreau, 2002
Epiroella
Henrotiella Perreau, 1999
Hexaurus Reitter, 1884
Huetheriella Jeannel, 1934
Leonhardella Reitter, 1903
Lessiniella Pavan, 1941
Lotharia Mandl, 1944
Netolitzkya Muller, 1913
Orostygia Muller, 1912
Oryotus Miller, 1856
Phaneropella Jeannel, 1910
Pholeuodromus Breit, 1913
Pholeuonopsis Apfelbeck, 1901
Pisidiella Jeannel, 1930
Pretneria Muller, 1931
Proleonhardella Jeannel, 1910
Prospelaeobates Giachino & Etonti, 1996
Serboleonhardella
Sinobathyscia Perreau, 1999
Speophyes Jeannel, 1910
Tartariella Nonveiller & Pavicevic, 1999
Weiratheria Zariquiey, 1927
Subtribe Bathysciotina
Aphaotus Breit, 1914
Bathyscidius Jeannel, 1910
Bathysciotes Jeannel, 1910
Halbherria Conci & Tamanini, 1951
Neobathyscia Muller, 1917
Pavicevicia Perreau, 2008
Pseudobathyscidius Karaman, 1964
Ravasinia Muller, 1922
Redensekia Karaman, 1953
Sinuicollia Piva, 2008
Speonesiotes Jeannel, 1910
Sphaerobathyscia Muller, 1917
Subtribe Leptodirina
Adelopidius Apfelbeck, 1907
Albanodirus Giachino & Vailati, 1998
Antrosedes Reitter, 1912
Apholeuonus Reitter, 1889
Astagobius Reitter, 1886
Balcanobius Gueorguiev, 1965
Bathyscimorphus Jeannel, 1910
Bathysciopsis Muller, 1941
Beroniella Giachino & Gueorguiev, 1991
Bulgariella Karaman, 1958
Ceuthmonocharis Jeannel, 1910
Charonites Apfelbeck, 1907
Elladoherpon Casale, 1983
Genestiellina Giachino, 1996
Haplotropidius Muller, 1903
Icharonia Reitter, 1912
Katobatizon Knirsch, 1928
Laneyriella Gueorguiev, 1976
Leonhardia Reitter, 1901
Leptodirus Schmidt, 1832
Leptostagus Karaman, 1954
Nonveilleriella Perreau & Pavicevic, 2008
Parapropus Ganglbauer, 1899
Petkovskiella Gueorguiev, 1976
Pholeuonella Jeannel, 1910
Pholeuonidius Jeannel, 1911
Protobracharthron Reitter, 1889
Radziella Casale & Jalzic, 1988
Remyella Jeannel, 1931
Rhaetiella Giachino & Vailati, 2005
Roubaliella Jeannel, 1925
Rozajella Curcic, Brajkovic & Curcic, 2007
Setnikia Breit, 1913
Spelaeodromus Reitter, 1884
Spelaites Apfelbeck, 1907
Speoplanes Muller, 1911
Subtribe Pholeuina
Adelopsella Jeannel, 1908
Albaniola Jeannel, 1924
Anillochlamys Jeannel, 1909
Antrocharis Abeille de Perrin, 1878
Aranzadiella Espaol, 1972
Archeoboldoria Ghidini, 1937
Atticiella Coiffait, 1955
Babuniella Karaman, 1954
Banatiola Decu, 1967
Baronniesia Fresneda, Bourdeau & Faille, 2009
Bathysciella Jeannel, 1906
Bathysciola Jeannel, 1910
Bellesia Fresneda & Hernando, 1994
Beronia Gueorguiev, 1960
Beskovia Gueorguiev, 1960
Besuchetiola Rampini & Zoia, 1991
Bithyniella Jeannel, 1955
Boldoria Jeannel, 1924
Breuilia Jeannel, 1909
Breuilites Salgado, 1980
Bureschiana Gueorguiev, 1963
Cacciamalia
Canavesiella Giachino, 1993
Cantabrogeus Salgado, 2000
Capraiola Zoia & Rampini, 1994
Cavazzutiella Casale & Giachino, 1985
Ceretophyes Comas & Escola, 1989
Ceuthophyes Jeannel, 1924
Closania Jeannel, 1928
Coiffaitiola Jeannel, 1955
Coreobathyscia Szymczakowski, 1975
Cryptobathyscia Vailati, 1980
Cytodromus Abeille de Perrin, 1876
Dalmatiola Jeannel, 1924
Dellabeffaella Capra, 1924
Diaprysius Abeille de Perrin, 1878
Drimeotus Miller, 1856
Espanoliella Gueorguiev, 1976
Euryspeonomus Jeannel, 1919
Fresnedaella
Frivaldszkya
Fusi Perkovsky, 1989
Gesciella Giachino & Guéorguiev, 1989
Ghidinia
Gueorguievella Giachino & Gueorguiev, 2006
Hartigiella
Hoffmannella Muller, 1912
Hussonella Jeannel, 1934
Insubriella Vailati, 1990
Iranobathyscia Zoia & Rampini, 1994
Isereus Reitter, 1886
Josettekia Belles & Deliot, 1983
Karadeniziella Casale & Giachino, 1989
Lagariella Fresneda, 2000
Leonesiella Salgado, 1996
Magdelainella Jeannel, 1924
Maroniella Casale & Giachino, 1985
Miettiella
Monguzziella Vailati, 1993
Muelleriella Jeannel, 1924
Nafarroa Fresneda & Dupré, 2010
Naspunius Fresneda, Hernando & Lagar, 1994
Notidocharis Jeannel, 1956
Ochridiola Sbordoni, 1971
Oresigenus Jeannel, 1948
Ovobathysciola Jeannel, 1924
Pallaresiella Fresneda, 1998
Pangaeoniola G. & M.Etonti, 1985
Parabathyscia Jeannel, 1908
Paranillochlamys Zariquiey, 1940
Paraspeonomus Coiffait, 1952
Paratroglophyes Fourès, 1954
Parvospeonomus Bellés & Escolà, 1977
Patriziella Jeannel, 1956
Pavaniola
Perriniella Jeannel, 1910
Phacomorphus Jeannel, 1908
Pholeuon Hampe, 1856
Proleptodirina Perkovsky, 1997
Protopholeuon Jeannel, 1923
Pseudoboldoria Ghidini, 1937
Pseudospeonomus Comas, Fresneda & Salgado, 2007
Purkynella Knirsch, 1926
Quaestus Schaufuss, 1861
Radevia Knirsch, 1925
Ragazzonia
Rhodopiola Gueorguiev, 1960
Royerella Jeannel, 1910
Salgadoia Fresneda, 1998
Sbordoniola Zoia & Rampini, 1994
Sengletiola Zoia & Rampini, 1994
Sophrochaeta Reitter, 1884
Spelaeochlamys Dieck, 1871
Speocharidius Jeannel, 1919
Speocharinus Espaol & Escola, 1977
Speodiaetus Jeannel, 1908
Speonomidius Jeannel, 1924
Speonomites Jeannel, 1910
Speonomus Jeannel, 1908
Stoppaniola
Stygiophyes Fresneda, 1998
Tismanella Jeannel, 1928
Trapezodirus Jeannel, 1924
Trocharanis Reitter, 1884
Troglocharinus Reitter, 1908
Troglodromus Sainte-Claire Deville, 1901
Troglophyes Abeille de Perrin, 1894
Viallia Pavan, 1950
Zariquieyella Jeannel, 1928
Subtribe Platycholeina
Platycholeus Horn, 1880
Subtribe Spelaeobatina
Spelaeobates Muller, 1901
Graciliella Njunjić, 2016
Tribe Oritocatopini
Afrocatops Jeannel, 1964
Chappuisiotes Jeannel, 1957
Oritocatops Jeannel, 1921
Tribe Ptomaphagini Jeannel, 1911
Subtribe Ptomaphagina Jeannel 1911
Acrotrychiopsis Normand, 1946
Adelopsis Portevin, 1907
Adelopspeleon Salgado, 2012
Amplexella Gnaspini, 1996
Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996
Paulipalpina Gnaspini & Peck, 1996
Peckena Gnaspini, 1996
Ptomaphagus Hellwig, 1795
Subtribe Ptomaphaginina
Pandania Szymczakowski, 1964
Proptomaphaginus Szymczakowski, 1969
Ptomaphaginus Portevin, 1914
Ptomaphaminus Perreau, 2000
Baryodirus Perreau, 2000
Tribe Sciaphyini
Sciaphyes Jeannel, 1924
Subfamily Coloninae Horn, 1880
Colon Herbst, 1797
Colonellus Szymczakowski, 1964
Subfamily Leiodinae Fleming, 1821
Tribe Agathidiini Westwood, 1838
Afroagathidium Angelini & Peck, 1984
Agathidium Panzer, 1797
Amphicyllis Erichson, 1845
Anisotoma Panzer, 1797
Besuchetionella Angelini & Peck, 2000
Cyrtoplastus Reitter, 1885
Decuria Miller & Wheeler, 2004
Gelae Miller & Wheeler, 2005
Liodopria Reitter, 1909
Pseudoagathidium Angelini, 1993
Stetholiodes Fall, 1910
Tribe Estadiini Portevin, 1914
Dietta Sharp, 1876
Tribe Leiodini Fleming, 1821
Afrocyrtusa Daffner, 1990
Afroleiodes Peck, 2003
Anogdus LeConte, 1866
Chobautiella Reitter, 1900
Cyrtusa Erichson, 1842
Cyrtusamorpha Daffner, 1983
Cyrtusoma Daffner, 1982
Ecarinosphaerula Hatch, 1929
Hypoliodes Portevin, 1908
Incacyrtusa Daffner, 1990
Isoplastus Horn, 1880
Leiodes Latreille, 1797
Liocyrtusa Daffner, 1982
Lionothus W.J.Brown, 1937
Ovocyrtusa Daffner, 1985
Parvocyrtusa Peck & Cook, 2014
Pseudolionothus Peck & Cook, 2014
Xanthosphaera Fairmaire, 1859
Zeadolopus Broun, 1903
Tribe Pseudoliodini Portevin, 1926
Agaricophagus Schmidt 1841
Allocolenisia Daffner, 1990
Ansibaris Reitter, 1883
Cainosternum Notman, 1921
Colenis Erichson, 1842
Colenisia Fauvel, 1903
Dermatohomoeus Hlisnikovský, 1963
Neohydnobius Jeannel, 1962
Pseudcolenis Reitter, 1884
Zelodes Leschen, 2000
†Mesagyrtoides Perkovsky, 1999
†Tafforeus Perreau, 2012
Tribe Scotocryptini Reitter, 1884
Aglyptinus Cockerell, 1906
Creagrophorus Matthews, 1887
Cyrtusiola Elisnikovsky, 1974
Parabystus Portevin, 1907
Popeus Hlisnikovsky, 1974
Scotocryptodes Portevin, 1907
Scotocryptus Girard, 1874
Synaristus Portevin, 1907
Termitoglobus Reichensperger, 1915
Tribe Sogdini Lopatin, 1961
Anaballetus Newton, Svec & Fikacek
Euliodes Portevin, 1937
Hinomoto Hoshina, 2002
Hydnobius Schmidt, 1841
Hydnodiaetus Jeannel, 1962
Isocolon Broun, 1893
Kalohydnobius Peck & Cook, 2009
Macrohydnobius Peck & Cook, 2009
Metahydnobius Portevin, 1942
Platyhydnobius Peck & Cook, 2009
Pseudotriarthron Normand, 1938
Sogda Lopatin, 1961
Triarthron Märkel, 1840
Subfamily Platypsyllinae Ritsema, 1869
Leptinillus Horn, 1882
Leptinus Müller, 1817
Platypsyllus Ritsema, 1869
Silphopsyllus Olsufiev, 1923
References |
Abdul Majid Kabar (; Arabic: عبد المجيد كعبار / ʿbd āl-Mağid Kaʿbār ) (9 May 1909 – 4 October 1988) was a Libyan politician. He served the Prime Minister of Libya from 26 May 1957 to 17 October 1960. He was of Circassian origin.
Career
Kabar worked his way up in Tripolitanian politics until he was appointed a member of the National Constituent Assembly in 1950. In the 1952 Libyan general election, its first, he entered parliament and served as the house speaker until he became prime minister in 1957. A financial scandal centred on the cost of a road being built from Fezzan to Sabha led to his downfall. Originally cost $5.3 million and scheduled to be completed in three years, the cost overruns led to later estimates of three times the cost. Fearing a vote of no confidence, he resigned in 1960.
References
1909 births
1988 deaths
Foreign ministers of Libya
Prime Ministers of Libya
Transport ministers of Libya
Libyan people of Circassian descent |
Irundisaua moacyri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Julio in 2003.
References
Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2003 |
The Grasslands Reserve Program (GRP) was a United States government program, administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, that provided financial assistance to farmers and landowners to restore grasslands. The 2002 farm bill authorized enrollment of of restored or improved grassland, range land and pastureland under temporary and permanent easements, or contracts of at least 10 years. Under the GRP enrolled land must be in parcels that exceed . Technical assistance was provided to restore grasslands. A total of $254 million in mandatory funding from the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) was provided between Fiscal Years 2003 and 2007. It also provided cost sharing payments at 75% to restore disturbed grasslands and 90% to protect virgin grasslands.
Congress, in the 2014 Farm Bill, consolidated the GRP into the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program.
References
Agricultural subsidies
Former United States Federal assistance programs
United States Department of Agriculture programs |
```c++
#include "gurka.h"
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#if !defined(VALHALLA_SOURCE_DIR)
#define VALHALLA_SOURCE_DIR
#endif
using namespace valhalla;
const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> build_config{
{"mjolnir.admin", {VALHALLA_SOURCE_DIR "test/data/netherlands_admin.sqlite"}}};
const std::vector<std::string>& costing = {"auto", "taxi", "bus", "truck",
"bicycle", "motor_scooter", "motorcycle", "pedestrian"};
TEST(Standalone, Oneway) {
constexpr double gridsize_metres = 100;
const std::string ascii_map = R"(
A---B---C---D---E
| |
J---I---H---G---F
)";
const gurka::ways ways = {
{"AB", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"BC", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"CD", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"DE", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"EF", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"FG", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"DG",
{{"highway", "unclassified"},
{"oneway", "yes"},
{"oneway:bicycle", "yes"},
{"oneway:foot", "yes"}}},
{"GH", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"HI", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"IJ", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
};
const auto layout =
gurka::detail::map_to_coordinates(ascii_map, gridsize_metres, {5.1079374, 52.0887174});
auto map =
gurka::buildtiles(layout, ways, {}, {}, "test/data/gurka_oneway_unclassified", build_config);
for (auto& c : costing) {
auto result = gurka::do_action(valhalla::Options::route, map, {"A", "J"}, c);
gurka::assert::raw::expect_path(result, {"AB", "BC", "CD", "DG", "GH", "HI", "IJ"});
}
for (auto const& c : costing) {
auto result = gurka::do_action(valhalla::Options::route, map, {"J", "A"}, c);
gurka::assert::raw::expect_path(result, {"IJ", "HI", "GH", "FG", "EF", "DE", "CD", "BC", "AB"});
}
}
TEST(Standalone, OnewayFootway) {
constexpr double gridsize_metres = 10;
const std::string ascii_map = R"(
A---B---C---D---E
| |
J---I---H---G---F
)";
const gurka::ways ways = {
{"AB", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"BC", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"CD", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"DE", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"EF", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"FG", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"DG",
{{"highway", "footway"},
{"bicycle", "yes"},
{"oneway:bicycle", "yes"},
{"oneway:foot", "yes"}}},
{"GH", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"HI", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"IJ", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
};
const auto layout =
gurka::detail::map_to_coordinates(ascii_map, gridsize_metres, {5.1079374, 52.0887174});
auto map = gurka::buildtiles(layout, ways, {}, {}, "test/data/gurka_oneway_footway", build_config);
for (auto& c : costing) {
auto result = gurka::do_action(valhalla::Options::route, map, {"A", "J"}, c);
if (c == "pedestrian" || c == "bicycle")
gurka::assert::raw::expect_path(result, {"AB", "BC", "CD", "DG", "GH", "HI", "IJ"});
else
gurka::assert::raw::expect_path(result, {"AB", "BC", "CD", "DE", "EF", "FG", "GH", "HI", "IJ"});
}
for (auto const& c : costing) {
auto result = gurka::do_action(valhalla::Options::route, map, {"J", "A"}, c);
gurka::assert::raw::expect_path(result, {"IJ", "HI", "GH", "FG", "EF", "DE", "CD", "BC", "AB"});
}
}
TEST(Standalone, OnewayFootwayAllowBike) {
constexpr double gridsize_metres = 10;
const std::string ascii_map = R"(
A---B---C---D---E
| |
J---I---H---G---F
)";
const gurka::ways ways = {
{"AB", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"BC", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"CD", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"DE", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"EF",
{{"highway", "unclassified"},
{"oneway", "yes"},
{"bicycle", "no"}}}, // tend not to favor footways, so make the costing use it
{"FG", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"DG", {{"highway", "footway"}, {"bicycle", "yes"}, {"oneway", "yes"}}},
{"GH", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"HI", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"IJ", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
};
const auto layout =
gurka::detail::map_to_coordinates(ascii_map, gridsize_metres, {5.1079374, 52.0887174});
auto map =
gurka::buildtiles(layout, ways, {}, {}, "test/data/gurka_oneway_footway_bike", build_config);
for (auto& c : costing) {
auto result = gurka::do_action(valhalla::Options::route, map, {"A", "J"}, c);
if (c == "pedestrian" || c == "bicycle")
gurka::assert::raw::expect_path(result, {"AB", "BC", "CD", "DG", "GH", "HI", "IJ"});
else
gurka::assert::raw::expect_path(result, {"AB", "BC", "CD", "DE", "EF", "FG", "GH", "HI", "IJ"});
}
}
TEST(Standalone, OnewayFlipped) {
constexpr double gridsize_metres = 10;
const std::string ascii_map = R"(
A---B---C---D---E
| |
J---I---H---G---F
)";
const gurka::ways ways = {
{"AB", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"BC", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"CD", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"DE", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"EF", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"FG", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"DG",
{{"highway", "footway"}, {"bicycle", "yes"}, {"oneway:bicycle", "-1"}, {"oneway:foot", "-1"}}},
{"GH", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"HI", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
{"IJ", {{"highway", "unclassified"}}},
};
const auto layout =
gurka::detail::map_to_coordinates(ascii_map, gridsize_metres, {5.1079374, 52.0887174});
auto map = gurka::buildtiles(layout, ways, {}, {}, "test/data/gurka_oneway_flipped", build_config);
for (auto& c : costing) {
auto result = gurka::do_action(valhalla::Options::route, map, {"A", "J"}, c);
gurka::assert::raw::expect_path(result, {"AB", "BC", "CD", "DE", "EF", "FG", "GH", "HI", "IJ"});
}
}
``` |
South Davis Millpond Branch is a long second-order tributary to Davis Millpond Branch in Dorchester County, Maryland. This is the only stream of this name in the United States.
Course
South Davis Millpond Branch rises about southeast of Federalsburg, Maryland and then flows generally northwest to join North Davis Millpond Branch to form Davis Millpond Branch about southeast of Federalsburg, Maryland.
Watershed
South Davis Millpond Branch drains of area, receives about 44.5 in/year of precipitation, and is about 5.01% forested.
See also
List of Maryland rivers
References
Rivers of Maryland
Rivers of Dorchester County, Maryland
Tributaries of the Nanticoke River |
```scss
@import "../error-message/index";
@import "../hint/index";
@import "../label/index";
@include govuk-exports("govuk/component/input") {
.govuk-input {
@include govuk-font($size: 19);
box-sizing: border-box;
width: 100%;
height: govuk-px-to-rem(40px);
margin-top: 0;
padding: govuk-spacing(1);
// Setting any background-color makes text invisible when changing colours
// to dark backgrounds in Firefox (path_to_url As
// background-color and color need to always be set together, color should
// not be set either
border: $govuk-border-width-form-element solid $govuk-input-border-colour;
border-radius: 0;
// Disable inner shadow and remove rounded corners
appearance: none;
&:focus {
outline: $govuk-focus-width solid $govuk-focus-colour;
// Ensure outline appears outside of the element
outline-offset: 0;
// Double the border by adding its width again. Use `box-shadow` for this
// instead of changing `border-width` - this is for consistency with
// components such as textarea where we avoid changing `border-width` as
// it will change the element size. Also, `outline` cannot be utilised
// here as it is already used for the yellow focus state.
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 $govuk-border-width-form-element;
}
&:disabled {
opacity: 0.5;
color: inherit;
background-color: transparent;
cursor: not-allowed;
}
}
.govuk-input::-webkit-outer-spin-button,
.govuk-input::-webkit-inner-spin-button {
margin: 0;
-webkit-appearance: none;
}
.govuk-input[type="number"] {
-moz-appearance: textfield;
}
.govuk-input--error {
border-color: $govuk-error-colour;
&:focus {
border-color: $govuk-input-border-colour;
}
}
.govuk-input--extra-letter-spacing {
@include govuk-font-tabular-numbers;
letter-spacing: 0.05em;
}
// em measurements are based on the point size of the typeface
// Extra space is added on the right to allow for the Safari prefill icon
.govuk-input--width-30 {
max-width: 29.5em;
}
.govuk-input--width-20 {
max-width: 20.5em;
}
.govuk-input--width-10 {
max-width: 11.5em;
}
.govuk-input--width-5 {
max-width: 5.5em;
}
.govuk-input--width-4 {
max-width: 4.5em;
}
.govuk-input--width-3 {
max-width: 3.75em;
}
.govuk-input--width-2 {
max-width: 2.75em;
}
.govuk-input__wrapper {
display: flex;
.govuk-input {
flex: 0 1 auto;
}
.govuk-input:focus {
// Hack to stop focus style being overlapped by the suffix
z-index: 1;
}
// Split prefix/suffix onto separate lines on narrow screens
@include govuk-media-query($until: mobile) {
display: block;
.govuk-input {
// Set max-width to override potential width override class on the input
max-width: 100%;
}
}
}
.govuk-input__prefix,
.govuk-input__suffix {
@include govuk-font($size: 19);
box-sizing: border-box;
// Use flexbox to align text within the prefix and suffix
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
min-width: govuk-px-to-rem(40px);
height: govuk-px-to-rem(40px);
padding: govuk-spacing(1);
border: $govuk-border-width-form-element solid $govuk-input-border-colour;
background-color: govuk-colour("light-grey");
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
// Emphasise non-editable status of prefixes and suffixes
cursor: default;
flex: 0 0 auto;
// Split prefix/suffix onto separate lines on narrow screens
@include govuk-media-query($until: mobile) {
display: block;
height: 100%;
white-space: normal;
}
}
.govuk-input__prefix {
@include govuk-media-query($until: mobile) {
border-bottom: 0;
}
@include govuk-media-query($from: mobile) {
border-right: 0;
}
}
// Split prefix/suffix onto separate lines on narrow screens
.govuk-input__suffix {
@include govuk-media-query($until: mobile) {
border-top: 0;
}
@include govuk-media-query($from: mobile) {
border-left: 0;
}
}
}
``` |
Bashir Mohammed Ali Al-Hashimi, CBE, FRS, FREng, FIEEE, FIET, FBCS (born 5 January 1961) is a recognised multidisciplinary global researcher with sustained and pioneering contributions to computer engineering and a prominent academic and higher education leader. He is Vice President (Research & Innovation) and ARM Professor of Computer Engineering at King's College London in the United Kingdom. He was the co-founder and co-director of the ARM-ECS Research Centre, an industry-university collaboration partnership involving the University of Southampton and ARM. He is actively involved in promoting science and engineering for young people and regularly contributes to engineering higher education and skills national debates.
Early life and education
Bashir was born in Baghdad, Iraq and he came to the UK in 1978 to study and went to the University of Bath where he obtained an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering. He was awarded an MSc in electronics engineering from the University of Cardiff in 1986 and his PhD degree (1989) was received from the University of York with a thesis on the synthesis and integration of analogue filters, supervised by Kel Fidler. He worked in the electronics industry following his PhD in 1989 and joined the Department of Electronics and Computer Science (ECS) at University of Southampton in 2000.
Research and Academic Career
Bashir is one of only a few researchers worldwide with internationally leading expertise in both low power design and test of integrated electronic circuits and systems. His research focuses on understanding the interaction between hardware and software in constrained computing systems such as in mobile and embedded applications and how such interactions can be used through theory and experiment to achieve systems energy efficiency and enhanced hardware dependability. He has made fundamental theoretical and experimental contributions to the field of hardware-software co-design, low power semiconductor chips test and test-data compression of digital integrated circuits and the emerging field of energy-harvesting computing.
In 2009, he established the Pervasive Systems Centre, the first multidisciplinary research centre researching the interaction of hardware and software in computing systems. He has published 6 books (including most recently Many-Core Computing: Hardware and Software, IET (2019) and nearly 400 referred technical papers.
He has developed and validated new methods, tools and advanced technology demonstrators for use in integrated circuits and embedded systems design and test, which have now spread across the world. He was one of the first internationally to demonstrate through theory and experiment that the yield of low power digital integrated circuits is negatively impacted during manufacturing testing, showing through a sound theoretical framework the interplay between energy efficiency and hardware reliability of embedded systems. He was lead director on PRiME, a £5.6 million EPSRC funded five-year programme (2013–2018) researching in the areas of low power, highly-parallel, reconfigurable and dependable computing and verified software design.
He was also the project director for the £1.6 million Holistic battery-free electronics project, aiming to develop ultra-energy-efficient electronic systems for emerging applications including mobile digital health and autonomous wireless monitoring in environmental and industrial settings.This project addressed one of the UK Electronics Design community Grand Challenges, “Batteries Not Included”. The funding of this project has played an important role in shaping and influencing the academic research agenda worldwide in powering Internet of Things devices in a sustainable way.
Both projects were undertaken with a consortium of universities and industrial partners to investigate how to reduce energy consumption of electronic and computing systems, discovering the factors and understanding to make battery-free and many-core computing possible. These works are now citied regularly in reported research worldwide and examples of specific achievements include the development of algorithms for energy-harvesting computing and devising methods for reducing both dynamic and leakage power consumption of embedded systems.
He has held various academic leadership roles, starting with serving as Deputy Head of the School of Electronics and Computer Science (ECS), University of Southampton. In 2014, he was appointed Executive Dean of the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering at Southampton and in 2018, as Executive Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, one of the largest engineering faculties in the UK with a budget of nearly £200m, where he remains a Visiting Professor at the School of Electronics and Computer Science (ECS). In 2020, he joined King's College London to lead the Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, leading the change to Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences at King's. Under his leadership the faculty saw significant growth in staffing, research performance, student numbers and external academic standing.
Awards, Honours and Fellowhips
Bashir was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours for services to computer engineering and to industry.
Elected Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2009.
In 2012, the European Electronic Design Automation Association awarded him a DATE Fellowship for leadership and outstanding contributions to electronic design, automation and test.
In 2012, he was awarded the Outstanding Service Award by the IEEE Council for Electronic Design Automation (CEDA) for serving as the General Chair of DATE 2012.
Elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2013.
In 2014, he received the Royal Society Wolfson Fellowship for his work on energy-efficient and reliable many-core computing systems.
In 2020, he was awarded the IET Faraday Medal, formally signing the register at a ceremony in October 2022.
In 2023, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. His nomination from the Royal Society reads:
"Bashir M. Al-Hashimi is distinguished for pioneering theoretical and practical contributions to semiconductor microchips manufacturing test, energy-efficient computation and the emerging research discipline of energy harvesting computing. His research impact and technology transfer have been significant in academia and industry. He invented new low-power and cost effective test methods and tools for electronics system-on-chips. He pioneered use of system-level design to understand the interaction between hardware and software of embedded computing to save energy, providing the underpinning of design automation tools."
Elected in 2023 as a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Appointments
Bashir is an Elected Trustee of the Royal Academy of Engineering Board and completed recently a term as chair of the Academy's Awards Committee. He is a Board Director of the ERA Foundation and a UK Electronics Skills Foundation (UKESF) Board Trustee and Director.
He is a member of the Research England Expanding Excellence in England (E3) Fund Assessment Panel and he served as a panel member on the UK Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014 and the REF 2021 Engineering Panel.
Personal life
Bashir is married to May and they have three daughters: Sara, Haneen and Zahara.
References
Living people
1961 births
Academics of the University of Southampton
Arm Holdings people
Fellows of the Institute of Engineering and Technology
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society |
The following species in the flowering plant genus Mimosa are accepted by Plants of the World Online. About 90% of its hundreds of species are found in the Neotropics.
Mimosa acantholoba
Mimosa acapulcensis
Mimosa accedens
Mimosa acroconica
Mimosa aculeaticarpa
Mimosa acutistipula
Mimosa adamantina
Mimosa adenantheroides
Mimosa adenocarpa
Mimosa adenotricha
Mimosa adpressa
Mimosa affinis
Mimosa aguapeia
Mimosa albida
Mimosa albolanata
Mimosa alleniana
Mimosa altoparanensis
Mimosa amambayensis
Mimosa amnis-atri
Mimosa andina
Mimosa andringitrensis
Mimosa annularis
Mimosa antioquensis
Mimosa antrorsa
Mimosa apodocarpa
Mimosa arenosa
Mimosa arturoana
Mimosa aspera
Mimosa asperoides
Mimosa atlantica
Mimosa aureliana
Mimosa auriberbis
Mimosa auriculata
Mimosa aurivillus
Mimosa australis
Mimosa axillarioides
Mimosa axillaris
Mimosa bahamensis
Mimosa balansae
Mimosa balduinii
Mimosa baptistae
Mimosa barberi
Mimosa barnebiana
Mimosa barrancana
Mimosa barretoi
Mimosa bathyrrhena
Mimosa benthamii
Mimosa berroi
Mimosa bifurca
Mimosa bimucronata
Mimosa bipennatula
Mimosa bispiculata
Mimosa biuncifera
Mimosa blanchetii
Mimosa bocainae
Mimosa boliviana
Mimosa bombycina
Mimosa bonplandii
Mimosa borboremae
Mimosa borealis
Mimosa brachycarpa
Mimosa brachycarpoides
Mimosa brachystachya
Mimosa bracteolaris
Mimosa brevipes
Mimosa brevipetiolata
Mimosa brevipinna
Mimosa brevispicata
Mimosa burchellii
Mimosa burkartii
Mimosa busseana
Mimosa caaguazuensis
Mimosa caccavariana
Mimosa caduca
Mimosa caerulea
Mimosa caesalpiniifolia
Mimosa cainguensis
Mimosa calcicola
Mimosa caliciadenia
Mimosa calliandroides
Mimosa callidryas
Mimosa callithrix
Mimosa calocephala
Mimosa calodendron
Mimosa campicola
Mimosa camporum
Mimosa canahuensis
Mimosa canastrensis
Mimosa candelabrum
Mimosa candollei
Mimosa capito
Mimosa capuronii
Mimosa carolina
Mimosa carvalhoi
Mimosa casta
Mimosa castanoclada
Mimosa catharinensis
Mimosa centurionis
Mimosa ceratonia
Mimosa cerifera
Mimosa chacoensis
Mimosa chaetosphaera
Mimosa chartostegia
Mimosa chelata
Mimosa chiliomera
Mimosa chiquitaniensis
Mimosa chochisensis
Mimosa chodatii
Mimosa chrysastra
Mimosa chrysothrix
Mimosa cisparanensis
Mimosa claussenii
Mimosa coelocarpa
Mimosa colombiana
Mimosa congestifolia
Mimosa coniflora
Mimosa cordistipula
Mimosa cordobensis
Mimosa coruscocaesia
Mimosa corynadenia
Mimosa costenya
Mimosa craspedisetosa
Mimosa cruenta
Mimosa crumenarioides
Mimosa cryptogloea
Mimosa cryptothamnos
Mimosa ctenodes
Mimosa cubatanensis
Mimosa cuiabensis
Mimosa custodis
Mimosa cuzcoana
Mimosa cyclophylla
Mimosa cylindracea
Mimosa daleoides
Mimosa dalyi
Mimosa dasilvae
Mimosa dasyphylla
Mimosa deamii
Mimosa debilis
Mimosa deceptrix
Mimosa decorticans
Mimosa decumbens
Mimosa delicatula
Mimosa demissa
Mimosa densa
Mimosa depauperata
Mimosa detinens
Mimosa dicerastes
Mimosa dichroa
Mimosa diffusa
Mimosa digitata
Mimosa diminuta
Mimosa diplacantha
Mimosa diplotricha
Mimosa discobola
Mimosa disperma
Mimosa distachya
Mimosa distans
Mimosa diversifolia
Mimosa diversipila
Mimosa dolens
Mimosa dominarum
Mimosa domingensis
Mimosa dormiens
Mimosa dryandroides
Mimosa dumetaria
Mimosa dupuyana
Mimosa dutrae
Mimosa dysocarpa
Mimosa echinocaula
Mimosa egregia
Mimosa ekmanii
Mimosa elliptica
Mimosa emoryana
Mimosa ephedroides
Mimosa epitropica
Mimosa equisetum
Mimosa eriocarpa
Mimosa eriorrhachis
Mimosa ernestii
Mimosa ervendbergii
Mimosa eurystegia
Mimosa exalbescens
Mimosa excedentis
Mimosa extensa
Mimosa extranea
Mimosa fachinalensis
Mimosa fagaracantha
Mimosa falcipinna
Mimosa falconis
Mimosa farinosa
Mimosa fernandez-casasii
Mimosa fiebrigii
Mimosa filipes
Mimosa filipetiola
Mimosa flabellifolia
Mimosa flagellaris
Mimosa flavocaesia
Mimosa flocculosa
Mimosa floridana
Mimosa foliolosa
Mimosa foreroana
Mimosa furfuracea
Mimosa galeottii
Mimosa gardneri
Mimosa gatesiae
Mimosa gemmulata
Mimosa gentryi
Mimosa glabra
Mimosa glanduliseta
Mimosa glaucula
Mimosa glaziovii
Mimosa glutinosa
Mimosa glycyrrhizoides
Mimosa goldmanii
Mimosa gracilis
Mimosa grahamii
Mimosa grandidieri
Mimosa granitica
Mimosa guanchezii
Mimosa guaranitica
Mimosa guatemalensis
Mimosa guaviarensis
Mimosa guilandinae
Mimosa guirocobensis
Mimosa gymnas
Mimosa haavoa
Mimosa hafomantsina
Mimosa hamata
Mimosa hapaloclada
Mimosa hatschbachii
Mimosa hebecarpa
Mimosa heringeri
Mimosa hexandra
Mimosa hilariana
Mimosa hildebrandtii
Mimosa hirsuticaulis
Mimosa hirsutissima
Mimosa hondurana
Mimosa honesta
Mimosa hortensis
Mimosa huanchacae
Mimosa huberi
Mimosa humifusa
Mimosa humivagans
Mimosa hypnodes
Mimosa hypoglauca
Mimosa hystricina
Mimosa ikondensis
Mimosa implexa
Mimosa inamoena
Mimosa incana
Mimosa incarum
Mimosa insidiosa
Mimosa insignis
Mimosa interrupta
Mimosa intricata
Mimosa invisa
Mimosa involucrata
Mimosa iperoensis
Mimosa irrigua
Mimosa irwinii
Mimosa itatiaiensis
Mimosa jacobita
Mimosa jaenensis
Mimosa josephina
Mimosa kalunga
Mimosa kermesina
Mimosa kitrokala
Mimosa kuhlmannii
Mimosa kuhnisteroides
Mimosa lacerata
Mimosa lactiflua
Mimosa lamolina
Mimosa lanata
Mimosa laniceps
Mimosa lanuginosa
Mimosa lasiocephala
Mimosa laticifera
Mimosa latidens
Mimosa latispinosa
Mimosa lawranceana
Mimosa leimonias
Mimosa leiocephala
Mimosa lemniscata
Mimosa leonardii
Mimosa lepidophora
Mimosa lepidorepens
Mimosa lepidota
Mimosa leprosa
Mimosa leptantha
Mimosa leptocarpa
Mimosa leptorhachis
Mimosa leucaenoides
Mimosa levenensis
Mimosa lewisii
Mimosa lingvatouana
Mimosa lithoreas
Mimosa longepedunculata
Mimosa longipes
Mimosa longiracemosa
Mimosa longistipula
Mimosa loxensis
Mimosa luciana
Mimosa luisana
Mimosa lundiana
Mimosa lupinoides
Mimosa macedoana
Mimosa macrocalyx
Mimosa macrocephala
Mimosa macropogon
Mimosa magentea
Mimosa maguirei
Mimosa mahilakensis
Mimosa mainaea
Mimosa malacophylla
Mimosa manidea
Mimosa manomboensis
Mimosa maracayuensis
Mimosa margaritae
Mimosa martin-delcampoi
Mimosa medioxima
Mimosa melanocarpa
Mimosa mellii
Mimosa menabeensis
Mimosa mensicola
Mimosa microcarpa
Mimosa microcephala
Mimosa micropteris
Mimosa minarum
Mimosa minutifolia
Mimosa miranda
Mimosa misera
Mimosa mitzi
Mimosa modesta
Mimosa mollis
Mimosa monacensis
Mimosa monancistra
Mimosa monclovensis
Mimosa moniliformis
Mimosa montana
Mimosa monticola
Mimosa montis-carasae
Mimosa morongii
Mimosa morroensis
Mimosa mossambicensis
Mimosa multiceps
Mimosa multiplex
Mimosa murex
Mimosa myriacantha
Mimosa myriadenia
Mimosa myriocephala
Mimosa myrioglandulosa
Mimosa myriophylla
Mimosa myuros
Mimosa nanchititlana
Mimosa neonitens
Mimosa neptunioides
Mimosa niederleinii
Mimosa niomarlei
Mimosa nitens
Mimosa nitidula
Mimosa nossibiensis
Mimosa nothacacia
Mimosa nothopteris
Mimosa nycteridis
Mimosa oblonga
Mimosa obstrigosa
Mimosa occidentalis
Mimosa oedoclada
Mimosa oligophylla
Mimosa oligosperma
Mimosa onilahensis
Mimosa ophthalmocentra
Mimosa orbignyana
Mimosa orinocoensis
Mimosa orthacantha
Mimosa orthocarpa
Mimosa osmarii
Mimosa ostenii
Mimosa ourobrancoensis
Mimosa pabstiana
Mimosa pachycarpoides
Mimosa palmeri
Mimosa palmetorum
Mimosa paludosa
Mimosa papposa
Mimosa paraguariae
Mimosa paraibana
Mimosa paranapiacabae
Mimosa parviceps
Mimosa parvifoliolata
Mimosa parvipinna
Mimosa paucifolia
Mimosa pauli
Mimosa paupera
Mimosa pectinatipinna
Mimosa pedersenii
Mimosa peduncularis
Mimosa pedunculosa
Mimosa per-dusenii
Mimosa perplicata
Mimosa petiolaris
Mimosa petraea
Mimosa phyllodinea
Mimosa pigra
Mimosa pilulifera
Mimosa pinetorum
Mimosa piptoptera
Mimosa piresii
Mimosa piscatorum
Mimosa pithecolobioides
Mimosa planitei
Mimosa platycarpa
Mimosa platyphylla
Mimosa plumosa
Mimosa poculata
Mimosa pogocephala
Mimosa pogonoclada
Mimosa polyantha
Mimosa polycarpa
Mimosa polycephala
Mimosa polydactyla
Mimosa polydidyma
Mimosa porrecta
Mimosa prainiana
Mimosa pratincola
Mimosa pringlei
Mimosa prionopus
Mimosa procurrens
Mimosa prorepens
Mimosa pseudocallosa
Mimosa pseudofoliolosa
Mimosa pseudolepidota
Mimosa pseudopetiolaris
Mimosa pseudoradula
Mimosa pseudosepiaria
Mimosa pseudotrachycarpa
Mimosa psilocarpa
Mimosa psittacina
Mimosa psoralea
Mimosa pteridifolia
Mimosa puberula
Mimosa pudica
Mimosa pumilio
Mimosa purpusii
Mimosa pusilliceps
Mimosa pycnocoma
Mimosa pyrenea
Mimosa quadrivalvis
Mimosa quitensis
Mimosa radula
Mimosa ramboi
Mimosa ramentacea
Mimosa ramosissima
Mimosa ramulosa
Mimosa rastrera
Mimosa rava
Mimosa reduviosa
Mimosa regina
Mimosa regnellii
Mimosa reptans
Mimosa revoluta
Mimosa rheiptera
Mimosa rhodocarpa
Mimosa rhododactyla
Mimosa rhodostegia
Mimosa riedelii
Mimosa riverensis
Mimosa robusta
Mimosa rocae
Mimosa rojasii
Mimosa rokatavensis
Mimosa rondoniana
Mimosa rosei
Mimosa roseoalba
Mimosa rubicaulis
Mimosa rubra
Mimosa rufescens
Mimosa rufipila
Mimosa rupestris
Mimosa rupigena
Mimosa rusbyana
Mimosa sanguinolenta
Mimosa savokaea
Mimosa scaberrima
Mimosa scabrella
Mimosa sceptrum
Mimosa schininii
Mimosa schleidenii
Mimosa schomburgkii
Mimosa schrankioides
Mimosa selloi
Mimosa sensibilis
Mimosa sensitiva
Mimosa sericantha
Mimosa serpensetosa
Mimosa serra
Mimosa setifera
Mimosa setistipula
Mimosa setosa
Mimosa setosissima
Mimosa setuligera
Mimosa setuliseta
Mimosa sicyocarpa
Mimosa similis
Mimosa simplicissima
Mimosa sinaloensis
Mimosa skinneri
Mimosa sobralii
Mimosa somnambulans
Mimosa somnians
Mimosa sotoi
Mimosa sousae
Mimosa sparsa
Mimosa sparsiformis
Mimosa speciosissima
Mimosa spirocarpa
Mimosa spixiana
Mimosa splendida
Mimosa sprengelii
Mimosa strigillosa
Mimosa strobiliflora
Mimosa struthionoptera
Mimosa stylosa
Mimosa subenervis
Mimosa suberosa
Mimosa subinermis
Mimosa suburbana
Mimosa suffruticosa
Mimosa supravisa
Mimosa surumuensis
Mimosa taimbensis
Mimosa tanalarum
Mimosa tandilensis
Mimosa tarda
Mimosa tejupilcana
Mimosa teledactyla
Mimosa tenuiflora
Mimosa tenuipendula
Mimosa tequilana
Mimosa terribilis
Mimosa tetragona
Mimosa texana
Mimosa thermarum
Mimosa thomista
Mimosa tobatiensis
Mimosa tocantina
Mimosa torresiae
Mimosa townsendii
Mimosa trianae
Mimosa tricephala
Mimosa trichocephala
Mimosa trinerva
Mimosa troncosoae
Mimosa tucumensis
Mimosa turneri
Mimosa tweedieana
Mimosa ulbrichiana
Mimosa ulei
Mimosa uliginosa
Mimosa uniceps
Mimosa uninervis
Mimosa unipinnata
Mimosa uraguensis
Mimosa urandiensis
Mimosa urbica
Mimosa uribeana
Mimosa ursina
Mimosa urticaria
Mimosa velloziana
Mimosa venatorum
Mimosa verecunda
Mimosa verrucosa
Mimosa vestita
Mimosa vexans
Mimosa vilersii
Mimosa viperina
Mimosa virgula
Mimosa viva
Mimosa volubilis
Mimosa waterlotii
Mimosa watsonii
Mimosa weberbaueri
Mimosa weddelliana
Mimosa widgrenii
Mimosa williamsii
Mimosa woodii
Mimosa xanthocentra
Mimosa xiquexiquensis
Mimosa xochipalensis
Mimosa zimapanensis
Mimosa zygophylla
References
Mimosa |
Lacuzon (, "disturbance") or Claude Prost (June 17, 1607 – December 21, 1681) was a Franc-Comtois leader.
He was born at Longchaumois (département of Jura).
He gained his first military experience when the French invaded Burgundy in 1636, harrying the French troops from the castles of Montaigu and Saint-Laurent-la-Roche, and devastating the frontier districts of Bresse and Bugey with fire and sword (1640–1642). In the first invasion of Franche-Comté by Louis XIV in 1668 Lacuzon was unable to make any effective resistance, but he played an important part in Louis' second invasion.
In 1673 he defended Salins for some time; after the capitulation of the town he took refuge in Italy. He died at Milan on December 21, 1681.
References
1607 births
1681 deaths
People from Jura (department) |
A curfew is an order that imposes certain regulations during specified hours. Typically, curfews order all people affected by them to remain indoors during the evening and nighttime hours. Such an order is most often issued by public authorities, but may also be given by the owner of a house to those living in the household. For instance, children are often given curfews by their parents, and an au pair is traditionally given a curfew by which time he or she must return to his or her host family's home. Some jurisdictions have juvenile curfews which affect all persons under a certain age not accompanied by an adult or engaged in certain approved activities.
Curfews have been used as a control measure in martial law, as well as for public safety in the event of a disaster, epidemic, or crisis. Various countries have implemented such measures throughout history, including during World War II and the Gulf War. The enforcement of curfews has been found to disproportionately affect marginalised groups, including those who are homeless or have limited access to transportation.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, curfews were implemented in several countries, including France, Italy, Poland and Australia, as a measure to limit the spread of the virus. However, recent studies have reported negligible or no effect, and even a potential increase in virus transmission. The use and enforcement of curfews during the pandemic has been associated with human rights violations and mental health deterioration, particularly among females and young people, further complicating their use as a control measure. Curfews may also impact road safety, as studies indicate a potential decrease in crashes during curfew hours but an increase in crashes before curfew due to rushing.
Etymology
The word "curfew" comes from the Old French phrase "couvre-feu", which means "cover fire". It was later adopted into Middle English as "curfeu", which later became the modern "curfew". Its original meaning refers to a law by William the Conqueror that all lights and fires should be covered to extinction at the ringing of an eight o'clock bell to prevent the spread of destructive fire within communities in timber buildings.
Historical
Curfews have been used since the Middle Ages to limit uprisings among subordinate groups, including Anglo-Saxons under William the Conqueror. Prior to the U.S. Civil War, most Southern states placed a curfew on slaves.
Modern curfews primarily focus on youth as well as during periods of war and other crisis. In the United States, progressive reformers pushed for curfews on youth, successfully securing bans on children's nighttime presence on streets in cities such as Louisville, Kentucky and Lincoln, Nebraska. General curfews were also put into place after crises such as the 1871 Chicago Fire.
Wartime curfews were also implemented during the First and Second World Wars. A formal curfew introduced by the British board of trade ordered shops and entertainment establishments to extinguish their lights by 10:30 p.m. to save fuel during World War I.
Types
An order issued by public authorities or military forces requiring everyone or certain people to be indoors at certain times, often at night. It can be imposed to maintain public order (as was the case with the northeast blackout of 2003, the 2005 French riots, the 2010 Chile earthquake, the 2011 Egyptian revolution, and the 2014 Ferguson unrest), or suppress targeted groups. Curfews have long been directed at certain groups in many cities or states, such as Japanese-American university students on the West Coast of the United States during World War II, African-Americans in many towns during the time of Jim Crow laws, or people younger than a certain age (usually within a few years either side of 18) in many towns of the United States since the 1980s. In recent times, curfews have been imposed by many countries during disease epidemics or pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic; see below.
A rule set for a child or teenager by their parents or legal guardians, requiring them to return home by a specific time, usually in the evening or night. This may apply daily, or vary with the day of the week, e.g., if the minor has to go to school the next day.
An order by the head of household to a domestic assistant such as an au pair or nanny. The domestic assistant must then return home by a specific time.
A daily requirement for guests to return to their hostel before a specified time, usually in the evening or night.
A daily requirement that a person subject to a court order, such as probation or bail conditions, must return to their home before a certain hour and be inside it until a certain hour of the morning.
In baseball, a time after which a game must end, or play be suspended. For example, in the American League the curfew rule for many years decreed that no inning could begin after 1 am local time (with the exception of international games).
In aeronautics, night flying restrictions may restrict aircraft operations over a defined period in the nighttime, to limit the disruption of aircraft noise on the sleep of nearby residents. Notable examples are the London airports of Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted, which operate under the Quota Count system.
In a few locations in the UK, patrons of licensed premises may not enter after a "curfew" time, also known as "last orders". In Inverclyde, for example, this is currently set at 12:00 am.
By country
Australia
On 17 August 2011, a nighttime curfew was imposed on children who had run amok in the streets of Victoria after repeating youth offenses.
On 2 August 2020, following the surge of COVID-19 cases in Victoria, especially in Melbourne, Victorian premier Daniel Andrews declared a state of disaster across the state and imposed stage 4 lockdown in Metropolitan Melbourne. The new measures included nighttime curfew, which was implemented across Melbourne from 20:00 to 05:00 (AEST). The restrictions came into effect at 18:00 (6 pm) and lasted until 28 September 2020 (5 am).
On 16 August 2021, following a surge of COVID-19 cases and a drop in compliance in restrictions in Victoria, especially in Melbourne, Victorian Premier Daniel Andrews reinstated the curfew in Melbourne, this time from 21:00 to 05:00 (AEST) effective midnight 17 August 2021 until at least 2 September 2021.
On 20 August 2021, as COVID-19 cases continued to surge in New South Wales, NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian imposed a curfew in the local government areas of Bayside, Blacktown, Burwood, Campbelltown, Canterbury-Bankstown, Cumberland, Fairfield, Georges River, Liverpool, Parramatta, Strathfield, and parts of Penrith, from 9:00 pm to 5:00 am (AEST) beginning from 23 August.
Belgium
On 17 October 2020, due to surge of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Belgium, Prime Minister Alexander De Croo announced a nationwide curfew from midnight to 05:00 am local time. The curfew was imposed on 19 October 2020 and was to last for four weeks. The government also announced the closure of cafes, bars and restaurants for one month and alcohol sales were banned after 8:00 pm local time.
Canada
On 6 January 2021, due to a surge of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the province of Quebec, a curfew was ordered by the premier of Quebec François Legault. The curfew was adjusted for different areas of the province depending on the number of cases, amongst other criteria. The more populous areas, such as the urban areas of Montréal and Quebec City qualified as "red zones" and were placed under a curfew from 8 pm to 5 am while the less urban areas were either "orange zones" with a curfew from 9:30 pm to 5 am. This curfew was expected to be in effect from 9 January up to and including 8 February 2021.
"Yellow zones" did not have curfew. However, the curfew did not end in February. It ended on May 28, 2021. On December 30, 2021, Quebec reinstated the nightly curfew this time starting at 10:00 pm to 5:00 am. Following the reinstatement of the curfew, studies came out doubting its effectiveness in lowering the transmission of COVID-19.
Egypt
On 28 January 2011, during the Egyptian Revolution and following the collapse of the police system, President Hosni Mubarak declared a country-wide military enforced curfew. However, it was ignored by demonstrators who continued their sit-in in Tahrir Square. Concerned residents formed neighborhood vigilante groups to defend their communities against looters and the newly escaped prisoners.
On the second anniversary of the revolution, in January 2013, a wave of demonstrations swept the country against President Mohamed Morsi who declared a curfew in Port Said, Ismaïlia, and Suez, three cities where deadly street clashes had occurred. In defiance, the locals took to the streets during the curfew, organizing football tournaments and street festivals, prohibiting police and military forces from enforcing the curfew.
Fiji
On 27 March 2020, Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama announced a nationwide curfew from 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. that would take effect on 30 March. The times have been adjusted forward and backward on several occasions, but as of January 2022, this curfew is still in effect. The government of Fiji maintains that this curfew will stay in effect for the foreseeable future.
France
On 14 October 2020, following the surge of COVID-19 cases and deaths in France that threatened to overwhelm hospitals, French President Emmanuel Macron declared a national state of public health emergency for the second time and imposed a nighttime curfew in the Île-de-France region that includes Paris, as well as Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Rouen, Saint-Etienne, and Toulouse. The curfew ran from 09:00 pm to 06:00 am local time (CEST) (08:00 pm to 05:00 am CET) and was implemented from 17 October 2020 to last four weeks.
Under the rules, people in those cities could only leave their homes for essential reasons, and anyone who violated the curfew would face a fine of 135 euros ($158.64) for the first offence. A second offence would bring a far steeper fine of 1,500 euros, or around $1,762.
On 23 October, the curfew was expanded to 38 departments and French Polynesia. In total, 54 departments and one overseas collectivity were affected by new restrictions, comprising 46 million people, or two-thirds of the French population.
Iceland
Under Iceland's Child Protection Act (no. 80/2002 Art. 92), minors aged 12 and under may not be outdoors after 20:00 (8:00 pm) unless accompanied by an adult. Minors aged 13 to 16 may not be outdoors after 22:00 (10:00 pm), unless on their way home from a recognized event organized by a school, sports organization or youth club. During the period 1 May to 1 September, children may be outdoors for two hours longer.
Children and teenagers that break curfew are taken to the local police station and police officers tell their parents to come and get them. The age limits are based upon year of birth, not date of birth. If a parent cannot be reached, the child or teenager is taken to a shelter.
Ireland
Several medieval towns in Ireland had a curfew after the English model. In Galway a curfew bell was rung every night before the town gates were locked. In Kilkenny the night watchmen stood guard over the market stalls "from curfew to cockcrow."
During the 1916 Easter Rising, Dublin was under curfew between 7:30 p.m. and 5:30 am.
During the Irish War of Independence curfews were regularly imposed, including in 1920 in Dublin between midnight and 5 am. Curfew between 9 p.m. and 3 a.m. was imposed on Cork City in July 1920 after the shooting of Gerald Smyth; in August it was extended to many parts of Munster.
In 1921 Limerick was under a curfew. In 1921, Dublin's curfew began at 10 pm, moved to 9 p.m on 4 March.
In the Republic of Ireland, a restriction on movement order may be placed on an offender, which may include a curfew element.
Italy
In Italy a curfew went into effect from October 2020 to limit the spread of COVID-19. Between 22 and 26 October 2020 Lombardy, Campania, Lazio, Sicily, Calabria and Piedmont imposed a curfew between 11.00 pm and 5.00 am, so any movement was prohibited.
With the ministerial decree of 3 November 2020, corrected with the DPCM of 3 December 2020, and 14 January 2021, the Italian Regions are grouped into three types of different epidemiological scenarios. A curfew is instituted nationwide from 10 pm to 5 am, shopping centers are ordered to close on weekends, and the use of distance learning for high schools.
There have been many protests and riots against the curfew nationwide since it came into effect. However, the curfew has not been lifted by the government.
Jersey
During the German occupation of the Channel Islands, curfews were imposed.
Morocco
On 21 December 2020, the government of Morocco first announced a nationwide nighttime curfew as part of its response to the COVID-19 pandemic, to come into effect on 23 December. Initially implemented for a three-week period from 9:00 pm–6:00 am, it was extended throughout 2021 alongside the state of health emergency, with hours altered during Ramadan (8:00 pm–6:00 am), and from May to early August (11:00 pm–4:30 am). The curfew was lifted on 10 November 2021.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, a curfew from 9:00 pm to 4:30 am local time went into effect on 23 January 2021 to limit the spread of COVID-19. Across the first two nights, 5,765 people were given the 95 euro fine for disobeying the curfew. Nationwide anti-curfew riots occurred from 23 until 26 January, resulting in the arrests of over 575 people. On 8 February, the government announced an extension of the curfew until 2 March. The curfew was lifted on April 28, 2021 and has not been reinstated since then.
Poland
A strict nationwide curfew was imposed in December 1981 following the introduction of Martial law in Poland.
Slovenia
In Slovenia, a curfew was implemented in February 1942 in the area occupied by Italy during World War II. More recently, it was imposed in October 2020 during the COVID-19 epidemic to limit the spread of the virus. The curfew, which was referred to as the "epidemiological curfew," was enforced from 20 October 2020 to 12 April 2021, from 9:00 pm to 6:00 am local time, for a total of 174 days. The measure was recommended by the government's COVID-19 expert group and enforced under the Infectious Diseases Act. The curfew was criticized by some experts as unnecessary and was challenged for its potential violation of human rights. In April 2023, the Constitutional Court declined to assess the curfew regulations as no longer valid, although a concern has been raised that similar measures may be implemented in the future.
South Korea
In South Korea, a curfew was imposed following the American military occupation and end of Japanese colonial rule in 1945. It remained in place throughout the Korean War and decades thereafter until it was lifted on 4 January 1982 under the presidency of Chun Doo-hwan, a few months after the capital Seoul was awarded host of the 1988 Summer Olympics.
Spain
In Spain, a curfew was imposed from 11:00 pm to 6:00 am local time on 25 October 2020 to limit the spread of COVID-19, in addition to some Autonomous Communities starting the curfew at 10:00 pm.
Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, the Sri Lanka Police are empowered to declare and enforce a Police Curfew in any police area for any particular period to maintain the peace, law and order under the Police Ordinance. Under the emergency regulations of the Public Security Ordinance, the President may declare a curfew over the whole or over any part of the country. Travel is restricted, during a curfew, to authorised persons such as police, armed forces personal and public officers. Civilians may gain a Curfew Pass from a police station to travel during a curfew.
Ukraine
During the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, curfews are imposed in all oblasts of Ukraine except Zakarpattia, usually lasting from 12 am to 5 am, although may differ depending on specific oblast.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom's 2003 Anti-Social Behaviour Act created zones that allow police from 9 pm to 6 am to hold and escort home unaccompanied minors under the age of 16, whether badly behaved or not. Although hailed as a success, the High Court ruled in one particular case that the law did not give the police a power of arrest, and officers could not force someone to come with them. On appeal the court of appeal held that the act gave police powers to escort minors home only if they are involved in, or at risk from, actual or imminently anticipated bad behaviour.
In a few towns in the United Kingdom, the curfew bell is still rung as a continuation of the medieval tradition where the bell used to be rung from the parish church to guide travelers safely towards a town or village as darkness fell, or when bad weather made it difficult to follow trackways and for the villagers to extinguish their lights and fires as a safety measure to combat accidental fires. Until 1100 it was against the law to burn any lights after the ringing of the curfew bell. In Morpeth, the curfew is rung each night at 8 pm from Morpeth Clock Tower. In Chertsey, it is rung at 8 pm, from Michaelmas to Lady Day. A short story concerning the Chertsey curfew, set in 1471, and entitled "Blanche Heriot. A legend of old Chertsey Church" was published by Albert Richard Smith in 1843, and formed a basis for the poem "Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight". At Castleton in the Peak District, the curfew is rung from Michaelmas to Shrove Tuesday. At Wallingford in Oxfordshire, the curfew bell continues to be rung at 9 pm rather than 8 pm which is a one-hour extension granted by William The Conqueror as the Lord of the town was a Norman sympathiser. However, none of these curfew bells serves its original function.
Northern Ireland
During the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the British Army made an attempt to search for illegal items secretly held by Official IRA (OIRA) and the Provisional IRA (IRA) in Falls Road, Belfast, a predominantly Catholic neighbourhood. The operation, which became known as the Falls Curfew, took place from 3 to 5 July 1970, with British troops carrying out searches. As it ended, local youths attacked the soldiers, who responded by deploying riot control tactics; the confrontation quickly developed into a series of gunfights between the British Army and the IRA. After four hours, the Army sealed off the area and imposed a 36-hour curfew, carrying out more searches and recovering 96 weapons before the operation ended. Ultimately, 4 civilians were killed, 78 wounded and 337 arrested. 18 soldiers were also wounded. The curfew was later found to be illegal and no further attempts to impose curfews were made during the Troubles.
During the 2020–21 coronavirus pandemic, a curfew was imposed between Christmas 2020 and New Years 2021, 8 p.m. to 6 am, to reduce contagion.
United States
Curfew law in the United States is usually a matter of local ordinance (mainly applied by a municipality or county), rather than federal law. However, the Constitution guarantees certain rights, which have been applied to the states through the 14th Amendment. Hence, any curfew law may be overruled and struck down if, for example, it violates 1st, 4th, 5th or 14th Amendment rights.
Nonetheless, curfews are set by state and local governments. They vary by state and even by county or municipality.
American military curfews are a tool used by commanders at various installations to shape the behavior of soldiers.
Juvenile curfews
Local ordinances and state statutes may make it unlawful for minors below a certain age to be on public streets, unless they are accompanied by a parent or an adult or on lawful and necessary business on behalf of their parents or guardians. For example, a Michigan state law provides that "[n]o minor under the age of 12 years shall loiter, idle or congregate in or on any public street, highway, alley or park between the hours of 10 o'clock p.m. and 6 o'clock a.m., unless the minor is accompanied by a parent or guardian, or some adult delegated by the parent or guardian to accompany the child." MCLA § 722.751; MSA § 28.342(1). Curfew laws in other states and cities typically set forth different curfews for minors of different ages.
The stated purpose of such laws is generally to deter disorderly behavior and crime, while others can include to protect youth from victimization and to strengthen parental responsibility, but their effectiveness is subject to debate. Generally, curfews attempt to address vandalism, shootings, and property crimes, which are believed to happen mostly at night, but are less commonly used to address underage drinking, drunk driving and teenage pregnancy. Parents can be fined, charged or ordered to take parenting classes for willingly, or through insufficient control or supervision, permitting the child to violate the curfew. Many local curfew laws were enacted in the 1950s and 1960s to attack the "juvenile delinquent" problem of youth gangs. Most curfew exceptions include:
accompanied by a parent or an adult appointed by the parent;
going to or coming home from work, school, religious, or recreational activity;
engaging in a lawful employment activity or;
involved in an emergency;
Some cities make it illegal for a business owner, operator, or any employee to knowingly allow a minor to remain in the establishment during curfew hours. A business owner, operator, or any employee may be also subject to fines.
A 2011 UC-Berkeley study looked at the 54 larger U.S. cities that enacted youth curfews between 1985 and 2002 and found that arrests of youths affected by curfew restrictions dropped almost 15% in the first year and approximately 10% in following years. However, not all studies agree with the conclusion that youth curfew laws actually reduce crime, and many studies find no benefit or sometimes even the opposite. For example, one 2016 systematic review of 12 studies on the matter found that the effect on crime is close to zero, and can perhaps even backfire somewhat.
There are also concerns about racial profiling. In response to concerns about racial profiling, Montgomery County, Maryland, passed a limited curfew, which would permit police officers to arrest juveniles in situations that appear threatening.
Mall curfews
Many malls in the United States have policies that prohibit minors under a specified age from entering the mall after specified times, unless they are accompanied by a parent or another adult or are working at the mall during curfew times. Such policies are known as mall curfews. The Youth Supervision Policy, requires all minors visiting Mall after 3 p.m. to be accompanied by someone 21 or older. One adult can chaperone up to four minors. The policy is part of the mall's broader security program, which includes the addition of metal detectors, more patrols and a K-9 unit. Malls that have policies prohibiting unaccompanied minors at any time are known as parental escort policies.
Curfews for adults
States and municipalities in the United States have occasionally enacted curfews on the population at large, often as a result of severely inclement weather or civil disorder. Some such curfews require all citizens simply to refrain from driving. Others require all citizens to remain inside, with exceptions granted to those in important positions, such as elected officials, law enforcement personnel, first responders, healthcare workers, and the mass media.
However, unlike juvenile curfews, all-ages curfews have always been very limited in terms of both location and duration. That is, they are temporary and restricted to very specific areas, and generally only implemented during states of emergency, then subsequently lifted or allowed to sunset.
In 1992, a curfew was imposed in Los Angeles, California during the Rodney King Riots.
In 2015, the city of Baltimore enacted a curfew on all citizens that lasted for five days and prohibited all citizens from going outdoors from 10 pm to 5 am with the exception of those traveling to or from work and those with medical emergencies. This was in response to the 2015 Baltimore protests.
During the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, local curfews were used (typically in combination with daytime lockdown policies) in the attempt to slow down the spread of the virus by limiting nonessential interactions between people from different households. Later in 2020, citywide curfews were enacted in major cities across the country due to protests following the killing of George Floyd in May. Arizona enacted a statewide curfew. Countywide curfews were enacted for Los Angeles County and Alameda County in California. In spring 2021, the city of Miami Beach, Florida enacted a citywide curfew due to public disorder associated with spring break celebrations.
See also
Curfew bell
Freedom of assembly
Shutdown law
Stranger danger
Unlawful assembly
People
Don A. Allen, member of the California State Assembly and of the Los Angeles City Council in the 1940s and 1950s, urged enforcement of curfew laws.
Notes
External links
BBC Report on legal challenge to curfew laws
Juvenile Curfews TELEMASP Bulletin, Texas Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics Program
Emergency laws
Political repression
Public law
National security
Ageism
Juvenile law |
Hurtle Reginald Lupton (born 27 October 1939) is a former Australian politician. He was the Liberal member for Knox in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1992 to 2002.
Lupton was born in Melbourne to John Hurtle Charles Lupton and Wilhelmina Stephens. He was educated at Upwey High School from 1951 to 1954, leaving school early. On 15 September 1962 he married Dawn Yvonne Taylor, with whom he had three children. He completed his high school education at Box Hill High School 1968–69, and studied at Swinburne Technical College for a Certificate of Business Studies 1971–73. He worked as a computer programmer from 1968 until 1980. In 1973 he was elected to Knox City Council, serving three terms (1979–80, 1981–82, 1989–90) as mayor. In 1991 he joined the Liberal Party.
In 1992, Lupton was selected as the Liberal candidate for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Knox, which he duly won. He remained a backbencher throughout the term of the Kennett Government and did not serve on the shadow front bench after the Coalition's defeat in 1999. In 2002, Knox was abolished and Lupton contested Ferntree Gully, but was defeated.
References
1939 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Victoria (state) local councillors
Mayors of places in Victoria (state) |
Brian John Dobbin (born August 18, 1966) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played in 63 National Hockey League (NHL) games with the Philadelphia Flyers and Boston Bruins between 1986 and 1992. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1986 to 1999, was spent in various minor leagues.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
External links
1966 births
Living people
Austin Ice Bats players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Cincinnati Cyclones (IHL) players
Grand Rapids Griffins (IHL) players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kingston Canadians players
London Knights players
Maine Mariners (AHL) players
Milwaukee Admirals players
Muskegon Fury players
New Haven Nighthawks players
People from Lambton County
Philadelphia Flyers draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers players
Port Huron Border Cats players |
Theydon Bois ( or ) is a village and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of Essex, England. It is south of Epping, northeast of Loughton and south of Harlow. The population was 4,062 as at the 2011 Census.
Theydon Bois is inside the M25 motorway near to its junction with the M11 motorway. It is served by Theydon Bois tube station on the Central line and has one primary school, Theydon Bois County Primary School. It lies on the edge of Epping Forest. It also has the Theydon Bois Interchange.
History
Theydon first occurs as Thecdene in 1062; it probably comes from Old English thæc + denu 'valley where thatching materials are got'. The second part of the name refers to the family of Bois (previously, and variously, de Bois, de Boys or de Bosco), which held the manor in the 12th and 13th centuries. For the village name, the pronunciation is either "boyce" or "boys". When the Great Eastern Railway built its branch to Ongar, it asked the clerk of the Epping Parish Council, John Windas, how it should be spelt. As he had some knowledge of French and in view of the village's proximity to the forest, he suggested the best spelling would be 'Bois'.
Theydon Hall, which is on the site of the ancient manor house, is south of the green on the Abridge road. Theydon Hall was the manor house until early in the 17th century. The old parish church was nearby, demolished in 1843.
The Avenue of Trees
What is widely regarded as Theydon Bois' most iconic landmark is the 'Avenue of Trees' which lines Loughton Lane, one of its main roads. The oak trees were planted in the 1830s to, reputedly, celebrate the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne. Chairwoman of the City of London's Epping Forest Committee, said, “The Theydon avenue [has been] identified as the highest priority among the many other avenues of trees that the City of London currently looks after."
A recent survey commissioned by the City of London, the responsible authority for the Green, found that four of the trees were required to be felled and others should be monitored.
Although felling was accepted as necessary, there was local concern about the visual impact that this would have on the village. A new line of trees, therefore, was planted in late 2010, set back from the current row. The semi-mature replacements will eventually dominate the site. The TBPC chairman, Robert Glozier, said, "The Avenue of Trees is an intrinsic part of the village. It has to be preserved not just for the short term but also the long term and the best way to do this is to have a parallel Avenue of Trees to take over".
Some of the new trees have been sponsored as memorials, and details of these will be printed on an information board near the avenue.
Events
Several yearly events are observed in Theydon Bois. Of most note is the annual tradition of the Donkey Derby, which is usually held in July. The 26th consecutive event was held on 14 July 2013. The Derby involves children participating in donkey racing, which can be bet on in small-stakes. Individual races or the donkeys themselves can be sponsored in advance by villagers who are then offered the right to name the race or donkey respectively. Also included in the day are rides, games, stalls, donkey rides and food and drink tents. Profits made from the Donkey Derby are raised for the Theydon Bois Scouts, although have recently begun to benefit the local Girl Guides as well. The Donkey Derby was postponed from July until September for the first time in 2012 due to bad weather, although the rescheduled event also suffered from heavy rain and wind.
Another annual tradition is the Open Gardens Day, which is held in the summer. The event, which is now in its 30th year, allows local residents to show private gardens to both local and external visitors.
Theydon Bois and Epping Forest
Epping Forest, an ancient woodland and former Royal Forest, borders Theydon Bois. The Theydon Bois & District Rural Preservation Society was founded to preserve the rural character of the countryside in and around the village.
Awards
Winner, Rural Community Council of Essex 'Essex Best Kept village Competition (Class 2)', 2004
Winner, Rural Community Council of Essex 'Essex Best Kept village Competition (Class 2)', 2007
Runner up, Rural Community Council of Essex 'Essex Best Kept village Competition (Class 2)', 2010
Winner, G.Ewing Essex Community Magazine Awards for ‘Best pool player in Essex’(Theydon Bois village News), 2019
Third Place, Essex Community Magazine Awards for 'Best Community Magazine in Essex' (Theydon Bois village News), 2015
Winner, Essex Community Magazine Awards for 'Best Community Magazine in Essex' (Theydon Bois village News), 2013
Third Place, Essex Community Magazine Awards for 'Best Community Magazine in Essex' (Theydon Bois village News), 2012
Winner, Essex Community Magazine Awards for 'Best Community Magazine in Essex' (Theydon Bois village News), 2011
Winner, Essex Community Magazine Awards for 'Best Community Magazine in Essex' (Theydon Bois village News), 2010
Third Place, Essex Community Magazine Awards for 'Best Community Magazine in Essex' (Theydon Bois village News), 2009
Winner, Essex Community Magazine Awards for 'Best Community Magazine in Essex' (Theydon Bois village News), 2007
Winner, Ch. Ewing Horticultural Society Award for Commitment to Greenery 2015–2021, Theydon Bois Biggest Stud award 2018–2020.
Winner, Essex Association of Local Councils Newsletter Award' – Essex County Council – (Theydon Bois village News), 2005
Winner, Essex Association of Local Councils Newsletter Award' – Essex County Council – (Theydon Bois village News), 2007
Pubs
The village used to have four pubs but now only has two, the Bull and the Queen Victoria. Theydons (previously The Railway Arms) and the Sixteen String Jack were closed (in 2011 and 2016, respectively) and converted to flats.
Transport
Theydon Bois tube station is on the London Underground's Central line. There is currently one bus service connecting the village to Loughton, Abridge, Epping and Harlow.
Governance
Theydon Bois is governed locally by a Parish Council made up of 10 Councillors serving on a 4-year term with 1 of them selected as the chairman of the council for a 12 Month Term. In Parliament it is represented by the constituency of Epping Forest.
Famous residents
David Sullivan, millionaire publisher of Sport Newspapers former co-owner of Birmingham City Football Club and current co-owner of West Ham United Football Club, lives in Birch Hall, off Coppice Row.
Ray Cooney, English playwright and actor
Paul Ballard, TV presenter and convicted sex offender
References
External links
Theydon Bois Parish Council
Epping Forest District
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex |
Kunlun Energy Limited, formerly CNPC (Hong Kong) Limited, became a Hong Kong-listed company in 1993 through a backdoor listing. Its parent company is the China National Petroleum Corporation which itself was created from the transformation of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry in the People's Republic of China in 1988. It is engaged in the investment of exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas in China, Kazakhstan, Oman, Peru, Thailand, Azerbaijan and Indonesia.
See also
Energy in Hong Kong
References
External links
Old website as CNPC (Hong Kong) Limited
Oil and gas companies of Hong Kong
Government-owned companies of China
Energy companies established in 1994
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1994
1994 establishments in Hong Kong
Chinese companies established in 1994
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange |
```objective-c
/*
*
* path_to_url for terms and conditions.
*/
#ifndef LIQUIDCORE_COMMON_H
#define LIQUIDCORE_COMMON_H
#include "Common/JSValue.h"
#include "Common/Macros.h"
#endif //LIQUIDCORE_COMMON_H
``` |
```html+erb
<% add_decidim_page_title(t("info", scope: "decidim.admin.menu.initiatives_submenu")) %>
<% add_decidim_page_title(translated_attribute(current_participatory_space.title)) %>
<div class="item_show__header">
<h1 class="item_show__header-title">
<%= t("info", scope: "decidim.admin.menu.initiatives_submenu") %>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="item__edit item__edit-1col">
<div class="item__edit-form">
<%= decidim_form_for @form, html: { class: "form-defaults form edit_initiative" } do |f| %>
<%= render partial: "form", object: f %>
<div class="item__edit-sticky">
<div class="item__edit-sticky-container">
<%= f.submit t(".update"), class: "button button__sm button__secondary" if allowed_to? :update, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<% if allowed_to? :send_to_technical_validation, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".send_to_technical_validation"),
send_to_technical_validation_initiative_path(current_initiative),
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm_send_to_technical_validation") } %>
<% elsif current_initiative.created? %>
<%= link_to t(".send_to_technical_validation"), "#", class: "button button__sm button__secondary" %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :publish, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t("actions.publish", scope: "decidim.admin"),
publish_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :post,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :unpublish, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t("actions.unpublish", scope: "decidim.admin"),
unpublish_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :delete,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :accept, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".accept"),
accept_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :post,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :reject, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".reject"),
reject_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :delete,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :discard, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".discard"),
discard_initiative_path(current_initiative),
method: :delete,
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :export_votes, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".export_votes"),
export_votes_initiative_path(current_initiative, format: :csv),
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
<% if allowed_to? :export_pdf_signatures, :initiative, initiative: current_initiative %>
<%= link_to t(".export_pdf_signatures"),
export_pdf_signatures_initiative_path(current_initiative, format: :pdf),
class: "button button__sm button__secondary",
data: { confirm: t(".confirm") } %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
``` |
Millbrook House is a training centre for disabled people in Exeter, Devon, England founded in 1937 by Dame Georgiana Buller. It was the first school dedicated to occupational therapy training in the United Kingdom.
The first intake of students began their training on 27 September 1944. The school became affiliated with the University of Exeter and the university validated all its courses. It was later renamed St Loye's College for Training the Disabled.
In 1999 the school changed its name to St Loye's School of Health Studies in order to reflect its commitment to a wide range of health and social courses while still retaining its commitment to providing occupational therapy education.
Since 2003 St Loye's has been part of the School of Health Professions of the University of Plymouth.
External links
Official website
University of Exeter
Occupational therapy organizations
University of Plymouth |
Ubur-Kiret () is a rural locality (a selo) in Kyakhtinsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 292 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.
Geography
Ubur-Kiret is located 78 km southeast of Kyakhta (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ungurkuy is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kyakhtinsky District |
```smalltalk
using Ocelot.Configuration.File;
using Ocelot.LoadBalancer.LoadBalancers;
namespace Ocelot.Configuration.Creator;
public class RouteKeyCreator : IRouteKeyCreator
{
/// <summary>
/// Creates the unique <see langword="string"/> key based on the route properties for load balancing etc.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Key template:
/// <list type="bullet">
/// <item>UpstreamHttpMethod|UpstreamPathTemplate|UpstreamHost|DownstreamHostAndPorts|ServiceNamespace|ServiceName|LoadBalancerType|LoadBalancerKey</item>
/// </list>
/// </remarks>
/// <param name="fileRoute">The route object.</param>
/// <returns>A <see langword="string"/> object containing the key.</returns>
public string Create(FileRoute fileRoute)
{
var isStickySession = fileRoute.LoadBalancerOptions is
{
Type: nameof(CookieStickySessions),
Key.Length: > 0
};
if (isStickySession)
{
return $"{nameof(CookieStickySessions)}:{fileRoute.LoadBalancerOptions.Key}";
}
var upstreamHttpMethods = Csv(fileRoute.UpstreamHttpMethod);
var downstreamHostAndPorts = Csv(fileRoute.DownstreamHostAndPorts.Select(downstream => $"{downstream.Host}:{downstream.Port}"));
var keyBuilder = new StringBuilder()
// UpstreamHttpMethod and UpstreamPathTemplate are required
.AppendNext(upstreamHttpMethods)
.AppendNext(fileRoute.UpstreamPathTemplate)
// Other properties are optional, replace undefined values with defaults to aid debugging
.AppendNext(Coalesce(fileRoute.UpstreamHost, "no-host"))
.AppendNext(Coalesce(downstreamHostAndPorts, "no-host-and-port"))
.AppendNext(Coalesce(fileRoute.ServiceNamespace, "no-svc-ns"))
.AppendNext(Coalesce(fileRoute.ServiceName, "no-svc-name"))
.AppendNext(Coalesce(fileRoute.LoadBalancerOptions.Type, "no-lb-type"))
.AppendNext(Coalesce(fileRoute.LoadBalancerOptions.Key, "no-lb-key"));
return keyBuilder.ToString();
}
/// <summary>
/// Helper function to convert multiple strings into a comma-separated string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="values">The collection of strings to join by comma separator.</param>
/// <returns>A <see langword="string"/> in the comma-separated format.</returns>
private static string Csv(IEnumerable<string> values) => string.Join(',', values);
/// <summary>
/// Helper function to return the first non-null-or-whitespace string.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="first">The 1st string to check.</param>
/// <param name="second">The 2nd string to check.</param>
/// <returns>A <see langword="string"/> which is not empty.</returns>
private static string Coalesce(string first, string second) => string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(first) ? second : first;
}
internal static class RouteKeyCreatorHelpers
{
/// <summary>
/// Helper function to append a string to the key builder, separated by a pipe.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="builder">The builder of the key.</param>
/// <param name="next">The next word to add.</param>
/// <returns>The reference to the builder.</returns>
public static StringBuilder AppendNext(this StringBuilder builder, string next)
{
if (builder.Length > 0)
{
builder.Append('|');
}
return builder.Append(next);
}
}
``` |
The Lochside Regional Trail is a trail that runs from the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal to Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The trail is a popular route both for commuting and recreation. It is frequented by people walking, running, cycling, skateboarding and riding horses.
The trail was created in 2001 and connects to the longer Galloping Goose Regional Trail. The two trails connect at the Switch Bridge in Saanich.
History
At one time the trail originally began as a railway route built by the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway (by 1918 Canadian National). Starting from Victoria it went up the peninsula to Patricia Bay where the Coast Guard ships dock is. It followed what was the lochside trail then crossed the Victoria and Sidney Railway at Bazan. Heading west it would cross the British Columbia Electric Railway to get to the bay.
References
External links
Explore Vancouver Island
Rail trails in British Columbia
Transport in the Capital Regional District |
BX Circini is a star in the constellation Circinus. Its variability was discovered in 1995, with its apparent magnitude ranging from 12.57 to 12.62 over a period of 2 hours 33 minutes. It is currently classified as a PV Telescopii variable star, but has been put forward as the prototype of a new class of pulsating star—the BX Circini variables—along with the only other known example, V652 Herculis. This class of star is rare, possibly because this is a brief stage of stellar evolution. Its mass has been calculated to be around 40 percent that of the Sun, but the radius is a few times larger than that of the Sun. The average surface temperature is high, and has been measured at 23,390 ± 90 K using optical spectra, but 1750 K cooler if analysing it in both the visual and ultraviolet. The temperature appears to vary by 3450 K.
This star has an extremely low proportion of hydrogen, which was first noticed in 1980. In fact, over 99% of its composition appears to be helium, qualifying it as an extreme helium star. Its origin is unclear, but thought to be a result of the merger of a helium white dwarf with a carbon/oxygen one. The two merge violently, with material from the lighter helium white dwarf forming the outer envelope. The resulting star expands and shines as a yellow giant, its outer helium shell igniting and undergoing fusion as material continues to be accreted from the lighter star. The size of the star is maintained by the weight upon the helium shell, and once that has become light enough and the helium is exhausted, the star begins heating and shrinking, becoming the smaller blue star now observed.
References
B-type stars
PV Telescopii variables
Circinus
Circini, BX |
Forza Horizon 4 is a 2018 racing video game developed by Playground Games and published by Microsoft Studios. It was released on 2 October 2018 for Windows and Xbox One after being announced at Xbox's E3 2018 conference. An enhanced version of the game was released on Xbox Series X/S on 10 November 2020. The game is set in a fictionalised representation of areas of Great Britain. It is the fourth Forza Horizon title and eleventh instalment in the Forza series. The game is noted for its introduction of changing seasons to the series, as well as featuring several content-expanding updates which have included new game modes. A sequel, Forza Horizon 5, was released on 9 November 2021.
Gameplay
Forza Horizon 4 is a racing video game set in an open world environment based in a fictionalised Great Britain, with regions that include condensed representations of Edinburgh, the Scottish Highlands, the Lake District (including Derwentwater), Ambleside and the Cotswolds (including Broadway), Bamburgh among others. The game features a route creator which enables players to create races using completely customised routes. The game takes place in a synchronised shared world, compared to the AI-driven 'drivatars' from its predecessors, with each server supporting up to 72 players. The game is also playable in offline mode.
The game features a dynamic weather system that also depicts the change of seasons. The environment in the world will change depending on the season: for example, Derwentwater would freeze over in winter and allow players the ability to drive on the ice to reach areas of the game world that would be inaccessible during all the other seasons. The seasons are fixed across the game's servers, meaning that all players will experience the same conditions at the same time. After completing a prologue series of events which introduce players to all four seasons, the shared-world seasons will change every week, with the changes happening on Thursdays at 2:30PM GMT. The season changes are forewarned to players in the game with a countdown clock, which, when finished, will trigger a short cinematic cutscene showing the previous season changing to the new one, although the cinematic will be delayed for players who are in the middle of an event or activity.
The game features over 750 licensed cars. Players have the opportunity to buy in-game houses which unlock new items, cars and game-play perks, including Horizon Promo and the ability to fast travel anywhere on the map.
Returning from Forza Horizon 3, Wheelspins are prize spins with random rewards ranging from cars, Credits (in-game currency), emotes, horns, and clothing. Wheelspins are rewarded from progressing through the story and completing certain seasonal challenges. These can also be bought in the #Forzathon shop. Super Wheelspins, enhanced versions of Wheelspins with better prizes, are also given for completing parts of the story and seasonal challenges. Super Wheelspins can also be bought in the #Forzathon Shop. Also returning from the past two games, British drum & bass label Hospital Records provided a soundtrack composed of 20 original tracks from various label artists, as well as an unreleased track by Fred V & Grafix titled "Sunrise", made for the game's opening cinematic. The soundtrack album was released on 26 October 2018.
The game features a Dolby Atmos soundtrack.
Owing to licensing issues, vehicles from Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota (including Lexus marque with the exception of some offroad racing and pre-customised trucks and Subaru BRZ) were not present in the base game, but updates released in 2019 re-introduced these brands; Mitsubishi returned on 15 January 2019 with the release of the Free Mitsubishi Motors Car Pack DLC. That same day, however, two dancing emotes ("Carlton" and "Floss") were removed from the game due to lawsuits filed by those dances' creators against Epic Games for their use of the dances as emotes in their game Fortnite Battle Royale. On 19 November 2019, the official Forza Motorsport Twitter account announced that Toyota cars would be returning to the Forza series in the Series 17 update of Forza Horizon 4 on 12 December with the release of the 1998 Toyota Supra RZ.
Content and gameplay updates
Forza Horizon 4 has seen several content expansions and updates since its release. There are two downloadable content expansions for the game. The first of these, Fortune Island, was released in December 2018. It includes a new map, a range of additional cars and adds extreme weather conditions to the game, along with a treasure hunting campaign in which players find treasure chests to earn up to ten million Credits. The second, Lego Speed Champions, was announced at E3 2019 and released on 13 June 2019. Similar to the Forza Horizon 3: Hot Wheels expansion, it is based on the Lego brand's Lego Speed Champions toyline featuring Lego toy versions of real cars, a map "built" with various Lego pieces, and its own separate campaign. It also added a new in-game radio station, Radio Awesome, which is dedicated solely to playing The Lego Movie theme song "Everything Is Awesome" by Tegan and Sara featuring The Lonely Island.
The Series 5 update in January introduced the Free DLC Mitsubishi Motors Car Pack. It included 7 new cars and added a new 10-mission campaign called Isha's Taxis. Four additional car packs have also been released as of 22 February 2021, one including cars from the James Bond films, the other being a collection of Formula Drift cars and a pack of cars from the Barrett-Jackson Car Pack from Forza Motorsport 7. Another car pack featuring Hot Wheels cars was released on 22 February 2021.
There was also a Car Pass featuring 42 new cars. Along with that, there was also the Welcome Pack which featured cars that were pre-tuned and a free player house. There is also a high performance car pack and an all-terrain car pack.
Every four weeks, at the end of every Spring season, a new update for the game was released introducing new gameplay content, cars, and cosmetic items. The first of these updates, at the end of October 2018, saw the addition of the Route Creator tool and a new Horizon Story, British Racing Green. The Series 7 update in March 2019 introduced the Festival Playlist. Players complete daily, weekly, and monthly challenges, including, but not limited to, Seasonal Championships, Playground Games, Ranked Adventure, and Seasonal PR Stunts. While completing these tasks alone earns players rewards, they also contribute to weekly and monthly rewards. 50% and 80% completion of both the Series and the current season rewards drivers with an exclusive car or cosmetic item, consisting of the Common, Rare, Epic, or Legendary rarity. The Festival Playlist has continued to be a part of each series since its introduction.
With the Series 9 update in May 2019, the developers implemented a system to prevent wallriding—the practice of driving into a curved wall on the outside of a corner instead of braking and steering, thus allowing the player to carry more speed through a corner—and high-speed collisions in online multiplayer. The system predicts the occurrence of a collision between two cars with a large difference in speed and ghosts the faster vehicle, preventing rammings (both intentional and accidental). The anti-wall riding measures include slowing down a car in contact with the wall for an extended period of time, depending on speed and the predicted distance the player would have travelled if they did not hit the wall.
In July 2019, as part of the Series 11 update, a special Horizon Story was added in collaboration with BBC's Top Gear. The missions, narrated by presenter Chris Harris, provided players with rewards including the "Track-tor" (a race-modified tractor featured in Series 25 of the show) and the Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 6x6. The update also saw the return of class-based Rivals modes from previous games in the series, and the ability to track progress in the Horizon Life menu, as well as several new unlockable cars in the game's Festival Playlist feature.
In December 2019, as part of the Series 17 update, a new 72-player battle royale-style mode called The Eliminator was added. In this mode, players start by driving around the game world in a fairly slow, weak car such as a 1965 Mini Cooper. As players roam the safe zone, they can acquire car drops that contain more powerful vehicles that randomly appear on the map. Players can also challenge other players to head-to-head races to specific points on the map by pointing their camera at the other's vehicle and honking their horn. Players are eliminated from the event if they drive out of the safe zone (which shrinks over time like in other battle royale games) or lose a head-to-head race, where the winner of such has the option to drive the opponent's car or receive an upgrade. Eventually, when the safe zone shrinks to a certain point, the remaining players will then race to one final point on the map to determine the winner. Microsoft stated in 2021 that The Eliminator was the most popular multiplayer mode in the game.
In April 2020, as part of the Series 21 update, Horizon Promo, a feature previously found in Forza Horizon 2 and 3 where players take in-game photographs of cars using Photo Mode for rewards, made its return to the Forza Horizon series in Horizon 4. In July 2020, the Series 24 update brought a new Photo Challenge feature in the Festival Playlist. This feature would reward players if they took a photo of the specified car in front of the specified location as set out by the Photo Challenge for that week. In July 2020, it was announced that Forza Horizon 4 would be one of a suite of games published by Xbox Game Studios to receive an upgraded version for Xbox Series X/S through Microsoft's Smart Delivery system, which will make the game playable on the new console in 4K resolution at 60 fps.
In December 2020, as part of the Series 30 update, another new game mode called Super7 was added to the game, which came alongside the expanded "Blueprint Builder" feature. In Super7, players have to complete a series of seven randomly selected stunt challenges for rewards. The Blueprint Builder expands upon the Forza Blueprint feature by allowing players to set up ramps, structures and scenery à la TrackMania series to create their own challenges and share them with the game's online community. In the following days, a fictional car, known as the 2058 Quadra V-Tech, was included in the game as part of the release of Cyberpunk 2077.
On 9 March 2021, the game was released on Steam, which suffered from various gameplay issues and game crashes, as well as the inability to import Microsoft Store savegames. On 14 April 2021, the Steam version received a patch, which contained "various stability improvements", according to the patch notes. In July 2021, as part of the Series 37 update, a more difficult variant of the Super7 game mode, called Super7 High Stakes was released, which uses the same gameplay mechanics as the standard Super7, but with a "High Stakes" concept. After completing a challenge, the player has two options: Stick, which lets the player claim their previously earned reward(s) and which also restarts the game, or Twist, which piles up the rewards. The player has three attempts to complete every challenge and the opportunity to pick a new challenge three times per game. If the player loses three times, all previously earned rewards will be lost and the game will start from the beginning. It is also the last major content update for Forza Horizon 4, featuring only one new car, the VUHL 05RR, which is a nod to the Mexican location in Forza Horizon 5.
Reception
Forza Horizon 4 received "universal acclaim" for the Xbox One version, while the PC version received "generally favourable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. The Xbox One version is the highest rated Forza Horizon title and is tied with Forza Motorsport and Forza Motorsport 3 as the highest rated entry in the Forza series based on Metacritic scores.
Game Informer praised the changing weather, feeling it added more variety to each race, "The weather greatly impacts the way you race, and sometimes forces you to retreat to your garage to bring out rides that are more suitable for the conditions. VG247 liked the variety of challenges and activities available to the player, writing, "There are so many different events, and so much to do and find, but it never feels daunting unless you want to nail every weekly challenge and goal". While criticising the festival system as confusing, The Guardian enjoyed the different feel of the game's cars, "Playground Games’ attention to car-modelling detail means that a garage full of 50 vehicles offers 50 slightly different experiences, and lets you develop a curated collection of favourites". Polygon criticised how the game world felt like a theme-park version of England, "everything has the faint whiff of an idealised 1950s about it, a place of ordered pub gardens and rosebushes. There’s no graffiti, no council estates, no industry, no suburbs".
GamesRadar+ felt the setting of England wasn't as interesting as 3's Australia, but liked the online modes, saying "messing around with a group of mates was always fun in Burnout Paradise, and Forza Horizon 4 gives you everything you need to do that, if it’s your bag". GameSpot praised the new additions Forza Horizon 4 added, "You're also now able to create your own custom courses, and the series' more creative pursuits return with story missions--which feature things like stunt driving and nice homages to other racing games". Destructoid had mixed feelings on winter, saying it was "the only season that feels truly unique and actually affects the way driving works", but could be "less fun for the players who don’t want to slip and slide without much traction".
On 18 January 2019, Playground Games announced that they had reached 7 million registered users after the launch of Fortune Island expansion. In June 2019, prior to the launch of the Lego Speed Champions expansion, Playground Games announced the game had reached 10 million users. In August 2019 it was then announced that the game had now topped the 12 million player milestone. By November 2020, Microsoft reported that the game had been played by 24 million players since launch.
Accolades
Notes
References
External links
2018 video games
Forza
Lego video games
Microsoft games
Playground Games games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Open-world video games
Racing video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in Scotland
Video games set in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Xbox Cloud Gaming games
Xbox One games
Xbox One X enhanced games
Xbox Play Anywhere games
Xbox Series X and Series S games
British Academy Games Award for British Game winners
Sumo Digital games
Panic Button (company) games |
```objective-c
// objectrenderer.h
//
// Original version by Chris Laurel <claurel@gmail.com>
//
// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
// as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
#pragma once
#include <cstdint>
#include "octree.h"
class Observer;
class Renderer;
template<class OBJ, class PREC>
class ObjectRenderer : public celestia::engine::OctreeProcessor<OBJ, PREC>
{
public:
const Observer* observer { nullptr };
Renderer* renderer { nullptr };
float pixelSize { 0.0f };
float faintestMag { 0.0f };
float distanceLimit { 0.0f };
// Objects brighter than labelThresholdMag will be labeled
float labelThresholdMag { 0.0f };
std::uint64_t renderFlags { 0 };
int labelMode { 0 };
protected:
explicit ObjectRenderer(PREC _distanceLimit) :
distanceLimit(static_cast<float>(_distanceLimit))
{
}
};
``` |
William George Picton Wrathall (1931, in Auckland – 1995) was a cartoonist for the New Zealand Truth newspaper from 1976 to 1991. His work also appeared in the Weekly News, New Zealand Listener, and the Sunday Times. As well as editorial cartoons, he produced several comic strips, including Godzone for the New Zealand Listener and Pioneer Go Home for Truth (from 1974). He was nephew of renowned New Zealand commercial artist and cartoonist Stopford George (Stop) Wrathall who influenced his style.
Publications
Pioneer Go Home! (1976). Wellington, INL Print.
Korero Māori. Series A (1973). Auckland, Heinemann Educational Books (as illustrator).
Korero Māori. Series B (1974). Auckland, Heinemann Educational Books (as illustrator).
Exhibitions
Theatre 87 (5-9 July 1976)
A bit of cheek: the many faces of Muldoon (National Library of New Zealand, 1994)
References
New Zealand editorial cartoonists
Artists from Auckland
New Zealand satirists
1931 births
1995 deaths |
Son of Dawn may refer to
Lucifer, the religious figure
Son of Dawn, a novel written for the Mystara realm of Dungeons & Dragons |
Pasadena ( ) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, northeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is the most populous city and the primary cultural center of the San Gabriel Valley. Old Pasadena is the city's original commercial district.
Its population was 138,699 at the 2020 census, making it the 44th largest city in California and the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County. Pasadena was incorporated on June 19, 1886, becoming one of the first cities to be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, following the city of Los Angeles (April 4, 1850).
Pasadena is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game and Tournament of Roses Parade. It is also home to many scientific, educational, and cultural institutions, including Caltech, Pasadena City College, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Fuller Theological Seminary, Parsons Corporation, ArtCenter College of Design, the Pasadena Playhouse, the Ambassador Auditorium, the Norton Simon Museum, and the USC Pacific Asia Museum.
History
Indigenous history
The original inhabitants of Pasadena (meaning "valley" in the language of the Ojibwe, a Native American tribe not local to the region, the name being chosen by American colonists from Indiana who would later move to the area) and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language (part of the Uto-Aztecan languages group). Native Americans had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years. Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city.
The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals as well as trading for ocean fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island. The oldest transportation route still in existence in Pasadena is the old Tongva foot trail, also known as the Gabrielino Trail, that follows the west side of the Rose Bowl and the Arroyo Seco past the Jet Propulsion Laboratory into the San Gabriel Mountains. The trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is also still in use in what is now known as the Salvia Canyon.
Spanish era
The Spanish first colonized the Los Angeles Basin in the 1770s as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, building the San Gabriel Mission and renaming the local Tongva people "Gabrielino Indians", after the name of the mission. Today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area.
Mexican era
In 1821, Mexico became independent of Spain and California came under control of the Mexican government. In 1833, the mission lands were secularized and most of the lands in California were granted to private Mexican citizens in the form of ranchos. Present-day Pasadena was divided between Rancho San Rafael (lands west of the Arroyo Seco extending to present-day Burbank in the northwest to Glassell Park in the southwest), Rancho del Rincon de San Pascual, (present-day central Pasadena, Altadena, and South Pasadena), and Rancho Santa Anita (present-day east Pasadena, Arcadia, and Monrovia). Rancho del Rincon de San Pascual was so named because it was deeded on Easter Sunday to Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.
American era
Prior to the American conquest of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners of Rancho del Rincon de San Pascual was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area: Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton; and Dr. S. Griffin. Much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa (Riverside, California) and was mayor of Los Angeles. He was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson.
In 1873, Wilson was visited by Dr. Daniel M. Berry of Indiana who was looking for a place in the country that could offer a mild climate for his patients, most of whom suffered from respiratory ailments. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three night's sleep at Rancho San Pascual. To keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area "Muscat" after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a large portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31, 1874, they incorporated the Indiana Colony. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added of then-useless highland property, part of which would become Altadena. Colonel Jabez Banbury opened the first school on South Orange Grove Avenue. Banbury had twin daughters, named Jennie and Jessie. The two became the first students to attend Pasadena's first school on Orange Grove.
At the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue. On the other side of the street was Wilson's Lake Vineyard development. After more than a decade of parallel development on both sides, the two settlements merged into the City of Pasadena.
Resort town
The popularity of the region drew people from across the country, and Pasadena eventually became a stop on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, which led to an explosion in growth. From the real estate boom of the 1880s until the Great Depression, as great tourist hotels were developed in the city, Pasadena became a winter resort for wealthy Easterners, spurring the development of new neighborhoods and business districts, and increased road and transit connections with Los Angeles, culminating with the opening of the Arroyo Seco Parkway, California's first freeway. By 1940, Pasadena had become the eighth-largest city in California and was widely considered a twin city to Los Angeles.
The first of the great hotels to be established in Pasadena was the Raymond (1886) atop Bacon Hill, renamed Raymond Hill after construction. Pasadena was served by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at the Santa Fe Depot in downtown when the Second District was opened in 1887. The original Mansard Victorian 200-room facility burned down on Easter morning of 1895, was rebuilt in 1903, and razed during the Great Depression to make way for residential development. The Maryland Hotel existed from the early 1900s and was demolished in 1934. The world-famous Mount Lowe Railway and associated mountain hotels shut down four years later due to fire damage. Three hotel structures have survived, the Green Hotel (a co-op since 1926), the Vista Del Arroyo (now used as a Federal courthouse), and a residential tower of the Maryland at 80 North Euclid Avenue (a co-op since 1953).
The American Craftsman era in art and design is well represented in Pasadena. The architectural firm Greene and Greene developed the style; many of its residences still stand. Two examples of their Ultimate bungalow are the masterpiece Gamble House, of which public tours are available, and the Robert R. Blacker House, both designated California Historical Landmarks and enrolled on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Contemporary
The Second World War proved to be a boon to Pasadena as Southern California became a major staging area for the Pacific War. High tech manufacturing and scientific companies made the city their home, a trend which continued in the decades following the war, notably with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Tetra Tech and Ameron International.
In the 1950s, Pasadena saw a steady influx of people from the Southern United States, especially African-Americans from Texas and Louisiana. Pasadena also began hosting a large immigrant community, particularly from China, Japan, Philippines, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Italy, Armenia, and India.
The American Academy of Dramatic Arts, founded in 1884 in New York, opened its Pasadena campus in 1974. However, in 2001 the conservatory moved from Pasadena to Hollywood. Training actors for the stage in a two year program, the conservatory was the first school in the United States to offer professional education in the field of acting. Point Loma Nazarene University was located in Pasadena for many years before relocating to San Diego County, and retained the names Pasadena University and Pasadena College.
In 1969, the Pasadena Unified School District was desegregated, though the issue would continue to be fought in court for a decade. A year later, the 210 Freeway was built along a newly chosen route. The freeway's construction was controversial, as it caused the demolition of over a thousand homes, many historic, and many claimed that the route was designed to cut off the city's less wealthy neighborhoods.
Downtown Pasadena became dangerous in some parts and deserted in others, and incidences of murder and arson skyrocketed. Old Pasadena faced destruction as plans for new high-rise developments were drawn up, though they were mostly stopped by increasingly active preservation advocates. Pasadena suffered demographically as many residents decamped for the nearby suburbs or the Inland Empire, causing an overall decrease in population. Despite these setbacks, many local artists and hipsters moved in to take advantage of low property values. Their legacy can be seen today in the Doo Dah Parade which began in 1976.
In 2014, several arrests were made involving an embezzlement scheme which stole an estimated $6.4 million from the city's Underground Utility Program.
Geography
The greater Pasadena area is bounded by the Raymond Fault line, the San Rafael Hills, and the San Gabriel Mountains. The Arroyo Seco, a major geographic feature and home of the Rose Bowl, flows from headwaters in Pasadena's towering Angeles National Forest greenbelt in the San Gabriel Mountains. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , over 99% of it land; 0.68% is water.
Climate
Pasadena has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), with typically hotter summers and slightly cooler winters than nearby coastal areas. Its location relative to the San Gabriel mountains allows the orographic lift to add several more inches of rainfall per year than nearby areas. During the first few months of the year, Pasadena experiences cool to warm highs, typically in the upper 60s () to lower 70s (). Colder days are usually accompanied by heavier rain. By April, temperatures warm further, and rain tapers off significantly.
By May and June, rain is typically sparse, but the marine layer becomes more persistent. Locals have dubbed June "June Gloom" as it is the cloudiest month despite being the 3rd driest month. By July, the marine layer subsides as inland areas cool due to an increased monsoon flow. Heatwaves from July through October can be oppressive and lengthy. In addition, it rarely rains during the summer and fall months, and only does when the remnants of hurricanes and tropical storms pass by. In fact, some days in both July and August have never recorded rainfall. It is not impossible to go 6 months without measurable precipitation.
The average highest temperature recorded each year is around . The hottest heatwaves of the year usually occur in mid to late September. By late October, temperatures drop off. By November, Pacific storms return to Pasadena, bringing increasingly heavy rain and cooler weather. Along with them, however, are the Santa Ana winds. The Santa Ana winds can produce heat, high winds, power outages, tree damage and an increased wildfire threat whenever they strike. By December, lows typically drop into the 40s () with the occasional reading in the 30s (). Highs remain around with heatwaves pushing temperatures into the mid-80s (). A high temperature of at least has been recorded on all 365 days of the year, with temperatures over possible April through early November.
Pasadena averages of rain a year, about more than nearby Los Angeles due to the orographic effect created by the San Gabriel Mountains. The wettest "rain year" was from July 1940 to June 1941 with and the driest from July 1960 to June 1961 with . Wet years are commonly associated with El Niño warm surface water in the eastern Pacific and dry years with La Niña cold water conditions. The most rainfall in one month was in February 1980. The most rainfall in 24 hours was on March 2, 1938.
Situated at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains, snow is known to fall occasionally in Pasadena. The heaviest snowfall in Pasadena history occurred on January 11, 1949; fell at Pasadena's city hall and more than fell in the foothills above the city. The most recent snowfall in Pasadena was on February 21, 2019.
On November 30 and December 1, 2011, Pasadena, along with surrounding communities, was struck by a major windstorm caused by Santa Ana winds. The city suffered heavy damage with trees toppled, buildings damaged and even the roof of a gas station torn off.
The official NOAA weather station for the city is located just north-west of the townhall on the other side of Garfield Avenue.
Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Pasadena had a population of 137,122. The population density was . The racial makeup of Pasadena was 76,550 (55.8%) White, 14,650 (10.7%) African American, down from 19.0% in 1990, 827 (0.6%) Native American, 19,595 (14.3%) Asian, 134 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 18,675 (13.6%) from other races, and 6,691 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 46,174 persons (33.7%). Non-Hispanic White residents were 38.8% of the population, down from 70.4% in 1970.
The Census reported that 133,629 people (97.5% of the population) lived in households, 2,472 (1.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 1,021 (0.7%) were institutionalized.
There were 55,270 households, out of which 14,459 (26.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 22,285 (40.3%) were married couples living together, 6,131 (11.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,460 (4.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 3,016 (5.5%) unmarried partnerships. 18,838 households (34.1%) were made up of individuals, and 5,748 (10.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42. There were 30,876 families (55.9% of all households); the average family size was 3.18.
The age distribution of the population was as follows: 26,507 people (19.3%) were under the age of 18, 12,609 people (9.2%) aged 18 to 24, 45,371 people (33.1%) aged 25 to 44, 34,073 people (24.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 18,562 people (13.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males.
There were 59,551 housing units at an average density of , of which 24,863 (45.0%) were owner-occupied, and 30,407 (55.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.6%. 64,306 people (46.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 69,323 people (50.6%) lived in rental housing units.
According to the 2010 United States Census, Pasadena had a median household income of $69,302, with 13.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
During 2015–2019, Pasadena had a median household income of $83,068, with 14.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line. For people ages 25 and over, 88.3% had a high school degree or higher while 52.3% had a Bachelor's degree or higher.
Mapping L.A.
According to Mapping L.A., Mexican and English were the most common ethnic ancestries cited by residents in 2000. Mexico and the Philippines were the most common foreign places of birth.
Economy
Old Town Pasadena spans 21 blocks downtown. It boasts shops and a wide variety of restaurants, nightclubs, outdoor cafés, pubs, and comedy clubs. "One Colorado" features renovated historic architecture that attracted the new retail stores and restaurants. This development filled vacant buildings and was the impetus of the revitalization of Old Town on Colorado Boulevard.
Paseo Colorado is an open-air mall that covers three city blocks, anchored on the west end by upscale grocery store Gelson's (recently closed), on the east end by Macy's (also closed) and Arclight Cinemas centers the middle portion of the mall. Another shopping district is located in the South Lake Avenue neighborhood. On Lake Avenue, a Macy's department store and furniture gallery is in a registered California historical landmark. The building was originally designed and built as the fourth Bullock's department store in the mid-1950s (the last freestanding store they constructed).
The Rose Bowl Flea Market is a large swap meet that involves thousands of dealers and tens of thousands of visitors in and around the grounds of the Rose Bowl. The merchandise on display ranges from old world antiques to California pottery to vintage clothing. The flea market has been held every second Sunday of the month since 1967.
Top employers
According to the City's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
Other companies based in Pasadena include Avery Dennison, Cogent Systems, Idealab, Inter-Con Security, Goldstar Events, Jacobs Engineering Group, Green Dot Corporation, Tetra Tech, Wesco Financial, OpenX, Stark Spirits Distillery and Wetzel's Pretzels. The Los Angeles-area office of China Eastern Airlines is located in Pasadena.
Arts and culture
Tournament of Roses Parade
Pasadena is home to the Tournament of Roses Parade, held each year on January 1 (or on January 2, if the 1st falls on a Sunday). The first parade was held in 1890 and was originally sponsored by the Valley Hunt Club, a Pasadena social club. The motivation for having the parade was, as member Professor Charles F. Holder said, "In New York, people are buried in snow. Here our flowers are blooming and our oranges are about to bear. Let's hold a festival to tell the world about our paradise."
By 1895, the festivities had outgrown the Valley Hunt Club, and the Tournament of Roses Association was formed to take charge of the parade. The Rose Parade, as it is familiarly known, traditionally features elaborate floats, bands and equestrian units. According to the organizers, "Every inch of every float must be covered with flowers, or other natural materials, such as leaves, seeds, or bark. On average a float requires about 100,000 flowers and greenery. Volunteer workers swarm over the floats in the days after Christmas, their hands and clothes covered with glue and petals." The most perishable flowers are placed in small vials of water, which are placed onto the float individually. Over the almost 3 hours of the parade, floats, and participants travel over five miles (8 km) and pass by over one million viewers who traditionally camp out over New Year's Eve to have the best view along the parade route.
The Rose Parade is satirized by the popular Doo Dah Parade, an annual event that originated in Old Pasadena in 1978, and soon gained national notoriety. Reader's Digest named the Doo Dah Parade "America's Best Parade", and was a recent feature in 50 Places You Must Visit Before You Die!. It was formerly held around Thanksgiving, a month before the Rose Parade, but the parade is now held in January. In 2011, after 33 years in Pasadena, the parade moved to East Pasadena for the first time. It features unusual and absurd entrants such as the BBQ & Hibachi Marching Grill Team, the Men of Leisure, and the Bastard Sons of Lee Marvin. Proceeds from the parade's pancake breakfast, T-shirts, and after-party are donated to charity.
Rose Bowl Game
The Rose Bowl, a National Historic Landmark, is host of the first and most famous college football postseason bowl game, the Tournament of Roses Rose Bowl Game, every New Year's Day. In 1895, the Tournament of Roses Association was formed to take charge of the parade. In 1902, the association declared that a football game would be added to the day's events. This was the first post-season college football game to be played on New Year's Day and is known as, "The Grandaddy of Them All"; many other football stadiums followed suit. After two decades, the game outgrew its original facility, and a new stadium was constructed in the Arroyo Seco area. The new stadium hosted its first New Year's Day football game in 1923. It was soon christened "The Rose Bowl", as was the game itself.
Performing arts
The legendary Pasadena Playhouse, the State Theater of California, is a member supported theater company that celebrated their centennial season in 2018. The theater puts on five shows a year. In 1937, the Pasadena Playhouse established a record as the only theatre in the United States to have staged the entire Shakespearean canon. Today, the Playhouse is known for their innovative productions.
The Pasadena Symphony, founded in 1928, offers several concerts a year at the Ambassador Auditorium and the Pasadena Pops plays at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. The Civic Center also holds a few traveling Broadway shows each year.
Boston Court Performing Arts Center, opened in 2003, is near Lake and Colorado. Its resident theatre company, the award-winning The Theatre @ Boston Court, presents four productions a year. Music at the Court presents numerous music concerts each year, ranging from classical to jazz. The Friends of the Levitt organization presents a free summer concert series in Memorial Park, with the 2008 summer season marking its sixth year.
Beckman Auditorium and other venues on the Caltech campus present a wide range of performing arts, lectures, films, classes and entertainment events, primarily during the academic year.
For more than ten years, twice annually Pasadena's cultural institutions have opened their doors for free during ArtNight Pasadena, offering the public a rich sampling of quality art, artifacts and music within the city. This has evolved into the yearly PasadenART Weekend, a three-day citywide event which, as of 2007, encompasses ArtNight, ArtWalk, ArtHeritage, ArtMarket, and ArtPerformance, a vibrant outdoor music event showcasing emerging and nationally recognized talent. Free concerts take place on multiple stages throughout Old Pasadena.
Ambassador Auditorium was built under the guidance of Herbert W. Armstrong as both a facility to be used by the Worldwide Church of God for religious services and as a concert hall for public performances celebrating the performing arts. In 2007, the native Pasadena band Ozma reunited and produced the album Pasadena in tribute to the city. The album photos and artwork were shot at the Colorado Street Bridge.
The 1960s song "The Little Old Lady from Pasadena" parodies a popular Southern California image of Pasadena as home to a large population of aged eccentrics. In the song, Jan and Dean sing of an elderly lady who drives a powerful "Super Stock Dodge" muscle car and is "the terror of Colorado Boulevard." The Dead Kennedys paid a tribute to this archetypal song in the track "Buzzbomb From Pasadena" in the album Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death. Pasadena was also the location of the 2012 film Project X.
Visual arts
A number of artists of national repute, such as Guy Rose, Alson S. Clark, Marion Wachtel and Ernest A. Batchelder, of the Arts and Crafts Movement, made Pasadena their home in the early twentieth century. The formation of the California Art Club, Stickney Memorial Art School (later known as Pasadena Arts Institute) and the Pasadena Society of Artists heralded the city's emergence as a regional center for the visual arts.
Museums and galleries
Pasadena is home to a number of art museums and public galleries, including the Norton Simon Museum. The museum's collections include European paintings, sculpture, and tapestry; sculpture from Southern Asia; and an extensive sculpture garden. The museum also has the contemporary art collection of its predecessor, the Pasadena Museum of Art, which focused on modern and contemporary art before being taken over by Simon in the early 1970s.
Preserving and sharing the rich history and culture of Pasadena and its adjacent communities is the Pasadena Museum of History. Located on a campus of , it has gardens, a history center, the Finnish Folk Art Museum, the Curtin House, and the Fenyes Mansion, a 1906 Beaux Arts-style architectural residence and a Pasadena Cultural Heritage Landmark.
The Pacific Asia Museum, with a garden courtyard in its center, features art from the many countries and cultures of Asia. The nearby Pasadena Museum of California Art (recently closed) hosts changing exhibitions of work by historical and contemporary California artists. The Armory Center for the Arts has an extensive exhibition program as well as serving as a center for art education for all ages. Art Center College of Design offers exhibitions at its Williamson Gallery, as well as frequent displays of student work. Pasadena City College has an art gallery that shows work of professionals as part of their annual artist-in-residence program, as well as exhibiting work by students and faculty.
The Huntington Library and Botanical Gardens, with painting and sculpture galleries, is adjacent to Pasadena in the city of San Marino. The innovative Kidspace Children's Museum is located in Brookside Park.
Literature
Red Hen Press, one of the largest independent literary publishers on the US west coast, is located in Pasadena. The press publishes over twenty titles of poetry, fiction, and nonfiction each year as well as a biannual literary magazine called The Los Angeles Review.
In 2002 David Ebershoff published the novel Pasadena. The novel won praise for its accurate recreation of Pasadena before World War II.
Bungalow Heaven
Bungalow Heaven is a neighborhood of 800 small Craftsman homes built from 1900 to 1930. Many of these homes are still occupied. Much of the area became a landmark district in 1989, and annual historic home tours have been conducted since that designation. Bungalow Heaven's borders are Washington Boulevard to the north, Orange Grove Boulevard to the south, Mentor Avenue to the west, and Chester Avenue to the east. The neighborhood is usually extended to Lake Avenue to the west and Hill Avenue to the east.
Famed architects Greene and Greene built several of their Japanese-inspired bungalows in Pasadena, including the Gamble House; the style of the homes in Bungalow Heaven show the effects of their success.
Orange Grove Boulevard
The Norton Simon Museum is at the intersection of Orange Grove and Colorado Boulevards. This corner is the official start of the Rose Parade route and the museum can be quite clearly seen every year during the parade television broadcast.
Orange Grove Boulevard is one of several exclusive residential districts in Pasadena, and has been a home for the rich and famous since the early 20th century. Because of the number of landmark mansions, the street earned the name Millionaire's Row, an appropriate sobriquet considering that the estates that once lined this spacious boulevard and the surrounding neighborhood read like a Who's Who of American consumer products.
Historical estates
The maker of Wrigley's chewing gum, William Wrigley Jr.'s, substantial home was offered to the city of Pasadena after Mrs. Wrigley's death in 1958, under the condition that their home would be the Rose Parade's permanent headquarters. The stately Tournament House stands today, and serves as the headquarters for the Tournament of Roses Parade. Adolphus Busch, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch, brewer of Budweiser beer, established the first of a series of Busch Gardens in Pasadena. When Busch died at his Pasadena estate, his wife generously offered the property to the City of Pasadena, an offer the city inexplicably refused. Henry Markham, who lived adjacent to Busch, was the 18th Governor of the state of California (1891–1895) and wrote Pasadena: Its Early Years. The home of David Gamble, son of consumer product maker James Gamble of Procter & Gamble, is located on the north end of Orange Grove Boulevard.
The Gamble House, an American Craftsman masterpiece, was built in 1908, by architects Charles and Henry Greene, as an exemplification of their ultimate bungalow. It is open to the public as both an architectural conservancy and museum.
The Gamble House is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1966, it was deeded to the city of Pasadena in a mutual agreement with the University of Southern California School of Architecture. Every year, two fifth-year USC architecture students live in the house full-time. The students change yearly.
The home of Anna Bissell McCay, daughter of carpet sweeper magnate Melville Bissell, is a four-story Victorian home, on the border of South Pasadena. Today the Bissell House is a bed and breakfast. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe's home of was on South Orange Grove. The house included a sixth story solarium which he converted into an observatory. Lowe was also a generous patron of the astronomical sciences. He started a water-gas company, founded the Citizens Bank of Los Angeles, built numerous ice plants, and purchased a Pasadena opera house. He also established the Mount Lowe Railway in the mountains above Pasadena and eventually lost his fortune. The brilliant, but troubled, rocket scientist John Whiteside Parsons sometimes shared his residence with other noteworthy people, including L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of Scientology. Parsons died in an explosion while testing a new rocket fuel in his Pasadena home laboratory, in 1952.
Sports
Rose Bowl Stadium
In addition to the annual New Year's Day Rose Bowl game and a College Football Playoff semi-final game every three years, the stadium is the home field for the UCLA Bruins football team and has hosted five Super Bowls and many BCS National Championship games. Important soccer games include the 1984 Summer Olympics, the final game of the 1994 FIFA World Cup, and the final game of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup.
The Rose Bowl stadium was the home ground for the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer from the team's inception in 1996 until in 2003, it moved into the soccer-specific Home Depot Center (now Dignity Health Sports Park) in Carson, California. The venue additionally hosted the 1998 MLS Cup. Many concerts and other events have been held in the stadium, such as Beyonce and Jay Z's "On the Run Tour" on August 2, 2014.
Aquatic center
The Rose Bowl Aquatics Center sits next to the Rose Bowl Stadium. The pool hosted the final practices of the 2000 US Olympic swimming and diving team. In 2008, the facility held the U.S. National Diving Championships.
Tennis center
The Rose Bowl Tennis Center, operated by the city of Pasadena, is located due south of the Rose Bowl Stadium.
Professional futsal
The city of Pasadena is also home to a professional futsal team, the Pasadena Purple Cows, as seen in futsal in the United States. The Cows were an expansion side in season 3 of the TSC Futsal League before making it to the championship game against the Jersey Hooligans in season 4, losing 4-3. Assistant captain, Chris Dailey, was named MVP of season 4 after a 10 goal season.
Government
The city charter specifies a city council/manager form of government. In addition to city manager, the city council appoints the city attorney and prosecutor, and the city clerk. The city manager oversees 13 departments including Water and Power and Human Services. The city has municipal operating companies including the Rose Bowl Operating Company and the Pasadena Community Access Corporation. The city is one of three city members of the Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Authority, which is a joint powers agency that owns Hollywood Burbank Airport.
According to the city's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report of 2009, the city's various funds had $583.0 million in revenues, $518.1 million in expenditures, $954,199,439 in net assets, $732.3 million in total liabilities, and $118,261,490 in cash and investments.
The city operates its own public health department and alongside Berkeley, Long Beach, and Vernon, are the only cities in California doing so. In 2016, the Pasadena Public Health Department received accreditation by the national Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB). The city is primarily served by Huntington Hospital, located adjacent to the downtown area. The eastern half of the city was formerly served by St. Luke Medical Center until its closure in 2002. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Monrovia Health Center in Monrovia, serving portions of Pasadena.
The Pasadena Police Department serves most of the city of Pasadena. Unincorporated portions of the city are part of Los Angeles County and are served by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) and the Altadena Station in Altadena serves nearby portions of Pasadena.
The Pasadena Fire Department moved into its first formal and permanent station in 1889. Before that they had been housed in a ramshackle structure and summoned by the church bell. There were 24 firemen for two shifts.
As of 2016, the Pasadena Fire Department is an ISO Class 1 department, consisting of 181 full-time employees (161 shift personnel, 20 administrative personnel) and eight modern fire stations that serve an area in a radius of .
The Department is dispatched by the Verdugo Fire Communications Center and is one of the three agencies that oversees its operations.
Federal and state representation
In the United States Senate, Pasadena is represented by California's senators Dianne Feinstein, and Alex Padilla.
In the United States House of Representatives, Pasadena is split between , and .
In the state legislature, Pasadena is in , and in .
Education
The California Institute of Technology (Caltech) is in the southern-central area of Pasadena. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (managed for NASA by Caltech) is also in Pasadena. As of 2022, Caltech's 46 Nobel Laureates have brought 47 Nobel Prizes home to Pasadena. In 2005, Caltech dedicated an on-campus weather station honoring the late Nobel laureate geneticist and meteorologist Ed Lewis. The Ed Lewis Memorial Weather Station generates weather information for KNBC and thousands of other Web sites on school campuses in Pasadena and all over the nation.
Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine matriculated its first class in 2020, and waived tuition and fees for its first 5 classes. The school is highly competitive. For the 2021 admissions cycle, Kaiser Permanente's medical school had the lowest acceptance rate among all American medical schools.
Fuller Theological Seminary is one of the largest multidenominational seminaries in the world.
The Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts (formerly known as the California School of Culinary Arts) is located at East Green Street and South Madison Avenue. The school offers the Le Cordon Bleu accreditation and has two campuses in Pasadena.
Pacific Oaks College is located next to Pasadena's National Historic Landmark, the Gamble House.
Providence Christian College is located on the north side of Pasadena.
Art Center College of Design has two campuses in Pasadena—a Hillside Campus in the San Rafael Hills overlooking the Rose Bowl and South Campus at the southern edge of town. Art Center offers several visual and applied art programs.
Los Angeles Music Academy College of Music, founded in 1996, is a contemporary music school whose staff are active in the film, television and recording industries. The school is located between Colorado and California Boulevards on South Fair Oaks Boulevard.
Pasadena City College is a community college founded in 1924 and located on Colorado Boulevard, slightly northeast of Caltech. Until about 1970, the Rose Parade Queen's court was exclusively selected from its students.
The Pasadena Unified School District encompasses and includes Pasadena, Altadena and Sierra Madre. There are 17 K-5 elementary schools, one K-8 school, five middle schools, two 6-12 (secondary) schools, and two high schools. There are also a number of private and parochial schools in the city.
Private elementary schools located in Pasadena include Judson International School, Walden, Mayfield Junior School, Chandler School, Polytechnic School, Westridge School, St. Andrew's Catholic Church, St. Phillip the Apostle School, and Sequoyah School. Private high schools include Mayfield Senior School, Judson International School, Polytechnic School, The Waverly School, Westridge School, La Salle High School, and Maranatha High School.
University of the People, the world's first tuition-free online university which awards accredited degrees, is located on Lake Avenue.
Pasadena had a public library before it was incorporated as a city. The Pasadena Central Library was designed by architect Myron Hunt and dedicated in 1927. The library has an area of and was recently renovated without damaging any of its historic integrity. Movies like Matilda, Legally Blonde and Red Dragon utilized the Pasadena Central Library for both its architecture and interior while filming. The library is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Media
Civic Auditorium venue
The Civic Auditorium is on Green Street. It was designed to be the south cornerstone of Pasadena's Civic Plaza. Every year, the popular television competition, American Idol films their "Hollywood Week" show there. It was also the venue for the Miss Teen USA 2007 pageant. The main auditorium is large enough to have been home to the annual Emmy Awards ceremony for 20 years, from 1977 to 1997. It is also used for high school graduation ceremonies.
Television
Pasadena is the setting of many TV shows including Family (1976 TV series), Brothers & Sisters, Shrinking (an Apple TV+ series), Disney Channel's Dog with a Blog and The Big Bang Theory.
Pasadena Community Access Corporation oversees four television channels: The Arroyo Channel (Channel 32), KPAS (Channel 3), KLRN (Channel 95) and PCC TV (Channel 96). Local television news for Pasadena is produced through this station by the independently operated Crown City News.
ABC's TV show Splash was filmed at the Rose Bowl Aquatics Center.
Radio
Pasadena has been home to a number of notable radio stations. In 1967 radio iconoclasts Tom and Raechel Donahue took over an aging studio in the basement of the Pasadena Presbyterian Church and introduced Los Angeles to FM freeform radio. Broadcasting under the KPPC-FM call sign at 106.7 FM it quickly became the voice of the counterculture and provided the soundtrack to LA's hippie era. Early on-air personalities included Michael McKean, David Lander, Harry Shearer, and Dr. Demento. The staff was fired en masse in 1971 and the station lost its distinctive personality. KPPC later became KROQ-FM, which is owned by Entercom.
Today the primary radio station in Pasadena goes by the call sign KPCC located at 89.3 FM. Broadcasting from the Mohn Broadcast Center on South Raymond Avenue (and no longer on the Pasadena City College campus), this public radio station carries many shows from National Public Radio but maintains an independent streak, committing a large chunk of air time to presenting local and state news. Accordingly, the station has received numerous awards for journalistic excellence and continues to be an important part of the city's heritage. WilsonBlock100 Radio conducts audio interviews with local artists and covers events related to the local music scene. Their name derives from Wilson Ave. in Pasadena's Bungalow Heaven neighborhood district.
Newspapers and magazines
Pasadena's largest newspaper is the Pasadena Star-News, first published in 1884. The daily newspaper also publishes the Rose Magazine. The Pasadena Journal a community weekly featuring the Black voices of the San Gabriel Valley since 1989. The Pasadena Now is a community news website covering stories in the community since 2004. The Pasadena Weekly, an alternative weekly, has been published since 1984. Pasadena Magazine is a magazine published by MMG Publishing with offices located on South Marengo Avenue. It started publication in 2008. Pasadena Outlook covers news from non-profit organizations, social event and K-12 private school coverage since 2007. Colorado Boulevard .net is a grassroots community news website that covers news from the Pasadena and Alhambra areas since its launching in 2013. Two weekly newspapers that were folded include Pasadena Sun, published by Times Community News in 2013 and Pasadena Register, published by Freedom Communications in 2014.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Public transit
Pasadena is served by the Los Angeles Metro A Line light rail, which originates at the Downtown Long Beach station in Long Beach and APU/Citrus College station in Azusa. Opening in 2003 as the Gold Line, there are six A Line stations in Pasadena: Fillmore, Del Mar, and Memorial Park stations in Old Pasadena, Lake station in Downtown, Allen and Sierra Madre Villa stations. Construction began in June 2010 to extend the Gold Line east through several additional foothill communities of the San Gabriel Valley, including Arcadia, Monrovia, Duarte, Irwindale, and Azusa. It began revenue service on March 5, 2016.
Pasadena is also served by various bus services. Pasadena Transit exclusively serves the city while Los Angeles metropolitan area bus services Foothill Transit, LADOT, Metro Local, & Metro Express also serve Pasadena.
Trains
Pasadena was served by the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad, which in 1906 became the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, at a Santa Fe Depot in downtown when the Second District was opened in 1887. In 1925, the historical and traditionally styled station in Pasadena was opened. Originally, the Second District was an invaluable line; it served manufacturing and agricultural businesses throughout the entire San Gabriel Valley. But longer trains had great difficulty climbing the precipitous 2.2% grade at Arroyo Seco, between Pasadena and Los Angeles, requiring the costly addition of extra locomotives. The still-used Third District opened in 1888, just a year after the Second District, and rapidly took over most of the longer freight trains.
The Second District and the Pasadena Depot became well known; up to 26 passenger trains went through Pasadena every day. To avoid the media in Los Angeles, many celebrities chose to use Pasadena as their main train station, bringing it an association with old Hollywood.
Amtrak took over passenger rail operations in 1971, serving Pasadena with trains such as the Southwest Chief, Las Vegas Limited, and Desert Wind. On January 15, 1994, the final Southwest Chief train arrived in Pasadena. ATSF sold the line between Los Angeles and San Bernardino via Pasadena (known as the "second division") following the 1994 Northridge earthquake which damaged a bridge in Arcadia used by the line. (Now the Southwest Chief operates over the transcon via Fullerton.) The LACMTA A Line uses the right-of-way after rebuilding the route to accommodate light rail in 2003. The old depot is still visible at the Del Mar station, though it has since been converted into a restaurant. Electrified Light Rail was the preferred alternative to Metrolink or similar style rail service due to the city of Pasadena voting against any further diesel locomotives traversing through the city. The construction of the Gold Line also allowed the closure of the former railroad crossing along Colorado Boulevard which meant that motorists and the Rose Parade would no longer be hindered by trains.
Airports
Hollywood Burbank Airport in nearby Burbank serves as the regional airport for Pasadena. The airport is owned and operated by the Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Authority. The airport is under the control of the governments of the three cities named. Most destinations from Hollywood Burbank Airport are within the United States, so Los Angeles International Airport and Ontario International Airport are the major airports that provide domestic and international commercial service. Other nearby airports with commercial service include Long Beach Airport and John Wayne Airport.
Freeways and highways
Four freeways run through Pasadena, and Pasadena is a control city for all of them. The most important is the Foothill Freeway (I-210) which enters the northwestern portion of the city from La Cañada Flintridge. The Foothill Freeway initially runs due south, passing the Rose Bowl before its junction with the Ventura Freeway. At this interchange, the Foothill Freeway shifts its alignment and direction, becoming an east-west freeway, exiting the city on its eastern boundary before entering Arcadia. The Foothill Freeway connects Pasadena with San Fernando (westbound) and San Bernardino (eastbound).
The Ventura Freeway (SR 134) starts at the junction of the Foothill Freeway (I-210) at the edge of downtown Pasadena and travels westward. This freeway is the main connector to the Hollywood Burbank Airport and the San Fernando Valley.
A spur of the Long Beach Freeway (SR 710 in Pasadena) is also located in Pasadena. The Long Beach Freeway was intended to connect Long Beach to Pasadena but a gap, known as the South Pasadena Gap, between Alhambra and Pasadena has not been completed due to legal battles primarily involving the city of South Pasadena. The spur starts at the junction of the Ventura Freeway and Foothill Freeway and travels south along the eastern edge of Old Pasadena with two exits for Colorado Boulevard and Del Mar Boulevard before ending at an at-grade intersection with California Boulevard. Efforts to complete the Long Beach Freeway were met with strong opposition, including the possibility of using advanced tunneling technologies to overcome objections. The gap will no longer be constructed, with the $780 million earmarked for constructing the gap now allocated towards local infrastructure improvements. Pasadena is exploring options on the future of the spur.
The Arroyo Seco Parkway (SR 110), also known as the Pasadena Freeway, was the first freeway in California, connecting Los Angeles with Pasadena alongside the Arroyo Seco and is the primary access to Downtown Los Angeles. The freeway enters the southern part of the city from South Pasadena. Only one exit is actually inside city limits, the southbound exit connecting to State Street with access to Fair Oaks Avenue. At Glenarm Street, the freeway ends and the four-lane Arroyo Parkway continues northward to Old Pasadena.
Three state highways enter the city of Pasadena. Arroyo Parkway (SR 110), maintained by the city of Pasadena, runs from the termination of the Pasadena Freeway at Glenarm Street to Colorado Boulevard in Old Town Pasadena. While Arroyo Parkway continues north two more blocks, SR 110 ends at Holly Street.
Rosemead Boulevard (formerly SR 19) is a state highway in unincorporated Pasadena from Huntington Drive to Foothill Boulevard.
A portion of the Angeles Crest Highway (SR 2) in the San Gabriel Mountains cuts through Pasadena near the Angeles Crest Ranger Station. This stretch of highway in the Angeles National Forest is north of La Cañada Flintridge and west of Mount Wilson and is approximately in elevation.
Historic U.S. Route 66 ran through Pasadena until it was decommissioned in 1964. The historic highway entered Pasadena from the east on Colorado Boulevard and then jogged south on Arroyo Parkway before becoming part of the Pasadena Freeway (SR 110).
The intersection of Fair Oaks Avenue and Colorado Boulevard in Old Pasadena is the zero-zero, east-west, north-south postal division of Pasadena.
Water and power
The city Water and Power Department (PWP) provides services to an area and includes areas outside of the city proper including unincorporated areas of southern Altadena, East Pasadena, Chapman Woods, and East San Gabriel. PWP has operated the Glenarm Power Plant for over 110 years.
Pasadena created the Pasadena Municipal Light and Power Department in 1906. Expanding continued and more generating capacity was expanded and the city then offered power to commercial customers in 1908, and bought out Southern California Edison's Pasadena operations in 1920. In 1911, the city began condemnation actions against a number of small, local water companies. In 1912, the Water Department was created; in 1913, it began actual operations. The city continued to acquire small, local water companies for several decades afterwards, usually en toto, such as the Pasadena Lake Vineyard and Land Company, and sometimes in part, such as Las Flores Water Company's southern portions and San Gabriel Valley Water Company's operations in the southern reaches of Pasadena. In 1967, the Water Department and the Light and Power department were consolidated into the "Pasadena Water and Power Department" (or PWP).
It operates a number of water wells, has a spreading ground for the capture of surface water from the Arroyo Seco, and purchases surface water from MWDSC. A number of wells on the west side of the service area had become contaminated with volatile organic chemicals and perchlorate and had to be shut down several years. A treatment plant was built to remove these chemicals which began operation in July 2011.
Notable people
See List of people from Pasadena, California
Wildlife
Pasadena has a large, non-indigenous population of naturalized parrots. According to the "Parrot Project of Los Angeles", the parrots are of at least six species. Some residents have come to enjoy the birds as part of the city's unique culture, while others consider them to be loud pests. There are many theories explaining how the parrots came to inhabit Pasadena. A widely accepted story is that they were part of the stock that were set free for their survival from the large pet emporium at Simpson's Garden Town on East Colorado Boulevard, which burned down in 1959.
Sister cities
Pasadena has six sister cities as noted by Sister Cities International (SCI):
Ludwigshafen, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany (1948) pre-dates Sister Cities International which was formed in 1956
Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan (1957)
Järvenpää, Finland (1983)
Vanadzor, Armenia (1991)
Xicheng District, Beijing, China (1999)
Dakar-Plateau, Senegal (2019)
The following are Friendship Cities: Kasukabe, Japan (1993) and Paju, Gyeonggi, South Korea (2009)
Photo gallery
See also
Largest cities in Southern California
List of cities and towns in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in Pasadena, California
USS Pasadena, 3 ships
Explanatory notes
The number of people counted statistically in demographics will sometimes exceed 100% because some Hispanics and Latinos identify as both White and Hispanic. See Race and ethnicity in the United States Census.
References
Further reading
External links
"Early Views of Pasadena"
Pasadena Museum of History
1874 establishments in California
1886 establishments in California
Cities in Los Angeles County, California
History of Pasadena, California
Incorporated cities and towns in California
Populated places established in 1874
Populated places established in 1886
Transportation in Pasadena, California
Armenian diaspora communities in the United States |
George William (), also known as George IV William (; 29 September 1660 – 21 November 1675) was the last Silesian duke of Legnica (Liegnitz) and Brzeg (Brieg) from 1672 until his death. He was the last male member of the Silesian Piast dynasty descending from Władysław II the Exile (1105–1159), as well as the last legitimate male member of the entire House of Piast.
Family
George William was the eldest but only surviving son of Duke Christian of Legnica-Brzeg (1618–1672) by his wife Louise (1631–1680), a daughter of the Ascanian prince John Casimir of Anhalt-Dessau. He had three siblings:
Karolina of Legnica-Brieg (1652–1707), last Silesian Piast duchess, married to Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (1651–1724) in 1672;
Louise (1657–1660);
Christian Louis (1664).
As the only surviving son, George William was the sole heir to his father's possessions. Duke Christian of Legnica-Brzeg had spent many years in exile in Poland and in the Duchy of Prussia during the Thirty Years' War, after George William's grandfather Duke John Christian of Brieg had fallen out of favour with the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II.
Duke Christian became sole ruler over the Silesian duchies of Legnica and Brzeg in 1664. After the abdication of King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland in 1668, he even put forward his candidacy for the Polish throne; to win the affection and support of the old nobility, he initially wanted to give his newborn son an old Piast name (like Mieszko or Bolesław); however, the Calvinist clergy of his duchy opposed this, maintaining that the idea could bring the return to paganism over Poland. The duke, however, saw to it that his son spoke Polish and wore Polish clothes.
Life
The deaths in 1663 and 1664 of his paternal uncles Duke George III of Brzeg and Duke Louis IV of Legnica without surviving issue left him as the only heir of his father in the still vast Duchy of Legnica-Brzeg. As a result, since his early years, George William received a careful education. During his upbringing, he was put in the hands of the Anhalt-Bernburg count-marshal August Friedrich Bohne, and the personal doctor Henry Martini. During this first period of his education, he acquired an excellent knowledge of German, French and Latin, also understood Italian, Spanish and Polish; he was also educated in theology, philosophy, and rhetoric.
After his father's death in 1672, the then twelve-year-old George William succeeded him as Duke of Legnica and Brzeg; during his minority, the regency was exercised by his mother, Dowager Duchess Louise who held the towns of Wołów and Oława as her dower (wittum). Fearing claims raised by the Habsburg Emperor Leopold I in his capacity as ruler over the Crown of Bohemia, Duke Christian had devised by will that his son was formally under the tutelage of his maternal uncle Prince John George II of Anhalt-Dessau and the mighty Hohenzollern elector Frederick William of Brandenburg. The day before his father's death, Louise sent her son to study at the Viadrina University in Brandenburgian Frankfurt/Oder, considered as an act of mistrust by the Imperial court. On the other hand, the regency of the dowager duchess faced the opposition of the Protestant estates of Legnica-Brzeg, thanks to her increasingly open support for the Catholic faith; a major scandal occurred when the young duke's sister Karolina secretly married Frederick, a member of the aristocrat Catholic family of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg.
The Brandenburg elector reached an understanding with the Habsburg emperor, and in 1673 George William returned to Brzeg, where he received the homage by the estates. On 14 March 1675, the young duke could take formal possession of the government of his lands after he went to the Imperial court in Vienna, making his solemn homage to Emperor Leopold I, who confirmed his coming of age and the succession to his father's lands. Immediately after the beginning of George William's rule, Duchess Louise was forced to give up her area of Wołów.
The announcements of the start of a good and prosperous government by George William were stopped with the sudden death of the duke on 21 November 1675. The cause of his death was an intense fever, developed shortly after his return from a hunt, the first sign of smallpox. The duke was buried in the church of St. John in Legnica, alongside his father, where his grieved mother had a mausoleum built.
Legacy
Upon his death, the Duchy of Legnica-Brzeg reverted to Emperor Leopold as ruler over the Bohemian crown lands, which since 1526 were integral part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. Leopold took up the government by a Landeshauptmann deputy, despite the claims of George William's morganatic uncle Count August of Legnica, and had several Counter-Reformation measures implemented. Duchess Louise retained her lands of Oława until her death in 1680, when they were also incorporated into the Bohemian lands.
The independent Masovian Piasts had died out in 1526, while the Teschen (Cieszyn) line had become extinct in 1653. George William was therefore the last ruling member of all the Piast dynasty, which finally became extinct with the death of his only surviving sibling, Karolina, in 1707. The term "Piast dynasty" was first used by the Polish historian Adam Naruszewicz in his books History of Poland, which he started in 1779. On George William's burial crypt a text was carved referring to him as the last of the Piast dukes of Silesia, who are since the 17th century referred to as "Silesian Piasts".
Ancestry
Patrilineal descent, descent from father to son, is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations.
George William, Duke of Liegnitz was the last legitimate male of the Piast dynasty. Descent before Mieszko I is partly fictional. This is the descent of the primary male heir.
Chościsko
Piast the Wheelwright
Siemowit
Lestko, b. 870–880
Siemomysł, d. 950–960
Mieszko I of Poland, 920/45-992
Bolesław I Chrobry, 967–1025
Mieszko II Lambert, 990–1034
Casimir I the Restorer, 1016–1058
Władysław I Herman, 1044–1102
Bolesław III Wrymouth, 1086–1138
Władysław II the Exile, 1105–1159
Bolesław I the Tall, 1127–1201
Henry I the Bearded, 1165/70–1238
Henry II the Pious, 1196–1241
Bolesław II the Bald, 1220/5-1278
Henry V the Fat, 1248–1296
Bolesław III the Generous, 1291–1352
Ludwik I the Fair, 1321–1398
Henry VII of Brzeg, 1343/45-1399
Henryk IX of Lubin, 1369–1420
Ludwik III of Oława, 1405–1441
John I of Lüben, 1425–1453
Frederick I of Legnica, 1446–1488
Frederick II of Legnica, 1480–1547
George II of Brieg, 1523–1586
Joachim Frederick of Brieg, 1550–1602
John Christian of Brieg, 1591–1639
Christian, Duke of Brieg, 1618–1672
George William, Duke of Liegnitz, 1660–1675
References
External links
Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan
1660 births
1675 deaths
People from Oława
17th-century Polish people
Dukes of Legnica |
```smalltalk
/*****************************************************************************
*
* ReoGrid - .NET Spreadsheet Control
*
* path_to_url
*
* THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
* KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE.
*
* Author: Jingwood <jingwood at unvell.com>
*
*
****************************************************************************/
#if WINFORM || ANDROID
using RGFloat = System.Single;
using RGIntDouble = System.Int32;
#elif WPF
using RGFloat = System.Double;
using RGIntDouble = System.Double;
#elif iOS
using RGFloat = System.Double;
using RGIntDouble = System.Double;
#endif
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using unvell.ReoGrid.Graphics;
using unvell.ReoGrid.Rendering;
using unvell.ReoGrid.Interaction;
using unvell.ReoGrid.Main;
namespace unvell.ReoGrid.Views
{
/// <summary>
/// A view is a visual region which can be independent rendered on ReoGrid control.
/// A view can contains multiple child views.
/// </summary>
interface IView : IUserVisual
{
IViewportController ViewportController { get; set; }
Rectangle Bounds { get; set; }
RGFloat Left { get; }
RGFloat Top { get; }
RGFloat Width { get; }
RGFloat Height { get; }
RGFloat Right { get; }
RGFloat Bottom { get; }
void UpdateView();
RGFloat ScaleFactor { get; set; }
bool PerformTransform { get; set; }
void Draw(CellDrawingContext dc);
void DrawChildren(CellDrawingContext dc);
bool Visible { get; set; }
Point PointToView(Point p);
Point PointToController(Point p);
IView GetViewByPoint(Point p);
IList<IView> Children { get; set; }
}
}
``` |
Radhesh is a village in the former municipality of Zall-Herr in Tirana County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Tirana.
References
Populated places in Tirana
Villages in Tirana County |
The Niagara Movement (NM) was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group of activists—many of whom were among the vanguard of African-American lawyers in the United States—led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and took Niagara Falls as its symbol. The group did not meet in Niagara Falls, New York, but planned its first conference for nearby Buffalo (at the last minute, to avoid disruptions, moved across the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada).
The Niagara Movement was organized to oppose racial segregation and disenfranchisement. Its members felt "unmanly" the policy of accommodation and conciliation, without voting rights, promoted by Booker T. Washington.
The Niagara Movement was the immediate predecessor of the NAACP.
Background
During the Reconstruction Era that followed the American Civil War, African Americans had an unprecedented level of civil freedom and civic participation. In the South, for the first time the former slaves could vote, hold public office, and contract for their labor. With the end of Reconstruction in the 1870s, their freedoms began to narrow. From 1890 to 1908, all the Southern states ratified new constitutions or laws that disenfranchised most blacks and significantly restricted their political and civil rights. All of them passed laws imposing legal racial segregation in public facilities. These policies were entrenched after the United States Supreme Court in 1896 ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that laws requiring "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. However, the separate facilities were often shabby, or they did not exist at all.
The most prominent African-American spokesman during the 1890s was Booker T. Washington, leader of Alabama's Tuskegee Institute. In an 1895 speech in Atlanta, Georgia, Washington discussed what became known as the Atlanta Compromise. He believed that Southern African-Americans should not agitate for political rights (such as exercising the right to vote or having equal treatment under the law) as long as they were provided economic opportunities and basic rights of due process. He believed they needed to focus on education and work, to raise their race. Washington politically dominated the National Afro-American Council, the first nationwide African-American civil rights organization.
By the turn of the 20th century, other activists within the African-American community began demanding a challenge to racist government policies and higher goals for their people than those advocated by Washington. They believed that Washington was "accommodationist". Opponents included Northerner W. E. B. Du Bois, then a professor at Atlanta University, and William Monroe Trotter, a Boston activist who in 1901 founded the Boston Guardian newspaper as a platform for radical activism. In 1902 and 1903 groups of activists sought to gain a larger voice in the debate at the conventions of the National Afro-American Council, but they were marginalized because the conventions were dominated by Washington supporters (also known as Bookerites). Trotter in July 1903 orchestrated a confrontation with Washington in Boston, a stronghold of activism, that resulted in a minor melee and the arrest of Trotter and others; the event garnered national headlines.
In January 1904, Washington, with funding assistance from white philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, organized a meeting in New York to unite African American and civil rights spokesmen. Trotter was not invited, but Du Bois and a few other activists were. Du Bois was sympathetic to the activist cause and suspicious of Washington's motives; he noted that the number of activists invited was small relative to the number of Bookerites. The meeting laid the foundation for a committee to include both Washington and Du Bois, but it quickly fractured. Du Bois resigned in July 1905. By this time, both Du Bois and Trotter recognized the need for a well-organized anti-Washington activist group.
Founding
Along with Du Bois and Trotter, Fredrick McGhee of St. Paul, Minnesota, and Charles Edwin Bentley of Chicago had also recognized the need for a national activist group. The foursome organized a conference to be held July 11–13, 1905, in Buffalo, New York. 59 carefully selected anti-Bookerites were invited to attend; 29 showed up, including prominent community leaders and a notable number of lawyers. At the last minute, to avoid disruption, the meeting was moved to the Erie Beach Hotel in Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada, across the Niagara River from Buffalo.
The organization founded at this meeting chose Du Bois as its general secretary and Cincinnati lawyer George H. Jackson as treasurer. It set up a number of committees to oversee progress on the organization's goals. State chapters would advance local agendas and disseminate information about the organization and its goals. Its name was chosen to reflect the site of its first meeting and to be representative of a "mighty current" of change its leaders sought to bring about. 17 founders were each appointed as state secretary to individually represent 17 of the states of the union:
Massachusetts – CG Morgan
Georgia – John Hope
Arkansas – FB Coffin
Illinois – CE Bentley
Kansas – B.S. Smith
D.C. – L.M. Henshaw
New York – G.F. Miller
Virginia – J.L.R. Diggs
Colorado – C.A. Franklin
Pennsylvania – G.W. Mitchell
Rhode Island – Byron Gunner
New Jersey – T.A. Spraggins
Maryland – G.R. Waller
Iowa – G.H. Woodson
Tennessee – Richard Hill
Minnesota – F.L. McGhee
West Virginia – J.R. Clifford
Founders
The 29 founders who traveled to the inaugural meeting of the Niagara Movement came from 14 states, and became known as "The Original Twenty-nine":
James Robert Lincoln Diggs – College president; pastor; ninth African American to receive a doctorate in the United States
Dr. Henry Lewis "H. L." Bailey (January 17, 1866 – July 16, 1933) – Teacher and medical doctor.
William Justin "W. Justin" Carter, Sr. (May 28, 1866 – March 23, 1947) – Pennsylvania lawyer; civil right activist; scholar; early NAACP member
William Henry "W. H." Scott (June 15, 1848 – June 27, 1910) – Born to slavery, soldier, teacher, bookseller, Baptist pastor, activist, founder of Massachusetts Racial Protective League and the National Independent Political League
Isaac F. "I.F." Bradley, Sr. (1862 – 1938) – Assistant county attorney, Wyandotte County; justice of the peace; judge; publisher and editor of The Wyandotte Echo (1930 – 1938); father of Isaac F. Bradley, Jr., who was assistant attorney general for Kansas (1937-39)
Alonzo F. Herndon – Born to slavery; entrepreneur; one of the first African-American millionaires in the United States
William Henry "W. H." Richards (January 15, 1856 – 1941) – Lawyer and law professor; secured funding from Congress, with William Henry Harrison Hart, for first law school building at Howard University; activist; alderman; mayor;William H. Richards: A remarkable life of a remarkable man, was a biography by Julia B. Nelson, published about 1900
Brown Sylvester "B. S." Smith – Kansas City lawyer and City Councillor, activist. Born to parents who were born into slavery; orphaned young.
Frederick L. McGhee
William Monroe Trotter
Garnett Russell "G.R." Waller (February 17, 1857 – March 7, 1941) – Shoemaker; pastor
Harvey A. Thompson — H. A. Thompson (July 24, 1863 – ), Columbus, Ohio native; Fisk University, Le Moyne College and Meharry Medical College alumni; Ninth United States Cavalry (1883 – 1888); adjutant and first lieutenant of the Eighth Illinois (1894); Chicago political and business figure; clerkship at the central police station; married Frances Gowins
William Henry Harrison Hart — Born to a white slave trader; jailed activist; secured funding from Congress, with W. H. Richards, for first law school building at Howard University; law professor; worked for United States Treasury, United States Department of Agriculture; assistant librarian of Congress; first black lawyer appointed as special U.S. District Attorney for the District of Columbia
Lafayette M. Hershaw
W. E. B. Du Bois – Co-founder of the NAACP
Charles E. Bentley
Clement G. Morgan
Freeman H. M. Murray
J. Max Barber
George Frazier Miller (November 28, 1864 – May 9, 1943) — rector of St. Augustine's Episcopal Church, Brooklyn; socialist; civil rights activist
George Henry "G. H." Woodson (December 15, 1865 – July 7, 1933) — Criminal trial attorney, born to newly emancipated slaves; founder and president of both the Iowa Negro Bar Association in 1901 and — subsequent to being denied membership in the American Bar Association (along with Gertrude Rush, S. Joe Brown, James B. Morris, and Charles P. Howard, Sr.) — the National Negro Bar Association, in 1925, which became the National Bar Association (NBA), of which he also served as president emeritus; President Coolidge appointed Woodson chairman of the first all-Negro commission ever sent overseas, with a mandate to investigate the economic conditions of the Virgin Islands (illustrated report available from the U. S. department of labor archives)
James S. Madden — Bookkeeper; activist; desegregationist; worked to establish the Chicago branch of the Niagara Movement with Charles E. Bentley; Provident Hospital trustee; assisted in the founding of the Equal Opportunity League
Henry C. Smith – Musician, composer; civil rights activist; Ohio deputy oil inspector; co-founder and editor of The Cleveland Gazette
Emery T. "E.T." Morris (1849 - 1924) — Massachusetts deputy sealer of weights and measures; druggist; rail porter; stationary steam engineer; lay teacher who created extensive antislavery libraries in New England; founder of the Boston branch of the Movement
Richard Hill (October 12, 1864 – ) – Native of Nashville, Tennessee; teacher and city schools supervisor; insurance and real estate entrepreneur; served as NM Secretary for Tennessee; father of civil rights activist and lawyer Richard Hill, Jr.
Robert H. Bonner – Beverly, Massachusetts artist; Yale University alumni; Colored Yale Quartette singer; lawyer; long associated the Trotter family
Byron Gunner (July 4, 1857 – February 9, 1922) – Congregational minister; president of the National Equal Rights League; later a strong ally of William Monroe Trotter; Rhode Island Niagara Movement secretary; father of playwright Mary Frances Gunner
Edwin Bush "E.B." Jourdain — Boston lawyer; hosted "the New Bedford Annex for Boston Radicals"; father of journalist, activist and first black alderman of Evanston, Illinois Edwin B. Jourdain, Jr.
George W. Mitchell – Washington, DC attorney; Howard University Latin and Greek professor; Pennsylvania NM secretary; father of lawyer and real estate investor George Henry Mitchell
Inaugural meeting location
The First Niagara Conference was originally scheduled for Buffalo, New York, but because of threatened disruptions from partisans of the politically powerful Booker T. Washington fled at the last minute to the Erie Beach Hotel in Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. Du Bois described the meeting as "secret". One Bookerite, Clifford Plummer, traveled to Buffalo to check up on the proceedings, looked around, and "happily" reported back that there was no conference.
To disguise this, it was said that they were refused accommodation in Buffalo. However, no evidence supports this. According to contemporary reports, Buffalo hotels complied with a statewide anti-discrimination law passed in 1895, and in a recent article it is called an "unlikely...legend".
Declaration of Principles
The attendees of the inaugural meeting drafted a "Declaration of Principles," primarily the work of Du Bois and Trotter. The group's philosophy contrasted with the conciliatory approach by Booker T. Washington, who proposed patience over militancy. The declaration defined the group's philosophy and demands: politically, socially and economically. It described the progress made by "Negro-Americans",
"particularly the increase of intelligence, the buy-in of property, the checking of crime, the uplift in home life, the advance in literature and art, and the demonstration of constructive and executive ability in the conduct of great religious, economic and educational institutions."
It called for blacks to be granted manhood suffrage, for equal treatment for all American citizens alike. Very specifically, it demanded equal economic opportunities, in the rural districts of the South, where many blacks were trapped by sharecropping in a kind of indentured servitude to whites. This resulted in "virtual slavery". The Niagara Movement wanted all African Americans in the South to have the ability to "earn a decent living".
On the subject of education, the authors declared that not only should it be free, but it should also be made compulsory. Higher education, they declared, should be governed independently of class or race, and they demanded action to be taken to improve "high school facilities." This they emphasized: "either the United States will destroy ignorance, or ignorance will destroy the United States." They demanded for judges to be selected independently of their race, and for convicted criminals, white or black, to be given equal punishments for their respective crimes.
In his address to the nation, W. E. B. Du Bois stated, "We are not more lawless than the white race; we [are] more often arrested, convicted and mobbed. We want justice, even for criminals and outlaws." He called for the abolition of the convict lease system. Established after the Civil War before southern states built prisons, convicts were leased out to work as cheap laborers for "railway contractors, mining companies and those who farm large plantations." Southern states had passed laws targeting blacks and leasing them out to pay off fines or fees they could not manage. The system continued, earning money for local jurisdictions and the state from leasing out prisoners. There was little oversight, and many prisoners were abused and worked to death. Urging a return to the faith of "our fathers," the declaration appealed for every person to be considered equal and free.
The declaration also targeted the treatment blacks received from labor unions, often oppressed and not fully protected by their employers nor granted permanent employment. It validated the already announced affirmation that such protest against outright injustice would not cease until such discrimination did. Secondly, Du Bois and Trotter stated the irrationality of discriminating based on one's "physical peculiarities", whether it be place of birth or color of skin. Perhaps one's ignorance, or immorality, poverty or diseases are legitimate excuses, but not the matters over which individuals have no control. Near its end, the document condemns the Jim Crow laws, the rejection of blacks for enlistment in the Navy and by the military academies, the non-enforcement of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments protecting the rights of blacks, and the "unchristian" behaviors of churches that segregate and show prejudice to their black brothers. The Declaration thanked those who "stand for equality" and the advancement of this cause.
Opposition
Booker T. Washington and his supporters tried to discourage growth of this rival movement. Washington, Thomas Fortune, and Charles Anderson met after learning of the Movement's formation, and agreed to suppress news of it in the black press. They acquired supporters in Archibald Grimké and Kelly Miller, two moderates who had been friendly with Trotter, but had not been invited by Du Bois to the convention (Grimké was hired by Fortune's New York Age). The Age editorialized that the Movement was little more than an attempt to tear down the house that Washington had labored to set up. A Boston supporter of Washington convinced the printer of Trotter's Guardian to withdraw his services, but Trotter managed to continue printing anyway. Prominent white activists, including Francis Jackson Garrison and Oswald Garrison Villard (family of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, a hero of Trotter), refused to attend Trotter-organized commemorations of their father's birth centennial. They chose a celebration organized by Bookerites.
Despite Washington's attempts at suppression, Du Bois reported at the end of 1905 that a number of black publications had published accounts of the Movement's activities, and it received further publicity as a consequence of Bookerite press attacks against it. Washington also attacked the Constitution League, a multi-racial civil rights group that was also opposed to his accommodationist policies. The Movement made common cause with this organization.
Activities
After the initial meeting, delegates returned to their home territories to establish local chapters. By mid-September 1905, they had established chapters in 21 states, and the organization had 170 members by year's end. Du Bois founded a magazine, The Moon, in an attempt to establish an official mouthpiece for the organization. Due to lack of funding, it failed after a few months of publication. A second publication, The Horizon, was started in 1907 and survived until 1910.
The movement's second meeting, the first to be held on U.S. soil and arguably the movement's high point, took place at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, the site of abolitionist John Brown's 1859 raid. The three-day gathering, from August 15 to 18, 1906, took place at the campus of Storer College (now part of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park). The Hill Top House Hotel hosted many of the guests. Convention attendees discussed how to secure civil rights for African Americans, and the meeting was later described by Du Bois as "one of the greatest meetings that American Negroes ever held." Attendees walked from Storer College to the nearby Murphy Family farm, relocation site of the historic fort where John Brown's quest to end slavery reached its bloody climax. Once there, they removed their shoes and socks to honor the hallowed ground and participated in a ceremony of remembrance.
Several of the organization's chapters made substantive contributions to the advance of civil rights in 1906. The Massachusetts chapter successfully lobbied against state legislation for the segregation of railroad cars, but was unable to stop the state from helping to fund the Jamestown Exposition, a commemoration of the founding of racially motivated Jamestown, Virginia, in which Virginia sought to limit black admission. The Illinois chapter convinced Chicago theater critics to ignore a production of The Clansman.
During the early months of 1906 friction began to develop between Du Bois and Trotter over the admission of women to the organization. Du Bois supported the idea, and Trotter opposed it, but eventually relented, and the matter was smoothed over during the 1906 meeting. Their division became more significant when Trotter split with longtime supporter and Movement member Clement Morgan over Massachusetts politics and control of the local Movement chapter, with Du Bois siding with the latter. When the Movement met in Boston in 1907 Du Bois not only admitted Grimké and Miller to the organization, he reappointed Morgan to a leading position in the organization. Further attempts to heal the rift failed, and Trotter then resigned from the Movement.
In 1906 there were several proposals floated in the black press that the Movement be merged with other organizations. None of these proposals got off the ground, with the only substance being a meeting between the Movement's Washington, DC chapter and members of the Bookerite National Afro-American Council.
The Movement, in conjunction with the Constitution League (which took Du Bois on as a director), began organizing legal challenges to segregationist laws in early 1907. For an organization with a limited budget, this was an expensive proposition: the single case they mounted challenging Virginia's railroad segregation law put the organization into debt.
Du Bois had sought to return to Harpers Ferry for the 1907 annual meeting, but Storer College refused to grant them permission, claiming the group's presence in 1906 had been followed by financial and political pressure from its supporters to distance itself from them. The 1907 meeting was held in Boston, with conflicting attendance reports. Du Bois claimed 800 attendees, while the Bookerite Washington Bee claimed only about 100 in attendance. The convention published an "Address to the World" in which it called on African-Americans not to vote for Republican Party candidates in the 1908 presidential election, citing President Theodore Roosevelt's support for Jim Crow laws.
End of the Movement
William Monroe Trotter's departure after the 1907 meeting had a serious negative impact on the organization, as did disagreements about which party to support in the 1908 election. Du Bois, with some reluctance, endorsed Democratic Party candidate William Jennings Bryan, but many African-Americans could not bring themselves to break from the Republicans, and William Howard Taft won the election, receiving significant African-American support. The 1908 annual meeting, held in Oberlin, Ohio, was a much smaller affair, and exposed disunity and apathy within the group at both local and national levels. Du Bois invited Mary White Ovington, a settlement worker and socialist he had met in 1904, to address the organization. She was the only white woman to be so honored. By 1908, Washington and his supporters successfully made serious inroads with the press (both white and black), and the Oberlin meeting received almost no coverage. Believing the Movement to be "practically dead", Washington also prepared an obituary of the organization for the New York Age to publish.
In 1909, chapter activities continued to dwindle, membership dropped, and the 1910 annual meeting (held at Sea Isle City, New Jersey) was a small affair that again received no significant press. It was the organization's last meeting.
Legacy
In the wake of the Springfield Race Riot of 1908, a major race riot in Springfield, Illinois, a number of prominent white civil rights activists called for a major conference on race relations. Held in New York City in early 1909, the conference laid the foundation for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which was formally established in 1910. In 1911, Du Bois (who was appointed the NAACP's director of publications) recommended that the remaining membership of the Niagara Movement support the NAACP's activities. William Monroe Trotter attended the 1909 conference, but did not join the NAACP; he instead led other small activist civil rights organizations and continued to publish the Guardian until his death in 1934.
The Niagara Movement did not appear to be very popular with the majority of the African-American population, especially in the South. Booker T. Washington, at the height of the Movement's activities in 1905 and 1906, spoke to large and approving crowds across much of the country. The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot hurt Washington's popularity, giving the Niagarans fuel for their attacks on him. However, given that Washington and the Niagarans agreed on strategy (opposition to Jim Crow laws and support of equal protection and civil rights) but disagreed on tactics, a reconciliation between the factions began after Washington died in 1915. The NAACP went on to become the leading African-American civil rights organization of the 20th century.
See also
Nadir of American race relations
References
Further reading
Capeci, Dominic J., and Jack C. Knight. 1999. "W.E.B. Du Bois's Southern Front: Georgia" Race Men" and the Niagara Movement, 1905-1907." Georgia Historical Quarterly 83.3 (1999): 479-507 online.
Jones, Angela. 2016. "Lessons from the Niagara movement: Prosopography and discursive protest." Sociological Focus 49.1 (2016): 63-83 online.
Jones, Angela. 2011. African American civil rights: Early activism and the Niagara Movement (ABC-CLIO, 2011). details
Primary sources
Du Bois, W. E. B. "Niagara movement speech." (1905). online.
External links
Niagara's Declaration of Principles
Details from the 1908 Niagara Conference at Oberlin
Du Bois Central. Special Collections and University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst
"The Early Black Experience", The Pan African Historical Museum (PAHMUSA)
Niagara Falls, Ontario
NAACP
African Americans' rights organizations
Organizations established in 1905
Organizations disestablished in 1910
Progressive Era in the United States
Civil rights organizations in the United States
1905 establishments in New York (state)
Storer College |
State Route 798 (SR 798) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 798.
List
References
External links
798 |
```java
/*
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.apache.shardingsphere.test.it.sql.parser.internal.cases.parser.jaxb.statement.ral.cdc;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.test.it.sql.parser.internal.cases.parser.jaxb.SQLParserTestCase;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlElement;
/**
* Show streaming status statement test case.
*/
@Getter
@Setter
public final class ShowStreamingStatusStatementTestCase extends SQLParserTestCase {
@XmlElement(name = "job-id")
private String jobId;
}
``` |
```objective-c
// Locale support -*- C++ -*-
// Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
// any later version.
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// with this library; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
// Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,
// USA.
// As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free software
// library without restriction. Specifically, if other files instantiate
// templates or use macros or inline functions from this file, or you compile
// this file and link it with other files to produce an executable, this
// file does not by itself cause the resulting executable to be covered by
// invalidate any other reasons why the executable file might be covered by
//
// ISO C++ 14882: 22.1 Locales
//
/** @file ctype_base.h
* This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
* You should not attempt to use it directly.
*/
// Information as gleaned from /usr/include/ctype.h
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(std)
/// @brief Base class for ctype.
struct ctype_base
{
// Non-standard typedefs.
typedef const int* __to_type;
// NB: Offsets into ctype<char>::_M_table force a particular size
// on the mask type. Because of this, we don't use an enum.
typedef unsigned short mask;
static const mask upper = _ISupper;
static const mask lower = _ISlower;
static const mask alpha = _ISalpha;
static const mask digit = _ISdigit;
static const mask xdigit = _ISxdigit;
static const mask space = _ISspace;
static const mask print = _ISprint;
static const mask graph = _ISalpha | _ISdigit | _ISpunct;
static const mask cntrl = _IScntrl;
static const mask punct = _ISpunct;
static const mask alnum = _ISalpha | _ISdigit;
};
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE
``` |
Mud Island Amphitheater is a 5,000-seat concrete outdoor amphitheater located on Mud Island, a peninsula in Memphis, Tennessee. The structure has been used for concerts and shows since it was built in 1982. A few artists that have performed at Mud Island Amphitheater include Bob Dylan, Journey, Eric Clapton, Heart and Peter Frampton.
References
External links
Amphitheaters in the United States
Music venues completed in 1982
Music venues in Tennessee
1982 establishments in Tennessee |
Semion Goldin (born 1967) is an Israeli historian. He is a senior research fellow at the Leonid Nevzlin Research Center for Russian and Eastern European Jewry in Israel.
Career
Goldin is responsible for the programmatic development and administrative aspects of the Nevzlin Center. He received his PhD cum laude from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His dissertation, published as monograph, focuses on the Russian Army policy towards the Jews during WWI, from 1914 to 1917.
Goldin now teaches at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has published several articles on various topics of East European Jewish history in the twentieth century.
Research
Goldin's historical research is mostly focused on the last years of the Russian Empire, and its military's highly destructive and ultimately disastrous persecution of the Jews during WWI.
The specific aspects he researches are:
The "Jewish Question" and the political situation in the Russian Empire
Jews as the Other in Polish and Russian nationalist ideology
The Russian Army and the Jews at the start of the twentieth century
Russian Army authority and activity in civilian administration during WWI
Russian Army Command and the negative stereotype of the Jew
Russian Army's libelous persecution of the Jewish population in WWI
Soldiers, officers, and the Jewish population of the frontal zone in WWI
Deportations of the Jewish population and hostage taking during WWI
Antisemitism and pogroms in the military of the Russian Empire
Goldin's research papers are published in professional publications:
Semion Goldin in Google Scholar
Semion Goldin in JSTOR
Semion Goldin in Google Books
Semion Goldin in Hebrew University
Books
The Russian Army and the Jewish Population, 1914–1917: Libel, Persecution, Reaction.
Jewish Migration in Modern Times: The Case of Eastern Europe.
References
Living people
1967 births
Israeli historians
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem |
Vadgaon Budruk also known as Vadgaon in the local area is one of the many upcoming suburbs of Pune, Maharashtra, India. It is located on Sinhgad Road.
Location & History
Vadgaon Budruk village is situated about 8 km from center of Pune. It was a very small village before 1990 with farming being main economic activity. Vadgaon Budruk has catchment area in western hills and which brought good soil as well as sufficient water for farming. The village took the name of Vadgaon as it has a number of "Vad"/ Banyan trees. With a dense forest in proximity to river and creek areas, Vadgaon Budruk was one of the stops during sheep migration from Konkan to regions inland. Vadgaon Budruk can be seen directly as a communication point between Sinhgad fort and Pune city. It is known for the Sinhgad Institute & also popular as with middle-class families. Nowadays it is well known place in the IT industry as many IT & BPO employees reside in the area.
Vadgaon Budruk saw lot of change after 2005, with significant increase in population of Pune. The change from village to suburb took toll on environment. Major part of the forest, fertile lands were converted to apartment complexes of concrete and tar. Most of the land in Vadgaon Budruk is now occupied by housing complexes. This is one of the important bases of Pune middle-class people.
In this area, most of the population is Maharashtrian. And it is easily accessible area for people from Satara, Sangli & Kolhapur district.
Transport
Vadgaon Budruk has excellent connectivity to Pune city via PMPML, buses, auto etc. There are frequent buses from Swargate to Dhayari. The city is very close to Pune-Bangalore highway and has good connectivity at both sides. Uber and Ola cabs are also available in this area.
Health
Kashibai Navle Hospital, Narhe
Sinhgad Dental College
Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Erandwane
Cipla Foundation for Cancer
Shinde Hospital
Mai Mangeshkar Hospital
Vinayak Hospital
Lodha Hospital
Madhukar Hospital (Gynaecologist)
Mankar Hospital (Child specialist)
Jagtap Hospital
See also
Pune
List of neighbourhoods in Pune
Neighbourhoods in Pune |
KWXC (88.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a religious format. Licensed to Grove, Oklahoma, United States, the station is currently owned by Grove Broadcasting Inc.
References
External links
WXC
Delaware County, Oklahoma |
```javascript
/*! jQuery Validation Plugin - v1.13.1 - 10/14/2014
* path_to_url
!function(a){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["jquery","../jquery.validate.min"],a):a(jQuery)}(function(a){a.extend(a.validator.messages,{required:"Acest cmp este obligatoriu.",remote:"Te rugm s completezi acest cmp.",email:"Te rugm s introduci o adres de email valid",url:"Te rugm sa introduci o adres URL valid.",date:"Te rugm s introduci o dat corect.",dateISO:"Te rugm s introduci o dat (ISO) corect.",number:"Te rugm s introduci un numr ntreg valid.",digits:"Te rugm s introduci doar cifre.",creditcard:"Te rugm s introduci un numar de carte de credit valid.",equalTo:"Te rugm s reintroduci valoarea.",extension:"Te rugm s introduci o valoare cu o extensie valid.",maxlength:a.validator.format("Te rugm s nu introduci mai mult de {0} caractere."),minlength:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci cel puin {0} caractere."),rangelength:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci o valoare ntre {0} i {1} caractere."),range:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci o valoare ntre {0} i {1}."),max:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci o valoare egal sau mai mic dect {0}."),min:a.validator.format("Te rugm s introduci o valoare egal sau mai mare dect {0}.")})});
``` |
The Best American Comics was a yearly anthology of comics in the United States published by Houghton Mifflin from 2006 to 2019 as part of The Best American Series.
Stories were chosen using the same procedure as the other Best American titles, whereby a series editor chose 80–120 candidates from which a guest editor picked about 20 for publication. Most of the runner-up stories were listed in the appendix. The series editors were Anne Elizabeth Moore (2006–07), Jessica Abel & Matt Madden (2008–2013), and Bill Kartalopoulos (2014–2019).
On September 30, 2020, Kartalopoulos announced on Twitter that the series had been discontinued. He also provided a more detailed account of his time working on the series and its cancellation on his personal website.
Guest editors
2006: Harvey Pekar
2007: Chris Ware
2008: Lynda Barry
2009: Charles Burns
2010: Neil Gaiman
2011: Alison Bechdel
2012: Françoise Mouly
2013: Jeff Smith
2014: Scott McCloud
2015: Jonathan Lethem
2016: Roz Chast
2017: Ben Katchor
2018: Phoebe Gloeckner
2019: Jillian Tamaki
References
2006 comics debuts
2019 comics endings
Book series introduced in 2006
Comics
Books about comics
Comics anthologies
Houghton Mifflin books |
Jenő Szűcs (July 13, 1928 in Debrecen – November 24, 1988 in Leányfalu) was a Hungarian historian who focused on the regions and development of Europe and how the regions of East and West both subsequently affected each other to their modern form.
References
1928 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Hungarian historians
1988 suicides
Suicides in Hungary |
```python
""":mod:`numpy.ma..mrecords`
Defines the equivalent of :class:`numpy.recarrays` for masked arrays,
where fields can be accessed as attributes.
Note that :class:`numpy.ma.MaskedArray` already supports structured datatypes
and the masking of individual fields.
.. moduleauthor:: Pierre Gerard-Marchant
"""
from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
# We should make sure that no field is called '_mask','mask','_fieldmask',
# or whatever restricted keywords. An idea would be to no bother in the
# first place, and then rename the invalid fields with a trailing
# underscore. Maybe we could just overload the parser function ?
import sys
import warnings
import numpy as np
import numpy.core.numerictypes as ntypes
from numpy.compat import basestring
from numpy import (
bool_, dtype, ndarray, recarray, array as narray
)
from numpy.core.records import (
fromarrays as recfromarrays, fromrecords as recfromrecords
)
_byteorderconv = np.core.records._byteorderconv
_typestr = ntypes._typestr
import numpy.ma as ma
from numpy.ma import (
MAError, MaskedArray, masked, nomask, masked_array, getdata,
getmaskarray, filled
)
_check_fill_value = ma.core._check_fill_value
__all__ = [
'MaskedRecords', 'mrecarray', 'fromarrays', 'fromrecords',
'fromtextfile', 'addfield',
]
reserved_fields = ['_data', '_mask', '_fieldmask', 'dtype']
def _getformats(data):
"""
Returns the formats of arrays in arraylist as a comma-separated string.
"""
if hasattr(data, 'dtype'):
return ",".join([desc[1] for desc in data.dtype.descr])
formats = ''
for obj in data:
obj = np.asarray(obj)
formats += _typestr[obj.dtype.type]
if issubclass(obj.dtype.type, ntypes.flexible):
formats += repr(obj.itemsize)
formats += ','
return formats[:-1]
def _checknames(descr, names=None):
"""
Checks that field names ``descr`` are not reserved keywords.
If this is the case, a default 'f%i' is substituted. If the argument
`names` is not None, updates the field names to valid names.
"""
ndescr = len(descr)
default_names = ['f%i' % i for i in range(ndescr)]
if names is None:
new_names = default_names
else:
if isinstance(names, (tuple, list)):
new_names = names
elif isinstance(names, str):
new_names = names.split(',')
else:
raise NameError("illegal input names %s" % repr(names))
nnames = len(new_names)
if nnames < ndescr:
new_names += default_names[nnames:]
ndescr = []
for (n, d, t) in zip(new_names, default_names, descr.descr):
if n in reserved_fields:
if t[0] in reserved_fields:
ndescr.append((d, t[1]))
else:
ndescr.append(t)
else:
ndescr.append((n, t[1]))
return np.dtype(ndescr)
def _get_fieldmask(self):
mdescr = [(n, '|b1') for n in self.dtype.names]
fdmask = np.empty(self.shape, dtype=mdescr)
fdmask.flat = tuple([False] * len(mdescr))
return fdmask
class MaskedRecords(MaskedArray, object):
"""
Attributes
----------
_data : recarray
Underlying data, as a record array.
_mask : boolean array
Mask of the records. A record is masked when all its fields are
masked.
_fieldmask : boolean recarray
Record array of booleans, setting the mask of each individual field
of each record.
_fill_value : record
Filling values for each field.
"""
def __new__(cls, shape, dtype=None, buf=None, offset=0, strides=None,
formats=None, names=None, titles=None,
byteorder=None, aligned=False,
mask=nomask, hard_mask=False, fill_value=None, keep_mask=True,
copy=False,
**options):
self = recarray.__new__(cls, shape, dtype=dtype, buf=buf, offset=offset,
strides=strides, formats=formats, names=names,
titles=titles, byteorder=byteorder,
aligned=aligned,)
mdtype = ma.make_mask_descr(self.dtype)
if mask is nomask or not np.size(mask):
if not keep_mask:
self._mask = tuple([False] * len(mdtype))
else:
mask = np.array(mask, copy=copy)
if mask.shape != self.shape:
(nd, nm) = (self.size, mask.size)
if nm == 1:
mask = np.resize(mask, self.shape)
elif nm == nd:
mask = np.reshape(mask, self.shape)
else:
msg = "Mask and data not compatible: data size is %i, " + \
"mask size is %i."
raise MAError(msg % (nd, nm))
copy = True
if not keep_mask:
self.__setmask__(mask)
self._sharedmask = True
else:
if mask.dtype == mdtype:
_mask = mask
else:
_mask = np.array([tuple([m] * len(mdtype)) for m in mask],
dtype=mdtype)
self._mask = _mask
return self
def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
# Make sure we have a _fieldmask by default
_mask = getattr(obj, '_mask', None)
if _mask is None:
objmask = getattr(obj, '_mask', nomask)
_dtype = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype')
if objmask is nomask:
_mask = ma.make_mask_none(self.shape, dtype=_dtype)
else:
mdescr = ma.make_mask_descr(_dtype)
_mask = narray([tuple([m] * len(mdescr)) for m in objmask],
dtype=mdescr).view(recarray)
# Update some of the attributes
_dict = self.__dict__
_dict.update(_mask=_mask)
self._update_from(obj)
if _dict['_baseclass'] == ndarray:
_dict['_baseclass'] = recarray
return
def _getdata(self):
"""
Returns the data as a recarray.
"""
return ndarray.view(self, recarray)
_data = property(fget=_getdata)
def _getfieldmask(self):
"""
Alias to mask.
"""
return self._mask
_fieldmask = property(fget=_getfieldmask)
def __len__(self):
"""
Returns the length
"""
# We have more than one record
if self.ndim:
return len(self._data)
# We have only one record: return the nb of fields
return len(self.dtype)
def __getattribute__(self, attr):
try:
return object.__getattribute__(self, attr)
except AttributeError:
# attr must be a fieldname
pass
fielddict = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields
try:
res = fielddict[attr][:2]
except (TypeError, KeyError):
raise AttributeError("record array has no attribute %s" % attr)
# So far, so good
_localdict = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, '__dict__')
_data = ndarray.view(self, _localdict['_baseclass'])
obj = _data.getfield(*res)
if obj.dtype.fields:
raise NotImplementedError("MaskedRecords is currently limited to"
"simple records.")
# Get some special attributes
# Reset the object's mask
hasmasked = False
_mask = _localdict.get('_mask', None)
if _mask is not None:
try:
_mask = _mask[attr]
except IndexError:
# Couldn't find a mask: use the default (nomask)
pass
hasmasked = _mask.view((np.bool, (len(_mask.dtype) or 1))).any()
if (obj.shape or hasmasked):
obj = obj.view(MaskedArray)
obj._baseclass = ndarray
obj._isfield = True
obj._mask = _mask
# Reset the field values
_fill_value = _localdict.get('_fill_value', None)
if _fill_value is not None:
try:
obj._fill_value = _fill_value[attr]
except ValueError:
obj._fill_value = None
else:
obj = obj.item()
return obj
def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
"""
Sets the attribute attr to the value val.
"""
# Should we call __setmask__ first ?
if attr in ['mask', 'fieldmask']:
self.__setmask__(val)
return
# Create a shortcut (so that we don't have to call getattr all the time)
_localdict = object.__getattribute__(self, '__dict__')
# Check whether we're creating a new field
newattr = attr not in _localdict
try:
# Is attr a generic attribute ?
ret = object.__setattr__(self, attr, val)
except:
# Not a generic attribute: exit if it's not a valid field
fielddict = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields or {}
optinfo = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, '_optinfo') or {}
if not (attr in fielddict or attr in optinfo):
exctype, value = sys.exc_info()[:2]
raise exctype(value)
else:
# Get the list of names
fielddict = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields or {}
# Check the attribute
if attr not in fielddict:
return ret
if newattr:
# We just added this one or this setattr worked on an
# internal attribute.
try:
object.__delattr__(self, attr)
except:
return ret
# Let's try to set the field
try:
res = fielddict[attr][:2]
except (TypeError, KeyError):
raise AttributeError("record array has no attribute %s" % attr)
if val is masked:
_fill_value = _localdict['_fill_value']
if _fill_value is not None:
dval = _localdict['_fill_value'][attr]
else:
dval = val
mval = True
else:
dval = filled(val)
mval = getmaskarray(val)
obj = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, '_data').setfield(dval, *res)
_localdict['_mask'].__setitem__(attr, mval)
return obj
def __getitem__(self, indx):
"""
Returns all the fields sharing the same fieldname base.
The fieldname base is either `_data` or `_mask`.
"""
_localdict = self.__dict__
_mask = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, '_mask')
_data = ndarray.view(self, _localdict['_baseclass'])
# We want a field
if isinstance(indx, basestring):
# Make sure _sharedmask is True to propagate back to _fieldmask
# Don't use _set_mask, there are some copies being made that
# break propagation Don't force the mask to nomask, that wreaks
# easy masking
obj = _data[indx].view(MaskedArray)
obj._mask = _mask[indx]
obj._sharedmask = True
fval = _localdict['_fill_value']
if fval is not None:
obj._fill_value = fval[indx]
# Force to masked if the mask is True
if not obj.ndim and obj._mask:
return masked
return obj
# We want some elements.
# First, the data.
obj = np.array(_data[indx], copy=False).view(mrecarray)
obj._mask = np.array(_mask[indx], copy=False).view(recarray)
return obj
def __setitem__(self, indx, value):
"""
Sets the given record to value.
"""
MaskedArray.__setitem__(self, indx, value)
if isinstance(indx, basestring):
self._mask[indx] = ma.getmaskarray(value)
def __str__(self):
"""
Calculates the string representation.
"""
if self.size > 1:
mstr = ["(%s)" % ",".join([str(i) for i in s])
for s in zip(*[getattr(self, f) for f in self.dtype.names])]
return "[%s]" % ", ".join(mstr)
else:
mstr = ["%s" % ",".join([str(i) for i in s])
for s in zip([getattr(self, f) for f in self.dtype.names])]
return "(%s)" % ", ".join(mstr)
def __repr__(self):
"""
Calculates the repr representation.
"""
_names = self.dtype.names
fmt = "%%%is : %%s" % (max([len(n) for n in _names]) + 4,)
reprstr = [fmt % (f, getattr(self, f)) for f in self.dtype.names]
reprstr.insert(0, 'masked_records(')
reprstr.extend([fmt % (' fill_value', self.fill_value),
' )'])
return str("\n".join(reprstr))
def view(self, dtype=None, type=None):
"""
Returns a view of the mrecarray.
"""
# OK, basic copy-paste from MaskedArray.view.
if dtype is None:
if type is None:
output = ndarray.view(self)
else:
output = ndarray.view(self, type)
# Here again.
elif type is None:
try:
if issubclass(dtype, ndarray):
output = ndarray.view(self, dtype)
dtype = None
else:
output = ndarray.view(self, dtype)
# OK, there's the change
except TypeError:
dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
# we need to revert to MaskedArray, but keeping the possibility
# of subclasses (eg, TimeSeriesRecords), so we'll force a type
# set to the first parent
if dtype.fields is None:
basetype = self.__class__.__bases__[0]
output = self.__array__().view(dtype, basetype)
output._update_from(self)
else:
output = ndarray.view(self, dtype)
output._fill_value = None
else:
output = ndarray.view(self, dtype, type)
# Update the mask, just like in MaskedArray.view
if (getattr(output, '_mask', nomask) is not nomask):
mdtype = ma.make_mask_descr(output.dtype)
output._mask = self._mask.view(mdtype, ndarray)
output._mask.shape = output.shape
return output
def harden_mask(self):
"""
Forces the mask to hard.
"""
self._hardmask = True
def soften_mask(self):
"""
Forces the mask to soft
"""
self._hardmask = False
def copy(self):
"""
Returns a copy of the masked record.
"""
copied = self._data.copy().view(type(self))
copied._mask = self._mask.copy()
return copied
def tolist(self, fill_value=None):
"""
Return the data portion of the array as a list.
Data items are converted to the nearest compatible Python type.
Masked values are converted to fill_value. If fill_value is None,
the corresponding entries in the output list will be ``None``.
"""
if fill_value is not None:
return self.filled(fill_value).tolist()
result = narray(self.filled().tolist(), dtype=object)
mask = narray(self._mask.tolist())
result[mask] = None
return result.tolist()
def __getstate__(self):
"""Return the internal state of the masked array.
This is for pickling.
"""
state = (1,
self.shape,
self.dtype,
self.flags.fnc,
self._data.tobytes(),
self._mask.tobytes(),
self._fill_value,
)
return state
def __setstate__(self, state):
"""
Restore the internal state of the masked array.
This is for pickling. ``state`` is typically the output of the
``__getstate__`` output, and is a 5-tuple:
- class name
- a tuple giving the shape of the data
- a typecode for the data
- a binary string for the data
- a binary string for the mask.
"""
(ver, shp, typ, isf, raw, msk, flv) = state
ndarray.__setstate__(self, (shp, typ, isf, raw))
mdtype = dtype([(k, bool_) for (k, _) in self.dtype.descr])
self.__dict__['_mask'].__setstate__((shp, mdtype, isf, msk))
self.fill_value = flv
def __reduce__(self):
"""
Return a 3-tuple for pickling a MaskedArray.
"""
return (_mrreconstruct,
(self.__class__, self._baseclass, (0,), 'b',),
self.__getstate__())
def _mrreconstruct(subtype, baseclass, baseshape, basetype,):
"""
Build a new MaskedArray from the information stored in a pickle.
"""
_data = ndarray.__new__(baseclass, baseshape, basetype).view(subtype)
_mask = ndarray.__new__(ndarray, baseshape, 'b1')
return subtype.__new__(subtype, _data, mask=_mask, dtype=basetype,)
mrecarray = MaskedRecords
###############################################################################
# Constructors #
###############################################################################
def fromarrays(arraylist, dtype=None, shape=None, formats=None,
names=None, titles=None, aligned=False, byteorder=None,
fill_value=None):
"""
Creates a mrecarray from a (flat) list of masked arrays.
Parameters
----------
arraylist : sequence
A list of (masked) arrays. Each element of the sequence is first converted
to a masked array if needed. If a 2D array is passed as argument, it is
processed line by line
dtype : {None, dtype}, optional
Data type descriptor.
shape : {None, integer}, optional
Number of records. If None, shape is defined from the shape of the
first array in the list.
formats : {None, sequence}, optional
Sequence of formats for each individual field. If None, the formats will
be autodetected by inspecting the fields and selecting the highest dtype
possible.
names : {None, sequence}, optional
Sequence of the names of each field.
fill_value : {None, sequence}, optional
Sequence of data to be used as filling values.
Notes
-----
Lists of tuples should be preferred over lists of lists for faster processing.
"""
datalist = [getdata(x) for x in arraylist]
masklist = [np.atleast_1d(getmaskarray(x)) for x in arraylist]
_array = recfromarrays(datalist,
dtype=dtype, shape=shape, formats=formats,
names=names, titles=titles, aligned=aligned,
byteorder=byteorder).view(mrecarray)
_array._mask.flat = list(zip(*masklist))
if fill_value is not None:
_array.fill_value = fill_value
return _array
def fromrecords(reclist, dtype=None, shape=None, formats=None, names=None,
titles=None, aligned=False, byteorder=None,
fill_value=None, mask=nomask):
"""
Creates a MaskedRecords from a list of records.
Parameters
----------
reclist : sequence
A list of records. Each element of the sequence is first converted
to a masked array if needed. If a 2D array is passed as argument, it is
processed line by line
dtype : {None, dtype}, optional
Data type descriptor.
shape : {None,int}, optional
Number of records. If None, ``shape`` is defined from the shape of the
first array in the list.
formats : {None, sequence}, optional
Sequence of formats for each individual field. If None, the formats will
be autodetected by inspecting the fields and selecting the highest dtype
possible.
names : {None, sequence}, optional
Sequence of the names of each field.
fill_value : {None, sequence}, optional
Sequence of data to be used as filling values.
mask : {nomask, sequence}, optional.
External mask to apply on the data.
Notes
-----
Lists of tuples should be preferred over lists of lists for faster processing.
"""
# Grab the initial _fieldmask, if needed:
_mask = getattr(reclist, '_mask', None)
# Get the list of records.
if isinstance(reclist, ndarray):
# Make sure we don't have some hidden mask
if isinstance(reclist, MaskedArray):
reclist = reclist.filled().view(ndarray)
# Grab the initial dtype, just in case
if dtype is None:
dtype = reclist.dtype
reclist = reclist.tolist()
mrec = recfromrecords(reclist, dtype=dtype, shape=shape, formats=formats,
names=names, titles=titles,
aligned=aligned, byteorder=byteorder).view(mrecarray)
# Set the fill_value if needed
if fill_value is not None:
mrec.fill_value = fill_value
# Now, let's deal w/ the mask
if mask is not nomask:
mask = np.array(mask, copy=False)
maskrecordlength = len(mask.dtype)
if maskrecordlength:
mrec._mask.flat = mask
elif len(mask.shape) == 2:
mrec._mask.flat = [tuple(m) for m in mask]
else:
mrec.__setmask__(mask)
if _mask is not None:
mrec._mask[:] = _mask
return mrec
def _guessvartypes(arr):
"""
Tries to guess the dtypes of the str_ ndarray `arr`.
Guesses by testing element-wise conversion. Returns a list of dtypes.
The array is first converted to ndarray. If the array is 2D, the test
is performed on the first line. An exception is raised if the file is
3D or more.
"""
vartypes = []
arr = np.asarray(arr)
if len(arr.shape) == 2:
arr = arr[0]
elif len(arr.shape) > 2:
raise ValueError("The array should be 2D at most!")
# Start the conversion loop.
for f in arr:
try:
int(f)
except ValueError:
try:
float(f)
except ValueError:
try:
complex(f)
except ValueError:
vartypes.append(arr.dtype)
else:
vartypes.append(np.dtype(complex))
else:
vartypes.append(np.dtype(float))
else:
vartypes.append(np.dtype(int))
return vartypes
def openfile(fname):
"""
Opens the file handle of file `fname`.
"""
# A file handle
if hasattr(fname, 'readline'):
return fname
# Try to open the file and guess its type
try:
f = open(fname)
except IOError:
raise IOError("No such file: '%s'" % fname)
if f.readline()[:2] != "\\x":
f.seek(0, 0)
return f
f.close()
raise NotImplementedError("Wow, binary file")
def fromtextfile(fname, delimitor=None, commentchar='#', missingchar='',
varnames=None, vartypes=None):
"""
Creates a mrecarray from data stored in the file `filename`.
Parameters
----------
fname : {file name/handle}
Handle of an opened file.
delimitor : {None, string}, optional
Alphanumeric character used to separate columns in the file.
If None, any (group of) white spacestring(s) will be used.
commentchar : {'#', string}, optional
Alphanumeric character used to mark the start of a comment.
missingchar : {'', string}, optional
String indicating missing data, and used to create the masks.
varnames : {None, sequence}, optional
Sequence of the variable names. If None, a list will be created from
the first non empty line of the file.
vartypes : {None, sequence}, optional
Sequence of the variables dtypes. If None, it will be estimated from
the first non-commented line.
Ultra simple: the varnames are in the header, one line"""
# Try to open the file.
ftext = openfile(fname)
# Get the first non-empty line as the varnames
while True:
line = ftext.readline()
firstline = line[:line.find(commentchar)].strip()
_varnames = firstline.split(delimitor)
if len(_varnames) > 1:
break
if varnames is None:
varnames = _varnames
# Get the data.
_variables = masked_array([line.strip().split(delimitor) for line in ftext
if line[0] != commentchar and len(line) > 1])
(_, nfields) = _variables.shape
ftext.close()
# Try to guess the dtype.
if vartypes is None:
vartypes = _guessvartypes(_variables[0])
else:
vartypes = [np.dtype(v) for v in vartypes]
if len(vartypes) != nfields:
msg = "Attempting to %i dtypes for %i fields!"
msg += " Reverting to default."
warnings.warn(msg % (len(vartypes), nfields))
vartypes = _guessvartypes(_variables[0])
# Construct the descriptor.
mdescr = [(n, f) for (n, f) in zip(varnames, vartypes)]
mfillv = [ma.default_fill_value(f) for f in vartypes]
# Get the data and the mask.
# We just need a list of masked_arrays. It's easier to create it like that:
_mask = (_variables.T == missingchar)
_datalist = [masked_array(a, mask=m, dtype=t, fill_value=f)
for (a, m, t, f) in zip(_variables.T, _mask, vartypes, mfillv)]
return fromarrays(_datalist, dtype=mdescr)
def addfield(mrecord, newfield, newfieldname=None):
"""Adds a new field to the masked record array
Uses `newfield` as data and `newfieldname` as name. If `newfieldname`
is None, the new field name is set to 'fi', where `i` is the number of
existing fields.
"""
_data = mrecord._data
_mask = mrecord._mask
if newfieldname is None or newfieldname in reserved_fields:
newfieldname = 'f%i' % len(_data.dtype)
newfield = ma.array(newfield)
# Get the new data.
# Create a new empty recarray
newdtype = np.dtype(_data.dtype.descr + [(newfieldname, newfield.dtype)])
newdata = recarray(_data.shape, newdtype)
# Add the exisintg field
[newdata.setfield(_data.getfield(*f), *f)
for f in _data.dtype.fields.values()]
# Add the new field
newdata.setfield(newfield._data, *newdata.dtype.fields[newfieldname])
newdata = newdata.view(MaskedRecords)
# Get the new mask
# Create a new empty recarray
newmdtype = np.dtype([(n, bool_) for n in newdtype.names])
newmask = recarray(_data.shape, newmdtype)
# Add the old masks
[newmask.setfield(_mask.getfield(*f), *f)
for f in _mask.dtype.fields.values()]
# Add the mask of the new field
newmask.setfield(getmaskarray(newfield),
*newmask.dtype.fields[newfieldname])
newdata._mask = newmask
return newdata
``` |
```go
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// +build windows
package clipboard
import (
"runtime"
"syscall"
"time"
"unsafe"
)
const (
cfUnicodetext = 13
gmemMoveable = 0x0002
)
var (
user32 = syscall.MustLoadDLL("user32")
isClipboardFormatAvailable = user32.MustFindProc("IsClipboardFormatAvailable")
openClipboard = user32.MustFindProc("OpenClipboard")
closeClipboard = user32.MustFindProc("CloseClipboard")
emptyClipboard = user32.MustFindProc("EmptyClipboard")
getClipboardData = user32.MustFindProc("GetClipboardData")
setClipboardData = user32.MustFindProc("SetClipboardData")
kernel32 = syscall.NewLazyDLL("kernel32")
globalAlloc = kernel32.NewProc("GlobalAlloc")
globalFree = kernel32.NewProc("GlobalFree")
globalLock = kernel32.NewProc("GlobalLock")
globalUnlock = kernel32.NewProc("GlobalUnlock")
lstrcpy = kernel32.NewProc("lstrcpyW")
)
// waitOpenClipboard opens the clipboard, waiting for up to a second to do so.
func waitOpenClipboard() error {
started := time.Now()
limit := started.Add(time.Second)
var r uintptr
var err error
for time.Now().Before(limit) {
r, _, err = openClipboard.Call(0)
if r != 0 {
return nil
}
time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
}
return err
}
func readAll() (string, error) {
// LockOSThread ensure that the whole method will keep executing on the same thread from begin to end (it actually locks the goroutine thread attribution).
// Otherwise if the goroutine switch thread during execution (which is a common practice), the OpenClipboard and CloseClipboard will happen on two different threads, and it will result in a clipboard deadlock.
runtime.LockOSThread()
defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
if formatAvailable, _, err := isClipboardFormatAvailable.Call(cfUnicodetext); formatAvailable == 0 {
return "", err
}
err := waitOpenClipboard()
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
h, _, err := getClipboardData.Call(cfUnicodetext)
if h == 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return "", err
}
l, _, err := globalLock.Call(h)
if l == 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return "", err
}
text := syscall.UTF16ToString((*[1 << 20]uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(l))[:])
r, _, err := globalUnlock.Call(h)
if r == 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return "", err
}
closed, _, err := closeClipboard.Call()
if closed == 0 {
return "", err
}
return text, nil
}
func writeAll(text string) error {
// LockOSThread ensure that the whole method will keep executing on the same thread from begin to end (it actually locks the goroutine thread attribution).
// Otherwise if the goroutine switch thread during execution (which is a common practice), the OpenClipboard and CloseClipboard will happen on two different threads, and it will result in a clipboard deadlock.
runtime.LockOSThread()
defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
err := waitOpenClipboard()
if err != nil {
return err
}
r, _, err := emptyClipboard.Call(0)
if r == 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return err
}
data := syscall.StringToUTF16(text)
// "If the hMem parameter identifies a memory object, the object must have
// been allocated using the function with the GMEM_MOVEABLE flag."
h, _, err := globalAlloc.Call(gmemMoveable, uintptr(len(data)*int(unsafe.Sizeof(data[0]))))
if h == 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return err
}
defer func() {
if h != 0 {
globalFree.Call(h)
}
}()
l, _, err := globalLock.Call(h)
if l == 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return err
}
r, _, err = lstrcpy.Call(l, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&data[0])))
if r == 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return err
}
r, _, err = globalUnlock.Call(h)
if r == 0 {
if err.(syscall.Errno) != 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return err
}
}
r, _, err = setClipboardData.Call(cfUnicodetext, h)
if r == 0 {
_, _, _ = closeClipboard.Call()
return err
}
h = 0 // suppress deferred cleanup
closed, _, err := closeClipboard.Call()
if closed == 0 {
return err
}
return nil
}
``` |
```css
How to easily check browser compatibility of a feature
Use `background-repeat` to repeat a background image horizontally or vertically
Use pseudo-elements to style specific parts of an element
Use `SVG` for icons
Debug with `*` selector
``` |
Japan–Lithuania relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Japan and Lithuania. Japan has an embassy in Vilnius. Lithuania has an embassy in Tokyo. Japan was one of the few countries to recognize the Soviet occupation of the Baltic countries including Lithuania.
On February, 1992, Embassy of Japan to Lithuania was established in Denmark, and on January, 1997, it moved to Vilnius, Lithuania. On June, 1998, Embassy of Lithuania to Japan was established in Tokyo.
History
Interwar period
January 3, 1919, the date when Japan recognized Lithuania de facto is considered the beginning of the bilateral relations. On February 8, 1929, the agreement by which visas were abolished was signed between Japan and Lithuania, while in 1930 the Trade and shipping agreement was signed.
During the period of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
On November 23, 1939, the Japanese consulate was established, led by Vice Consul Chiune Sugihara. However, due to the occupation, the consulate was shut the following year. In 1940, Chiune Sugihara assisted the flight of Jewish refugees from the imminent Nazi invasion of Lithuania by issuing them transit visas from the consulate in Kaunas, despite instructions from the Japanese Government attempting to block his actions. Up to 10,000 refugees were saved with this action.
Modern relations
There is a significant close partnership between the city of Kuji and Klaipėda, established in 1989.
Japan de facto re-recognized Lithuania on September 6, 1991, and a month later diplomatic relations were re-established between these countries. In 1997 the Embassy of Japan was established in Vilnius and in 1998 the Embassy of Lithuania was established in Tokyo.
In March 2016, Japan and Lithuania agreed to cooperate on nuclear safety.
Military ties
In August 2016, Training Squadron vessels of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Kashima, Asagiri and Setoyuki sailed into Klaipėda port, to celebrate 25th anniversary of the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between this sovereign republic in the Baltic region and the maritime nation in the Far East. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania Linas Antanas Linkevičius welcomed the Japanese vessels and their steadfast partnership based on the same fundamental values since 1991 as well as referred an honorable and righteous diplomat Chiune Sugihara, who served as the Japanese Vice-Consul at Kaunas from 1939 to 1940 and granted visas to thousands of Jewish and other minority refugees in his short term of office. The JMSDF Training Squadron also visited Lithuanian Military Academy, where some students and officers train Kendo, a modern Japanese martial arts descended from Bushido and swordsmanship. On August 10, a sports exchange event between Japanese and Lithuanian officers was held at the military academy, and the Lithuanian team won the Kendo match to Japanese team.
High level visits
In April 2001, Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus paid an official visit to Japan, and on April 11, he held talks with Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori about their views on several issues that includes their bilateral relations, Japan–Russia relations and Lithuania's accession to EU and NATO.
In May 2007, the Emperor and Empress of Japan, Akihito and Michiko, made an official visit to Lithuania.
See also
Foreign relations of Japan
Foreign relations of Lithuania
References
External links
Embassy of Lithuania in Japan
Embassy of Japan in Lithuania
Lithuania
Bilateral relations of Lithuania |
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1651.
Events
August 22 – Execution on Tower Hill in London of Welsh Protestant preacher Christopher Love
New books
Prose
Noah Biggs – Chymiatrophilos, Matæotechnia medicinæ praxeōs, The vanity of the Craft of Physick, or, A new dispensator
William Bosworth – The Chaste and Lost Lovers
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – Parthenissa (first section)
Mary Cary (Rande) – The Little Horn's Doom and Downfall and A New and More Exact Map of the New Jerusalem's Glory
Marin le Roy de Gomberville – Jeune Alcidiane
Francisco de Quevedo – Virtud militante contra las cuatro pestes del mundo y cuatro fantasmas de la vida
Baltasar Gracián – El Criticón (first part)
Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil
John Milton – Defensio pro Populo Anglicano
Paul Scarron – Roman comique (Comic romance, first part)
Filip Stanislavov – Abagar (first printed book in modern Bulgarian)
Anna Weamys – A Continuation of Sir Philip Sydney's Arcadia
Sir Henry Wotton (posthumous) – Reliquiæ Wottonianæ; or, a collection of lives, letters, poems; with characters of sundry personages: and other incomparable pieces of language and art "By the curious pensil of the ever memorable Sr Henry Wotton Kt, late, provost of Eton Colledg"
Drama
William Cartwright
The Lady Errant
The Ordinary
The Siege, or Love's Convert
Comedies, Tragi-Comedies, with Other Poems
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – El alcalde de Zalamea
Jerónimo de Cáncer – Obras varias
Francisco López de Zárate – Hercules furente y oeta
Juan de Matos Fragoso – La defensa de la Fè, y Principe prodigioso
Thomas Randolph (attributed to) – Hey for Honesty, Down with Knavery (adapted from Aristophanes' Plutus)
Jerónimo de Cáncer – Vejamen
Leonard Willan – Astraea, or True Love's Mirror (adapted from Honoré D'Urfé's L'Astrée)
Poetry
William Davenant – Gondibert (second impression)
Francisco de Borja y Aragón – Nápoles recuperada
Manuel de Salinas y Lizana – La casta Susana, paráfrasis poética de su sagrada historia
Francisco de Trillo y Figueroa – Neapolisea
Henry Vaughan – Olor Iscanus (Swan of Usk)
Births
April 6 – André Dacier, French classicist (died 1722)
August 6 – François Fénelon, French theologian (died 1715)
October 24 – Jean de La Chapelle, French dramatist (died 1723)
November 12 – Juana Inés de la Cruz (Sor Juana), Mexican poet (died 1695)
Deaths
January 29 – Diego de Colmenares, Spanish historian (born 1586)
February 14 – Jean Roberti, Flemish theologian (born 1569)
April – Elizabeth Richardson, 1st Lady Cramond, English women's writer (born c. 1576)
October 7 – Jacques Sirmond, French scholar (born 1559)
December 14 – Pierre Dupuy, French scholar (born 1582)
December 22 – Arnold Johan Messenius, Swedish royal historiographer (born 1607/1608)
Unknown dates
Adho Duraso, Rajasthani poet (born c. 1550)
Henry Rice, Welsh courtier and writer (born c. 1585)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature |
The 2016 UIPM Senior World Championships were held in Moscow, Russia from 23 to 29 May 2016. The event includes pistol shooting, fencing, 200m swimming, show jumping and a 3km run.
Medal summary
Men
Russian team originally won silver medals but was disqualified due to anti-doping rules violation by Maksim Kustov.
Women
Mixed
Medal table
See also
Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM)
References
External links
Results
World
World Modern Pentathlon Championships
Modern pentathlon competitions in Russia
Modern pentathlon in Europe
Sports competitions in Moscow
May 2016 sports events in Russia |
```c++
/****************************************************************************
** All rights reserved.
** See license at path_to_url
****************************************************************************/
#include "gui_document_list_model.h"
#include "../base/application.h"
#include "../base/document.h"
#include "../gui/gui_application.h"
#include "../gui/gui_document.h"
#include "../qtcommon/filepath_conv.h"
#include "../qtcommon/qstring_conv.h"
namespace Mayo {
GuiDocumentListModel::GuiDocumentListModel(const GuiApplication* guiApp, QObject* parent)
: QAbstractListModel(parent)
{
for (const GuiDocument* doc : guiApp->guiDocuments())
this->appendGuiDocument(doc);
auto app = guiApp->application();
app->signalDocumentNameChanged.connectSlot(&GuiDocumentListModel::onDocumentNameChanged, this);
guiApp->signalGuiDocumentAdded.connectSlot(&GuiDocumentListModel::appendGuiDocument, this);
guiApp->signalGuiDocumentErased.connectSlot(&GuiDocumentListModel::removeGuiDocument, this);
}
QVariant GuiDocumentListModel::data(const QModelIndex& index, int role) const
{
if (!index.isValid() || index.row() >= this->rowCount())
return {};
const DocumentPtr& doc = m_vecGuiDocument.at(index.row())->document();
switch (role) {
case Qt::ToolTipRole:
return filepathTo<QString>(filepathCanonical(doc->filePath()));
case Qt::DisplayRole:
case Qt::EditRole:
return to_QString(doc->name());
}
return {};
}
int GuiDocumentListModel::rowCount(const QModelIndex& /*parent*/) const
{
return int(m_vecGuiDocument.size());
}
void GuiDocumentListModel::appendGuiDocument(const GuiDocument* guiDoc)
{
// NOTE: don't use rowCount() as it's virtual and appendGuiDocument() is called in constructor
// of this class(virtual dispatch would be bypassed)
const auto row = int(m_vecGuiDocument.size());
this->beginInsertRows(QModelIndex(), row, row);
m_vecGuiDocument.emplace_back(guiDoc);
this->endInsertRows();
}
void GuiDocumentListModel::removeGuiDocument(const GuiDocument* guiDoc)
{
auto itFound = std::find(m_vecGuiDocument.begin(), m_vecGuiDocument.end(), guiDoc);
if (itFound != m_vecGuiDocument.end()) {
const int row = itFound - m_vecGuiDocument.begin();
this->beginRemoveRows(QModelIndex(), row, row);
m_vecGuiDocument.erase(itFound);
this->endRemoveRows();
}
}
void GuiDocumentListModel::onDocumentNameChanged(const DocumentPtr& doc, const std::string& /*name*/)
{
auto itFound = std::find_if(
m_vecGuiDocument.cbegin(),
m_vecGuiDocument.cend(),
[&](const GuiDocument* guiDoc) { return guiDoc->document() == doc; }
);
if (itFound != m_vecGuiDocument.cend()) {
const int row = itFound - m_vecGuiDocument.begin();
const QModelIndex itemIndex = this->index(row);
emit this->dataChanged(itemIndex, itemIndex, { Qt::DisplayRole, Qt::EditRole });
}
}
} // namespace Mayo
``` |
```python
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
"""Defines exported symbols for the `orbit` package."""
from orbit import actions
# Internal import orbit.
from orbit import utils
from orbit.controller import Action
from orbit.controller import Controller
from orbit.runner import AbstractEvaluator
from orbit.runner import AbstractTrainer
from orbit.standard_runner import StandardEvaluator
from orbit.standard_runner import StandardEvaluatorOptions
from orbit.standard_runner import StandardTrainer
from orbit.standard_runner import StandardTrainerOptions
``` |
The Dark Brotherhood and Other Pieces is a collection of stories, poems and essays by American author H. P. Lovecraft and others, edited by August Derleth. It was released in 1966 by Arkham House in an edition of 3,460 copies. The dustjacket is by Frank Utpatel.
Some controversy was raised by the publication of the Chalker bibliography (see below), as George T. Wetzel claimed with some plausibility that Chalker had pirated Wetzel's own bibliography of 1955.
Contents
The Dark Brotherhood and Other Pieces contains the following pieces:
"Introduction", by August Derleth
"The Dark Brotherhood" by H. P. Lovecraft and August Derleth
"Suggestions for a Reading Guide", by H. P. Lovecraft
"Alfredo", by H. P. Lovecraft
"Amateur Journalism: Its Possible Needs and Betterment", by H. P. Lovecraft
"What Belongs in Verse", by H. P. Lovecraft
Six Poems, by H. P. Lovecraft
"Bells"
"Oceanus"
"Clouds"
"Mother Earth"
"Cindy"
"On a Battlefield in France"
Three Stories by C. M. Eddy, Jr.
"The Loved Dead"
"Deaf, Dumb, and Blind"
"The Ghost-Eater"
"The Lovecraft "Books": Some Addenda and Corrigenda", by William Scott Home
"To Arkham and the Stars", by Fritz Leiber
"Through Hyperspace With Brown Jenkin", by Fritz Leiber
"Lovecraft and the New England Megaliths", by Andrew E. Rothovius
"Howard Phillips Lovecraft: A Bibliography", by Jack L. Chalker
"Walks With H. P. Lovecraft", by C. M. Eddy, Jr.
"The Cancer of Superstition", by C. M. Eddy, Jr.
"The Making of a Hoax", by August Derleth
"Lovecraft's Illustrators", by John E. Vetter
"Final Notes", by August Derleth
Sources
1966 anthologies
Short story collections by H. P. Lovecraft
American poetry collections
Essay anthologies |
```python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pytest
from skidl import Part, Net, generate_svg, TEMPLATE, KICAD, KICAD6, lib_search_paths, SubCircuit, Bus, POWER, ERC, set_default_tool
from .setup_teardown import setup_function, teardown_function
def test_svg_1():
l1 = Part("Device", "L")
r1, r2 = Part("Device", "R", dest=TEMPLATE, value="200.0") * 2
q1 = Part("Device", "Q_NPN_CBE")
c1 = Part("Device", "C", value="10pF")
r3 = r2(value="1K")
vcc, vin, vout, gnd = Net("VCC"), Net("VIN"), Net("VOUT"), Net("GND")
vcc & r1 & vin & r2 & gnd
vcc & r3 & vout & q1["C,E"] & gnd
q1["B"] += vin
vout & (l1 | c1) & gnd
rly = Part("Relay", "TE_PCH-1xxx2M")
rly[1, 2, 3, 5] += gnd
led = Part("Device", "LED_ARGB", symtx="RH")
r, g, b = Net("R"), Net("G"), Net("B")
led["A,RK,GK,BK"] += vcc, r, g, b
Part(lib="MCU_STC", name="STC15W204S-35x-SOP16")
generate_svg(file_="test1")
def test_svg_2():
# TODO: Figure out why loading a part fully parses every part in the library.
opamp = Part(lib="Amplifier_Operational", name="AD8676xR", symtx="H")
opamp.uA.p2 += Net("IN1")
opamp.uA.p3 += Net("IN2")
opamp.uA.p1 += Net("OUT")
opamp.uB.symtx = 'L'
generate_svg(file_="test2")
def test_svg_3():
gnd = Part("power", "GND")
vcc = Part("power", "VCC")
opamp = Part(lib="Amplifier_Operational", name="AD8676xR", symtx="V")
for part in default_circuit.parts:
part.validate()
vcc[1] += opamp[8]
gnd[1] += opamp[4]
r = Part("Device", "R_US", dest=TEMPLATE, tx_ops="L")
(
Net("IN")
& r(value="4K7", symtx="L")
& opamp.uA[2]
& r(value="4K7", symtx="L")
& opamp.uA[1]
)
gnd[1] += opamp.uA[3]
opamp.uA[1] & r(value="10K") & gnd[1]
for part in default_circuit.parts:
part.validate()
generate_svg()
def test_svg_4():
q = Part(lib="Device", name="Q_PNP_CBE", dest=TEMPLATE, symtx="V")
r = Part("Device", "R", dest=TEMPLATE)
gndt = Part("power", "GND")
vcct = Part("power", "VCC")
gnd = Net("GND")
vcc = Net("VCC")
gnd & gndt
vcc & vcct
a = Net("A", netio="i")
b = Net("B", netio="i")
a_and_b = Net("A_AND_B", netio="o")
q1 = q()
q1.E.symio = "i"
q1.B.symio = "i"
q1.C.symio = "o"
q2 = q()
q2.E.symio = "i"
q2.B.symio = "i"
q2.C.symio = "NC"
# q2.C.symio = "o"
r1, r2, r3, r4, r5 = r(5, value="10K")
a & r1 & q1["B", "C"] & r4 & q2["B", "C"] & a_and_b & r5 & gnd
b & r2 & q1["B"]
q1["C"] & r3 & gnd
vcc & q1["E"]
vcc & q2["E"]
# q1.xy = (1,1)
# q2.xy = (2,1)
# r1.xy = (0,0)
# r2.xy = (0,1)
# r3.xy = (1,2)
# r4.xy = (2,1)
# r5.xy = (2,2)
# vcct.xy = (2,0)
# gndt.xy = (1,2)
# gndt.fix = True
generate_svg()
def test_svg_5():
uc = Part(lib="MCU_STC", name="STC15W204S-35x-SOP16")
uc.split_pin_names("/")
uc.TxD_2.aliases += "UDM"
uc.RxD_2.aliases += "UDP"
usb = Part(lib="Connector", name="USB_B_Micro", symtx="H")
uc1 = uc()
uc1["UDM, UDP"] += usb["D-, D+"]
uc_spare = uc()
uc_spare["UDP"] & uc_spare["UDM"]
stubs = uc1["UDM"].get_nets()
stubs.extend(uc1["UDP"].get_nets())
for s in stubs:
s.stub = True
generate_svg()
def test_svg_6():
# q = Part(lib='Device.lib', name='Q_PNP_CBE', dest=TEMPLATE, symtx='V')
r = Part("Device", "R", dest=TEMPLATE)
gndt = Part("power", "GND")
vcct = Part("power", "VCC")
gnd = Net("GND")
vcc = Net("VCC")
(
gnd
& gndt
& r()
& r()
& (r(symtx="l") | r(symtx="R"))
& r()
& r()
& r()
& r()
& r()
& r()
& r()
& vcct
& vcc
)
generate_svg()
def test_svg_7():
u1 = Part("4xxx", "4001")
gnd = Net("GND")
u1.uA.VSS += gnd
u1.uA.VDD += gnd
gnd.stub = True
generate_svg(file_="test7")
def test_svg_8():
# Create nets.
e, b, c = Net("ENET"), Net("BNET"), Net("CNET")
e.stub, b.stub, c.stub = True, True, True
# Create part templates.
qt = Part(lib="Device", name="Q_PNP_CBE", dest=TEMPLATE)
# Instantiate parts.
for q, tx in zip(qt(8), ["", "H", "V", "R", "L", "VL", "HR", "LV"]):
q["E B C"] += e, b, c
q.ref = "Q_" + tx
q.symtx = tx
generate_svg()
def test_svg_9():
# Create part templates.
q = Part(lib="Device", name="Q_PNP_CBE", dest=TEMPLATE, symtx="V")
r = Part("Device", "R", dest=TEMPLATE)
# Create nets.
gnd, vcc = Net("GND"), Net("VCC")
# a, b, a_and_b = Net("A", netio="i"), Net("B", netio="i"), Net("A_AND_B", netio="o")
a, b, a_and_b = Net("A"), Net("B"), Net("A_AND_B")
# Instantiate parts.
gndt = Part("power", "GND") # Ground terminal.
vcct = Part("power", "VCC") # Power terminal.
q1, q2 = q(2)
r1, r2, r3, r4, r5 = r(5, value="10K")
# Make connections between parts.
a & r1 & q1["B", "C"] & r4 & q2["B", "C"] & a_and_b & r5 & gnd
b & r2 & q1["B"]
q1["C"] & r3 & gnd
vcc += q1["E"], q2["E"], vcct
gnd += gndt
a.netio = "i" # Input terminal.
b.netio = "i" # Input terminal.
a_and_b.netio = "o" # Output terminal.
q1.E.symio = "i" # Signal enters Q1 on E and B terminals.
q1.B.symio = "i"
q1.C.symio = "o" # Signal exits Q1 on C terminal.
q2.E.symio = "i" # Signal enters Q2 on E and B terminals.
q2.B.symio = "i"
q2.C.symio = "o" # Signal exits Q2 on C terminal.
q1.symtx = "L"
q2.symtx = "L"
vcc.stub = True
generate_svg()
def test_svg_10():
mosfet = Part("Device", "Q_PMOS_GSD")
mosfet.symtx = "HR"
mosfet.symtx = "HL"
pmos = Part("Device", "Q_PMOS_GSD")
n01 = Net("n01")
mosfet[1] += mosfet[2]
n01 += mosfet[3]
pmos[3] += mosfet[3]
generate_svg()
def test_svg_11():
return # This test is not working properly.
# vcc = Part("Device", "Battery", value=5 @ u_V)
# r1 = Part("Device", "R", value=1 @ u_kOhm)
# r2 = Part("Device", "R", value=2 @ u_kOhm)
vcc.convert_for_spice(V, {1: "p", 2: "n"})
r1.convert_for_spice(R, {1: "p", 2: "n"})
r2.convert_for_spice(R, {1: "p", 2: "n"})
vin, vout, gnd = Net("Vin"), Net("Vout"), Net("GND")
vin.netio = "i"
vout.netio = "o"
gnd.netio = "o"
gnd & vcc["n p"] & vin & r1 & vout & r2 & gnd
generate_svg()
def test_svg_12():
return # This test is not working properly.
@SubCircuit
def vga_port(red, grn, blu, hsync, vsync, gnd, logic_lvl=3.3):
"""Generate analog RGB VGA port driven by red, grn, blu digital color buses."""
# Determine the color depth by finding the max width of the digital color buses.
# (Note that the color buses don't have to be the same width.)
depth = max(len(red), len(grn), len(blu))
# Add extra bus lines to any bus that's smaller than the depth and
# connect these extra lines to the original LSB bit of the bus.
for bus in [red, grn, blu]:
add_width = depth - len(bus) # Number of lines to add to the bus.
if add_width > 0:
bus.insert(0, add_width) # Add lines to the beginning of the bus.
bus[add_width] += bus[
0:add_width
] # Connect the added bus lines to original LSB.
# Calculate the resistor weights to support the given color depth.
vga_input_impedance = 75.0 # Impedance of VGA analog inputs.
vga_analog_max = 0.7 # Maximum brightness color voltage.
# Compute the resistance of the upper leg of the voltage divider that will
# drop the logic_lvl to the vga_analog_max level if the lower leg has
# a resistance of vga_input_impedance.
R = (logic_lvl - vga_analog_max) * vga_input_impedance / vga_analog_max
# The basic weight is R * (1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + ... + 1/2**(width-1))
r = R * sum([1.0 / 2**n for n in range(depth)])
# The most significant color bit has a weight of r. The next bit has a weight
# of 2r. The next bit has a weight of 4r, and so on. The weights are arranged
# in decreasing order so the least significant weight is at the start of the list.
weights = [str(int(r * 2**n)) for n in reversed(range(depth))]
# Quad resistor packs are used to create weighted sums of the digital
# signals on the red, green and blue buses. (One resistor in each pack
# will not be used since there are only three colors.)
res_network = Part(
xess_lib, "RN4", footprint="xesscorp/xess.pretty:CTS_742C083", dest=TEMPLATE
)
# Create a list of resistor packs, one for each weight.
res = res_network(value=weights)
# Create the nets that will accept the weighted sums.
analog_red = Net("R")
analog_grn = Net("G")
analog_blu = Net("B")
# Match each resistor pack (least significant to most significant) with
# the the associated lines of each color bus (least significant to
# most significant) as follows:
# res[0], red[0], grn[0], blu[0]
# res[1], red[1], grn[1], blu[1]
# ...
# Then attach the individual resistors in each pack between
# a color bus line and the associated analog color net:
# red[0] --- (1)res[0](8) --- analog_red
# grn[0] --- (2)res[0](7) --- analog_grn
# blu[0] --- (3)res[0](6) --- analog_blu
# red[1] --- (1)res[1](8) --- analog_red
# grn[1] --- (2)res[1](7) --- analog_grn
# blu[1] --- (3)res[1](6) --- analog_blu
# ...
for w, r, g, b in zip(res, red, grn, blu):
w[1, 8] += r, analog_red # Red uses the 1st resistor in each pack.
w[2, 7] += g, analog_grn # Green uses the 2nd resistor in each pack.
w[3, 6] += b, analog_blu # Blue uses the 3rd resistor in each pack.
w[4, 5] += (
NC,
NC,
) # Attach the unused resistor in each pack to no-connect nets to suppress ERC warnings.
w[1].symio = "input"
w[8].symio = "output"
w[2].symio = "input"
w[7].symio = "output"
w[3].symio = "input"
w[6].symio = "output"
w[4].symio = "input"
w[5].symio = "output"
# VGA connector outputs the analog red, green and blue signals and the syncs.
vga_conn = Part(
"Connector",
"DB15_FEMALE_HighDensity_MountingHoles",
footprint="xesscorp/xess.pretty:DB15-3.08mm-HD-FEMALE",
)
vga_conn[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] += gnd # Ground pins.
vga_conn[4, 11, 12, 15] += NC # Unconnected pins.
vga_conn[0] += gnd # Ground connector shield.
vga_conn[1] += analog_red # Analog red signal.
vga_conn[2] += analog_grn # Analog green signal.
vga_conn[3] += analog_blu # Analog blue signal.
vga_conn[13] += hsync # Horizontal sync.
vga_conn[14] += vsync # Vertical sync.
vga_conn[1].symio = "input"
vga_conn[2].symio = "input"
vga_conn[3].symio = "input"
vga_conn[13].symio = "input"
vga_conn[14].symio = "input"
# Define some nets and buses.
gnd = Net("GND") # Ground reference.
gnd.drive = POWER
# Five-bit digital buses carrying red, green, blue color values.
red = Bus("RED", 5)
grn = Bus("GRN", 5)
blu = Bus("BLU", 5)
# VGA horizontal and vertical sync signals.
hsync = Net("HSYNC")
vsync = Net("VSYNC")
xess_lib = r"/home/devb/tech_stuff/KiCad/libraries/xess.lib"
# Two PMOD headers and a breadboard header bring in the digital red, green,
# and blue buses along with the horizontal and vertical sync.
# (The PMOD and breadboard headers bring in the same signals. PMOD connectors
# are used when the VGA interface connects to a StickIt! motherboard, and the
# breadboard header is for attaching it to a breadboard.
pm = 2 * Part(
xess_lib, "PMOD-12", footprint="xesscorp/xess.pretty:PMOD-12-MALE", dest=TEMPLATE
)
pm[0].symtx = "H"
pm[1].symtx = "H"
bread_board_conn = Part(
"Connector",
"Conn_01x18_Male",
footprint="KiCad_V5/Connector_PinHeader_2.54mm.pretty:Pin_Header_1x18_P2.54mm_Vertical",
)
# Connect the digital red, green and blue buses and the sync signals to
# the pins of the PMOD and breadboard headers.
hsync += bread_board_conn[1], pm[0]["D0"]
vsync += bread_board_conn[2], pm[0]["D1"]
red[4] += bread_board_conn[3], pm[0]["D2"]
grn[4] += bread_board_conn[4], pm[0]["D3"]
blu[4] += bread_board_conn[5], pm[0]["D4"]
red[3] += bread_board_conn[6], pm[0]["D5"]
grn[3] += bread_board_conn[7], pm[0]["D6"]
blu[3] += bread_board_conn[8], pm[0]["D7"]
red[2] += bread_board_conn[9], pm[1]["D0"]
grn[2] += bread_board_conn[10], pm[1]["D1"]
blu[2] += bread_board_conn[11], pm[1]["D2"]
red[1] += bread_board_conn[12], pm[1]["D3"]
grn[1] += bread_board_conn[13], pm[1]["D4"]
blu[1] += bread_board_conn[14], pm[1]["D5"]
red[0] += bread_board_conn[15], pm[1]["D6"]
grn[0] += bread_board_conn[16], pm[1]["D7"]
blu[0] += bread_board_conn[17]
# The VGA interface has no active components, so don't connect the PMOD's VCC pins.
NC += pm[0]["VCC"], pm[1]["VCC"]
# Connect the ground reference pins on all the connectors.
gnd += bread_board_conn[18], pm[0]["GND"], pm[1]["GND"]
# The PMOD ground pins are defined as power outputs so there will be an error
# if they're connected together. Therefore, turn off the error checking on one
# of them to swallow the error.
pm[1]["GND"].do_erc = False
# Send the RGB buses and syncs to the VGA port circuit.
vga_port(red, grn, blu, hsync, vsync, gnd)
# Stub these nets.
gnd.stub = True
red.stub = True
grn.stub = True
blu.stub = True
hsync.stub = True
vsync.stub = True
ERC() # Run error checks.
generate_svg()
``` |
Robert Sinclair may refer to:
Politics
Sir Robert Sinclair, 1st Baronet, of Longformacus (died 1678), MP of Scotland for Berwickshire
Sir Robert Sinclair, 3rd Baronet, of Longformacus (died 1727), MP of Scotland for Berwickshire
Sir Robert Sinclair, 3rd Baronet, of Stevenston (1643–1713), MP of Scotland for Haddingtonshire
Robert Sinclair, 1st Baron Sinclair of Cleeve (1893–1979), British businessman and public servant
Sports
Rob Sinclair (footballer, born 1974), for Maidstone United
Rob Sinclair (footballer, born 1989), English footballer for Forest Green Rovers
Bobby Sinclair (1915–1993), Scottish footballer for Falkirk and Darlington
Other
Robert Sinclair (bishop) (died 1398), bishop of Orkney and bishop of Dunkeld
Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer) (1817–1898), chief mechanical engineer of the Caledonian Railway
Robert B. Sinclair (1905-1970), film and theater director
Robert J. Sinclair (1932–2009), American automotive industry executive
Sir Robert Sinclair, 9th Baronet (1820–1899)
See also
Bob Sinclar (born 1969), French record producer and DJ
Bob St. Clair (1931–2015), American football player
Sinclair (surname) |
Cromarcha is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914.
Species
Cromarcha polybata
Cromarcha stroudagnesia
References
Chrysauginae
Pyralidae genera |
Janet McDonald (1905–2006) was an American mathematician who specialized in geometry, specifically the concept of Conjugate Nets. She taught at Vassar College for 27 years and was named professor emerita in 1971.
Life and work
McDonald (sometimes spelled MacDonald) was born in Wesson, Mississippi, on September 3, 1905, and was the first child of Joseph McDonald and Bessie Walden McDonald.
She earned her bachelor's degree from Belhaven College for Young Ladies in Jackson in 1925, and then she taught for three years in secondary schools in nearby Jefferson Davis County. She completed her M.A. degree in mathematics from Tulane University in 1929 and joined the faculty of Mississippi Synodical College (1929-1932) to head the math department. In 1932, she was named department head and registrar at Hinds Junior College in Raymond, Mississippi (1932-1941).
With the start of World War II, McDonald enrolled at University of Chicago to pursue her Ph.D. but after two years of study, she took on a teaching role there. She completed her doctorate in 1943 (showing her name as Janet MacDonald) with her dissertation titled Conjugate nets in asymptotic parameters. She was immediately hired by Vassar College in New York, first as an instructor and moving to professorships, chair and then professor emerita (1971). She particularly enjoyed teaching geometry and encouraged students to pursue advanced degrees in math. She remained there in a teaching capacity for 27 years.
Throughout her life, she enjoyed studying and traveling abroad, "spending much of her leisure in England, Scotland (home of her paternal grandfather), France, Greece, and Spain. Her extended studies took her to the University of Rome and Indiana University." For example, in 1951, she spent the summer in her native Mississippi studying.
She spent most of her time doing work in mathematics on projective differential geometry, especially conjugate nets, and studying Italian in preparation for her leave of absence second semester next year. At that time, she went to study projective differential geometry and algebraic geometry at the University of Rome. She chose Rome because Professors Enrico Bompina and Francesco Severi, leaders in her field of study, were lecturing there.
On her retirement in 1971, she returned to Jackson, Mississippi and taught some classes at her alma mater, Belhaven College.
McDonald died October 29, 2006, in Madison, Mississippi, after a brief illness at 101 years of age. She is buried in Prentiss Cemetery in Prentiss, Mississippi.
References
1905 births
2006 deaths
American centenarians
Women centenarians
Vassar College faculty
Belhaven University alumni
Tulane University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Mathematics educators
American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
Women mathematicians |
The Alfred Dunk House (also known as the Brinker House) is a historic house located in Binghamton, Broome County, New York.
Description and history
It was built in about 1853 or 1854, and is a two-story plus attic, wood-framed house built over a stone basement. It is distinguished by the extremely steep pitch of its gable, which is decorated with scroll sawn bargeboards and surmounted by its original finial and pendant in the Carpenter Gothic style.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1985.
References
External links
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
Houses in Binghamton, New York
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1854
Carpenter Gothic houses in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Broome County, New York |
Al Lee (born June 8, 1893) was a Boston-born American actor, producer and manager in vaudeville and silent films.
Lee married actress Lilyan Tashman in 1914, but the couple divorced in 1921. Tashman met Lee while working on a double act with Eddie Cantor. Lee later went on to become a manager for George White's Scandals.
Manager/producer
The Glass Menagerie (Company Manager; March 31, 1945 - August 3, 1946)
George White's Music Hall Varieties (General Manager; 1933)
George White's Music Hall Varieties 1932 (General Manager; November 22, 1932 - December 31, 1932)
References
External links
Classic Images article on Lilyan Tashman
George White's 1935 Scandals, with Jed Prouty in the role of Al Lee
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
American male musical theatre actors
American male silent film actors
American theatre managers and producers
Male actors from Boston
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American male actors
1893 births |
Josiah Partridge (March 1805 – 27 November 1897) was a lawyer in the early days of the British Colony of South Australia.
History
Partridge emigrated to South Australia aboard Rajasthan, an unaccompanied widower, arriving in November 1838 and settled on what became Partridge Street, Glenelg.
Partridge was one of the first seven lawyers to be registered in South Australia. He practised in Adelaide as a solicitor in partnership with James George Nash, and had a reputation for honest dealing. He was mostly involved in conveyancing until the Torrens Act reduced the amount of litigation involved in such transactions. He suffered a back injury from falling off his horse while commuting between Glenelg and Adelaide, and for many years he could not sit up, and around 1856 sold his business to Herford & Boucaut, the latter at the onset of an illustrious career that would see him Judge of the Supreme Court and Premier of the Colony. A few years later he retired to "Malvern", a country property near Clarendon, where he remained. He recovered his health to some extent, and took daily horseback rides until his final illness. He became deaf, but his eyesight was perfect and he retained his mental faculties to the end.
Partridge married the eldest daughter of William Giles, of the South Australian Company. They both died at "Malvern", she a few years before him; they were survived by five sons and four daughters.
Family
Josiah Partridge (March 1805 – 27 November 1897) was a son of Birmingham merchant John Partridge (1773–1840) and his wife Mary née Stroud (died 1853). He married Fanny Huckvale who died sometime before he embarked on Rajasthan for South Australia in July 1838.
He married Mary Giles (c. 1818 – 19 September 1893) in Adelaide on 25 June 1840. She was a daughter of William Giles, who arrived in SA in 1837. Their children included:
John William Partridge (13 October 1841 – 1922) was one of the first two students at Adelaide Educational Institution. He married Georgina Ann Little Needham (c. 1839 – 31 October 1931) on 1 September 1864. She was a daughter of John's Classics master. They moved to New South Wales, she died in Chatswood, NSW
Edith Sarah Partridge (31 January 1843 – ) married John Balfour Anderson ( – ) on 22 June 1872. He was manager, Bank of Australasia, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Henry Partridge (26 January 1845 – 14 December 1915) married Mary Strawbridge ( – ) on 19 December 1874. Also an AEI scholar, Henry became a Parkin missionary on Kangaroo Island.
Mary Partridge (4 October 1846 – 16 May 1928)
Josiah Stroud Partridge (31 August 1848 – 6 April 1927) married Julia Jaffrey ( – ) on 31 August 1880. He had fellmonger business at Saltia, South Australia, insolvent 1884, discovered coal reserves nearby then had an orchard. He died at Port Augusta after being thrown from his buggy when a wheel collapsed.
Thomas Partridge (29 May 1850 – ) married Eva Crawford ( – ) on 20 December 1893. He was with his brother Josiah at Saltia.
J(ames) Roper Partridge (13 May 1852 – )
Ellen Isabella Partridge (21 May 1854 – )
Fanny Huckvale Partridge (11 August 1856 – 22 October 1931)
Several members of the family were interred at the Happy Valley cemetery
References
1805 births
1897 deaths
Lawyers from Adelaide |
is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Suzuka, Mie Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).
Lines
Kasado Station is served by the Kansai Main Line, and is 50.9 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Nagoya Station.
Station layout
The station consists of one island platform and one side platform, connected by a footbridge.
Platform
Adjacent stations
History
Kasado Station was opened on February 6, 1892, as on the Kansai Railway, when the section of the Kansai Main Line connecting Yokkaichi with Suzuka was completed. It was renamed Kasado Station on February 1, 1902. The Kansai Railway was nationalized on October 1, 1907, becoming part of the Japanese Government Railways (JGR). The JGR became the Japanese National Railways (JNR) after World War II. The station was absorbed into the JR Central network upon the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987. The station has been unattended since October 1, 2012.
Station numbering was introduced to the section of the Kansai Main Line operated JR Central in March 2018; Kasado Station was assigned station number CI15.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 631 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
Surrounding area
Japan National Route 1
Suzuka River
Shōno-juku
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1892
Railway stations in Mie Prefecture
Suzuka, Mie |
```xml
import * as angular from 'angular';
import adal = require('adal-angular');
import { IWebAPIServce } from '../webApiService';
import { IGraphApi } from '../../models/IGraphApi';
export class ElevatedPrivilegesController {
public static $inject: string[] = ['$scope', '$log', 'WebAPIService', 'adalAuthenticationService'];
// public variables
public displayName: string;
public signedIn: boolean = false;
public user: IGraphApi;
// private variables
private _hasGraphToken: boolean = false;
private _hasAPIToken: boolean = false;
constructor(private $scope: angular.IScope, private $log: angular.ILogService,
private $api: IWebAPIServce, private $adalProvider: adal.AdalAuthenticationService) {
if (this.hasGraphToken()) {
this.callGraph();
}
}
public signOn(): void {
this.$adalProvider.login();
}
public signOut(): void {
this.$adalProvider.logOut();
}
public isAuthenticated(): boolean {
return this.$adalProvider.userInfo.isAuthenticated;
}
public getGraphToken(): void {
this.$adalProvider.acquireToken("path_to_url");
}
public getAPIToken(): void {
this.$adalProvider.acquireToken('path_to_url
}
public hasGraphToken(): boolean {
this._hasGraphToken = this.$adalProvider.getCachedToken("path_to_url") !== null;
return this._hasGraphToken;
}
public hasAPIToken(): boolean {
this._hasAPIToken = this.$adalProvider.getCachedToken('path_to_url !== null;
return this._hasAPIToken;
}
public callGraph(): void {
this.$api.getMe()
.then((result: any): void => {
this.$log.debug("success call to graph api");
this.user = result.data;
});
}
public callApi(): void {
this.$api.getItem()
.then((result: any): void => {
this.$log.debug("success call to web api");
this.$log.debug(result);
alert('success call to custom web api');
});
}
}
``` |
The Minneapolis Pioneers and Soldiers Memorial Cemetery is the oldest extant cemetery in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was established in 1858 as a privately owned burial ground known as Minneapolis Cemetery or Layman's Cemetery. By 1919 it was full, with more than 27,000 bodies, and was closed by the city government. Only a handful of burials have taken place there since.
The cemetery is located at the intersection of Lake Street and Cedar Avenue. Since the first burial in 1853 the cemetery has been the final resting place of those who helped shape the history of early Minneapolis. Several prominent territorial pioneers, including Charles Christmas, Edwin Hedderly, and Philander Prescott are buried there. Approximately 200 military veterans who fought in wars ranging from the War of 1812 to World War I are buried in the cemetery. It is the burial site for many of the city's early African-American residents and for many people who had ties to the abolitionist movement in Minnesota. Several thousand immigrants, primarily from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, are buried there, as are many of their children. Over half of the cemetery's 20,000 interments are children.
The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 for its local significance in the theme of social history. It was nominated for reflecting both the city's pioneer era and an early historic preservation movement that saw the site restored from 1928 to 1936.
Early history
Farmers Martin and Elizabeth Layman came to Minneapolis in 1853. Like many early Minnesotans, they were born in New York and made their way west in stages—in their case, by way of Peoria County, Illinois. They bought land at what later became the corner of Cedar Avenue and Lake Street in South Minneapolis. The Laymans seem to have gotten into the cemetery business by happenstance when, soon after they arrived, a Baptist pastor asked to bury his infant son, Carlton Cressey (or Cressy), on their land.
The Laymans opened Minneapolis Cemetery in 1858 and expanded it to in 1860. The Laymans, their farm, and the cemetery prospered, and the family built a stately house across from the cemetery gates on Cedar Street. Often known as Layman's Cemetery, it grew to and eventually held around 27,000 remains.
Both Laymans died in 1886, and their house burned down soon after that. The burials continued, but maintenance declined. By 1919 the cemetery had reached capacity; that year, the city closed it to new burials. Over the next several years, some 7,000 remains were dug up and taken elsewhere. In 1928 the city of Minneapolis assumed responsibility for maintaining the cemetery. The city owns the physical structures (fence, flagpole, caretaker's cottage, etc.) and approximately 5,000 empty graves. The occupied graves remain the property of the families of the deceased.
Burials
The "Pioneers" part of the name is more apt than "Soldiers". There are only about 190 identified veterans in the cemetery: one from World War I, four from the War of 1812, 21 from the Spanish–American War, the rest from the Civil War. About 25 are clustered in a small military plot, the rest scattered. Civil War veteran Oscar Vaughn (16th United States Colored Infantry) is one of many, perhaps hundreds, of African Americans buried at Pioneers and Soldiers.
Almost all the cemetery's remains belong to early residents of Minneapolis, many of them immigrants of humble means. Some headstones are carved in Swedish and German. A striking feature of the cemetery is the absence of large monuments; only a relative handful stand as high as . Many headstones are tilted, missing, or broken, and some have been crudely patched together.
The headstones of old cemeteries often hint at sad stories—epidemics, industrial accidents, child mortality. Such stories are hard to find at Pioneers and Soldiers because so few markers can be read; most are marble, effaced long ago by time and the elements.
In 2003 Susan Hunter Weir published a history of the cemetery in Hennepin History magazine, based in part on its paper records. She uncovered many touching stories: August Smith and Ole Shay, workers killed in the Washburn A Mill explosion of 1878; Harry T. Hayward, hanged for the 1894 murder-for-hire of Kitty Ging; 25 infants from the Cody Hospital, a so-called "baby farm", who died there in 1908 and 1909.
Weir also compiled some compelling statistics. Over half of the graves belong to children under the age of ten. A majority of all the burials resulted from communicable diseases that rarely kill people in the 21st century. Some 800 died from accidents (more than a hundred in railroad accidents) or homicide, and another 150 by their own hands. The cemetery silently testifies: life in Minneapolis was shorter, harder, and more uncertain a century and more ago.
Recent history
The last known burial at Pioneers and Soldiers Cemetery took place in 1999. Though the cemetery is located in the middle of a busy, heavily trafficked neighborhood, the grounds are quiet. The low headstones, many unmarked graves, and tall trees give the place an open and park-like feel. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Friends of Minneapolis Pioneers and Soldiers Memorial Cemetery maintains a searchable online database of burials.
See also
List of cemeteries in the United States
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
References
External links
Minneapolis Pioneers and Soldiers Memorial Cemetery–Friends of the Cemetery
1858 establishments in Minnesota
Cemeteries in Minnesota
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Geography of Minneapolis
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
Tourist attractions in Minneapolis |
```xml
import { IAppDocument } from '../../db/models/definitions/apps';
import { IContext } from '../../connectionResolver';
export default {
async userGroupName(app: IAppDocument, _args, { models }: IContext) {
const group = await models.UsersGroups.findOne({ _id: app.userGroupId });
return group ? group.name : 'Allowed for all users';
}
};
``` |
The Bombay Company Ltd. was established in 1886. It is one of the oldest companies in India. The company was revived in 1986 by setting up two divisions: precision springs Division and Balance Division.
The Precision Spring division of the company was set up in 1987 in technical collaboration with NHK Spring Co. Ltd., Japan, to manufacture Cold Coiled precision springs. It commenced commercial production in 1987. The company established itself as one of the leading manufacturer of precision Springs in India under the leadership of N.Vijayaraghavan.
In 1992, the business merged into The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd. Also, during this period, the company expanded its installed capacity from 1000 metric tons to 1500 metric tons to cater to the growing demands of automotive components market.
References
External links
Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai
Manufacturing companies established in 1987
1987 establishments in Maharashtra
Indian companies established in 1886
Indian companies established in 1987 |
FC Progress Biysk () was a Russian football team from Biysk. It played professionally in 1966–1970 and in 1988–1992. The best result it achieved was 13th place in the Zone 6 of the Russian Second Division in 1992.
External links
Team history at KLISF
Association football clubs established in 1966
Association football clubs disestablished in 1993
Defunct football clubs in Russia
Sport in Altai Krai
1966 establishments in Russia
1993 disestablishments in Russia |
Little Miss Atlanta is an American reality television series which aired on TLC in 2016. A spin-off of Toddlers and Tiaras, it profiles contestants in the Little Miss Black US Pageant system, based in Atlanta, Georgia. Each episode features three young African-American girls and their mothers as they compete in one of the system's pageants.
Episodes
References
External links
2016 American television series debuts
2010s American reality television series
TLC (TV network) original programming
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Atlanta
Television series about beauty pageants
Television series about children
Child beauty pageants
2016 American television series endings
American television spin-offs
Reality television spin-offs |
```javascript
// CodeMirror, copyright (c) by Marijn Haverbeke and others
// Distributed under an MIT license: path_to_url
(function(mod) {
if (typeof exports == "object" && typeof module == "object") // CommonJS
mod(require("../../lib/codemirror"));
else if (typeof define == "function" && define.amd) // AMD
define(["../../lib/codemirror"], mod);
else // Plain browser env
mod(CodeMirror);
})(function(CodeMirror) {
"use strict";
// Depends on js-yaml.js from path_to_url
// declare global: jsyaml
CodeMirror.registerHelper("lint", "yaml", function(text) {
var found = [];
try { jsyaml.load(text); }
catch(e) {
var loc = e.mark;
found.push({ from: CodeMirror.Pos(loc.line, loc.column), to: CodeMirror.Pos(loc.line, loc.column), message: e.message });
}
return found;
});
});
``` |
Andy or Andrew Edwards may refer to:
Andy Edwards (footballer, born 1971), English footballer and manager
Andy Edwards (footballer, born 1965), Welsh footballer
Andy Edwards (musician), English drummer
Andy Edwards (sculptor), English artist
Andrew Edwards (cricketer) (born 1978), English cricketer
Andrew David Edwards (born 1958), American serial killer |
Ranko Jankov () is an academic and politician in Serbia. He was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia from 2016 to 2018 as a member of the reformist It's Enough – Restart (Dosta je bilo, DJB) association, better known in English by the name "Enough Is Enough."
Early life and academic career
Jankov was born in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, at about the time the province became part of the People's Republic of Serbia in the newly formed Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He received an undergraduate degree (1967), a master's degree (1970), and a Ph.D. (1972) in Chemistry from the University of Belgrade, became an assistant at the same university following his graduation, and eventually rose through the ranks to become a full professor and head of the department of biochemistry. His main areas of interest are natural product chemistry, immunochemistry, and chemistry in education. Jankov was a member of the National Education Council of the Republic of Serbia from 2004 to 2008 and the assistant minister for fundamental research in the Serbian ministry of science from 2007 to 2008.
Political career
Jankov received the eighth position on DJB's electoral list for the 2016 Serbian parliamentary election and was elected when the list won sixteen mandates. He was a member of the parliamentary committee on education, science, technological development, and the information society; a deputy member of the committee on the diaspora and Serbs in the region; and a member of the parliamentary friendship group with Brazil.
Jankov opposed the selection of Muamer Zukorlić as chair of the education committee in 2016, noting Zukorlić's prior status as a mufti. He said that he opposed bringing science under the authority of religion, irrespective of the religious community in question.
He left DJB in early November 2018. Although Jankov initially planned to join a new parliamentary group with other former DJB members, he instead resigned from the assembly on 13 November 2018.
References
1945 births
Living people
Writers from Novi Sad
Academic staff of the University of Belgrade
Members of the National Assembly (Serbia)
Enough is Enough (party) politicians
Politicians from Belgrade |
Radio Ekattor is a Bangladeshi FM radio station, headquartered in Dhaka. It started broadcasting on 26 March 2015. In the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League, the FM station was media partner of Rangpur Riders.
References
2015 establishments in Bangladesh
Organisations based in Dhaka
Radio stations in Bangladesh
Mass media in Dhaka |
Myroslav Dmytrovych "Miro" Slavov (; born 8 September 1990) is a Ukrainian football forward.
Career
Slavov was born in Kyiv, in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. After emigration from Ukraine together with his parents, he played for youth teams of different Austrian clubs. Then he signed his first professional contract and played for the reserves team of FC Girondins de Bordeaux in France Ligue 1, but he never made his debut for the main squad of the club. Next, he signed a contract with FC Anzhi Makhachkala in Russian Premier League on 27 August 2010.
He made his professional debut for Anzhi's main squad on 1 March 2011, when he started in a Russian Cup game against Zenit St. Petersburg.
Slavov signed for Vendsyssel FF on 2 September 2018. After six official games, his contract got terminated on 17 January 2019. A few days later he signed for Khor Fakkan Club in the United Arab Emirates. In May 2019, Slavov became UAE First Division League champion and promoted with Khor Fakkan Club to UAE Pro League. In August 2019, he was transferred to Riga FC in Latvian Virsliga. After he became champions with Riga FC too, he signed for Shahr Khodro F.C. in iranian's Persian Gulf Pro League in January 2020.
Personal life
Has an elder brother, Vadym Slavov, who was a professional football player. He played for the club FC Arsenal Bila Tserkva. His younger sister Oksana Slavova took part in the rhythmic gymnastics' World Championship in 2018.
His cousin is Marta Kostyuk, a Ukrainian professional tennis player.
In 2014, he competed in the sixth season of Austria's Next Topmodel. He was eliminated in episode 8. In January and February 2015, he participated in Rendezvous im Paradies, an Austrian dating reality series on Puls 4. Later this year he walked for Jean Paul Gaultier for his Fashion Show at the Life Ball in Vienna and for Dirk Bikkembergs for his spring/summer 2016 collection in Milan Fashion Week.
In 2018, Slavov appeared in Police's Shock-in-Scent perfume campaign. In 2019 he starred with David Hasselhoff in an advertisement for an Austrian gambling provider.
Miro is fluent in five languages: Ukrainian, English, Russian, French and German.
References
Breaking: Slavov verlässt KSC!, fanreport.com, 28 January 2016
External links
Profile at Official UEFA site
Profile at Official AFC site
Austria's next Topmodel - Boys & Girls - Miro - puls4.com (German)
Living people
1990 births
Men's association football forwards
Ukrainian men's footballers
Austrian men's footballers
Naturalised citizens of Austria
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
FC Anzhi Makhachkala players
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
First Vienna FC players
Kremser SC players
Berliner AK 07 players
Chemnitzer FC players
VfR Aalen players
Khor Fakkan Club players
Vendsyssel FF players
Riga FC players
Top Model contestants
Russian Premier League players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Regionalliga players
3. Liga players
Danish Superliga players
2. Liga (Austria) players
UAE First Division League players
Latvian Higher League players
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in France
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Iran
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate men's footballers in Iran
Ukrainian male models
Shahr Khodro F.C. players
Ukraine men's youth international footballers
Footballers from Kyiv
Ukrainian emigrants to Austria
Footballers from Vienna |
Lakheri () is a town and municipality in Bundi district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located in the southeast of Rajasthan, around south of the state capital, Jaipur. Lakheri has been a subdivision headquarters since 2002. Yugantar Sharma (RAS) is the Sub-division Officer and magistrate of Lakheri subdivision. It is the second largest city in the district, after Bundi and 104th largest city in rajasthan.
Surrounded mostly by agricultural lands and villages, the most distinct feature of Lakheri is a cement manufacturing unit of Associated Cement Companies Ltd. (ACC). This plant is the longest-running cement plant in Asia having opened in 1912–1913. With the passage of time the plant has undergone expansions to incorporate the latest technology in cement production.
The latest expansion project was completed in April 2007. The managing director of ACC, in an interview with a private news channel, has predicted a 12–15% rise in cement production from the Lakheri plant.
Geography
Lakheri is located at . It is located in southeast Rajsthan, a region widely known as Hadoti, the land of the Hadas. The River Mej passes through outskirts of Lakheri, and serves as the main water source for the city. It has an average elevation of . Lakheri has fertile land and greenery with irrigation supplied through a series of canals. The city is surrounded on three sides by small hills of Vidhyan range. There is a water pump house on the River Mej with a capacity of 3240 kilolitres per day built by Lakheri's cement works ACC Limited. The Mej dam is also on the river near Lakheri. A small water reservoir and a zigzag dam has been constructed to store rainwater in the town.
Apart from these, there is a small pond named Mahesh Sagar located in the town.
Bundi, the district headquarters Bundi is by bus and Kota is from the town.
Climate
Lakheri has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with high temperatures throughout the year. Summers are long, hot, and dry, beginning in late March and lasting until the end of June. The temperatures average above in May and June and frequently exceed ; temperatures as high as have been recorded. The monsoon season follows with comparatively lower temperatures, but higher humidity and frequent, torrential downpours. The monsoons subside in October and temperatures rise again. The brief, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until the last week of February. Temperatures hover between (max) and (min). This can be considered the best time to visit Lakheri because of the intense heat in the summer.
The average annual rainfall in the Lakheri is . Most of the rainfall can be attributed to the southwest monsoon, which has begins around the last week of June and may last until mid-September. Pre-monsoon showers begin towards the middle of June with post-monsoon rains occasionally occurring in October. The winter is largely dry, although some rainfall does occur as a result of the Western Disturbance passing over the region.
Demographics
, Lakheri had a population of 29,572. Males numbered 15,222 (51%), females 14,350 (49%). Lakheri had an average literacy rate of 76.87%, higher than the state average of 66.11%: male literacy was 89.8%, and female literacy was 63.265%. In Lakheri, 13% of the population (3,844) was under six years of age.
Harauti, a dialect of Rajasthani is widely spoken in Lakheri, with Hindi and English being the other languages spoken.
According to the 2011 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the city practised by about 83.2% of the population. Muslims form large minorities (14.07%) followed by Jains (1.34%), Sikhs (0.9%) and Christians (0.4%).
Transportation
The city lies in between the main Delhi - Mumbai line. More than 1000 travelers commute daily from Lakheri to Kota, Jaipur and many other large cities by local train like Dehradun express, Avadh express, Firozpur janta express train. The city was previously bypassed by Indian Railway, which did not provide any passenger train stops. Gradually, train stops have been added, such as Kota Shriganganagar SF, Jodhpur Indore SF, but continuous urge for stoppage of dayodaya SF and jaipur-mumbai SF has been neglected by Railway Board.
City is also connected to Bundi through SH29 and to Kota and Jaipur through SH1. Bus service in the city is in poor condition as Rajasthan Roadways has no routine bus service and no express, silver line or blue line buses. Two couple of buses one from kota and one from baran to jaipur passes through the town. Although private travellers' buses between indergarh and kota comes every half an hour.
City is looking forward for development as the bharatmala project Delhi-Mumbai route is planned to pass through outskirt of lakheri.
Health services
There is a shortage of medical facilities in the city, except for the presence of the following:
Government community health centre
ACC hospital
Saxena nursing home
Other private practitioners
Education
The government and private schools in the city are affiliated with either the Central Board of Secondary Education or Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan and follow a 10+2 plan. The medium of instruction is either English or Hindi. Kota, the zonal headquarters near Lakheri is known as an education city.
In the past decade the city of Kota has emerged as a popular coaching destination for competitive examspreparation and for-profit educational services. The education sector of Kota has become a major contributor to the city's economy. Kota is popularly referred to as "the coaching capital of India". Over 1.5 lakh students from all over the country flock every year to the city to preparation for various exams such as Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT)-Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), the National Eligibility and Entrance Test (NEET-UG) and AIIMS etc. Many hostels and PGs for students are located in Kota in the vicinity of the coaching centres. Students live here for 2–3 years and prepare for their exams. In the past few years, reports of students committing suicide in the city have increased. According to these reports, students feel stressed and are pressured to crack their target competitive exam. To help students cope, many coaching centres have appointed counselors to help them.
College
Maharaja Moolsingh College, Lakheri
Schools in Lakheri
ACC Works School
Govt. Sr.Sec. School
Govt. Girls Sr. Sec. School
Modern Public School, Nayapura
Shiv Bal Vidya Mandir Sec. School
Adarsh Vidhya Mandir
Blue Bird Public Sec. School
Pathan Public School
Sharda Sec. School
Govt.Sec. School, Station
Govt.Girls Sec. School, Ishwar Nagar
New Nehru Children School, Lakheri Gandhipurai
DAV Public School
Swami Vivekanand Sec. School, Ganeshpura Lakheri
Saini Public School
Lakheri Movie Makers
LAKHERI MOVIE MAKERS is a videography and video editing production founded by lakheri based boys Pawan Sharma and Abhinav Meena in year 2014. In year 2017 Lakheri Movie Makers made a documentary LAKHERI DARSHAN which was a social attempt to avail the natural, religious, historical tourism spots and industries of town Lakheri. Lakheri Darshan was directed by Pawan Sharma and the facts regarding documentary was obtained from related persons, internet and book Lakheri Picchaley Panney.
Places of interest around Lakheri
Lakdeshwar Mahadev Temple
Raghunath Temple
Charbhuja Temple
Chamawali Mata Temple
Sandal Ke Balaji
JANKINATH Astal
Bhoomia Ji Maharaj
CNI Church
Dungar Wale Baba
Sakhawada
ZIGZAG Dam
Sukhadia Park
Toran Ki Bawdi
manduppa balaji
Indergarh Fort
References
Cities and towns in Bundi district |
The China Pictorial, known in Chinese as Renmin Huabao () is a Chinese monthly magazine first published in 1950. The title of the magazine was handwritten by Mao Zedong. It was one of four publications allowed during the Cultural Revolution in China. The magazine was instrumental to promote the revolution.
In addition to the Chinese edition, there are other editions in different languages, including English, Korean, Japanese, Arabic, French, German, Italian, and Russian. In 1960, seventeen editions were published after 10 years of existence.
History
In May 1948, Jinchaji Pictorial merged with People's Pictorial and changed its name to North China Pictorial.
In June 1950, Mao Zedong changed the title of the magazine to China Pictorial. The magazine was established and first published under the name China Pictorial in July 1950. In the late 1950s a member of the Sweden China Association in Stockholm, Nils Holmberg, was hired by the Chinese authorities to translate the content of the magazine into Swedish.
Since its establishment, the magazine has never ceased publication, and was published as usual during the Cultural Revolution.
At the end of 2001, China Pictorial was selected as one of the "China Periodical Phalanx" evaluated by the National Press and Publication Administration, and was awarded the title of "Periodical with Double Effect on Social and Economic Benefits".
In October 2002, China Pictorial released its Korean language edition.
In 2003, China Pictorial was awarded the second National Periodical Award in a competition conducted by the General Administration of Press and Publication. In 2005, People's Pictorial won the third National Periodical Award.
In 2018, the magazine was named as one of the "Top 100 Newspapers" in the country by the Department of News and Press of the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television.
See also
China Today
References
External links
Official website
English version
1950 establishments in China
Communist magazines
Magazines established in 1950
Magazines published in Beijing
Monthly magazines published in China
Multilingual magazines
Political magazines published in China
State media
Propaganda newspapers and magazines |
The Franz Marc Museum is a museum located in Kochel am See, Upper Bavaria, dedicated to German Expressionist painter Franz Marc. The museum shows paintings by Franz Marc, and also works of art of his contemporaries and other important artists of the 20th century, in a permanent and in temporary exhibitions.
History
The Franz Marc Museum is a private institution, which was founded in 1986 to present the life and work of Marc, one of the most important artists of Bavaria in the 20th century, in the place where he lived and which gave him so much inspiration.
The museum exhibits 2000 works, including more than 150 works from the estate of Franz Marc, which are complemented with various loans. It also holds many of his personal items and written documents, as well works of art by some of his contemporary artists, such as Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Max Pechstein, Erich Heckel, Max Beckmann, Gabriele Münter and Alexej von Jawlensky. The exhibition illustrates the influence of Franz Marc and his colleagues of the Expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter in contemporary art.
In 2008, a new building was inaugurated, having been designed by Swiss architects Diethelm & Spillmann, and it opened up new possibilities for the museum's conception. It extended the exhibition space by around 700 m2, so that Marc's work could be put in the context of the 20th century art. Especially after the addition to the Franz Marc Bequest and the Franz Marc Foundation of the collection of the Etta and Otto Stangl Foundation, it became possible to showcase the work of Marc with the some of his other contemporaries, such as from the artists from the other German Expressionist group Brücke, and also post-World War II German and French artists, like Joseph Beuys, Per Kirkeby and Georg Baselitz.
The museum continuously changes the displays of the collection, which provides new insights about Marc's work and his influence in German contemporary art.
On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the artist's death, on 4 March 2016, the museum dedicated him an exhibition trilogy, under the collective title "Franz Marc - Between Utopia and Apocalypse" (Franz Marc – Zwischen Utopie und Apokalypse), each one called, respectively, "The Poor Country of Tirol", "Grazing Horses" and "Fighting Forms". The museum also holds periodically exhibitions dedicated to contemporary artists. It inaugurated recently the exhibition "Blauer Reiter-Das Moment der Abstraktion", dedicated to the Blaue Reiter artists and how they paved the way to abstraccionism.
The Franz Marc Museum is part of the MuSeen Landscape Expressionism (MuSeenLandschaft Expressionismus), in Germany, together with the Museum der Phantasie ("Buchheim Museum"), in Bernried am Starnberger See, the Museum Penzberg, the Schloßmuseum Murnau (Castle Museum Murnau), and the Municipal Gallery Lenbachhaus, in Munich.
Friends of the Franz Marc Museum
The Friends of the Franz Marc Museum is an association that sponsors exhibitions on Franz Marc, artists of Der Blaue Reiter or Die Brücke, as well as on abstract art of the 20th century, especially German post-World War II art. Their commitment enables them to buy works of art to supplement the collections of the Franz Marc Museum. They also support the development of new placement services to promote understanding of art and to show their contexts and backgrounds. In addition, they facilitate series of talks, events and symposia, scientific conferences on 20th-century art and cultural history, and publications documenting these events or presenting new research results. They also promote cultural events such as readings or concerts and support placement services for non-educated sections of the population and young people.
Works
Some of the best known works of the museum are:
Franz Marc, Hut in Dachau Moors (German: Moorhütten im Dachauer Moos), 1902
Franz Marc, Kleine Pferdestudie II, 1905
Franz Marc, Two Women on the Hillside (German: Zwei Frauen am Berg), 1906
Franz Marc, Hocken im Schnee, 1911
Franz Marc, Springendes Pferd, 1912
Franz Marc, Kleine Komposition IV, 1914
August Macke, Große Promenade, 1914
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Zwei Tänzerinnen, 1910–11
Willi Baumeister, Figur in absoluter Stellung, 1919
See also
List of single-artist museums
References
External links
Franz Marc Museum Website
Franz Marc
Museums in Bavaria
Biographical museums in Germany
Art museums established in 1986
Art museums and galleries in Germany
Marc
1986 establishments in Germany |
Staðarstaður () is a small settlement and parsonage located in Snæfellsnesi, Iceland. It is claimed that Ari Þorgilsson lived there in the 12th century. In 1981 a memorial by Ragnar Kjartansson as a remembrance of this was erected.
References
Snæfellsnes |
Aerodramus is a genus of small, dark, cave-nesting birds in the Collocaliini tribe of the swift family. Its members are confined to tropical and subtropical regions in southern Asia, Oceania and northeastern Australia. Many of its members were formerly classified in Collocalia, but were first placed in a separate genus by American ornithologist Harry Church Oberholser in 1906.
This is a taxonomically difficult group of very similar species. Echolocation, DNA sequencing and parasitic lice have all been used to establish relationships, but some problems, such as the placement of the Papuan swiftlet are not fully resolved. These swiftlets can pose major identification problems where several species occur.
What distinguishes Aerodramus swiftlets from other swifts, and indeed almost all other birds, is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation. This enables them to navigate within the breeding and roosting caves.
The nests of Aerodramus swiftlets are constructed with saliva as a major component. In two species, saliva is the only material used, and the nests are collected for the famous Chinese delicacy 'bird's nest soup', the over-collection of which puts pressure on the swiftlet populations.
Distribution
The range of these swiftlets is confined to tropical southern Asia, Oceania, northeastern Australia and the Indian Ocean, with the greatest diversity in Southeast Asia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Several of the species are restricted to small islands, and their limited range can make them vulnerable, like the Seychelles, Whitehead's and Guam swiftlets. The Mangaia swiftlet is a recently extinct species known only from fossils.
Description
Aerodramus swiftlets are in many respects typical swifts, having narrow wings for fast flight, and a wide gape and small reduced beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight. They have dull plumage which is mainly in shades of black, brown, and grey. Members of this genus typically have dark brown upper wings and upper body, sometimes with a paler rump, light brown underparts, a paler throat, and brownish-white under-wings with dark brown "armpits". Males and female plumages are similar in appearance, as is that of the juvenile, for those species for which it has been described; in some species the juvenile shows pale fringes to the flight feathers.
The legs, as with many swifts, are very short, preventing the birds from perching, but allowing them to cling to vertical surfaces. The flight is mainly gliding due to very long primary feathers and small breast muscles. Aerodramus swiftlets, depending on species, weigh 8–35 grammes (0.28–1.23 oz) and are 9–16 centimetres (0.28–1.23 in) long. These swiftlets are very similar, and where several species occur, such as Borneo, New Guinea and the Philippines, may not be separable in the field.
Behaviour
Aerodramus swiftlets are aerial insectivores, which take prey like flies on the wing. They roost and breed in caves; during the day they leave the caves to forage for food, and return to roost at night. They are monogamous and both partners take part in caring for the nestlings. Males perform aerial displays to attract females and mating occurs at the nest. The breeding season overlaps the wet season, which corresponds to an increased insect population.
Clutch size depends on the location and the food source, but generally Aerodramus swiftlets lay one or two eggs. The eggs are a dull white, and are laid every other day. Many, if not all, species are colonial nesters; some build their nests in high, dark corners on cave walls.
Most Aerodramus swiftlets live in the tropical Indo-Pacific region and do not migrate. These birds usually remain in one cave or other roosting/nesting site. Examples of cave sites include the Niah Caves and Gunung Mulu National Park, which are both located in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo.
Characteristics of behaviour, such as what materials apart from saliva the nests contain, can be used to differentiate between certain species of Aerodramus.
Echolocation
The genus Aerodramus is of special interest due to its use of echolocation. The swiftlets use this technique to navigate in darkness through the chasms and shafts of the caves where they breed and roost at night. Apart from swiftlets, the only other avian species to use echolocation is the unrelated oilbird.
The Aerodramus swiftlets' echolocating double clicks are within the normal human hearing range and up to 3 milliseconds apart, with the interval becoming shorter in darker locations. Unlike the rest of the genus (for those species which have been studied), the Atiu swiftlet, Aerodramus sawtelli, and the black-nest swiftlet, A. maximus, emit only single clicks. The former species also uses echolocation outside its caves.
The use of echolocation was once used to separate Aerodramus from the other non-echolocating cave swiftlet genera Collocalia and Hydrochous (virtually nothing is known about Schoutedenapus). However, recently, the pygmy swiftlet, Collocalia troglodytes, was discovered making similar clicking noises both inside and outside its roosting cave.
It has recently been determined that the echolocation vocalizations do not agree with evolutionary relationship between swiftlet species as suggested by DNA sequence comparison. This suggests that as in bats, echolocation sounds, once present, adapt rapidly and independently to the particular species' acoustic environment.
A study suggested that the echolocation subunits were mainly located in the central nervous system, while the subunits in the vocal apparatus were already present and capable of use before echolocation even evolved. This study supports the hypothesis of independent evolution of echolocation in Aerodramus and Collocalia, with the subsequent evolution of complex behaviour needed to complement the physical echolocation system, or just possibly that the vocal apparatus-parts of the echolocation system might even be inherited from some prehistoric nocturnal ancestor.
It has been suggested that the giant or waterfall swiftlet, Hydrochous gigas, which cannot echolocate, may be descended from an echolocating ancestor.
Saliva nests
The intricately constructed saliva nests of this swiftlet genus, which in some species contain no other material, are collected to make the delicacy bird's nest soup. They therefore command extremely high prices.
Authentic bird's nest soup is made from the nests of the edible-nest swiftlet (or white-nest swiftlet), Aerodramus fuciphagus, and the black-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus maximus. Instead of incorporating twigs, feathers and straw like others in the genus, these two swiftlets make their nest only from strands of their gummy saliva, which harden when exposed to air. Once the nests are harvested, they are cleaned and sold to restaurants. Over the past twenty years, the high demand for the nests of these Aerodramus species has had an adverse effect on their populations. The Niah caves population of black-nest swiftlets plunged from around 1.5 million pairs in 1959 to 150,000–298,000 pairs in the early 1990s through over-harvesting.
Early authors had doubts about the material used to make the nest, with whale and fish sperm and sea foam being proposed as the basis for construction. Even in the 1830s, when the use of saliva had been fairly well established, it was believed that it was only a cement to bind a sea plant which provided the bulk of the gelatinous material of the nest.
Lice
As with other taxonomically difficult groups, ectoparasites can give information on relationships. A study of swiftlet parasites in northern Borneo involved transferring lice between closely related swiftlet species. The survival of lice in most of these transfers was significantly reduced in proportion to the mean difference in feather barb size between the donor and recipient species of hosts. Thus, adaptation to a particular resource on the body of the host appears to govern the specificity of swiftlet lice. In transfers where lice survived, the lice moved to different areas on the body of the host where the mean barb diameter of the feathers on which the lice occurred had the required value.
Papuan swiftlet
The Papuan swiftlet, Aerodramus papuensis, has three toes instead of the usual four in this group. It has the ability to echolocate, but whereas other previously studied species use echolocation primarily while flying in their caves, the Papuan swiftlet appears to be nocturnal or crepuscular and uses echolocation while active outside at night. It uses single, not double, clicks. DNA sequence data provides strong support for a basal relationship between A. papuensis and other Aerodramus taxa and suggest that this species and the waterfall swift Hydrochous gigas, are sister taxa, a relationship that would indicate paraphyly of the genus Aerodramus.
Taxonomy
The genus Aerodramus was introduced (as a subgenus of Collocalia) in 1906 by the American ornithologist Harry C. Oberholser. He designated the type species as Collocalia innominata Hume. This taxon is now considered as a subspecies of the Himalayan swiftlet (Aerodramus brevirostris). The genus name combines the Ancient Greek aēr meaning "air" with -dromos meaning
"-racer" (from trekhō "to run").
The genus now contains 28 species:
Seychelles swiftlet, Aerodramus elaphrus – split from Halmahera swiftlet
Mascarene swiftlet, Aerodramus francicus
Indian swiftlet, Aerodramus unicolor
Philippine swiftlet, Aerodramus mearnsi
Halmahera swiftlet, Aerodramus infuscatus
Sulawesi swiftlet, Aerodramus sororum
Seram swiftlet, Aerodramus ceramensis
Mountain swiftlet, Aerodramus hirundinaceus
White-rumped swiftlet, Aerodramus spodiopygius
Australian swiftlet, Aerodramus terraereginae
Himalayan swiftlet, Aerodramus brevirostris – includes Indochinese swiftlet (A. b. rogersi)
Volcano swiftlet, Aerodramus vulcanorum
Whitehead's swiftlet, Aerodramus whiteheadi
Bare-legged swiftlet, Aerodramus nuditarsus
Mayr's swiftlet, Aerodramus orientalis
Mossy-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus salangana
Uniform swiftlet, Aerodramus vanikorensis
Ameline swiftlet, Aerodramus amelis – split from uniform swiftlet, includes Palawan swiftlet (A. a. palawanensis)
Palau swiftlet, Aerodramus pelewensis
Mariana swiftlet, Aerodramus bartschi
Island swiftlet, Aerodramus inquietus
Tahiti swiftlet, Aerodramus leucophaeus
Atiu swiftlet, Aerodramus sawtelli
Marquesan swiftlet, Aerodramus ocistus
Black-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus maximus
Edible-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus fuciphagus – includes brown-rumped swiftlet (A. f. vestitus)
Germain's swiftlet, Aerodramus germani
Three-toed swiftlet, Aerodramus papuensis
There is also an extinct species known from fossils:
Mangaia swiftlet, Aerodramus manuoi (prehistoric extinction)
Fossil species
A right ulna (MNZ S42799) found at the Bannockburn Formation of the Manuherikia Group near the Manuherikia River in Otago, New Zealand. Dating from the Early to Middle Miocene (Altonian, 19-16 million years ago), probably belongs to Aerodramus.
References
External links
Bird genera
Cave birds
Animals that use echolocation
Taxa named by Harry C. Oberholser |
```javascript
import React from 'react';
import B from './b';
export default function A() {
return <B />;
}
``` |
```html
<div class="navbar-inner">
<div class="navbar-container">
<!-- Navbar Barnd -->
<div class="navbar-header pull-left">
<a href="#" class="navbar-brand">
<small>
<img src="assets/img/logo.png" ng-if="!settings.rtl" alt=""/>
</small>
</a>
</div>
<!-- /Navbar Barnd -->
<!-- Sidebar Collapse -->
<div class="sidebar-collapse"></div>
<!-- /Sidebar Collapse -->
<!-- Account Area and Settings --->
<div class="navbar-header pull-right" ng-controller="LoginCtrl as loginCtrl">
<div class="navbar-account">
<ul class="account-area">
<li>
<a class="login-area dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
<div class="avatar" title="View your public profile">
<!--<img src="assets/img/avatars/adam-jansen.jpg">-->
</div>
<section>
<h2>
<span class="profile" style="min-width: 60px;">
<span style="text-align: center">{{user.name}}</span>
</span>
</h2>
</section>
</a>
<!--Login Area Dropdown-->
<ul class="pull-right dropdown-menu dropdown-arrow dropdown-login-area">
<li class="username"><a>{{user.name}}</a></li>
<li class="email"><a></a></li>
<!--Avatar Area-->
<!--Avatar Area-->
<li class="edit">
<a href="profile.html" class="pull-left">Profile</a>
<a href="#" class="pull-right">Setting</a>
</li>
<!--Theme Selector Area-->
<li class="theme-area">
<ul class="colorpicker">
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#5DB2FF;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/blue.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#2dc3e8;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/azure.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#03B3B2;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/teal.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#53a93f;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/green.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#FF8F32;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/orange.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#cc324b;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/pink.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#AC193D;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/darkred.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#8C0095;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/purple.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#0072C6;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/darkblue.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#585858;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/gray.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#474544;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/black.min.css"></a></li>
<li><a class="colorpick-btn" href="" style="background-color:#001940;" skin-changer
rel="assets/css/skins/deepblue.min.css"></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<!--/Theme Selector Area-->
<li class="dropdown-footer">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" ng-click="loginCtrl.logout()">
Sign out
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<!--/Login Area Dropdown-->
</li>
<!-- /Account Area -->
<!--Note: notice that setting div must start right after account area list.
no space must be between these elements-->
<!-- Settings -->
</ul>
<div class="setting">
</div>
<div class="setting-container">
<label>
<input type="checkbox" id="checkbox_fixednavbar" ng-model="settings.fixed.navbar">
<span class="text">Fixed Navbar</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" id="checkbox_fixedsidebar" ng-model="settings.fixed.sidebar">
<span class="text">Fixed SideBar</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" id="checkbox_fixedbreadcrumbs" ng-model="settings.fixed.breadcrumbs">
<span class="text">Fixed BreadCrumbs</span>
</label>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" id="checkbox_fixedheader" ng-model="settings.fixed.header">
<span class="text">Fixed Header</span>
</label>
</div>
<!-- Settings -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- /Account Area and Settings -->
</div>
</div>
``` |
Serene Machine is the seventh solo album by Australian guitarist and songwriter Ed Kuepper recorded in 1993 and released on the Hot label. It received an ARIA Award for 'Best Independent Release' at the ARIA Music Awards of 1994.
Reception
The album spent one week in the Australian Recording Industry Association Albums Chart in 1993 at No. 45. Serene Machine was awarded an ARIA for the Best Independent Release at the ARIA Music Awards of 1994.
Track listing
All writing by Ed Kuepper, except where indicated.
"When She's Down" – 3:09
"Sleepy Head (Serene Machine)" – 4:00
"Who's Been Talking?" – 2:45
"It's Happened Before" – 3:48
"I Wish You Were Here" – 3:01
"Maria Peripatetica" (Traditional) – 3:36
"Sounds Like Mysterious Wind" – 3:19
"Reasons" – 3:54
"This Hideous Place" – 3:12
"(You) Don't Know What to Steal" – 3:47
"You Can't Please Everybody (Sweete Reprise)" – 4:00
"Married to My Lazy Life" – 2:24
Personnel
Ed Kuepper – vocals, guitar
Mark Dawson – drums, percussion
Sir Alfonso – bass guitar
Artie Sledge – guitar, bass guitar
The Hub Matinee Choral Society, The Socialist Republic of Newtown's People's Choir – vocals
Charts
References
Hot Records albums
Ed Kuepper albums
1993 albums
ARIA Award-winning albums |
Puževci (; in older sources also Pužovci, ) is a small village in the Municipality of Puconci in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia.
There is a small neogothic chapel by the village cemetery. It was built in 1890 and has a three-story belfry.
References
External links
Puževci on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Puconci |
Aloo Gobi, alu gobi or aloo gobhi () is a vegetarian dish from the Indian subcontinent made with potatoes (aloo), cauliflower (gobhi), and Indian spices. It is popular in Indian cuisine. It is yellowish in color due to the use of turmeric, and occasionally contains black cumin and curry leaves. Other common ingredients include garlic, ginger, onion, coriander stalks, tomato, peas, black pepper, Asafoetida and cumin. There are a number of variations and similar dishes.
A traditional dish with origins in Northern India, it is very popular throughout the country and is also well-known in the cuisines of Nepal, Bengal and Pakistan.
See also
Aloo gosht
Bombay potatoes
List of potato dishes
References
Rajasthani cuisine
Uttar Pradeshi cuisine
Bihari cuisine
Indian curries
Bengali cuisine
North Indian cuisine
Pakistani curries
Potato dishes
Punjabi cuisine
Brassica oleracea dishes
Indian vegetable dishes
Pakistani vegetable dishes
Vegetarian cuisine |
Walsall (, or ; locally ) is a large market town and administrative centre in West Midlands County, England. Historically part of Staffordshire, it is located north-west of Birmingham, east of Wolverhampton and from Lichfield. This list a list of notable people who were born in, lived in, or were otherwise strongly associated with Walsall.
Entertainment
Acting
Bobby Ash (1925–2007), British-Canadian actor born in Walsall
Zoe Dawson (born 1979 in Walsall) actress, minor roles in the BBC soap opera Doctors
Don Gilet (born 1967 in Caldmore) actor, roles in BBC productions Babyfather, EastEnders and 55 Degrees North.
Jeffrey Holland (born Jeffrey Michael Parkes, 1946 in Walsall) actor, roles in TV sitcoms and in Hi-de-Hi!, attended Queen Mary's Grammar School.
Matthew Marsden (born 1973 in West Bromwich) stage and film actor, brought up on the Yew Tree Estate in Walsall and schooled in Wednesbury and Great Barr.
Peter McEnery (born 1940 in Walsall) stage TV and film actor. Gave Hayley Mills her first "grown-up" screen kiss in the 1964 film The Moon-Spinners.
Sue Nicholls (born 1943 in Walsall) actress, played Audrey Roberts in Coronation Street.
Erin O'Connor MBE (born 1978 in Brownhills) model and TV actress, attended Brownhills Community School
Meera Syal CBE (born 1961) comedian, writer, playwright, singer, journalist, producer and actress. Brought up in Essington and attended Queen Mary's High School.
Richard Wattis (born 1912 in Wednesbury – 1975), actor
Frank Windsor (born 1927 in Walsall) actor, mainly on TV. Attended Queen Mary's Grammar School. Played DS John Watt in Z-Cars from 1962 to 1965.
Music
Amar (born 1982), British Indian singer
Andy C (born 1976), DJ, record producer and co-founder of RAM Records
Rob Collins (1963 in Rowley Regis – 1996) musician, original keyboardist of The Charlatans
Martin Degville (born 1961 in Walsall) lead singer and co-songwriter of the UK pop band Sigue Sigue Sputnik.
Goldie aka Clifford Joseph Price, MBE (born 1965 in Walsall) musician, DJ, graffiti artist, visual artist and actor, attended St. Francis of Assisi RC Secondary School in Aldridge
Rob Halford (born 1951 in Sutton Coldfield) raised in Walsall, singer songwriter, lead vocalist for the heavy metal band Judas Priest.
Noddy Holder MBE (born 1946 in Caldmore) musician and actor, lead singer and guitarist in glam rock band Slade
Tom Major-Ball (1879 in Bloxwich – 1962) music hall and circus performer and father of John Major, former Prime Minister
Frank Mullings (1881 in Walsall – 1953) a leading English tenor with Beecham Opera Company and its successor, the British National Opera Company
Mark Rhodes (born 1981 in Darlaston) singer and TV presenter, finished 2nd in the 2nd series of Pop Idol, lives in Wombourne.
Jorja Smith (born 1997 in Walsall) singer-songwriter
Connie Talbot (born 2000) from Streetly, teen singer 2nd place in the first series of Britain's Got Talent (series 1)
Kathryn Tickell OBE, DL (born 8 June 1967 in Walsall) is an English musician, noted for her mastery of the Northumbrian smallpipes and fiddle.
Dave Walker (born 1945 in Walsall) singer and guitarist, front-man for a number of bands; including Idle Race, Savoy Brown, Fleetwood Mac, and, briefly, Black Sabbath.
TV and radio
Alex Lester (born 1956 in Walsall) radio broadcaster,
Andrew Peach (born in Bloxwich c. 1970) BBC Radio presenter
Bob Warman (born 1946) TV presenter,
Leila Williams (born in Walsall 1937) beauty queen and Blue Peter presenter from 1958 until 1962
Politics
William Dixon Allott, (1817–1892) born in Walsall, Mayor of Adelaide 1873–1874
David Ennals, Baron Ennals PC (1922–1995) Labour Party politician born in Walsall
Bruce George (born 1942) Labour Party politician, MP for Walsall South 1974–2010
Eddie Hughes (born 1968) Conservative Party politician, MP for Walsall North 2017 to date.
Joseph Leckie (Born Glasgow 24 May 1866 – 9 August 1938) after whom Joseph Leckie school, now an academy was named. MP for Walsall 1931 - 1938.
Sir Harmar Nicholls (1912 in Walsall – 2000) Conservative Party politician, MP for Peterborough 1950–1974.
John Stonehouse (1925 – 1988) Labour Party politician, MP for Walsall North 1974–1976, notable for his unsuccessful attempt to fake his own death in 1974
David Winnick (born 1933) Labour Party politician, MP for Walsall North 1979–2017.
Jenny Tonge, Baroness Tonge MD (born 1941 in Walsall) politician, Liberal Democrat MP for Richmond Park in London 1997–2005, made a life peer in June 2005.
Valerie Vaz (born 1954) Labour politician and solicitor MP for Walsall South 2010 to date.
Public service and commerce
Francis Asbury (1745 Hamstead Bridge – 1816) joint founder of the Methodist movement in the United States, brought up in Gt Barr, emigrated 1771
Mike Ashley (born 1964), British billionaire retail entrepreneur focused in the sporting goods market
Sir Terence Beckett KBE (1923 in Walsall – 2013) businessman, chairman of Ford and later, director-general of the Confederation of British Industry
Margaret Bromhall (born 1890 in Walsall) first radiotherapist appointed to a radiotherapy department, at North Middlesex Hospital in London
John Henry Carless VC (1896 in Walsall – 1917) recipient of the Victoria Cross during the First World War
Rev Harry Moore Dauncey (1863 in Walsall – 1932) missionary in Papua New Guinea
Sister Dora (1832–1878) Anglican nun and a nurse in Walsall. She is honoured for her compassion and her medical work by a statue in the centre of town.
Michael L. Fitzgerald (born Walsall in 1937) Roman Catholic Cardinal, expert on Muslim-Christian relations
Martin Fowler (born 1963 in Walsall) software developer
Frederick Gibbs MC (born 1899 in Walsall) World War I Flying Ace
Sir Harry Hinsley OBE (1918 in Birchills – 1998) historian and cryptanalyst, worked at Bletchley Park and became Master of St John's College, Cambridge University
Sir Len Peach (1932 in Walsall – 2016) Chief Executive of the National Health Service 1986 – 1989.
Air Vice-Marshal Sidney Webster CBE AFC (1900 in Walsall – 1984) aviator and senior officer in the RAF
Sport
Norman Ashe (born 1943), footballer
Fred Bakewell (1908 in Walsall – 1983) was a Northamptonshire and England opening batsman, renowned largely because of his unorthodox methods
David Brown (born 1942 in Walsall) former English cricketer, attended Queen Mary's Grammar School played in twenty six Tests from 1965 to 1969
Colin Charvis (born 1972 in Sutton Coldfield) attended Queen Mary's Grammar School in Walsall, a former captain of the Wales national rugby union team
Leon Drysdale (born 1991), footballer
Nick Gillingham MBE (born 1967 in Walsall) swimmer, competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona
Terry Holbrook (born 1945 in Walsall) football referee formerly in the Football League and Premier League
Dean Keates (born 1978 in Beechdale) retired footballer and former First Team manager of Walsall.
Vaughan Lee (born 1982) Mixed Martial Artist formerly competing in UFC.
Mark Lewis-Francis MBE (born Darlason 1982) 100 metres sprinter, member of the gold medal winning 4x100 metres relay team at the 2004 summer Olympics.
Robert Marshall (1869–1937), cricketer
Rupert Moon former Llanelli and Welsh rugby international, known as the "Walsall Welshman" he became a radio and television presenter in Wales.
Lee Naylor (born in 1980 in Mossley) former professional footballer
David Platt (born Walsall 1966) English-born Australian darts player
Rachel Unitt (born 1982 in Bentley) England Women's footballer
Eleanor Simmonds OBE (born Walsall 1994) Paralympian swimmer, won gold in the 2008 and 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Writing
John Byrne (born 1950 in Walsall) comic book creator, raised in West Bromwich
Peter Corey (born 1946 in Walsall) author of the Coping With children's book series and also a TV actor.
Jerome K. Jerome (1859 in Caldmore – 1927) writer and humourist, author of comic travelogue Three Men in a Boat (1889).
Paul McDonald (born 1961 in Walsall) comic novelist and academic.
Sir Henry Newbolt CH (1862 in Bilston – 1938) poet, novelist and historian and old boy of Queen Mary's Grammar School.
Nick Redfern (born 1964 in Pelsall) author and UFO researcher
Science
Lindon Eaves (1944–2022) geneticist and Anglican priest, born in Walsall
John Edward Gray (1800–1875), zoologist, born in Walsall.
Murderers
Raymond Morris (1929 in Walsall – 2014) convicted of the Cannock Chase murders in the late 1960s, served 45 years in prison.
Louise Porton (born 1996) woman who murdered her two children in 2018, formerly lived in Walsall
References
Walsall |
Employment discrimination is a form of illegal discrimination in the workplace based on legally protected characteristics. In the U.S., federal anti-discrimination law prohibits discrimination by employers against employees based on age, race, gender, sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity), religion, national origin, and physical or mental disability. State and local laws often protect additional characteristics such as marital status, veteran status and caregiver/familial status. Earnings differentials or occupational differentiation—where differences in pay come from differences in qualifications or responsibilities—should not be confused with employment discrimination. Discrimination can be intended and involve disparate treatment of a group or be unintended, yet create disparate impact for a group.
Definition
In neoclassical economics theory, labor market discrimination is defined as the different treatment of two equally qualified individuals on account of their gender, race, disability, religion, etc. Discrimination is harmful since it affects the economic outcomes of equally productive workers directly and indirectly through feedback effects. Darity and Mason [1998] summarise that the standard approach used in identifying employment discrimination is to isolate group productivity differences (education, work experience). Differences in outcomes (such as earnings, job placement) that cannot be attributed to worker qualifications are attributed to discriminatory treatment.
In the non-neoclassical view, discrimination is the main source of inequality in the labor market and is seen in the persistent gender and racial earnings disparity in the U.S. Non-neoclassical economists define discrimination more broadly than neoclassical economists. For example, the feminist economist Deborah Figart [1997] defines labor market discrimination as "a multi-dimensional interaction of economic, social, political, and cultural forces in both the workplace and the family, resulting in different outcomes involving pay, employment, and status". That is, discrimination is not only about measurable outcomes but also about unquantifiable consequences. It is important to note that the process is as important as the outcomes. Furthermore, gender norms are embedded in labor markets and shape employer preferences as well worker preferences; therefore, it is not easy to separate discrimination from productivity-related inequality.
Although labor market inequalities have declined after the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964, the movement towards equality has slowed down after the mid-1970s, especially more in gender terms than racial terms. The key issue in the debate on employment discrimination is the persistence of discrimination, namely, why discrimination persists in a capitalist economy.
Evidence
Statistical
Gender earnings gap or the concentration of men and women workers in different occupations or industries in and of itself is not evidence of discrimination. Therefore, empirical studies seek to identify the extent to which earnings differentials are due to worker qualification differences. Many studies find that qualification differences do not explain more than a portion of the earnings differences. The portion of the earnings gap that cannot be explained by qualifications is then attributed by some to discrimination. One prominent formal procedure for identifying the explained and unexplained portions of the gender wage differentials or wage gap is the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition procedure.
Another type of statistical evidence of discrimination is gathered by focusing on homogeneous groups. This approach has the advantage of studying economic outcomes of groups with very similar qualifications.
In a well-known longitudinal study, the University of Michigan Law School (U.S.A.) graduates were surveyed between 1987 and 1993, and later between 1994 and 2000 to measure the changes in the wage gap. The group was intentionally chosen to have very similar characteristics. Although the gap in earnings between men and women was very small immediately after graduation, it widened in 15 years to the point that women earned 60 percent of what men earned. From the abstract: Sex differences in hours worked have increased over time and explain more of the sex-based earnings gap, while sex differences in job settings and years spent in private practice have declined and explain less of the gap.
Other studies on relatively homogeneous group of college graduates produced a similar unexplained gap, even for the highly educated women, such as Harvard MBAs in the United States. One such study focused on gender wage differences in 1985 between the college graduates. The graduates were chosen from the ones who earned their degree one or two years earlier. The researchers took college major, GPA (grade point average) and the educational institution the graduates attended into consideration. Yet, even after these factors were accounted for, there remained a 10-15 percent pay gap based on gender. Another study based on a 1993 survey of all college graduates had similar results for black and white women regarding gender differences in earnings. Both black women and white women made less money compared to white, non-Hispanic men. However, the results of earnings were mixed for Hispanic and Asian women when their earnings were compared to white, non-Hispanic men. A 2006 study looked at Harvard graduates. The researchers also controlled for educational performance such as GPA, SAT scores and college major, as well as time out of work and current occupation. The results showed 30 percent of the wage gap was unexplained. Therefore, although not all of the unexplained gaps attribute to discrimination, the results of the studies signal gender discrimination, even if these women are highly educated. Human capitalists argue that measurement and data problems contribute to this unexplained gap.
One very recent example of employment discrimination is to be seen among female Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) in the US. Although 62% of accountants and auditors are women, they are only 9% when it comes to the CFO post. According to the research not only are they underrepresented in the profession, but they are also underpaid, 16% less on average.
From experiments
It is possible to investigate hiring discrimination experimentally by sending fabricated job applications to employers, where the fictitious candidates differ only by the characteristic to be tested (e.g. ethnicity, gender, age...). This method is also called correspondence testing. If the researchers receive less positive replies for minority applicants, it can be concluded that this minority faces discrimination in hiring. A systematic review of 40 studies conducted between 2000 and 2014 found significant discrimination against ethnic minorities at all stages of the recruitment process, concluding that overall "race/ethnic minority groups needed to apply for nearly twice as many jobs as the majority group to get a positive response". When investigating gender-based discrimination, the same review concluded that "men applying for strongly female-stereotyped jobs need to make between twice to three times as many applications as do women to receive a positive response for these jobs" and "women applying to male-dominated jobs face lower levels of discrimination in comparison to men applying to female-dominated jobs." This study also identified discrimination based on age (against older workers), sexual orientation and obesity.
A meta-analysis of more than 700 correspondence test conducted between 1990 and 2015 concluded that "[ethnic] minority applicants have 49% lower odds to be invited for an interview, compared to the equally qualified majority candidate". However, they found no indication of any systematic discrimination based on gender.
In a 2016 systematic review intending to list "(Almost) All Correspondence Experiments Since 2005", virtually all studies of racial discrimination found that ethnic minorities were disadvantaged. Of 11 studies that looked at gender discrimination, five found no evidence of discrimination, four found that women were advantaged, and two found that men were advantaged. Some studies also identified discrimination based on attractiveness, less physically-attractive people being less likely to be hired.
A meta-analysis of 18 studies from various OECD countries found that gay and lesbian applicants face discrimination in hiring on the same level as ethnic discrimination.
In 2021, a large-scale study published in Nature tracked the behavior of recruiters on a Swiss online recruitment platform. Based on more than 3 million profile views, they found that "immigrant and minority ethnic groups face a substantially lower contact rate compared to native Swiss citizens". The most affected groups were people from Asia (18.5% penalty) and Sub-Saharan Africa (17.1% penalty). On average, the study found "no evidence of meaningful differences between the contact rates of women and men". However, by looking separately at male-dominated and female-dominated occupations, the researchers found that women face a 6.7% hiring penalty in the 5 most male-dominated occupations (electrical workers, drivers, metal and machinery workers, construction and forestry/fishery/hunting). On the other hand, men face a 12.6% penalty when applying for jobs dominated by women (personal care, clerical support, health associates, clerks and health professionals).
In 2013, a US based study showed Muslim hijab wearing women had a gap in call backs that women not wearing hijabs with the same employment profiles did not have. The study ran a field experiment of 49 male and 63 female employees from 72 retails stores and 40 restaurants with price points that targeted mid-income level clientele. 14 women ages 19–22 and of varied ethnicities, volunteered to act as job applicants, "confederates". 14 additional women acted as "interaction observers." Each observer was paired with one confederate to oversee all eight of the confederate's trails. For half the trails the confederate wore a plain black hijab and dressed similarly, for the other half they dressed similarly but did not wear hijab. Confederates were coached on a verbal script and entering and leaving work places. Mock trials were held to prepare for the role. After training was complete confederate/observer pair were dispatched to eight different work places within a mall. The observer entered the store and acted as clientele, and timed the confederates interactions. The confederate, meanwhile, asked for a manager and then presented three questions regarding employment. The questions are as follow: "Do you have a job position open for a__ (sales representative/waitress)?", "Could I fill out a job application?", and "What sort of things would I be doing if I worked here?" The confederate and observer were asked not to speak to one another until they had completed submitting data to avoid bias. The research comes to the conclusion that there is formal and interpersonal discrimination against hijab wearing Muslim women.
From court cases
Darity and Mason [1998] summarize the court cases on discrimination, in which employers were found guilty and huge awards were rewarded for plaintiffs. They argue that such cases establish the existence of discrimination. The plaintiffs were women or non-whites (St. Petersburg Times, 1997; Inter Press Service, 1996; The Chicago Tribune, 1997; The New York Times, 1993; the Christian Science Monitor, 1983; Los Angeles Times, 1996). Some examples are the following: In 1997, the allegations for the Publix Super Markets were "gender biases in on the job training, promotion, tenure and layoff policies; wage discrimination; occupational segregation; hostile work environment" (St. Petersburg Times, 1997, pp. 77). In 1996, allegations for Texaco were "racially discriminatory hiring, promotion and salary policies" (Inter Press Service, 1996; The Chicago Tribune, 1997, pp. 77). The six black workers, who were the plaintiffs, gave the taped racist comments of the white corporate officials as evidence (Inter Press Service, 1996; The Chicago Tribune, 1997). In 1983, the General Motors Corporation was sued both for gender and racial discrimination (the Christian Science Monitor, 1983). In 1993, the Shoney International was accused of "racial bias in promotion, tenure, and layoff policies; wage discrimination; hostile work environment (The New York Times, 1993, pp. 77) ". The victims were granted $105 million (The New York Times, 1993). In 1996, the plaintiffs of the Pitney Bowes, Inc. case were granted $11.1 million (Los Angeles Times, 1996).
Neoclassical explanations
Neoclassical labor economists explain the existence and persistence of discrimination based on tastes for discrimination and statistical discrimination theories. While overcrowding model moves away from neoclassical theory, the institutional models are non-neoclassical.
Tastes for discrimination
The Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker claimed the markets punish the companies that discriminate because it is costly. His argument is as following:
The profitability of the company that discriminates is decreased, and the loss is "directly proportional to how much the employer's decision was based on prejudice, rather than on merit." Indeed, choosing a worker with lower performance (in comparison to salary) causes losses proportional to the difference in performance. Similarly, the customers who discriminate against certain kinds of workers in favor of less effective have to pay more for their services, in the average.
If a company discriminates, it typically loses profitability and market share to the companies that do not discriminate, unless the state limits free competition protecting the discriminators.
However, there is a counter-argument against Becker's claim. As Becker conceptualized, discrimination is the personal prejudice or a "taste" associated with a specific group, originally formulated to explain employment discrimination based on race. The theory is based on the idea that markets punish the discriminator in the long run as discrimination is costly in the long run for the discriminator. There are three types of discrimination, namely: employer, employee and customer.
In the first one, the employer has a taste for discriminating against women and is willing to pay the higher cost of hiring men instead of women. Thus, the non-pecuniary cost brings an additional cost of discrimination in dollar terms; the full cost of employing women is the wage paid plus this additional cost of discrimination. For the total cost of men and women to be equal, women are paid less than men. In the second type, the male employees have a distaste for working with women employees. Because of the non-pecuniary cost, they must be paid more than women. In the third type, the customers or clients have a distaste for being served by woman employees. Therefore, the customers are willing to pay higher prices for a good or a service in order not to be served by women. The as-if non-pecuniary cost is associated with purchasing goods or services from women.
Becker's theory states that discrimination cannot exist in the long run because it is costly. However, discrimination seems to persist in the long run; it declined only after the Civil Rights Act, as it was seen in the economic history. Regardless, it is argued that Becker's theory holds for occupational segregation. For instance, men are more likely to work as truck drivers, or the female customers are more likely to choose to be served by women lingerie salespersons because of preferences. However, this segregation cannot explain the wage differentials. In other words, occupational segregation is an outcome of group-typing of employment between different groups but consumer discrimination does not cause wage differentials. Thus, customer discrimination theory fails to explain the combination of employment segregation and the wage differentials. However, the data points out the jobs associated with women suffer from lower pay.
Statistical discrimination
Edmund Phelps [1972] introduced the assumption of uncertainty in hiring decisions. When employers make a hiring decision, although they can scrutinize the qualifications of the applicants, they cannot know for sure which applicant would perform better or would be more stable. Thus, they are more likely to hire the male applicants over the females, if they believe on average men are more productive and more stable. This general view affects the decision of the employer about the individual on the basis of information on the group averages.
Blau et al. [2010] point out the harmful consequences of discrimination via feedback effects regardless of the initial cause of discrimination. The non-neoclassical insight that is not part of the statistical discrimination sheds light onto uncertainty. If a woman is given less firm-specific training and is assigned to lower-paid jobs where the cost of her resigning is low based on the general view of women, then this woman is more likely to quit her job, fulfilling the expectations, thus to reinforce group averages held by employers. However, if the employer invests a lot on her, the chance that she will stay is higher.
Non-neoclassical approach
Overcrowding model
This non-neoclassical model was first developed by Barbara Bergmann. According to the model, outcome of the occupational segregation is wage differentials between the two genders. The reasons for segregation may be socialization, individual decisions, or labor market discrimination. Wage differentials occur when the job opportunities or demand for the female-dominated sector is less than the supply of women. According to the evidence, in general female dominated jobs pay less than male dominated jobs. The pay is low because of the high number of women who choose female dominated jobs or they do not have other opportunities.
When there is no discrimination in the market and both female and male workers are equally productive, wages are the same regardless of type of the job, F or M jobs. Assume the equilibrium wages in job F is higher than that of the M jobs. Intuitively, the workers in the less paying job will transfer to the other sector. This movement ceases only when the wages in two sectors are equal. Therefore, when the market is free of discrimination, wages are the same for different types of jobs, provided that there is sufficient time for adjustment and attractiveness of each job is the same.
When there is discrimination in the M jobs against women workers, or when women prefer the F jobs, economic outcomes change. When there is a limit of available M jobs, its supply decreases; thus, wages of the M jobs increase. Because women cannot enter to the M jobs or they choose the F jobs, they "crowd" into F jobs. Consequently, higher supply of F jobs decreases its wage rates. Briefly, segregation causes the gender wage differentials regardless of the equal skills.
Another striking point of overcrowding model is productivity. Since women in the F jobs cost less it is rational to substitute labor for capital. On the contrary, it is rational to substitute capital for labor in the M jobs. Therefore, overcrowding causes wage differentials and it makes women less productive although they were potentially equally productive initially.
The question of why women prefer working in female-dominated sectors is an important one. Some advocate this choice stems from inherently different talents or preferences; some insist it is due to the differences in socialization and division of labor in the household; some believe it is because of discrimination in some occupations.
Institutional models
Institutional models of discrimination indicate labor markets are not as flexible as it is explained in the competitive models. Rigidities are seen in the institutional arrangements, or in the monopoly power. Race and gender differences overlap with labor market institutions. Women occupy certain jobs as versus men. However, institutional models do not explain discrimination but describe how labor markets work to disadvantage women and blacks. Most jobs relegated to women involve the role of a caregiver which could mean nursing or teaching that demands someone with a caring nature that are often subjected to women. Thus, institutional models do not subscribe to the neoclassical definition of discrimination. Along the same lines of gender differences, women are continuously penalized for taking leave to care for their newborn children which employers tend to find a problem with. New mothers feel the pressure from their workplace to come back as soon as possible after giving birth which puts them in a tight spot trying to be there for their children and also finding caregivers for them that leads to stressful situations. New fathers are also rarely given parental time off.
The internal labor market
The firms hire workers outside or use internal workforce based on worker progress, which plays a role in climbing the promotion ladder. Big firms usually put the workers into groups in order to have similarity within the groups. When employers think certain groups have different characteristics related to their productivity, statistical discrimination may occur. Consequently, workers might be segregated based on gender and race.
Primary and secondary jobs
Peter Doeringer and Michael Piore [1971] established the dual labor market model. In this model, primary jobs are the ones with high firm-specific skills, high wages, good promotion opportunities and long-term attachment. On the contrary, secondary jobs are the ones with less skill requirement, lower wages, less promotion opportunities and higher labor turnover. The dual labor market model combined with the gender discrimination suggests that men dominate the primary jobs and that women are over-represented in the secondary jobs.
The difference between primary and secondary jobs also creates productivity differences, such as different level of on-the-job training. Moreover, women have lower incentives for stability since benefits of secondary jobs are less.
Moreover, lack of informal networking from male colleagues, visualizing women in the female dominated jobs and lack of encouragement do affect the economic outcomes for women. They are subject to unintentional institutional discrimination, which alters their productivity, promotion, and earnings negatively.
The under-representation of women in top-level management might be explained by the "pipeline" argument which states that women are newcomers and it takes time to move toward the upper levels. The other argument is about barriers that prevent women from advance positions. However, some of these barriers are non-discriminatory. Work and family conflicts is an example of why there are fewer females in the top corporate positions.
Yet, both the pipeline and work-family conflict together cannot explain the very low representation of women in the corporations. Discrimination and subtle barriers still count as a factor for preventing women from exploring opportunities. Moreover, it was found out that when the chairman or CEO of the corporation was a woman, the number of women working in the high level positions and their earnings increased around 10-20 percent. The effect of female under-representation on earnings is seen in the 1500 S&P firms studied. The findings indicate women executives earn 45 percent less than male executives based on the 2.5 percent of executives in the sample. Some of the gap is due to seniority, yet mostly it was because of the under-representation of women in CEO, chair or president positions and the fact that women managed smaller companies.
Non-neoclassical economists point out subtle barriers play a huge role in women's disadvantage. These barriers are difficult to document and to remove. For instance, women are left out of male's network. Moreover, the general perception is men are better at managing others, which is seen in the Catalyst's Fortune 1000 survey. The 40 percent of women executives said that they believed man had difficulty when they were managed by women. A separate study found out majority believed in "women, more than men, manifest leadership styles associated with effective performance as leaders,… more people prefer male than female bosses". In another study in the U.S. about origins of gender division of labor, people were asked these two questions "When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women?" and "On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do?" Some answers indicated discriminatory act.
Critique of the neoclassical approach
Neoclassical economics ignores logical explanations of how self-fulfilling prophecy by the employers affect the motivation and psychology of women and minority groups and thus it alters the decision making of individuals regarding human capital. This is the feedback explanation that correlates with the drop in human capital investment (such as more schooling or training) attainment by women and minorities.
Moreover, power and social relationships link discrimination to sexism and racism, which is ignored in the neoclassical theory. Furthermore, along with the classical and Marxist theory of competition, racial-gender structure of the job is related to the bargaining power and thus wage differential. Therefore, discrimination persists since racial and gender characteristics shape who gets the higher paying jobs, both within and between occupations. In short, the power relationships are embedded in the labor market, which are neglected in the neoclassical approach.
In addition, critics have argued that the neoclassical measurement of discrimination is flawed. As Figart [1997] points out, conventional methods do not put gender or race into the heart of the analysis and they measure discrimination as the unexplained residual. As a result, we are not informed about the causes and nature of discrimination. She argues that gender and race should not be marginal to the analysis but at the center and suggests a more dynamic analysis for discrimination. Figart argues gender is more than a dummy variable since gender is fundamental to the economy. Moreover, the segmentation in the labor market, institutional variables and non-market factors affect wage differentials and women dominate low-paid occupations. Again, none of these is because of productivity differentials nor are they the outcome of voluntary choices. Figart also indicates how women's jobs are associated with unskilled work. For that reason, men do not like association of "their" jobs with women or femininity, skills are engendered.
Although empirical evidence is a tool to use to prove discrimination, it is important to pay attention to the biases involved in using this tool. The biases might cause under or over-estimation of labor market discrimination. There is lack of information on some individual qualifications which indeed affect their potential productivity. The factors such as motivation or work effort, which affects incomes, are difficult to be scaled. Moreover, information regarding the type of college degree may not be available. In short, all the job qualification related factors are not included to study gender wage gap.
An example for underestimation is the feedback effect of labor market discrimination. That is, women may choose to invest less in human capital such as pursuing a college degree based on the current wage gap, which is also a result of discrimination against women. Another reason may be the childbearing responsibilities of women standing as a negative impact on women's careers since some women may choose to withdraw from the labor market with their own will. By doing so, they give up opportunities, such as the firm-specific training that would have potentially helped with their job promotion or reduction in the wage gap. An example of over-estimation of gender discrimination is men might have been more motivated at work. Therefore, it is wrong to equate unexplained wage gap with discrimination, although most of the gap is a result of discrimination, but not all.
Furthermore, empirical evidence can also be twisted to show that discrimination does not exist or it is so trivial that it can be ignored. This was seen in the results and interpretation of the results of Armed Forces Qualifying Test, (AFQT). Neal and Johnson [1996] claimed the economic differences in the black and white labor markets were due to the "pre-market factors," not to discrimination. Darity and Mason's [1998] study of the same case disagrees with the findings of Neal and Johnson's [1996]. They take into account factors such as age family background, school quality and psychology into consideration to make the adjustments.
Theoretical bases of discrimination relating to employment
There are legal and structural theories forming the basis of employment discrimination.
Legal theories: explained through the case of USA
The pinnacle of anti-employment discrimination law in the USA is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. In this section, two theories are laid out: disparate treatment and disparate impact.
Disparate treatment is what most people commonly think of discrimination- intentional. Under this theory, the employee must belong to a protected class, apply and be qualified for a job where the employer was seeking applicants, and get rejected from the job. The job position must then still be open post-rejection for a discrimination case to be made.
In many cases the courts found it difficult to prove intentional discrimination, thus the disparate impact legal theory was added. It covers the more complicated side of discrimination where "some work criterion was fair in form but discriminatory in practice". Employees must prove that the employment practices used by an employer causes disparate impact on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and/or national origin. To help with cases, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission established a four-fifths rule where federal enforcement agencies takes a "selection rate for any race, sex, or ethnic group which is less than four-fifths" as evidence for disparate impact.
Structural theories
In a concept called "token dynamics", there are three noticeable occurrences in discrimination: "visibility that leads to performance pressures, contrast effects that lead to social isolation of the token, and role encapsulation or stereotyping of the token". In the first occurrence, the token is noticeable because of his or her race, age, sex, or physical disability which is different from the majority of workers. This visibility directs more attention to the token and he or she is subjected to more pressure from superiors when compared to other employees. Not only is this token scrutinized more, but there is an unspoken expectation that his or her performance is a representation of all members of his or her group. A common example is a solo female engineer. Her work is examined under a more judgmental gaze than her male coworkers because of her minority status. If she were to underperform, her failures speak on behalf of all female engineers; thus their ability to be seen as successful engineers is threatened. In the second occurrence of contrast, differences between tokens and the majority are emphasized which isolates the token group and increases unity among the majority. Going along with the previous example, male engineers "may start to identify themselves as men, instead of simply as engineers, once a token woman engineer shows up. Moreover, they may notice characteristics they may have in common that the token lacks, such as experience in the military or team sports". The third occurrence, stereotyping, is its own theory discussed below.
Behavioral scientists classify stereotyping into prescriptive and descriptive. "Prescriptive stereotypes specify how men and women, should behave, whereas descriptive stereotypes specify how men and women, do behave". In the field of employment, descriptive stereotyping is more applicable and occurs more often. One common example is when superiors assume a woman will be upset if criticized, so they might not provide the accurate feedback the woman needs to improve. This then hinders her chances of promotion, especially when superiors have given men, who they believe will "take it like a man", the information they need to improve their performance. This kind of stereotyping can also affect what jobs employers give to their male and female applicants. Men and women are frequently "matched" with jobs that are themselves stereotyped according to the different characteristics and duties associated with the job. The most significant example is the top position of CEO or manager which has been associated with male traits for over twenty years.
Consequences of discrimination
Employment discrimination can have individual, group, and organizational consequences.
Individual
Perceived discrimination in the workplace has been linked to negative physical symptoms. In a study from 1977 to 1982, women who perceived they were experiencing discrimination were 50% more likely to have a physical limitation in 1989 compared to those who did not perceive discriminatory experiences.
There have been two common ways of reacting to discrimination: emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping. In the former, individuals protect their self-esteem by attributing any discrepancies in hiring or promotion to discrimination instead of reflecting on their own potential shortcomings. In the latter, individuals attempt to change aspects of themselves that caused them to be discriminated against to prevent themselves from future discrimination. Some common examples are obese people losing weight or mentally ill people seeking therapy. This approach can only be sought out when the point of discrimination is not unchangeable like race or age.
Group
Unlike the individual level, discrimination at the group level can induce feelings of fear and mistrust within the group discriminated which often results in inhibited performance. The effects are most commonly seen with age, disability, and race and ethnicity .
Age discrimination is prevalent because companies have to consider how long older works will stay and the costs of their health insurance accordingly. When companies let these insecurities affect their treatment of older workers- hostile work environment, demotions, lower employment rates-, these older workers who perceive this discrimination are 59% more likely to leave their current job.
Though there are currently anti-discrimination laws on disability, namely the Americans with Disabilities Act, discrimination against weight is still prevalent. What makes the issue complicated is the fact that obesity only counts as a disability when someone is "morbidly obese" (100% over their ideal body weight) or obese (20% over their ideal body weight) as a result of psychological conditions. Considering that only 0.5% of people in the United States are morbidly obese, 99.5% of obese individuals have the burden to prove their excess weight comes from psychological causes if they are to be protected from anti-discrimination law.
Another body of people that face widespread group discrimination are racial minorities, mainly Blacks and Hispanics. They are rated as less favorable than White applicants and this kind of prejudice makes them "suffer from increased role ambiguity, role conflict, and work tension, as well as decreased organizational commitment and job satisfaction". Further analysis and statistics of the discrimination they face are discussed below by region.
Organizational
Companies hurt from their own discriminatory practices on a legal, economic, and reputational risk basis. In 2005 alone, 146,000 charges of discrimination were filed. Discrimination litigation can be very expensive when taking into account the time spent in court and the outcome of the ruling where the possibility of settlement money comes in to play as well as "hiring, promotion, backpay, or reinstatement" for the prosecutor. Public cases of discrimination, regardless of being taken to court, has a negative effect on a company's reputation which typically decreases sales.
Another viewpoint on discrimination affecting profit is that companies may not be using their employees they discriminate to the best of their ability. Some see these employees as an "untapped niche" (a small, specialist field or group that has not been used to its full potential) especially since diversity management is positively correlated with corporate financial performance.
Government's efforts to combat discrimination
Why the government should intervene to address discrimination
Blau et al. [2010] sum up the argument for government intervention to address discrimination. First, discrimination prevents equity or fairness, when an equally qualified person does not receive equal treatment as another on account of race or gender. Second, discrimination results in inefficient allocation of resources because workers are not hired, promoted or rewarded based on their skills or productivity.
Becker claimed discrimination in the labor market is costly to employers. His theory is based on the assumption that in order to survive in the existence of competitive markets, employers cannot discriminate in the long run. Strongly believing in the perfect functioning of markets without government or trade union intervention, it was claimed that employer discrimination declines in the long run without political intervention. On the contrary, intervention of human capital investment and regulation of racial interactions make it worse for the disadvantaged groups. Moreover, it was claimed discrimination could only persist due to the "taste" for discrimination and lower education level of blacks explained the labor-market discrimination.
However, based on the empirical study, either human capital theory or Becker's tastes theory does not fully explain racial occupational segregation. That is seen with the increase in black work force in the South as an effect of Civil Rights laws in the 1960s. Therefore, human-capital and "taste-for-discrimination" are not sufficient explanations and government intervention is effective. Becker's claim about employers would not discriminate as it is costly in the competitive markets is weakened by the evidence from real life facts. Sundstrom [1994] points out, it was also costly to violate the social norms since customers could stop buying the employer's goods or services; or the workers could quit working or drop their work effort. Moreover, even if the workers or the customers did not participate in such behaviors, the employer would not take the risk of experimenting by going against the social norms. This was seen from the historical data that compares the economic outcomes for the white and black races.
Looking at the position of women in World War II U.S. history
Women worked in the U.S. industrial sector during the World War II. However, after the war most women quit jobs and returned home for domestic production or traditional jobs. The departure of women from industrial jobs is argued to represent a case of discrimination.
The supply theory claims voluntary movement because women worked due to extraordinary situation and they chose to quit. Their involvement was based on patriotic feelings and their exit depended on personal preferences and it was a response to feminist ideology. On the contrary, demand theory claims working-class women changed occupations due to high industrial wages. Tobias and Anderson [1974] present the counter argument for supply theory. Furthermore, there were both housewives and working-class women, who had been working prior to the war in different occupations. According to Women's Bureau's interviews, majority of women who had been working wanted to continue to work after the war. Despite their will, they were laid off more than men. Most of them possibly had to choose lower-paying jobs.
The exit pattern shows their quit was not voluntarily. There were pressures women faced, such as change in position to janitorial job, more or new responsibilities at work, and additional or changed shifts that would not fit their schedules, which were all known by the management. Women lay-off rates were higher than men. Briefly, women were treated unequally postwar period at the job market although productivity of women was equal to that of men and women's wage cost was lower.
Supply and demand theories do not provide sufficient explanation regarding women's absence in industrial firms after the war. It is wrong to associate patriotism with the war-time women workers since some housewives quit their jobs at early periods of the war when the country needed their help the most. Some of the housewives were forced to quit as the second highest lay-off rate belonged to them. If their only concern was the well-being of their country at the war time, less persistence to exit would have been observed.
The demand theory partially holds as there were women who worked pre-war time for occupational and wage mobility opportunities. However, these experienced women workers voluntarily quit working more than housewives did. The reason is work-experienced women had many opportunities. However, women with fewer options of where to work, such as African-Americans, older married women, housewives and the ones working in lowest paying jobs, wanted to keep their jobs as long as possible. Thus, their leave was involuntarily.
Although women's job performance at least as good as men's, instead of trying to equalize pays, women's wages were kept below than men's. Women had higher lay-off rates but also they were not rehired despite the boom in the auto industry. Some argue this was due to the lack of a civil rights movement protecting the rights of women as it did for black men. This explanation is unsatisfactory since it does not explain anti-women worker behavior of the management or lack of protection from unions. Kossoudji et al. [1992] believe it was due to the need for two separate wage and benefits packages for men and women. Women had child care responsibilities such as day care arrangements and maternity leave.
U.S. anti-discrimination laws
Before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the U.S., employment discrimination was legal and widely practiced. The newspaper ads for various jobs indicated racial and gender discrimination explicitly and implicitly. These behaviors were all built on the assumption that women and blacks were inferior. At the turn of the 21st century, discrimination is still practiced but to a lesser degree and less overtly. The progress on the evident discrimination problem is visible. However, the effect of past is persistent on the economic outcomes, such as historical wage settings that influence current wages. Women are not only under-represented in the high-rank and high-paid jobs, but they are also over-represented in the secondary and lower-paid jobs. The interviews, personal law, wage data and confidential employment records with salaries along with other evidence show gender segregation and its effects on the labor market.
Although there is some inevitable occupational segregation based people's preferences, discrimination does exist. Moreover, persistence of discrimination remains even after government intervention. There is a decline in the wage gap due to three reasons: male wages decreased and women's wages increased; secondly, the human capital gap between the two genders and experience gap have been closing; thirdly, legal pressures decreased discrimination but there is still inequality in the national economy of the U.S.
The correlation of Civil Rights Act and decrease in discrimination suggests the Act served its purpose. Therefore, it is correct to say leaving discrimination to diminish to the competitive markets is wrong, as Becker had claimed. In 1961, Kennedy issued an executive order calling for a presidential commission on the status of women. In 1963, Equal Pay Act, which required the employers to pay the wages to men and women for the same work qualifications, was passed. In 1964, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act with the exception bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQ) was accepted while the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) responsible to check whether the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were followed. The Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was first written to forbid employment discrimination. Initially it prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion and national origin. However, inclusion of the sex accepted last minute. The Title VII addresses both the disparate impact and disparate treatment. In 1965, Executive Order 11246 was passed and in 1967, it was changed to include sex, which prohibited employment discrimination by all employers with federal contracts and subcontracts. In addition, it makes sure affirmative action takes place. In 1986, sexual harassment was accepted as illegal with Supreme Court's decision. In 1998, the largest sexual harassment settlement was negotiated with $34 million to be paid to female workers of Mitsubishi.
As a result of these government policies occupational segregation decreased. The gender wage gap started to get smaller after the 1980s, most likely due to indirect feedback effects which took time, but an immediate increase in the earnings of blacks was observed in 1964. However, the laws still do not control discrimination fully in terms of hiring, promotion and training programs etc.
Affirmative action
Executive Order 11246, which is enforced by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance, is an attempt to eliminate the gap between the advantaged and disadvantaged groups on account of gender and race. It requires contractors to observe their employment patterns. If there is under-representation of women and minorities, "goals and timetables" are created to employ more of the disadvantaged groups on account of gender and race. The pros and cons of affirmative action have been discussed. Some believe discrimination does not exist at all, or even if it does, prohibiting it is enough; affirmative action is not needed. Some agree that some affirmative action is needed but they have considerations regarding the use of goals and timetables as they might be too strict. Some think strong affirmative action is needed but they are worried if there would be really sincere effort to hire the qualified individuals from the vulnerable groups.
Minimum wage
Rodgers et al. [2003] state minimum wage can be used as a tool to combat discrimination, as well and to promote equality. Since discrimination is embedded in the labor market and affects its functioning, and discrimination creates a basis for labor market segregation and for occupational segregation, labor markets institutions and policies can be used to reduce the inequalities. Minimum wage is one of these policies that could be used.
The minimum wage has benefits because it alters the external market wage for women, provides a mechanism for regular increases in the wages and arranges social security. It affects women in the informal sector, which is highly dominated by women partly as an outcome of discrimination, by being a reference point. However, disadvantages include: first, the wage might be very low when skills and sector are not taken into consideration, secondly, adjustment may take time, thirdly, enforcement may not be feasible and finally when there are public spending cuts, the real value of the wage may decline due to social security.
Others have argued that minimum wage simply shifts wage discrimination to employment discrimination. The logic is that if market wages are lower for minorities, then employers have an economic incentive to prefer hiring equally qualified minority candidates, whereas if all workers must be paid the same amount then employers will instead discriminate by not hiring minorities. Minimum wage laws could be responsible for the very high unemployment rate of black teenagers compared to white teenagers.
Workforce development
One approach that mitigates discrimination by emphasizing skills is workforce development programs. Federally funded job training caters to the unemployed and minority groups by focusing on providing opportunities for them including those who have been discriminated against. The Department of Labor has several employment training programs and resources targeted to support dislocated workers, Native Americans, people with disabilities, seniors, veterans, at risk youth, and other minorities.
Employer efforts to balance representation
Employers should evaluate their workplace environment, structure, and activities to ensure that discrimination is minimized. Through organizing heterogenous work groups, interdependence, recognizing the influence of salience, creating formalized evaluation systems, and taking accountability of actions, companies can improve current discriminatory practices that may be occurring.
Heterogeneity in Work Groups
To promote unity throughout the workplace environment and discourage exclusion and isolation of certain minorities, work groups should rarely ever be created based on ascriptive characteristics. This way, employees are well integrated regardless of their race, sex, ethnicity, or age.
Interdependence
Working together in these heterogenous groups will reduce bias among those who are stereotyping by "encouraging them to notice counter-stereotypic information and form more individuated and accurate impressions". Collaboration among coworkers with different ascriptive characteristics works to break stereotyping and let members evaluate their coworkers on a more personal level and make more accurate judgments based on experience, not stereotypes.
Salience
Though most do not realize it, people are highly susceptible to stereotyping after focusing on a stereotyped category. For example, "men who were primed with stereotypic statements about women were more likely to ask a female job applicant 'sexist' questions and exhibit sexualized behavior (and it took them longer than nonprimed men to recognize non sexist words). Thus, a comment about pregnancy, a sex discrimination lawsuit, or diversity immediately before a committee evaluates a female job candidate is likely to exacerbate sex stereotyping in the evaluation." Employers can learn from this by making an effort to not bring up a minority-related comment before evaluating an employee in that group.
Formalized Evaluation systems
The more informal and unstructured employee observations and evaluations are, the more vulnerable superiors will be to bias. With a formalized evaluation system that includes objective, reliable, specific, and timely performance data, employers can put their best foot forward in managing a fair, non-discriminatory workplace.
Accountability
As with any problem, being accountable for one's actions greatly reduces the behavior associated with that problem. "Accountability not only reduces the expression of biases, it also reduces bias in non-conscious cognitive processes, such as the encoding of information".
Examples
Some employers have made efforts to reduce the impact of unconscious or unintentional systematic bias. After a study found a substantial increase in hiring equity, some musical organizations have adopted the blind audition; in other fields like software engineering, communications, and design, this has taken the form of an anonymized response to a job application or interview challenge.
The language of job listings has been scrutinized; some phrases or wording are believed to resonate with particular demographics, or stereotypes about particular demographics, and lead to some women and minorities not applying because they can less easily visualized themselves in the position. Examples cited include "rockstar" (which may imply a male) and nurturing vs. dominant language. For example: "Superior ability to satisfy customers and manage company's association with them" vs. "Sensitive to clients' needs, can develop warm client relationships".
Employers concerned about gender and ethnic representation have adopted practices such as measuring demographics over time, setting diversity goals, intentionally recruiting in places beyond those familiar to existing staff, targeting additional recruiting to forums and social circles which are rich in female and minority candidates. Pinterest has made its statistics and goals public, while increasing efforts at mentorship, identifying minority candidates early, recruiting more minority interns, and adopting a "Rooney Rule" where at least one minority or female candidate must be interviewed for each leadership position, even if they are not in the end hired.
Statistics have found that women typically earn lower salaries than men for the same work, and some of this is due to differences in negotiations - either women do not ask for more money, or their requests are not granted at the same rate as men. The resulting differences can be compounded if future employers use previous salary as a benchmark for the next negotiation. To solve both of these problems, some companies have simply banned salary negotiations and use some other method (such as industry average) to peg the salary for a particular role. Others have made salary information for all employees public within the company, which allows any disparities between employees in the same roles to be detected and corrected. Some research has suggested greater representation of women in the economic modeling of the labor force.
Equity-deserving group's recommendations to combat discrimination
Muslims
Muslim women
Salima Ebrahim, a Canadian Muslim woman on behalf of the Canadian Council of Muslim Women, sent the following five recommendations through open letter to the UN Human Right's Council's Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Working Group on Minorities. The first, that the Canadian government should fund governmental and non-governmental inter-faith projects. The second, that there needs to education set up for media on Muslim stereotype awareness and Muslim community liaisons. The third, transparency in government policies including stakeholder consultations with the appropriate Muslim community. The fourth, when collecting data government should disaggregate it based on gender and religion. The fifth, ensure recommendations made by Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, in 2004, be followed through.
Protected categories
Laws often prohibit discrimination on the basis of:
Race or color
Ethnicity or national origin
Sex or gender
Pregnancy
Religion or creed
Language abilities
Citizenship
Disability or medical condition
Association with a disabled person (such as a disabled child)
Age
Sexual orientation
Gender identity
Marital status
Legal protection
Employees who complain may be protected against workplace or employment retaliation.
Many countries have laws prohibiting employment discrimination including:
Employment discrimination law in Canada
Employment discrimination law in the United States
Employment discrimination law in the United Kingdom
Employment discrimination law in the European Union
Sometimes these are part of broader anti-discrimination laws which cover housing or other issues.
By region
During the past decade, hiring discrimination was measured by means of the golden standard to measure unequal treatment in the labour market, i.e. correspondence experiments. Within these experiments, fictitious job applications that only differ in one characteristic, are sent to real vacancies. By monitoring the subsequent call-back from employers, unequal treatment based on this characteristic can be measured and can be given a causal interpretation.
Europe
Ethnicity
Pervasive levels of ethnic labour market discrimination are found in Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Sweden and the UK. Job candidates with foreign names are found to get 24% to 52% less job interview invitations compared to equal candidates with native names. Ethnic discrimination is lower among the high-educated and in larger firms. In addition, unequal treatment is found to be heterogeneous by the labour market tightness in the occupation: compared to natives, candidates with a foreign-sounding name are equally often invited to a job interview if they apply for occupations for which vacancies are difficult to fill, but they have to send twice as many applications for occupations for which labor market tightness is low. Recent research shows that ethnic discrimination is nowadays driven by employers' concern that co-workers and customers prefer collaborating with natives. In addition, volunteering has found to be a way out of ethnic discrimination in the labour market.
Disability
In 2014, a large correspondence experiment was conducted in Belgium. Two applications of graduates, identical except that one revealed a disability (blindness, deafness or autism), were both sent out to 768 vacancies for which the disabled candidates could be expected to be as productive as their non-disabled counterparts, based on the vacancy information. In addition, the researcher randomly disclosed the entitlement to a substantial wage subsidy in the applications of the disabled candidates. Disabled candidates had a 48% lower chance to receive a positive reaction from the employer side compared with the non-disabled candidates. Potentially due to the fear of the red tape, disclosing a wage subsidy did not affect the employment opportunities of disabled candidates.
Gender and sexual orientation
While overall no severe levels of discrimination based on female gender is found, unequal treatment is still measured in particular situations, for instance when candidates apply for positions at a higher functional level in Belgium, when they apply at their fertiles ages in France, and when they apply for male-dominated occupations in Austria.
Discrimination based on sexual orientation varies by country. Revealing a lesbian sexual orientation (by means of mentioning an engagement in a rainbow organisation or by mentioning one's partner name) lowers employment opportunities in Cyprus and Greece but has, overall, no negative effect in Sweden and Belgium. In the latter country, even a positive effect of revealing a lesbian sexual orientation is found for women at their fertile ages.
Age
Pervasive levels of age discrimination are found in Belgium, England, France, Spain and Sweden. Job candidates revealing older age are found to get 39% (in Belgium) to 72% (in France) less job interview invitations compared to equal candidates revealing a younger name. Discrimination is heterogeneous by the activity older candidates undertook during their additional post-educational years. In Belgium, they are only discriminated if they have more years of inactivity or irrelevant employment.
Religion
A 2019 cross-national field experiment looking at 5 European nations, found that in the UK, Norway and the Netherlands, there was Anti-Muslim and origin based discrimination against job applicants in the private sector. They use a double comparative design in which they review job applicants originating from Muslim majority countries, that do and do not signal closeness to Islam in their resumes. This allows the researchers to untangle and view Anti-Muslim discrimination versus origin based or proximity based discrimination across these 5 nations and Muslim majority countries they studied. Researchers refer to this origin or proximity based discrimination as "Muslim by default effect." They also dubbed a show of closeness to Islam, for example volunteering at an association with Muslim connotation, as "disclosed Muslim effect." They collected data on "Call backs by country," "Probability to receive positive call back from the employer," and two versions of "Probability to receive an invitation from the employer." Their data recorded discrimination against those "originating from countries with a substantial Muslim population," and also found that when this was intersected with Muslims "signaling closeness to Islam," there was compounded hiring practice discrimination. They conclude that this discrimination contributes to the severe disadvantage faced by ethnic and religious minorities, including in the labor market. Germany, and Spain were also examined but were not found to have the same discrimination in hiring practice. This study did not formally assess institutional effects.
A literature review states that there are studies in France and Germany, suggesting Muslim men and Muslim women face labor market disadvantages.
Other grounds
Furthermore, European studies provide evidence for hiring discrimination based on former unemployment, trade union membership, beauty, HIV, religion, youth delinquency, former underemployment, and former depression. Employment at the army is found to have no causal effect on employment opportunities.
North America
Canada
Ethnicity
Research conducted in 2010 by University of Toronto researchers Philip Oreopoulos and Diane Dechief has found that resumes featuring English-sounding names sent to Canadian employers were more than 35% more likely to receive an interview call-back as compared to resumes featuring Chinese, Indian or Greek-sounding names. The study, supported by Metropolis BC., a federally funded diversity-research agency, was conducted to investigate why recent immigrants are struggling much more in the Canadian job markets than immigrants in the 1970s. In order to test this hypothesis, dozens of identical resumes, with only the name of the applicant changed, was sent to employers in Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. Of the three cities surveyed, Metro Vancouver employers, both large and small, were the least swayed by the ethnicity of an applicants' name. Resumes submitted to employers here were just 20% more likely to get a callback than those with Chinese or Indian names. Through interviews with Canadian employers, the researchers found that name-based discrimination on application forms were a result of time-pressed employers being concerned that individuals with foreign backgrounds would have inadequate English-language and social skills for the Canadian marketplace.
Disability
In 2006, just over one-half (51%) of persons with disabilities were employed, compared to three in four persons without disabilities.
Employment rates are lower (under 40%) for persons with developmental and communication disabilities, whereas employment rates are closer to average for persons with a hearing impairment or for those who have problems with pain, mobility, and agility.
Data from Statistics Canada's Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS) show that, in 2006, one in four unemployed persons with a disability and one in eight persons with a disability who are not in the workforce believe that, in the past five years, they've been refused a job because of their disability. One in twelve employed persons with a disability also reported that they experienced discrimination, with the proportion of discrimination "increasing with the severity of activity limitations".
Gender and sexual orientation
According to 2011 Statistics Canada data, the gender wage gap in Ontario is 26% for full-time, full-year workers. For every $1.00 earned by a male worker, a female worker earns 74 cents. In 1987, when the Pay Equity Act was passed, the gender wage gap was 36%. It is estimated that as much as 10 to 15% of the gender wage gap is due to discrimination.
Religion
In Canada, a 2019 journal article drew data from the 2011 National Household Survey which after filtering for labor market relevant responders, had a sample size of 192,652 records. White Christian women were used as a baseline for the study. After comparing many ethno-religious groups against this baseline, they found that many ethno-religious groups, with the exception of Arab and Black Muslim women were as likely as White women to obtain managerial and professional jobs. Aside from those named exceptions, the study found Muslim women had the highest likelihood of unemployment and being disadvantaged. The article concludes that while it's possible that "discouraged women" and "surplus education" could explain low labor market participation and employment rates in Muslim women, the most likely cause is discrimination based on "visibility and religious affiliation" The article describes this visibility as "physical visibility and cultural proximity the dominant group [of Muslims]." This means that atop previously confirmed racial discrimination, racialized Muslims face the added penalty of being visibly and proximally Muslim. The study claims this is likely due to a rise in Islamophobia. A European study from the same year calls this "Muslim by default effect."
United States
Ethnicity
The U.S. is one of the countries that have noticeable racial inequalities. Such inequalities are shown mostly between African Americans and whites. Although it is still uncertain if the reason behind the disparity leads to racism exclusively, different forms of interracial inequalities take place in the competitive labour market.
By means of their seminal correspondence experiment, Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan, showed that applications from job candidates with white-sounding names got 50 percent more callbacks for interviews than those with African-American-sounding names in the United States at the start of this millennium. Similarly, a 2009 study found that black applicants for low-wage jobs in New York City were half as likely as whites to get callbacks with equivalent resumes, interpersonal skills, and demographic characteristics.The same study also examines discrimination in the low-wage labour market, since the low-wage market contains a large proportion of service industries that require a higher demand for "soft skills." With a concern that employers might judge the applicant more subjectively in the low-wage labour market, the study discovers a minor sign of discrimination that black and Latino applicants were routinely channeled into positions requiring less customer contact and more manual work than their white counterparts. Employers appeared to see more potential in white applicants, and they more commonly considered white applicants as a better fit for jobs with higher responsibilities.
A Current Population Survey in 2006 noted that African-Americans were twice as likely to be unemployed than whites. "Black men spend significantly more time searching for work"; and even when they are working, they have less stable employment, diminishing their work experience".
Discrimination goes beyond the hiring process. "Controlling for parental background, education, work experience, tenure, and training, white men earn roughly 15% more than comparable blacks."
African Americans also face unfair discharges. Generally, people do not pay as much attention to unfair discharges as much as the hiring process. However, since there is barely any professional certification for supervisors, which is a crucial occupation for the process of both hiring and discharge in all industries, injustices might occur when a supervisor is consciously or unconsciously biased against certain racial groups. The Ohio Employment Discrimination Studies examined 8,051 claims of employment discrimination closed by the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (OCRC) from 1985 through 2001. The study is conducted to find a correlation between racial discrimination during the process of hiring and discharge. The study concludes that there is a significantly higher vulnerability of African American employees to discriminatory discharges, such as an African American employee would face a higher possibility of discharge by engaging in similar disruptive behavior in the workplace than a non-Black employee would face.
A study in 2014 shows that African American face more employment scrutiny than their white coworkers. In the study, a legal memorandum written by a hypothetical third-year associate was offered to two groups of partners who were from twenty-four law firms. The first group was told that the author was African American while the second group was told that the author to be a Caucasian. The study not only resulted in a lower average score graded by the first group (3.2 to 4.1 on a scale from 1 to 5,) but also the viewers inserted more captious grammar and spelling errors significantly when they believed the writer to be African American.
Employment discrimination exists in the U.S. education system. The United States has nearly four million elementary, middle, and high school teachers. Among them, 83 percent is white, and only 8 percent is African American. A study shows that even as a qualified African American teacher applies to teach, not only his chance of receiving an offer is significantly lower than a white applicant, but also he is likely to be disproportionally placed in schools with large populations of children of color or children in poverty.
Within each race, darker complexion is also discriminated against. Multiple studies have found that lighter skin blacks "tend to have superior incomes and life chances". "Chicanos with lighter skin color and more european features had higher socioeconomic status" and "black Hispanics suffer close to ten times the proportionate income loss due to differential treatment of given characteristics than white Hispanics".
The wage disparities between African American and Caucasian workers is a substantial expression of racial discrimination in the workplace. The historical trend of wage inequality between African American workers and Caucasian workers from 1940s to 1960s can be characterized by alternating periods of progress and retrenchment. From 1940 to 1950, the wage ratio for African-American men in comparison to white men rose from 0.43 to 0.55. From 1950 to 1960, however, the ratios only rose by 0.3, ending the decade at 0.58. The period from 1960 to 1980 has considerable progress for the wage ratio with an increase of 15 percent. This improvement was mostly due to the bans of discrimination from 1960 and abolition of Jim Crow Laws by 1975. The late 1970s marked the beginning of a dramatic rise in overall wage inequality. A study shows that while both the wage of less educated and well-educated workers after 1979 declines, the wages of the least educated workers begin to fall dramatically faster.
Over the past few decades, researchers argue around the explanation for the wage gap between the African American and Caucasian workers. James Heckman, a Nobel Prize-winning American economist, leads the argument that labour market discrimination is no longer a first-order quantitative problem in American society, and supports the idea that blacks bring skill deficiencies to the labour market and cause the wage gap. Heckman's argument is based on a series of papers utilizing the Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT) scores reported in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The papers support that interracial wage inequality is due to pre-labour market inequality by examining the basic human capital model. The papers utilize empirically based approach suggesting that an individual's position in the skill distribution is influenced by the decisions made reconsidering the cost and benefit of acquiring certain jobs. The researchers who support the approach believe that in a competitive labour market individuals of equal ability is rewarded equally.
On the other hand, the researchers who favor the explanation that racial discrimination is the reason that causes wage inequality argues against the reliability of AFQT. AFQT is a test based on a single dataset and intended to predict performance in military service. The predictions of the analysis have not been replicated by studies that employ different measures of cognitive skills, and it yields inconsistent results on pre-labor market skill differences between races. Therefore, it is unable to summarize that the impact of pre-labour inequality would directly cause skill deficiencies.
Sex
Women have had a long history of discrimination in the workplace. Feminist theory points to the concept of a family wage- a rate substantial enough to support a man and his family- as the explanation to why women's labor is cheap, claiming it preserves "male dominance and women's dependence in the family". Though there has been legislation such as the Equal Pay Act that combat gender discrimination, the implications of the act are limited. "As an amendment to the Fair Labor Standard Act, it exempted employers in agriculture, hotels, motels, restaurants, and laundries, as well as professional, managerial, and administrative personnel, outside salesworkers, and private household workers". Because high concentrations of women work in these fields (34.8% of employed women of color and 5.1% of white women as private household workers, 21.6% and 13.8% working in service jobs, 9.3% and 3.7% as agricultural workers, and 8.1% and 17.2% as administrative workers), "nearly 45% of all employed women, then, appear to have been exempt from the Equal Pay Act".
The hourly wage rate for women is 65% of that of men, and annual earnings of full-time employed women is 71% of that of men (potential range discrepancy identified within quoted statistic - "The Economics of Women, Men and Work" 3rd Edition). Among the male wage distribution, the average woman lies at the 33rd percentile.
Within women, another level of discrimination takes place among mothers. Historically, this inequality stems from the belief that mothers are less productive at work. Visibly pregnant women are often judged as less committed to their jobs, less dependable, and more emotional compared to women who are not visibly pregnant. A study conducted in 1998 showed that the wage rates of women without children were 81.3% of men's pay, but 73.4% of men's pay for women with children. An audit study in 2007 found that, childless women receive 2.1 times as many callbacks than equally qualified mothers. Though it does not receive as much attention as the gender gap, motherhood is a significant quality that is discriminated against. In fact, the pay gap between mothers and non-mothers is larger than the pay gap between men and women.
Gender and sexual orientation
The Williams Institute, a national think tank at UCLA School of Law, released a 2011 report that has identified sexual orientation and gender identification discrimination in the workplace. According to the report, between 15-43% of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender workers have experienced being fired, denied promotions, or harassed due to their sexual orientation or gender identification. Additionally, 27 states do not have statewide laws for protecting LGBTQ people from discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in employment, housing, and public accommodations. Wisconsin and New Hampshire prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation but not gender identity. On October 4, 2017 Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that the United States Department of Justice will no longer provide employment protection to transgender individuals under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, reversing the position of former Attorney General Eric Holder, during the Obama administration. However, on June 15, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court in a 6–3 decision concluded that Title VII protects gay, lesbian, and transgender individuals from sex-based discrimination in the workplace.
Age
Most age discrimination occurs among the older workers when employers hold negative stereotypes about them. Though evidence on declines in productivity is inconsistent, "other evidence points to declines in acuteness of vision or hearing, ease of memorization, computational speed, etc.". Another factor employers take into consideration is the higher cost of health or life insurance for older workers.
A 2013 report was completed by the AARP to identify the impact of age discrimination in the workplace. Of those 1500 individuals who responded to AARP's 2013 Staying Ahead of the Curve survey, almost 64% of those over 45–74 said they have seen or have experienced age discrimination in the workplace. Of those, 92% say it was somewhat or very common in their workplace. "In 1963 the unemployment rate for men over age 55 was a full percentage point higher (4.5 percent) than for men aged 35-54 (3.5%)." Average durations of unemployment are higher for older workers as well- 21 weeks for men over age 45 as opposed to 14 weeks for men under 45.
Criminal records
Laws restricting employment discrimination for persons who have been convicted of criminal offenses vary significantly by state. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has issued guidelines for employers, intended to prevent criminal record discrimination from being used as a proxy to effect unlawful racial discrimination.
Religion
In the US, a journal article using pooled data from a 2007 and 2011 probability sample of Muslims living in the United States, found that there was a key difference in the employment of hijab-wearing Muslim women versus non-hijab wearing Muslims but little difference in the employment of non-hijab wearing Muslim women and non-Muslim women; it calls this the "hijab effect". The study controls for demographic variables, migration history, human capital, and house hold composition to analyze "inter-religious" differences and "intra-Muslim" differences. Intra-Muslim differences looks at non-hijab wearing Muslim women and hijab wearing Muslim women. The article states that "conservative gender ideology" is not correlated with Muslim women's employment in the US. It suggests two possible reasons for the hijab effect. The first possible reason is employers discriminating against hijab wearing Muslim women during the hiring process. The second possible reason is that career oriented or job-driven Muslim women may feel less free to wear hijab or may not wear it to display their "careerism or avoid discrimination." The study can not provide direct evidence for employment discrimination. The researchers conclude that the study suggests non-structural discrimination.
Another study in the United States rans a field experiment with women posing as job applicants/"confederates" and interaction "observers." Each pair of observer and confederate entered eight different locations serving a similar demographic. The observer acted as clientele and timed interactions, while the confederate asked questions based on a script and training. Half of the time confederate wore hijab and the other times they did not wear hijab. Using this data the study concluded that there is formal and interpersonal discrimination against hijab wearing Muslim women. Formal discrimination, also referred to as overt discrimination, defined as conscious, explicit biases against a protected group. This was measured by. Interpersonal discrimination, also referred to as covert discrimination, defined as being less cordial, more disinterested and curt with protected groups.
See also
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958
Economic discrimination
Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951
Involuntary unemployment
Labour and employment law
Marriage bars
Psychological impact of discrimination on health
Notes
References
Bibliography
Leila Schneps and Coralie Colmez, Math on trial. How numbers get used and abused in the courtroom, Basic Books, 2013. . (Sixth chapter: "Math error number 6: Simpson's paradox. The Berkeley sex bias case: discrimination detection").
Bose, Bijetri, et al. "Protecting Adults with Caregiving Responsibilities from Workplace Discrimination: Analysis of National Legislation." Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 82, no. 3, June 2020, pp. 953–64. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12660.
External links
Official University of Toronto faculty profile page for Philip Oreopoulos which includes a CV as well as other research he has completed
Official University of Toronto faculty profile page for Diane Dechief which includes a CV as well as other research she has completed
Workplace
Workplace harassment and bullying
Unemployment
Discrimination by type
Waste of resources
Industrial and organizational psychology |
Surkhang is a village development committee in Mustang District in the Dhawalagiri Zone of northern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 651 people living in 130 individual households.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mustang District
Populated places in Mustang District |
Ozicrypta noonamah is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologists Robert Raven and Tracey Churchill. The specific epithet noonamah refers to the type locality.
Distribution and habitat
The species occurs in the Top End of the Northern Territory. The type locality is the Eva Valley Road, Noonamah, a rural outer suburb of Darwin.
References
noonamah
Endemic fauna of Australia
Spiders of Australia
Arthropods of the Northern Territory
Spiders described in 1994
Taxa named by Robert Raven
Taxa named by Tracey Churchill |
The first USS Triton (later YT-10) was an iron-hulled tug purchased by the U.S. Navy in 1889. After more than 40 years of service as a Navy yard tug, she was sold off in 1930 and began a second career as a commercial tug.
Triton was built in 1888, hull no. 287 at the John H. Dialogue shipyard in Camden, New Jersey. She was built for P. Dougherty & Company, a Baltimore-based towing firm, and named the Douglas H. Thomas after a prominent Baltimore banker with ties to local shipping. Her official U.S. number was 157229.
Construction
The Triton's hull was of riveted iron construction, with a long deckhouse topped by the pilot house. Her tonnage was 140.52 gross and 70.21 net. Her principal dimensions were: length overall and between perpendiculars; beam , and hull depth . She displaced 212 tons (216 Mtons) at a mean draft of .
She was fitted with a dual-furnace coal-burning Scotch (fire tube) boiler, long by diameter, with thick boiler plating. The boiler was rated for up to , but ordinary working pressure was . Coal capacity was 43 tons, and she burned about two tons per 24 hours.
She was equipped with a reversible triple expansion steam engine. Cylinder diameters were , , and , with a stroke.
Navy service
Triton spent her entire career operating from the Washington Navy Yard at Washington, D.C. She frequently steamed down the Potomac River to the naval reservation at Indian Head, Maryland; during 1900 alone, she recorded 198 round-trips between Washington and Indian Head. During Tritons career, Indian Head was home first to the Naval Proving Grounds in the 1890s and then to the Naval Powder Factory during the first half of the 20th century; in all probability, Triton towed barges to Indian Head laden with materials to be used there in the testing of naval guns and in the production of gunpowder and explosives.
On 17 July 1921, the Navy changed Triton's designation to "YT-10" (yard tug) in accordance with the new system of alphanumeric hull designations adopted that day.
After 41 years of Navy service, the Triton was finally stricken from the Navy Directory on 19 May 1930, and sold on 15 September 1930.
Subsequent history
She was bought by a Boston-based towing firm in 1932 and named Melrose. Her steam propulsion system was replaced with a diesel-electric system. She spent the next 13 years plying New England waters.
In 1945, she was acquired by the Steers Sand and Gravel Company, of New York, and named J Rich Steers, then renamed Gwendoline Steers in 1951. She was lost with all nine crew members on 30 December 1962, at the entrance to Huntington Bay (Long Island Sound), NY, during a brutal winter gale.
References
Department of the Navy: Navy History and Heritage Command: Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS Triton (1889–1930, later YT-10)
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive YT-10 Triton
External links
Wreck Divers of L.I. Sound
List of Yard Tugs built with specs
Tugs of the United States Navy
Ships built by Dialogue & Company
1888 ships
Spanish–American War auxiliary ships of the United States
World War I auxiliary ships of the United States |
```forth
*> \brief \b CLAQHB scales a Hermitian band matrix, using scaling factors computed by cpbequ.
*
* =========== DOCUMENTATION ===========
*
* Online html documentation available at
* path_to_url
*
*> \htmlonly
*> Download CLAQHB + dependencies
*> <a href="path_to_url">
*> [TGZ]</a>
*> <a href="path_to_url">
*> [ZIP]</a>
*> <a href="path_to_url">
*> [TXT]</a>
*> \endhtmlonly
*
* Definition:
* ===========
*
* SUBROUTINE CLAQHB( UPLO, N, KD, AB, LDAB, S, SCOND, AMAX, EQUED )
*
* .. Scalar Arguments ..
* CHARACTER EQUED, UPLO
* INTEGER KD, LDAB, N
* REAL AMAX, SCOND
* ..
* .. Array Arguments ..
* REAL S( * )
* COMPLEX AB( LDAB, * )
* ..
*
*
*> \par Purpose:
* =============
*>
*> \verbatim
*>
*> CLAQHB equilibrates an Hermitian band matrix A using the scaling
*> factors in the vector S.
*> \endverbatim
*
* Arguments:
* ==========
*
*> \param[in] UPLO
*> \verbatim
*> UPLO is CHARACTER*1
*> Specifies whether the upper or lower triangular part of the
*> symmetric matrix A is stored.
*> = 'U': Upper triangular
*> = 'L': Lower triangular
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] N
*> \verbatim
*> N is INTEGER
*> The order of the matrix A. N >= 0.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] KD
*> \verbatim
*> KD is INTEGER
*> The number of super-diagonals of the matrix A if UPLO = 'U',
*> or the number of sub-diagonals if UPLO = 'L'. KD >= 0.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in,out] AB
*> \verbatim
*> AB is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDAB,N)
*> On entry, the upper or lower triangle of the symmetric band
*> matrix A, stored in the first KD+1 rows of the array. The
*> j-th column of A is stored in the j-th column of the array AB
*> as follows:
*> if UPLO = 'U', AB(kd+1+i-j,j) = A(i,j) for max(1,j-kd)<=i<=j;
*> if UPLO = 'L', AB(1+i-j,j) = A(i,j) for j<=i<=min(n,j+kd).
*>
*> On exit, if INFO = 0, the triangular factor U or L from the
*> Cholesky factorization A = U**H *U or A = L*L**H of the band
*> matrix A, in the same storage format as A.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] LDAB
*> \verbatim
*> LDAB is INTEGER
*> The leading dimension of the array AB. LDAB >= KD+1.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] S
*> \verbatim
*> S is REAL array, dimension (N)
*> The scale factors for A.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] SCOND
*> \verbatim
*> SCOND is REAL
*> Ratio of the smallest S(i) to the largest S(i).
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] AMAX
*> \verbatim
*> AMAX is REAL
*> Absolute value of largest matrix entry.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] EQUED
*> \verbatim
*> EQUED is CHARACTER*1
*> Specifies whether or not equilibration was done.
*> = 'N': No equilibration.
*> = 'Y': Equilibration was done, i.e., A has been replaced by
*> diag(S) * A * diag(S).
*> \endverbatim
*
*> \par Internal Parameters:
* =========================
*>
*> \verbatim
*> THRESH is a threshold value used to decide if scaling should be done
*> based on the ratio of the scaling factors. If SCOND < THRESH,
*> scaling is done.
*>
*> LARGE and SMALL are threshold values used to decide if scaling should
*> be done based on the absolute size of the largest matrix element.
*> If AMAX > LARGE or AMAX < SMALL, scaling is done.
*> \endverbatim
*
* Authors:
* ========
*
*> \author Univ. of Tennessee
*> \author Univ. of California Berkeley
*> \author Univ. of Colorado Denver
*> \author NAG Ltd.
*
*> \ingroup laqhb
*
* =====================================================================
SUBROUTINE CLAQHB( UPLO, N, KD, AB, LDAB, S, SCOND, AMAX,
$ EQUED )
*
* -- LAPACK auxiliary routine --
* -- LAPACK is a software package provided by Univ. of Tennessee, --
* -- Univ. of California Berkeley, Univ. of Colorado Denver and NAG Ltd..--
*
* .. Scalar Arguments ..
CHARACTER EQUED, UPLO
INTEGER KD, LDAB, N
REAL AMAX, SCOND
* ..
* .. Array Arguments ..
REAL S( * )
COMPLEX AB( LDAB, * )
* ..
*
* =====================================================================
*
* .. Parameters ..
REAL ONE, THRESH
PARAMETER ( ONE = 1.0E+0, THRESH = 0.1E+0 )
* ..
* .. Local Scalars ..
INTEGER I, J
REAL CJ, LARGE, SMALL
* ..
* .. External Functions ..
LOGICAL LSAME
REAL SLAMCH
EXTERNAL LSAME, SLAMCH
* ..
* .. Intrinsic Functions ..
INTRINSIC MAX, MIN, REAL
* ..
* .. Executable Statements ..
*
* Quick return if possible
*
IF( N.LE.0 ) THEN
EQUED = 'N'
RETURN
END IF
*
* Initialize LARGE and SMALL.
*
SMALL = SLAMCH( 'Safe minimum' ) / SLAMCH( 'Precision' )
LARGE = ONE / SMALL
*
IF( SCOND.GE.THRESH .AND. AMAX.GE.SMALL .AND. AMAX.LE.LARGE ) THEN
*
* No equilibration
*
EQUED = 'N'
ELSE
*
* Replace A by diag(S) * A * diag(S).
*
IF( LSAME( UPLO, 'U' ) ) THEN
*
* Upper triangle of A is stored in band format.
*
DO 20 J = 1, N
CJ = S( J )
DO 10 I = MAX( 1, J-KD ), J - 1
AB( KD+1+I-J, J ) = CJ*S( I )*AB( KD+1+I-J, J )
10 CONTINUE
AB( KD+1, J ) = CJ*CJ*REAL( AB( KD+1, J ) )
20 CONTINUE
ELSE
*
* Lower triangle of A is stored.
*
DO 40 J = 1, N
CJ = S( J )
AB( 1, J ) = CJ*CJ*REAL( AB( 1, J ) )
DO 30 I = J + 1, MIN( N, J+KD )
AB( 1+I-J, J ) = CJ*S( I )*AB( 1+I-J, J )
30 CONTINUE
40 CONTINUE
END IF
EQUED = 'Y'
END IF
*
RETURN
*
* End of CLAQHB
*
END
``` |
Simian is a Google built, open source, enterprise-class Mac OS X software deployment utility with App Engine-based hosting and a client based on the Munki open-source project.
Simian was released as open-source on January 29, 2011 at the Macworld conference in San Francisco, CA. The original open-source release was also announced on the Google Open Source Blog.
References
External links
Classic Mac OS software |
Micrulia subzebrina is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Borneo. The habitat consists of upper montane areas.
The length of the forewings is about 8 mm.
References
Moths described in 1997
Eupitheciini |
Dance Club Massacre was an American deathcore band from Chicago, Illinois. Formed in 2004, the group originated as a simple recording project between founding members Nick Seger and Kurt Latos. After recording three songs described as "Halloween-core" and distributing them to friends, the project became a complete band when friends began rehearsals with one another all while attending college.
Dance Club Massacre consisted of Nick Seger (lead vocals), Jon Caruso (drums), Chris Mrozek (bass guitar), Mitch Hein (guitar) and Matt Hynek (keyboards). They are currently signed to Metal Blade Records, and its division, Black Market Activities.
History
Dance Club Massacre originated in Lansing, Illinois in 2004 as a duo consisting of Nick Seger and Kurt Latos before acquiring the line-up of a full band consisting of friends, many of which were college students. The band recorded their first demo in early 2005 at Blam Recording in Chicago, which was just simply titled Demo, with producer, Eric Butkus. The demo had seven tracks and 150 hand pressed copies were issued. These copies of the demo were sold at shows and through their Myspace profile. Shortly after the release of the demo, Matt Hynek took Kurt Latos' place as keyboardist.
By April 2006, all copies of the demo were sold out, which then had Dance Club Massacre record their debut full-length album, Feast of the Blood Monsters with the same engineer that recorded their demo. Six of the seven tracks that were on the demo were re-recorded for the album. Feast of the Blood Monsters was self-released and 1,100 copies were made in real packaging, which were sold at local indie record stores, shows, and on Interpunk. The album has stayed in Interpunk's top 50 items ever since it was released. They then played at 2006's Warped Tour. After being noticed by Black Market Activities, they were signed to the label and their debut album was re-issued through Black Market and Metal Blade with heightened production and different cover art.
During 2008, the band traveled to Syracuse, New York to record their second album, Circle of Death with Jason Randall at More Sound Studios.
Since 2009, the band have been rather inactive, while their Facebook page is updated occasionally with pictures of the members grouped together in rehearsals, they still have not played a single show since 2009, but at the same time have not denied the possibility of a reunion.
Musical style, influences and concept
Dance Club Massacre generally have an experimental musical style, which is ultimately influenced by many extreme metal and metalcore musical groups. The band's influences include groups such as, Dimmu Borgir, Cradle of Filth, An Albatross, The Locust, Daughters, Converge, Horse the Band, Fantomas, Pig Destroyer and Between the Buried and Me. They even incorporate influence from indie rock musical styles. Their lyrical themes usually focus on subjects such as partying, girls, alcohol and enjoying life in general rather than the morbid or aggressive themes extreme metal bands traditionally employ.
Genre-wise, the band have been said to include a vast variety of genres into their music including experimental metal, black metal, death metal, grindcore, math rock, post-hardcore, and thrash metal. However, they are primarily recognized as a deathcore band.
Band members
Final lineup
Nick Seger – vocals (2004-2010)
Mitch Hein – guitars (2004-2010)
Matt Hynek – keyboards, synthesizer (2005-2010)
Chris Mrozek – bass (2004-2010)
Jon Caruso – drums (2004-2010)
Former Memberøs
Kurt Latos – keyboards, synthesizer (2004)
James Poston – bass (2004-2005)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Feast of the Blood Monsters (2006)
Circle of Death (2008)
Demos
Demo (self-released, 2005)
References
External links
American deathcore musical groups
American mathcore musical groups
American avant-garde metal musical groups
Black Market Activities artists
Heavy metal musical groups from Illinois
Math rock groups
Metal Blade Records artists
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups from Chicago
American musical quintets |
is the debut single by Japanese rock singer Nana Kitade. The song was used as the first ending theme in the first Fullmetal Alchemist anime series. The single reached #14 on the Oricon Charts and stayed on the charts for a total of twenty-two weeks, selling a total of 65,525 copies.
Music video
The music video for "Kesenai Tsumi" starts out with the image of a doll version of Kitade, that is being slowly pieced together. Throughout the video are images of pale red flowers, masks floating in a bubbly space and Kitade in a black dress. At the end of the video, Kitade is shown fully human, singing against a blue backdrop with the words "Debut" and "北出菜奈" (Kitade Nana) in white text.
Track listing
Raw "Breath" Track
"Kesenai Tsumi: Raw "Breath" Track" is an acoustic rearrangement of the song. It was released a month after the original "Kesenai Tsumi". The single reached #87 and charted for eleven weeks on the Oricon Charts.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Official Website Sony Music Japan
2003 singles
2003 songs
Nana Kitade songs
Fullmetal Alchemist songs
Songs written by Nana Kitade |
Highway 301 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from the Highway 1 / Highway 39 intersection near Pasqua (east of Moose Jaw) to Highway 202 near Buffalo Pound Provincial Park and passes through the community of Pleasant Mount. It is about long.
See also
Transportation in Saskatchewan
Roads in Saskatchewan
References
301 |
Laramanaye is a sub-prefecture of Logone Occidental Region in Chad.
References
Populated places in Chad |
```java
package com.neo.web;
import java.util.List;
import com.neo.mapper.test1.User1Mapper;
import com.neo.model.User;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import com.neo.mapper.test2.User2Mapper;
@RestController
public class UserController {
@Autowired
private User1Mapper user1Mapper;
@Autowired
private User2Mapper user2Mapper;
@RequestMapping("/getUsers")
public List<User> getUsers() {
List<User> users=user1Mapper.getAll();
return users;
}
@RequestMapping("/getUser")
public User getUser(Long id) {
User user=user2Mapper.getOne(id);
return user;
}
@RequestMapping("/add")
public void save(User user) {
user2Mapper.insert(user);
}
@RequestMapping(value="update")
public void update(User user) {
user2Mapper.update(user);
}
@RequestMapping(value="/delete/{id}")
public void delete(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {
user1Mapper.delete(id);
}
}
``` |
MaMF, or Mammalian Motif Finder, is an algorithm for identifying motifs to which transcription factors bind.
The algorithm takes as input a set of promoter sequences, and a motif width(w), and as output, produces a ranked list of 30 predicted motifs(each motif is defined by a set of N sequences, where N is a parameter).
The algorithm firstly indexes each sub-sequence of length n, where n is a parameter around 4-6 base pairs, in each promoter, so they can be looked up efficiently. This index is then used to build a list of all pairs of sequences of length w, such that each sequence shares an n-mer, and each sequence forms an ungapped alignment with a substring of length w from the string of length 2w around the match, with a score exceeding a cut-off.
The pairs of sequences are then scored. The scoring function favours pairs which are very similar, but disfavours sequences which are very common in the target genome. The 1000 highest scoring pairs are kept, and the others are discarded. Each of these 1000 'seed' motifs are then used to search iteratively search for further sequences of length which maximise the score(a greedy algorithm), until N sequences for that motif are reached.
Very similar motifs are discarded, and the 30 highest scoring motifs are returned as output.
References
Search algorithms
Bioinformatics |
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Brazil () (Portuguese: Escritório Econômico e Cultural de Taipei no Brasil) represents the interests of Taiwan in Brazil in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the Commercial Office of Brazil to Taipei in Taipei.
There is also a Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in São Paulo, Brazil's largest city. This was formerly known as the Centro Comercial de Taipei no Brasil.
The Office is headed by a Representative, Isaac Tsai.
Representatives
Shyu Guang-pu
Isaac Tsai
See also
Brazil–Taiwan relations
List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan
List of diplomatic missions in Brazil
References
External links
Escritório Econômico e Cultural de Taipei no Brasil
Brazil
Taiwan
Brazil–Taiwan relations |
In Greek mythology, the name Chryse ( or "golden") may refer to:
Chryse, an Arcadian princess as the daughter of Pallas, son of King Lycaon. She was the wife of Dardanus and became the mother of his sons, Idaeus and Deimas.
Chryse, a Minyan princess as the daughter of King Almus of Orchomenus and sister of Chrysogeneia. She was the lover of Ares and mother of Phlegyas.
Chryse, a nymph or minor goddess of Lemnos (or of Chryse Island) who lured Philoctetes away from his companions which resulted in him being bitten by a snake. Some sources state that Chryse was a local epithet of Athena, and the misfortune happened to Philoctetes next to her altar, which the snake was guarding. The altar was said to have been set up by Jason.
Chryse, daughter of Timander, sister of Eurytione, Hellotis and Cottyto, from Corinth.
Chryse, a surname of Aphrodite on Lesbos.
Notes
References
Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities. English translation by Earnest Cary in the Loeb Classical Library, 7 volumes. Harvard University Press, 1937-1950. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitatum Romanarum quae supersunt, Vol I-IV. . Karl Jacoby. In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1885. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Philostratus the Elder. Imagines, translated by Arthur Fairbanks (1864-1944). Loeb Classical Library Volume 256. London: William Heinemann, 1931. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Philostratus the Lemnian (Philostratus Major), Flavii Philostrati Opera. Vol 2. Carl Ludwig Kayser. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Lipsiae. 1871. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Sophocles, The Philoctetes of Sophocles edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1893. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Sophocles, Sophocles. Vol 2: Ajax. Electra. Trachiniae. Philoctetes with an English translation by F. Storr. The Loeb classical library, 21. Francis Storr. London; New York. William Heinemann Ltd.; The Macmillan Company. 1913. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Princesses in Greek mythology
Nymphs
Women of Ares
Arcadian characters in Greek mythology
Arcadian mythology
Epithets of Aphrodite
Epithets of Athena |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.