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//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
// are met:
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
// documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
// * Neither the name of NVIDIA CORPORATION nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
// from this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS ``AS IS'' AND ANY
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
// PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
// CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
// EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
// PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
// PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
// OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// This file was generated by NvParameterized/scripts/GenParameterized.pl
#include "ClothingActorParam_0p9.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace NvParameterized;
namespace nvidia
{
namespace parameterized
{
using namespace ClothingActorParam_0p9NS;
const char* const ClothingActorParam_0p9Factory::vptr =
NvParameterized::getVptr<ClothingActorParam_0p9, ClothingActorParam_0p9::ClassAlignment>();
const uint32_t NumParamDefs = 72;
static NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDefTable; // now allocated in buildTree [NumParamDefs];
static const size_t ParamLookupChildrenTable[] =
{
1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 40, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32,
37, 38, 39, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 47, 48, 53, 54, 55, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51,
52, 57, 58, 62, 64, 71,
};
#define TENUM(type) nvidia::##type
#define CHILDREN(index) &ParamLookupChildrenTable[index]
static const NvParameterized::ParamLookupNode ParamLookupTable[NumParamDefs] =
{
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, 0, CHILDREN(0), 28 },
{ TYPE_MAT44, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->globalPose), NULL, 0 }, // globalPose
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->useHardwareCloth), NULL, 0 }, // useHardwareCloth
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->flags), CHILDREN(28), 4 }, // flags
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ClothingActorFlags_Type*)0)->ParallelCpuSkinning), NULL, 0 }, // flags.ParallelCpuSkinning
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ClothingActorFlags_Type*)0)->RecomputeNormals), NULL, 0 }, // flags.RecomputeNormals
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ClothingActorFlags_Type*)0)->Visualize), NULL, 0 }, // flags.Visualize
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ClothingActorFlags_Type*)0)->CorrectSimulationNormals), NULL, 0 }, // flags.CorrectSimulationNormals
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->fallbackSkinning), NULL, 0 }, // fallbackSkinning
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->slowStart), NULL, 0 }, // slowStart
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->useInternalBoneOrder), NULL, 0 }, // useInternalBoneOrder
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->updateStateWithGlobalMatrices), NULL, 0 }, // updateStateWithGlobalMatrices
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->uvChannelForTangentUpdate), NULL, 0 }, // uvChannelForTangentUpdate
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->maxDistanceBlendTime), NULL, 0 }, // maxDistanceBlendTime
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->clothingMaterialIndex), NULL, 0 }, // clothingMaterialIndex
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->lodWeights), CHILDREN(32), 4 }, // lodWeights
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((LODWeights_Type*)0)->maxDistance), NULL, 0 }, // lodWeights.maxDistance
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((LODWeights_Type*)0)->distanceWeight), NULL, 0 }, // lodWeights.distanceWeight
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((LODWeights_Type*)0)->bias), NULL, 0 }, // lodWeights.bias
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((LODWeights_Type*)0)->benefitsBias), NULL, 0 }, // lodWeights.benefitsBias
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->windParams), CHILDREN(36), 2 }, // windParams
{ TYPE_VEC3, false, (size_t)(&((WindParameters_Type*)0)->Velocity), NULL, 0 }, // windParams.Velocity
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((WindParameters_Type*)0)->Adaption), NULL, 0 }, // windParams.Adaption
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->maxDistanceScale), CHILDREN(38), 2 }, // maxDistanceScale
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((MaxDistanceScale_Type*)0)->Scale), NULL, 0 }, // maxDistanceScale.Scale
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((MaxDistanceScale_Type*)0)->Multipliable), NULL, 0 }, // maxDistanceScale.Multipliable
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->userData), NULL, 0 }, // userData
{ TYPE_ARRAY, true, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->boneMatrices), CHILDREN(40), 1 }, // boneMatrices
{ TYPE_MAT44, false, 1 * sizeof(physx::PxMat44), NULL, 0 }, // boneMatrices[]
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->clothDescTemplate), CHILDREN(41), 6 }, // clothDescTemplate
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->collisionResponseCoefficient), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.collisionResponseCoefficient
{ TYPE_U16, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->collisionGroup), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.collisionGroup
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->groupsMask), CHILDREN(47), 4 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits0), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits1), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits2), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits3), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3
{ TYPE_BOUNDS3, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->validBounds), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.validBounds
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->compartment), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.compartment
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ClothDescTemplate_Type*)0)->userData), NULL, 0 }, // clothDescTemplate.userData
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->shapeDescTemplate), CHILDREN(51), 6 }, // shapeDescTemplate
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->flags), CHILDREN(57), 5 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_VISUALIZATION), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_VISUALIZATION
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescFlags_Type*)0)->NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES
{ TYPE_U16, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->collisionGroup), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.collisionGroup
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->groupsMask), CHILDREN(62), 4 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits0), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits1), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits2), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2
{ TYPE_U32, false, (size_t)(&((GroupsMask_Type*)0)->bits3), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3
{ TYPE_U16, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->materialIndex), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.materialIndex
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->userData), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.userData
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ShapeDescTemplate_Type*)0)->name), NULL, 0 }, // shapeDescTemplate.name
{ TYPE_STRUCT, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->actorDescTemplate), CHILDREN(66), 2 }, // actorDescTemplate
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ActorDescTemplate_Type*)0)->userData), NULL, 0 }, // actorDescTemplate.userData
{ TYPE_U64, false, (size_t)(&((ActorDescTemplate_Type*)0)->name), NULL, 0 }, // actorDescTemplate.name
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->actorScale), NULL, 0 }, // actorScale
{ TYPE_REF, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->runtimeCooked), NULL, 0 }, // runtimeCooked
{ TYPE_ARRAY, true, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->morphDisplacements), CHILDREN(68), 1 }, // morphDisplacements
{ TYPE_VEC3, false, 1 * sizeof(physx::PxVec3), NULL, 0 }, // morphDisplacements[]
{ TYPE_ARRAY, true, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions), CHILDREN(69), 1 }, // morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions
{ TYPE_VEC3, false, 1 * sizeof(physx::PxVec3), NULL, 0 }, // morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions[]
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency), NULL, 0 }, // allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->useVelocityClamping), NULL, 0 }, // useVelocityClamping
{ TYPE_BOUNDS3, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->vertexVelocityClamp), NULL, 0 }, // vertexVelocityClamp
{ TYPE_F32, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->pressure), NULL, 0 }, // pressure
{ TYPE_BOOL, false, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones), NULL, 0 }, // multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones
{ TYPE_ARRAY, true, (size_t)(&((ParametersStruct*)0)->overrideMaterialNames), CHILDREN(70), 1 }, // overrideMaterialNames
{ TYPE_STRING, false, 1 * sizeof(NvParameterized::DummyStringStruct), NULL, 0 }, // overrideMaterialNames[]
};
bool ClothingActorParam_0p9::mBuiltFlag = false;
NvParameterized::MutexType ClothingActorParam_0p9::mBuiltFlagMutex;
ClothingActorParam_0p9::ClothingActorParam_0p9(NvParameterized::Traits* traits, void* buf, int32_t* refCount) :
NvParameters(traits, buf, refCount)
{
//mParameterizedTraits->registerFactory(className(), &ClothingActorParam_0p9FactoryInst);
if (!buf) //Do not init data if it is inplace-deserialized
{
initDynamicArrays();
initStrings();
initReferences();
initDefaults();
}
}
ClothingActorParam_0p9::~ClothingActorParam_0p9()
{
freeStrings();
freeReferences();
freeDynamicArrays();
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::destroy()
{
// We cache these fields here to avoid overwrite in destructor
bool doDeallocateSelf = mDoDeallocateSelf;
NvParameterized::Traits* traits = mParameterizedTraits;
int32_t* refCount = mRefCount;
void* buf = mBuffer;
this->~ClothingActorParam_0p9();
NvParameters::destroy(this, traits, doDeallocateSelf, refCount, buf);
}
const NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ClothingActorParam_0p9::getParameterDefinitionTree(void)
{
if (!mBuiltFlag) // Double-checked lock
{
NvParameterized::MutexType::ScopedLock lock(mBuiltFlagMutex);
if (!mBuiltFlag)
{
buildTree();
}
}
return(&ParamDefTable[0]);
}
const NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ClothingActorParam_0p9::getParameterDefinitionTree(void) const
{
ClothingActorParam_0p9* tmpParam = const_cast<ClothingActorParam_0p9*>(this);
if (!mBuiltFlag) // Double-checked lock
{
NvParameterized::MutexType::ScopedLock lock(mBuiltFlagMutex);
if (!mBuiltFlag)
{
tmpParam->buildTree();
}
}
return(&ParamDefTable[0]);
}
NvParameterized::ErrorType ClothingActorParam_0p9::getParameterHandle(const char* long_name, Handle& handle) const
{
ErrorType Ret = NvParameters::getParameterHandle(long_name, handle);
if (Ret != ERROR_NONE)
{
return(Ret);
}
size_t offset;
void* ptr;
getVarPtr(handle, ptr, offset);
if (ptr == NULL)
{
return(ERROR_INDEX_OUT_OF_RANGE);
}
return(ERROR_NONE);
}
NvParameterized::ErrorType ClothingActorParam_0p9::getParameterHandle(const char* long_name, Handle& handle)
{
ErrorType Ret = NvParameters::getParameterHandle(long_name, handle);
if (Ret != ERROR_NONE)
{
return(Ret);
}
size_t offset;
void* ptr;
getVarPtr(handle, ptr, offset);
if (ptr == NULL)
{
return(ERROR_INDEX_OUT_OF_RANGE);
}
return(ERROR_NONE);
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::getVarPtr(const Handle& handle, void*& ptr, size_t& offset) const
{
ptr = getVarPtrHelper(&ParamLookupTable[0], const_cast<ClothingActorParam_0p9::ParametersStruct*>(¶meters()), handle, offset);
}
/* Dynamic Handle Indices */
/* [0] - overrideMaterialNames (not an array of structs) */
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::freeParameterDefinitionTable(NvParameterized::Traits* traits)
{
if (!traits)
{
return;
}
if (!mBuiltFlag) // Double-checked lock
{
return;
}
NvParameterized::MutexType::ScopedLock lock(mBuiltFlagMutex);
if (!mBuiltFlag)
{
return;
}
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NumParamDefs; ++i)
{
ParamDefTable[i].~DefinitionImpl();
}
traits->free(ParamDefTable);
mBuiltFlag = false;
}
#define PDEF_PTR(index) (&ParamDefTable[index])
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::buildTree(void)
{
uint32_t allocSize = sizeof(NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl) * NumParamDefs;
ParamDefTable = (NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl*)(mParameterizedTraits->alloc(allocSize));
memset(ParamDefTable, 0, allocSize);
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NumParamDefs; ++i)
{
NV_PARAM_PLACEMENT_NEW(ParamDefTable + i, NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl)(*mParameterizedTraits);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=0, longName=""
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[0];
ParamDef->init("", TYPE_STRUCT, "STRUCT", true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=1, longName="globalPose"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[1];
ParamDef->init("globalPose", TYPE_MAT44, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[1].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "The pose where the clothing asset will be put into the scene", true);
ParamDefTable[1].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=2, longName="useHardwareCloth"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[2];
ParamDef->init("useHardwareCloth", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Turns on hardware acceleration for the cloth simulation", true);
ParamDefTable[2].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=3, longName="flags"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[3];
ParamDef->init("flags", TYPE_STRUCT, "ClothingActorFlags", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "A selection of flags, can be updated at runtime.", true);
ParamDefTable[3].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=4, longName="flags.ParallelCpuSkinning"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[4];
ParamDef->init("ParallelCpuSkinning", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "All graphical vertices without correspondence to physical vertices or\ntriangles are skinned normally. This flag specifies whether this happens\nduring Physics scene simulation, or after.\nNote: If this flag is set, an inconsistency can arise when calling\nNxClothingActor::updateRenderResource in between NxApexScene::simulate\nand NxApexScene::fetchResults. As a workaround, you should only call\nNxClothingActor::updateRenderResources _after_ NxApexScene::fetchResults\nhas terminated.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Determines whether or not to perform CPU skinning in parallel", true);
ParamDefTable[4].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=5, longName="flags.RecomputeNormals"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[5];
ParamDef->init("RecomputeNormals", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "This usually leads to better looking results, but is more expensive to\ncompute. Default is off.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Fully recomputes the normals on the final mesh.", true);
ParamDefTable[5].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=6, longName="flags.Visualize"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[6];
ParamDef->init("Visualize", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Determines whether or not to display debug visualization for this clothing actor", true);
ParamDefTable[6].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=7, longName="flags.CorrectSimulationNormals"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[7];
ParamDef->init("CorrectSimulationNormals", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "The MaxDistance=0 vertices can have a perturbed simulation normal. This usually\nhappens only for meshes where the MaxDistance=0 vertices are somewhere in the\nmiddle separating a simulated and non-simulated region. The normal for those\nvertices will be computed only by the simulated triangles which can lead to\nwrong results.\nThis solution will use the normals from the original simulation mesh and skin\nthem with respect to the local pose.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "", true);
ParamDefTable[7].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=8, longName="fallbackSkinning"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[8];
ParamDef->init("fallbackSkinning", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Performs the regular boneweighted skinning on the CPU before giving the\ndata out through the rendering API.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Performs skinning in software", true);
ParamDefTable[8].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=9, longName="slowStart"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[9];
ParamDef->init("slowStart", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "The first time a NxClothingActor starts to be simulated is with full max\ndistance. This prevents starting with full max distance and instead blending\nin as it will do the second time.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Prevents from having full max distance right from the start", true);
ParamDefTable[9].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=10, longName="useInternalBoneOrder"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[10];
ParamDef->init("useInternalBoneOrder", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[10].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[3];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[3] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], &HintTable[2], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("longDescription", "If this is set to true the bone buffers in updateState and the actor\ndescriptor have to be given in the same order as the bones are stored\ninternally in the asset. This can be queried using\nNxClothingAsset::getNumUsedBones and NxClothingAsset::getBoneName or\nNxClothingAsset::getBoneMapping.\n\nIf this is set to false, the bone buffers can be provided in the order as\nthey are stored in the application. This is either the bone order at\nauthoring time, or NxClothingAsset::remapBoneIndex can be called for each\nbone to let APEX know about the current ordering in the game. Note that\nthis is only recommended if the application already uses physx::PxMat44\n(or something binary equivalent) and does not have to convert the matrices.\n", true);
HintTable[2].init("shortDescription", "Expect internally ordered bone arrays in updateState call.", true);
ParamDefTable[10].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 3);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=11, longName="updateStateWithGlobalMatrices"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[11];
ParamDef->init("updateStateWithGlobalMatrices", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Depending on what matrices are present, the state can be updated using\nglobal world or object space bone matrices or composite matrices. The\ncomposite matrix can be generated by multiplying the world or object space\nmatrix by the inverse bone bine pose.\n\nNote: If there are problems which might be caused by bind poses being\ndifferent in the ClothingAsset and in the game's animation system, changing\nthis to true (and thus providing global pose matrices) might fix the problem.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Use world space matrices instead of composite (relative to bind pose) in NxClothingActor::updateState().", true);
ParamDefTable[11].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=12, longName="uvChannelForTangentUpdate"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[12];
ParamDef->init("uvChannelForTangentUpdate", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Tangent update is done based on one UV channel. This allows selection of what\nUV channel is being used.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "This UV channel is used for updating tangent space", true);
ParamDefTable[12].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=13, longName="maxDistanceBlendTime"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[13];
ParamDef->init("maxDistanceBlendTime", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Note: This also influences how quickly different physical LoDs can be switched", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Time in seconds how long it takes to go from zero maxDistance to full maxDistance", true);
ParamDefTable[13].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=14, longName="clothingMaterialIndex"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[14];
ParamDef->init("clothingMaterialIndex", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Use this material from the assets material library", true);
ParamDefTable[14].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=15, longName="lodWeights"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[15];
ParamDef->init("lodWeights", TYPE_STRUCT, "LODWeights", true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=16, longName="lodWeights.maxDistance"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[16];
ParamDef->init("maxDistance", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=17, longName="lodWeights.distanceWeight"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[17];
ParamDef->init("distanceWeight", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=18, longName="lodWeights.bias"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[18];
ParamDef->init("bias", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=19, longName="lodWeights.benefitsBias"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[19];
ParamDef->init("benefitsBias", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=20, longName="windParams"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[20];
ParamDef->init("windParams", TYPE_STRUCT, "WindParameters", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "The per-actor wind parameters", true);
ParamDefTable[20].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=21, longName="windParams.Velocity"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[21];
ParamDef->init("Velocity", TYPE_VEC3, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "The target velocity each vertex tries to achieve.", true);
ParamDefTable[21].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=22, longName="windParams.Adaption"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[22];
ParamDef->init("Adaption", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "This is roughly the inverse of the time in seconds it takes to adapt to the wind velocity.", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "The rate of adaption. The higher this value, the faster the cloth reaches the wind velocity. Set to 0 to turn off wind.", true);
ParamDefTable[22].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=23, longName="maxDistanceScale"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[23];
ParamDef->init("maxDistanceScale", TYPE_STRUCT, "MaxDistanceScale", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "", true);
ParamDefTable[23].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=24, longName="maxDistanceScale.Scale"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[24];
ParamDef->init("Scale", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "", true);
ParamDefTable[24].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=25, longName="maxDistanceScale.Multipliable"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[25];
ParamDef->init("Multipliable", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "", true);
ParamDefTable[25].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=26, longName="userData"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[26];
ParamDef->init("userData", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[26].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional user data pointer associated with the clothing actor", true);
ParamDefTable[26].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=27, longName="boneMatrices"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[27];
ParamDef->init("boneMatrices", TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[27].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[3];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[3] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], &HintTable[2], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("longDescription", "These matrices are sometimes referred to as composite matrices. They are the\nmultiplication of the current world space bone pose with the inverse bind\npose in world space.\nNote: If \'updateStateWithGlobalMatrices\' is set to true, these must be\nglobal poses instead.\n", true);
HintTable[2].init("shortDescription", "An Array of matrices with the full transform for each bone", true);
ParamDefTable[27].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 3);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
ParamDef->setArraySize(-1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=28, longName="boneMatrices[]"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[28];
ParamDef->init("boneMatrices", TYPE_MAT44, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[28].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[3];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[3] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], &HintTable[2], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("longDescription", "These matrices are sometimes referred to as composite matrices. They are the\nmultiplication of the current world space bone pose with the inverse bind\npose in world space.\nNote: If \'updateStateWithGlobalMatrices\' is set to true, these must be\nglobal poses instead.\n", true);
HintTable[2].init("shortDescription", "An Array of matrices with the full transform for each bone", true);
ParamDefTable[28].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 3);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=29, longName="clothDescTemplate"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[29];
ParamDef->init("clothDescTemplate", TYPE_STRUCT, "ClothDescTemplate", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Contains the parameters the application can override on the NxClothDesc when created", true);
ParamDefTable[29].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=30, longName="clothDescTemplate.collisionResponseCoefficient"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[30];
ParamDef->init("collisionResponseCoefficient", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "This is only needed if the twoway interaction flag is set in the clothing asset.", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Defines a factor for the impulse transfer from cloth to colliding rigid bodies.", true);
ParamDefTable[30].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=31, longName="clothDescTemplate.collisionGroup"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[31];
ParamDef->init("collisionGroup", TYPE_U16, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Sets which collision group this cloth is part of.", true);
ParamDefTable[31].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=32, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[32];
ParamDef->init("groupsMask", TYPE_STRUCT, "GroupsMask", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Sets the 128-bit mask used for collision filtering.", true);
ParamDefTable[32].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=33, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[33];
ParamDef->init("bits0", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=34, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[34];
ParamDef->init("bits1", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=35, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[35];
ParamDef->init("bits2", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=36, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[36];
ParamDef->init("bits3", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=37, longName="clothDescTemplate.validBounds"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[37];
ParamDef->init("validBounds", TYPE_BOUNDS3, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Only works if the flag NX_CLF_VALIDBOUNDS is set.", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Defines the volume outside of which cloth particle are automatically removed from the simulation. ", true);
ParamDefTable[37].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=38, longName="clothDescTemplate.compartment"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[38];
ParamDef->init("compartment", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[38].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[3];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[3] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], &HintTable[2], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("longDescription", "Must be either a pointer to an NxCompartment of type NX_SCT_CLOTH or\nNX_SCT_SOFTBODY, or NULL. A NULL compartment means creating NX_CLF_HARDWARE\ncloth in the first available cloth compartment (a default cloth compartment\nis created if none exists). Software cloth with a NULL compartment is\ncreated in the scene proper.\n", true);
HintTable[2].init("shortDescription", "The compartment to place the cloth in.", true);
ParamDefTable[38].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 3);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=39, longName="clothDescTemplate.userData"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[39];
ParamDef->init("userData", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[39].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional user data pointer.", true);
ParamDefTable[39].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=40, longName="shapeDescTemplate"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[40];
ParamDef->init("shapeDescTemplate", TYPE_STRUCT, "ShapeDescTemplate", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Contains the parameters the application can override on any actor shapes created", true);
ParamDefTable[40].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=41, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[41];
ParamDef->init("flags", TYPE_STRUCT, "ShapeDescFlags", true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=42, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_VISUALIZATION"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[42];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_VISUALIZATION", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Enable debug renderer for this shape", true);
ParamDefTable[42].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=43, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[43];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Disable collision detection for this shape (counterpart of NX_AF_DISABLE_COLLISION)", true);
ParamDefTable[43].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=44, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[44];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Disable raycasting for this shape", true);
ParamDefTable[44].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=45, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[45];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Enable dynamic-dynamic CCD for this shape. Used only when CCD is globally enabled and shape have a CCD skeleton.", true);
ParamDefTable[45].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=46, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[46];
ParamDef->init("NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Setting this to true will make the non-compartment CPU cloth not work.", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Disable participation in ray casts, overlap tests and sweeps.", true);
ParamDefTable[46].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=47, longName="shapeDescTemplate.collisionGroup"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[47];
ParamDef->init("collisionGroup", TYPE_U16, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("longDescription", "Default group is 0. Maximum possible group is 31. Collision groups are sets\nof shapes which may or may not be set to collision detect with each other;\nthis can be set using NxScene::setGroupCollisionFlag()\nSleeping: Does NOT wake the associated actor up automatically.\n", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Sets which collision group this shape is part of.", true);
ParamDefTable[47].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=48, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[48];
ParamDef->init("groupsMask", TYPE_STRUCT, "GroupsMask", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Sets the 128-bit mask used for collision filtering.", true);
ParamDefTable[48].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=49, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[49];
ParamDef->init("bits0", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=50, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[50];
ParamDef->init("bits1", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=51, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[51];
ParamDef->init("bits2", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=52, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[52];
ParamDef->init("bits3", TYPE_U32, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=53, longName="shapeDescTemplate.materialIndex"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[53];
ParamDef->init("materialIndex", TYPE_U16, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "The material index of the shape.", true);
ParamDefTable[53].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=54, longName="shapeDescTemplate.userData"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[54];
ParamDef->init("userData", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[54].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional user data pointer", true);
ParamDefTable[54].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=55, longName="shapeDescTemplate.name"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[55];
ParamDef->init("name", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[55].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Name of the shapes; must be set by the application and must be a persistent pointer.", true);
ParamDefTable[55].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=56, longName="actorDescTemplate"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[56];
ParamDef->init("actorDescTemplate", TYPE_STRUCT, "ActorDescTemplate", true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Contains the parameters the application can override on any actors created", true);
ParamDefTable[56].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=57, longName="actorDescTemplate.userData"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[57];
ParamDef->init("userData", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[57].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional user data pointer", true);
ParamDefTable[57].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=58, longName="actorDescTemplate.name"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[58];
ParamDef->init("name", TYPE_U64, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
ParamDefTable[58].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("editorDisplay", "false", true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Optional name string for the shape; must be set by the application and must be a persistent pointer.", true);
ParamDefTable[58].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=59, longName="actorScale"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[59];
ParamDef->init("actorScale", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Scale the actor differently than the asset.", true);
ParamDefTable[59].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=60, longName="runtimeCooked"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[60];
ParamDef->init("runtimeCooked", TYPE_REF, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("INCLUDED", uint64_t(1), true);
ParamDefTable[60].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[2];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[2] = { &HintTable[0], &HintTable[1], };
HintTable[0].init("INCLUDED", uint64_t(1), true);
HintTable[1].init("shortDescription", "Data cooked at runtime", true);
ParamDefTable[60].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 2);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
static const char* const RefVariantVals[] = { "ClothingCookedParam" };
ParamDefTable[60].setRefVariantVals((const char**)RefVariantVals, 1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=61, longName="morphDisplacements"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[61];
ParamDef->init("morphDisplacements", TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Displacements according to the current morph target.", true);
ParamDefTable[61].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
ParamDef->setArraySize(-1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=62, longName="morphDisplacements[]"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[62];
ParamDef->init("morphDisplacements", TYPE_VEC3, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Displacements according to the current morph target.", true);
ParamDefTable[62].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=63, longName="morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[63];
ParamDef->init("morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions", TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "New positions for the physical meshes and convex collision volumes.", true);
ParamDefTable[63].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
ParamDef->setArraySize(-1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=64, longName="morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions[]"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[64];
ParamDef->init("morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions", TYPE_VEC3, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "New positions for the physical meshes and convex collision volumes.", true);
ParamDefTable[64].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=65, longName="allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[65];
ParamDef->init("allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Slightly modifies gravity to avoid high frequency jittering due to variable time steps.", true);
ParamDefTable[65].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=66, longName="useVelocityClamping"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[66];
ParamDef->init("useVelocityClamping", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=67, longName="vertexVelocityClamp"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[67];
ParamDef->init("vertexVelocityClamp", TYPE_BOUNDS3, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=68, longName="pressure"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[68];
ParamDef->init("pressure", TYPE_F32, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Set pressure of cloth, only works on closed meshes.", true);
ParamDefTable[68].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=69, longName="multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[69];
ParamDef->init("multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones", TYPE_BOOL, NULL, true);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=70, longName="overrideMaterialNames"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[70];
ParamDef->init("overrideMaterialNames", TYPE_ARRAY, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Replacement material names for the ones provided by the render mesh asset inside the clothing asset.", true);
ParamDefTable[70].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
ParamDef->setArraySize(-1);
static const uint8_t dynHandleIndices[1] = { 0, };
ParamDef->setDynamicHandleIndicesMap(dynHandleIndices, 1);
}
// Initialize DefinitionImpl node: nodeIndex=71, longName="overrideMaterialNames[]"
{
NvParameterized::DefinitionImpl* ParamDef = &ParamDefTable[71];
ParamDef->init("overrideMaterialNames", TYPE_STRING, NULL, true);
#ifdef NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS
#else
static HintImpl HintTable[1];
static Hint* HintPtrTable[1] = { &HintTable[0], };
HintTable[0].init("shortDescription", "Replacement material names for the ones provided by the render mesh asset inside the clothing asset.", true);
ParamDefTable[71].setHints((const NvParameterized::Hint**)HintPtrTable, 1);
#endif /* NV_PARAMETERIZED_HIDE_DESCRIPTIONS */
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=0, longName=""
{
static Definition* Children[28];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(1);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(2);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(3);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(8);
Children[4] = PDEF_PTR(9);
Children[5] = PDEF_PTR(10);
Children[6] = PDEF_PTR(11);
Children[7] = PDEF_PTR(12);
Children[8] = PDEF_PTR(13);
Children[9] = PDEF_PTR(14);
Children[10] = PDEF_PTR(15);
Children[11] = PDEF_PTR(20);
Children[12] = PDEF_PTR(23);
Children[13] = PDEF_PTR(26);
Children[14] = PDEF_PTR(27);
Children[15] = PDEF_PTR(29);
Children[16] = PDEF_PTR(40);
Children[17] = PDEF_PTR(56);
Children[18] = PDEF_PTR(59);
Children[19] = PDEF_PTR(60);
Children[20] = PDEF_PTR(61);
Children[21] = PDEF_PTR(63);
Children[22] = PDEF_PTR(65);
Children[23] = PDEF_PTR(66);
Children[24] = PDEF_PTR(67);
Children[25] = PDEF_PTR(68);
Children[26] = PDEF_PTR(69);
Children[27] = PDEF_PTR(70);
ParamDefTable[0].setChildren(Children, 28);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=3, longName="flags"
{
static Definition* Children[4];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(4);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(5);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(6);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(7);
ParamDefTable[3].setChildren(Children, 4);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=15, longName="lodWeights"
{
static Definition* Children[4];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(16);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(17);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(18);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(19);
ParamDefTable[15].setChildren(Children, 4);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=20, longName="windParams"
{
static Definition* Children[2];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(21);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(22);
ParamDefTable[20].setChildren(Children, 2);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=23, longName="maxDistanceScale"
{
static Definition* Children[2];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(24);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(25);
ParamDefTable[23].setChildren(Children, 2);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=27, longName="boneMatrices"
{
static Definition* Children[1];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(28);
ParamDefTable[27].setChildren(Children, 1);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=29, longName="clothDescTemplate"
{
static Definition* Children[6];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(30);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(31);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(32);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(37);
Children[4] = PDEF_PTR(38);
Children[5] = PDEF_PTR(39);
ParamDefTable[29].setChildren(Children, 6);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=32, longName="clothDescTemplate.groupsMask"
{
static Definition* Children[4];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(33);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(34);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(35);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(36);
ParamDefTable[32].setChildren(Children, 4);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=40, longName="shapeDescTemplate"
{
static Definition* Children[6];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(41);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(47);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(48);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(53);
Children[4] = PDEF_PTR(54);
Children[5] = PDEF_PTR(55);
ParamDefTable[40].setChildren(Children, 6);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=41, longName="shapeDescTemplate.flags"
{
static Definition* Children[5];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(42);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(43);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(44);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(45);
Children[4] = PDEF_PTR(46);
ParamDefTable[41].setChildren(Children, 5);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=48, longName="shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask"
{
static Definition* Children[4];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(49);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(50);
Children[2] = PDEF_PTR(51);
Children[3] = PDEF_PTR(52);
ParamDefTable[48].setChildren(Children, 4);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=56, longName="actorDescTemplate"
{
static Definition* Children[2];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(57);
Children[1] = PDEF_PTR(58);
ParamDefTable[56].setChildren(Children, 2);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=61, longName="morphDisplacements"
{
static Definition* Children[1];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(62);
ParamDefTable[61].setChildren(Children, 1);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=63, longName="morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions"
{
static Definition* Children[1];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(64);
ParamDefTable[63].setChildren(Children, 1);
}
// SetChildren for: nodeIndex=70, longName="overrideMaterialNames"
{
static Definition* Children[1];
Children[0] = PDEF_PTR(71);
ParamDefTable[70].setChildren(Children, 1);
}
mBuiltFlag = true;
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::initStrings(void)
{
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::initDynamicArrays(void)
{
boneMatrices.buf = NULL;
boneMatrices.isAllocated = true;
boneMatrices.elementSize = sizeof(physx::PxMat44);
boneMatrices.arraySizes[0] = 0;
morphDisplacements.buf = NULL;
morphDisplacements.isAllocated = true;
morphDisplacements.elementSize = sizeof(physx::PxVec3);
morphDisplacements.arraySizes[0] = 0;
morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.buf = NULL;
morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.isAllocated = true;
morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.elementSize = sizeof(physx::PxVec3);
morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.arraySizes[0] = 0;
overrideMaterialNames.buf = NULL;
overrideMaterialNames.isAllocated = true;
overrideMaterialNames.elementSize = sizeof(NvParameterized::DummyStringStruct);
overrideMaterialNames.arraySizes[0] = 0;
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::initDefaults(void)
{
freeStrings();
freeReferences();
freeDynamicArrays();
globalPose = physx::PxMat44(physx::PxVec4(1.0f));
useHardwareCloth = bool(true);
flags.ParallelCpuSkinning = bool(true);
flags.RecomputeNormals = bool(false);
flags.Visualize = bool(true);
flags.CorrectSimulationNormals = bool(true);
fallbackSkinning = bool(false);
slowStart = bool(true);
useInternalBoneOrder = bool(false);
updateStateWithGlobalMatrices = bool(false);
uvChannelForTangentUpdate = uint32_t(0);
maxDistanceBlendTime = float(1.0);
clothingMaterialIndex = uint32_t(0);
lodWeights.maxDistance = float(2000);
lodWeights.distanceWeight = float(1);
lodWeights.bias = float(0);
lodWeights.benefitsBias = float(0);
windParams.Velocity = physx::PxVec3(0.0f);
windParams.Adaption = float(0.0f);
maxDistanceScale.Scale = float(1.0f);
maxDistanceScale.Multipliable = bool(false);
userData = uint64_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.collisionResponseCoefficient = float(0.2);
clothDescTemplate.collisionGroup = uint16_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0 = uint32_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1 = uint32_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2 = uint32_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3 = uint32_t(0);
clothDescTemplate.validBounds = physx::PxBounds3(physx::PxVec3(PX_MAX_F32), physx::PxVec3(-PX_MAX_F32));
clothDescTemplate.compartment = uint64_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_VISUALIZATION = bool(true);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_COLLISION = bool(false);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_RAYCASTING = bool(true);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DYNAMIC_DYNAMIC_CCD = bool(false);
shapeDescTemplate.flags.NX_SF_DISABLE_SCENE_QUERIES = bool(false);
shapeDescTemplate.collisionGroup = uint16_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits0 = uint32_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits1 = uint32_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits2 = uint32_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.groupsMask.bits3 = uint32_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.materialIndex = uint16_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.userData = uint64_t(0);
shapeDescTemplate.name = uint64_t(0);
actorDescTemplate.userData = uint64_t(0);
actorDescTemplate.name = uint64_t(0);
actorScale = float(1.0);
allowAdaptiveTargetFrequency = bool(true);
useVelocityClamping = bool(false);
vertexVelocityClamp = physx::PxBounds3(physx::PxVec3(-PX_MAX_F32), physx::PxVec3(PX_MAX_F32));
pressure = float(-1.0);
multiplyGlobalPoseIntoBones = bool(true);
initDynamicArrays();
initStrings();
initReferences();
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::initReferences(void)
{
runtimeCooked = NULL;
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::freeDynamicArrays(void)
{
if (boneMatrices.isAllocated && boneMatrices.buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->free(boneMatrices.buf);
}
if (morphDisplacements.isAllocated && morphDisplacements.buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->free(morphDisplacements.buf);
}
if (morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.isAllocated && morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->free(morphPhysicalMeshNewPositions.buf);
}
if (overrideMaterialNames.isAllocated && overrideMaterialNames.buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->free(overrideMaterialNames.buf);
}
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::freeStrings(void)
{
for (int i = 0; i < overrideMaterialNames.arraySizes[0]; ++i)
{
if (overrideMaterialNames.buf[i].isAllocated && overrideMaterialNames.buf[i].buf)
{
mParameterizedTraits->strfree((char*)overrideMaterialNames.buf[i].buf);
}
}
}
void ClothingActorParam_0p9::freeReferences(void)
{
if (runtimeCooked)
{
runtimeCooked->destroy();
}
}
} // namespace parameterized
} // namespace nvidia
```
|
Półwiesk Mały is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wąpielsk, within Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Wąpielsk, north-west of Rypin, and east of Toruń.
History
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), local school teachers were among the victims of large massacres of Poles from the region carried out by the Germans in Skrwilno as part of the Intelligenzaktion.
References
Villages in Rypin County
|
Henriette Therese Ishimwe (born 14 October 2003) is a Rwandan cricketing all-rounder who plays for the women's national cricket team as a right-arm medium pace bowler and right handed batter.
Domestic career
At the domestic level, Ishimwe plays for the Indatwa Hampshire Cricket Club.
International career
2019
On 26 June 2019, Ishimwe made her Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) debuts for Rwanda against Nigeria at the National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria, in the first match of a bilateral tour of Nigeria. The match was also both teams' first ever WT20I. Ishemwe played in all five matches of the series, including the fourth match, in which Rwanda racked up its first WT20I victory, by five wickets.
Rwanda's and Ishimwe's next WT20Is were during the ICC Women's Qualifier Africa in Harare, Zimbabwe, in May 2019. In Rwanda's first match of that tournament, against Nigeria, Ishimwe top scored with 27 in 21 balls; she was awarded player of the match, which her team won by 37 runs. Three days later, against Mozambique, she again top scored for her team, with 48 in 40 balls; Rwanda won that match by just one wicket with only three balls remaining, and Ishimwe was player of the match for the second time in a row. In Rwanda's fourth match, against Tanzania, she top scored for her team yet again, with 21 runs in 17 balls, and took 2/20, but Tanzania won the match by 38 runs.
In June 2019, Ishimwe took the field for Rwanda in the annual Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament, in Kigali, Rwanda. Her best performance in that tournament was during Rwanda's match against Tanzania, in which she took 2/25 and was involved in running out two Tanzanian batters, but again Tanzania won the match, this time by 14 runs. In September 2019, Ishimwe played in a bilateral tour of Rwanda by Nigeria. Her best performance in that series was 44 from 45 balls in the fourth match, but although that was the top score for the match, Nigeria emerged as the winner, by just one run.
2021–present
Following a lengthy hiatus during the COVID-19 pandemic, Rwanda and Ishimwe resumed their participation in international cricket in June 2021, when Rwanda again hosted the Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament. On 9 June 2021, in the team's match against Nigeria, Ishimwe starred with 24 in 23 balls and 2/5, and again was presented with the player of the match award. Rwanda won the match by 6 runs. The following day, against Kenya, Ishimwe achieved her best bowling figures of the tournament, with 3/22, but Kenya won the match, by 25 runs. Rwanda finished the tournament in third place, and Ishimwe was named in the team of the tournament.
The second and final tournament contested by Rwanda in 2021 was the ICC Women's T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier, held in Gaborone, Botswana. Ishimwe's best bowling performance in that tournament was on 12 September 2021, in a match against Eswatini in which her figures were 3/2. Rwanda won that match by 185 runs. Two days later, against Botswana, Ishimwe took 2/11, top scored for her team with 19 runs, and was awarded player of the match, which Rwanda won by three wickets. Rwanda finished the tournament in third place in Group A.
In March/April 2022, Rwanda and Ishimwe contested their first tournament for that year, the 2022 Nigeria Invitational Women's T20I Tournament, held in Lagos. Ishimwe's best performance in the tournament was in Rwanda's match against Gambia, in which she top scored with 23*. Rwanda won that match by 10 wickets, and finished second in the tournament.
Meanwhile, in February 2022, Ishimwe was recruited to play in the privately run 2022 FairBreak Invitational T20 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. She was allocated to the Barmy Army team. In Barmy Army's first match, against Spirit on 5 May 2022, she caused a sensation, by bowling Spirit captain and recent World Cup winner Nicola Carey with her first ball of the tournament, and, later, by participating in a "wily run-out" of Thai player Nattaya Boochatham. The following day, against Falcons, she deflected a caught and bowled chance from another World Cup winner, Danni Wyatt, into another run-out, of the non-striker, Sri Lanka captain Chamari Athapaththu, who had scored an unbeaten century in Falcons' first match.
See also
List of Rwanda women Twenty20 International cricketers
References
External links
Living people
2003 births
Rwanda women Twenty20 International cricketers
Rwandan women cricketers
|
University of Agricultural Engineering, Valladolid, is a university run by the Society of Jesus which began in 1964 as the Nevares Institute of Agricultural Employers (INEA). It is currently affiliated with the University of Valladolid.
History
The Nevares Institute of Agricultural Employers (INEA) was founded in 1964 in Valladolid by Jose Fernandez Quintanilla, as a response to the absence of people with entrepreneurial training in the farming community. The institute was named after the Sisinio Nevares who founded Catholic Trade Unions in the 1930s.
In 1965 the Institute received Ministerial recognition and was attached to the School of Agronomists of Madrid, for its three-year undergraduate course. The course was called Intermediate Level in Agricultural Engineering in Management of Agricultural Companies until 1981 when the INEA became affiliated with the University of Valladolid. In these first 16 years it had educated 1,960 students. From the start in 1965 INEA offered distance learning classes, accommodating 2,675 students by 1992. From 1977 until 1990 the school also graduated 240 students in vocational training ("First Grade Agrario") in agriculture.
See also
List of Jesuit sites
References
Universities and colleges in Spain
Jesuit universities and colleges in Spain
1964 establishments in Spain
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Georges Douking (born Georges Ladoubée; 6 August 1902 – 20 October 1987) was a French stage, film, and television actor. He also directed stage plays such as the premier presentation of Jean Giraudoux's Sodom and Gomorrah at the Théâtre Hébertot in 1943. He is perhaps best known for his role in the surreal 1972 comedy The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie. He was one of the favorite actors of the French filmmaker Pierre Chenal.
Douking appeared in more than 75 films between 1934 and 1981.
Partial filmography
1934: Street Without a Name
1935: Crime and Punishment (directed by Pierre Chenal) - Nicolas
1935: The Green Domino
1936: Razumov: Sous les yeux d'occident - (uncredited)
1937: The Man from Nowhere - Le domestique simplet de la pension
1938: La Femme du bout du monde - Planque
1938: The Lafarge Case - Parent
1938: Les gaietés de l'exposition - Le deuxième détective
1938: The Train for Venice - Le barman
1938: Education of a Prince - Pausanias
1938: Katia - L'espion
1938: J'accuse! (directed by Abel Gance)
1939: Deputy Eusèbe - Firmin
1939: The Mayor's Dilemma - Brazoux
1939: Louise - Un peintre (uncredited)
1939: Le Dernier Tournant - Un joueur
1939: Yamilé sous les cèdres - Ahmed
1939: Deuxième bureau contre kommandantur
1939: Le Jour Se Lève (directed by Marcel Carné) - L'aveugle (uncredited)
1939: La Charrette fantôme - Un ivrogne (uncredited)
1943: La Main du diable - Le tire-laine (uncredited)
1943: Tornavara - Gregor
1943: Finance noire
1943: Un seul amour - Le père Biondi
1943: Adrien - Le peintre
1948: Clochemerle - Le préparateur
1949: Maya - Un soutier
1950: Lady Paname - Le parlementaire - un ami de Fred
1951: Savage Triangle - Le paysan
1952: Judgement of God (directed by Raymond Bernard) - Le moine Enrique - commissaire de l'inquisition
1956: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (directed by Jean Delannoy) - A Thief
1957: Œil pour œil - Le guérisseur
1958: Rafles sur la ville - Le fou
1958: La Bonne Tisane - Bob
1959: Ce corps tant désiré - Le commissaire
1959: La bête à l'affût - Le gardien du phare
1959: Le Bossu (directed by André Hunebelle) - Le marquis de Caylus
1960: Jack of Spades - Le vieux Manuel
1961: Five Day Lover
1964: Joy House (directed by René Clément) - Clochard
1964: Tintin and the Blue Oranges - Le photographe à Moulinsart (uncredited)
1965: What's New, Pussycat? (directed by Clive Donner) - Concierge at Renee's Apartment (uncredited)
1966: The Poppy Is Also a Flower - Financier of Marko (uncredited)
1966: Mademoiselle (directed by Tony Richardson) - The Priest
1966: Triple Cross - Polish Interrogator
1968: The Charge of the Light Brigade (directed by Tony Richardson) - Marshall St. Arnaud
1968: Spirits of the Dead (directed by Federico Fellini, Louis Malle, and Roger Vadim) - Le licier (segment "Metzengerstein")
1969: The Milky Way (directed by Luis Buñuel) - Le berger avec la chèvre
1969: Dandy (directed by Sergio Gobbi) - Un gêolier
1969: The Christmas Tree - L'animalier
1969: The Potatoes (directed by Claude Autant-Lara) - Voisin de P'tit Louis
1970: Sortie de secours
1971: The Great Mafia... (directed by Philippe Clair)
1972: Le droit d'aimer - Prisoner
1972: The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (directed by Luis Buñuel) - Gardener
1974: (directed by André Hunebelle)
1974: The Bidasses to Go to War (directed by Claude Zidi) - Le papé
1976: Les conquistadores - Le vieux
References
External links
Georges Douking at Allmovie
1902 births
1987 deaths
French male film actors
French male stage actors
French male television actors
20th-century French male actors
|
```xml
import * as React from 'react';
import type { Meta } from '@storybook/react';
import { Steps } from 'storywright';
import { Menu, MenuTrigger, MenuPopover, MenuList, MenuItem } from '@fluentui/react-menu';
import { getStoryVariant, RTL, withStoryWrightSteps } from '../../utilities';
export default {
title: 'Menu Converged - nested submenus',
decorators: [
// path_to_url
story => withStoryWrightSteps({ story, steps: new Steps().click('#nestedTrigger').snapshot('all open').end() }),
],
} satisfies Meta<typeof Menu>;
export const Default = () => (
<Menu open>
<MenuTrigger>
<button>Toggle menu</button>
</MenuTrigger>
<MenuPopover>
<MenuList>
<MenuItem>New </MenuItem>
<MenuItem>New Window</MenuItem>
<MenuItem>Open Folder</MenuItem>
<Menu>
<MenuTrigger>
<MenuItem id="nestedTrigger">Preferences</MenuItem>
</MenuTrigger>
<MenuPopover>
<MenuList>
<MenuItem>New </MenuItem>
<MenuItem>New Window</MenuItem>
<MenuItem>Open Folder</MenuItem>
</MenuList>
</MenuPopover>
</Menu>
</MenuList>
</MenuPopover>
</Menu>
);
Default.storyName = 'default';
export const DefaultRTL = getStoryVariant(Default, RTL);
```
|
Tibor Kangyal (born 28 May 1942) is a former Hungarian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
References
1942 births
Living people
Hungarian men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for Hungary
Basketball players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Budapest
|
Inquisitor solomonensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 27 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Guinea, the Philippines and the Fiji Islands
References
External links
Gastropods.com: Inquisitor solomonensis
solomonensis
Gastropods described in 1876
|
William Robinson Bishop (December 27, 1864 or 1869 – December 15, 1932) was a professional baseball player. He was a pitcher over parts of three seasons (1886–1887, 1889) with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and Chicago White Stockings. For his career, he compiled an 0–4 record in seven appearances, with a 9.96 earned run average and nine strikeouts.
There is disagreement about the year of Bishop's birth. Retrosheet and Baseball-Reference list his year of birth as 1864, whereas Fangraphs lists his birth year as 1869. If Fangraphs is correct, Bishop was one of the youngest players in Major League Baseball history, making his debut at roughly 16 years, nine months old.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
External links
1860s births
1932 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Alleghenys players
Chicago White Stockings players
Milwaukee Cream Citys players
Lowell Magicians players
London Tecumsehs (baseball) players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Utica Braves players
Mansfield (minor league baseball) players
Olean (minor league baseball) players
19th-century baseball players
Burials at Homewood Cemetery
|
Pouteria briocheoides is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Guatemala.
References
Endemic flora of Guatemala
briocheoides
Vulnerable plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
|
The Men's 100 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships was held on 3 August with the heats and the semifinals and 4 August with the final.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
Results
Heats
The heats were held on 3 August at 09:49.
Semifinals
The semifinals were held on 3 August at 17:48.
Semifinal 1
Semifinal 2
Final
The final was held on 4 August at 18:36.
References
Men's 100 metre backstroke
|
Dalaca vibicata is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from Ecuador.
References
External links
Hepialidae genera
Moths described in 1914
Hepialidae
Lepidoptera of Ecuador
|
The Angler's Club of New York is a members club at 101 Broad Street in lower Manhattan for people interested in angling. It is adjacent to the Fraunces Tavern.
The club was founded in 1916 and in 1940 was established on the second floor of the adjoining tavern. The club had no external signage denoting its presence when a reporter for the New York Times visited the club in 1975. The food at the club was initially supplied by the Fraunces Tavern, and sent to the club by dumbwaiter. An argument between the two managers of the establishments saw an end to the culinary practice.
An honor medal presented by the Angler's Club was donated by Carl Otto Kretzschmar Von Kienbusch to the collection of the New-York Historical Society.
Membership
The total number of members was estimated at 250 in 1975, with 150 members outside New York. The cost of annual membership was $125 in 1975 (). Prominent members have included the United States Presidents Herbert Hoover and Dwight Eisenhower. Hoover's collection of dry flies were "gathering dust but still venerated" in 1975. The financier and conservationist Laurance Rockefeller was a notable member in the 1970s. A member described the club as "a dusty, friendly luncheon club, where the only excitement had been the arguments between the men who fish for trout and the men who go after salmon" to the New York Times reporter John Corry in 1975. The club did not admit women members at the time of the New York Times visit.
References
1916 establishments in New York (state)
Broad Street (Manhattan)
Clubs and societies in the United States
Clubs and societies in New York City
Clubhouses in Manhattan
Fishing in the United States
Fly fishing
Gentlemen's clubs in the United States
|
Rachel India True (born November 15, 1966) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in such films as The Craft (1996), Nowhere (1997), and Half Baked (1998). True is also known for her role as Mona Thorne on the UPN sitcom Half & Half, which ran from 2002 to 2006.
Early life
True was born in New York City, the middle of three children. Her father is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, whereas her mother is of African American heritage. Her younger sister, Noel, is also an actress. True attended New York University.
Career
True made her television debut in 1991 on the Cosby Show episode "Theo's Final". In 1993, she moved to Los Angeles and made her feature film debut playing Chris Rock's character's girlfriend in the comedy CB4. On television, she appeared in episodes of Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Beverly Hills, 90210, Getting By, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Family Matters, Dream On and well as made-for-television movies Moment of Truth: Stalking Back (1993) and A Walton Wedding (1995). In 1995, she had supporting role in the erotic horror film Embrace of the Vampire starring Alyssa Milano.
In 1996, True landed her breakthrough role as Rochelle Zimmerman in the supernatural horror film, The Craft, where she played a member of a teenage coven. True stated that she had to "fight" to audition for the part and was actively going up against her future co-stars Fairuza Balk, Neve Campbell and Robin Tunney. Her role was originally written for a white actress, but that didn't deter her from auditioning. In 1997, she starred in the comedy-drama film, Nowhere alongside James Duval, the film received mixed reviews from critics. The following year, True starred as Dave Chappelle's romantic interest in the comedy film, Half Baked. Also from 1997 to 1998, she also had the recurring role of Janet Clemens on The Drew Carey Show. From 1999 to 2000, she appeared in the ABC drama series, Once and Again.
True appeared in a number of independent movies, include With or Without You (1999), The Big Split (1999), and Groove (2000). She starred alongside Monica and Essence Atkins in the 2000 romantic drama film Love Song. From 2002 to 2006, True starred with Essence Atkins in the UPN comedy series, Half & Half, as paternal half-sisters who barely knew each other until becoming adults. She returned to film, playing the supporting role in the 2007 comedy The Perfect Holiday. The following years, she appeared in a number of smaller and made-for-television films, include The Asylum productions Social Nightmare (2013), Blood Lake: Attack of the Killer Lampreys (2014), Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014), and Sharknado: Heart of Sharkness (2015). In 2017, True worked as a tarot-card reader in Echo Park.
True released her book, True Heart Intuitive Tarot, Guidebook And Deck in 2020. She appeared in horror films Agnes and Horror Noire in 2021. The following year, she joined the cast of the second season of Amazon Prime Video comedy series, Harlem. Also that year, True was cast in Half Baked 2, the sequel to the 1998 cult comedy, reprising her role as Mary Jane Potman.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American television actresses
African-American actresses
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
African-American Jews
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people
American Ashkenazi Jews
1966 births
|
The Pearl was an Australian bred Thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1871 Melbourne Cup by two lengths.
The Pearl is the equal biggest price winner of the Cup at odds of 100/1. Other winners at these odds were Wotan (1936), Old Rowley (1940) and Prince of Penzance (2015).
References
Melbourne Cup winners
1866 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Australia
Racehorses trained in Australia
|
Klaus Kærgaard (born 21 October 1976) is a retired Danish professional football, who most notably won the 2000 Danish Cup with Viborg FF. He was a forward for Danish clubs Viborg FF and FC Midtjylland. From 1998 to 2007, Kærgård played a combined total 171 games and scored 38 goals in the Danish Superliga championship for the two teams. He ended his career prematurely in 2007, due to injuries.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Viborg FF
Danish Cup: 1999–2000
Danish Super Cup: 2000
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Danish men's footballers
Viborg FF players
FC Midtjylland players
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Holstebro
Footballers from the Central Denmark Region
|
Pseudomonas meliae is a fluorescent, Gram-negative, soil bacterium that causes bacterial gall of the chinaberry (Melia azedarach), from which it derives its name. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. meliae has been placed in the Pseudomonas syringae group. Genotypic characteristics of the causal
agent of chinaberry gall were determined by Aeini and Taghavi.
References
External links
Type strain of Pseudomonas meliae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Pseudomonadales
Bacterial tree pathogens and diseases
Bacteria described in 1981
|
```yaml
apiVersion: release-notes/v2
kind: bug-fix
area: security
issue:
- path_to_url
releaseNotes:
- |
**Fixed** an issue where RBAC updates were not sent to older proxies after upgrading istiod to 1.17.
```
|
Jake Pemberton (born January 12, 1996) is an American-Israeli professional basketball player for Maccabi Ra'anana of the Israeli National League. He played college basketball for the University of Denver. Standing at , Pemberton plays at the shooting guard position.
Early life and college career
Pemberton's hometown is Highlands Ranch, Colorado, and he attended Mountain Vista High School in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, where he was named first team All-State as a senior. He led Mountain Vista H.S. to the Final Four in the Colorado State Tournament in 2014. Pemberton was named First Team All-Conference in 2014.
Pemberton played four years for the University of Denver's Pioneers under head coaches Joe Scott and Rodney Billups. On January 25, 2017, Pemberton recorded a college career-high 25 points, shooting 5-of-7 from three-point range, along with five rebounds and four assists in a 91–82 win over South Dakota State.
In his senior year at Denver, Pemberton averaged 11.1 points, 3.3 rebounds, 2.8 assists, shooting 45.2 percent from three-point range - good for second in the entire Summit League. He was named Summit Academic All-League selection.
Professional career
On July 16, 2018, Pemberton started his professional career with Maccabi Ashdod of the Israeli Premier League, signing a one-year deal. On February 17, 2019, Pemberton recorded a career-high 24 points, shooting 6-of-8 from three-point range, along with four rebounds, two assists and three steals in a 93–74 win over Ironi Nahariya. He was subsequently named Israeli League Round 18 MVP.
On August 3, 2019, Pemberton signed a one-year deal with Hapoel Haifa of the Israeli National League. He appeared in nine games for Haifa, averaging 3 points in 12.2 minutes per game. On January 29, 2020, Pemberton parted ways with Haifa to join Maccabi Ra'anana for the rest of the season.
References
External links
Denver bio
RealGM profile
1996 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Colorado
Denver Pioneers men's basketball players
Hapoel Haifa B.C. players
Israeli American
Maccabi Ashdod B.C. players
Maccabi Ra'anana players
People from Highlands Ranch, Colorado
Sportspeople from Douglas County, Colorado
Shooting guards
|
Prem Prasad Tulachan is a Nepalese politicianaffiliated with the Nepal Communist Party currently serving as the member of the 1st Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2017 Nepalese general election he was elected from the Mustang 1 constituency, securing 3544 (52.70%) votes.
References
Nepal MPs 2017–2022
Living people
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) politicians
Nepali Congress politicians from Gandaki Province
1961 births
|
The Ayuwang or Ashoka Pagoda is a stupa in Dai County in northeast Xinzhou Prefecture in northern Shanxi, China.
Name
The Ayuwang Pagoda's name honors Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor who converted to Buddhism around 263BC and subsequently greatly patronized the religion.
History
The Ayuwang Pagoda was first built under the Sui dynasty in AD601. Over the next 600 years, it was destroyed and rebuilt three times. Its present form dates to the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, who favored Tibetan Buddhism and rebuilt the tower in a Tibetan style. This dagoba was heavily damaged by an earthquake during the Qing dynasty and subsequently repaired.
References
Citations
Bibliography
.
Buddhist temples in Shanxi
Pagodas in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanxi
Yuan dynasty architecture
|
Tamba Boimah Hali (born 3 November 1983) is a Liberian former American football defensive end and linebacker. He played college football at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), where he earned unanimous All-American honors, and was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft.
He played his entire twelve-year career for the Chiefs, where he was selected to six consecutive Pro Bowls from 2010 to 2015 and was a Second-team All-Pro selection in 2011 and in 2013.
Early life
Hali was born in Gbarnga, Liberia. He was sent to the United States at the age of 10 to escape civil war-torn Liberia. He worked to become an NFL-caliber player because he thought it would help him raise the money to reunite with his mother, Rachel Keita, and bring her to the United States after not having seen her for more than twelve years.
Hali attended Teaneck High School in Teaneck, New Jersey, where he played for the high school football team. He was named a high school All-American. He also lettered in basketball.
Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Hali was listed as the No. 5 strongside defensive end in the nation in 2002.
College career
Hali received an athletic scholarship to attend Pennsylvania State University, where he played for coach Joe Paterno's Penn State Nittany Lions football team from 2002 to 2005. Following his senior season in 2005, was recognized as a unanimous All-American, the Big Ten Defensive Lineman of the Year, and a first-team All-Big Ten selection. He was instrumental in helping the Nittany Lions finish 11–1, winning the Big Ten championship and the Orange Bowl that season.
He led the Big Ten with 11 sacks (tied for eighth nationally) and 17 tackles for loss and earned numerous accolades for his play. He was a finalist for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, presented to the nation's top defensive player, and the Ted Hendricks Defensive End Award.
Hali's season sack total is tied for sixth-best at Penn State and his 36 career tackles for loss are tied with Matt Millen for tenth best. Hali received the Robert B. Mitinger Award, which is given to the Nittany Lion football player who best personifies courage, character, and social responsibility.
Hali was named defensive most valuable player (MVP) of the 2006 Senior Bowl. He was later inducted into the Senior Bowl Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Hali entered the 2006 NFL Draft ranked as the third-best defensive end behind Mario Williams and Kamerion Wimbley. Tamba spent some time as a defensive tackle in college.
There was not much pre-draft hype for Hali heading into the 2006 NFL Draft until The Sporting News made his amazing story of escape from war-torn Liberia at age 10 their 21 April 2006 cover story. NFL scouts began to take notice, reporting that Hali presented himself in an excellent manner not only in his workout but also in his interview at the NFL Combine. Hali was chosen 20th overall by the Kansas City Chiefs in a surprise move.
2006 season
On 31 July 2006, Hali was excused from the Chiefs two-a-day practices at training camp in River Falls, Wisconsin and flew back to his home in Teaneck, New Jersey to be sworn in as a permanent citizen of the United States. On 28 September 2006, Hali's mother Rachel arrived in Kansas City, Missouri and currently lives with Tamba on a one-year visa. On 1 October, she saw her son play for the first time as the Chiefs shut out the San Francisco 49ers, 41–0.
Hali won the Mack Lee Hill award as the top Chiefs rookie for 2006. At the end of the 2006 NFL season, Hali led the Chiefs with eight sacks. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team.
2007–2010
In 2007, Hali had 7.5 sacks to go along with 59 total tackles, two passes defensed, and two forced fumbles. Hali moved to right defensive end for the 2008 season, replacing Jared Allen. In the 2008 season, he had three sacks, 55 total tackles, two passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. In 2009, Hali was again moved—this time to outside linebacker—to accommodate new head coach Todd Haley's 3–4 defense. Hali's transformation from an undersized 4–3 DE to a 3–4 OLB was an amazing one considering his time in college as a defensive tackle. He finished the 2009 season with 8.5 sacks, 63 total tackles, one pass defensed, four forced fumbles, and scored a safety.
In 2010, the Chiefs hired a new defensive coordinator, Romeo Crennel. He earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 3. Hali finished the season with an AFC-leading 14.5 sacks, leading to his first invitation to the Pro Bowl, which he declined citing personal reasons. Chiefs' general manager Scott Pioli made the signing of Hali to a long-term deal his top priority that off-season. Despite a lockout being in place, the two sides signed a five-year, $60 million (~$ in ) contract ($35 million guaranteed) on 4 August 2011. He was ranked 64th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.
2011–2016
Hali repaid this loyalty with an All-Pro season, racking up a career-high 83 tackles and leading the team in sacks (12) for the fifth time in his six seasons as a Chief. He was named an All-Pro and selected to play in the 2012 Pro Bowl. Hali started all 16 games in 2011 and finished second in sacks in the AFC. He tied for third in the conference with four forced fumbles, a team-best 12 tackles for loss, and 31 quarterback pressures. Hali moved into fourth place on the Chiefs' career sacks list that season. He was ranked #34 his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.
On 20 August 2012, the NFL suspended Hali for one game for a violation of the league's substance abuse policy. On 26 December 2012, Hali was announced the starting outside linebacker for the AFC in the 2013 Pro Bowl. He finished the 2012 season with nine sacks, 51 total tackles, two passes defensed, and one forced fumble.
In the 2013 season, Hali started in 15 games. In 15 appearances, he had 46 tackles, of which 39 were solo. He had 11 sacks, five forced fumbles, and one interception. In the 2013 season, Hali earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week for Weeks 6 and 14. He earned his third consecutive Pro Bowl nod and was ranked 43rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014. In the 2014 season, Hali started in all 16 games. He had 59 tackles, of which 47 were solo, six sacks, and three forced fumbles He earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week in Week 15. He earned his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl nomination and was ranked 70th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.
On 8 March 2015, Hali restructured his contract to free up $3 million (~$ in ) in cap space to stay with the Chiefs. Throughout the off-season, it was believed Hali would be released. In the 2015 season, he had 6.5 sacks, 48 total tackles, one pass defensed, and two forced fumbles. Hali made the Pro Bowl for the fifth consecutive year and was ranked 84th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. On 8 March 2016, Hali signed a three-year contract to stay with the Chiefs. In the 2016 season, he had 3.5 sacks, 34 total tackles, and one fumble recovery.
2017 season
In 2017, Hali started the 2017 season on the physically unable to perform list due to an undisclosed injury that kept him out all of training camp and the preseason. He began practicing again on 2 November. The Chiefs had 21 days from the day he starts practicing to either activate him or place him on injured reserve. He was moved to the active roster on 4 November 2017, prior to the team's Week 9 game against the Dallas Cowboys. He appeared in five games and had one tackle and one quarterback hit.
On 12 March 2018, Hali was released by the Chiefs after 12 seasons. He finished his tenure with the Chiefs second in team history in sacks behind only Hall of Fame linebacker Derrick Thomas.
Retirement
On 10 May 2021, Hali signed a one-day contract with the Chiefs to retire as a member of the team.
NFL career statistics
Personal life
Hali's first name is based on Kissi culture wherein the second son born to a woman is always named "Tamba".
On 8 January 2016, Hali's fiancé gave birth to their son.
In his spare time, Hali writes rap music which he records in a studio in his basement. On 9 June 2017, Hali released his single that was produced by Masterkraft, "The One For Me", on Apple Music.
Hali became a U.S. citizen on 31 July 2006. Following his rookie year, Hali began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under the instruction of Rener Gracie and was promoted to purple belt in November 2017.
References
External links
Official website
"Hali Featured on Cover of The Sporting News" gopsusports.com, 12 April 2006
"By the grace of God, I am alive." The Sporting News, 13 April 2006
"Hali getting mixed signals" northjersey.com, 24 April 2006
"Hali has come too far to stop short," USA Today, 1 March 2006
"The great escape: Hali travels amazing road to achieve football stardom," Sports Illustrated, 25 February 2006
"Hali wrecks Wisconsin to earn Player of Week award," USA Today, 6 November 2005
Hali gets sized for his first Chiefs jersey VIDEO
"Chiefs rookie Hali becomes U.S. citizen," NFL.com, 1 August 2006
“Reluctant superstar: Chiefs linebacker Tamba Hali getting job done, even if he does so quietly,”Associated Press, 20 December 2011.
1983 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football defensive ends
American football outside linebackers
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American people of Liberian descent
Doping cases in American football
Kansas City Chiefs players
Liberian players of American football
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Players of American football from Bergen County, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Monrovia
Teaneck High School alumni
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
|
Briana Nicole Henry (born January 19, 1992) is an American actress and is recognized for her portrayal of Jordan Ashford on ABC's General Hospital and Esmeralda on The Young and the Restless.
Early life
Henry was born in Broward County, Florida, on January 19, 1992, to a cop and a jazz singer.
Personal life
Henry married musician Kris Bowers on June 6, 2020, in Los Angeles. In November 2021, she announced she was pregnant with her first child. She gave birth to a daughter on February 28, 2022.
Filmography
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
American soap opera actresses
21st-century American actresses
|
Arthur Tappan (May 22, 1786 – July 23, 1865) was an American businessman, philanthropist and abolitionist. He was the brother of Ohio Senator Benjamin Tappan and abolitionist Lewis Tappan, and nephew of Harvard Divinity School theologian Rev. Dr. David Tappan.
He was a great-grandfather of Thornton Wilder.
Biography
Arthur was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, to Benjamin Tappan (1747–1831) and Sarah Homes Tappan (1748–1826), the latter a great-niece of Benjamin Franklin. They were devout Calvinists. Tappan moved to Boston at the age of 15. In 1807 he established a dry goods business in Portland, Maine.
After his death, Arthur was described thus by his friend and educational collaborator Theodore Dwight Weld, who called him one of humanity's "great benefactors":
In 1826, a year after the Erie Canal was completed, Arthur and his brother Lewis moved to New York City, the new national center of business and retail trade, where they established a silk importing business. In 1827 the brothers founded the New York Journal of Commerce with Samuel Morse.
Arthur and Lewis Tappan were successful businessmen, but commerce was never their foremost interest. They viewed making money as less important than saving souls. They made the Journal of Commerce a publication free of "immoral advertisements." Arthur Tappan's summer home in New Haven, Connecticut, was destroyed by a mob in 1831 (along with a black hotel and a black home) after his support for a surprisingly unpopular (New Haven Excitement) proposal of a college for African Americans in that city. (See Simeon Jocelyn.)
Both men suffered in the anti-abolitionist riots of 1834, in which mobs attacked their property. Arthur Tappan was one of two signatories who issued a disclaimer on behalf of the American Anti-Slavery Society, of which he was president, in the aftermath of the riots, emphasising its dedication to abolishing slavery within the existing laws of the United States.
"In the great commercial crisis of 1837 he suffered immense losses; and not long after turned his attention to other and more retired occupations, by which he obtained a comfortable subsistence for his family, and the ability still to contribute, though on a greatly diminished scale, throughout his protracted life." Their philanthropic efforts crippled and pledges not met, the Tappans were forced to close their silk-importing business, and almost their paper, but the brothers persevered. In the 1840s, they founded another lucrative business enterprise when they opened the first commercial credit-rating service, the Mercantile Agency, a predecessor of Dun and Bradstreet.
Philanthropic and abolitionist activity
The Tappan brothers made their mark in commerce and in abolitionism. Throughout their careers, the Tappans devoted time and money to philanthropic causes as diverse as temperance, the abolition of slavery, and their support of new colleges in what was then the west of the country: successively, the Oneida Institute, Lane Theological Seminary, the Lane Rebels at Cumminsville, Ohio, and Oberlin Collegiate Institute. Their beliefs about observing Sabbath extended to campaigns against providing stagecoach service and mail deliveries on Sundays.
In 1833, while a principal owner of the Journal of Commerce, Arthur Tappan allied with William Lloyd Garrison and co-founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. Arthur served as its first president, and there was in 1835 a reward of $20,000 () for his capture and delivery to New Orleans.
He resigned in 1840 because of his opposition to the society's new support of women's suffrage and feminism. Their early support for Oberlin College, a center of abolitionist activity, included $10,000 to build Tappan Hall. Oberlin's green Tappan Square now occupies the site.
Continuing their support for abolition, Arthur and his brother founded the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1840 and the American Missionary Association in 1846. After the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was passed, Tappan refused to comply with the new law and donated money to the Underground Railroad. The brothers' positions on the slavery issue were not universally popular. In early July 1834, Lewis Tappan's New York home was sacked by a mob, who threw his furniture into the street and burned it.
The Tappans and the Journal of Commerce attracted bitter criticism for their campaign to free the Africans who had taken over the slave ship Amistad in 1839. James Gordon Bennett, Sr.’s rival New York Morning Herald denounced “"the humbug doctrines of the abolitionists and the miserable fanatics who propagate them," particularly Lewis Tappan and the Journal of Commerce.
Arthur Tappan died in 1865, Lewis in 1873. Both men lived long enough to see the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment eliminate slavery in the United States, granting freedom to millions of African Americans. Arthur is buried in the Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven.
Writings
See also
List of opponents of slavery
Notes
External links
Biography of Tappan from Spartacus Educational
Biography from InfoPlease
The Liberator Files, Items concerning Arthur Tappan from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
1786 births
1865 deaths
American abolitionists
People from Northampton, Massachusetts
19th-century American businesspeople
American Anti-Slavery Society
American temperance activists
19th-century American philanthropists
Abolitionists from Massachusetts
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Ernie Cunnigan (born June 10, 1959), better known by his stage name Ernie C, is an American musician best known as the guitarist of rap metal band Body Count.
Early life
Cunnigan grew up in Compton, California and attended Crenshaw High School with Ice-T. Cunnigan was one of the few students attending the school who was interested in rock music. His uncle was an important influence. He introduced Cunnigan to different groups and a diverse number of styles in the genre. Cunnigan became an enthusiastic fan, eventually buying a guitar from his local music store. He dedicated himself to learning, starting at 12. He was entirely self-taught.
Cunnigan's guitar playing and showmanship earned him respect among his fellow students, including members of the Crips gang. He also taught guitar to fellow students, including D-Roc the Executioner, who later joined Body Count.
Career
Cunnigan and Body Count bandmate Ice-T co-wrote the song "Cop Killer". Cunnigan also produced demo tapes that led to the signings of Stone Temple Pilots and Rage Against the Machine, as well as the Forbidden album for Black Sabbath.
As part of the Body Count, Cunnigan received his first Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance nomination in 2017 at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for the song "Black Hoodie" from the band's sixth studio album, Bloodlust. He managed to win at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, which was held on March 14, 2021, when he was nominated for the second time for the song "Bum-Rush" from the group's seventh album Carnivore.
Discography
The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech... Just Watch What You Say! (1989)
Body Count (1992)
Born Dead (1994)
Violent Demise: The Last Days (1997)
Murder 4 Hire (2006)
Manslaughter (2014)
Bloodlust (2017)
Carnivore (2020)
Videography
Murder 4 Hire (2004)
Live in LA (2005)
Smoke Out Festival Presents: Body Count (2005)
Awards and nominations
!
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|"Bum-Rush"
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References
External links
Ernie C on Facebook
Ernie C on Twitter
Ernie C on Myspace
1959 births
Living people
Lead guitarists
Grammy Award winners
American male guitarists
Body Count (band) members
Guitarists from California
African-American guitarists
Crenshaw High School alumni
African-American rock musicians
American heavy metal guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Musicians from Compton, California
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The 1960 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1960 Big Ten Conference football season.
Schedule
Roster
DB Ron Vander Kelen
Team players in the 1961 NFL Draft
Team players in the 1961 AFL Draft
References
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Badgers football seasons
Wisconsin Badgers football
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Walewale is a town and the capital of Mamprusi West Municipal in the North East Region of Ghana.
The West Mamprusi Municipal is one of the 261 Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies (MMDAs) in Ghana, and forms part of the 6 MMDAs in the North East Region. The West Mamprusi Municipality is one of 45 new districts created in 1988 under the Government of Ghana’s decentralization and was later replaced with LI 2061 in 2012. With its administrative capital as Walewale.
Location
The Municipality is located within longitudes 0°35’W and 1°45’W and Latitude 9°55’N and 10°35’N. It has a total land size area of 2,596sq km.
It shares boundaries with East Mamprusi Municipal and Gushegu Municipal to the east; North Gonja District, Savelugu Municipal and Kumbungu District to the south; Builsa North District, Kassena-Nankana Municipal and Bolgatanga Municipal (Upper East Region) to the north and to the west, Mamprusi Moagduri District. It lies on the main road from Bolgatanga to Tamale, at the junction of the road west to Nalerigu, the capital of the newly created North East Region.
Population
The population of the Municipality according to 2021 population and housing census stands at 175,755 with 85,712 males and 90,043 females. It was founded by the Mamprusis. The language spoken by the people of Walewale is largely Mampruli, which is followed by Kassim, Guruni, Moshie.
Religion
The dominant religion is Islam, but a lot of churches are emerged in recent times. Walewale mosque, built in 1961 on the site of an earlier mud-and-stick mosque, is notable for its Moorish tower.
Economy
Walewale prides itself of four standard banks which are; Ghana Commercial Bank, Agricultural Development Bank, Bangmarigu Community Bank and GN Bank which is currently defunct. The town has about ten standard guest houses with two five-star hotels located along the main road leading to Bolgatanga, the Upper East Regional capital. There are seven fuel filling stations in the community, namely, Total Filling Station, Nasona Fuel Station, Zen Fuel Station, Goil Fuel Station, Gabs Filling Station and Petrosol. It also has a gas station located along the Nalerigu road.
Walewale has two radio stations, Eagle FM and Wale FM running on the frequencies 94.1(MHz), 106.9 (MHz) respectively which broadcast in English and the local language; Mampruli. They also have radio sessions broadcast in Frafra and other local languages. The town is also one of the municipalities to have benefited from the Zongo Ministry's artificial pitches. This makes the community suitable in hosting any tournament in the newly created North East Region.
Climate
Health
Walewale can boast of its over 100-bed health facility known as Walewale Municipal Hospital that is enhanced with three ambulances. The town also has two health facilities in addition to the Municipal hospital. These facilities are Our Lady of Roccio clinic and Mandela Healthcare center. The town is also the central point of the Zipline drones used for medical purposes. The Zipline Medical drone Center is currently an operational drone center in Ghana, and it is meant to serve all five northern Regions.
References
Populated places in the North East Region (Ghana)
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Baseball was contested at the 1954 Central American and Caribbean Games in Mexico City, Mexico.
References
1954 Central American and Caribbean Games
1954
1954
Central American and Caribbean Games
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The Huayan school of Buddhism (, Wade–Giles: Hua-Yen, "Flower Garland," from the Sanskrit "Avataṃsaka") is Mahayana Buddhist tradition that developed in China during the Tang dynasty (618-907). The Huayan worldview is based primarily on the Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra (, Flower Garland Sutra) as well as on the works of Huayan patriarchs, like Zhiyan (602–668), Fazang (643–712), Chengguan (738–839), Zongmi (780–841) and Li Tongxuan (635–730).
Another common name for this tradition is the Xianshou school (Xianshou being another name for patriarch Fazang). The Huayan School is known as Hwaeom in Korea, Kegon in Japan and Hoa Nghiêm in Vietnam.
The Huayan tradition considers the Flower Garland Sutra to be the ultimate teaching of the Buddha. It also draws on other sources, like the Mahayana Awakening of Faith, and the Madhyamaka and Yogacara philosophies. Huayan teachings, especially its doctrines of universal interpenetration, nature-origination (which sees all phenomena as arising from a single ontological source), and the omnipresence of Buddhahood, were very influential on Chinese Buddhism and also on the rest of East Asian Buddhism. Huayan thought was especially influential on Chan (Zen) Buddhism, and some scholars even see Huayan as the main Buddhist philosophy behind Zen.
History
Origins of the Chinese Avataṃsaka tradition
The Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra (The Garland of Buddhas Sutra, or The Multitude of Buddhas Sutra) is a compilation of sutras of various length, some of which originally circulated as independent works before being combined into the "full" Avataṃsaka. One of the earliest of these texts, the Ten Stages Sutra (Daśabhūmika), may date from the first century CE. These various sutras were probably joined shortly before its translation into Chinese, at the beginning of the 5th century CE.
There are various versions of the Chinese Avataṃsaka (Chinese: Huāyán Jīng 華嚴經, "Splendid Flower Adornment Sutra"). The full sutra was translated into Chinese three times (in versions of 40, 60, and 80 fascicles or "scrolls", 卷). The earliest Chinese texts associated with the Avataṃsaka are the Dousha jing (Taisho 280), produced by Lokaksema (fl. 147–189) in the latter part of the second century CE, and the Pusa benye jing (Book of the Original Acts that Adorn the Bodhisattva, T. 281), translated by Zhi Qian (fl. ca. 220–257 CE) in the early to mid third century. There is evidence that these smaller or partial Avataṃsaka sutras circulated on their own as individual scriptures.
As soon as the large Huāyán Sūtra appeared in China, an exegetical tradition grew up around the text in order to explain it. The first translation of the larger Huāyán Sūtra (in 60 fascicles) is often dated to the Southern Dynasties era (c. 420–589), when a translation team led by Gandharan master Buddhabhadra produced a full Chinese translation of the text. There is also evidence of a Huāyán Sūtra tradition in the Northern Dynasties (386-581) era. The Avataṃsaka teachings are associated with figures like Xuangao (402-444) who led a community with Daorong at Binglingsi cave, and Zhidan (c. 429–490), who argued that only the Huāyán Sūtra teaches the "sudden teaching" (while other Mahayana texts teach the gradual teaching).
Xuangao, a disciple of Buddhabhadra, was associated with the teaching of the "Huāyán Samadhi" which is said to have been passed on to him by Buddhabhadra. According to Hamar, Xuangao's tradition is a precursor to the Huayan school and may have even composed the apocryphal Brahma's Net Sūtra (Fanwang Jing T1484). Xuangao's tradition is also associated with Chinese meditation cave grottoes such as the Yungang Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes and the Bingling Temple Grottoes.
The origins of some of the teachings of the Huāyán school proper can also be traced back to the Dilun school, which was based on the Shidijing lun (十地經論), Vasubandhu's commentary to the Daśabhūmikā-sutra (which is part of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra) translated by Bodhiruci and Ratnamati. Dilun figures like Ratnamati's disciple Huiguang (468–537) emphasized the study of the entire Avataṃsaka and Dilun masters likely had their own commentaries on the text (but none have survived in full). Only a few extracts remain, such as parts of Huiguang's commentary and parts of Lingyu's (518–605).
Lingbian (靈辨, 477–522) was another early figure who studied and commented on the Avataṃsaka. He is referred to by Fazang as a great devotee of Manjushri, and 12 fascicles of Lingbian's commentary to the Avataṃsaka survive, being the earliest significant Chinese commentary on the Avataṃsaka which is extant.
Tang dynasty patriarchs
The founding of the Huayan school proper is traditionally attributed to a series of five patriarchs who were instrumental in developing the school's doctrines during the Tang dynasty (618 to 907). These Huayan "patriarchs" (though they did not call themselves as such) were erudite scholar-practitioner who created a unique tradition of exegesis, study and practice through their writings and oral teachings. They were particularly influenced by the works of the Dilun and Shelun schools of Chinese Yogacara.
These five patriarchs are:
Dushun (, c. 557–640), a monk who was known as a meditator master and who was devoted to the Huayan sutra. He wrote several works, including the Discernments of the Huayan Dharmadhātu (Huayan fajie guanmen).
Zhiyan (, c. 602–668), was a student of Dushun who is considered to have established most of the main doctrines of Huayan thought and is thus a crucial figure in the foundation of Huayan. Zhiyan also studied with various masters from the Dilun and Shelun schools, which were branches of Chinese Yogacara.
Fazang (, c. 643–712), who was the Buddhist teacher of the Empress Wu Zetian (684–705) and is often considered the real founder of the school. He wrote numerous works on Huayan thought and practice including several commentaries on the Avatamsaka. He also worked on a new translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra (in collaboration with various figures, including Śikṣānanda) in 80 fascicles.
Chengguan (, c. 738–839), though he was not a direct student of Fazang (who died 25 years before Chengguan's birth), Chengguan further developed the Huayan teachings in innovative directions in his various commentaries and treatises. He was a student of Fashen (718–778), who was a student of Fazang's student Huiyuan. Chengguan's voluminous commentary to the new 80 fascicle Avatamsaka (the Da fang-guang fo huayan jing shu, 大方廣佛華嚴經疏, T. 1735), along with his sub-commentary to it (T. 1736), soon became the authoritative commentaries to the sutra in East Asia.
Guifeng Zongmi (, c. 780–841), who is also known for also being a patriarch of Chinese Chán and for also writing on Daoism and Confucianism. His writings include works on Chan (such as the influential Chan Prolegomenon) and various Huayan commentaries. He was particularly fond of the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, writing a commentary and sub-commentary to it.
While the above list is the most common one, other Huayan patriarchal lists add different figures, such as Nagarjuna, Asvaghosa, Vasubandhu, and the lay master Li Tongxuan (, 635?-730), the author of the Xin Huayan Jing Lun (新華嚴經論, Treatise on the new translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra), a popular and lengthy commentary on the Avatamsaka. Li Tongxuan's writings on the Huayan sutra were particularly influential on later Chan Buddhists, who often preferred his interpretations.
Another important Huayan figure of the Tang era was Fazang's main disciple Huiyuan (慧苑, 673–743) who also wrote a commentary on the Avatamsaka Sutra. Because Huiyuan modified some of Fazang's interpretations, he was retroactively sidelined from the Huayan lineage of patriarchs by later figures like Chengguan who criticized some of his doctrinal positions. According to Imre Hamar, Huiyuan compared the Daoist teachings on the origination of the world to the Huayan teaching on the dependent arising of the tathagatagarbha. Huiyuan also incorporated Daoism and Confucianism into his panjiao (doctrinal classification) system. Chengguan disagreed with this.
Liao and Xia developments
After the time of Zongmi and Li Tongxuan, Chinese Huayan generally stagnated in terms of new developments, and then eventually began to decline. The school, which had been dependent upon the support it received from the government, suffered severely during the Great Buddhist Persecution of the Huichang era (841–845), initiated by Emperor Wuzong of Tang. The school stagnated even further in the conflicts and confusion of the late Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) era.
After the fall of the Tang dynasty several Huayan commentaries were lost. However, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era, Huayan remained influential, being part of the "Huayan-Chan" lineages influenced by Zongmi which were very popular in the north, especially in the Khitan Liao Empire (916-1125) and the Tangut kingdom (1038-1227) of the Western Xia. Various masters from these non-Chinese kingdoms are known, such as Xianyan (1048-1118) from Kailong temple in Khitan Upper capital, Hengce (1049-1098), Tongli dashi from Yanjing, Daoshen (1056?-1114?), Xianmi Yuantong, from Liao Wutaishan, Zhifu (fl. during the reign of Liao Daozong, 1055–1101).
The Liao and Xia Huayan traditions were more syncretic, adopting elements of Zongmi's Heze Chan influenced Huayan, as well as Chinese Esoteric Buddhism (zhenyan), Hongzhou Chan, and even Tibetan Buddhism in some cases. Several texts from the Liao Huayan tradition have survived, such as master Daochen's (道㲀) Chan influenced Account of Mirroring Mind (Jingxin lu, 鏡心錄) and his esoteric influenced Collection of Essentials for Realization of Buddhahood in the Perfect Penetration of the Exoteric and Secret Teachings (Xianmi Yuantong chengfo xinyao, 顯密圓通成佛心要 T no. 1955). Another Liao Tangut work which survives from this period is The Meaning of the Luminous One-Mind of the Ultimate One Vehicle (Jiujing yicheng yuan-ming xinyao 究竟一乘圓明心要) by Tongli Hengce (通理恆策, 1048–1098). The works of the Liao tradition are important because they served as one of the sources of the later Huayan revival during the Song.
Song revival
After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Huayan lineage experienced a revival in the following Song dynasty (960-1279). Tang era Huayan commentaries which had been dispersed were returned in 1085 by the Goryeo monk Uicheon. Uicheon (義天, 1055–1101) was thus an important figure of this revival period. The chief Chinese Huayan figures of the Song dynasty revival were Changshui Zixuan (子璇, 965–1038), Jinshui Jingyuan (靜源, 1011–1088), and Yihe (義和, c. early twelfth century).
Jingyuan is known for his sub-commentary to Chengguan's Huayan sutra commentary, while Zixuan is famed for his twenty-fascicle Notes on the Meaning of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra (首楞嚴義疏注經). While the Huayan school is generally seen as having been weaker than Chan or Tiantai during the Song, it still enjoyed considerable support from Chinese elites and from Buddhist monastics. Another important figure in the Song revival of Huayan was Guangzhi Bensong (廣智本嵩, fl. 1040), a master from the from Kaifeng. He is well known for his Thirty gāthās on the Contemplation of the Dharma-realm and Seven syllables of the title of the Huayan (Huayan qizi jing ti fajie guan sanshi men song 華嚴 七字經題法界觀三十門頌, Taisho no. 1885). Some of his other works have survived in Tangut.
New Huayan practice and ritual manuals were also written during the Song, such as Jinshui Jingyuan's "Rites on Practicing the Vows of Samantabhadra" (Chinese: 華嚴普賢行願修證儀; Pinyin: Huáyán Pǔxián Xíngyuàn Xiūzhèng Yí, Taisho Supplement no. X1473). These rites were influenced by Tiantai school ritual manuals, as well as by earlier Huayan materials. Song era Huayan monks also developed distinctly Huayan forms of "concentration and contemplation" (zhi guan), inspired by Tiantai methods as well as the Avatamsaka sutra and Huayan thought.
Jinshui Jingyuan also helped organize some state recognized Huayan public monasteries, like Huiyin temple. Jingyuan is nown for his association with Mount Wutai, which has been a key center for Huayan Buddhism since the Song dynasty.
In the later Song, there were also four great Huayan masters: Daoting, Shihui (1102-1166), Guanfu, and Xidi. During the Yuan dynasty, the Huayan master Purui also wrote various Huayan works.
Ming and Qing dynasties
During the Ming dynasty, Huayan remained influential. One important event during the early Ming was when the eminent Huayan monk Huijin (1355-1436) was invited by the Xuande Emperor (1399-1435) to the imperial palace to preside over the copying of ornate manuscripts of the Buddhāvataṃsaka, Prajñāpāramitā, Mahāratnakūṭa, and Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtras.
During the sixteenth century, Beijing was the center of Chinese Buddhist doctrinal study. During the late Ming, Kongyin Zhencheng (1547–1617), Lu'an (or Lushan) Putai (fl. 1511) of Beijing's Da Xinglong monastery and Yu’an Zhengui (born 1558) were some of the most influential scholars of Huayan thought. Huayan philosophy was also influential on some of the most eminent monks of the Ming era, including Zhibo Zhenke and Yunqi Zhuhong (1535–1615), both of whom studied and drew on Huayan thought and promoted the unity of practice (Chan and Pure Land) and study. Zhuhong himself was a student of Wuji Mingxin (1512-1574) of Bao'en monastery, who in turn was a disciple of Lu'an Putai. Another influential student of Wuji was Xuelang Hong'en (1545-1608), who became the most famous teacher in Jiangnan and lead revival of Huayan studies during this time. His main students include Yiyu Tongrun (1565-1624), Cangxue Duche (1588-1656), Tairu Minghe (1588-1640) and Gaoyuan Mingyu (fl. 1612).
During the Qing dynasty (1636-1912), Huayan philosophy continued to develop and exert a strong influence on Chinese Buddhism and its other traditions, including Chan and Pure Land. During the Qing, the most influential Huayan figures were Baiting Xufa (1641-1728) and Datian Tongli (1701-1782). Xufa wrote various works on nianfo, including: Short Commentary on the Amitabhasutra, and Straightforward Commentary on the Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra”. Another influential figure was the lay scholar Peng Shaosheng (彭紹升, 1740–1796).
Baiting Xufa and Peng Shaosheng were known for their synthesis of Huayan thought with Pure Land practice which is termed "Huayan-Nianfo". For the scholar monk Xufa, the practice of nianfo (contemplation of the Buddha) was a universal method suitable for everyone which was taught in the Avatamsaka Sutra and could lead to an insight into the Huayan teachings of interpenetration. Xufa generally defended the mind-only Pure land view which saw the Pure land and Amitabha Buddha as reflections of the “one true mind” (yixin 一心, zhenxin 真心) or the "one true dharmadhatu." Similarly, for Peng Shaosheng, Amitabha was synonymous with the Vairocana Buddha of the Avatamsaka sutra, and the pure land was part of Vairocana's Lotus Treasury World. As such, the practice of nianfo and of the methods of the Avatamsaka would lead to rebirth in the Pure land (which is non-dual with all worlds in the universe) and see Buddha Amitabha (which is equal to seeing all Buddhas).
Korean Hwaôm
In the 7th century, the Huayan school was transmitted into Silla Korea, where it is known as Hwaôm (Hangul: 화엄). This tradition was transmitted by the monk Uisang (의상대사, 625–702), who had been a student of Zhiyan together with Fazang. After Uisang returned to Korea in 671, established the school and wrote various Hwaôm works, including a popular poem called the Beopseongge, also known as the Diagram of the Realm of Reality, which encapsulated the Huayan teaching. In this effort, he was greatly aided by the powerful influences of his friend Wonhyo, who also studied and drew on Huayan thought and is considered a key figure of Korean Hwaôm. Wonhyo wrote a partial commentary on the Avataṃsaka Sūtra (the Hwaŏm-gyŏng so). Another important Hwaôm figure was Chajang (d. between 650 and 655).
After the passing of these two early monks, the Hwaôm school eventually became the most influential tradition in the Silla Kingdom until the end of the kingdom. Royal support allowed various Hwaôm monasteries to be constructed on all five of Korea's sacred mountains, and the tradition became the main force behind the unification of various Korean Buddhist cults, such as those of Manjushri, Maitreya and Amitabha. Important figures include the Silla monk Pŏmsu who introduced the work of Chengguan to Korea in 799, and Sŭngjŏn, a disciple of Uisang. Another important figure associated with Hwaôm was the literatus Ch’oe Ch’iwŏn. He is known for his biographies of Fazang and Uisang, along with other Huayan writings. Towards of the end of Silla, Gwanhye of Hwaeomsa and Master Heuirang (875-927 CE) were the two most important figures. During this period Hwaeomsa and Haeinsa Temples formed two sub-sects of Hwaeom who disputed with each other on matters of doctrine.
The Hwaôm school remained the predominant doctrinal school in the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392). An important figure of this time was Gyunyeo (923–973). He is known for his commentary on Uisang's Diagram of the Realm of Reality. He also unified the southern and northern factions of Hwaeomsa and Haeinsa. Korean Buddhism declined severely under the Confucian Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). All schools were forced to merge into one single school, which was dominated by the Seon (Korean Zen) tradition. Within the Seon school, Hwaôm thought would continue to play a strong role until modern times and various Hwaôm commentaries were written in the Joseon era.
Japanese Kegon
Kegon () is the Japanese transmission of Huayan. Huayan studies were founded in Japan in 736 when the scholar-priest Rōben (689–773), originally a monk of the East Asian Yogācāra tradition, invited the Korean monk Shinjō () to give lectures on the Avatamsaka Sutra at Kinshōsen Temple (金鐘山寺, also 金鐘寺 Konshu-ji or Kinshō-ji), the origin of later Tōdai-ji. When the construction of the Tōdai-ji was completed, Rōben became the head of the new Kegon school in Japan and received the support of emperor Shōmu. Kegon would become known as one of the Nanto Rikushū (南都六宗) or "Six Buddhist Sects of Nanto". Rōben's disciple Jitchū continued administration of Tōdai-ji and expanded its prestige through the introduction of imported rituals.
Kegon thought would later be further popularized by Myōe (1173–1232), abbot and founder of Kōzan-ji Kegon temple, who combined the Kegon lineage Tendai and Shingon esoteric lineages. He was a prolific scholar monk who composed over 50 works. Myōe promoted the practice of the mantra of light (kōmyō shingon) as simple efficacious practice that was available to all, lay and monastic. He also promoted the idea that this mantra could lead to rebirth in Amitabha's pure land, thus providing a Kegon alternative to popular Japanese Pure Land methods.
Over time, Kegon incorporated esoteric rituals from Shingon, with which it shared a cordial relationship. Its practice continues to this day, and includes a few temples overseas.
Another important Kegon figure was Gyōnen (1240–1321), who was a great scholar (who studied numerous schools including Madhyamaka, Shingon, and Risshu Vinaya) and led a revival of the Kegon school in the late Kamakura era. He was also known as a great historian of Japanese Buddhism and as a great Pure Land thinker. His Pure Land thought is most systematically expressed in his Jōdo hōmon genrushō (淨土法門源流章, T 2687:84) and it was influenced by various figures of his day, such as the Jodo monk Chōsai, and the Sanron figure Shinkū Shōnin, as well as by his understanding of Huayan thought.
In the Tokugawa period, another Kegon scholarly revival occurred under the Kegon monk Hōtan (1657-1738. a.k.a. Sōshun, Genko Dōjin) and his disciple Fujaku (1707-1781).
Modern Era
During the Republican Period (1912–1949), various monks were known for their focus on Huayan teaching and practice. Key Huayan figures of this era include Cizhou (1877–1958), Zhiguang (1889–1963), Changxing, Yingci, Yang Wenhui, Yuexia, Shouye, and Kefa. Some of these figures were part of a network of Huayan study and practice.
In 1914, Huayan University, the first modern Buddhist monastic school, was founded in Shanghai to further systematize Huayan teaching and teach monastics. It helped to expand the Huayan tradition into the rest of into East Asia, Taiwan, and the West. The university managed to foster a network of educated monks who focused on Huayan Buddhism during the 20th century. Through this network, the lineage of the Huayan tradition was transmitted to many monks, which helped to preserve the lineage down to the modern day via new Huayan-centred organizations that these monks would later found.
Several new Huayan Buddhist organizations have been established since the latter half of the 20th century. In contemporary times, the largest and oldest of the Huayan-centered organizations in Taiwan is the Huayan Lotus Society (Huayan Lianshe 華嚴蓮社), which was founded in 1952 by the monk Zhiguang and his disciple Nanting, who were both part of the network fostered by the Huayan University. Since its founding, the Huayan Lotus Society has been centered on the study and practice of the Huayan Sutra. It hosts a full recitation of the sutra twice each year, during the third and tenth months of the lunar calendar. Each year during the eleventh lunar month, the society also hosts a seven-day Huayan Buddha retreat (Huayan foqi 華嚴佛七), during which participants chant the names of the buddhas and bodhisattvas in the text. The society emphasizes the study of the Huayan Sutra by hosting regular lectures on it. In recent decades, these lectures have occurred on a weekly basis.
Like other Taiwanese Buddhist organization's, the Society has also diversified its propagation and educational activities over the years. It produces its own periodical and runs its own press. It also now runs a variety of educational programs, including a kindergarten, a vocational college, and short-term courses in Buddhism for college and primary-school students, and offers scholarships. One example is their founding of the Huayan Buddhist College (Huayan Zhuanzong Xueyuan 華嚴專宗學院) in 1975. They have also established branch temples overseas, most notably in California's San Francisco Bay Area. In 1989, they expanded their outreach to the United States of America by formally establishing the Huayan Lotus Society of the United States (Meiguo Huayan Lianshe 美國華嚴蓮社). Like the parent organization in Taiwan, this branch holds weekly lectures on the Huayan Sutra and several annual Huayan Dharma Assemblies where it is chanted. It also holds monthly memorial services for the society's spiritual forebears.
In Mainland China, Huayan teachings began to be more widely re-propagated after the end of the Cultural Revolution. Various monks from the network of monks fostered by the original Huayan University, such as Zhenchan (真禪) and Mengcan (夢參), were the driving factors behind the re-propagation as they travelled widely throughout China as well as other countries such as the United States and lectured on Huayan teachings. In 1996, one of Mengcan's tonsured disciples, the monk Jimeng (繼夢), also known as Haiyun (海雲), founded the Huayan Studies Association (Huayan Xuehui 華嚴學會) in Taipei, which was followed in 1999 by the founding of the larger Caotangshan Great Huayan Temple (Caotangshan Da Huayansi 草堂山大華嚴寺). This temple hosts many Huayan-related
activities, including a weekly Huayan Assembly. Since 2000, the
association has grown internationally, with branches in Australia, Canada, and the United States.
Influence
The doctrines of the Huayan school ended up having profound impact on the philosophical attitudes of East Asian Buddhism. According to Wei Daoru their theory of perfect interfusion was "gradually accepted by all Buddhist traditions and it eventually permeated all aspects of Chinese Buddhism." Huayan even is seen by some scholars as the main philosophy behind Chan Buddhism.
Huayan thought had a noticeable impact on East Asian Esoteric Buddhism. Kukai (774-835) was deeply knowledgeable of Huayan thought and he saw Huayan as the highest exoteric view. Some of Kukai's ideas, such as his view of Buddhahood in this body, was also influenced by Huayan ideas.
During the post-Tang era, Huayan (along with Chan) thought also influenced the Tiantai school. Tiantai school figures who were influenced by Huayan and Chan were called the "off mountain" (shanwai) faction, and a debate ensued between them and the "home mountain" (shanjia) faction.
Huayan thought was also an important source for the Pure Land doctrine of the Yuzu Nembutsu sect of Ryōnin (1072–1132). Likewise, Huayan thought was important to some Chinese Pure Land thinkers, such as the Ming exegete Yunqi Zuhong (1535–1615) and the modern lay scholar Yang Wenhui (1837–1911).
On Chan
Chinese Chán was profoundly influenced by Huayan, though Chán also defined itself by distinguishing itself from Huayan. Guifeng Zongmi, the Fifth Patriarch of the Huayan school, occupies a prominent position in the history of Chán. Mazu Daoyi, the founder of the influential Hongzhou school of Chan, was influenced by Huayan teachings, like the identity of principle and phenomena. He also sometimes quoted from Huayan sources in his sermons, like Dushun's Fajie guanmen (Contemplation of the Realm of Reality). Mazu's student Baizhang Huaihai also draws on Huayan metaphysics in his writings.
Dongshan Liangjie (806–869), the founder of the Caodong lineage, formulated his theory of the Five Ranks based on Huayan's Fourfold Dharmadhatu teaching. The influential Caodong text called Sandokai, attributed to Shitou, also draws on Huayan themes. In a similar fashion, Linji, the founder of the Linji school, also drew on Huayan texts and commentaries, such as Li Tongxuan's Xin Huayan Jing Lun (新華嚴經論, Treatise on the new translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra). This influence can also be seen in Linji's schema of the "four propositions". According to Thomas Cleary, similar Huayan influences can be found in the works of other Tang dynasty Chan masters like Yunmen Wenyan (d. 949) and Fayen Wenyi (885-958).
During the Song dynasty, Huayan metaphysics were further assimilated by the various Chan lineages. Cleary names Touzi Yiqing (1032-1083) and Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163) as two Song era Chan figures which drew on Huayan teachings. The Ming era Chan master Hanshan Deqing (1546-1623) is known for promoting the study of Huayan and for his work on a new edition of Chengguan's commentary on the Huayan sutra.
A similar syncretism with Zen occurred in Korea, where the Korean Huayan tradition influenced and was eventually merged with Seon (Korean Zen). The influence of Huayan teachings can be found in the works of the seminal Seon figure Jinul. Jinul was especially influenced by the writings of Li Tongxuan.
Huayan thought has also been influential on the worldview of Thich Nhat Hanh, particularly his understanding of emptiness as "Interbeing".
Texts
Huayan sutra
The Huayan school's central text is the Avataṃsaka Sūtra (Flower Garland Sutra, Ch. Huāyán Jīng), which is considered the supreme Buddhist revelation in this tradition. There are three different translations of the work in Chinese and other related sutras as well. According to Paul Williams, the Avataṃsaka Sūtra is not a systematic philosophical work, though it does contain various Mahayana teachings reminiscent of Madhyamaka and Yogacara, as well as mentioning a pure untainted awareness or consciousness (amalacitta).
The sutra is filled with mystical and visionary imagery, focusing on figures like the bodhisattvas Samantabhadra and Manjushri, and the Buddhas Shakyamuni, and Vairocana. Vairocana is the universal Buddha, whose body is the entire universe and who is said to pervade every atom in the universe with his light, wisdom, teachings, and magical emanations.
According to the Huayan sutra:The realm of the Buddhas is inconceivable, no sentient being can fathom it....The Buddha constantly emits great beams of light, in each light beam are innumerable Buddhas....The Buddha-body is pure and always tranquil, the radiance of its light extends throughout the world....The Buddha's freedom cannot be measured— It fills the cosmos and all space....With various techniques it teaches the living, sound like thunder, showering the rain of truth....All virtuous activities in the world come from the Buddha's light....In all atoms of all lands Buddha enters, each and every one, producing miracle displays for sentient beings: Such is the way of Vairocana....In each atom are many oceans of worlds, their locations each different all beautifully pure. Thus does infinity enter into one, yet each unit's distinct, with no overlap....In each atom are innumerable lights pervading the lands of the ten directions, all showing the Buddhas’ enlightenment practices. The same in all oceans of worlds. In each atom the Buddhas of all times appear, according to inclinations; While their essential nature neither comes nor goes, by their own power they pervade the worlds.
All these awakened activities and skillful techniques (upaya) are said to lead all living beings through the bodhisattva stages and eventually to Buddhahood. These various stages of spiritual attainment are discussed in various parts of the sutra (book 15, book 26).
An important doctrine that the Huayan school drew from this sutra is the idea that all levels of reality are interrelated, interpenetrated and interfused, and so "inside everything is everything else". As the Huayan sutra states:They . . . perceive that the fields full of assemblies, the beings and aeons which are as many as all the dust particles, are all present in every particle of dust. They perceive that the many fields and assemblies and the beings and the aeons are all reflected in each particle of dust.According to Dumoulin, the Huayan vision of "unity in totality allows every individual entity of the phenomenal world its uniqueness without attributing an inherent nature to anything". According to Williams, this interfused vision of the cosmos is the total realm of all phenomena, the "Dharma realm" (Dharmadhatu) as seen from the point of view of a Buddha. The focus of the Huayan sutra is thus how to attain this contemplative universal vision of ultimate reality, as well as the miraculous powers of Buddhas and bodhisattvas with which they communicate their vision of the ultimate truth.
Furthermore, because all things are interconnected and interfused, the Buddha (and his cosmic body and universal light) is present everywhere and so is his wisdom, which is said to be all pervasive. As chapter 32 of the sutra states: "in the class of living beings there is no place where the wisdom of Tathagata is not present."
Other key scriptures
The Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana (Dasheng Qixin Lun, 大乘起信論) was another key scriptural source for Huayan masters like Fazang and Zongmi, both of whom wrote commentaries on this treatise. The Lotus sutra was also seen as an important scripture in Huayan. Various Huayan masters saw the Lotus sutra as a sutra of definitive (ultimate) meaning alongside the Avatamsaka. Fazang also considered the Lankavatara sutra to be a definitive sutra, and he wrote a commentary on it. The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment was also particularly important for the Huayan patriarch Zongmi.
Commentaries and treatises
The Huayen patriarchs wrote numerous other commentaries and original treatises. Fazang for example, wrote commentaries on the Avatamsaka, the Lankavatara Sutra, the Awakening of Faith, the Brahmajāla Sūtra (Taisho no. 40, no. 1813) and the Ghanavyūha Sūtra (no. X368 in the supplement to the Taisho canon, Xu zang jing 續藏經 vol. 34).
Perhaps the most important commentaries for the Chinese Huayan school are Fazang's commentary on the Avatamsaka Sutra, the Huayan jing tanxuan ji (華嚴經探玄記, Record of Investigating the Mystery of the Avatamsaka sutra) in 60 fascicles and Chengguan's Extensive Commentary on the Buddhāvataṃsaka sutra (Da fang-guang fo huayan jing shu, 大方廣佛華嚴經疏, T. 1735), and his sub-commentary (T. 1736). Other Huayan figures like Zhiyan, and Li Tongxuan also wrote influential commentaries on the Huayan sutra.
Fazang wrote a number of other original Huayan treatises, such as Treatise on the Golden Lion, which is said to have been written to explain Huayan's view of interpenetration to Empress Wu. Another key Huayen treatise is On the Meditation of the Dharmadhātu attributed to the first patriarch Dushun.
Peter N. Gregory notes that the Huayan commentarial tradition was: "not primarily concerned with a careful exegesis of the original meaning of the scripture." Instead it was concerned with specific doctrines, ideas and metaphors (such as nature origination, the dependent arising of the dharmadhatu, interfusion, and the six characteristics of all dharmas) which was inspired by scripture.
Doctrine
Huayan thought seeks to explain the nature of the Dharmadhatu (法界, fajie, the realm of phenomena, the Dharma realm), which is the world as it is ultimately, from the point of view of a fully awakened being. In East Asian Buddhism, the Dharmadhatu is the whole of reality, the totality of all things. Thus, Huayan seeks to provide a holistic metaphysics that explains all of reality.
Huayan philosophy is influenced by the Huayan sutra, other Mahayana scriptures like the Awakening of Faith and the Lotus Sutra, as well as by the various Chinese Buddhist traditions like Chinese Yogacara, the buddha-nature schools like Shelun and Dilun, and Madhyamaka (Sanlun). Huayan patriarchs were also influenced by non-buddhist Chinese philosophy.
Some key elements of Huayan philosophy are: the interpenetration and interfusion (yuanrong) of all phenomena (dharmas), "nature origination," (xingqi) - how phenomena arise out of an ultimate principle, which is buddha-nature, or the "One Mind", how the ultimate principle (li) and all phenomena (shi) are mutually interpenetrated, the relation between parts and the whole (understood through the six characteristics), a unique Huayan interpretation of the Yogacara framework of the three natures (sanxing) and a unique view of Vairocana Buddha as an all pervasive cosmic being.
Interpenetration
A key doctrine of Huayan is the mutual containment and interpenetration (xiangru) of all phenomena (dharmas), also known as "perfect interfusion" (yuanrong, 圓融). This is associated with what is termed "dharmadhatu pratityasamutpada" (法界緣起, fajie yuanqi, the dependent arising of the whole realm of phenomena), which is Huayan's unique interpretation of dependent arising. This doctrine is described by Wei Daoru as the idea that "countless dharmas (all phenomena in the world) are representations of the wisdom of Buddha without exception" and that "they exist in a state of mutual dependence, interfusion and balance without any contradiction or conflict." According to the doctrine of interpenetration, any phenomenon exists only as part of the total nexus of reality, its existence depends on the total network of all other things, which are all equally connected to each other and contained in each other.
According to Fazang, since the sum of all things determines any individual thing, “one is many, many is one” (yi ji duo, duo ji yi). Furthermore, according to Fazang “one in many, many in one” (yi zhong duo, duo zhong yi), because any dharma penetrates and is penetrated by the totality of all things. Thomas Cleary explains this Buddhist holism as one which sees the universe "as one single nexus of conditions in which everything simultaneously depends on, and is depended on by, everything else. Seen in this light, then, everything affects and is affected by, more or less immediately or remotely, everything else; just as this is true of every system of relationships, so is it true of the totality of existence." In this worldview, all dharmas are so interconnected that they are fused together without any obstructions in a perfectly harmonious whole (which is the entire universe, the Dharmadhatu).
In the Huayan school, the teaching of interpenetration is depicted through various metaphors, such as Indra's net, a teaching which may have been influenced by the Gandhavyuha chapter's climax scene in Vairocana's Tower. Indra's net is an infinite cosmic net that contains a multifaceted jewel at each vertex, with each jewel being reflected in all of the other jewels, ad infinitum. Thus, each jewel contains the entire net of jewels reflected within.
Other Huayan metaphors included a hall of mirrors, the rafter and the building, and the world text. The rafter-building metaphor can be found in Fazang's famous “Rafter Dialogue”. Fazang argues that any rafter (any part) is essential to the existence of its building (standing in for the universe, the dharmadhatu). Likewise, the identity and existence of any rafter is also dependent on it being part of a building (otherwise it would not be a rafter). Therefore, any phenomenon is necessarily dependent upon all phenomena in the universe, and because of this, all phenomena lack any metaphysical independence or essential nature (svabhava).
The six characteristics
One framework which is used by the Huayan tradition to further explain the doctrine of interpenetration is the "perfect interfusion of the six characteristics" (liuxiang yuanrong 六相圓融). Each element of the six characteristics refers to a specific kind of mereological relation. The six characteristics are:
Wholeness / universality (zongxiang): each dharma (like a rafter) is characterized by wholeness, because it takes part in creating a whole (like a building), and each dharma is indispensable in creating the whole.
Particularity / distinctness (biexiang): a dharma is characterized by particularity (e.g. any specific rafter) as far as it is a numerically distinct particular that is different from the whole.
Identity / sameness (tongxiang): each dharma is characterized by a certain identity with all other parts of the whole, since they all mutually form the whole without conflict.
Difference (yixiang): each dharma is different, since they have distinct functions and appearance, even while being part of a single whole.
Integration (chengxiang): each dharma is integrated together with other dharmas in forming each other and in forming the whole, and each dharma does not interfere with every other dharma.
Non-integration / disintegration (huaixiang): the fact that each part maintains its unique activity and retains its individuality while making up the whole.
Implications of interpenetration
The Buddhist doctrine of interpenetration also has several further implications in Huayan thought:
Truth is understood as encompassing and interpenetrating falsehood (or illusion), and vice versa (see also: two truths)
Purity (Śuddha) and goodness is understood as interpenetrating impurity and evil
Practicing any single Buddhist teaching entails the practicing of all other teachings
Ending one mental defilement (klesha) is ending all of them
The past contains the future and vice versa, all, three times are interfused
Practicing in one bodhisattva stage (bhumi) entails practicing in all bodhisattva stages
Furthermore, according to the lay Huayan master Li Tongxuan, all things are just the one true dharma-realm (Ch. yi zhen fajie), and as such, there is no ontological difference between sacred and secular, awakening and ignorance, or even between Buddhahood and living beings. Because of the unity of ordinary human life and enlightenment, Li also held that Chinese sages like Confucius and Laozi also taught the bodhisattva path in their own way.
The Huayan doctrines of interfusion and non-duality also leads to several seemingly paradoxical views. Some examples include: (1) since any phenomenon X is empty, this implies X is also not X; (2) any particular phenomenon is an expression of and contains the absolute and yet it retains its particularity; (3) since each phenomenon contains all other phenomena, the conventional order of space and time is violated.
The ultimate principle and nature-origination
Another important metaphysical framework used by Huayan patriarchs is that of principle (理, li, or the ultimate pattern) and phenomena (shi). 'Principle' is the ultimate reality, which is ultimate reality (paramārtha-satya) which is endless and without limits, while phenomena (shi) refers to the impermanent and relative dharmas.
In Fazang's influential Essay on the Golden Lion (Taishō no. 1881), Fazang uses the statue of a golden Chinese lion as a metaphor for reality. The gold itself stands in for the ultimate principle, which the appearance and relative shape of the lion statue is the relative and dependent phenomena as they are perceived by living beings. Because the ultimate principle is boundless, empty and ceaseless, it is like gold in that it can be transformed into many forms and shapes. Also, even though phenomena appear as particular things, they lack any independent existence, since they all depend on the ultimate principle.
Furthermore, Huayan sees the ultimate principle and the relative phenomena as interdependent, unified and interfused, that is to say, they are non-dual. According to Paul Williams:
First, noumenon and phenomena mutually interpenetrate and are (in a sense) identical. There is no opposition between the two. The one does not cancel out the other. Second, Fazang explains elsewhere that since all things arise interdependently (following Madhyamika), and since the links of interdependence expand throughout the entire universe and at all time (past, present, and future depend upon each other, which is to say the total dharmadhatu arises simultaneously), so in the totality of interdependence, the dharmadhatu, all phenomena are mutually interpenetrating and identical. The ultimate principle is associated with various Mahayana terms referring to ultimate reality, such as the "One Mind" of the Awakening of Faith, Suchness, the tathagatagarbha (the womb of tathagatas), buddha-nature, or just "nature". This nature is the ontological source and ground of all phenomena. This is a key idea in Huayan thought which is called "nature-origination" (xingqi). The term derives from chapter 32 of the Avatamsaka Sutra, titled Nature Origination of the Jewel King Tathagata (Baowang rulai xingqi pin, Skt. Tathâgata-utpatti-sambhava-nirdesa-sûtra).Hamar, Imre. The Manifestation of the Absolute in the Phenomenal World: Nature Origination in Huayan Exegesis. In: Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. Tome 94, 2007. pp. 229-250;
Nature origination refers to the manifestation of the ultimate nature in the phenomenal world and its interfusion with it. That is to say, the ultimate pure nature is interdependent on and interpenetrates the entire phenomenal universe, while also being its source. For Huayan patriarchs like Fazang, the ultimate nature is thus seen as non-dual with all relative phenomena. Because the ultimate source of all things is also interdependent and interconnected with them, it remains a ground which is empty of self-existence (svabhava) and thus it is not an independent essence, like a monotheistic God.
The Cosmic Buddha Vairocana
In the cosmology of the Avatamsaka sutra, our world is just one of the immeasurable number of worlds in a multiverse called "Ocean of worlds, whose surface and inside are decorated with an arrangement of flowers" (Kusumatalagarbha-vyuhalamkara-lokadhatu-samudra). The Avatamsaka states that this entire cosmos has been purified by the Buddha Vairocana through his bodhisattva practices for countless aeons, after having met countless Buddhas. The sutra also states that our world is in Vairocana's buddhafield. Vairocana is closely associated with Shakyamuni Buddha, in some cases he is even identified with him in the Avatamsaka Sutra. Huayan generally sees Shakyamuni as an emanation body (nirmanakaya) from the ultimate Buddha Vairocana ("The Illuminator").
Furthermore, Huayan thought sees the entire universe as being the very body of Vairocana, who is seen as a supreme cosmic Buddha. Vairocana is infinite, his influence and light is limitless, pervading the entire universe. Furthermore, Vairocana is really the ultimate principle (li), the Dharmakaya, Suchness and "the substance underlying phenomenal reality". However, while Vairocana as ultimate principle is eternal, it also transforms and changes according to the needs and conditions of sentient beings. Furthermore, Vairocana is empty, interdependent and interfused with all phenomena in the universe. Thus, Vairocana is both immanent (due to its dependent and interfused character) and transcendent (as the immutable basis of all things).
According to Fazang, while the nirmanakaya Shakyamuni taught the other Mahayana sutras, Vairocana teaches the Avatamsaka Sutra through his ten bodies which are: the All-Beings Body, the Lands Body, the Karma Body, the Śrāvakas Body, the Pratyekabuddha Body, the Bodhisattvas Body, the Tathāgatas Body, the Wisdom Body, the Dharma Body, and the Space Body. Fazang sees these ten bodies as encompassing all phenomena (animate and inanimate) in the "three realms", i.e. the entire universe.
Classification of Buddhist teachings
In order to understand the vast number of texts and teachings they had received from India, Chinese Buddhist schools developed schematic classifications of these various teachings (called panjiao), such as the Five Periods and Eight Teachings of the Tiantai school.
The Huayan school patriarch Zhiyan developed a five tiered doctrinal classification of the Buddha's teaching which was expanded on by later figures such as Fazang. The five tiers are:
The Hinayana teachings found in the Agamas and Abhidharma which is grounded in not-self (anatman). Fazang calls this "the teaching of the existence of dharmas and the non-existence of the self".
The Mahayana teachings which focus on emptiness, non-arising and lack of form, and include the Prajñaparamita sutras, Yogacara teachings on consciousness, and Madhyamaka sources like the Mulamadhyamakakarika.
The "Final" Mahayana teaching which according to Fazang teach the "eternal nature of the tathagatagarbha". Fazang writes that this teaching is based on buddha-nature sources like the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, the Awakening of Faith, the Lankavatara, Srimaladevi sutra, Ratnagotravibhaga, and Dilun shastra.
The Sudden Teaching, which is non-verbal and non-conceptual. This was associated with Vimalakirti's silence in the Vimalakirti sutra by Fazang. Chengguan also associated this with the "sudden enlightenment" teachings of the Chan school.
The Complete or Perfect (Ch: yuan, lit. "Round") Teaching of the Avatamsaka sutra and Huayan which teach both the interpenetration of principle (or buddha-nature) and phenomena as well as the interpenetration of all phenomena with each other.
Huayan and Chan had doctrinal arguments regarding which would be the correct concept of sudden awakening. The teachings of the Chan school were regarded as inferior by Huayan masters, a characterization which was rejected by Chan masters.
Practice
The Huayan school developed numerous practices as part of their conception of the bodhisattva path. These include devotional practices, studying, chanting and copying of the Avatamsaka sutra, repentance rituals, recitation of dharanis, and meditation. These various elements might also be combined in ritual manuals such as The Practice of Samantabhadra's Huayan Dharma Realm Aspiration and Realization (華嚴普賢行願修證儀, Taisho Supplement, No. X1473) by Jinshui Jingyuan (靜源) which are still practiced together by Huayan communities during day long events.
Textual practices
According to Paul Williams, one of the central practices for the Huayan tradition was the recitation of the Avatamsaka sutra. The chanting, studying and copying of the sutra was often done in "Huayan assemblies" (Huayanhui), who would meet regularly to chant the sutra. Chanting the entire sutra could take anywhere from a few weeks to several months. Regular chanting of important passages from the sutra is also common, particularly the Bhadracaryāpraṇidhāna (The Aspiration Prayer for Good Conduct), sometimes called the "Vows of Samantabhadra". Solo chanting practice was also common, and another common element of reciting the sutra was bowing to the sutra during the chanting. Since this practice is time-consuming, it was also often done in solitary retreats called biguan, which could last years.
Copying the entire sutra (or passages from the sutra) by hand was also another key practice in this tradition and some sutra copyists were known for their excellent calligraphy. This practice was also sometimes combined with chanting and bowing as well. Another element that was sometimes added to this practice was to use one's own blood in the process of sutra copying (sometimes just blood mixed with the ink). This blood writing was rare, but it was done by a few celebrated figures, like Hanshan Deqing (1546-1623) and the Republican Period monk Shouye.
Contemplation of Buddhas and bodhisattvas
Another practice which is often highlighted in the Avatamsaka sutra is that of buddhānusmṛti (Ch. nianfo), contemplation of the Buddha.
In Chinese Buddhism, one popular method of contemplating the Buddha is to recite the Buddha's name. The practice of reciting the names of the Buddhas was also seen as a way to achieve rebirth in Vairocana's Pure Land, the Lotus Treasury World (Skt. Padmagarbha-lokadhātu; Ch. Lianhuazang shijie 蓮花藏世界). This Pure Land contains the entire universe, including our world, and it is identical with the entire Dharmadhatu. As such, for Huayan, our own world (known as the "Sahā world") is also the Lotus Storehouse Pure Land. Huayan also saw Vairocana's Pure land as non-dual and interfused with Amitabha's Pure Land of Sukhavati.
The practice of Buddha contemplation was promoted by various figures, such as the Huayan patriarchs Chengguan, Zongmi, the Goryeo monk Gyunyeo (923–973) and Peng Shaosheng, a householder scholar of the Qing dynasty.
The patriarch Guīfēng Zōngmì taught four types of buddhānusmṛti (nianfo), a schema that was also adopted by later Chinese figures: These four types of nianfo are the following:
“Contemplation of the name” (chēngmíng niàn 稱名念), modeled on The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra preached by Mañjuśrī (Taisho. 232). One selects Buddha, faces their direction, and then one mentally "holds" (chēngmíng 稱名) the sound of the name until one has a vision of all buddhas.
“Contemplating an image” (guānxiàng niàn 觀像念), based on the Great Jewel Collection Sutra (大寶積經, Dà bǎojī jīng , T.310), which entails contemplating the form of a Buddha by using a Buddha image.
“Contemplating the visualization” (guānxiǎng niàn 觀想念), this entails contemplating a Buddha's body without the aid of a physical image, and is based on sutras like Sutra on the samadhi-ocean of the contemplation of the Buddha (T.643) and Sutra on the samadhi of seated meditation (T.614).
“Contemplating the true mark” (shíxiàng niàn 實相念), which entails the contemplation of the Dharmakaya, the true nature of all dharmas, Dharmata. This is "the true nature of the Buddha" according to The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra Preached by Mañjuśrī, which is "unproduced and unextinguished, neither going nor coming, without name and without feature".
Another leading figure in the teaching of Huayan Nianfo was the 12th century Song monk Yihe (義和) who combined the method of nianfo with Huayan meditation teachings and the practice of the ten vows of Samantabhadra and saw this practice as a method of realizing the Huayan vision of ultimate reality. During the Qing, Baiting Xufa (1641-1728) and the lay scholar Peng Shaosheng (1740–1796) further promoted Huayan-Nianfo methods.
Huayan Pure Land practice also sometimes included devotion to bodhisattvas like Avalokiteshvara. This promoted by figures like the Korean monks Ŭisang and Ch'ewŏn. This devotion included the practice of chanting the names of bodhisattvas and visualizing them in meditation.
Meditation and the fourfold Dharmadhatu
Various Huayan texts provide different frameworks for the practice of meditation and the development of samadhi. Huayan sources mentions two key samadhis, the ocean-seal samadhi (Ch. haiyin sanmei) and the huayan samadhi (huayan sanmei). Some key Huayan sources which discuss meditation include Dushun's Contemplation of the Realm of Reality (Fajie guanmen) and The Ending of Delusion and the Return to the Source (Wangjin huanyuan) attributed to Fazang. Another key text is the "Cessation and Contemplation in the Five Teachings of Huayan" (Huayan wujiao zhiguan 華嚴五教止觀).
Dushun's meditative framework was based on three main stages of contemplation: (1) understanding emptiness as the true nature of all dharmas, (2) understanding that all dharmas are harmonious with the truth, and (3) understanding that all dharmas do not obstruct each other and that each dharma contains all other dharmas.
The theory of the "fourfold Dharmadhatu" (sifajie, 四法界) eventually became the central meditative framework for the Huayan tradition. This doctrinal and meditative framework is explained in Chengguan's meditation manual titled "Meditative Perspectives on the Huayan Dharmadhatu" (Huayan Fajie Guanmen, 華嚴法界觀門) and its commentaries. The Dharmadhatu is the goal of the bodhisattva's practice, the ultimate nature of reality which must be known or entered into. According to Fox, the Fourfold Dharmadhatu is "four cognitive approaches to the world, four ways of apprehending reality".
These four ways of seeing reality are:
All dharmas are seen as particular separate events or phenomena (shi 事). This is the mundane way of seeing and is not a contemplation or meditation, but the pre-meditative perspective.
All events are an expression of li (理, the ultimate principle), which is associated with the concepts of "true emptiness", “One Mind” (yi xin 一心) and Buddha nature. This is the first level of Huayan meditation.
This is the “non-obstruction of principle and phenomena” (lishi wuai 理事無礙), i.e. their interpenetration and interfusion.
All events / phenomena interpenetrate (shishi wuai 事事無礙), which refers to how "all distinct phenomenal dharmas interfuse and penetrate in all ways" (Zongmi). This is also described as “universal pervasion and complete accommodation.”
According to Fox, "these dharmadhatus are not separate worlds – they are actually increasingly more holographic perspectives on a single phenomenological manifold...they more properly represent four types or orders of perspectives on experience." Furthermore, for Huayan, this contemplation is the solution to the problem of suffering which lies in the "fixation or attachment to a particular perspective. What we think are the essences of objects are really therefore nothing but mere names, mere functional designations, and none of these contextual definitions need necessarily interfere with any of the others."
Regarding the practical application of this teaching, Baiting Xufa correlated the practice of nianfo with the fourfold Dharmadhatu as follows:
Nianfo on the level of the realm of phenomena refers to reciting the name of the Buddha as if the Buddha was external to oneself.
Nianfo on the level of the ultimate principle refers to reciting nianfo while knowing it as mind-only (cittamatra).
Nianfo practice on the level of “non-obstruction of principle and phenomena” refers to a nianfo practice which has transcended notions like "buddha", "mind" and "name of the buddha".
Nianfo on the level of the interpenetration of all dharmas refers to the realization that the name of Buddha and the mind is all pervasive throughout the one true dharmadhatu.
The contemplation of the buddhalight
The lay scholar-practitioner Li Tongxuan (635-730) developed a unique meditative practice based on the 9th chapter of the Avatamsaka sutra. The practice, named "the contemplation of Buddhalight" (foguang guan), focused on tracing the universal light which is radiated by the Buddha in one's mind and expanding one's contemplation further and further outwards until it fills the entire universe. This contemplation of the Buddha's light leads to a state of joyful tranquility which leads to insight into emptiness.
The meditative teachings of Li Tongxuan were especially influential on the Japanese Kegon monk Myōe, who promoted a similar practiced that he termed "the Samadhi of Contemplating the Buddha's Radiance" (Japanese: bukkō zanmaikan, 佛光三昧觀).
Esoteric practices
Fazang promoted the practice of several dharanis, such as the Xuanzang's version of the Dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha.
The synthesis of Huayan with Chinese Esoteric Buddhist practices was a feature of the Buddhism of the Khitan Liao Dynasty. Jueyuan, a Huayan monk from Yuanfu Temple during the Liao Dynasty and author of the Dari jing yishi yanmi chao, practiced esoteric rituals like Homa and Abhiseka based on the Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra and the tradition of Yixing. Furthermore, according to Sorensen, the iconography of the Huayan Vairocana Buddha and the Esoteric Mahavairocana also became fused during the post-Tang period.
Important esoteric texts used in this tradition included the: Cundī-dhāraṇī, the Usṇīsavijayā-dhāranī, the Nīlakaṇthaka-dhāranī and the Sutra on the Great Dharma Torch Dhāraṇī ( 大法炬陀羅尼 經, Da faju tuoluoni jing) among others. In the Liao, stupas, pagodas and statues were often empowered with dharanis and mantras. These structures would often be filled or inscribed with dharanis, sutras, or mantras like the Six syllable mantra of Avalokiteshvara. Pillars inscribed with dhāraṇīs and mantras were also common.
The synthesis of Esoteric Buddhist practice with Huayan Buddhism remained popular during the Jin dynasty (1115–1234), where Usṇīsavijayā and Cundī practices were some of the most popular. A similar synthesis of Huayan-Chan Buddhism (derived from Zongmi) with esoteric Buddhist teachings and practices from Tibetan Buddhism (mainly Sakya and Kagyu) also occurred in Buddhism of the Western Xia (1038–1227) dynasty.
Dharanis like the Cundī-dhāraṇī, the Usṇīsavijayā-dhāranī, and the Nīlakaṇthaka-dhāranī remain important in modern Huayan Buddhism and are chanted in modern Dharma assemblies. Another dharani / esoteric practice in modern Huayan is the contemplation of the 42 Avatamsaka syllables (a version of the arapacana alphabet, which is a contemplation found in various Mahayana sources).
The Japanese Kegon school was known for adopting many esoteric mantras and practices from the Shingon school. The Kegon monk Myōe was known for his widespread promotion of the popular Mantra of Light (kōmyō shingon, 光明眞言). Due to influence from the Shingon school, today's Kegon school retains numerous esoteric Buddhist elements.
The path and sudden awakening
The Huayan school defended a sudden awakening view. This is because the buddha-nature is already present in all sentient beings, and also because their theory of universal interpenetration entails that Buddhahood is interfused with the very first stage of a bodhisattva's path. Thus, according to patriarch Fazang, “when one first arouses the thought of enlightenment [bodhicitta] one also becomes perfectly enlightened”.
Similarly, Huayan master Li Tongxuan writes:The first access of faith in the mind of the practitioner is in itself the culmination of the entire path, the very realization of final Buddhahood.... ‘Faith’ or confidence in the possibility of enlightenment is nothing but enlightenment itself, in an anticipatory and causative modality.This interpenetration of all elements of the path to awakening is also a consequence of the Huayan view of time, which sees all moments as interfused (including a sentient being's present practice and their eventual future Buddhahood aeons from now). Since time itself is empty, all moments (past, present, and future) are interfused with each other. As Fazang writes, "beginning and end Interpenetrate. On each [bodhisattva] stage, one is thus both a Bodhisattva and a Buddha." As such, Huayan does not understand a bodhisattva's progress through the bodhisattva stages (bhumis) as being linear. Instead, as soon as one reaches the earlier stages of "perfection of faith" (which is part of Huayan's 52 bhumi model), one has also acquired all the stages, as well as Buddhahood. This doctrine of "enlightenment at the stage of faith" (信滿成佛, xinman cheng fo) was a unique feature of Huayan and was first introduced by Fazang.
In Huayan, Buddhahood transcends all concepts, times and stages. Because practice cannot create something that is not immanent, Huayan sees the bodhisattva path as simply revealing what is already there (buddha-nature, which is buddhahood itself concealed within sentient beings). In spite of this doctrine, Huayan patriarchs also argued that the gradual practices of the bodhisattva stages are still necessary. This is because all stages retain their particularity even while being wholly interfused and only through the practice of the bodhisattva path does the immanent Buddhahood manifest.
Thus, according to Li Tongxuan "there is no other enlightenment" than simply following the bodhisattva path, and furthermore:Primordial wisdom is made manifest through meditation; cultivation does not create it or bring it into being. If one simply follows the Bodhisattva Path and learns the bodhisattva practices, primordial wisdom will shine forth of itself....Similarly, patriarch Zongmi held that Buddhahood is reached through "sudden awakening followed by gradual cultivation" and he also held that "sudden and gradual are not only not contradictory, but are actually complementary".
References
Sources
{{Citation | last =Buswell | first =Robert E. | year =1991 | title =The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor)(1991), Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
Cleary, Thomas, trans. (1993). The Flower Ornament Scripture: A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sūtra.
Gimello, Robert; Girard, Frédéric; Hamar, Imre (2012). Avataṃsaka Buddhism in East Asia: Huayan, Kegon, Flower Ornament Buddhism ; origins and adaptation of a visual culture, Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- u. Zentralasiens, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, .
Further reading
Cleary, Thomas (1995). Entry Into the Inconceivable: An Introduction to Hua-Yen Buddhism, University of Hawaii Press; Reprint edition. (Essays by Tang Dynasty Huayen masters)
Fa Zang (2014). "Rafter Dialogue" and "Essay on the Golden Lion," in Justin Tiwald and Bryan W. Van Norden, eds., Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy.'' Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
Gregory, Peter N. (1983). The place of the Sudden Teaching within the Hua-Yen tradition：an investigation of the process of doctrinal change, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 6 (1), 31 - 60
Haiyun Jimeng (2006). The Dawn of Enlightenment - The Opening Passage of Avatamsaka Sutra with a Commentary, Kongting Publishing.
Prince, Tony (2020), Universal Enlightenment - An introduction to the Teachings and Practices of Huayen Buddhism (2nd edn.).
External links
Buddhism in a nutshell - Hua-yen
Chang Chung-Yuan, The World of Shih & Li of Tung-Shan
Flower Adornment Sutra - Hua Yan Jing - Avatamsaka Original Text
Articles by Imre Hamar
Buddhist philosophical concepts
Buddhism in China
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The African fat-tailed gecko or fat-tail gecko (Hemitheconyx caudicinctus) is a ground-dwelling species of gecko from West Africa and Cameroon.
Description
The African fat-tailed gecko is from the subfamily Eublepharinae. This subfamily has clearly different characteristics from other geckos. They are terrestrial, and have moveable eyelids, vertical pupils, and no adhesive lamellae.
The African fat-tailed gecko is typically around 7–8 inches, with females being slightly smaller than males. Normal coloring is brown and tan/beige stripes, with a possible thin white stripe along the length of the back. The underbelly is pale pink or off-white.
The tails of African fat-tailed gecko's are very important to them. Their tails surve as a fat storage for them so when food is scare their tails are able to stuain them for a while. Their tails also contribute significantly to their defense from predators. Like many other gecko's they are able to drop their tails when necessary. This mechanism helps them make a quick escape from predators. They are also able to regranete their tails however it will not resemble the orignal tail. Insted of having ridges that the orignal tail has the new one will regranete smothe and be more bulbous in comparison.
Distribution and habitat
The African fat-tailed gecko is found in West Africa, from Senegal to Nigeria, extending marginally to Central Africa (northern Cameroon). Within their range, these geckos are found in the dry Sahel habitat, as well as in wet or dry savannah habitat. African fat-tailed geckos will spend most of their time in a dark, humid hiding place such as a termite mound.
African fat-tailed geckos have been seen to vary in physical attributes based on their habitat even within specific regions of Africa from size, scale pattern, to color. This allows for them to be able to fend off predators and be successful at repopulating.
Behavior
The African fat-tailed gecko is equipped with the ability to lose its tail when threatened or attacked. If the tail is lost, the new tail will have a more rounded shape, similar to the head. It may not match the body coloration and pattern of the gecko. The tail is also where they store their fat, an important energy reserve. With its tail, an African fat tailed gecko can go days on end without food.
African fat-tailed geckos are reportedly strictly nocturnal, taking shelter from their generally hot and dry environment during the day and emerging at night to forage. They have been found during the day hiding under a variety of cover and will retreat to burrows or hide under rocks or fallen logs.
Diet
African fat-tailed geckos have a primarily insectivorous diet, feeding on various kinds of insects and other invertebrates within their habitats, such as worms, crickets, possibly beetles or cockroaches, etc.
As pets
In the pet trade the African fat-tailed gecko has gained some popularity though is still not as popular as the closely related leopard gecko. With good care, African fat-tailed geckos generally live 15–20 years, although longer may be possible.
Through selective breeding the reptile trade has been able to produce numerous color variants of the African fat-tailed gecko including tangerine, albino, patternless, black out, and aberrant.
References
External links
Caring for an African fat-tailed gecko
African fat-tailed gecko breeding
African fat-tailed gecko gallery
Hemitheconyx
Geckos of Africa
Reptiles of Cameroon
Reptiles of Nigeria
Reptiles of West Africa
Taxa named by André Marie Constant Duméril
Reptiles described in 1851
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Puaa Kaa State Wayside Park is a state park on the island of Maui, Hawaii. It is located along the Hana Highway approximately east of Kahului. The area consists of of rainforest with waterfalls and pools. The park is at an elevation of and roughly away from Waiohue Bay.
See also
List of Hawaii state parks
References
Protected areas of Maui
State parks of Hawaii
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A point-and-shoot camera, also known as a compact camera and sometimes abbreviated to P&S, is a still camera (either film or digital) designed primarily for simple operation. Most use focus free lenses or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the exposure options, and have flash units built in. They are popular for vernacular photography by people who do not consider themselves photographers but want easy-to-use cameras for snapshots of vacations, parties, reunions and other events.
Most compact digital cameras use small 1/2.3-type (“1/2.3-inch”) image sensors, but since 2008, a few non-interchangeable lens compact cameras use a larger sensor such as 1.0-type (“1-inch”), APS-C (e.g. Fujifilm X100 series), or even full frame (e.g. Sony RX1 series). Most models prioritize being operated in auto mode, but some high end point-and-shoot cameras have PASM (program, aperture priority, shutter priority, and manual modes) on the mode dial, raw image format, and a hot shoe. None have interchangeable lenses, but some have secondary lens mounts.
Point-and-shoots have been by far the best selling type of standalone camera, as distinct from camera phones. However, point-and-shoot camera sales declined after about 2010 as smartphones overtook them in usage. To overcome market shrinkage, compact camera manufacturers began making higher-end versions with a stylish metal body.
Types of point-and-shoot digital cameras
Current point-and-shoot digital cameras have coalesced into three categories:
premium compact cameras with a large sensor and prime lens optimized for travel and street photography;
vlogging cameras with a flip screen and wide-angle or ultra wide-angle lens;
travel zoom cameras with a compact body.
Fixed-lens cameras that include an all-in-one superzoom lens in a large DSLR-style body are known as bridge cameras.
Types of point-and-shoot film cameras
The lowest-end point-and-shoot film cameras are similar to disposable cameras, but can be reloaded. These cameras have focus-free lenses, with fixed apertures. They may or may not have a light meter. Most have a wheel or lever for advancing the film and cocking the shutter, and a crank for returning the film to the canister for unloading. Because of the fixed apertures, models with flash have no way of controlling the exposure from the flash. Therefore, flash pictures have to be taken within a narrow range of distance from the subject.
Advanced models use automatic focus and have variable apertures. They all have light meters. They use electric motors to advance and rewind the film. They are much more versatile than the low-end models. They are also likely to have zoom lenses, more advanced auto-focus systems, exposure systems with manual controls, larger apertures and sharper lenses. They may have special lamps or pre-flash systems designed to reduce red eye in flash pictures of people.
Comparison to SLRs and DSLRs
Point-and-shoot cameras are distinguished from single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs) in several respects: point-and-shoot film cameras, and many digital ones, use a viewfinder. The image that the photographer sees is not the same image that passes through the primary lens of the camera. Rather, the image in the viewfinder passes through a separate lens. SLRs, on the other hand, have only one lens, and a mirror diverts the image from the lens into the viewfinder; that mirror then retracts when the picture is taken so that the image can be recorded on the film or sensor. With this mechanism, pictures cannot be previewed on the LCD screens of most digital SLRs (DSLRs). Some manufacturers have found a way around this limitation, often by splitting the image into two just before reaching the viewfinder eyepiece. One image goes into the viewfinder and the other goes into a low resolution image sensor to allow light metering or previewing on the LCD, or both.
Digital cameras share one advantage of the SLR design, as the camera's display image comes through the lens, not a separate viewfinder. Mirrorless interchangeable lens cameras (MILCs) lack a mirror but in many ways can be used the same as DSLRs. Many smaller digital point-and-shoots of the 2010s omit the viewfinder and use only the screen.
With SLR cameras, it is important that the image in the viewfinder be the same image recorded by the film or sensor, so that the effect of the add-on lenses and filters can be seen by the photographer. Point-and-shoot cameras generally don't have such add-on devices, hence no need.
Small cameras, including digital ones, encourage the occurrence of photographic orbs unexpected, typically circular artifacts that occur in flash photography where the short distance between the lens and the built-in flash decreases the angle of light reflection to the lens. The resulting retroreflection makes dust particles bright and visible.
Sales decline
According to the NPD Group, up to end of November 2011 point-and-shoot cameras took 44 percent of photos, down from 52 percent in 2010, while camera-equipped smartphones took 27 percent of photos in 2011, up from 17 percent. Unit total sales of all types of point-and-shoot cameras declined by 17 percent year on year, but increased by 16 percent for cameras having optical zoom greater than 10x.
At the end of 2012, more than one brand offered point-and-shoot cameras with 24x optical superzoom as compensation of sales decline and in later years longer zooms became commonplace. Concurrently with rising sales of smartphones, the sales of more advanced cameras like SLRs have also increased, at the expense of point-and-shoot.
Point-and-shoot camera sales dropped by about 40 percent in 2013, particularly for inexpensive cameras. Fujifilm and Olympus stopped development of low-end point-and-shoot cameras and focused on mid and high-end cameras at higher prices.
Shipment dropped to 12 million units in 2016, only one-tenth of the peak reached in 2008.
Types of film
Most film-based point-and-shoots made after the late 1980s use 35mm film. The key innovations that made 35mm point-and-shoot cameras possible were automatic film loading and automatic advance and rewind. Advanced Photo System film was mildly popular in the 1990s. 126 film was also popular during the 1970s.
Terminology
The terms "point and shoot" and "compact camera" are used differently in different parts of the world. In the UK point-and-shoot predominantly means a fully automatic camera, regardless of size or shape.
A "compact camera" on the other hand, has a small body, regardless of any fully automatic capabilities. Thus a DSLR can have point-and-shoot modes, and some compact cameras are not designed for point and shoot operation, with the equivalent controls to a DSLR.
The use of "point-and-shoot" to mean a small or compact camera regardless of automation capabilities has long been predominant in the US, and in the 21st century it began spreading elsewhere.
The term "compact system camera" has also been used to refer to mirrorless cameras.
See also
List of large sensor fixed-lens cameras
List of superzoom compact cameras
List of bridge cameras
Digital photography
Electronic viewfinder
References
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Hans Gustav Burkhardt (December 20, 1904 – April 22, 1994) was a Swiss-American abstract expressionist artist.
Life and work
Burkhardt was born in the industrial quarter of Basel, Switzerland. When he was three his father abandoned the family for America, and a few years later, when his mother died of tuberculosis, he and his sister went to live in an orphanage.
Burkhardt was a 20-year-old gardener's apprentice in the orphanage when he left for New York to work as a cabinetmaker with his father. Within the year he had lost his father in a car accident and his step-mother to an illness. Captivated by Germanic art, he began dabbling in art in his spare time while learning how to decorate furniture in antique styles. He became foreman of the furniture company's decorating department.
From 1925 to 1928 he attended the Cooper Union School of the Arts, where he befriended mentor Arshile Gorky and Willem de Kooning—sharing Gorky's studio from 1928 to 1937.
Burkhardt's paintings of the 1930s are part of the genesis of American abstract expressionism. In 1937 he moved to Los Angeles and represented the most significant bridge between New York and Los Angeles. His experimental investigative approach paralleled, and in many instances anticipated, the development of modern and contemporary art in New York and Europe including the work of Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock, and Barnett Newman.
Burkhardt held his first solo exhibition in 1939 at Stendahl Gallery in Los Angeles, arranged by Lorser Feitelson, and, in response to the Spanish Civil War, he painted his first anti-war works. From the late 1930s he began to produce apocalyptic anti-war compositions, a theme which became particularly pronounced in an abstract expressionist style after the atom bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of the Second World War. He was praised for his “willingness to confront political reality directly in his art,” and in the 1940s he embarked on a body of work that underscored the duality evident throughout his entire oeuvre—cathartic works of power and poignancy contrasted by works of celebration and hope.
In the years following an acclaimed (1945) solo exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum, Burkhardt continued in his art to respond to WWII, and endured censorship due to the proliferation of McCarthyism, and in the aftermath of Gorky's suicide in 1948, Burkhardt delved in to his grief and celebration of Gorky's life creating several versions of “Burial of Gorky” and a series entitled “Journey into the Unknown.”
Burkhardt first visited Mexico in 1950, and spent the next decade living half of the year in and around Guadalajara. Strongly influenced by Mexican attitudes towards the dead, and by the country's colors, sensuality, and spiritual qualities, Burkhardt “painted the soul of Mexico” with Mexican themes and colors—especially those of burials and ceremonies surrounding death—permeating his abstract work. Art critics of the time considered him a "great Mexican master” alongside Orozco, Rivera, and Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo admired his work. Overall, in the 1950s Burkhardt held 23 solo exhibitions in Los Angeles and Mexico, and participated in group shows at over thirty museums worldwide.
In the 1960s he produced paintings in protest against the Vietnam War, some of which incorporated the human skulls he had collected from Mexican graveyards. As art historian Donald Kuspit stated, Burkhardt was “a master—indeed the inventor—of the abstract memento mori.” In 1964, for the first time in forty years, Burkhardt returned to Basel, and began making annual summer visits where he became a friend of Mark Tobey—printing linocuts for the artist and collecting his work.
In the 1970s Burkhardt continued his anti-war paintings—incorporating protruding wooden spikes into the canvas—while simultaneously painting abstractions of merging lovers and cityscapes during his summer visits to Basel. His “Small Print” (protesting smoking), “Graffiti,” and “Northridge” series demonstrate the evolution of his symbolism, and his “Desert Storms” series, in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, was discussed by critic Peter Selz at a presentation at the International Congress of Art Critics Conference.
In the last decades of his life, Burkhardt's work had moved from images of imbalance to a study of human tragedy—which he embraced in an attempt to discover beauty and facilitate understanding. Critic Peter Frank called Burkhardt “…one of America’s most vital abstract expressionist painters, someone who took the seed of the movement and cultivated it a rather different way in very different soil,” and historian Eugene Anderson declared Burkhardt “Goya’s spiritual heir.”
Burkhardt taught at numerous colleges and universities and retired as a professor emeritus from California State University, Northridge. In 1992 Burkhardt was honored as the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters’ Jimmy Ernst Award. Also in 1992, he established the Hans G. and Thordis W. Burkhardt Foundation. In 1993, the last year of his career, his final series “Black Rain” channeled pain and hardship, but provided poignant, symbolic beacons of hope and wishes for a better future for humanity. His unique role as an important American painter is affirmed by the constant interest and continuing reassessment afforded his work.
Solo exhibitions
1939: Stendahl Gallery, Los Angeles, March 27 – April 17
1945: Hans Burkhardt, Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1951: Museo de Bellas Artes, Guadalajara, Mexico: Exhibicion de Pinturas Modernas; Comara Gallery, Los Angeles
1953: Fisher Gallery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
1957: Pasadena Art Museum, California: Ten Year Retrospective, June 14 – July 14;
1961-62: Thirty Year Retrospective (travelled to Santa Barbara Museum of Art, April 11 – May 7, 1961, Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery, January 9 – February 4, 1962, Legion of Honor (museum), San Francisco, June 10 – July 9, 1962)
1968: San Diego Museum of Art: Vietnam Paintings
1972: Long Beach Museum of Art, California: Retrospective 1950 – 1972, July 16 – September 24;
1973: California State University, Northridge, A Retrospective Exhibition, November 20 – December 7
1977: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, California, Linocuts and Pastels, March 5 – April 20;
1978: Laguna Beach Museum of Art, California: Mark Tobey / Hans Burkhardt, September 12 – October 23
1982: Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, Los Angeles: Arshile Gorky and Hans Burkhardt, January 9 – February 27
1983: Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, Los Angeles: Hans Burkhardt: Basel Graffiti Series; Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, Los Angeles: Hans Burkhardt: Recent Works, April 2 – May 7
1984: Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, Los Angeles: Pastels: 50 Years of Figurative Expressionism, April 7 – May 12
1985: Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, Los Angeles: Hans Burkhardt: The War Paintings, February 2 – March 23
1990-91 Portland Art Museum, Oregon: Mark Tobey and Hans Burkhardt: Works on Paper from the Permanent Collection
1991: Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, Los Angeles: Hans Burkhardt: Desert Storms, October 11 – November 30
1992: American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York: Hans Burkhardt, March 2 – March 29;
2008: California State University Northridge, Hans Burkhardt – The California State University Collection, August 25 – October 11
Group exhibitions
1947-48: Art Institute of Chicago: Abstract and Surrealist American Art, November 6, 1947 – January 11, 1948; Modern Institute of Art, Beverly Hills: Modern Artists in Transition; Legion of Honor (museum), San Francisco: 2nd Annual Exhibition of Painting, November 19, 1947 – January 4, 1948; Los Angeles County Museum of Art: Artists of L.A. and Vicinity, May 15 – June 30, 1948
1950: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: American Painting Today; California State Fair
1951: Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.: 22nd Biennial; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York: Contemporary American Painters; Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia; Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois, 60th Annual American Exhibition, October 25 – December 16
1964: Kunsthalle Basel, Switzerland; Long Beach Museum of Art, California: Art of Southern California: Early Moderns
1974: Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles: Nine Senior Southern California Painters – Peter Krasnow, Nicholas Brigante, Lorser Feitelson, John McLaughlin, Florence Arnold, Helen Lunderberg, Emerson Woelffer, Hans Burkhardt
1976-77: Painting and Sculpture in California: The Modern Era (travelled to San Francisco Museum of Art, National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C.)
2004-5: Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University, From Picasso to Thiebaud: Modern & Contemporary Art, February 18 – June 20; An American Odyssey 1945 / 1980 (Debating Modernism), Circulo de Bellas Artes, Madrid, Spain, April 13 – May 30, 2004 (travelled to Domus Artium 2002, Salamanca, Spain, June 10 – July 31, Kiosco Alfonso, A Coruña, Spain, September 2 – October 2, QCC Art Gallery / CUNY, New York, October 24, 2004 – January 15, 2005); San Diego Museum of Art, Modern Art Installation, 2004 – 2005
2009-10: The Philadelphia Museum of Art, Arshile Gorky: In Context, October 21, 2009 – January 10, 2010; Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery, Barnsdall Park, LA Printmaking: 1962 to 1973, Los Angeles Printmaking Society: 20th National Exhibition, October 29, 2009 – January 3, 2010
2012: Pasadena Museum of California Art, LA Raw: Abject Expressionism in Los Angeles, 1945 – 1980, From Rico Lebrun to Paul McCarthy, January 22 – May 20; Brand Library Art Galleries, Glendale, California, Purchasing Power: Jurors Make Their Mark, January 21 – March 3; Alyce de Roulet Williamson Gallery, Art Center College of Design, Pasadena, Pages, October 12, 2012 – January 13, 2013; Peninsula Fine Arts Center, Newport News, Virginia, 50 Great Americans, October 21, 2012 – January 13, 2013 (travelled to Taubman Museum of Art, Roanoke, Virginia, February 15 – June 2, 2013)
2013: Jack Rutberg Fine Arts Gallery, Los Angeles, Letters From Los Angeles: Identity and Self Identity Through Text in Art, March 9 – April 30
2014: Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, LA Art Show 2014 (Group Show), January 15 – January 19; Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, California, The Avant Garde Collection, September 7, 2014 – January 4, 2015; Pablo Goebel Fine Arts, Polanco, Mexico D.F., Laboratorio De Sueños: La Diаspora del Surrealismo en México, September 23 – November 20
2015: Los Angeles Convention Center, LA Art Show 2015 (Group Show), January 14 – January 18; Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, New York, Gallery Selections, March 3; Palm Springs Art Museum, California, Modern Works from the Collection, March 28 – September 13
2017: Jack Rutberg Fine Arts Gallery (part of the Getty Foundation’s Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA), Hans Burkhardt in Mexico, September 23 — December 23
Publications
Herskovic, Marika, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey (New York School Press, 2003)
Kuspit, Donald, Hans Burkhardt: Black Rain (Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, 1993)
Selz, Peter, Hans Burkhardt: Desert Storms (Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, 1991)
Bordeaux, Jean-Luc and Wortz, Melina, Hans Burkhardt: Pastels, 50 Years of Figurative Expressionism (Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, 1984)
Hans Burkhardt: Paintings of the 1960s (Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, 2008)
Hans Burkhardt: The California State University, Northridge Collection (California State University, Northridge, 2008)
Wolfe, Townsend, Hans Burkhardt: Drawings 1932 – 1989 (The Arkansas Arts Center, 1996)
Selz, Peter, Hans Burkhardt: Pastelle, Eine Retrospektive Von 1938 - 1983 (Berlin: Galerie Hesselbach, 1993)
Hans Burkhardt: Paintings and Pastels, 1988 – 1989 (Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, 1990)
Kuspit, Donald, Catastrophe According to Hans Burkhardt (Muhlenberg College, 1990)
Hans Burkhardt: 1950 – 1960 (Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, 1987)
Hans Burkhardt: The War Paintings, A Catalogue Raisonne (Santa Susana Press, 1984)
de la Vega, Aurelio, Hans Burkhardt: Basel (Jack Rutberg Fine Arts, 1983)
Awards
1945: Los Angeles County Museum, Annual Exhibition, Purchase Award, Oil
1951: Terry Art Institute, Miami, Cash Award
1954: Los Angeles County Museum, Second Prize, Modern Oil; California State Fair & Exposition, First Prize, Modern Oil
1955: Chaffey Community Art Association, Cash Award
1957: Los Angeles County Museum, Junior Art Council Prize; Los Angeles All-City Art Festival, Purchase Prize, Oil; California State Fair & Expo, Cash Award, Pastel
1958: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Second Annual Pacific Coast Biennial; ALA Story Purchase Award
1960: Los Angeles All-City Art Festival, First Purchase Award, Watercolor; California Watercolor Society, Merchandise Award
1961: California All-City Art Festival, First Purchase Award, Oil
1962: California State Fair & Exposition, Second Prize, Modern Oil
1963: California Watercolor Society, Purchase Award
1969: Academia Tomasso Campanella, Rome, International Academy of Arts, Silver Medal
1991: Citation from Mayor Tom Bradley, City of Los Angeles (proclaiming Hans Burkhardt Week, October 11 through 17)
1992: American Academy & Institute of Arts & Letters, Jimmy Ernst Award in Art for Lifetime Achievement; LA Artcore, 4th Annual Award in Art
Major collections
British Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kunsthalle Basel, Whitney Museum of American Art, Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, Norton Simon Museum, Moderna Museet (Stockholm, Sweden), Ahmanson Collection, Arkansas Art Center (Little Rock, Arkansas), California State University (Northridge, California), Coca-Cola Collection, Columbia Museum of Art (South Carolina), Corcoran Gallery of Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, Downey Art Museum (California), Grunwald Center for the Graphic Arts, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hirshhorn Collection (Washington, D.C.), Joslyn Art Museum (Omaha, Nebraska), Portland Museum of Art, Kunstmuseum (Switzerland), Laguna Beach Museum of Art (California), Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, Emily and Joe Lowe Gallery, University of Miami (Florida), Oakland Museum, Palm Springs Desert Museum, Pasadena Art Museum (California), Norton Simon Museum, Portland Museum of Art, San Diego Museum of Art, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Skirball Museum (Los Angeles), Tamarind Institute (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque), Weatherspoon Art Museum (North Carolina), American Jewish University (Los Angeles)
External links
Official website of The Hans Burkhardt Estate
Obituary in The Los Angeles Times
Oral history interview with Hans Burkhardt conducted 25 November 1974, by Paul J. Karlstrom, for the Smithsonian Archives of America Art
Interview of Hans Burkhardt, part of "Los Angeles Art Community – Group Portrait" interview series, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles
Hans and Thordis Burkhardt papers, 1905-1981 at the Smithsonian Archives of America Art
References
1904 births
1994 deaths
Abstract expressionist artists
American contemporary painters
Modern artists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from New York (state)
Painters from California
Art in Greater Los Angeles
Swiss emigrants to the United States
20th-century American male artists
|
James Lawrence Lardner (November 20, 1802 – April 12, 1881) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.
Biography
Born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he was the sixth son of John Lardner and Margaret (née Saltar) Lardner. Lardner was appointed midshipman on May 10, 1820. He served in the Pacific Squadron from 1821 to 1824, and joined the Mediterranean Squadron in 1825 after escorting General Lafayette in back to France.
He received promotion to lieutenant on May 17, 1828, and served as navigating officer of the sloop on her historic circumnavigation, and then served on the flagships of the Mediterranean, Brazil and Pacific Squadrons. In 1850 he sailed for the coast of Africa in the brig and was promoted to commander on May 17, 1851. Lardner spent three years as commander of Porpoise and the sloop-of-war in the Africa Squadron before returning to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1853. He was promoted to the rank of captain, on May 19, 1861.
In September 1861, during the Civil War, Lardner, in command of the frigate , took a pertinent part in the Battle of Port Royal and the capture of Forts Walker and Beauregard. He was commended for gallantry in action by Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont; his name was sent to Congress for a vote of thanks by President Abraham Lincoln. In May 1862, he assumed command of the East Gulf Blockading Squadron and was promoted to commodore on July 16, 1862. In December 1862 he returned to Philadelphia to recover from a severe attack of yellow fever. From May 1863 to October 1864, Lardner commanded the West India Squadron.
After his retirement on November 20, 1864, he was appointed rear admiral on July 25, 1866. He served on special duty with various boards until 1869, when he was appointed Governor of the Naval Asylum, Philadelphia. He held this post until 1871.
Lardner died on April 12, 1881, in Philadelphia.
Namesakes
Two United States Navy destroyers have been named for him.
Personal life
Lardner married Margaret Wilmer on February 2, 1832, and they had three children, two of whom died in infancy. After his wife's death on April 25, 1846, he married her sister, Ellen Wilmer and had two further sons.
It was because of James Lawrence Lardner that one of his nephews came to be known as Ring Lardner: James Lardner was a friend of Cadwalader Ringgold, another Navy officer who also became a rear admiral. James Lardner named one of his sons "Ringgold Wilmer Lardner", and James' brother gave exactly the same name to his own son after the newborn's cousin. Ring Lardner never liked his given name and shortened it, yet he "lost the battle" when his son, Ring Lardner, Jr. was named after him.
References
External links
1802 births
1881 deaths
United States Navy admirals
Union Navy officers
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
|
is a Japanese singer, actress and a former member of the Japanese idol girl group Nogizaka46. In addition to her work with Nogizaka46, Ikuta has appeared in multiple television and stage productions, including playing Cosette and Éponine in a Japanese production of Les Misérables and voicing Asha in the Japanese dubbing of the Disney film Wish.
She is affiliated with Ohta Production from 2007 to 2009 and once again since 2022.
Career
Ikuta was born on January 22, 1997, in Düsseldorf, Germany. She began taking piano lessons at the age of four under the influence of her older sister, who had taken them before her. Her family moved to Tokyo when she was five.
She made her entertainment debut as a child actress in 2007, starring in the musical Coco Smile: Asu e no Rock 'n' Roll. She was affiliated with Ohta Production during that time.
In 2011, she auditioned for Nogizaka46 and was selected as one of the thirty-six first generation members. Her audition song was Aiko's "Star". She was chosen as one of the members performing on the group's debut single "Guruguru Curtain", released on February 22, 2012. In September 2012, she was selected for the leading role of Alice in Nogizaka46's stage musical Sixteen Principal.
On April 20, 2014, she announced that she would take a break from Nogizaka46 to prepare for further schooling. She resumed her activities in August as the choreographic center for Nogizaka46's tenth single "Nandome no Aozora ka?". In 2015, Ikuta appeared in the Fuji TV drama Zannen na Otto as a high school girl who dreams of becoming a pianist. She published her first solo photobook, Tenchō, on January 21, 2016. It sold 38,355 copies in its first week, and ranked first on the Oricon weekly photobook sales chart. It also ranked first on the Oricon book ranking photobook category in the first half of the year 2016.
In July 2016, it was announced that Ikuta had been chosen for the role of Cosette in a 30th anniversary production of Les Miserables in Japan, a role she reprised in 2019. In 2021, It was announced that Ikuta would play Éponine in Les Miserables in 2021.
In January 2021, she and fellow Nogizaka46 member Sayuri Matsumura performed a cover of the song "1・2・3" by Mafumafu and Soraru; the song was used as an opening theme to the anime series Pokémon Master Journeys: The Series. On October 25, Ikuta announced she will graduate from Nogizaka46 on December 31, 2021 on her official blog. Her graduation concert took place at the Yokohama Arena on December 14 and 15. She sang and performed on the stage of the 72nd NHK Kouhaku Uta Gassen on December 31, and it was her last activity as a member of Nogizaka46.
On January 5, 2022, five days after her graduation from Nogizaka46, Ikuta announced her return to her talent agency during her days as a child actress, Ohta Production. On January 8, her official Twitter account was opened. On February 1, her official website was opened (with a fan event on 19 to commemorate the occasion), while her Nogizaka46 blog posts were deleted.
Ikuta's first post-Nogizaka46 acting role was as Mio Mukai in the Fuji TV series Gossip: #Kanojo ga Shiritai Honto no 〇〇.
Her second fan event, "Erika Ikuta 2022 summer fun", was held on August 3, 2022 at Zepp DiverCity and August 6 at Zepp Namba.
On November 1, 2022, her first calendar was released. It was available to the members of her official website until December 31.
Her third fan event, "Erika Ikuta 2022 winter fun", was held on December 3, 2022 at Zepp Osaka Bayside and on December 11 at KT Zepp Yokohama.
Her first solo tour, "Erika Ikuta Autumn Live Tour 2023", ran from September 10 to 17, 2023, spanning Tokyo, Fukuoka, Osaka and Aichi. A final leg of the tour was held on October 5 at the Tokyo International Forum.
On October 13, it was announced that Ikuta will be the Japanese voice of Asha in the Japanese dubbing of the Disney film Wish.
Discography
Singles with Nogizaka46
Albums with Nogizaka46
Other featured songs
Filmography
Television
Films
Japanese dub
Theater
Concerts
2017: MTV Unplugged: Erika Ikuta
Bibliography
Photobooks
Kikan Nogizaka vol.4 Saitō (26 December 2014, Tokyo News Service). .
Tenchō=Modulation Erika Ikuta 1st Photo Book (21 January 2016, Shueisha). .
Erika Ikuta Nogizaka46 Graduation Memorial Book: Kanon (14 December 2021, Kodansha). .
References
External links
Nogizaka46 members
1997 births
Living people
Japanese idols
21st-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese pianists
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese pianists
Singers from Tokyo
|
```php
<?php
declare(strict_types = 1);
namespace LanguageServer\Tests\Server\TextDocument\References;
use LanguageServer\{
LanguageClient, PhpDocumentLoader, Server, DefinitionResolver
};
use LanguageServer\ContentRetriever\FileSystemContentRetriever;
use LanguageServer\Index\{
DependenciesIndex, Index, ProjectIndex
};
use LanguageServerProtocol\{
Location, Position, Range, ReferenceContext, TextDocumentIdentifier
};
use LanguageServer\Tests\MockProtocolStream;
use LanguageServer\Tests\Server\ServerTestCase;
class GlobalFallbackTest extends ServerTestCase
{
public function setUp()
{
$projectIndex = new ProjectIndex(new Index, new DependenciesIndex);
$projectIndex->setComplete();
$definitionResolver = new DefinitionResolver($projectIndex);
$client = new LanguageClient(new MockProtocolStream, new MockProtocolStream);
$this->documentLoader = new PhpDocumentLoader(new FileSystemContentRetriever, $projectIndex, $definitionResolver);
$this->textDocument = new Server\TextDocument($this->documentLoader, $definitionResolver, $client, $projectIndex);
$this->documentLoader->open('global_fallback', file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../../../../fixtures/global_fallback.php'));
$this->documentLoader->open('global_symbols', file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../../../../fixtures/global_symbols.php'));
}
public function testClassDoesNotFallback()
{
// class TestClass implements TestInterface
// Get references for TestClass
$result = $this->textDocument->references(
new ReferenceContext,
new TextDocumentIdentifier('global_symbols'),
new Position(6, 9)
)->wait();
$this->assertEquals([], $result);
}
public function testFallsBackForConstants()
{
// const TEST_CONST = 123;
// Get references for TEST_CONST
$result = $this->textDocument->references(
new ReferenceContext,
new TextDocumentIdentifier('global_symbols'),
new Position(9, 13)
)->wait();
$this->assertEquals([new Location('global_fallback', new Range(new Position(6, 5), new Position(6, 15)))], $result);
}
public function testFallsBackForFunctions()
{
// function test_function()
// Get references for test_function
$result = $this->textDocument->references(
new ReferenceContext,
new TextDocumentIdentifier('global_symbols'),
new Position(78, 16)
)->wait();
$this->assertEquals([new Location('global_fallback', new Range(new Position(5, 0), new Position(5, 13)))], $result);
}
}
```
|
Henry Bradley Plant (October 27, 1819 – June 23, 1899), was a businessman, entrepreneur, and investor involved with many transportation interests and projects, mostly railroads, in the southeastern United States. He was founder of the Plant System of railroads and steamboats.
Born in 1819 in Branford, Connecticut, Plant entered the railroad service in 1844, serving as express messenger on the Hartford and New Haven Railroad until 1853, during which time he had entire charge of the express business of that road. He went south in 1853 and established express lines on various southern railways, and in 1861 organized the Southern Express Co., and became its president. In 1879 he purchased, with others, the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad of Georgia, and later reorganized the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad, of which he became president. He purchased and rebuilt, in 1880, the Savannah and Charleston Railroad, now Charleston and Savannah. Not long after this he organized the Plant Investment Co., to control these railroads and advance their interests generally, and later established a steamboat line on the St. John's river, in Florida. From 1853 until 1860 he was general superintendent of the southern division of the Adams Express Co., and in 1867 became president of the Texas Express Co. In the 1880s, most of his accumulated railroad and steamship lines were combined into the Plant System, which later became part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad.
Plant is particularly known for connecting the previously isolated Tampa Bay area and southwest Florida to the nation's railroad system and establishing regular steamship service between Tampa, Cuba, and Key West, helping to spark significant population and economic growth in the region. To promote passenger traffic, Plant built the large Tampa Bay Hotel resort along his rail line through Tampa and several smaller hotels further south, starting the area's tourist industry. His semi-friendly rival, Henry Flagler, similarly sparked growth along Florida's opposite coast by building the Florida East Coast Railroad along with several resorts along its route.
Early life
Henry Bradley Plant was born in Branford, Connecticut, to Betsey ( Bradley) and Anderson Plant, a farmer in good circumstances. He was the descendant of John Plant who probably emigrated from England and settled at Hartford, Connecticut, about 1639. When the boy was six, his father and younger sister died of typhus. Several years later his mother married again and took him to live first at Martinsburg, New York, and later at New Haven, Connecticut, where he attended a private school. His grandmother, Betsy Plant, who hoped to make a clergyman of him, offered him an education at Yale College, but, impatient to begin an active career, he got a job as captain's boy, deck hand, and man-of-all-work on a steamboat, The New York, plying between New Haven and New York City.
Pre Civil War
Among his various duties was the care of express parcels. This line of business, hitherto neglected, he organized effectively. After marrying Ellen Blackstone in 1843, Plant decided to stay ashore and took a position with Beecher and Company, an express company located in New Haven which was taken over by the Adams Express Company. Plant was transferred from steamboats to railroads. After a few years he was put in charge of the old York office of the company. In 1853 his wife, Ellen Elizabeth (Blackstone) Plant was ordered South for her health. After a journey of eight days, the Plants arrived in Jacksonville in March and spent several months at a private home near Jacksonville, Florida, then a tiny hamlet. Plant was impressed with the possibilities of the future development of Florida.
The next year, after it became necessary for his wife to again travel south for her health, he requested and obtained the responsibility for all Adams Express Company's interests in the territory south of the Potomac and Ohio rivers. In the face of great difficulties, he successfully organized and extended express service across this region, where transportation facilities, although rapidly growing, were still deficient and uncoordinated. At the approach of the Civil War the directors of Adams Express, fearing the confiscation of their Southern properties, decided to sell them to Plant for his promissory note of $500,000. With Southern stockholders of the company he organized in 1861 the Southern Express Company, a Georgia corporation, and named himself president. Because he had built a reputation for providing reliable and efficient express service, the cabinet of Confederate president Jefferson Davis made Plant's company the agent for the Confederacy in collecting tariffs and transferring funds. In 1863, claiming a serious illness, he left his home in Augusta with a safe passage document signed by Jefferson Davis and sailed to Bermuda. After spending a month there, he traveled to Canada, Connecticut, and then England. When in France, he was informed that his Confederate passport was not valid. After some discussion with French authorities, an unusual resolution was reached as he was issued a French passport declaring him a U.S. citizen residing in Georgia which allowed him to travel extensively across Europe and later re-enter the United States when he returned to New York by way of Canada.
Post Civil War
After the war, Plant returned to the South in February, 1865 to reclaim his business interests, primarily the Southern Express. The railroads of the South had been practically ruined and many railroads went bankrupt in the depression of 1873. In this situation, he found his opportunity. Convinced of the eventual economic revival of the South, he bought at foreclosure sales in 1879 and 1880 the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad and the Charleston and Savannah Railroad. With these as a nucleus he began building along the southern Atlantic seaboard a transportation system that twenty years later included fourteen railway companies with 2,100 miles of track, several steamship lines, and a number of important hotels. In 1882 he organized, with the assistance of Northern capitalists (among whom were M. K. Jesup, W. T. Walters, and Henry Morrison Flagler, who himself would be instrumental in the development of Florida's east coast) the Plant Investment Company, a holding company for the joint management of the various properties under his control. He reconstructed and extended several small railroads so as to provide continuous service across the state, and by providing better connections with through lines to the North he gave Florida orange growers quicker and cheaper access to Northern markets.
In 1887, Plant built the PICO Hotel in Sanford for the accommodation of his railroad and steamship passengers to Central Florida. Subsequently, he either built or purchased the Inn at Port Tampa (1888), Hotel Kissimmee (1890), Seminole Hotel (1891), Hotel Punta Gorda (1894), The Ocala House (1895), and the Fort Myers Hotel (1898).
Tampa, then a village of a few hundred inhabitants, was made the terminus of his southern Florida railroad and also the home port for a new line of steamships to Havana. For the accommodation of winter visitors he built in Tampa, in the style of a Moorish palace, an enormous hotel costing over $3,000,000 and covering 6 acres situated on 150 acres. Opened on February 5, 1891, it was the first hotel in Florida to have an elevator, electric lights, and a telephone in each room. The hotel was called the Tampa Bay Hotel and was famous for its fanciful Moorish and Victorian architecture. In 1898, this hotel gained international fame as the stateside military headquarters for the U.S. invasion force during the Spanish–American War. The hotel now serves as the main building for the University of Tampa and houses the Henry B. Plant Museum. Another large, Victorian-style hotel established by Plant was opened in 1897, the Belleview Biltmore near Clearwater, Florida.
The subsequent growth in wealth and population of Florida and other states tributary to the Plant System made its founder one of the richest and most powerful men in the South. A good physical inheritance, preserved by temperate habits, made it possible for Henry Plant to keep working until almost eighty years of age.
Later life
His first wife died in February 1861, and in 1873 he married Margaret Josephine Loughman, the daughter of Martin Loughman of New York City, who with one of his two sons survived him. He was honored at the Cotton States and International Exhibition in 1895 in Atlanta, GA with his own, Henry Plant Day.
Henry Plant built or bought eight hotels, including several in Tampa, Florida and the new town of Port Tampa, which he built at the end of his rail line. His most prized hotel was the Tampa Bay Hotel, a lavish resort built right across the Hillsborough River from Tampa. Built at a cost of $3 million, it was said to be an attempt to compete with fellow industrialist Henry M. Flagler, who was developing Florida's east coast.
Plant died from heart disease in New York City on June 23, 1899.
In his will he attempted to prevent the partition of his properties to the value of about $10,000,000 by forming a trust for the benefit of his grandson, Henry Plant II (born 1895), but the will was contested by his widow and son and declared invalid under the laws of the state of New York. This decision made possible the consolidation of his railroads with other properties to form the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, today a key portion of the Florida operations of CSX Transportation.
Plant's son, Morton Freeman Plant (1852–1918), was vice-president of the Plant Investment Company from 1884 to 1902 and attained distinction as a yachtsman. He was part owner of the Philadelphia baseball club in the National League, and sole owner of the New London club in the Eastern League. Of the younger Plant's many gifts to hospitals and other institutions the most notable were the three dormitories and the unrestricted gift of $1,000,000 to the Connecticut College for Women. His former 1905 mansion on Fifth Avenue in New York City is now the home of Cartier.
Honors
Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa, Florida and Plant City, Florida are named after him.
The Henry B. Plant Museum is located in the main building of the former Tampa Bay Hotel on the campus of the University of Tampa. The building is now called Plant Hall in his honor.
Morton Plant Hospital in Clearwater, Florida is named after Henry Plant's son, whose donation helped to build the hospital.
Henry Avenue in Tampa, Florida is in his namesake.
The World War II Liberty Ships and was named in his honor.
References
Brown, C. (1999). Henry Bradley Plant: The nineteenth century “King of Florida.” Tampa, FL: Henry Plant Museum.
Ford, R. C. & Peterson, P. (2011). "Henry P. Plant: Florida’s West Coast Entrepreneur," Journal of Management History, 17(3): 254–269.
Johnson, D.S. (1966). "Henry Plant and Florida," Florida Historical Society. 45(October): 118–131.
Martin, S.W. (1958). "Henry Bradley Plant." In H. Montgomery (Ed). Georgians in profile: 261–276. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
Reynolds, K. (2003). Henry Plant: Pioneer empire builder. Cocoa, FL: Florida Historical Society.
Smyth, G.H. (1898). The life of Henry Bradley Plant. New York: Putnam.
Turner, G.M., & Bramson, S.H. (2004). The Plant system of railroads, steamships and hotels. Laurys Station, PA: Garrigues House.
Turkel, S. (2000). "Henry B. Plant: Developer of Florida’s sun coast," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 58–61.
External links
Henry B. Plant Museum at the University of Tampa
Glover, F. H. "Henry B. Plant - Genius of the West Coast", originally published in Sunland: The Magazine of Florida, February 1925.
1819 births
1899 deaths
Plant, Henry Bradley
Businesspeople from Tampa, Florida
People from Branford, Connecticut
People from Martinsburg, New York
|
Kirby’s Block Ball, known in Japan as , is a 1995 video game developed by TOSE and Nintendo R&D1 and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy portable console. It is a spin-off of the Kirby video game series. It is a Breakout clone; the player controls paddles along the screen's edge to knock a bouncing ball, Kirby, into destructible bricks. The game's 55 levels include power-ups, bonus rounds, and minigames. The team spent half a year revising the gameplay to match Kirby's signature characteristics. Kirby's Block Ball was released in Japan on December 14, 1995, later in North America on May 13, 1996 and finally in Europe on August 29, 1996.
Reviewers considered the game an improvement on the Breakout formula and praised its gameplay craftsmanship and incorporation of the Kirby series. It was included in multiple top Game Boy game lists and was later released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console.
Gameplay
The player controls paddles along the screen's edges to knock a bouncing ball, Kirby, into destructible bricks. The player loses a life if Kirby hits a spike-covered edge of the screen. Each of the game's eleven stages include five rounds of increasingly complex block patterns for Kirby to clear. The ten different block types vary in durability and points value. A well-timed hit of the paddle gives Kirby a powerful bounce to break through harder blocks. Another block type turns the remaining blocks into a bonus round that rewards the player for clearing the screen in the least amount of time. The player can find warp stars that lead to minigames, such as air hockey, where the player can earn extra lives. The rounds also include enemies to attack and avoid. Some enemies contain bonus items. Each stage ends in a boss fight.
With the stone, needle, flame, and spark Copy Abilities, Kirby can transform to interact with blocks differently. For instance, the spark power-up lets Kirby break through otherwise indestructible blocks, and the needle allows Kirby to stick back to a paddle to launch again from a more advantageous position. The game has a themed frame and uses a wide palette of colors in-game when played with the Super Game Boy.
Development
The game was developed by Nintendo R&D1, and published by Nintendo. At one point in development, HAL decided that the game did not feel like a Kirby game. The team spent six months completely revising the game under explicit instructions on how Kirby should move. Kirby games contain elements of unrestricted, creative movement as a general theme. Kirby's Block Ball was released for the Game Boy first in Japan in 1995 and later in Europe (1995) and North America (May 1996). It was later emulated on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console, and released first in Japan (October 2011) and later in Europe (February 2012) and North America (May 2012).
Reception and legacy
On release, the four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly applauded Kirby's Block Ball for modifying the Breakout formula to create a new and enjoyable game. They especially praised the unique power-ups, though Crispin Boyer and Sushi X also felt the game was too short and easy. It was later a runner up for their Hand-Held Game of the Year (behind Tetris Attack). Nintendo Power said they enjoyed Block Ball and its number of stages, but wondered how its eight megabits of memory were being used. The magazine found the parts where Kirby eats the unbreakable blocks to be innovative. All six of the magazine's reviewers recommended the game.
IGN wrote that the game was primarily remembered as "an Arkanoid or Breakout clone skinned with the Kirby franchise". IGN calculated an average reviewer score of 7.4/10. The Kirby series became known for its number of non-platformer spin-offs, of which Block Ball was one, like Kirby's Pinball Land and Kirby's Dream Course. Kirby's spherical shape lent itself towards ball-like roles. IGN wrote that Block Ball was the first "truly out there" Kirby spin-off, but that the game was too short.
Planet Game Boy called it one of the original Game Boy's ten "all-time classics" and GamesRadar placed it among the top 25 Game Boy games released. They considered Kirby's Block Ball an improvement upon Alleyway, a Game Boy launch title and Breakout clone. IGN recommended the game upon its 3DS rerelease both in general and for Breakout fans. Nintendo World Report recommended the game to players who like score attack games and called it the best version of Breakout released. Retrospective reviewers found the game enjoyable and praised the craft behind the gameplay and Kirby themes. Alternatively, Kirby's Block Ball received the lowest rating on Tim Rogers's 2004 "Yamanote Scoring System for Portable Games" (a metric by which he played a game while counting stops on the circular Yamanote train line until he lost interest) with a score of "one" stop. He called it "too damned bland".
In a retrospective review, Jeuxvideo.com had high praise for the level design, graphics, and animations. They also found the music excellent in comparison to the annoying and repetitive soundtrack of most Breakout clones. The magazine also liked how the game fit the Kirby universe, apart from its increased difficulty—Jeuxvideo.com occasionally had trouble hitting the slow-paced ball with precision.
Notes
References
1995 video games
Action games
Breakout clones
Game Boy games
HAL Laboratory games
Kirby (series) video games
Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
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George Whitfield Angus (15 April 1875 – 16 November 1917) was an Australian rules footballer who played for and coached the Collingwood Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Angus was a latecomer to the game, making his Collingwood debut at the age of 27 in 1902, having previously fought in the Boer War. He was a member of back-to-back premiership teams in 1902 and 1903. In 1910, Angus was appointed captain-coach of Collingwood and made an immediate impression, leading the club to a grand final victory over that year.
Angus was appointed captain-coach of Williamstown in the Victorian Football Association in 1912, playing 14 games and kicking 11 goals, before stepping down as captain as a result of illness following an 84-point loss at Brighton in round 15. He was replaced as captain by another former Collingwood player in Bert Reitman, but continued to coach the team for the rest of the season.
References
External links
1875 births
Collingwood Football Club coaches
Collingwood Football Club premiership coaches
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Williamstown Football Club players
Williamstown Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
1917 deaths
VFL/AFL premiership players
VFL/AFL premiership coaches
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These hits topped the Ultratop 50 in 2022.
See also
List of number-one albums of 2022 (Belgium)
2022 in music
References
Ultratop 50
Belgium Ultratop 50
2022
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Ajjanahalli may refer to:
Places
Ajjanahalli,Tirthahalli, a village in the Shimoga District of Karnataka State, India.
Ajjanahalli, Arsikere, a village in Hassan, India
Ajjanahalli, Turuvekere, a village in Tumkur, India
Ajjanahalli, Magadi, a village in Bangalore Rural, India
Ajjanahalli, Bangalore South, a village in Bangalore Urban, India
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Shah Muhammad Zafarullah () is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and the former Member of Parliament of Rajshahi-13.
Career
Zafarullah was elected to parliament from Rajshahi-13 as an Awami League candidate in 1973.
References
Awami League politicians
Living people
1st Jatiya Sangsad members
Year of birth missing (living people)
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Janet Opal Asimov (née Jeppson; August 6, 1926 – February 25, 2019), usually written as J. O. Jeppson, was an American science fiction writer, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst.
She started writing children's science fiction in the 1970s. She was married to Isaac Asimov from 1973 until his death in 1992, and they collaborated on a number of science fiction books aimed at young readers, including the Norby series. She died in February 2019 at the age of 92.
Education and career
Jeppson earned a B.A. degree from Stanford University (first attending Wellesley College), her M.D. degree from New York University Medical School, completing a residency in psychiatry at Bellevue Hospital. In 1960, she graduated from the William Alanson White Institute of Psychoanalysis, where she continued to work until 1986. After her marriage to Isaac Asimov, she continued to practice psychiatry and psychoanalysis under the name Janet O. Jeppson, and she published medical papers under that name.
Writing
Janet Asimov's first published writing was a "mystery short" sold to Hans Stefan Santesson for The Saint Mystery Magazine, which appeared in the May 1966 issue. Her first novel was The Second Experiment in 1974; Asimov wrote mostly science fiction novels for children throughout her career. As a psychiatrist she incorporated aspects of psychoanalysis, human identity, and other psychiatry-related ideas in her writing. According to Isaac Asimov, the books that Janet Asimov wrote in association with him were 90 percent Janet's, and his name was wanted on the books by the publisher "for the betterment of sales". After Isaac's death, she took on the writing of his syndicated popular-science column in the Los Angeles Times.
Husband
Janet Jeppson began dating Isaac Asimov in 1970 immediately following his separation from Gertrude Blugerman. They were married on November 30, 1973, two weeks after Asimov's divorce from Gertrude. Despite Jeppson's upbringing in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, their marriage was officiated by a leader of Ethical Culture, a humanist religious group that Janet later joined. On the same day, she learned that her first novel, The Second Experiment, would be published (under her maiden name).
Their marriage lasted until Isaac's death in 1992 from complications relating to HIV, contracted from a 1983 blood transfusion during bypass surgery. Janet reportedly consulted medical texts after Isaac began exhibiting symptoms, and she requested an HIV test be performed. His doctors insisted she was wrong and only tested Isaac for the infection after he became seriously ill. She wanted the information made public, but doctors insisted upon not disclosing it, even after Isaac died. After the doctors advising silence had all died, Janet Asimov went public with the knowledge.
Bibliography
Novels
The Second Experiment (1974) (as J. O. Jeppson)
The Last Immortal (1980) (a sequel to The Second Experiment) (as J. O. Jeppson)
Mind Transfer (1988)
The Package in Hyperspace (1988)
Murder at the Galactic Writers' Society (1994)
The House Where Isadora Danced (2009) (as J. O. Jeppson)
Norby Chronicles (with Isaac Asimov)
Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983)
Norby's Other Secret (1984)
Norby and the Lost Princess (1985)
Norby and the Invaders (1985)
Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986)
Norby Finds a Villain (1987)
Norby Down to Earth (1988)
Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989)
Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990)
Norby and the Court Jester (1991)
Norby and the Terrified Taxi (1997) Written alone, after her husband's death.
Collections
The Mysterious Cure, and Other Stories of Pshrinks Anonymous (1985) (as J. O. Jeppson hardcover, as Janet Asimov paperback)
The Touch: Epidemic of the Millennium. Edited by Patrick Merla. . (Janet Asimov contributor)
Anthologies
Laughing Space: Funny Science Fiction Chuckled Over (1982) with Isaac Asimov
Nonfiction
How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort (1987) with Isaac Asimov
Frontiers II (1993) with Isaac Asimov
It's Been a Good Life (2002) edited, with Isaac Asimov
Notes for a Memoir: On Isaac Asimov, Life, and Writing (as Janet Jeppson Asimov) (New York: Prometheus Books, 2006);
References
External links
Obituary at The Humanist website, 4 March 2019
Obituary at Locus Online, 5 March 2019
1926 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American science fiction writers
American women short story writers
American short story writers
American women novelists
Novelists from Pennsylvania
People from Ashland, Pennsylvania
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
Stanford University alumni
American women psychiatrists
American psychoanalysts
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Wellesley College alumni
Ethical movement
Former Latter Day Saints
Bellevue Hospital physicians
|
56001–56100
|-id=038
| 56038 Jackmapanje || || Jack Mapanje (born 1955) is a Malawian writer. Educated at the University of London, he became head of the Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Malawi. He moved back to the UK in 1991 and is now a visiting professor at Leeds University. ||
|-id=041
| 56041 Luciendumont || || Lucien Dumont, aeronautics engineer who worked for the French Railways (SNCF) ||
|-id=088
| 56088 Wuheng || || Heng Wu, leader and organizer of China's science and technology † ||
|-id=100
| 56100 Luisapolli || || Luisa Polli, sister of the grandmother of the discoverer † ||
|}
56101–56200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
56201–56300
|-id=280
| 56280 Asemo || || ASEMO, the Astronomical Society of Eastern Missouri ||
|}
56301–56400
|-id=329
| 56329 Tarxien || || The Tarxien temples on Malta † ||
|}
56401–56500
|-id=422
| 56422 Mnajdra || || Mnajdra, prehistoric temple complex built with large limestone blocks, located on the southern coast of Malta ||
|}
56501–56600
|-id=561
| 56561 Jaimenomen || || Jaume Nomen (born 1960) Spanish prolific discoverer of minor planets at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca ||
|}
56601–56700
|-id=678
| 56678 Alicewessen || || Alice Wessen (born 1957) has worked for over twenty years at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory as Outreach Manager for planetary missions. She is a Co-Investigator for the Planetary Science Education and Public Outreach Forum, and is a recipient of NASA's Exceptional Service Medal. ||
|}
56701–56800
|-id=788
| 56788 Guilbertlepoutre || || Aurélie Guilbert-Lepoutre (born 1983) is a CNRS researcher at the Geology Laboratory (Lyon, France) whose studies include thermal modeling of small bodies to understand their formation and evolution. ||
|}
56801–56900
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
56901–57000
|-id=957
| 56957 Seohideaki || || Hideaki Seo, the governor of Sundai Gakuen high school. ||
|}
References
056001-057000
|
Güneşli is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Gönen, Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 129 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Gönen District, Balıkesir
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The professional sabre competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics involved 27 fencers from 7 nations. It was held from 23 to 27 June at the Tuileries Garden. The event was won by Antonio Conte of Italy, with that nation also receiving second place with Italo Santelli. Austria's Milan Neralić finished third.
Background
Fencing was the only sport that had professional competitions at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904. A professional foil event was held in 1900, with épée and sabre joining in 1904. The professional events were not held again afterwards (excepting the 1906 Intercalated Games, so this was the only time that masters sabre was contested.
Competition format
The event used a three-round format: quarterfinals, semifinals, and a final. Each round consisted of pool play. For the quarterfinals, the fencers were divided into 4 pools of 6 of 7 fencers each; the top four fencers in each pool advanced to the semifinals. The semifinals had the 16 men compete in 2 pools of 8, with the top 4 in each pool advancing to an 8-man final.
The actual competition format within pools is not entirely clear. The pool composition in the quarterfinals is unknown.
Schedule
Results
Quarterfinals
The first round was held on 23 June. There were four pools, with the top four fencers advancing to the semifinals from each pool.
Semifinals
The 16 fencers were divided into 2 pools of 8 each, playing round-robin tournaments on 25 and 26 June. The top four in each pool advanced to the final.
Semifinal A
Semifinal B
Final
The final was held on 27 June, with a round-robin among the final 8 fencers. Ties were broken by an extra bout.
Barrage for 4th place
Barrage for 6th place
Results summary
References
Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics
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Headlee is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Celeste Headlee (born 1969), journalist
Richard Headlee (1930–2004)
Russell Headlee (1908–1987), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1951–1968)
See also
Headlee, Indiana
Hedley (surname)
Headley (surname)
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Spasova () is a rural locality (a village) in Leninskoye Rural Settlement, Kudymkarsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2010.
Geography
Spasova is located 22 km south of Kudymkar (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shaydyrova is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kudymkarsky District
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Tassilo III ( 741 – c. 796) was the duke of Bavaria from 748 to 788, the last of the house of the Agilolfings. He was the son of Duke Odilo of Bavaria and Hitrud, daughter of Charles Martel.
Tassilo, then still a child, began his rule as a Frankish ward under the tutelage of his uncle, the Carolingian Mayor of the Palace Pepin the Short (later king) after Tassilo's father, Duke Odilo of Bavaria, had died in 748 and Pepin's half-brother Grifo had tried to seize the duchy for himself. Pepin removed Grifo and installed the young Tassilo as duke, but under Frankish overlordship in 749.
In 757, according to the Royal Frankish Annals, Tassilo became Pepin's vassal and the lord for his lands at an assembly held at Compiegne. There, he is reported to have sworn numerous oaths to Pepin and, according to reports that may have been written much later, promised fealty to him and his sons, Charles and Carloman. However, the highly legalistic account is quite out of character for the period. K. L. Roper Pearson has suggested that it probably represents a reworking of the original document by the annalist to emphasise Charlemagne's overlordship over Tassilo during the period of hostilities between the two rulers.
Around 760, Tassilo married Liutperga, daughter of the Lombard king, Desiderius, continuing a tradition of Lombardo-Bavarian connections. He made several journeys to Italy to visit his father-in-law and to establish political relations with the pope. It is reported that Tassilo had gained such a reputation that he was regarded as a kingly ruler when his cousins Charles and Carloman assumed power in the Frankish realm in 768.
That year, he founded Gars Abbey on the Inn River, in southern Bavaria. In the following year, 769, Tassilo issued in Bolzano the foundation charter of the Innichen Abbey.
He was, however, not able to protect the pope against Lombard expansions, which has been seen as a reason for Rome's lack of support for him during his later conflict with Charlemagne. Still, there is a consensus among historians that Tassilo, despite acting as a kingly sovereign, did not intend to become king himself.
Tassilo nevertheless undertook such kingly duties as founding Kremsmünster Abbey. In 772, Tassilo sent his son Theodo to Italy to visit the court of his grandfather, Desiderius, and to be baptised by Pope Adrian I in Rome on May 19. In 773, Tassilo sent an embassy to the pope, but it was blocked by Charles, who was suspicious of the duke's alliances with Saxons, Wends, and Avars.
In 788 Tassilo was accused by the Franks of defaulting on his military obligations to Pepin, leaving the Frankish campaign in Aquitaine on grounds of ill health way back in 763. Roper Pearson suggests that he left because he felt an obligation to the Aquitanians in light of an earlier alliance, made between Tassilo's father and the Aquitanian duke Hunoald I during his conflict with Pepin in 743. Whatever the motivations behind Tassilo's abandonment of the campaign, the Royal Frankish Annals for that year are particularly scathing of him, saying that he "brushed aside his oaths and all his promises and sneaked away on a wicked pretext". Working on the premise that the annals may have been revised to emphasise Tassilo as a vassal, Roper Pearson suggests that to be the beginning of a campaign to depict Tassilo as an oath-breaker and someone unprepared to carry out the main function of his office, to fight, which would make him unfit for rule. Stuart Airlie has argued that the reason why Charlemagne removed Tassilo from power was the greater power he had in the duchy of Bavaria and the greater independency he displayed, Airlie compares the duchy of Bavaria was similar to Aquitaine in the independent nature and threat to Carolingian rule.
The incident was the linchpin in Charlemagne and Pope Adrian's argument that Tassilo was not an independent prince but a rebellious vassal, deserving punishment. The punishment was carried out, after much political maneuvering, during a diet in the Imperial Palace Ingelheim in 788, when Tassilo was finally deposed and then entered a monastery. In 794, Tassilo was again compelled, at the Synod of Frankfurt, to renounce his and his family's claims to Bavaria. He formally handed over to the king all of the rights that he had held. Tassilo died reportedly on the 11th of December in 796 at Lorsch Abbey in which he had been banished to by Charlemagne.
A lost chronicle of Tassilo's reign was kept by his chancellor, Creontius. It was partially preserved in the 16th century, when Johannes Aventinus incorporated some of its material into his Bavarian history.
Notes
Further reading
Wolfram, Herwig. Tassilo III.: Höchster Fürst und niedrigster Mönch. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 2016.
External links
740s births
790s deaths
8th-century dukes of Bavaria
Medieval child monarchs
Agilolfings
Medieval German saints
8th-century Christian saints
German beatified people
German prisoners sentenced to death
Baiuvarii
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Sasang station () is the name of several railroad stations in Busan, South Korea.
Sasang station (Korail)
Sasang station (Busan Metro)
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Onchidoris is a genus of dorid nudibranchs in the family Onchidorididae. One of its members is known to prey on barnacles and the others eat bryozoans. The radula contains a rachidian tooth when fully developed, but this is vestigial in some species.
Species
Species within the genus Onchidoris include:
Onchidoris aureopuncta (A. E. Verrill, 1901)
Onchidoris bilamellata (Linnaeus, 1767) - type species
Onchidoris derjugini (Volodchenko, 1941)
Onchidoris diademata (Gould, 1870)
Onchidoris grisea (Gould, 1870)
Onchidoris hystricina (Bergh, 1878)
Onchidoris lactea (A. E. Verrill, 1900)
Onchidoris loveni (Alder & Hancock, 1862)
Onchidoris macropompa Martynov, Korshunova, Sanamyan & Sanamyan, 2009
Onchidoris maugeansis (Burn, 1958)
Onchidoris miniata (A. E. Verrill, 1901)
Onchidoris muricata (Müller O.F., 1776)
Onchidoris olgae (Martynov, Korshunova, Sanamyan & Sanamyan, 2009)
Onchidoris olivacea (A. E. Verrill, 1900)
Onchidoris perlucea Ortea & Moro, 2014
Onchidoris proxima (Alder & Hancock, 1854)
Onchidoris quadrimaculata (A. E. Verrill, 1900)
Onchidoris slavi (Martynov, Korshunova, Sanamyan & Sanamyan, 2009)
Onchidoris sparsa (Alder & Hancock, 1846)
Onchidoris tenella (Gould, 1870)
Onchidoris tschuktschica (Krause, 1885)
Species brought into synonymy
Onchidoris albonigra (Pruvot-Fol, 1951): synonym of Knoutsodonta albonigra (Pruvot-Fol, 1951)
Onchidoris aspera (Alder & Hancock, 1842): synonym of Onchidoris muricata (O. F. Müller, 1776)
Onchidoris bouvieri (Vayssière, 1919): synonym of Knoutsodonta bouvieri (Vayssière, 1919)
Onchidoris brasiliensis Alvim, Padula & Pimenta, 2011: synonym of Knoutsodonta brasiliensis (Alvim, Padula & Pimenta, 2011)
Onchidoris cervinoi Ortea & Urgorri, 1979: synonym of Knoutsodonta cervinoi Ortea & Urgorri, 1979
Onchidoris depressa (Alder & Hancock, 1842): synonym of Knoutsodonta depressa (Alder & Hancock, 1842)
Onchidoris fusca (Müller O.F., 1776): synonym of Onchidoris bilamellata (Linnaeus, 1767)
Onchidoris inconspicua (Alder & Hancock, 1851): synonym of Knoutsodonta inconspicua (Alder & Hancock, 1851)
Onchidoris leachii Blainville, 1816 accepted as Onchidoris bilamellata (Linnaeus, 1767)
Onchidoris luteocincta (M. Sars, 1870): synonym of Diaphorodoris luteocincta (M. Sars, 1870)
Onchidoris maugeansis (Burn, 1958): synonym of Knoutsodonta maugeansis (Burn, 1958)
Onchidoris neapolitana (delle Chiaje, 1841): synonym of Knoutsodonta neapolitana (delle Chiaje, 1841)
Onchidoris oblonga (Alder & Hancock, 1845): synonym of Knoutsodonta oblonga (Alder & Hancock, 1845)
Onchidoris pusilla (Alder & Hancock, 1845): synonym of Knoutsodonta pusilla (Alder & Hancock, 1845)
Onchidoris reticulata Ortea, 1979: synonym of Knoutsodonta reticulata Ortea, 1979
Onchidoris sparsa (Alder & Hancock, 1846): synonym of Knoutsodonta sparsa (Alder & Hancock, 1846)
Onchidoris tridactila Ortea & Ballesteros, 1982: synonym of Knoutsodonta tridactila Ortea & Ballesteros, 1982
Onchidoris tuberculatus Hutton, 1873: synonym of Archidoris wellingtonensis (Abraham, 1877): synonym of Doris wellingtonensis Abraham, 1877
Taxonomy
Many authors prefer Onchidorus Blainville, 1816 as the valid name for the genus, changed to Onchidoris (Winckworth, 1932; Bouchet & Tardy, 1976; Thompson & Brown, 1976; Cattaneo & Barletta, 1984). According to Pruvot-Fol (1954) however this latter is a nomen nudum, while the elder synonym Villiersia is a nomen oblitum (see also Abbott, 1974). This is why Odhner (1907), Pruvot-Fol (1954), Swennen (1961) and Abbott (1974) are followed in the use of Lamellidoris Alder & Hancock, 1855.
References
External links
Onchidorididae
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Slivilești is a commune in Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Cojmănești, Miculești, Slivilești, Strâmtu, Sura, Șiacu, Știucani and Tehomir.
Natives
Dumitru Carlaonț
Ioan Carlaonț
References
Communes in Gorj County
Localities in Oltenia
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St John's Church or St John the Evangelist Church is a Roman Catholic Parish Church in the Heron's Ghyll settlement of Buxted, East Sussex, England. It was built from 1896 to 1897 and designed by Frederick Walters. It is situated on the A26 road in the centre of Heron's Ghyll. It is a Gothic Revival church and is a Grade II listed building.
History
Foundation
In 1866, the first Catholic mission in the area started in the house of the poet Coventry Patmore. He became a Catholic in 1862, after the death of his first wife, and allowed Mass to be said in his house a year after remarrying. In 1875, he moved to Hastings and founded St Mary Star of the Sea Church there. In 1879, Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk bought the house. He purchased it for his widowed mother, Augusta Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk. In 1880, she was behind the building of a school where Mass could be said and a presbytery. These two buildings are currently to the southwest of the present church. She also paid for St Catherine's Church to be built in Littlehampton in 1862. In 1884, a temporary church building was constructed in Heron's Ghyll, it was made of iron. In 1886, she died. In 1891, her grandson, James Hope, 1st Baron Rankeillour bought the site from the Duchy of Norfolk and set about building a permanent church.
Construction
In 1895, Frederick Walters was commissioned to design the church. On 9 May 1896, the foundation stone was laid. Construction of the church cost £4,000. On 22 September 1897, the church was opened. By 1904, the debt of constructing the church had been fully paid, so on 7 September 1904, the church was consecrated by the Bishop of Southwark, Peter Amigo.
Parishes
The priest at St John's Church also serves the nearby parish of Our Lady Immaculate and St Philip Neri Church in Uckfield.
Our Lady Immaculate and St Philip Neri Church
Our Lady Immaculate and St Philip Neri Church was built in 1958 and designed by its parish priest Fr Cyril P. Plummer. It is situated next to St Philip's Catholic Primary School on New Town Road. Inside the church, Edgar Holloway designed the three panels situated behind the altar. The lettering on those panels was done by Alan Taylor, and Joseph Cribb designed the three altars and, outside, the statue of Our Lady above the entrance. The stained-glass windows were made by Aleksander Klecki. Cribb, Taylor and Holloway were all connected with The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, which was situated in nearby Ditchling.
Times
There is one Sunday Mass at St John's Church, at 11:30am. Our Lady Immaculate and St Philip Neri Church as two Sunday Masses, at 5:30pm on Saturday and at 9:30am on Sunday.
See also
List of current places of worship in Wealden
Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton
References
External links
Uckfield and Heron’s Ghyll Catholic Parishes site
Roman Catholic churches in East Sussex
Grade II listed churches in East Sussex
Grade II listed Roman Catholic churches in England
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United Kingdom
Gothic Revival church buildings in England
Gothic Revival architecture in East Sussex
1866 establishments in England
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1897
Frederick Walters buildings
Buxted
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Uchitani Dam is a rockfill dam located in Kumamoto Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 2.4 km2. The dam impounds about 31 ha of land when full and can store 5383 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1970 and completed in 1975.
See also
List of dams in Japan
References
Dams in Kumamoto Prefecture
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Kasuya Yamada
Tatsuya Yamaguchi
Yousuke Yamakawa
Takayoshi Yamamoto
Takehiro Yamamoto
Youichi Yamamoto
Gosuke Yamashita
Isao Yamashita
Kazuaki Yamashita
Fuyuki Yamazaki
Shunji Yatsushiro
Ryuji Yokoe
Toshimi Yorino
Kenichi Yoshida
Wataru Yoshikawa
Lewis Young
Paul Young
Yasuharu Yuzawa
Shahrol Yuzy
Y
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Rosa Parks Day is a holiday in honor of the civil rights leader Rosa Parks, celebrated in the U.S. states of California and Missouri on her birthday, February 4, in Michigan on the first Monday after her birthday, and in Ohio and Oregon on the day she was arrested, December 1.
Rosa Parks Day was created by the Michigan State Legislature and first celebrated in 1998. The California State Legislature followed suit in 2000. The holiday was first designated in the U.S. state of Ohio championed by Joyce Beatty, advocate who helped Ohio's legislation pass to honor the late leader. It is also celebrated by the Columbus Ohio bus system (COTA) with a special tribute to the late civil rights leader. As of 2014, Missouri Governor Jay Nixon proclaimed Rosa Parks Day official in the state. In 2014, Oregon governor John Kitzhaber declared that Oregon would celebrate its first Rosa Parks Day. In 2021, the Texas Legislature passed HB 3481, recognizing December 1 as Rosa Parks Day in the state. After Juneteenth became a federal holiday, there are growing calls for this day to also be observed at the federal level. On September 3, 2021, HR 5111 proposes that this day be added to the list of federal holidays.
Observances by state
Observances by cities and counties
Origins
Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was a seamstress by profession; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. Twelve years before her history-making arrest, Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake, who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her. Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake. As a member of the NAACP, Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault. In 1945, she was sent to Abbeville, Alabama, to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor. The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest, and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott.
In 1955, Parks completed a course in "Race Relations" at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic. On December 1, 1955, Parks was sitting in the frontmost row for black people. When a Caucasian man boarded the bus, the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back. At that moment, Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and was arrested for failing to obey the driver's seat assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5, Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4, but she appealed.
Parks' action gained notoriety leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, which was a seminal event in the civil rights movement, and was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. Many important figures in the civil rights movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy. The 381-day boycott almost bankrupted the bus company and effectively made segregation in buses unconstitutional and illegal.
See also
Transit Equality Day
Public holidays in the United States
Claudette Colvin, who refused to move from her seat on a Montgomery bus and was arrested nine months before Parks
References
Birthdays
December observances
February observances
Public holidays in the United States
State holidays in the United States
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Entrimo is a municipality in Ourense (province) in the Galicia region of north-west Spain.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Ourense
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José María Domínguez Insausti, better known as José Domínguez Bécquer (22 January 1805, Seville - 28 January 1841, Seville) was a Spanish painter in the Costumbrismo style. He was the father of the famous poet, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, and the painter Valeriano Bécquer.
Biography
He was descended from an old Flemish family, that had been established in Seville since the 16th century. Originally very wealthy, by the 18th century they had lost their fortune and fame, but retained their noble pride. His parents were Antonio Domínguez Bécquer and María Antonia Insausti, from Lucena. Later, José would adopt the name Bécquer, in preference to Insausti, as a way of recognizing his family's origins.
He studied art at the Escuela de Tres Nobles Artes, where he became lifelong friends with his fellow student, Antonio María Esquivel. When he married Joaquina Bastida y Vargas in 1827, Esquivel served as his best man. They had eight children, including the aforementioned Valeriano and Gustavo. His namesake, José, was born in 1841, after his death.
In 1830, he became associated with the Academia de Bellas Artes de Sevilla and established his own studio. From 1837 to 1841, he kept a meticulous record of everything associated with the studio. He socialized with the British painters who visited Spain, such as David Roberts and John Frederick Lewis, and many of his works were sent to England from Cádiz, with the assistance of the Consul there, John MacPherson Brackenbury (1778-1847). It was often said that his works were better known in England than in Spain.
He died suddenly, of undisclosed causes, aged only thirty-six. His cousin, Joaquín, who had lived with them and been an assistant in the studio, became Valeriano's guardian.
He was one of the many artists who contributed illustrations for Artistic and Monumental Spain, a three-volume travel book, under the direction of Jenaro Pérez Villaamil, which was published in 1842.
References
External links
"El "Año de los Bécquer" saca a la luz la obra de padre de Valeriano y Gustavo" @ La Vanguardia
Biographical notes @ the Museo del Prado
Biographical notes @ Artehistoria
1805 births
1841 deaths
Spanish painters
Spanish genre painters
Spanish portrait painters
Academy of San Carlos alumni
Painters from Seville
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The Titan's Curse is an American fantasy-adventure novel based on Greek mythology written by Rick Riordan. It was released on May 1, 2007, and is the third novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and the sequel to The Sea of Monsters. It is about the adventures of the 14-year-old demigod Percy Jackson as he and his friends go on a dangerous quest to rescue his 14-year-old demigod friend Annabeth Chase and the Greek goddess Artemis, who have both been kidnapped by the titans.
The Titan's Curse was published by Miramax Books, an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children and thus Disney Publishing (succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint). It was released in the United States and the United Kingdom on May 1, 2007. The novel was also released in audiobook format, read by Jesse Bernstein.
Mostly well-received, The Titan's Curse was nominated for numerous awards, winning ones such as the No. 1 The New York Times children's series best seller and Book Sense Top thirty Summer Pick for 2010.
Plot
Percy Jackson, Annabeth Chase, and Thalia Grace infiltrate the West Hall boarding school in Bar Harbor, Maine, to escort the siblings, Bianca and Nico di Angelo, to Camp Half-Blood. Though their extraction is a success, the manticore Dr. Thorn captures Annabeth, escaping when Artemis and her Hunters arrive. Artemis sets off alone to track down a monster which, in the wrong hands, has the power to destroy Mount Olympus. Beforehand, she sends the half-bloods and her Hunters to Camp Half-Blood, via her brother Apollo and his sun chariot. Bianca joins the Hunters, granting her immortality.
At camp, Percy and his pegasus Blackjack unknowingly rescue an Ophiotaurus which Percy nicknamed "Bessie". Artemis’ lieutenant Zoë Nightshade begins to have dreams of the goddess in danger, whilst Percy dreams of Annabeth saving Luke Castellan by holding up a cave's ceiling. The mummified Oracle of Delphi disrupts a capture the flag game to give Zoë a prophecy; instructing her to travel to Mount Tamalpais, the modern day location of the Titans’ domain of Mount Othrys, to rescue Artemis and Annabeth. Zoë takes Thalia, Bianca, and Grover Underwood with her on the quest. Percy decides to sneak off on his own, reluctantly promising Nico that he will protect Bianca.
Travelling to Washington D.C., Percy follows Thorn to the Smithsonian, witnessing Luke, Thorn, and a man called "The General" summoning spartoi to waylay Zoë's group. Percy warns his friends, helping them defeat the Nemean lion, claiming its impenetrable pelt as a reward. Zoë allows Percy to join the group, realising her prophecy implied this. They travel to Cloudcroft, New Mexico, where Grover senses the missing god Pan, who sends the Erymanthian Boar to help the group escape the spartoi.
They reach Gila Claw, Arizona, the "Junkyard of the Gods". Bianca reveals she and Nico unknowingly spent years in the Lotus Hotel, actually born in the 1930s, until taken to West Hall. Percy briefly has an encounter with Ares and Aphrodite, who warn him not to take anything from the junkyard. Bianca, regretting her choice to leave Nico, tries to take a figurine from the junkyard for her brother, awakening a prototype of Talos, giving her life to destroy it. The survivors sullenly travel to Hoover Dam, where Percy encounters Bessie, as well as Rachel Elizabeth Dare, a mortal who can see through the Mist, providing him an escape route by distracting the spartoi. The group fly to San Francisco with help from the dam's Winged Figures of the Republic.
Percy seeks out Nereus, learning that Bessie is the monster Artemis was hunting. After destroying Thorn, Percy sends Grover back to Camp Half-Blood with Bessie, sacrificing the lion pelt to his father Poseidon for his friend's safe passage. Percy, Zoë, and Thalia turn to Annabeth's father Frederick Chase for help, borrowing his car to reach Mount Othrys. There, they enter the Garden of the Hesperides, where Zoë is revealed to be the daughter of Atlas, the General's true identity. Zoë was exiled by her siblings after aiding Hercules steal a golden apple as per his labors, having gifted him with Percy's sword Riptide.
Reaching the peak of Mount Othrys, the group find Artemis holding up the sky, a role that Annabeth was also subjected to, explaining the true nature of Percy's dreams. Percy briefly takes the sky's weight, freeing Artemis. Luke tempts Thalia into joining Kronos’ forces, but she declines, knocking him off the mountainside. Percy and Artemis trap Atlas beneath the sky, but not before he casts Zoë off a cliff, mortally wounding her. Frederick flies to the rescue, piloting a Sopwith Camel, the half-bloods escaping to a nearby airfield where Zoë dies of her wounds, transformed into a new constellation by Artemis called the "Hunter".
Percy, Annabeth, Thalia, and Artemis travel to Mount Olympus to attend the gods’ winter solstice meeting, Artemis convincing the Olympians of the Titans’ threat. Bessie is kept on Olympus for safekeeping. Thalia joins the Hunters to forestall the Great Prophecy, in which a child of either Zeus, Poseidon, or Hades could be used to bring victory for Kronos. Percy learns from Poseidon that Luke is alive. Upon returning to Camp Half-Blood, Percy informs Nico of Bianca's demise. A distraught Nico blames Percy, revealing he is a son of Hades when he banishes the spartoi to the Underworld, before fleeing. Percy tells Annabeth and Grover of Nico's lineage, the trio promising to keep it a secret, fearful that Nico will be the subject of the Great Prophecy.
Characters
Percy Jackson: Percy, a 14-year-old demigod and son of Poseidon, is the protagonist as well as the series' narrator. He embarks on a journey to save Annabeth and the Greek goddess Artemis, who have both been kidnapped.
Thalia Grace: Thalia is a 15-year-old demigod daughter of Zeus. Though she appears in Percy's dream in the first book, she makes a full appearance at the end of The Sea of Monsters and is given a greater role in the third book. Thalia is described as looking very punk, with electric blue eyes, black clothes, and spiky hair. Her personality is often described as "independent and many times sarcastic." While Thalia is a lot like Percy (due to both being children of the Big Three), and they become good friends before the events of the book, they often argue. She is heartbroken by Luke's betrayal of the camp and gods, as it is implied that she had feelings for him. She is also afraid of heights, which she reluctantly admits to Percy, despite the fact that she is the daughter of Zeus, God of the Sky. She joins the Huntress of Artemis as the new lieutenant to prevent her from being the child of the Great Prophecy with the permission of her father.
Annabeth Chase: Annabeth is a 14-year-old demigod and the daughter of Athena. She is friends with Percy, Thalia, and Grover. She is kidnapped, along with Artemis, by the Titans. She has a great passion and interest in architecture, and wishes to be an architect when she is older. Although she has a growing love interest in Percy, her feelings for Luke remain a problem between the two. Percy returns her feelings without realizing it, and is oblivious to how she feels about him.
Grover Underwood: A large-hearted satyr whose favorite foods are aluminum cans and cheese enchiladas. He is 28 years old, yet has the appearance of a teenager due to the satyrs' slower growth rate (half that of humans). He wants to become a searcher for Pan, the satyr god of nature and the wild, who fell into a "deep sleep" due to humans' pollution of the world.
Bianca di Angelo: Bianca is a 12-year-old demigod and the daughter of Hades. She and her ten-year-old brother Nico were trapped in the Lotus Casino, where time is slowed down, but at the beginning of the book, they got out and she attended an army school in Bar Harbor, Maine. She is killed by an automaton during the quest in the "Junkyard of the Gods".
Zoë Nightshade: Zoë is the daughter of Atlas, a banished Hesperid for helping the hero Hercules, the first lieutenant of the Hunters of Artemis, and the maker of Percy's sword, Riptide. Due to her age, she often has trouble updating her language and speaking skills, and uses Middle English. She dies after being bitten by Ladon the dragon, who protects the immortality-giving golden apple tree, and after her father Atlas throws her against a pile of rocks. Artemis turns her spirit into a constellation soon after her death. She and Thalia developed grudges against each other after Thalia refused to join the hunters before the events of the series, but they eventually get along before Zoë's demise.
Luke Castellan: The 21-year-old demigod son of Hermes, Luke is the main antagonist of the series. He is the main crony to Kronos; Kronos' followers and army gather on a ship called the Princess Andromeda. He is thought dead when Thalia kicks him off Mount Tamalpais, but he is later revealed to have survived.
Nico di Angelo: The 10-year-old demigod son of Hades, he and his older sister, Bianca, are rescued from a manticore by Percy, Annabeth, Thalia, and Grover. He is left at camp during the quest due to his young age, but stays in the Hermes cabin because his parentage has not yet been discovered. He leaves camp after hearing Percy broke his promise to him and letting Bianca die. Before he leaves, he sends an army of skeletal warriors back to the underworld, revealing his parentage.
Critical reception
The Titan's Curse received relatively positive reviews, which often lauded the humor and action in the story. Children's Literature, which commended the book's fast pace and humor, wrote, "Readers will relate to good natured Percy, the protagonist." Kirkus Reviews awarded it a starred review with, "This third in the Olympians series makes the Greek myths come alive in a way no dreary classroom unit can ... will have readers wondering how literature can be this fun. This can stand alone, though newcomers to the series will race back to the first two volumes and eagerly await a fourth installment." School Library Journal praised the "adventurous" plot as well as the book's appeal: "Teachers will cheer for Percy Jackson and the Olympians as they inspire students to embrace Greek mythology and score the ultimate Herculean challenge: getting kids to read. All in all, a winner of Olympic proportions and a surefire read-aloud." Booklist's starred review approved of the novel's humor, action, and plotting: "The Percy Jackson & the Olympians series is built around a terrific idea—that the half-mortal offspring of Greek gods live among us, playing out struggles of mythic scale—and Riordan takes it from strength to strength with this exciting installment, adding even more depth to the characters and story arc while retaining its predecessors' nonstop laughs and action." Kidsreads raved, "Rick Riordan's Olympian adventures have gained great popularity thanks to their combination of humor, adventure and a winning hero ... Readers who are familiar with ancient mythology will enjoy Riordan's tongue-in-cheek approach; those who aren't just might be tempted to go to the original sources to learn more."
Awards and nominations
The Titan's Curse received several literature-related awards, including: number one The New York Times children's series best seller and Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick for 2007. It was also a Quill Award nominee.
Audiobook
An eight-hour-and-forty-eight-minute audiobook read by the actor Jesse Bernstein and published by Listening Library was released on April 24, 2007.
AudioFile Magazine lauded Bernstein's interpretation, writing, "Sounding alternately young, or old, or really scary, Jesse Bernstein ... effectively voices the confusion and loss the team experiences."
Sequel
In The Battle of the Labyrinth, Annabeth and Percy find an entrance into the Labyrinth during a game of capture the flag. Percy soon learns that Luke had used the entrance and will lead his army through the Labyrinth straight in to the heart of camp. To get into the Labyrinth, Percy has to find the symbol of Daedalus, the Greek letter delta, (Δ) on a passageway, touch it, and then enter the Labyrinth. Using the Labyrinth, Percy tries to find Daedalus so Luke cannot get Ariadne's string, thereby foiling Luke's invasion.
See also
Mythology
Greek gods
References
External links
Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books (UK)
Percy Jackson & the Olympians at publisher Disney-Hyperion Books (US)
2007 American novels
Percy Jackson & the Olympians
2007 fantasy novels
Sequel novels
2007 children's books
Novels set in San Francisco
Novels set in Maine
Novels set in Washington, D.C.
Novels set in New Mexico
Novels by Rick Riordan
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Vettathur is a village in Malappuram district in the state of Kerala, India.
Demographics
At the 2001 India census, Vettathur had a population of 31,335.
It is a gramapanchayath in Malappuram and includes Vettathur and Karyavattam villages and the areas are Kappu Thelakkad Melkulangara Mannarmala and Shanthapuram.
Transportation
Vettathur village connects to other parts of India through Perinthalmanna town. National highway No.66 passes through Tirur and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. Highway No.966 goes to Palakkad and Coimbatore. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Tirur.
Near places
Kappu,
Thelakkad,
Melkulangara,
Pacheeri paara,
Moochikkal, Vengoor,
karyvattom(ezhu thala)
References
Villages in Malappuram district
Perinthalmanna area
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The Brazil national football team participated in the 1974 FIFA World Cup, and in doing so maintained their record of being the only team to enter every World Cup Finals.
Brazil finished in fourth place, having failed to top their group in the second group phase.
Qualifying
Brazil qualified as defending champions, having won the 1970 FIFA World Cup.
The Cup
First round
Group 2
Second round
Group A
Netherlands qualified for the final match, and Brazil qualified for the third place match.
Third-place match
Starting 11
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Goalscorers
3 goals
Rivellino
2 goals
Jairzinho
1 goal
Valdomiro
External links
1974 FIFA World Cup on FIFA.com
Details at RSSSF
History of the World Cup-1974
Planet World Cup - West Germany 1974
Countries at the 1974 FIFA World Cup
1974
1974 in Brazilian football
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Colette Capriles is a Venezuelan political scientist. As a professor of political philosophy and social sciences at Simón Bolívar University, she served as Head of the Political Science Section. She specializes in the study of anti-liberal political thought and culture, and in Venezuelan politics. Capriles is a frequent media commentator and opinion columnist on these topics.
Life and career
Capriles attended the Central University of Venezuela, where she graduated in 1982 with a degree in social psychology. In 2000, she obtained a master's degree in philosophy from Simón Bolívar University, followed by a doctorate there. Capriles then joined the faculty at Simón Bolívar University, where she became the Head of the Political Science Section.
Capriles's research focuses on the political philosophy of tyranny, anti-liberal political thought, and the political culture of Venezuela during the 1960s.
In 2004, Capriles published La revolución como espectáculo (The revolution as a spectacle). In La revolución como espectáculo, Capriles situates the Chávez government in the context of longstanding political challenges in Venezuela, using pieces of her own journalism, correspondence, and reflections written at the time of political events during the first five years of the Chávez administration. Capriles de-emphasizes the importance of Chávez the individual, whom she describes as omnipresent in contemporary Venezuelan politics and political commentary, and instead contextualizes the Chávez administration as one populist regime in a long history of populist regimes in Venezuelan (and across Latin American) political history.
In 2011, Capriles published the book La máquina de impedir: Crónicas políticas (2004-2010). The book is a chronicle of political events in Venezuela from 2004 to 2010, in particular the progress of the Bolivarian Revolution and the effects on democratic institutions of events in that period.
Capriles is a frequent commentator on political affairs in Venezuela. She has been a longtime regular contributor of opinion pieces about politics and society to the newspaper El Nacional, and was a columnist for the newspaper Tal Cual. She has also been frequently interviewed in the popular media regarding Venezuelan political events, and has commented on contemporary political affairs in Venezuela for international audiences.
Capriles has also been involved in public service in her capacity as an expert in Venezuelan politics. She was one of the civil society members on the commission of advisors to the political opposition as they held meetings with government representatives in the Dominican Republic in 2017.
Awards and honours
Capriles received the 2001 Federico Riu prize for philosophical research for her work La riqueza de las pasiones: la filosofía moral de Adam Smith (The wealth of passions: The moral philosophy of Adam Smith).
References
Living people
Venezuelan women political scientists
20th-century Venezuelan women writers
21st-century Venezuelan women writers
Academic staff of Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Venezuelan women educators
Capriles family
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In linguistics, the affix grammars over a finite lattice (AGFL) formalism is a notation for context-free grammars with finite set-valued features, acceptable to linguists of many different schools.
The AGFL-project aims at the development of a technology for Natural language processing available under the GNU GPL.
External links
AGFL-project website
Grammar frameworks
Natural language processing
Free linguistic software
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Rangan (, also Romanized as Rangan; also known as Rangan) is a village in Mazul Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 146, in 38 families.
References
Populated places in Nishapur County
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Vuger Selo is a village in Croatia.
Populated places in the City of Zagreb
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D. spectabilis may refer to:
Dipodomys spectabilis, the banner-tailed kangaroo rat, a rodent species
Discopus spectabilis, a beetle species
Donuca spectabilis, a moth species
Dryotriorchis spectabilis, the Congo serpent eagle, a bird species
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Blepharoctenucha is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae described by Warren in 1895. Its only species, Blepharoctenucha virescens, first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1880, is known from India and Taiwan.
It has one subspecies, Blepharoctenucha virescens ssp. kawabei, described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1986.
References
Ennominae
Monotypic moth genera
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Marek Minda (14 February 1950 – 13 August 2021) was a Polish doctor and politician who served as a Senator.
References
1950 births
2021 deaths
Polish physicians
Polish politicians
Members of the Senate of Poland 1993–1997
Labour Union (Poland) politicians
People from Łomża
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The Sumba brown flycatcher (Muscicapa segregata) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae.
It is endemic to Indonesia.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
Sumba brown flycatcher
Endemic birds of Sumba
Sumba brown flycatcher
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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"Orange Colored Sky" is a popular song written by Milton Delugg and Willie Stein and published in 1950. The first known recording was on July 11, 1950, on KING records catalog number 15061, with Janet Brace singing and Milton Delugg conducting the orchestra.
Nat King Cole recording
The best-known version of the song was recorded by Nat King Cole (with Stan Kenton's orchestra) on August 16, 1950, and released by Capitol Records as catalog number 1184. It first reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on September 22, 1950, and lasted 13 weeks on the chart, peaking at number 11. (Some sites list a 1945 date for this recording, but this is apparently in error.) A number of other singers have recorded it, including Cole's daughter, Natalie.
Other recordings
The recording by Jerry Lester was released by Coral Records as catalog number 60325. It debuted on the Billboard Best Seller chart on November 24, 1950, and lasted one week in the chart, peaking at No. 30. Lester hosted the late-night NBC series Broadway Open House, with co-writer Delugg as musical director. "Orange Colored Sky" has been said to be one of the first songs to become a hit through television exposure.
Danny Kaye and Patty Andrews recorded the song on September 28, 1950, in a version released by Decca Records as catalog number 27261.
Doris Day's recording the song with the Page Cavanaugh Trio on August 21, 1950, was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38980 on a 78 and 6-811 on 45.
Screamin' Jay Hawkins' version of the song is the first track on his 1958 album At Home With Screamin' Jay Hawkins.
In Australia, Larry Stellar, with Les Welch and his orchestra, recorded the song in January 1951. It was by Pacific Records as catalog number 10-0052.
Actor Burt Ward of Batman fame recorded a number of tracks produced by Frank Zappa in 1966, including "Orange Colored Sky", which was released as a 7" single on MGM Records.
The song is the title track of a 1971 album by German songwriter and composer Bert Kaempfert.
Tony-nominated actress Alison Fraser included the song on her solo album A New York Romance.
Richard Thompson included the song on his live album 1000 Years of Popular Music.
Japanese jazz singer Meg covered it on her 2006 album Grace.
In 2006, a version of the song by Paul Anka was included on the soundtrack of the film Confetti.
Michael Bublé recorded a version as a bonus track on his 2007 album Call Me Irresponsible.
Lady Gaga covered the song during a surprise appearance at The Oak Room in New York City on September 29, 2010, and again on January 5, 2011. Brian Newman was a guest performer on trumpet for her performances at the Robin Hood Gala on May 9, 2011 to benefit the Robin Hood Foundation; and on May 15, 2011 at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend in Carlisle, England. Gaga's further performances of the song included the ABC special A Very Gaga Thanksgiving; and she recorded it for her first Christmas EP, A Very Gaga Holiday.
Popular culture
Burt Ward's co-star, Adam West, also performed the song live in his Batman costume on a 1966 episode of Hollywood Palace.
The song was sung by Lynda Carter with various Muppets in her episode of The Muppet Show.
In the movie The Majestic, Jim Carrey's character listens to the tune while driving his convertible in Hollywood.
The video games Fallout 4 and Fallout 76 feature the Nat King Cole version on the in-game radio station.
References
1950 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Nat King Cole songs
Songs written by Willie Stein
Screamin' Jay Hawkins songs
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The Barnett-Aden Gallery was a nonprofit art gallery in Washington D.C., founded by James V. Herring and Alonzo J. Aden, who were associated with Howard University's art department and gallery. The gallery, which opened on October 16, 1943, and operated until 1969, was the first successful Black-owned private art gallery in the United States; showcased numerous important artists; and became an important, racially integrated part of the artistic and social worlds of 1940s and 1950s Washington, D.C.
History
The gallery was located in the first floor of the 127 Randolph Place, NW row home shared by the two founders, who were life partners. Herring joined the Howard faculty in 1921, started the university's art department in 1922, was its head until he retired in 1953, and founded the university's gallery of art in 1928 (it opened in 1930). Aden, a former student of Herring's at Howard who was the first curator of the university's gallery of art until he left that position in 1943, was the director of the Barnett-Aden Gallery, and it was named after his mother, Naomi Barnett Aden.
Artists featured at the gallery included Alma Thomas, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois Mailou Jones, Charles White, Edward Mitchell Bannister, Jacob Lawrence, Laura Wheeler Waring, Romare Bearden, Henry O. Tanner, Bernice Cross., and Merton Simpson. The collection featured artists of every race, particularly African American artists whose work was shown in few other venues. "...there were few such opportunities in the years following World War II...in those bleak years, the Barnett-Aden Gallery was one of the few private galleries where Black painters, sculptors and graphic artists had a continuing opportunity to expose their works.”
The gallery opened on October 16, 1943, with the exhibition "American Paintings for the Home." It was officially incorporated on August 19, 1947. The early gallery as it existed in 1947 can be seen in the painting First Gallery by John Robinson. Exhibitions, shows, receptions and other events provided a racially integrated gathering place for the art community in a segregated city from the 1940s-1960s.
Eleanor Roosevelt was photographed visiting the Barnett-Aden Gallery in 1944, as First Lady. Romare Bearden said that the first time he saw a Matisse in Washington was at the Barnett-Aden. Therese Schwartz wrote that the Barnett-Aden was the most important art gallery in America south of New York.
Closure and legacy
The gallery began to decline in the late 1950s. After the death of the founders in 1961 (Aden) and 1969 (Herring), the gallery closed and the bulk of the gallery's collection was transferred via Adolphus Ealey to the Museum of African American Art in Tampa, Florida, (now defunct) as well as to private collections. The collection was shown in the 1970s at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution and the Corcoran Gallery of Art. The majority of the collection was owned by Robert L. Johnson.
In 2015, Johnson donated portions of the collection to the National Museum of African American History and Culture.
Notes
References
External links
The Historical Records of the Barnett-Aden Gallery, from the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture
Art museums and galleries in Washington, D.C.
Defunct art museums and galleries in the United States
1943 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Art galleries established in 1943
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is a public holiday in Japan that usually occurs on September 22 or 23, the date of Southward equinox in Japan Standard Time (autumnal equinox can occur on different dates for different time zones). Due to the necessity of recent astronomical measurements, the date of the holiday is not officially declared until February of the previous year. Autumnal Equinox Day became a public holiday in 1948. In 1947 and before, it was the date of , an event relating to Shinto. Like other holidays, this holiday was repackaged as a non-religious holiday for the sake of separation of religion and state in Japan's postwar constitution.
Recent Japanese equinoxes
Celebration
On this day, people will reconnect with their families by tending to the graves of ancestors, and visiting shrines and temples. People also celebrate the good weather and autumn harvest by enjoying outdoor activities and eating Shūbun no Hi snacks such as botamochi– a ball of sweet rice in azuki paste.
See also
Japanese calendar
Vernal Equinox Day
Southward equinox
External links
Autumnal Equinox Day Celebration
天皇制を廃止すべき29の理由
References
1948 establishments in Japan
Recurring events established in 1948
Public holidays in Japan
September observances
Autumn equinox
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Kelfield may refer to:
Kelfield, Lincolnshire, England
Kelfield, North Yorkshire, England
Kelfield, Saskatchewan, Canada
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```javascript
Async File Write in Node.js
Node Inspector
Wrapping errors in Node.js using _node-verror_
Factories design pattern
Avoid command injection
```
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is the capital and the largest city of Tottori Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 183,383 in 81,732 households and a population density of 240 persons per km². The total area of the city is . Most of the city is within the San'in Kaigan Geopark.
Geography
The city of Tottori which located in east next to the Chūgoku Mountains, the city flows the Sendai River. It is 300 km by land from Hiroshima city, which is a regional hub city in the Chūgoku region, but on the other hand, it is 180 km from Kobe City, 190 km from Osaka City, and 220 km from Kyoto City. Within Japan the city is best known for the Tottori Sand Dunes which are a popular tourist attraction, drawing visitors from outside the prefecture. The sand dunes are also important as a centre for research into arid agriculture, hosting Tottori University's Arid Land Research Center.
Neighboring municipalities
Tottori Prefecture
Yazu
Misasa
Chizu
Iwami
Yurihama
Wakasa
Hyōgo Prefecture
Shin'onsen
Okayama Prefecture
Kagamino
Tsuyama
Climate
Tottori has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is abundant throughout the year.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tottori is as follows. Tottori has the lowest population among prefectural capitals in Japan.
History
Tottori is part of ancient Inaba Province, and the place name "Tottori" can be found in the early Heian period Wamyō Ruijushō. Tottori Castle was completed in 1545 and the surrounding castle town forms the core of the modern city. During the Edo period, Tottori was the seat of a branch of the Ikeda clan, which ruled Tottori Domain. Following the Meiji restoration, Tottori was incorporated as a city on October 1, 1889, with the implementation of the modern municipalities system.
Most of the downtown area was destroyed by the Tottori earthquake of September 10, 1943, which killed over 1000 people, and much of the rebuilt city was destroyed again in the Great Tottori Fire of April 17, 1952. In the 1950s, and again in 2004, redistricting ("gappei") of the city's borders increased its size to include a number of surrounding areas. On November 1, 2004, the town of Kokufu, the village of Fukube (both from Iwami District), the towns of Aoya, Ketaka and Shikano (all from Ketaka District), the towns of Kawahara and Mochigase and the village of Saji (all from Yazu District) were merged into Tottori. Ketaka District was dissolved as a result of this merger.
Tottori gained special city status on October 1, 2005, with in increased local autonomy. The 2016 Tottori earthquake caused moderate damage and several injuries, but no fatalities.
Government
Tottori has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 32 members. Tottori contributes 12 members to the Tottori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Tottori 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
As the administrative citer of Tottori Prefecture, the city of Tottori is the regional center for commerce. Agricultural products include rice and Tottori is also famous for its production of scallions
Education
Universities and colleges
Tottori City has two universities. The main campus of Tottori University, a national public university, is located next to Koyama Lake on the west end of the city. The privately funded Tottori University of Environmental Studies is located in the south-eastern part of Tottori city, near the town of Yazu. These two universities are not to be confused with the 2-year junior college in the prefecture, Tottori College, which is located in the central city of Kurayoshi.
Primary and secondary education
Tottori has 39 public elementary schools operated by the city government, and one by the national government. It has 13 public middle schools operated by the city government, one by the national government and one private middle school. The city has seven public high schools operated by the Tottori Prefectural Board of Education, and four private high schools. The prefecture also operates four special education schools for the handicapped and there is one more special education school operated by the national government.
Transportation
Airports
Tottori Airport
Railway
JR West - San'in Main Line
- - - - - - -
JR West - Inbi Line
- - < - - > - - - -
Highways
Tottori Expressway
San'in Expressway
San'in Kinki Expressway
Sister city relations
Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan, since October 4, 1963
Himeji, Hyōgo, Japan, since March 8, 1972
Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, Japan, since October 13, 1995
Hanau, Hesse, Germany
Cheongju, North Chungcheong, South Korea
- Shahe, Hebei, China, friendship city since 1995
- Taicang, Jiangsu, China, friendship city since 1995
Local attractions
Outline
The city's main street (Wakasa, or "young cherry blossom" street) runs north from the station and terminates at the foot of the Kyushouzan ("eternal pine") mountain. Around this mountain lies the oldest part of the city. Its centre is the now ruined Tottori Castle, once the property of the Ikeda clan daimyō who ruled the Tottori Domain during the Edo period. It is open to the public, and is the site of the Castle Festival in autumn each year. In the vicinity are temples, museums, and public parks. The city also hosts the prefecturally famous Shan-shan festival in the summer, which features teams of people dressing up and dancing with large umbrellas; the name 'Shan-shan' is said to come from the sound made by the small bells and pieces of metal attached to the umbrellas, which are very large. An exceptionally big example of a Shan-shan umbrella graces the main foyer of Tottori Station.
At the beginning of every summer, Tottori is host to one of the biggest beach parties in the country, the San In Beach Party. The event lasts an entire weekend and some top names on the national DJ circuit are invited to perform.
Museums
Tottori City Historical Museum
Tottori Folk Crafts Museum
Tottori Prefectural Museum
Tottori Sand Museum
Watanabe Art Museum
Sports facilities
Axis Bird Stadium
Yamata Sports Park Stadium
Shrines and temples
Ube shrine, former ichinomiya of Inaba Province
Kōzen-ji, family temple of the Ikeda Clan
Ōchidani Shrine
Kannon-in, whose Japanese garden is a Special Place of Scenic Beauty of Japan
Mount Misumi
National Historic Sites
Ifukibe-no-Tokotari grave
Inaba Provincial Capital ruins
Kajiyama Kofun
Aoyakamiji Site
Tottori Castle
Tottori Domain Ikeda clan cemetery
Tochimoto temple ruins
Fuse Kofun
Other attractions
Tottori Sand Dunes
Jinpūkaku, French Renaissance-style residence of the Ikeda clan
Shikano Castle
Culture
Kaigara Bushi, a folk song
References
External links
Tottori Sightseeing Association
Cities in Tottori Prefecture
Port settlements in Japan
Populated coastal places in Japan
Tottori (city)
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Nedrick Young (March 23, 1914 – September 16, 1968), also known by the pseudonym Nathan E. Douglas, was an American actor and screenwriter often blacklisted during the 1950s and 1960s for refusing to confirm or deny membership of the Communist Party before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA). He is credited with writing the screenplay for Jailhouse Rock in 1957, which starred Elvis Presley.
Young was born in Philadelphia. In addition to screenwriting, he also took acting roles in various feature-length films during the period 1943–1966.
Recognition
The Defiant Ones received an Oscar for the "best screenplay written directly for the screen" in 1958. For the same film, Young and co-writer Harold Jacob Smith won a 1959 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay, from the Mystery Writers of America. Inherit the Wind was also nominated for, but did not win, an Academy Award in 1960. The same year he and others brought a law suit against the Motion Picture Association (MPAA) for thirteen years of blacklisting. The suit was not successful.
Filmography
Actor
1943: Bombs Over Burma - Slim Jenkins
1943: Dead Men Walk - Dr. David Bentley
1943: Ladies' Day - Tony D'Angelo
1946: Gay Blades - Gary Lester
1946: The Devil's Playground - Curly Evans
1947: Unexpected Guest - Ralph Baxter
1948: The Swordsman - Bruce Glowan
1948: The Gallant Blade - Sergeant Martine
1949: Calamity Jane and Sam Bass - Parsons (uncredited)
1949: Border Incident - Happy (uncredited)
1950: Gun Crazy - Dave Allister
1950: Love That Brute - Rocky (uncredited)
1950: A Lady Without Passport - Harry Nordell
1951: Inside Straight - Accountant (uncredited)
1952: Retreat, Hell! - Sgt. Novak (credited: Ned Young)
1952: Aladdin and His Lamp - Hassan
1952: Springfield Rifle - Sgt. Poole (uncredited)
1952: The Iron Mistress - Henri Contrecourt
1953: She's Back on Broadway - Rafferty
1953: Captain Scarlett - Pierre DuCloux
1953: House of Wax - Leon Averill (uncredited)
1953: So This Is Love - Harry Corbett (uncredited)
1953: Crime Wave - Gat Morgan
1953: The Eddie Cantor Story - Jack (uncredited)
1958: The Defiant Ones - Prison Guard in Truck (uncredited)
1958: Terror in a Texas Town - John Crale
1966: Seconds - Henry Bushman (final film role)
Screenplay
1957: Jailhouse Rock
1958: The Defiant Ones
1960: Inherit the Wind
1968: Shadow on the Land
Personal life and death
He was married to actress Elizabeth MacRae.
References
External links
1958 Academy Awards
Four Word Film Review: Nedrick Young
Time Out Filmography: Nedrick Young
Trailer for The Defiant One, documentary about Nedrick Young and the Hollywood blacklist
1914 births
1968 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century pseudonymous writers
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
Edgar Award winners
Hollywood blacklist
Male actors from Philadelphia
Screenwriters from Philadelphia
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Georges Séguy (16 March 1927 – 13 August 2016) was a French trade union leader.
Born in Toulouse, Séguy's father was a communist and trade unionist, and Pierre Semard was a family friend. In 1940, Séguy joined the illegal Communist Youth. After Semard was executed in 1942, Séguy became more involved in the resistance, keeping watch while the movement was sabotaging the railways. He found work at Henri Lion's printing works, which served the resistance, and he soon became its main contact with the underground French Communist Party (PCF), General Confederation of Labour (CGT) and National Front.
In 1944, the printing works was betrayed, and all the staff were arrested. Under torture, Lion refused to give evidence against Séguy, probably saving his life, but Séguy was sent to the Mauthausen concentration camp. While at the camp, he pretended to have skill in metalworking, and was assigned to the aviation workshop, where he undertook various acts of sabotage. He also joined the PCF while in the camp.
Séguy was released in April 1945, and found work as an electrician with the SNCF railway company. He joined a trade union, part of the Railway Workers' Federation, which in turn was an affiliate of the CGT. He soon rose to prominence in the union, being appointed to its secretariat in 1949, and continuing to serve when transferred to Paris, and then Montreuil. He also remained active in the PCF, and spent a couple of months in 1950 studying at its school. This led him, in 1954, to become a substitute member of the PCF's central committee, and its youngest full members in 1956.
In 1956, Séguy was elected as assistant general secretary of the Railway Workers' Federation, with responsibility for resources, then in 1961, he became its general secretary, also serving on the administrative committee of the CGT. Benoît Frachon, leader of the CGT, wished for Séguy to succeed him, so in 1965, he began working full-time in the CGT office, and in 1967, he was elected as the federation's general secretary.
Séguy was supportive of the May 68 movement, and used this to increase the federation's membership by 300,000. He negotiated the Grenelle agreements, but these were rejected by the federation's membership. From 1970, he served on the executive of the World Federation of Trade Unions, but he became increasingly critical of its policy in Eastern Europe, and resigned in 1977. While remaining a member of the PCF, he became increasingly unhappy with the party's strategy, and Henri Krasucki was appointed as the party's representative among the leadership of the CGT.
Séguy retired in 1982, but continued to sit on the CGT executive, and he also set up the Institute for Social History, becoming its president. He remained on the central committee of the PCF until 1994. He was heavily involved in the CGT's centenary celebrations, in 1995, and wrote occasionally on trade unionism until his death, in 2016.
In 1998, Séguy was awarded the Légion d’honneur.
References
1927 births
2016 deaths
French Communist Party members
French Resistance members
French trade union leaders
People from Toulouse
Officers of the Legion of Honour
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Luis Felipe Vivanco (22 August 1907 in San Lorenzo de El Escorial – 21 November 1975 in Madrid) was a Spanish architect and poet. He was the son of a judge whose peripatetic career took him to different corners of Spain during his childhood. In 1915 the family settled in Madrid, where Vivanco spent the majority of his life. He studied architecture at university, where he also composed poetry. His friendship with Rafael Alberti and Xavier Zubiri also dates from this period. He finished his architecture course in 1932. His acquaintances also included Luis Rosales and Pablo Neruda.
He spent a long time recovering from illness in the Sierra de Guadarrama. He published his first works in the journal Cruz y Raya run by his uncle José Bergamín. At the same time, he was also working as an architect with another uncle Rafael Bergamín. When the Spanish Civil War broke out, he decided in favour of the Nationalists and wrote propaganda poetry. He wrote in the journal Escorial with Luis Rosales, Leopoldo Panero, etc. They were all considered part of the Generation of '36. In Escorial, he wrote poetry described as intimate, realist and meditative. Also in his work, nature acquires a transcendental quality akin to religious experience. Among his other themes are the family and daily life.
Works
Cantos de primavera (1936)
Tiempo de dolor (1940)
Continuación de la vida (1949)
Introducción a la poesía española contemporánea (1957)
El descampado (1957)
Memoria de la plata (1958)
Lecciones para el hijo (1966)
Moratín y la ilustración mágica (1972)
Prosas propicias (1972)
References
People from San Lorenzo de El Escorial
1907 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Spanish poets
20th-century Spanish architects
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Protoclupea is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish that lived from the Oxfordian to the early Tithonian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. It contains one species, Protoclupea chilensis, fossils of which have been found in the Domeyko Range of Antofagasta Region, northern Chile. The genus has been placed in the family Varasichthyidae together with the genera Bobbichthys, Domeykos, Luisichthys and Varasichthys.
References
Crossognathiformes
Late Jurassic fish
Oxfordian genera
Tithonian genera
Jurassic fish of South America
Jurassic Chile
Fossils of Chile
Fossil taxa described in 1975
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Boundless () is a Spanish historical drama and adventure television miniseries directed by Simon West that premiered on 10 June 2022. It stars Álvaro Morte and Rodrigo Santoro as Juan Sebastián Elcano and Ferdinand Magellan respectively. It was created on the 500th anniversary of the First Circumnavigation of the World.
Plot
The plot is a fictionalised account of the First Circumnavigation of the World, tracking the 1519–22 voyage initiated by Ferdinand Magellan and completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
Cast
Episodes
Production
The project is the result of the collaboration agreement signed by RTVE and the Spanish Ministry of Defence in March 2018. RTVE and Amazon Prime Video unveiled the project in February 2020. Simon West was announced as director, and MONO Films and KILIMA Media as production companies. The screenplay was written by . Several cast members were disclosed on 22 April 2021. The series consists of 6 episodes each with a running time of around 40 minutes, with a total budget of €20 million. Production began filming in Olite, Navarre, on 26 April 2021. Shooting locations also included the beach in Getxo, Biscay, and the Dominican Republic.
According to Amezcua, the most important historical license in the screenplay was bringing Magellan and Elcano together on the same ship.
Release
Amazon Prime Video scheduled an exclusive premiere in Spain and Latin America for 10 June 2022.
References
External links
2020s Spanish drama television series
Television series set in the 16th century
Spanish-language television shows
Television shows filmed in Spain
Television shows filmed in the Dominican Republic
Spanish adventure television series
Nautical television series
Spanish television miniseries
2020s television miniseries
2022 Spanish television series debuts
Spanish-language Amazon Prime Video original programming
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Karate at the 2011 SEA Games was held in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Medal table
Medal summary
Men
Women
2011 SEA Games events
2011 in karate
2011
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Quanshui Road () is a station on Line 5 of the Chengdu Metro in China. It was opened on 27 December 2019.
References
Railway stations in China opened in 2019
Chengdu Metro stations
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is a railway station on the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line in Edogawa, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro. Its station number is T-16.
Lines
Nishi-Kasai Station is served by the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line.
Station layout
The station has two elevated side platforms.
Platforms
History
Nishi-kasai Station opened on 1 October 1979.
The station facilities were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.
References
External links
Tokyo Metro station information
Stations of Tokyo Metro
Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
Railway stations in Tokyo
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1979
Edogawa, Tokyo
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McMordie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ali McMordie (born 1959), Northern Irish bass guitarist
Eric McMordie (born 1946), Northern Irish footballer
Julia McMordie (1860–1942), Northern Irish politician
Robert James McMordie (1849–1914), Irish barrister and politician
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Michael "Bruno" Lawrence (born 12 April 1990) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a for the Bradford Bulls in the RFL Championship. He is both an England Knights and Jamaican international, and has played as a er and forward at various stages during his career.
Background
Lawrence was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England and has Jamaican heritage. Lawrence is a product of the Giants' academy system. and represented the England Knights in the European cup in 2012
In 2019 he enjoyed a well earned Testimonial year. He was a firm favourite amongst the Huddersfield supporters who referred to him as "Bruno", a nickname due to his likeness to the famous British boxer Frank Bruno.
Career
It was announced in July 2007 that Lawrence would become a member Huddersfield's Super League squad for the 2008 season. Lawrence's previous club was Newsome Panthers.
Lawrence was selected for the England Academy team in the 2007 season, a reward for consistently good performances throughout the season with Huddersfield's Academy.
Lawrence made his Super League début during Huddersfield's important fixture with Warrington on 31 August 2007. He started the game on the substitutes' bench and replaced Chris Nero for the last five minutes of the game. This made him the first player born in the 1990s to play super league.
Since then Lawrence enjoyed a trip to the Challenge Cup final at Wembley in 2009 and was part of the history making squad that lifted the league leaders shield in 2013. Lawrence was granted a year long testimonial in 2019 for over ten years loyal service to the Huddersfield club. In 2012, Lawrence was a part of the England Knights team that won the European cup, and again in 2013 when they beat Samoa. In 2019, Lawrence represented Jamaica in a full international, ironically against the England knights at Leeds.
After 324 games for the Huddersfield club, Lawrence signed a contract to join RFL Championship side Bradford for the 2023 season.
References
External links
Huddersfield Giants profile
SL profile
Jamaica profile
1990 births
Living people
Bradford Bulls players
England Knights national rugby league team players
English people of Jamaican descent
Jamaican rugby league players
English rugby league players
Huddersfield Giants captains
Huddersfield Giants players
Jamaica national rugby league team players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league locks
Rugby league players from Huddersfield
Rugby league second-rows
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Stuart Martin Scharf (1941 – November 8, 2007) was an American composer, guitarist, and record producer.
Biography
Scharf grew up in Crown Heights and attended Winthrop Junior High School. A mathematics major in college, he graduated with honors from the City College of New York in 1962.
Scharf was a friend of guitarist Jay Berliner, who influenced his career. During the early 1960s, he was the lead guitarist for folk-singer Leon Bibb. He also worked with arranger Walter Raim and folk-singer Judy Collins as well as bassist Bill Lee (father of Spike Lee).
For several years, he partnered with Martin Gersten, chief engineer of WNCN, in a recording studio at 18 Jones Street in Greenwich Village. They shared this space with folk music broadcaster Skip Weshner.
Scharf was a prolific studio musician in New York City during the 1960s, playing guitar with Chad Mitchell, Janis Ian, Al Kooper, and Carly Simon. He also had a producing partnership with Bob Dorough for many years; together, they produced albums by Spanky and Our Gang. Scharf was the composer of Spanky and Our Gang's hit "Like to Get to Know You."
In 1980, he moved to Hamilton Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania, where he continued his recording business.
Discography
As sideman
With Charles Earland
Charles III (Prestige, 1973)
With J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding
Betwixt & Between (A&M/CTI, 1969)
With Al Kooper
You Never Know Who Your Friends Are (Columbia, 1969)
Easy Does It (Columbia, 1970)
Naked Songs (Columbia, 1973)
With Hubert Laws
The Rite of Spring (CTI, 1971)
With Pearls Before Swine
Beautiful Lies You Could Live In (Reprise, 1971)
With Phil Woods
Greek Cooking (Impulse!, 1967)
As producer
With Spanky and Our Gang
Like to Get to Know You (Mercury, 1968)
"Anything You Choose b/w Without Rhyme or Reason" (Mercury, 1969) wrote 6 songs for this album, including the politically-significant 'Give a Damn', which was adopted as a theme song by the New York Urban Coalition, and by New York Mayor John Lindsay during his 1969 re-election campaign.
Notes
American jazz composers
American jazz guitarists
People from Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Guitarists from Pennsylvania
1941 births
2007 deaths
Plastic Ono Band members
Guitarists from New York City
20th-century American guitarists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
American male guitarists
American male jazz composers
People from Crown Heights, Brooklyn
City College of New York alumni
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century American male musicians
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Aliqoli Khan ( d. 1667) was a Safavid official, gholam, and high-ranking military commander of Georgian origin, who served during the reign of three consecutive Safavid kings (shahs); Safi (r. 1629–1642), Abbas II (r. 1642–1666) and Suleiman I (r. 1666–1694)
A member of the Saakadze clan, he was a son of Bijan Beg and a brother to Rostam Khan (d. 1644) and Isa Khan (d. 1654). Known for his "remarkable career", which spanned some fifty years, Aliqoli Beg, the future khan, held the high posts of chancellor/chief justice (divanbegi), commander-in-chief (sepahsalar-e Iran) and governor (beglarbeg) of the Azerbaijan Province.
In 1654, Aliqoli Khan fell out of favor with then incumbent king Abbas II. Known for being the most capable Safavid ruler after his great-grandfather Abbas I (r. 1588–1629), Abbas II effectively tackled many issues that had risen as a result of Safi's reign, including in the military administration. Following complaints by soldiers, Aliqoli Khan's conduct was examined by Abbas II; as a result, he was fired on the spot. Later, during the reign of Abbas II's son and successor Suleiman I, Aliqoli Khan was rehabilitated, and Suleiman I reappointed him as the sepahsalar-e Iran.
According to the French traveller Jean Chardin, Aliqoli Khan was the de facto ruler of the Safavid Empire by the time of his death in 1667. He was married to a daughter of Imam-Quli Khan.
Sources
1667 deaths
Shia Muslims from Georgia (country)
Iranian people of Georgian descent
Safavid governors of Azerbaijan
Commanders-in-chief of Safavid Iran
Nobility of Georgia (country)
Safavid ghilman
Year of birth missing
17th-century people from Safavid Iran
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Vadagol (Rural) is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.
References
Villages in Belagavi district
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Huamelula may refer to:
San Pedro Huamelula, Oaxaca, Mexico
Huamelula language
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Batticaloa (, Maṭṭakkaḷappu; , Maḍakalapuwa) is a major city in the Eastern Province, Sri Lanka, and its former capital. It is the administrative capital of the Batticaloa District. The city is the seat of the Eastern University of Sri Lanka and is a major commercial centre. It is on the east coast, south of Trincomalee, and is situated on an island. Pasikudah is a popular tourist destination situated northwest with beaches and flat year-round warm-water shallow-lagoons.
Etymology
Batticaloa is a Portuguese derivation. The original name of the region being the Tamil "Matakkalappu" (translation: Muddy Swamp). According to Mattakallappu Manmiyam (மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்) the word Mattakkallpu consists Tamil words "Mattu" (மட்டு) Matta-derived from "Mattam" (மட்டம்) means 'flat' and geographical name KaLappu. Mukkuwa named this place as KaLappu-Mattam or boundary of lagoon later it became Matta-Kallappu or Flat Lagoon. Also, Batticaloa has a nickname, "Land of the singing fish" () due to musical sounds that related to fish or aquatic creature in the Batticaloa Lagoon near the Kallady Bridge. BBC Radio 4 was able to record the mysterious sound in Batticaloa Lagoon. The sound was broadcast by Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation in 1960s with the help of Rev. Fr. Lang, a Catholic priest.
Geography
Batticaloa is in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka on a flat coastal plain boarded by the Indian Ocean in the east occupies a central part of the eastern Sri Lanka. Its average elevation is around . Batticaloa district has three lagoons such as Batticaloa Lagoon, Valaichchenai Lagoon, and Vakari (Panichchankerni) Lagoon. Among these lagoons, Batticaloa Lagoon is the largest lagoon, which is long and has an area of , extending from Pankudaweli in North and Kalmunai in South.
There are several islands within the Batticaloa Lagoon such as Puliayantheevu, Buffaloa Island and Bone Island.
Many bridges are built across the lagoon connecting the landmasses and the islands. The Puliayantheevu is the metropolitan place of the city.
The biggest bridge of all is Lady Manning bridge located at Kallady, which is the main access path to the city from the southern places of the district. This bridge is also famous for Singing fishes which were considered as musical sounds heard in the Kallady lagoon on a full moon day. A priest named Father Lang recorded this musical charm and broadcast it in the 1960s over the (Sri Lanka Broadcasting Cooperation)
Batticaloa beaches are sandy and located along shoreline in the city and further extend through the neighboring places. They include Kallady beach, Pasikudah, and Kalkudah. Pasikudah is a bay protected from the ocean, with a flat and sandy bed extending meters from the shore.
Climate
Batticaloa has a tropical wet and dry climate (As) under the Köppen climate classification, also generically referred to as 'dry-monsoonal climate'. Batticaloa's climate is warm to hot throughout the year. From March to May, the warmest time of the year, the maximum temperature averages around 32 degrees Celsius (88 degrees Fahrenheit). During the monsoon season from November to February heavy rains are recorded, with average temperature of . Average annual rainfall in Batticaloa is .
History
Early history
Mattakallappu Manmiyam refers (மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்) Mukkuva or Mutkuhar are known as the first people migrated to this land and constructed seven villages in various areas. They immigrated their people from India and established the kingdom of Mukkuva. The name of the villages and towns in Batticaloa still holds the historical evidence of the ancient batticaloan people. When Mutkuhar intruded through the salty water and reached the destination of their voyage at the forests situated around the lagoon. When they finished. The name given by the Mukkuva was "Kallpu-Mattam" which literally means "boundary of lagoon". Later it was called "Matta-Kallappu" which indicates the destination of Mukkuva's voyage and the water is flat.
Mukkuva wars
Mukkuva is a coastal community from Ancient Tamil country. They are of mixed origin and migrated at various periods in history. Mukkuvas waged war around Puttalam and settled in the western coast as well. Sinhala Kings of Suryawamsa kept Mukkuvas as their mercenary force. They waged wars on other countries like Burma. Gajabahu, Parakramabahu, Vijayabahu were some of these Suryawamsa kings who employed the Chera soldiers for their protection and defence of Sri Lanka. Gajabahu I was a friend of Cheran Chenkuttuvan and was mentioned in the great Jain epic of Silappadikaram and in addition to that he was also mentioned in Mahawamsa.
When Anuradhapura was destroyed, the capital moved from Anuradhapura to Polonnaruwa. When Pollonaruwa was destroyed the capital moved to Kotte and then to Kandy. Anuradhapura was destroyed by Rajaraja Cholan and he who established Polonnaruwa. Even though Pollonaruwa had a few Hindu temples it was a great Buddhist city full of beautiful Buddhist architecture matching Angkor Wat.
Kalinga Magha
As a catalyst for change, Kalinga Magha is arguably one of the most significant rulers in Sri Lankan history. His invasion marks the final – cataclysmic – destruction of the kingdom of Rajarata, which had for so long been the heart of native power on the island. The great cities of the ancient kings were now lost and disappeared into the jungle, and were not rediscovered until the 19th century. Native power was henceforth centred on a kaleidoscopically shifting collection of kingdoms in south and central Sri Lanka. The north, in the meanwhile, eventually evolved into the Jaffna Kingdom, which was subjected colonial rule by the Portuguese in 1619.
Kalinga Magha's geopolitical impact is reflected in the changing language of the Culavamsa as well. The traditional divisions of Sri Lanka, into Rajarata, Dhakkinadesa, and Ruhuna, first undergo a change of names (Rajarata becomes Pathithadesa, Dhakkinadesa becomes Mayarata), and then slip into obsolescence altogether. Their successor kingdoms tended to be geographically smaller and centred on a strong citadel-capital, such as Yapahuwa or Gampola; they also tended to be much short lived, like Sitawaka.
Jaffna principality
With the decline of the Rohana sub-kingdom and the defeat of Polonnaruwa, coming with the rise of Chola power, i.e., from about the 13th century CE, these regions became wild. The many irrigation works (tanks etc., which exist even today) became home to malaria (see History of Sri Lanka). In the meantime, the eastern coastal region remained less affected by Malaria and began to be occupied. Thus seafaring people who had begun to settle down along
the coast since the Anuradhapura times, c. 6th Century CE began to flourish. The forests continued to be dominated by the Veddha population which claimed kingship ("cross-cousins") with the Sinhala kings of Kandy.
Parakramabahu II's coronation took place in 1236. He turned his attention to the recovery of Polonnaruwa from the Tamils, and achieved this purpose by 1244. In this connection two kings are mentioned, Kalinga Magha and Jaya Bahu, who had been in power forty years, apparently reckoned from the time of the military rule after Sahasa Malla. As the Tamil war' and the `Malala war' as specifically mentioned by contemporary chronicles the two kings may have held different parts of the country. In the king's eleventh year (1244/5) Lanka was invaded by Chandrabhanu, a Javanese (Javaka) from Tambralinga, with a host armed with blow-pipes and poisoned arrows: he may have been a sea-robber, and though now repulsed descended on the Island later on.
The rest of the reign according to the contemporary records was spent in pious works; the king also held a convocation for the purpose of reforming the priesthood, whose discipline had been relaxed during the Tamil occupation. The chronicles make no mention of a great Pandyan invasion which seems to have taken place between 1254 and 1256, in which one of the kings of Lanka was slain and the other rendered tributary. From this it is clear that Parakramabahu II never had recovered the north of the Island, which certainly had been held by his great namesake.
European colony
Portugal
Lourenço de Almeida, the Portuguese Admiral for India invaded Ceylon and made it a Portuguese colony. Batticaloa was fortified in the 1620s, which was held until 1638, when the Dutch successfully invaded it.
Batticaloa principality
Lanka was a confederacy of various rulers for a long time and different princes ruled the different provinces and helped each other and plotted against each other. As the Portuguese colonisers were dividing and ruling Kotte, Kandy Kingdom and Jaffna Kingdom had to create a confederacy to fight against Portugal. As a joint strategy they approached the Netherlands to have a global free trade and to get rid of the Portuguese.
From Cape Comorin the Dutch Admiral Joris van Spilbergen steered his course to Point de Galle; but, without landing there or at any of the other places which were strongly fortified by the Portuguese, he sailed round the south coast of the Island and made for Batticaloa, where he anchored on 31 May 1602.
He learnt that the town of Batticaloa, where the chief of the province resided, was about inland; so he sent him a messenger proposing to enter into trade with him. In the meantime he learnt from some Tamils who came on board that there was plenty of pepper and cinnamon to be had, but that it was to be obtained from the chief of the place. These Tamils brought with them a Portuguese interpreter; for Portuguese was the only European
language then heard or spoken in Ceylon, and the natives of the island had no idea that there were other white people who spoke a different language.
The Admiral was taken from Batticaloa to Kandy and was given a liberation hero's welcome as King Rajasinghe seized the opportunity to get rid of the Portuguese, the oppressors who were slowly encroaching the island systematically and promoting subversion against Rajasinghe.
The Batticaloa fort was built by the Portuguese in 1628 and was the first to be captured by the Dutch (18 May 1638). It is one of the most picturesque of the small Dutch fort of Sri Lanka, it's situated in an island, still in good condition.
World War II
In 1942, during World War II, the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes and escorting destroyer HMAS Vampire were stationed at Trincomalee. Both these ships came under Japanese aerial attack off Batticaloa and were sunk. Some of the remnants of HMS Hermes still remain at around off Batticaloa.
2004 tsunami
The town was also one of the worst hit during the tsunami of December 26, 2004. The water rose up to within 90 minutes of the beginning of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
2019 Easter Bombings
On 21 April 2019 the Zion Church was targeted by militant Islamic suicide bombers. At least 28 people were reported dead.
Modern Batticaloa Town
The city has four main divisions.
Puliyanthivu: Seat of many government department and offices, schools, banks religious places, General Hospital, Weber Stadium and Shops. It was a place for NGO offices including ICRC, UN, UNICEF, World Vision, etc.
Koddamunai: Schools, Banks, Sri Lanka Telecom regional office for East, Shops and many government offices are located. Two bridges called Perya Palam and Puthuppalam are connects Pulianthivu island with Koddaminai land mass.
Kallady: Here there are many Government buildings and private industries, schools, hospitals and Eastern University Medical Faculty. Kallady Lady Manning bridge connects Kallady and Arasay.
Puthur: This is where the domestic airport of Batticaloa is located.
Demography
Batticaloa is on the East coast of Sri Lanka, 314 km from Colombo. The population of 95,489 consists mainly of Sri Lankan Tamils others include Moors, Sinhalese, Burghers and the indigenous Veddas population.
The District of Batticaloa itself consists of several administrative divisions, which are: Manmunai North, Manmunai West, Manmunai South & Eruvil Pattu, Manmunai Pattu, Koralai Pattu North, Porativu Pattu, Kattankudy, Eravur Pattu, Eravur Town, Koralai Pattu and Koralai Pattu West. Some 525,142 persons (52.2% female) were recorded in the 2012 census. Religion-based statistics in the year 2012 are: Hindus 64.6%, Muslims 25.5%, Christians 8.8%, with a small numbers of Buddhists (1.1%) and others. These figures became even more polarized towards Hindus during the LTTE occupation which came to an end in 2009 (see Eelam War IV).
According to the 2012 census, the total population was 525,142. Of which 381,285 were Sri Lankan Tamils, 133,844 Moors, 6,127 were Sinhalese, 2,794 Burgher, 1,015 Indian Tamils, 58 Veddah, 16 Malay, and 3 Sri Lanka Chetty.
Educational institutions
The first educational institution established in Batticaloa was Methodist Central College, founded in 1814 by the Wesleyan Methodist William Ault. Other noteworthy institutions are Sivananda Vidyalayam, Hindu College, St. Michael's College National School, St. Cecilia's Girls' College and Vincent Girls' High School,.
The Eastern University, Sri Lanka (EUSL), located in Vantharumoolai 16 km north of Batticaloa, was founded in 1980. Its development has been interrupted by the civil war. It is the cultural and economic focal point of the district of Batticaloa and extends its influence towards Trincomalee as well. Batticaloa Regional centre of Open University of Sri Lanka is another education resource of Batticaloa.
Cultural institutions
Batticaloa has historically been a centre of Portuguese Burgher culture, supported in the modern era by the Catholic Burgher Union. In the 1980s, despite Burger emigration to Australia, the Union still numbered some 2,000 speakers of Sri Lankan Portuguese, making them the largest community still speaking the dialect.
Religious institutions
Hinduism is the major religion of Batticaloa. Eastern Province is a place of Amman temples. This shows the worship of female deity Kannaki of Silappatikaram. The cult has come with the King Gajabahu I who brought the settler Tamils from the Chera Kingdom of his friend Cheran Senguttuvan. Silppatikaram copy was initially discovered in Trincomalee by Tamil scholars. Tamil Nadu was not having a copy of this great Tamil literature. The northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka have several temples in honour of Kannaki Amman. Gajabahu I brought Amman worship to Sri Lanka in the Third Century AD after her death.
Shri Mamangeshwarar Kovil is one of the main holy places for Hindus in the country is located in a place called Amirthakally which is 6 Kilometers away from Batticaloa town. Hindus believe that by bathing in the sacred waters of the Mamangeshwarar tank, the departed souls of their family will be receiving better attainments in their cycle of its transmigration. Sri Kandaswamy/KannakaiAmman Kovil are important from a devotional point of view. The Mandur (மண்டூர்) temple is in the southern end, while the Mamangeshwarar temple is in the westernmost edge at Muhaththuvaram (முகத்துவாரம்).
The Colany Mosque, and the Koddamunai Dharga and Madrasa are two noteworthy Muslim institutions. There are a large number of mosques in the region.
Christianity is present and Catholic churches are found everywhere as the coastal community has some Catholics. During the colonial influences, Catholic was introduced to Batticaloan, and the first Catholic church in Batticaloa was established in 1624. The Catholic Church has a diocese headquartered in the city. Methodists, Anglicans, and other Protestants and their schools are also present in Batticaloa. Within Batticaloa Municipal Council area, Christian presence is strong (23%) compare to other area.
The latter is a historic harbour and ancient Buddhist shrine, mentioned in the "Dhathu Vamsa". While the Dagaba and shrine in the Dutch Fort is the oldest (1st century CE), Mangalaramaya is a well-known modern Buddhist temple in Batticaloa.
Economic activities
Rice and coconuts are the two staples of the district, and steamers trading round the island call regularly at the port. The lagoon is famous for its "singing fish," supposed to be shell-fish which give forth musical notes. The district has a remnant of Veddahs or wild men of the wood. Prior to the Sri Lankan civil war, there were large-scale shrimp farms as well as fish and rice processing activities. Batticaloa shows a huge potential for tourism related industries.
Transport
Batticaloa is the terminus of a Broad gauge branch railway of the Sri Lanka Railways network. The Batticaloa railway station is the last station on Batticaloa Line. Batticaloa Airport is a military air force base, which has domestic air service to civilian as well by Cinnamon Air and Helitours. Bus service is available to major cities of Sri Lanka.
See also
Batticaloa Tamil dialect
List of cities in Sri Lanka
Portuguese Burghers
Vellaveli Brahmi Inscription
References
External links
Batticaloa Municipal Council
Batticaloa
Batticaloa Diocese
Cities in Sri Lanka
Populated places in Batticaloa District
Manmunai North DS Division
Kingdom of Kandy
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Paray-le-Monial is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Since 2004, Paray-le-Monial has been part of the Charolais-Brionnais region.
It is nicknamed the "city of the Sacred Heart" and its inhabitants are called Parodiens and Parodiennes.
Geography
Paray-le-Monial is located in the southwest of the Saône-et-Loire Département, in the heart of the Charolais countryside, in a plain bounded by the Brionnais upland, the rivers Loire, l'Arroux and the Bourbince.
The roughly parallel Bourbince River and the canal du Centre traverse the city from the southeast to the northwest.
Among the elements that form the city, as it has developed over its history, are the upland near the Bourbince River, the priory and basilica, a rectangular town center with very dense housing, national highway N79, which crosses the Bourbince River east and west of the town center, a newer part of town located north of the town center, the Bellevue residential area to the southwest, and several suburbs.
History
Paray (Paredum; Parodium) existed before the monks who gave it its surname of Le Monial, for when Count Lambert of Chalon, together with his wife Adelaide and his friend Mayeul de Cluny, founded there in 973 the celebrated Benedictine priory, the borough had already been constituted, with its ædiles and communal privileges. At that time an ancient temple was dedicated to the Mother of God (Charter of Paray). The Cluny monks were, 999–1789, lords of the town.
Population
Main sights
The town is mainly known for its Romanesque church of the Sacré-Coeur ("Sacred Heart") and as a place of pilgrimage. It was built starting in the 12th century as a small-scale version of the Abbey of Cluny. It was finished in the 14th century, while the cloister dates to the 18th century.
The Hôtel de Ville, in Renaissance style, is also one of the historical monuments.
Another major building in Paray-le-Monial, is Saint Nicolas' tower, built during the 16th century, which hosts different exhibitions but mainly mosaic exhibitions.
Economy
The area's primary industry is agriculture in particular beef cattle farming. The area is known for its charolais cattle.
Notable people
Saint Claude de la Colombière (1641-1682), Jesuit priest and the confessor of Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque.
Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque (1647-1690), Visitation nun and mystic who promoted devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Jules Quicherat (1814–1882), historian and archaeologist.
Léon-Benoît-Charles Thomas (1826-1894), cardinal
Émile Buisson (1902-1956), gangster
Jacqueline Maillan (1923–1992), actress
Gérard Ducarouge (1941-2015), Formula One car designer
Richard Trivino (born 1977), goalkeeper
Vincent Clerc (born 1981), rugby union player
Alexandre Lapandry (born 1989), rugby union player
Twin towns - Sister cities
Paray-le-Monial is twinned with:
Bethlehem, Palestine
Bad Dürkheim, Germany
Payerne, Switzerland
Wells, United Kingdom
Tourism
In the Southern Bourgogne-Franche-Comté area, you can see :
The Arboretum de Pézanin, one of the richest forest collection in France,
The Rock of Solutré,
The Cluny abbey and its medieval city,
Mâcon, Charolles, La Clayette...
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
References
Sources
External links
Sanctuary of Paray-le-Monial – Official website
Romanesque architecture in Burgundy
Communes of Saône-et-Loire
Charolais, France
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The Greek Madonna is a 1460–1470 tempera on panel painting by Giovanni Bellini. It is named after the Greek monograms at top left and top right and after the major influence of Byzantine icons on the painting. The Christ Child holds a golden apple, perhaps referring to the Judgement of Paris and to Mary as the "new Venus".
Pellizzari's theory that the work originally had a golden background like an icon was disproved by a 1986–87 restoration, which showed that the original background had been a blue sky, seen either side of a central curtain. The curtain remains, but the sky was hidden in the 16th century by two gold stripes. Infrared examination during the restoration also revealed the panel's preparation with glue and plaster and the chiaroscuro underdrawing, both typical of Bellini and both also mentioned in Paolo Pino's 1548 Dialogo di pittura.
When the French invaded Venice in the late 18th century the painting was in the offices of the Regulatori di Scrittura in the Doge's Palace. It was confiscated and in 1808 assigned to the new Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan, where it now hangs.
Notes and references
Paintings of the Madonna and Child by Giovanni Bellini
Paintings in the Pinacoteca di Brera
1460s paintings
1470s paintings
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An indirect election is expected to take place in Pakistan in 2024 to elect the president of Pakistan, who will be the country's head of state. The incumbent president Arif Alvi is eligible for re-election. His term was to be expired on 9 September 2023, but he remains in office until this election occurred.
Due to the fact that the National Assembly and the four Provincial Assemblies were dissolved before the presidential election could take place, the election will be conducted after general elections to all five assemblies, which are expected to be held in early 2024. Therefore, the presidential election will also be held sometime in early 2024, as it needs to be held within thirty days of the elections to the assemblies, according to the proviso of Article 41(4) of the Constitution of Pakistan. Moreover, according to the proviso of Article 44(1) of the Constitution of Pakistan, Alvi will continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.
References
2023 elections in Pakistan
2023
September 2023 events in Pakistan
P
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The Galician League of A Coruña (Liga Gallega in both Spanish and Galician language) was a liberal and Galician regionalist political group founded in 1897 in A Coruña by the participants in the regionalist club A Cova Céltiga (The Celtic Cave), with its headquarters in the Carré Aldao library; chaired by Manuel Murguía and directed by a committee consisting of Manuel Lugrís Freire, Uxío Carré Aldao and Salvador Golpe.
History
In 1898 the statutes of the League were drafted, entirely in Galician language. Waldo Álvarez Insua was elected as the president of the organization in 1899. It was one of the currents in which the Galician Regionalist Association bifurcated. The Galician League of A Coruña was liberal, while the Galician League of Santiago de Compostela was ideologically conservative. The league demanded autonomy for Galiza, conducting in 1897 a signature collection to ask for the same autonomy than Cuba and Puerto Rico.
After 1900 the League had little activity, but survived until 1907. The official newspaper of the organization was the bilingual weekly Revista Gallega, directed by Galo Salinas. Thanks to an initiative of the League, and specially of Galo Salinas, in 1904 a monument to the Martyrs of Carral was built in the town of Carral.
References
Beramendi, X.G. and Núñez Seixas, X.M. (1996): O nacionalismo galego. A Nosa Terra, Vigo
Beramendi, X.G. (2007): De provincia a nación. Historia do galeguismo político. Xerais, Vigo
1897 establishments in Spain
1907 disestablishments in Spain
Defunct liberal political parties
Defunct nationalist parties in Spain
Galician nationalist parties
Liberal parties in Spain
Political parties disestablished in 1907
Political parties established in 1897
Political parties in Galicia (Spain)
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Donald Herriman (born January 2, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward. He played 155 games in the World Hockey Association with the Philadelphia Blazers, New York Golden Blades, Jersey Knights and Edmonton Oilers.
External links
1946 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Clinton Comets players
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Ice hockey people from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Jersey Knights players
New York Golden Blades players
Philadelphia Blazers players
Winston-Salem Polar Twins (SHL) players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
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Atoosa Rubenstein (born Atoosa Behnegar, ; ) is an Iranian-American former magazine editor. She was the editor-in-chief of Seventeen magazine and the founding editor of CosmoGirl. She went on to found Big Momma Productions, Inc. and Atoosa.com before becoming a stay at home mother.
Early life and education
Born as Atoosa Behnegar in Tehran, Iran, her father Mansoor Behnegar was a colonel in the Iranian Air Force, and immigrated with the family to Queens, New York, when she was three. The family later relocated to Malverne, on Long Island.
As an undergraduate student at Barnard College, Rubenstein became a public relations intern at Lang Communications, the company that bought Sassy magazine. She worked at Carvel and retail stores to pay her bills. Rubenstein dropped out of Alpha Chi Omega sorority and took night classes to take part in her second magazine internship, which led to a position in the editorial department of American Health magazine.
Honors and awards
Columbia University honored Rubenstein in 2004 by naming her one of the top 250 alumni through the ages. She was also recognized by the Girl Scout Council of Greater New York as a Woman of Distinction. Rubenstein has been featured in Crain's New York Business "40 Under 40" and Folio'''s "30 Under 30".
She is a member of the Candie’s Foundation Board of Directors, which helps educate young people about the consequences of teen pregnancy.
Career
In 1993, Rubenstein became a fashion assistant at Cosmopolitan and five years later was made the senior fashion editor. This led to Hearst Magazines president Cathleen Black asking Rubenstein to come up with a concept for a new magazine. Forty-eight hours later Rubenstein presented the idea of CosmoGIRL! and was offered the position of editor-in-chief. This made Rubenstein, who was 26 years old at the time, the youngest editor-in-chief in Hearst Magazine's 100-year history. Rubenstein went on to make CosmoGIRL! a success with a circulation of 1.25 million readers.
In May 2003, Hearst Magazines bought Seventeen magazine and gave Rubenstein the position of editor-in-chief. Rubenstein reversed a five-year decline in Seventeen's newsstand sales and delivered total newsstand growth of 23% by the end of 2005.
In the fall of 2005, a series that Rubenstein conceived titled Miss Seventeen, debuted on MTV. The series featured seventeen girls competing for the honor of being Miss Seventeen – an award that included a college scholarship, an internship at Seventeen, and a cover and spread for the publication. Rubenstein was the creator and an executive producer on the series.
She appeared in several episodes of the reality show series America's Next Top Model.
On 7 November 2006, she announced that she would be leaving Seventeen'' to launch her own teen-centered web business, write a book, and start a consulting firm specializing in the youth market. Her replacement was Ann Shoket. In December 2006, Rubenstein started Big Momma Productions, Inc.
Personal life
Rubenstein was married to Ari Rubenstein, the founder and managing partner of Global Trading Systems LLC, a stock, commodity and foreign currency trading company. They divorced in 2021.
In 2008, Rubenstein gave birth to a daughter. She later gave birth to twins.
In 2023, Rubenstein announced she had been diagnosed with breast cancer.
References
External links
Atoosa.com
1972 births
American advice columnists
American women columnists
Barnard College alumni
American magazine editors
American women editors
Women magazine editors
Living people
American people of Iranian descent
People from Malverne, New York
Iranian editors
Iranian women editors
Iranian emigrants to the United States
21st-century American women
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The history of United States cricket begins in the 18th century. Among early Americans, cricket was as popular a bat and ball game as baseball. Though Americans never played cricket in great numbers, the game grew for some time. Around the time of the United States Civil War, the game began competing with baseball for participants, but then slowly declined in popularity. This was followed again by a brief golden age with the Philadelphian cricket team. This lasted until roughly the start of World War I; at this time, cricket again became less popular. In the latter part of the 20th century immigrants from cricket-playing nations in South Asia and the West Indies helped spark a resurgence in the game's popularity. This led to participation and success in several International Cricket Council events. In 2007, the United States of America Cricket Association was suspended by the ICC because of problems with its administration, but was again recognized beginning in 2008.
The USACA was expelled as the recognized national governing body by the ICC during its 2017 AGM. USA Cricket is now the ICC-recognized national governing body, and is responsible for administering Minor League Cricket, which is currently the highest level of domestic competition in the USA. It is played in the relatively recently invented T20 format of cricket, with games lasting roughly three hours, separating it from the longer-format cricket played throughout most of American history.
Early developments
Cricket was being played in British North America by at least the beginning of the 18th century. The earliest definite reference to American cricket is in the 1709 diaries of William Byrd of Westover on his James River estates in Virginia. By the American Revolution, the game was so popular that the troops at Valley Forge played matches; George Washington himself joined in at least one game of "wicket." John Adams told Congress that if leaders of simple cricket clubs could be called "presidents," the leader of the new nation might be called something more grand. Cricket continued to develop slowly as a recreational sport as America gained independence in 1783.
A variation of cricket known as wicket was played until the 1800s in the New England area.
History following independence
Cricket enjoyed its greatest popularity along the East Coast corridor between Philadelphia and New York. A contemporary report notes that upwards of 5,000 people played the game in those cities. In 1833, students at Haverford College established what is generally accepted as the first cricket club exclusively for Americans. This club was short-lived, but helped to keep interest in the sport alive in Philadelphia, leading to the foundation of the Philadelphia Cricket Club in 1854 and the Germantown and Young America clubs in 1855. By this time, Philadelphia had become the unofficial "Cricket Capital of America."
The United States participated in the first international cricket match, which saw St George's Cricket Club play Canada on 24 September 1844, at the former Bloomingdale Park in Manhattan. The match was attended by some 10,000 spectators. It is today "the longest international rivalry in cricket, in fact in any sport." Wagers of around $120,000 were placed on the outcome of the match.
As late as 1855, the New York press was still devoting more space to coverage of cricket than to baseball.
Sides from England toured the US and Canada after the English cricket seasons of 1859, 1868 and 1872, in tours organized as commercial ventures. The 1859 team comprised six players from the All-England Eleven and six from the United All-England Eleven and was captained by George Parr. They played five matches, winning them all. There were no first-class fixtures. The match at New York attracted a crowd that was claimed to be 10,000, all that the ground would hold.
The 1868 tourists were led by Edgar Willsher and those of 1872–3 by R.A. Fitzgerald. The latter side included W.G.Grace.
Most of the matches of these early English touring teams were played "against odds", that is to say the home team was permitted to have more than eleven players (usually twenty-two) in order to make a more even contest.
In spite of all this American growth in the game, it was slowly losing ground to a newcomer. In many cities, local cricket clubs were contributing to their own demise by encouraging crossover to the developing game of baseball. After the United States Civil War the Cincinnati Red Stockings brought a talented young bowler from the St. George's Cricket Club in New York to serve as a player and manager of the team. Harry Wright applied the "scientific" batting and specialized placement of fielders that he had learned in cricket to his new sport. This development was instrumental in creating the Cincinnati team's undefeated 1869 season. It also helped to secure the place of baseball as one of the most popular sports in the country.
It may have been during the Civil War that baseball secured its place as America's game. An army making a brief stop at a location could easily organise a game of baseball on almost any clear patch of ground, while cricket required a carefully prepared pitch. Baseball began to poach players and administrators from the world of cricket. Nick Young, who served for 25 years as the president of the National League, was originally a successful cricketer. It was not until the Civil War that he took up baseball because "it looked like cricket for which his soul thirsted." It has been suggested that the fast-paced quick play of baseball was more appealing to Americans than the technical slower game of cricket. This natural tendency toward baseball was compounded by terrible American defeats at the hands of a traveling English side in 1859, which may have caused Americans to think that they would never be successful at this English game. By the end of the Civil War, most cricket fans had given up their hopes of broad-based support for the game. Baseball filled the role of the "people's game" and cricket became an amateur game for gentlemen.
Rise of amateur cricket
Following the Civil War, cricket grew into an amateur sport with much less broad appeal than it had had before. This manifestation can be seen in the foundation of the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club. The club was to be based on "the broadest and most liberal interpretation of the terms 'gentlemen' and amateur." They were not that interested in playing baseball, but in founding a more responsive club in the area than the St George's Cricket Club. The members of the Seabright Lawn Tennis Club became so interested in cricket that they convinced club officials to sod their cricket ground with turf imported from England and had the name of the club changed to the Seabright Lawn Tennis and Cricket Club in 1885.
Nowhere was this new trend in cricket more evident than in Philadelphia. In 1865 a group of young people in that city founded the Merion Cricket Club. They were very emphatic about the purity of the sport and thwarted early attempts by some to convert the club into baseball club. In the end, the club members passed a resolution that the remaining baseball equipment "be sold off as quickly as possible" to guarantee the purpose of the club. Following the lead of New York and Philadelphia, other cities saw new clubs form. These included St Louis, Boston, Detroit, and Baltimore.
These decades also saw an increase in cricket-playing at the intercollegiate level. Following the Civil War, it looked like cricket might expand beyond its strongholds at Haverford College and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1881 delegates from several collegiate cricket clubs, including Harvard University, Columbia University, Princeton University, University of Pennsylvania and Trinity College, joined to form The Intercollegiate Cricket Association. The group was plagued by troubles and withdrawals. Haverford College and Cornell University later joined the ICA, but Yale University and Johns Hopkins University never got around to fielding teams. The ICA lasted until 1924 when it crowned its last champion. These collegiate clubs generally drew their talent from pools at secondary schools which also fielded team and played in interscholastic competitions in this period.
Philadelphian cricket
The Philadelphian cricket team was a team that represented Philadelphia in first-class cricket between 1878 and 1913. The team was composed of players from the four chief cricket clubs in Philadelphia: Germantown, Merion, Belmont, and Philadelphia. Players from smaller clubs, such as Tioga and Moorestown, and local colleges, such as Haverford, also played for the Philadelphians. Over its 35 years, the team played in 88 first-class cricket matches. Of those, 29 were won, 45 were lost, 13 were drawn and one game was abandoned before completion. The "Gentlemen of Philadelphia" were able to win at least a match or two from all of the foreign sides that visited. They beat Australia's test team by an innings on two separate occasions, in 1893 and 1896 Throughout their first-class period of play, the Philadelphians produced such cricketers as Bart King, George Patterson, and John Lester.
The success of the team and of the sport itself in Philadelphia was the result of broad support from the citizens of the city. Crowds of several thousand fans "ranging from millionaires, coaching parties, and box holders to newsboys" routinely filled the stands at the big four clubs during international matches. These matches were also widely reported in local newspapers. Unlike the other regional pockets of cricket enthusiasm across the country, the sport maintained is popularity for almost two decades into the twentieth century.
In 1897, the Gentlemen of Philadelphia were able to launch its first strictly first-class tour of England. This came about after many years of planning. This tour was a very ambitious one for the Americans. They had last toured the British Isles in 1889. Though the results may have been less satisfactory than hoped for by promoters, the tour was arranged mainly for educational purposes and few of those on the American side expected to win many matches. The 1897 schedule included all of the top county cricket teams, the Oxford and Cambridge University teams, the Marylebone Cricket Club, and two other sides, though only a few of the counties thought it worthwhile to put their best elevens onto the field. While it initially aroused some curiosity, many English fans lost interest until Bart King and the Philadelphians met the full Sussex team at Brighton on 17 June. In the first innings, King proved his batting worth on a fourth-wicket stand of 107 runs with John Lester. He then took 7 wickets for 13 runs and the team dismissed Sussex for 46 in less than an hour. In the second innings, King took 6 for 102 and helped the Philadelphians to a victory by 8 wickets.
The Philadelphians again took King and his teammates to England in 1903. On this tour, the team rarely found itself outmatched. By the end of the tour, some English observers were comparing the Philadelphian team to some of the Australian sides that they had seen. One of the highlights of the tour was the win over Gloucestershire by an innings and 26 runs. This was the worst defeat ever by an American side over an English county side. The Americans back home believed that this was the country's chance to burst onto the world cricket stage. Unfortunately, this was followed by a relatively poor showing in 1908. The only bright spot of this tour was Bart King's capture of the season bowling record. His record of 11.01 was not bettered until 1958 when Les Jackson of Derbyshire posted an average of 10.99.
Decline of popularity
Even as the Philadelphians were faring poorly in England in 1908, a more disturbing trend was showing itself back home in Philadelphia. The sport's grassroots popularity was waning. Many Philadelphian professionals began to fill their leisure time with other activities such as golf and tennis. Starting around 1905, the number of matches held in the city dropped off. Some of the great clubs of the city even began to close down due to lack of members. Bart King's own Belmont Cricket Club sold its grounds and disbanded in 1914. The sport slowly declined in Philadelphia and the last first-class match in the city was played in 1913. The game was still being played at Haverford College at least as late as 1925 at a high standard, when a team from the college visited England and played a number of English public schools. Haverford College continues to field a cricket team and its last tour to England was in 2019.
Another blow to cricket in the United States was the formation of the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909. As the name implied, this was meant to be an organization for cricketing nations in the British Empire. Countries such as Australia and South Africa were able to continue playing internationally, while the United States was left out. Although commentator Robert Waller predicted that cricket "had taken so deep a root in Philadelphia that it could never be uprooted," the lack of support and international apathy caused an irreversible decline.
Slow resurgence
In the second half of the twentieth century, immigrants to the United States from traditional cricket strongholds such as South Asia and the West Indies helped to stimulate the growth of the game. The first match televised in the United States was one between the Corinthians and Hollywood in 1958. Cricket received a boost in the United States in 1959 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower attended a cricket match at Karachi's National Cricket Ground. In 1961, an expatriate Englishman, John Marder, helped to establish the United States of America Cricket Association. He also helped to re-establish the series between the United States and Canada that began in 1844. Cricket also gained ground in American collegiate settings during this period. Again, most of the play was done by foreign students visiting the United States to study. This slow but steady resurgence in the game has not spread in great numbers to the mainstream American population.
Modern developments
The United States of America Cricket Association was admitted as an associate member of the International Cricket Conference in 1965, a dramatic change as they been integral in keeping the United States out of international cricket when it was formed in 1909.
The United States was also able to participate in the ICC Trophy when the tournament started in 1979, where they have been successful and have continued to improve despite not yet qualifying for the World Cup. Unfortunately, the USACA proved unable to administer the sport in the United States effectively, leading to suspensions, and subsequent disqualification from tournaments.
In May 2007 the USA were to visit Darwin, Australia, to take part in Division Three of the ICC World Cricket League. A top two finish in this tournament would have qualified them for Division Two of the same tournament later in the year. Unfortunately, after the USACA was suspended from the ICC, the team was disqualified.
Compton Cricket Club
The Compton Cricket club got its start with Mustafa Khan who played cricket in England with the Los Angeles Krickets world's first homeless cricket team founded by David Sentance and Ted Hayes in September 1995. Mustafa Khan with Leo Magnus as coach introduced cricket at the Willowbrok School in Compton. Thereafter, Ted Hayes and Katie Haber raised funds to take the Compton team to England.
The Compton Cricket Club, or CCC, is a cricket club based in Compton, Los Angeles County, California, USA. The CCC is an all American-born disadvantaged exhibition cricket team. The team, which includes Latino and African American ex-gang members, was founded in 1995 by US homeless activist Ted Hayes and Hollywood movie Producer Katy Haber to combat the negative effect of poverty, urban decay and crime in Compton. The club uses the ideals of sportsmanship, and the particular importance of etiquette and fair play in cricket, to help players develop respect for authority, a sense of self-esteem and self-discipline. Having toured England once as a homeless team and 3 times as the Compton Cricket Club, the club toured Australia in 2011 and became the first American born cricket club to tour to Australia.
Pro Cricket
Pro Cricket was operated by American Pro Cricket LLC (APC), a private company independent of the ICC and the USACA. New Jersey cricket figure Kalpesh Patel was one of the key players and acted as Commissioner while Australian Robert Smith filled the role of Assistant Commissioner and game operations specialist. The league was formed in 2004 as one of several independent efforts by different organizations to develop and promote cricket in the United States. It consisted of eight geographically distributed teams organized in two divisions that mostly used minor league baseball parks as home fields. APC originally announced that the league was fully funded for at least three years of competition, but the league struggled through its initial season due to poor attendance. Although most of the games were shown on Dish network PPV, the competition was linked to the unsuccessful launch of the so named "American Desi TV" channel based in New Jersey. The league ceased operations after the 2004 season.
Game-play format
The format of the games were 20 overs a side, similar to Twenty20 cricket. However, there were two major changes from the rules of cricket used elsewhere:
Overs consist of five balls instead of six.
Bowlers could bowl up to five overs each (25% of the total), meaning only four bowlers are needed rather than five.
Additionally, the league used a "designated hitter" rule, in which teams consist of 12 players, 11 of whom field and 1 of whom bat. This was similar to such rules existing in some domestic List A cricket competitions. All of these changes were designed to shorten the game and produce more aggressive batting, which the league administrators believed would help make the sport more appealing to the U.S. public.
The league counted on participation from first-class players from all the major countries, but the Indian board barred its players from participating.
Each team was allowed a limited roster of global players from professional cricket teams outside the U.S. The ICC, however, ruled that because Pro Cricket was not organised by the USACA, contracted players from ICC Test nations could not be released from their contracts to play in Pro Cricket matches. However, several notable players without contracts, such as Ajay Jadeja, Daren Ganga, Mervyn Dillon, Colin Miller and Rahul Sanghvi took part in the competition. Also featured was 51-year old Larry Gomes, as well as a few Zimbabwean exiles such as Craig Wishart. The 15–20 international players who did turn out were rotated among the teams to improve gate attractability.
Although cricket had a strong following in the U.S. up to the mid-19th century, its popularity dwindled with the rise of baseball, and it remained an almost unknown sport throughout the 20th century. The U.S. was one of the first nations to become an associate member of the ICC in 1965, but growth of the game there languished until the late 1990s, when the ICC focused development efforts on the country. Progress has since been slow but steady, and many hoped that Pro Cricket would prove to be a turning point in the popularity of the sport in the U.S.
2004 Season
The league consisted of eight teams in two divisions. The East division, known as "The Covers" and the West, known as "The Mid Wickets", are listed with their home grounds:
East Division
New York Storm (Staten Island, New York) – Richmond County Bank Ballpark
New Jersey Fire (Bridgewater, New Jersey) – Commerce Bank Ballpark
D.C. Forward (Bowie, Maryland) – Prince George's Stadium
Florida Thunder (Homestead, Florida) – Homestead Sports Complex
West Division
Chicago Tornadoes (Schaumburg, Illinois)– Alexian Field
San Francisco Freedom (San Francisco, Northern California) – Kezar Stadium
Los Angeles Unity (Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Southern California) – Arrowhead Credit Union Park
Texas Arrow Heads (Houston, Texas) – Cougar Field at the University of Houston
The competition involved round-robin home and away games between all pairings within a division, followed by inter-divisional semi-finals and a final. The schedule ran from the opening game on 19 June 2004 to the final on 4 September 2004. In addition, Pro Cricket had a policy of not playing the games that have no importance to them on the points table. The game scheduled for 21 August 2004 between Chicago and Los Angeles was canceled due to the lack of importance of the game. Neither team could have made the playoffs even if they won the game; therefore, Pro Cricket chose to not play the game. In 2004, San Francisco Freedom defeated New Jersey Fire for the league championship title.
Playoffs standings
Major League Cricket
Major League Cricket (MLC) is the highest level of domestic T20 cricket in the USA. A development league, Minor League Cricket (MiLC), started its first season in 2021, with star players from MiLC to eventually play in MLC.
United States Youth Cricket Association
American-born Test cricketers
Although the United States is only an associate member of the ICC and has never played a Test match, two Test cricketers have been born in the United States. Ken Weekes was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1912 and played in two of the Tests on the West Indies' tour of England in 1939. Weekes scored 137 at The Oval in the last Test match before the Second World War. Weekes eventually returned to the United States from Jamaica, and died in Brooklyn in 1998.
Later, the Washington, D.C.-born Jehan Mubarak became an international Test player. He has played 8 Tests and 20 One Day Internationals for Sri Lanka.
See also
Cricket in the United States
Notes
Further reading
Contains some information on American cricket written in 1893, at a time when the sport was dying out.
External links
Pro Cricket official web site (as archived by the Wayback Machine on September 4, 2004)
Baysox Bowie, Pictures of D.C. Forward matches against Florida Thunder and Jersey Fire
United States cricket in the 19th century
United States cricket in the 20th century
United States cricket in the 21st century
Defunct sports leagues in the United States
Cricket leagues in the United States
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Victor Nemtsev (January 16, 1936 - November 9, 2018) was a Chuvash painter and member of the Union of Artists of the USSR (1967). He was born in the village of Votlany, Komsomol district, Chuvash ASSR, and died in Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic.
Early life
In 1959, Nemtsev graduated from Cheboksary art school, and later the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute in 1970. From 1961 to 1966, he worked as the headteacher of the Cheboksary Children's Art School No. 1.
Career
After 1971, he participated in the work of the creative team "Rural Dawns". From 1991 to 1993, he was head of the creative team "Ibresionisty" and prepared an exhibition of works for the 100th anniversary of the Ibresi village (1993).
Nemtsev's paintings included portraiture, landscape and still lives.
He died in Cheboksary on November 9, 2018.
Notable works
Nemtsev's works include:
"Red house" (1962), "Anniversary" (1967)
Series of Northern studies (1967–68)
"Chuvash still life" (1969), "My homeland" (1971)
"Chuvash antiquity" (1973)
"Still Life with khushpu" (1974)
"Greener ravines" (1975)
"River Vurnarka. The first green" (1976)
"viburnum red" (1983)
series of portraits of contemporaries (1976–91)
"Participant of the Civil war P. p. Chudikov" (1978)
"Mower Kuzma Nikitin "(1980)
"IRH-Sirmy-Cats – homeland Yu.a. Zaitsev "(1990)
"October "(1996)
"Evdokia Grandmother’s autumn " (2003).
Recognition
K. V. Ivanov prize of the Chuvash ASSR (1980)
Order of the Badge of Honour
Master of Sport of the USSR in power acrobatics (1965).
Honored Artist of Chuvash. ASSR (1976)
People's Artist of Chuvash. Rep. (1993)
Literature
Егоров, А. Илемлӗхпе лайӑх кӑмӑл ӑсти / А. Егоров // Пике. – 1996. – No. 3–4. – С. 30–32.
Журавлев, С. Австри нимӗҫӗн йӑхӗнчен / С. Журавлев // Ар. – 2002. – 15–21 юпа.
Карягина, М. Ыралма, тасалма. Чиркӗве кайнӑ пек / М. Карягина // Тантӑш. – 1996. – 26 кӑрлач (No. 5). – С. 8.
Москвин, В. "Ӳкерчӗксенче – чӑваш тавралӑхӗ / В. Москвин // Каҫал ен (Комсомольски р–нӗ). – 2000. – 12 кӑрлач.
Немцев, В. Виктор Немцев : «Манӑн картинӑсенче – тӗнче» / В. Немцев ; Н. Петровский сыр. ил. // Сентер-шен (Йепрес р–не). – 1993. – 22 июль.
Немцев, В. Виктор Немцев : «Манӑн картинӑсенче – ҫӗршыв тӗкӗрӗ»/ В. Немцев ; Н. Петровский сыр. ил. // Тантӑш. – 1993. – 10 июль (No. 5). – С. 4.
Смирнова, Н. Кӑрлач сиввинчи ҫуркунне / Н. Смирнова // Хыпар. —1996. – 18 кӑрлач.
Ургалкина, Н. Виктор Немцев / Н. Ургалкина // Тӑван Атӑл. – 1986. – No. 5. – С. 72.
Акташ, Т. Певец родного края / Т. Акташ // Совет. Чувашия. – 1997. – 11 июня. – С. 3.
Викторов, Ю. Доброта чувств и оптимизм / Ю. Викторов // Правительств. вестн. – 1996. – 31 янв. (No. 5). – С. 6.
Викторов, Ю. Надо съесть пуд соли / Ю. Викторов // Совет. Чувашия. – 1993. – 10 марта.
Григорьев, А. Г. Немцев Виктор Леонтьевич / А. Григорьев // Краткая чувашская энциклопедия. – Чебоксары, 2001. – С. 291.
Долгов, В. К Виктору Немцеву – «на огонек» / В. Долгов // Чебоксар. новости. – 1997. – 8 июля.
Егорова, А. Пейзаж с бликами на воде / А. Егорова // Чебоксар. новости. – 1996. – 29 марта.
Жирнов, Н. Т. Немцев Виктор Леонтьевич / Н. Т. Жирнов, В. Н. Жирнов // Ибресинский район / Н. Т. Жирнов, В. Н. Жирнов. – Чебоксары, 2004. – С. 110.
Золотов, В. Поймать мгновение! / В. Золотов // Время. – 1997. – 28 июня.
Золотов, В. Пора многоцветия и контрастов / В. Золотов // Совет. Чувашия. – 1997. – 4 июля.
Ивлев, Д. Выдающийся художник страны Чувашской / Д. Ивлев // Чӑваш ен. – 1997. – 5–16 янв. (No. 1). – С. 2.
Ивлев, Д. Д. Поэзия Виктора Немцева / Д. Д. Ивлев // Короли и академики / Д. Д. Ивлев. – Чебоксары, 1999. – С. 30–31.
Летние закаты Виктора Немцева // Чебоксар. новости. – 1997. – 7 июня.
Немцев, В. Виктор Немцев, каков он есть.../ В. Немцев ; записала E. Канюка // Чебоксар. новости. – 1998. – 16 дек.
Немцев, В. «На этюд выходишь, как на бой!» / В. Немцев ; записала А. Егорова // Чебоксар. новости. – 1996. – 20 янв.
Немцев, В. «Сбить наледь равнодушия с сердец» / В. Немцев ; беседовал В. Овчаров // Чебоксар. правда. – 2000. – 3 авг.
Петрова, Н. Навернулись слезы / Н. Петрова // Совет. Чувашия. – 1997. – 18 июня.
Петровский–Теветкель, Н. Золотая осень народного художника Чувашии Виктора Немцева / Н. * Петровский–Теветкель // Чаваш ен. – 1998. – 31 окт. –7 нояб. (No. 43). – С. 8.
Соловьев, В. «Цветок среди цветов» / В. Соловьев // Чебоксар. новости. – 1996. – 9 апр.
Теветкель, Н. Многоцветье чувашского пейзажиста / Н. Теветкель // Республика. – 2001. – 19 дек. (No. 101–102). – С. 7.
Теветкель, Н. Таинство цветов / Н. Теветкель // Совет. Чувашия. – 2004. – 18 февр.
References
External links
Memorable date today: 80 years ago was born Nemtsev Viktor Leontievich
Viktor NEMTSEV: there is still a lot of undisclosed beauty IN Chuvashia
Works of Victor Nemtsev from the Chuvash state art Museum
20th-century painters
Soviet painters
1936 births
2018 deaths
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Feniosky Peña-Mora (born March 6, 1966) is a Dominican-born engineer, educator, and former commissioner of the New York City Department of Design and Construction. He also served as the 14th Dean of Columbia University's Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science and as the Associate Provost of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Career
Higher education
Peña-Mora is the Edwin Howard Armstrong Professor of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at Columbia University. Previously, he was also the dean of the Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science at the university.
As dean, he focused on implementing a three-pronged strategic plan encompassing faculty excellence, student support, and space growth. During his deanship, the School of Engineering and Applied Science doubled its endowed chairs and raised $75 million for Columbia Engineering. Peña-Mora also led the reformulation of the online Master's program in engineering, which ranked number 1 in the 2013 U.S. News & World Report.
Peña-Mora's tenure was controversial. A number of faculty members and department chairmen passed a "no-confidence" vote in his leadership. They criticized his self-serving style of management, his hasty expansion of the engineering school, which overloaded professors with too many students, and asserted that he prioritized fund-raising over research and did not honor his promises. One of Peña-Mora's most vocal critics, Van C. Mow, called him a "control freak" and stepped down from his position as Chair of the Department of Biomedical Engineering in 2011. Mow's harsh critique was challenged by some as being driven by his general "resistance to change," especially when implemented by a dean 26 years his junior. After various attempts to bridge the differences, Peña-Mora eventually resigned in July 2012.
Peña-Mora resigned from his position as Dean in July 2012. As a results, some questioned their “confidence—as well as the confidence of many others at Columbia—in the ability of Columbia to maintain diverse leadership at the top.” Faculty, students and community leaders complained about “racial bias in its ranks“. A highly regarded Hispanic biology professor has complained to Columbia President Lee Bollinger about the "ethnic bullying", "unbridled racism" and "the shameful bullying of our engineering Dean Peña-Mora shows similar characteristics" to the ‘gauntlet’ other minority faculty have faced at Columbia.” Another professor communicated how senior faculty in engineering even “complain about his [Peña-Mora] Spanish accent"; which was especially surprising, given that Israel-born Zvi Galil, Dean of the Engineering School from 1995–2007, had a strong accent that was "loved" by many.
Peña-Mora continues to supervise PhD and graduate research students and was listed as being on "public service leave" while serving at the DDC. He maintains a named professorship with a salary of more than $500,000 in 2015 on top of his salary as Commissioner.
Public service
On April 8, 2014, Dr. Peña-Mora was appointed the Commissioner of the New York City Department of Design and Construction (DDC) by Mayor Bill de Blasio. While Commissioner, Peña-Mora visited many of the DDC's projects, including the rehabilitation of the High Bridge, which restored a vital link between upper Manhattan and the Bronx; the new New York City Police Academy in College Point, Queens, which will train more than 1,600 new police officers each year to protect the City; the Ocean Breeze Athletic Center, which symbolizes continued investment in neighborhoods impacted by Hurricane Sandy; and, the transformation of Times Square into a permanent pedestrian plaza.
Controversy followed Peña-Mora to the public sector in 2016 when a supposed quid pro quo scheme was uncovered, as Peña-Mora directed DDC funds and City contracts to Renee Sacks, and organizations she works with, and Sacks' firm, Sacks Communications, made its entire Spring 2016 issue of Diversity/Agenda magazine all about Peña-Mora.
On June 21, 2017, Peña-Mora announced his plans to step down from the DDC. News reports tied his departure to "Hurricane Sandy rebuilding failures."
Patents
Hussein, K. and Peña-Mora, F., “Collaborative Agent Interaction Control and Synchronization System,” MIT Case No. 8376S, Daly, Crowley & Mofford, LLP file MIT-057AUS, US Patent Application No. 09/540,947, Issued February 28, 2006.
Peña-Mora, F. and Kuang, C., “Mechanisms and Artifacts to Manage Heterogeneous Platform Interfaces in a Collaboration,” MIT Case No. 9249S Daly, Crowley & Mofford, LLP file MIT-057BUS, US Patent Application No. 10/069,885, Issued January 9, 2007.
Peña-Mora, F., Vadhavkar, S., Dwivedi, G., Kuang, C., and Wang, W., “Software Service Handoff Mechanism with A Performance Reliability Improvement Mechanism (PRIM) for a Collaborative Client-Server System,” MIT Case No. 9250S, Daly, Crowley & Mofford, LLP file MIT-092AUS, US Patent Application No. 10/069,797, Issued May 15, 2007.
Peña-Mora, F., Park, M., Lee, S., Fulenwider, M., and Li, M. “Dynamic Planning Method and System,” MIT Case No. 9185S, Daly, Crowley & Mofford, LLP file MIT-086AUS, US Patent Application No. 10/068,119, US Patent No. 7,349,863, Issued March 25, 2008.
Peña-Mora, F., Park, M., Lee, S., Fulenwider, M., and Li, M. “Reliability Buffering Technique Applied to a Project Planning Model,” MIT Case No. 9186S, Daly, Crowley & Mofford, LLP file MIT-087PUSP, US Patent No. 7,415,393, Issued August 19, 2008.
Golparvar-Fard M., Peña-Mora, F., and Savarese, S. (2010). “D4AR- 4 Dimensional Augmented Reality Models for Automation and Visualization of Construction Progress Monitoring.” United States Provisional Patent Application No. 61/570,491, filed December 14, 2011.
Thomas J., Peña-Mora, F., and Golparvar-Fard, M. (2009). “Mobile Workstation Chariot.” Provisional Patent, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (Docket Number: TF08208-PRO).
References
External links
New Dean is Feniosky Pena-Mora
Curriculum Vitae
New York Times: An Immigrant’s Journey to a Top Post at Columbia
Columbia Spectator: Who runs Columbia: Find out who is large and in charge
Research Group
People from Washington Heights, Manhattan
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Living people
1966 births
Dominican Republic scientists
Dominican Republic engineers
Bronx Community College alumni
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