id stringlengths 16 16 | text stringlengths 27 131k | n_occurrences int64 1 1 |
|---|---|---|
eea7d39c0d8c0d1a | Roman Catholic Diocese of Tambacounda
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tambacounda () is a diocese located in the city of Tambacounda in the Ecclesiastical province of Dakar in Senegal.
History
August 13, 1970: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Tambacounda from the Diocese of Kaolack and Diocese of Saint-Louis du Sénégal
April 17, 1989: Promoted as Diocese of Tambacounda
Special churches
The cathedral is Cathédrale Marie Reine de l’Univers in Tambacounda, which is located in the Medina Coura neighborhood of the town.
Leadership
Bishops of Tambacounda (Roman rite)
Bishop Jean-Noël Diouf (since 1989.04.17)
Prefects Apostolic of Tambacounda (Roman rite)
Fr. Clément Cailleau, C.S.Sp. (1970.08.13 – 1986.04.24)
See also
Roman Catholicism in Senegal
References
External links
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy
Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in Senegal
Category:Tambacounda
Category:Christian organizations established in 1970
Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century | 1 |
4d5f42da6f01d430 | Mud Hens pitcher Evan Reed charged with sexual assault
Mud Hens pitcher Evan Reed was charged July 30 with sexual assault related to a March incident in Detroit when he was a member of the Detroit Tigers.
Evan Reed
Reed, 28, was charged with two counts of criminal sexual conduct for alleged committing “an act of penetration through force or coercion” when he “had reason to know the victim was physically helpless or mentally incapacitated or mentally incapable to consent,” according to a news release from the Wayne County Prosecutor’s Office. The charges carry a maximum penalty of 15 years.
He is expected to turn himself in to authorities accompanied by his attorney Ben Gonek and be arraigned in 36th District Court in Detroit at 10:30 a.m. July 31, according to the prosecutor’s office
The alleged assault occurred in Detroit the day before the Tigers’ home opener on March 31.
The incident was reported by a 45-year-old Oakland County woman, who said she was at a bar in Royal Oak around 10 p.m. March 29, where she met Reed and they danced, according to the release. Afterward they sat in a booth with others and chatted. At some point, the woman finished an alcoholic drink and “began to feel odd.” After midnight, she and Reed left the bar and went to a Detroit hotel, where she alleges Reed sexually assaulted her around 7:30 a.m. March 30 and then asked her to leave.
“It is important to note that in any case the investigation must be thorough and all witnesses must be located and interviewed. This protocol remains the same if the alleged defendant is wealthy, privileged, a known figure or even a promising athlete,” Prosecutor Kym L. Worthy said in the release.
Reed was drafted by the Texas Rangers in 2007. He joined the Tigers organization in 2013, and shuttled between Detroit and Toledo last season. He made his major league debut with the Tigers in May 2013. He started the 2014 season in Detroit and was sent to Toledo in late June.
This entry was posted
on Wednesday, July 30th, 2014 at 12:52 pm and is filed under Baseball, Community, Crime, Mud Hens, Sports.
You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
Both comments and pings are currently closed. | 1 |
7e5e2add62e6dbd1 | One-year follow-up of patients treated for dental fear: effects of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation, and nitrous oxide sedation.
The effects of dental fear treatments were assessed in a 1-year follow-up study. Sixty-two patients had finished a controlled study in which they were randomly allocated to nitrous oxide sedation (NO), cognitive therapy (CT), or applied relaxation (AR). During the trial highly significant reductions in dental fear and general distress were observed. One year later a majority (95%) of the participants had attended dental treatment in general practice. On the whole, continued favorable effects with regard to dental fear and general distress were observed. Patients in the applied relaxation group evidenced the largest reductions on the dental fear measures. All patients judged the dental fear treatment to have been beneficial, and 80% judged the treatment given in the year after the dental fear treatment successful. All three treatment groups scored in the normative range for general distress both at the end of treatment and at follow-up. | 1 |
58fa5da16b453027 | Optimizing medical practice using a computerized hospital information system. Example of blood transfusions.
The recent focus on medical risks and dollar cost of blood transfusion has resulted in the need to define guidelines for transfusion of blood products. In 1987, a computerized knowledge-based system was implemented at LDS Hospital to screen transfusion requests and flag those not justified by criteria defined by the medical staff. The use of red blood cells (RBC) for the 9 month period from July 1, 1988 was reviewed. The number of units ordered that met the criteria used by LDS Hospital was 90%. Our results showed there was a need to refine knowledge about transfusion therapy to help physicians optimize the use of blood products. | 1 |
ad5cf7a01a8cdc5a | Q:
Show message dialog
Is it possible to display a QML dialog when the user hits a button in a QML window?
Example:
When the user clicks in the menu bar on Help -> About the About dialog should be displayed:
import QtQuick 2.12
import QtQuick.Layouts 1.12
import QtQuick.Window 2.12
import QtQuick.Controls 2.12
import "components"
ApplicationWindow {
id: window
visible: true
width: 1040
height: 480
aboutDlg: aboutDialog {} // does not work...
menuBar: MenuBar {
Menu {
title: qsTr("Help")
MenuItem {
text: qsTr("About")
onTriggered: aboutDlg.open();
}
}
...
components/AboutDialog.qml
import QtQuick 2.2
import QtQuick.Dialogs 1.1
MessageDialog {
id: aboutDialog
title: "May I have your attention please"
text: "It's so cool that you are using Qt Quick."
onAccepted: {
console.log("And of course you could only agree.")
Qt.quit()
}
}
When I remove the line boutDlg: aboutDialog {} // does not work... the following error is reported when clicking on the About menu item:
qrc:/main.qml:61: ReferenceError: aboutDlg is not defined
How can I achieve this?
A:
You called "aboutDialog" which is an ID in the AboutDialog.
Think of it like you add an object, like adding a Rectangle...which has its own file...and you can "instantiate" it by adding an object like so:
...
ApplicationWindow {
...
AboutDialog {
id: aboutDlg
}
...
}
You can find example HERE
You might also optimize a bit and put the AboutDialog in a Loader.
| 1 |
b5c0f48a94959bff | grammar Poly;
options {
output=AST;
language=ObjC;
}
tokens { MULT; } // imaginary token
poly: term ('+'^ term)*
;
term: INT ID -> ^(MULT[@"*"] INT ID)
| INT exp -> ^(MULT[@"*"] INT exp)
| exp
| INT
| ID
;
exp : ID '^'^ INT
;
ID returns [NSString *value]
: 'a'..'z'+ ;
INT returns [NSString *value]
: '0'..'9'+ ;
WS : (' '|'\t'|'\r'|'\n')+ { $channel=HIDDEN; } ;
| 1 |
64ebc442b0d52517 | I'm getting about the same thing trying to update "tf" (team fortress 2) on Ubuntu 7.10 (just updated it yesterday). DSL connection near Seattle, WA. Come to think of it, might have been "Connection Closed", I'll have to check when I'm home in 10 hours.
This was fixed by time. Now when it runs, it's downloading a newer version. (so they probably had it down for an update) | 1 |
7690a3c99b3ed30a | Antioxidant protection against acoustic trauma by coadministration of idebenone and vitamin E.
Idebenone, a synthetic analogue of coenzyme Q, attenuates noise-induced hearing loss by virtue of its antioxidant properties. This study involves a guinea pig model of acoustic trauma where the effectiveness of idebenone is analyzed in comparison with Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) that exhibits a potent antioxidant activity in the inner ear. Idebenone and vitamin E were injected intraperitoneally 1 h before noise exposure and once daily for three days; functional and morphological studies were then carried out, respectively, by auditory brainstem responses evaluation, scanning electron microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay identification of missing and apoptotic cells was also performed. The results showed that the protective effects of idebenone and vitamin E were not additive implying that the two antioxidants may share competitive mechanisms. | 1 |
599e910ad98287f5 | Mounting tensions with Syria sink US stocks
NEW YORK (AP) — Fears of an escalating conflict in Syria rippled across financial markets on Tuesday, sinking stocks, lifting gold and pushing the price of oil to the highest in a year and a half.
The increasing possibility of U.S. military strikes raised worries on Wall Street that energy trade in the region could be disrupted, raising fuel costs for consumers and business.
"If Syria becomes drawn out and becomes a long-term issue, it's going to show up in things like gas prices," said Chris Costanzo, investment officer with Tanglewood Wealth Management.
The Dow Jones industrial average fell 170.33 points, or 1.1 percent, to 14,776.13, the lowest in two months.
The Standard & Poor's 500 index lost 26.30 points, or 1.6 percent, to 1,630.48 and the Nasdaq composite fell 79.05 points, or 2.2 percent, to 3,578.52.
"The law of unintended consequences and the history of previous military interventions in the region is not a recipe for political and economic stability," said Neil MacKinnon, global macro strategist at VTB Capital.
The sell-off in U.S. stocks was broad. All 10 industry sectors in the S&P 500 index were in the red, and only 31 of the index's 500 stocks rose. Utilities and other high dividend-paying stocks mostly escaped the selling.
The impact wasn't just in stocks. Gold prices advanced and government bond prices jumped because traders see those investments holding their value better in times of uncertainty. Gold rose $27, or 2 percent, to $1,420 an ounce while the yield on the benchmark U.S. 10-year Treasury note fell to 2.71 percent from 2.79 percent.
While Syria itself has little oil, traders feared an intervention in Syria could cause further instability in the Middle East and possibly disrupt the flow of oil from the region. Oil surged $3.09, or 2.9 percent, to close at $109.01 a barrel, the highest closing price since February 2012.
"People worry about this becoming a worst-case scenario and turning into a regional conflict," said Bill Stone, chief investment strategist at PNC Asset Management.
Energy prices dragged down the airline industry on concerns that higher oil prices could lead to higher fuel costs. United Continental Holdings, the world's largest airline by revenue, dropped $2.15, or 7.2 percent, to $27.71 and Delta Air Lines lost $1.16, or 5.7 percent, to $19.11.
Stone said oil prices could start weighing on consumer spending down the road, but it is still too early to gauge the longer-term impact.
In corporate news, discount shoe seller DSW jumped $6.43, or 7.9 percent, to $87.75 after the company reported an adjusted profit of 97 cents per share, easily beating analysts' estimate of 80 cents per share, according to FactSet.
J.C. Penney fell 18 cents, or 1.3 percent, to $13.17 after the company's biggest investor, Bill Ackman, said he plans to sell his entire stake in the discount department store chain.
The tensions with Syria overshadowed two positive reports on the economy.
The Conference Board said its consumer confidence index rose to 81.5 in August, up from 80.3 the month before. Economists had expected 79, according to FactSet.
The Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller 20-city home price index rose 12.1 percent in June from a year earlier, nearly matching a seven-year high. But month-over-month price gains slowed in most markets, a sign that higher mortgage rates may be weighing on the housing recovery. | 1 |
c9adabad3aef55a7 | /*
Copyright (c) 2014-2015, GoBelieve
All rights reserved.
This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
*/
#import "ESImageViewController.h"
@interface MEESImageViewController : ESImageViewController
@property (nonatomic) bool isFullSize;
@property (nonatomic,strong) UIButton *saveBtn;
@end
| 1 |
ffc23ea4594d0ff4 | Upcoming Events
Catholic Theologians Call to Abolish the Death Penalty
In the wake of the September 21st executions of Troy Anthony Davis in Georgia and Lawrence Brewer in Texas, over 350 Catholic theologians, including JSRI's Alex Mikulich, have called for the abolition of the death penalty in the United States. The statement can be found here.
The statement has received extensive news and media coverage. For example: | 1 |
57d327919371d6c1 | ---
abstract: 'The role of the spatial structure of a turbulent flow in enhancing particle collision rates in suspensions is an open question. We show and quantify, as a function of particle inertia, the correlation between the multiscale structures of turbulence and particle collisions: Straining zones contribute predominantly to rapid head-on collisions compared to vortical regions. We also discover the importance of vortex-strain worm-rolls, which goes beyond ideas of preferential concentration and may explain the rapid growth of aggregates in natural processes, such as the initiation of rain in warm clouds.'
author:
- 'Jason R. Picardo'
- Lokahith Aghasthya
- Rama Govindarajan
- Samriddhi Sankar Ray
bibliography:
- 'ref\_turb\_part.bib'
title: 'Collisions in Turbulence: Flow Structures Matter and How'
---
Turbulence is riddled with a hierarchy of interacting vortical and straining structures (Fig. \[fig:Qstruc\]), which are closely related to its characteristic intermittent and non-Gaussian statistics [@FrischCUP; @Tsinober2009; @Schumacher2012; @Frisch2012; @Buzzicotti2016; @Lanotte2016]. The most intense structures typically occur near each other, in the form of vortex tubes surrounded by straining sheets, as shown in Fig. \[fig:Qstruc\]. This organization—a sort of vortex-strain *worm-rolls*—is characteristic of turbulent flows [@Zeff2003; @Ray2009; @Schumacher2010; @Gotzfried2017], and its origin and dynamical implications continue to be investigated [@Guala2007; @Hamlington2008; @Ray2015; @Wilczek2015; @Lawson2015; @Ray2018]. These structures distinguish fully developed turbulence from purely random flow fields, and must play an important role in many aspects of turbulent transport. The most important of these—because it remains central to our understanding of phenomena as diverse as the formation of planets in circumstellar disks [@Lissauer2013] or the initiation of rain in warm clouds [@Grabowski2013; @Chen2018]—is the growth of macroscopic aggregates, due to collisions and coalescences, from nuclei-particles (dust or aerosols) suspended in a turbulent flow. The role of the underlying turbulent carrier flow is critical: Estimates of, e.g., the rate of growth of these aggregates in the absence of such flows do not agree with that seen in nature [@Pumir2016]. Indeed, the explanation of such rapid growth through coalescence, demonstrated [@sundaram1997; @Bec2016; @Onishi2015] and quantified in terms of flow statistics [@vobkuhle2014; @Pumir2016; @Ireland2016], is rooted in the ability of turbulent flows to enhance the rate of collisions between nuclei seed-particles.
A critical discovery, due to Bec, *et al.* [@Bec2016], was to find the precise connection between the intermittent (multiscaling) nature of the carrier turbulent flow and the accelerated growth of aggregates. And yet the implied correlation between the structure of the flow and droplet collisions-coalescences remains unknown. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that flow structures matter. But the question is how and when?
In this paper we answer this question comprehensively, based on detailed state-of-the-art direct numerical simulations (DNSs), and show how straining regions are intrinsically more effective at generating collisions than vortical ones even for uniformly distributed *inertia-less* particles. Particle inertia widens this discrepancy, not simply by preferential concentration, but also by selectively increasing the collision velocities in straining zones. This is because straining regions have a larger proportion of *head-on* or *rear-end* collisions, as opposed to *side-on* collisions, which are predominant in vortical regions. Consequently, a larger fraction of the velocity gradient in straining zones is translated into the particle approach velocity. Finally, and most strikingly, we show how intense vorticity and strain, cohabiting as vortex-strain *worm-rolls*, conspire to generate rapid, violent collisions.
![A representative snapshot of three-dimensional contours of ${\mathcal Q}$ showing intense vortex tubes (opaque red: $+5.6 \sqrt{\langle {\mathcal Q^2}\rangle}$) enveloped by dissipative, straining sheets (transparent blue: $-2 \sqrt{\langle {\mathcal Q^2}\rangle}$).[]{data-label="fig:Qstruc"}](Qstruc2.pdf){width=".8\columnwidth"}
We therefore consider a turbulent flow whose velocity $\bm u$ (subject to the incompressibility constraint $\nabla\cdot {\bm u} = 0$) is a solution to the Navier-Stokes equation $$\partial_t {\bm u} + ({\bm u} \cdot \nabla){\bm u} = -\nabla p + \nu \nabla^2 {\bm u} + {\bm f}$$ where $\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity. We perform DNSs on a tri-periodic domain with $N{^3}=512^3$ grid points, by using a standard de-aliased pseudo-spectral solver [@Canuto1_2006] and a second-order Adams-Bashford scheme for time integration. A statistically stationary, homogeneous and isotropic flow is maintained by the time-dependent large-scale forcing $\bm f$, which injects a constant amount of energy into the first two wavenumber shells. This forcing scheme enables us to control the time-averaged energy dissipation $\epsilon$, which is chosen such that the the Kolmogorov length $\eta = (\nu^3/\epsilon)^{1/4}$ satisfies $\eta k_{\rm
max} \approx 1.7$ (where $k_{\rm max} = \sqrt{2}N/3$ is the maximum resolved wavenumber). The Taylor-Reynolds number (${\mbox{\textit{Re}}}_\lambda = 2E\sqrt{5/(3 \nu
\epsilon)}$, where $E$ is the total kinetic energy) of the flow is 196.
To identify vortical and straining structures in the flow, we use the ${\mathcal Q}$ criterion [@Dubief2000; @Blackburn1996; @Chong1990] through the velocity gradient tensor ${\mathcal{A}} = \tau_{\eta}
\nabla {\bm u}$ (normalized by the Kolmogorov time $\tau_\eta=(\nu/\epsilon)^{1/2}$) which yields the symmetric strain rate tensor ${\mathcal S} = ({\mathcal{A}}
+{\mathcal{A}}^{\mathrm T})/2$ and the anti-symmetric rotation rate tensor ${\mathcal R} = ({\mathcal{A}} -{\mathcal{A}}^{\mathrm T})/2$. To compare the relative magnitudes of strain and rotation, we define $S^2 = {\mathcal S}_{ij}
{\mathcal S}_{ij}$ and $R^2 = {\mathcal R}_{ij} {\mathcal R}_{ij}$, the difference of which is related to the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor: ${\mathcal Q} = (R^2 - S^2)/2$. Regions where ${\mathcal Q} < 0$ are dominated by irrotational strain, while regions where ${\mathcal Q} > 0$ are vortical. Near-zero values of ${\mathcal Q}$ may correspond to zones with weak velocity gradients, or to strong shear layers where ${R^2 \approx S^2}$ [@Ireland2016]. Figure \[fig:Qstruc\] presents contours of large positive and negative values of ${\mathcal Q}$, which reveal characteristic vortex-strain worm-rolls.
We introduce in the flow $10^6$ identical particles, each having a sub-Kolmogorov radius $a = \eta/3 $ (we have checked that the results reported here are consistent for smaller radii as well, up to $\eta/10$) and a density $\rho_p$ much larger than that of the carrier-fluid $\rho_f$. The particles occupy a small volume fraction of ${\mathcal O} (10^{-4})$ and their influence on the flow is negligible. Since the Reynolds number associated with their slip velocities is small, the evolution of particle trajectories $\bm{X}_{p}(t)$ is determined by the simplified Maxey-Riley equations [@CroorRev2017]: $$\frac{d \bm{X}_{p}}{dt}=\bm{V}_{p}, \quad\quad \frac{d \bm{V}_{p}}{dt}=-\frac{1}{\tau_{p}} [\bm{V}_{p}-{\bm u}(\bm{X}_{p},t) ] \label{eq:maxey}$$ where $\tau_p = 2 a^2 \rho_{p} /(9 \nu \rho_{f})$, the particle relaxation time, yields the Stokes number (${\mbox{\textit{St}}}=\tau_p /
\tau_\eta)$, which provides a non-dimensional measure of the particle’s inertia. We consider several families of particles, with ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}$ ranging from 0 to 16.75. For non-zero ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}$, Eqs. are solved by using an exponential integration scheme [@Ireland2013]. The case of tracers ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}=
0$ is handled separately, by directly setting ${\bm v}_{\rm p}(t) = {\bm
u}({\bm X}_{\rm p}(t),t)$ and by using a second order Runge-Kutta time-stepper. The fluid velocity at the particle position is obtained via fourth-order B-spline interpolation [@Hinsberg2012].
After the randomly-seeded particles have settled into a statistically stationary distribution, we begin detecting collisions using an algorithm similar to that in Ref. [@sundaram1997]. We use the standard *ghost collisions* approximation— ignoring coalescence and other post-collision outcomes—to focus on the role of flow structures in bringing particles together and enhancing collision rates.
![Bi-probability distribution functions $P(R^2,S^2)$ for inertia-less (tracer) particles, corresponding to the values of $R^2$ and $S^2$ sampled by (a) particles and (b) collision locations, which show the disproportionate bias towards collisions in strain-dominated regions. []{data-label="fig:RS"}](RS_St0.pdf){width="1.0\columnwidth"}
{width=".8\textwidth"}
The rate of collisions depends, of course, on the relative velocity of particles at contact [@Bhatnagar2018; @Saw2014; @James17]. For tracers (${\mbox{\textit{St}}}= 0$) or nearly-tracer particles (${\mbox{\textit{St}}}\gtrsim 0$), this is determined by fluid velocity gradients ($\propto \tau_\eta^{-1}$), which increase in magnitude as the flow becomes more turbulent. This picture, underlying the seminal work of Saffman and Turner [@saffman1956], is blind to flow structures: It disregards whether the local velocity gradient arises from rotation or strain.
Inertial particles (${\mbox{\textit{St}}}> 0$), e.g., droplets in air, do not respond instantaneously to changes in the flow. Such particles *preferentially concentrate*, thereby increasing their local number density [@sundaram1997]. They can also attain relative velocities much larger than that of the underlying flow. Dubbed the *sling effect* [@Falkovich2002], these events correspond to the formation of singularities or *caustics* in the particle velocity field [@Wilkinson2006; @Croor2015]. Although clustering and caustics have been tied to the centrifugal ejection of heavy particles out of vortices, they also occur in smooth random flows that are devoid of structure [@Bec2005; @Wilkinson2007; @sticky; @Gustavsson2013; @Gustavsson2014]. Consequently, the presence of these effects does not necessarily imply that collisions sense the structures of turbulence.
To unambiguously determine the influence of the local flow field, we must begin with tracers which remain uniformly distributed in space. To allow for collisions, the radii of these particles are kept (artificially) finite, while their inertia is ignored. According to the Saffman-Turner theory [@saffman1956], collisions should occur uniformly between any two regions that possess the same velocity gradient magnitude, regardless of whether these regions are vortical or straining. We now examine this hypothesis, bearing in mind that a discrepancy will implicate flow structures that are intrinsically more effective at causing collisions.
Towards this end, we calculate the values of $R^2$ and $S^2$ along particle trajectories, as well as at collision locations. The results for inertia-less particles are presented as joint probability distributions functions $P(R^2,S^2)$ in Fig. \[fig:RS\]a and Fig. \[fig:RS\]b, respectively. It is immediately clear that collisions under-sample vortical regions ($R^2 > S^2$) and over-sample straining regions ($S^2 > R^2$), relative to where particles reside. This is also seen in Fig. \[fig:Ang\]a, which overlays contours of $P(R^2,S^2) = 0.1$ and 0.02, for particles (dashed) and collisions (solid). The strain (vorticity) dominated portion of this plot is shaded in blue (red), and corresponds to ${\mathcal Q}
< -0.3$ (${\mathcal Q} > +0.3$).
This surprising result is an outcome of the distinct flow topologies of these regions which cause particles to approach each other differently. Fig. \[fig:Ang\]b presents the distribution of the cosine of the collision angle ($\theta$), for straining (blue) and vortical (red) regions. $\theta$ is defined as the angle between the relative velocity vector ($V_{p1} - V_{p2}$) and the separation vector ($X_{p1} - X_{p2}$) at collision. Particles in straining regions tend to collide in a head-on or rear-end manner ($\theta
\approx 0$ or $\pi$). In either case, a large fraction of the velocity difference between particles contributes to their rate of approach or collision velocity ($\Delta v_{||}$). On the other hand, particles in vortices undergo collisions that are closer to being side-on, in which case the separation vector is nearly perpendicular to the relative velocity. This results in lower approach velocities in vortical regions, as shown in Fig. \[fig:Ang\]c. Consequently, over a given time interval, fewer particles will collide in vortical regions compared to straining regions with the same magnitude of the velocity gradient and particle number density.
{width=".95\textwidth"}
How does particle inertia affect this picture? Figure \[fig:den\_vr\]a presents the average value of $\mathcal Q$ sampled by particles (dashed-red) and their collision locations (solid-black) as a function of ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}$. At ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}= 0$, $\langle
{\mathcal Q} \rangle$ is 0 for particles and -0.04 for collisions. Remarkably, this offset is strongly amplified by inertia and reaches a maximum around ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}\approx 0.3$, beyond which particles begin to de-correlate from the underlying flow and eventually collide uniformly. The preference of *inertial* particles (${\mbox{\textit{St}}}> 0$) to collide in straining regions has been reported previously by Perrin and Jonker [@Perrin2014; @Perrin2016]. Our results demonstrate that this effect is not fundamentally tied to particle inertia, but rather is an amplification of a difference that exists even for inertia-less tracers, raising the question: how does particle inertia selectively enhance collisions in straining regions?
One possible explanation is provided by preferential concentration: Heavy particles are centrifuged out of rotational regions, and thus tend to accumulate in straining zones just outside vortices [@Croor2015]. This causes the number density to increase in straining regions, at the expense of vortical zones, as shown in Fig. \[fig:den\_vr\]b. Here, $n$ is a coarse-grained number density, obtained by dividing the domain into bins of size $20 \eta$. The average $\mathcal Q$ in each bin is used to distinguish between vortical ($\mathcal Q > 0$) and straining regions ($\mathcal Q < 0$) and obtain the conditionally averaged number density. All else being equal, higher number densities imply larger collision rates [@Pumir2016]. However, we see that the maximum difference in number densities occurs near ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}\approx 1$, which is *not* where the maximum difference in $\langle
{\mathcal Q} \rangle$ is seen (Fig. \[fig:den\_vr\]a). Hence another mechanism must be involved.
Inertia is also known to increase the relative velocity between neighboring particles [@Saw2014; @James17], which should result in higher collision velocities. On examining this effect in straining and vortical regions separately, we find that it is stronger in straining regions and, in fact, has no impact on vortical regions for small ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}$. This is demonstrated in Fig. \[fig:den\_vr\]c, which presents the average values of $\Delta v_{||}$, conditioned on $ {\mathcal Q}$. It appears that head-on (or rear-end) collisions, which prevail in straining zones, are more amenable to being sped-up by inertia than side-on collisions. Notably, the maximum difference between collision velocities occurs near ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}\approx 0.3$, which matches well with the maximum difference in $\langle {\mathcal Q} \rangle$ (Fig. \[fig:den\_vr\]a). Thus, larger approach rates, rather than number densities, appear to be the primary reason for the effectiveness of straining regions in creating collisions.
{width=".91\textwidth"}
Thus far, we have considered vortical and straining regions individually. Particle inertia, however, permits structures within a distance of $\tau_p V_p$ to influence a collision. This raises the possibility of vortical and straining regions conspiring to enhance collisions, especially for moderately large ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}$. For example, the geometry of vortex-strain *worm-rolls* (Fig. \[fig:Qstruc\]) will cause particles in intense vortex tubes to be rapidly ejected into strong straining sheets, where they are very likely to collide.
We search for evidence of this effect by tracing, backward in time, all particles that collide in straining regions. For the subset that do have atleast one particle originating from a vortex, we record (i) the time taken to collide after leaving the vortex and entering the straining zone ($t_{strain}$), as indicated by $\mathcal Q$ changing sign; (ii) the strength of the vortex, measured in terms of the maximum positive value of $\mathcal Q$ sampled inside the vortex ($\mathcal Q_{vortex}$); (iii) the intensity of straining at the collision location ($\mathcal Q_{col}$); and (iv) the collision velocity. While measuring the vortex strength, we only back-track for a time of $3 \tau_{\eta}$ within the vortex, to ensure that the $\mathcal Q$ values obtained are relevant to the subsequent collision. The conclusions are insensitive to the exact value of this threshold.
Fig. \[fig:lag\] presents the results of this Lagrangian calculation, conditionally averaged on $t_{strain}$, for ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}= 1, 0.6$ and $0.1$. The data for moderately large ${\mbox{\textit{St}}}$ (1 and 0.6), reveal the impact of vortex-strain worm-rolls. Particles that collide quickly (small $t_{strain}$), are found to originate from more intense vortices (Fig. \[fig:lag\]a) and to collide in stronger straining regions (Fig. \[fig:lag\]b). This signature weakens considerably for less inertial ($St = 0.1$) particles which are mildly ejected and relax faster to the local straining flow.
The collision velocities for small $t_{strain}$ are also systematically larger (Fig. \[fig:lag\]c). The standard deviation about each data point (not shown for clarity) is of the order of the average value. Thus, several small $t_{strain}$ collisions have very large collision velocities, indicative of caustics/sling events, which are known to dominate the collision rate for $St >
0.5$ [@vobkuhle2014; @Pumir2016]. Traditionally, these have been linked to rapid ejection from vortices [@Falkovich2002]. Our results indicate that this is only half the story: Straining sheets which envelope strong vortices also contribute to generating violent collisions and enhancing collision rates.
An appreciation for flow structures naturally leads one to ask how collisions are affected when structures change. The influence of $Re_\lambda$ is particularly important to consider, as the estimated values for natural flows are orders of magnitude larger than what can be attained in simulations [@Grabowski2013; @Lissauer2013]. Increasing $Re_\lambda$ results in higher intermittency, which translates into more intense structures (see, e.g., Ref. [@burgersvortex] for a similar study of a model stretched-vortex), but which occupy smaller volumes. These competing effects are known to produce a non-monotonic variation of particle clustering [@Onishi2014]. Regarding collisions, our initial calculations show that differences between vortical and straining regions increase from $Re_\lambda=69$ to $196$; it remains to be seen in a systematic way how this phenomenon is affected in a higher Reynolds number flow.
Flow structures can also be significantly modified by new physical interactions, for example, condensation of water vapour on cloud droplets, which releases latent heat and energizes small scales [@Croor2017], and elastic feedback from polymers that suppresses small-scale motions [@Liberzon2006; @Prasad2010]. Studying collisions in these complex flows is an interesting avenue for future work.
Before we conclude, it is essential to place our work in the context of turbulent transport problems—a canonical example being that of rain-initiation in warm clouds—which have application across the areas of non-equilibrium statistical physics, geophysics, oceanography, astrophysics and atmospheric sciences. Understanding these problems demands not only an appreciation of how fast droplets sediment, collide and coalesce (in which tremendous advances have been made in recent years) but also knowledge of *where* such processes are most likely to occur. This paper, therefore, contributes to a fuller understanding of this question.
We thank Jérémie Bec, S. Ravichandran and Siddhartha Mukherjee for useful suggestions and discussions, which were facilitated in part by a program organized at ICTS: *Turbulence from Angstroms to Light Years* (ICTS/Prog-taly2018/01). The simulations were performed on the ICTS clusters [*Mowgli*]{} and [*Mario*]{} as well as the work stations from the project ECR/2015/000361: [*Goopy*]{} and [*Bagha*]{}. SSR acknowledges DST (India) project ECR/2015/000361 for financial support.
| 1 |
deb4ca059ffa4e3d | /*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Joel de Guzman
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
==============================================================================*/
#if !defined(FUSION_INCLUDE_ITERATOR_FACADE)
#define FUSION_INCLUDE_ITERATOR_FACADE
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/iterator_facade.hpp>
#endif
| 1 |
7565af1ebc5f0a7c | Cross coupling reactions of organozinc iodides with solid-supported electrophiles: synthesis of 4-substituted benzoic and 3-substituted (E)- and (Z)-propenoic acids and amides.
The solid-supported iodobenzoic acid derivatives 8-10 were coupled with a range of organozinc reagents 1-4 under palladium(o) catalysis. The coupled products released by acidic cleavage with TFA were obtained in high purities after recrystallisation. Analogous coupling of solid-supported (E)- and (Z)-3-iodoacrylic acids 18a, 18b, 19 and 20 gave (E)- and (Z)-alpha,beta-unsaturated acids and amides 21-27 stereospecifically. | 1 |
49a66c1468d0ca46 | Tag Archives: west texas
Post navigation
In the summer of 1980, if I remember right, we traveled from Kansas to northern Arkansas to visit my Dad’s older brother, Uncle Don. He, my Aunt Mary and my cousins lived in Harrison, near Dogpatch. I also remember something about getting some Cavender seasoning, since it’s made in Harrison. (I still use it today, although I prefer the salt-free form).
As we traveled to Harrison, my seven-year-old mind seemed to record us being on some sort of mountainous hill. One road went to Harrison while another road seemed to lead to another town down in a distant valley. A look at a map reveals it might’ve been Omaha, Arkansas.
To this day, 32 years later, I still wonder about that town. What was its name? What secrets did it hold? What stories did it tell? Or, did it exist solely in my imagination?
I have resurrected and transported the town approximately 800 miles southwest into West Texas in a short story I am working on, titled Garth, Texas. In this lengthy, in-progress short story, a road goes up a hill, reaching a zenith; what lies on the road beyond the zenith is completely unknown to anyone seeing the road from the main road it bisects.
But to those who travel to the top of the road, they will see a sharp, gradual decline as the road slopes downard for about five miles. And in the distance is a tiny speck of a town.
Forget defeat, headaches, past-due bills, the death of your favorite pet duck, the election of a woefully-inexperienced president, a traffic jam when you’re already late, finding out the man/woman of your dreams is already married, running out of iced tea and a check-engine light on your car’s dashboard. Nothing is more agonizing than writer’s block.
Let me take stock. I have a novel and several short stories in the production stage. Currently, I’m about two-thirds done on my rough draft of The Game Show and am about a third into my short story whose name I’d rather not divulge. Both are suspenseful thrillers with characters that seem alive and well.
My problem? I am not sure what to write next.
In my short story, for instance, a man stumbles upon a town that’s not on the map in West Texas and learns, much to his dismay, the locals already know who he is and want to punish him for past deeds. What happens next is something I can’t quite figure out.
Same for the book about a game show where more meets the eye. And, of course, same for the short story about the astronomer who discovers a strange planet and a long short story about a man who buys a gorgeous house at way below its appraised price.
How do you overcome writer’s block?
I think I may need to google “Lois Duncan” and “writer’s block” and see what she wrote about it in The Writer magazine. We’ll see if that helps.
Richard Zowie’s first short story was a very forgettable one, written on a single sheet of notebook paper when he was eight. Scorpions in a lake. Blech. Post comments here or e-mail Richard at richardzowie@gmail.com.
Please keep in mind that this is not a critique of Mr. Bradbury’s book Zen in the Art of Writing. This blog posting is simply what I’ve gathered from the book and how I think I can apply it to my own fiction writing career. It’s also my motivation to finish this book and to move onto others.
I’ve often wondered how to best describe Bradbury as a writer to those unfamiliar with his work (my two favorite Bradbury books are The Illustrated Man and Fahrenheit 451). Perhaps Stephen King said it best: with Mr. Bradbury, everything’s green and wondrous and seen through a lens of nostalgia.
“The Joy of Writing” chapter
Mr. Bradbury believes it’s imperative to write with zest and gusto. Writing should be pleasurable, so have fun with it. This type of mentality helps a person put out 2,000 or so words a day. If you find it a burden, then you may have a problem. The same rings true for other professions. To be a successful chef, Gordon Ramsay has said you must a passion for cooking. Actors have told me that getting in front of a camera or on stage requires a love for performing; if your motivation is fame or fortune, forget it.
What should a person write about? Things that you love or hate. One example Mr. Bradbury references is seeing a photo in Harper’s Bazaar that used Puerto Ricans in the background as “props”. Upset by this, Mr. Bradbury wrote a short story where a Puerto Rican man taunts such a photographer by always appearing in his photographs and making some type of gesture that ruins the picture. In his book On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft, King recounts working at a mill and hearing a crazy story about how giant rats lived in the cellar of a decrepit building. Wheels spun and soon King wrote the creepy short story Graveyard Shift.
Sometimes we write about our fears. One short story I’m working on focuses on one of my worst fears: having an automobile breakdown in the summer heat in the middle of nowhere. The main character is on the run from the police but has his car break down in one of the more rural areas of the country: West Texas.
Sometimes, Mr. Bradbury feels writing a story can be as simple as finding a character who wants or doesn’t want something with all their heart. Give them orders, let them go and follow them and write what you see happening. Darn the outlines and character profiles, full speed ahead!
Writing also requires a person to read voraciously and diversely. Books, magazines, anything you can get your hands on. Myself, I suspect much can be learned even by reading bad prose. You learn how not to write and what doesn’t work. For me, what comes to mind is one particular sci-fi novel written by a scientist who simply wasn’t a good writer. Another involves a curious delve into trasy western paperbacks where the methaphors are so bad they’re comical. Obviously, this is best kept at a minimum while energies should be focused on good writing and what does work.
Finally in this chapter, Mr. Bradbury reminds us that life is indeed very short. Write. A writer writes now. Procrastination is the death of writing. This is indeed something I can relate to: my twenties flew by and now, at 37, I’m beginning to wonder what happened to my thirties. If only we lived on a planet like Pluto, where the days are six days long instead of a measly 24 hours.
Up next, the chapter “Run Fast, Stand Still”.
Richard Zowie is a professional writer. He’s worked as a journalist and columnist and also blogs and writes fiction. Post comments here or e-mail him at richardzowie@gmail.com. | 1 |
181f70c1c9cbcaac | Screenshots of 4Videosoft TRP Video Converter
4Videosoft TRP Video Converter Publisher's Description
4Videosoft TRP Video Converter is considered as the best TRP video conversion software, which helps you convert TRP videos to all popular video formats, like MP4, FLV, AVI, ASF, WMV, 3GP, MOV, M4V, MPG, WMV, as well as all audio files including AAC, M4A, MKA, MP2, MP3, WMA, etc. Moreover, this TRP Converter can also convert TRP files to iPod, Apple TV compatible formats.
With this special TRP Video Converter, you shall have rich options to adjust video settings and set audio properties. Moreover, this excellent TRP conversion tool provides other functions: adjust video effect, crop movie, join several files together and trim any segment as you like. You can easily convert TRP video files and freely enjoy them on different players. | 1 |
e35f085827df5a05 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
-->
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="20dip">
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="16sp"
android:text="@string/app_descrip"
android:textColor="?android:attr/textColorPrimaryInverse" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/about_credits"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:paddingTop="20dip"
android:textSize="16sp"
android:text="@string/app_credits"
android:autoLink="web"
android:textColor="?android:attr/textColorPrimaryInverse" />
</LinearLayout>
| 1 |
6f5ca14a78430741 | SS Delphic (1897)
SS Delphic was an ocean liner of the White Star Line, built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast and completed on 15 May 1897. She worked the New Zealand trade.
In design Delphic was built as a smaller and slower version of the earlier liner Gothic which also served the New Zealand service, but more space was given over to passenger accommodation rather than cargo, and this gave Delphic a capacity for 1,000 steerage passengers. She was built for a joint service between White Star Line and the Shaw, Savill & Albion Line.
Upon her delivery in May 1897 to White Star Line's shipowning company, Oceanic Steam Navigation Company, it was decided to give Delphics machinery a run in with several voyages on the Atlantic, as such her maiden voyage began on 17 June between Liverpool and New York, she made two round trips across the Atlantic before entering service on her intended route between London and Wellington on 3 October 1897.
Delphic served as a troopship during the Second Boer War carrying troops from New Zealand to South Africa between 1900 and 1902, following which she returned to commercial service.
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, she remained on her commercial service. On 16 February 1917, Delphic narrowly avoided being torpedoed by off the south coast of Ireland; the torpedo was fired, but just missed the ship. In March 1917, she was taken over under the Liner Requisition Scheme. On 16 August 1917, Delphic was torpedoed and sunk by the Imperial German Navy submarine from Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly (), during a coal transport voyage from Cardiff, Wales, to Montevideo, Uruguay. Five people were killed in the sinking.
References
Category:Ocean liners
Category:1897 ships
Category:Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Category:Ships of the White Star Line
Category:Ships built in Belfast
Category:Maritime incidents in 1917
Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I
Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean | 1 |
4a428ad62f6931bd | The invention relates to an expansion joint for part of a railway track disposed on a foundation which has a stock rail with a stock rail head, web and foot and a tongue movable with respect to and along said stock rail, upon which tongue at least one fastening means acts to press it onto the head of the stock rail.
In known expansion joints, also designated as expansion devices and permitting a movement between the structure and the rail in the vicinity of bridges, for example, a positive connection is made to permit movement of the tongue relative to the stock rail. To this end, a tongue of solid rail profile can be fixed between the stock rail and a clamming jaw disposed stationarily on the opposite side. The foot of the tongue and that of the stock rail are disposed on a common foundation at the same level. As a result, the stock rail is supported substantially on the foundation only by the stock rail half facing away from the tongue. Instabilities are compensated for by the stock rail being attached with supports and angle pieces. This entails additional maintenance work.
A conventional rail joint is described in DE 30 16 492 A1, for example. There is a slight clearance between the clamping jaws and the facing web surface of the tongue, permitting the requisite movability of the tongue in relation to the stock rail. This too can led to tipping of the tongue or the rail. | 1 |
055ba5cdef5d89b3 | require 'mxx_ru/cpp'
MxxRu::Cpp::exe_target {
required_prj( "so_5/prj.rb" )
target( "_unit.test.disp.binder.bind_to_disp_3" )
cpp_source( "main.cpp" )
}
| 1 |
3c6d2ecdb88e20ee | @model ErrorViewModel
@{
ViewData["Title"] = "Error";
}
<h1 class="text-danger">Error.</h1>
<h2 class="text-danger">An error occurred while processing your request.</h2>
@if (Model.ShowRequestId)
{
<p>
<strong>Request ID:</strong> <code>@Model.RequestId</code>
</p>
}
<h3>Development Mode</h3>
<p>
Swapping to <strong>Development</strong> environment will display more detailed information about the error that occurred.
</p>
<p>
<strong>The Development environment shouldn't be enabled for deployed applications.</strong>
It can result in displaying sensitive information from exceptions to end users.
For local debugging, enable the <strong>Development</strong> environment by setting the <strong>ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT</strong> environment variable to <strong>Development</strong>
and restarting the app.
</p>
| 1 |
b92594bd6d8c4a0e | Delphine Gleize
Delphine Gleize (born 5 May 1973) is a French film director and screenwriter. She has directed ten films since 1998. Her film Carnages was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival.
Filmography
Sale battars (1998)
Un château en Espagne (1999)
Le piranha andalou (1999)
Le légume en question (2000)
Les méduses (2000)
Carnages (2002)
L'homme qui rêvait d'un enfant (2006)
Instants fragiles (2008)
Cavaliers seuls (documentary, 2010)
La permission de minuit (2011)
References
External links
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:French film directors
Category:French women screenwriters
Category:French screenwriters
Category:French women film directors
Category:People from Saint-Quentin, Aisne | 1 |
b96cfe177bde0ebb | Removable prosthodontic therapy and xerostomia. Treatment considerations.
Successful management of complete and removable partial dentures is complicated by a reduction in saliva. Dental practitioners should be aware of the signs and symptoms of xerostomia, available diagnostic procedures, likely etiologies, expected sequelae, and appropriate therapeutic regimens. Effective evaluation and appropriate treatment will promote acceptable levels of comfort and function. Over-the-counter (Figure 12) and prescription medications may be needed to improve the clinical situation. | 1 |
cd73ce8393b8cf5b | Q:
Face authentication to unlock my app programmatically
I am developing an android app which uses fingerprint/face recognition for unlocking the app.
I have successfully integrated fingerprint authentication using BiometricPrompt. But didn't know where to start for Face authentication. Any headsup will be really helpful.
Also, Since BiometricPrompt comes with face, fingerprint, and iris, I don't want to use either MLKIT or any third party libraries.
Below is the piece of code I used for Fingerprint authentication.
new BiometricPrompt
.Builder(context)
.setTitle(title)
.setSubtitle(subtitle)
.setDescription(description)
.setNegativeButton(negativeButtonText, context.getMainExecutor(),
new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int i) {
biometricCallback.onAuthenticationCancelled();
}
})
.build()
.authenticate(new CancellationSignal(), context.getMainExecutor(),
new BiometricCallbackV28(biometricCallback));
A:
Android 10: Will allow both finger print and Face ID as currently in Samsung s10.
Android 9: Will allow only Fingerprint authentication (irrespective of face Id unlock exist or not )
reference link
https://source.android.com/security/biometric/#source
Edit1:
However the Samsung is not following google's ritual.
Samsung will still have different behaviours .
1.Samsung - Android 9 - you can choose preferred biometrics and this applicable for the apps well.
But there is a bug. If you disable the finger print authentication for device level unlock you will get prompted for the fingerprint authentication in the app level.
Samsung - Android 10 - you can keep all the authentications active at same time. In biometric prompt you can choose authentication.
Short summary :
| 1 |
4c7c39087d2cfe33 | Q:
Is it possible to draw these charts with nvd3 or similar?
In a project I'm working on right now, which requires showing lots of charts, we've been using nvd3 javascript library quite successfully so far.
One of the new features we are adding now requires us to render this kind of chart:
Which is supposed to be a distribution chart (A + B + C + D = 100%). I don't know how to call that kind of chart.
As far as I know there's no way to draw that chart using nvd3, but I may be wrong.
Does anyone know a way to draw that kind of chart using nvd3 or any other library?
Thanks in advance.
UPDATE: I've learned that this kind of chart is called "rose chart", "polar area chart" or "coxcomb chart".
A:
Here is a few samples similar to you requirement that might help get and idea. It uses the d3.js framework
D3 Pie charts with grid lines
Creating a Polar Area Diagram (Radial Bar Chart)
Smooth Transitioning of Polar Area Diagram
And here's a The Big List of D3.js Examples
Hope it helps
| 1 |
aa593ea1abb45921 | Q:
Google maps API get GPS coordinates
I try to get GPS coordinates of some places via Google Map API but it doesn't work.
Here an example:
http://maps.google.com/maps/geo?q=Hungary,%20Szeged&hl=en&key=MY_API_KEY
Where is MY_API_KEY gets from the Google APIs Console. I have also switched on the Google Maps API v2, Google Maps API v3 and Google Maps Coordinate API.
When I load the URL I get this:
{
"Status": {
"code": 610,
"request": "geocode"
}
}
610 means wrong API key.
What am I doing wrong?
A:
Don't use the deprecated v2 API, use the current Google Maps Geocoding API v3
| 1 |
0be7bc2a56447c7f | Hi all! It's been a long while since I posted here. I am pleased to announce that Jamie's Revenge 2 shall be released in late September/ Early October. After being in development for 5 years in my very little spare time, I can't wait for you all to play it. I hope you all enjoy it. Right now I am running thorough tests to ensure it is as glitch free as possible. Until then, you may all enjoy this screenshot of the last world. Enjoy: | 1 |
4c62f3e3f0ec528b | Q:
Need help shortening this query by either using a type of "for" or "while" loop
I would like to know if there is any way in which I can alter this SQL query so that I don't have to perform the UNION every time for a new field ("FieldName") from which I have to extract data.
I have about 30 fields with the name "Waybill1 up to "Waybill30".
I would like to perform the below query without having to use the UNION for every single field ID.
Here is the query, using only 3 of the "FieldName" values:
SELECT `FieldValue`, `SubmissionID` FROM `jos_rsform_submission_values` WHERE `FieldName` = "Waybill1" AND `FieldValue` != ""
UNION
SELECT `FieldValue`, `SubmissionID` FROM `jos_rsform_submission_values` WHERE `FieldName` = "Waybill2" AND `FieldValue` != ""
UNION
SELECT `FieldValue`, `SubmissionID` FROM `jos_rsform_submission_values` WHERE `FieldName` = "Waybill3" AND `FieldValue` != "" ORDER BY `SubmissionId` ASC
It should basically perform the same task as a "for" loop in PHP/Javascript etc.
I am not that familiar with SQL, so any help/guidance would be appreciated.
A:
You don't need to use UNION here, you can just use the IN operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
SELECT FieldValue,
SubmissionID
FROM jos_rsform_submission_values
WHERE FieldName IN ('Waybill1', 'Waybill2', 'Waybill3', 'Waybill4', etc...)
AND FieldValue != ""
ORDER BY SubmissionId ASC
| 1 |
071f8ba4b65483b0 | Straight waveguide can be manufactured with different flange types. The available body materials include copper/brass, aluminum. We also supply other special configurations to meet customer's specific requirements. | 1 |
454b445d0d4bff1f | Q:
Java RMI : how InitialContext.lookup() works
In a distributed client server application, i am using java RMI to invoke server side method from client machine. At server side EJB is being used and application server is Glassfish. I have a SampleFacade Class at server end which is a java session bean and SampleFacadeRemote is a Remote interface exposed to client (@Remote has been used with it). SampleFacade implements SampleFacadeRemote Interface .
Please look at the following code snippet :
private static SampleFacadeRemote lookupSampleFacade()
{
Context c = new InitialContext();
return (SampleFacadeRemote)c.lookup("java:comp/env/SampleFacade");
}
catch (NamingException ne)
{
throw new RuntimeException(ne);
}
Here, with the returned object, remote method can be successfully executed.
I am curious to know how it works. Does lookup method return SampleFacade object to client in order to execute its method? But SampleFacade's method is suppose to be run at server side/Remote JVM. then what type of object is being returned by lookup() method? Please explain the underlying mechanism.
A:
It returns a stub: a client-side object that implements the same remote interface and knows how to communicate with the actual remote object.
In fact you should note that it isn't the lookup() method that performs this magic: it is ultimately the bind() method concerned, or even the object itself, that translates the remote object to its stub, unless the stub is what was passed to bind(). In other words the stub is already in the Registry or LDAP or whatever you're looking up, and lookup() just gives you whatever was found.
| 1 |
f53bd9c46cc92e75 | #
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE!!! Edit .\sources. if you want to add a new source
# file to this component. This file merely indirects to the real make file
# that is shared by all the components of NT OS/2
#
MINIMUM_NT_TARGET_VERSION=0x501
!INCLUDE $(NTMAKEENV)\makefile.def
| 1 |
0161140a64de8d05 | Q:
Is there a name for 'markup'?
I've been trying to formulate a question for quite some time, and I haven't been able to come up with a better way to describe it. I hope it's not too confusing.
There are a number of ways to use markup languages to convey information like emphasis in text files. Stack exchange uses 'Markdown' for example. In this case, adding * (in Markdown) or <emph> (in HTML) is simply called 'markup' I suppose, but is there a name for this? That is, making something stand out in the text, be it logically like "emphasis" or explicitly like "bold" or "underline", etc. The only thing that comes to mind is to emphasize, but (to me at least) that implies stressing the word, not what you're doing with the text to achieve that result.
This has been bugging me for quite a while, I hope someone can help me out here.
A:
How about simply to format? You are formatting the text with Markdown. Or how about to style? CSS is called like that for a reason, it's all about styling.
A:
Dictionary.com defines markup, amongst other things, as
detailed instructions, usually written on a manuscript to be typeset,
concerning style of type, makeup of pages, and the like.
So I would say that the best word for this is "markup".
A:
"Markup" is the generic noun for annotations added to a text, whether done with a pencil or with various electronic means, and whether or not they have anything to do with formatting. Even readers' underlines can be called "markup".
The corresponding verb is "to mark up".
"Formatting" refers specifically to arranging parts of a document into pages or screens. When you make your window narrower, the document gets "reformatted", but none of the "markup" changes at all.
"Markup" originally involved annotating several kinds of things on paper: spelling or other corrections; things like breaking a paragraph in half or adding a heading; and giving formatting instructions such as to set a portion in italics.
In modern publishing those tasks are commonly separated:
An author or "encoder" identifies parts of a document by "what they are" (this bit is a footnote, 2nd-level heading, bibliography entry,
list item, command name, etc). This is called "descriptive" or
"declarative" markup.
Someone decides how each kind of thing should be formatted in a print or online edition. Publishers call this their "house style" or similar names.
Some person or program then applies the design to the objects, via "formatting" and "typesetting".
Computer-based document systems progressed similarly: Many early ones had commands only for formatting effects: "change font", "shift left margin", "switch to bold", "skip a line", etc. Of course, similar combinations are used over and over again, so systems soon provided named sets of instructions for the common kinds of things.
Eventually (starting with Brian Reid's "Scribe" system), systems began to allow authors to ignore the "how" of formatting almost completely, by just picking "kinds" (often called "styles"). Many authors just do this, while many others do manual formatting, especially for short documents.
"Markup" is ubiquitous, but "formatting" isn't always part of the picture at all. Visually impaired readers may use a screen reader, and objects such as "heading", "footnote" etc. are communicated in entirely different ways. Similarly, a search engine cares little about fonts, but may care a great deal about which parts are the document title, author name, or bibliography.
| 1 |
6253ec7ba005d6f1 | // Code generated by linux/mkall.go generatePtracePair(arm, arm64). DO NOT EDIT.
// +build linux
// +build arm arm64
package unix
import "unsafe"
// PtraceRegsArm is the registers used by arm binaries.
type PtraceRegsArm struct {
Uregs [18]uint32
}
// PtraceGetRegsArm fetches the registers used by arm binaries.
func PtraceGetRegsArm(pid int, regsout *PtraceRegsArm) error {
return ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, pid, 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(regsout)))
}
// PtraceSetRegsArm sets the registers used by arm binaries.
func PtraceSetRegsArm(pid int, regs *PtraceRegsArm) error {
return ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGS, pid, 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(regs)))
}
// PtraceRegsArm64 is the registers used by arm64 binaries.
type PtraceRegsArm64 struct {
Regs [31]uint64
Sp uint64
Pc uint64
Pstate uint64
}
// PtraceGetRegsArm64 fetches the registers used by arm64 binaries.
func PtraceGetRegsArm64(pid int, regsout *PtraceRegsArm64) error {
return ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, pid, 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(regsout)))
}
// PtraceSetRegsArm64 sets the registers used by arm64 binaries.
func PtraceSetRegsArm64(pid int, regs *PtraceRegsArm64) error {
return ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGS, pid, 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(regs)))
}
| 1 |
6b67dcccc965a738 | Q:
Random number seed targeting the same version of the .NET framework
Does every CPU return the same random sequence based on the same seed if my application targets .NET framework 3.5? I am checking if you get the same result as me. I am also hoping that everyone who I distribute my application to will get the same result. Thanks!
Random a = new Random(44448);
int i1 = a.Next(65, 90);
MessageBox.Show(i1.ToString());
A:
For a specific framework version your program should give the same result each time you run it, because of the fixed seed.
But it can give different results on different versions of the .NET framework.
For example, on .NET 4.0 I get 77. But putting the code into ideone (which uses Mono) gives 67.
The reason for this difference is because the precise algorithm used by Random is not part of the specification. The documentation has this information about the algorithm:
The current implementation of the Random class is based on a modified version of Donald E. Knuth's subtractive random number generator algorithm. For more information, see D. E. Knuth. "The Art of Computer Programming, volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms". Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, second edition, 1981.
...
The implementation of the random number generator in the Random class is not guaranteed to remain the same across major versions of the .NET Framework. As a result, your application code should not assume that the same seed will result in the same pseudo-random sequence in different versions of the .NET Framework.
Emphasis mine. There are no guarantees that future implementations will use the same algorithm.
| 1 |
0e5d9bcbdfa52b1e | Outcomes of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma with and without association of inverted papilloma: A multi-institutional analysis.
Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for <1% of all malignancies but represents 70% of sinonasal cancer. Up to 10% of SCCs are associated with inverted papilloma (IPSCC). Studies that compare patients, treatment, and outcomes of SCC and IPSCC are absent in the literature. A retrospective review of patients with SCC and those with IPSCC at Cleveland Clinic and Indiana University from 1995 to 2015. The records were analyzed for demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. The study comprised 117 patients with SCC, of whom, 29 had IPSCC. The mean age at diagnosis was similar: 63 and 64 years for patients with SCC and patients with IPSCC, respectively; with female patients representing 36% and 34%, respectively (p > 0.99).Smokers represented 64% of the patients with SCC and 55% of patients with IPSCC (p = 0.3); excessive alcohol intake was noted in 16% of the patients with SCC and 21% of the patients with IPSCC (p = 0.56).The maxillary sinus was most commonly involved, followed by the nasal cavity (51% versus 35% SCC, 45% versus 38% IPSCC). Frontal ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses contained primary tumors only in patients with SCC. Upfront treatment was surgery in 84% of patients with SCC and 97% of patients with IPSCC (p = 0.18); 68 and 55% received radiation, respectively, and 25 and 21% received chemotherapy, respectively.Overall survival averaged 5.5 and 3.4 years for patients with SCC and patients with IPSCC, respectively (p = 0.12); disease-free survival was 4.8 and 2.9 years, respectively (p = 0.18). Nodal metastasis was more likely in patients with SCC (18 versus 0%; p = 0.02). When divided into high- and low-stage disease: more common nodal metastases were demonstrated in high-stage SCC than in low-stage disease (p = 0.03). Overall survival was decreased between high- and low-grade disease but not when subdivided between SCC and IPSCC. Although SCC with and without IP association are considered different diseases, their demographics and outcomes seem similar. Nodal metastasis was noted to be higher in the SCC cohort, which may indicate different tumor biology. Further study is warranted. | 1 |
e4562f0fba46e2fc | Q:
f.read coming up empty
I'm doing all this in the interpreter..
loc1 = '/council/council1'
file1 = open(loc1, 'r')
at this point i can do file1.read() and it prints the file's contents as a string to standard output
but if i add this..
string1 = file1.read()
string 1 comes back empty.. i have no idea what i could be doing wrong. this seems like the most basic thing!
if I go on to type file1.read() again, the output to standard output is just an empty string. so, somehow i am losing my file when i try to create a string with file1.read()
A:
You can only read a file once. After that, the current read-position is at the end of the file.
If you add file1.seek(0) before you re-read it, you should be able to read the contents again. A better approach, however, is to read into a string the first time and then keep it in memory:
loc1 = '/council/council1'
file1 = open(loc1, 'r')
string1 = file1.read()
print string1
| 1 |
880443b9e8735e88 | Dectection of spinal cord lesion using skin electrode recordings of spinal evoked potential.
The multi-channel recording of somatosensory spinal evoked potential (SSEP) was carried out on 30 patients with various neurological disorders. In some cases, SSEP changes corresponded well with the lesioned level. In general, the lesions of thoraco-cervical level were difficult to detect, because the appearance rate of SSEP peaks are reduced over the thoraco-cervical spine even in normal controls. In cases with spinal type of MS, SSEP revealed marked changes and subclinical sensory demyelinating lesions were detectable. Chronological SSEP recording in patients with acute transverse myelitis revealed functional improvements corresponding with clinical recovery. Surface and non-invasive SSEP recording is useful for detecting lesions in the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. It also offers valuable information about chronological modification of the lesions, and may reveal subclinical changes in certain neurological disorders. | 1 |
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720 N.W.2d 716 (2006)
2006 WI App 132
Linda T. PETERSON, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CORNERSTONE PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT, LLC, Defendant-Respondent.
No. 2004AP3358.
Court of Appeals of Wisconsin.
June 13, 2006.
On behalf of the plaintiff-appellant, the cause was submitted on the briefs of Jordan B. Reich of Kohner, Mann & Kailas, S.C., of Milwaukee, with oral argument by Jordan B. Reich.
On behalf of the defendant-respondent, the cause was submitted on the brief of Nathaniel Cade, Jr., of Michael Best & Friedrich, LLP, of Milwaukee, with oral argument by Nathaniel Cade Jr.
Before FINE, CURLEY and KESSLER, JJ.
*719 ¶ 1 CURLEY, J.
Linda T. Peterson appeals from a judgment, awarding her $3,388.50 in damages for breach of contract, and awarding Cornerstone Property Development LLC (Cornerstone) $3,594.93 in costs, in a suit involving Peterson's purchase of an unfinished condominium unit from Cornerstone. On appeal, Peterson raises two issues: (1) the trial court's grant of partial summary judgment to Cornerstone, following the court's grant of Cornerstone's motion to reconsider, dismissing her claim based on a violation of WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1) (2003-04);[2] and (2) the trial court's grant of Cornerstone's motion in limine to exclude evidence of consequential damages with respect to her breach of contract claim.
¶ 2 Peterson asserts that the trial court erred in granting Cornerstone's motion to reconsider, arguing that her WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1) claim is not barred by the economic loss doctrine or the contract's integration clause. Peterson also contends that the trial court erred in granting Cornerstone's motion in limine to exclude evidence of consequential damages, arguing that although she agreed to purchase her condominium "as is," more specific provisions of the contract conflict with the "as is" provision and must be given effect, making consequential damages recoverable for breach of a more specific provision.
¶ 3 We conclude that the integration clause bars Peterson from pursuing a claim under WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1), and that the contract's "as is" clause is limited by the contract's Limited Warranty which, if breached, does permit Peterson to pursue a claim for consequential damages. Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed with respect to the WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1) claim, and reversed in part with respect to consequential damages.
I. BACKGROUND.
¶ 4 In August 2000, Peterson entered into a reservation agreement with Cornerstone, paying $2,000 for the right to make the first offer for the purchase of a luxury condominium located at 1801 North Commerce Street in Milwaukee. In April 2001, Peterson made an offer to purchase the condominium unit for $292,199.89, and in May, Cornerstone made a counter-offer which Peterson accepted. The closing took place on May 18, 2001. The counter-offer, consisting of multiple documents, together with Peterson's offer, became the purchase contract between Peterson and Cornerstone.
¶ 5 Peterson agreed to purchase the condominium at a reduced price "in an `as is' condition." She agreed to complete the construction herself, and she knew that a *720 certificate of occupancy would not be issued until the construction was complete. Prior to the closing, Peterson was given the opportunity to inspect the property.
¶ 6 Exhibit E contained a "Limited Warranty," promising that for one year the unit would be free from "latent defects due to faulty materials or workmanship," that is, defects not apparent at the time of the closing or completion of the work, but that become apparent before the expiration of the warranty. If such latent defects were discovered, Cornerstone would have the choice to either make the repairs or replace the defective item. With the exception of the Limited Warranty, Peterson specifically agreed to "waive[] any claim against the Seller for patent or latent defects in construction of the Property."
¶ 7 The contract included an integration clause, expressed in three separate provisions, excluding all prior negotiations from the contract and specifying that only the text contained in the written documents constituted the actual contract. First, in what was originally part of Peterson's offer, the contract provided: "ENTIRE CONTRACT This Offer, including any amendments to it, contains the entire agreement of the Buyer and Seller regarding the transaction. All prior negotiations and discussions have been merged into this Offer." Next, Exhibit D, which was part of Cornerstone's counter-offer, provides: "Seller has made no representations other than written in this offer and attached documents concerning the property." Finally, Exhibit F contained the following language:
The Buyer acknowledges, subject to the Limited Warranty contained in Exhibit E . . ., that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, . . . (c) other than those written representations concerning the condition of the Property contained in the Condominium Offer to purchase, including the Exhibits annexed thereto, she has not relied on any representations made by the Seller in entering into the Condominium Offer to Purchase. . . .
¶ 8 In addition, Revised Exhibit A provided a list of tasks which Cornerstone agreed to fulfill prior to or at the closing, including completing certain unfinished tasks, making certain repairs, and supplying certain materials. Peterson and Cornerstone agreed that should Cornerstone fail to fulfill those obligations, Peterson would receive 150% of the cost of the work and materials. Cornerstone failed to provide the work and materials, and at the closing, the parties agreed that the value of the materials and work that Cornerstone had failed to provide was $2,259.00. Cornerstone made an offer for 150% of $2,259.00, amounting to a total of $3,388.50. Peterson rejected the offer.
¶ 9 According to Peterson, Cornerstone made certain representations to her to induce her to purchase the unit, on which she relied in making her decision to buy it, including: that the property was fit for its intended purpose, well constructed, and, upon completion, ready for occupancy. According to Peterson, the unit did not meet these criteria, and was instead "poorly designed and constructed," and caused her to be unable to complete the required construction. Having failed to complete the construction, Peterson was unable to obtain a certificate of occupancy, and was therefore unable to move into the condominium.
¶ 10 On April 26, 2002, Peterson filed suit against Cornerstone,[3] alleging five different *721 causes of action. Her complaint alleged breach of contract for Cornerstone's failure to provide a unit that was "well constructed, fit for its intended purpose and, except for final completion, ready for occupancy," and for failure to provide the materials and make the repairs as agreed, prior to or at the closing. As a result of the alleged breaches, Peterson claimed she had "sustained damages, including consequential damages, in an amount to be determined." Peterson's complaint also alleged claims of negligent, intentional and strict responsibility misrepresentation. Lastly, she also claimed that Cornerstone had engaged in false advertising by making representations and omissions that were "untrue, deceptive or misleading," in violation of WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1).
¶ 11 Cornerstone filed an answer denying the allegations and asserting a number of affirmative defenses, including that: (1) Peterson's complaint had failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; (2) Peterson had failed to mitigate damages; (3) Peterson's misrepresentation and WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1) claims were barred by the economic loss doctrine; and (4) Peterson's claims were barred by her own breach of contract because she accepted the condominium "as is," subject only to the Limited Warranty and the delivery of certain materials and work, yet she refused to accept Cornerstone's offer for the materials and work, in the amount agreed to in the contract.
¶ 12 Following extensive discovery, Cornerstone moved for summary judgment, arguing that: (1) the integration clause bars Peterson's claims of misrepresentation; (2) the economic loss doctrine bars all claims for misrepresentation; (3) Peterson's remedies under the contract are limited to those provided by the Limited Warranty and the value of the unsupplied materials agreed to at the closing; and (4) Cornerstone did not violate WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1) because Peterson must demonstrate an "untrue, deceptive or misleading" advertisement or announcement and Cornerstone did not make any such statements.
¶ 13 Peterson filed a response, arguing that: (1) a genuine issue of material fact existed; (2) the economic loss doctrine does not bar all claims of misrepresentation because it does not apply to intentional or strict responsibility misrepresentation; (3) the integration clause does not bar claims of misrepresentation; (4) her contract remedies are not limited to the Limited Warranty; and (5) pre-contract representations are actionable under WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1) and the economic loss doctrine does not apply to § 100.18(1) actions.
¶ 14 On March 31, 2003, the trial court denied Cornerstone's motion for summary judgment. The court was not convinced that the economic loss doctrine barred intentional misrepresentation or strict responsibility claims, and ruled that Peterson was not limited to her breach of contract claim. The court noted that summary judgment was also not appropriate because "integration clauses which negate the existence of any representation not incorporated into the contract may not be used to escape liability for misrepresentations."
¶ 15 On June 3, 2003, the supreme court issued its decision in Digicorp, Inc. v. Ameritech Corp., 2003 WI 54, 262 Wis.2d 32, 662 N.W.2d 652. Soon thereafter, Cornerstone filed a motion to reconsider the court's denial of its motion for summary judgment, maintaining that because Digicorp recognized that a fraud in the inducement exception to the economic loss doctrine applies only when the "fraud is extraneous to, rather than interwoven *722 with, the contract," 262 Wis.2d 32, ¶ 47, 662 N.W.2d 652, and because here the alleged misrepresentation is interwoven with the contract, Peterson's intentional misrepresentation claim is barred by the economic loss doctrine. Cornerstone also argued that the court had misapplied the law in concluding that the integration clause did not bar non-contract claims and maintained that it bars false advertising claims under WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1).
¶ 16 Peterson filed a response, arguing that her situation falls under the fraud in the inducement exception outlined in Digicorp because before she entered into the contract, "certain representations were made that were and are not addressed in the contract." She also asserted that Cornerstone misreads the law because integration clauses may not be used to escape liability under WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1).
¶ 17 On October 7, 2003, the court issued a written decision and order granting Cornerstone's motion to reconsider. The court concluded that Peterson's intentional misrepresentation claim was barred by the economic loss doctrine as explained in Digicorp, and that her WIS. STAT. § 100.18 claim was barred by the integration clause, granting Cornerstone summary judgment as to those claims. The court explained that Peterson could still pursue a breach of contract claim.
¶ 18 Meanwhile, Cornerstone had also filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence of consequential damages with respect to the breach of contract claim because Peterson purchased her condominium "as is" and had agreed that the total amount of damages for failure to supply the required materials and work was $3,388.50. Cornerstone submitted that the court should limit Peterson's contractual damages to $3,388.50 because her inability to gain occupancy of her condominium was due to her own inaction, not Cornerstone's action, and because she has failed to adequately itemize the alleged damages.
¶ 19 Peterson responded by arguing that consequential damages are available, irrespective of the "as is" clause, both for the cost to complete the condominium and as damages for her inability to use it,[4] because the contract is ambiguous. In a supplemental brief, Peterson referred to the tasks, repairs and materials listed in Revised Exhibit A and the Limited Warranty promising that the unit would be free of latent defects and claimed that Cornerstone had failed to meet those obligations, amounting to a breach, that entitles her to recover consequential damages.
¶ 20 Cornerstone filed a supplemental brief in support of its motion in limine, reiterating its position that Peterson is owed only $3,388.50 and that consequential damages for the cost to complete the unit or for her inability to use her condominium are barred by Peterson's failure to mitigate damages, the "as is" clause, and other provisions of the contract that expressly preclude such claims.
¶ 21 On July 21, 2004, the court issued a decision and order granting Cornerstone's motion in limine to exclude evidence of *723 consequential damages for the breach of contract claim. The court explained that a party could recover consequential damages if they were "proximately caused by" or "flowed naturally from" the breach and were within the contemplation of the parties at the time they entered into the contract. The court observed, however, that because this was an "as is" contract, the items a buyer may recover as consequential damages is limited, and concluded that because none of the items for which Peterson sought damages were included in the contract, such evidence was barred by the "as is" clause. The court also rejected Peterson's claim that the contract was ambiguous.
¶ 22 With only the breach of contract claim remaining, and as a result of the court excluding evidence of consequential damages, the parties stipulated to the damages being $3,388.50 and judgment was entered against Cornerstone for that amount, and Cornerstone was awarded $3,594.93 in costs. This appeal follows.
II. ANALYSIS.
¶ 23 On appeal, Peterson pursues two issues: (1) whether the trial court erred in dismissing her claim based on a violation of WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1);[5] and (2) whether the trial court erred in excluding evidence of consequential damages with respect to her breach of contract claim.
A. WISCONSIN STAT. § 100.18(1)
¶ 24 Peterson contends that the trial court erred in granting Cornerstone's motion to reconsider, dismissing her claim under WIS. STAT. § 100.18, because it erroneously concluded that the economic loss doctrine and the contract's integration clause bar a § 100.18(1) claim.
¶ 25 We review the grant or denial of a summary judgment de novo, employing the same methodology as the trial court. Spring Green Farms v. Kersten, 136 Wis.2d 304, 315-17, 401 N.W.2d 816 (1987). Summary judgment is proper if there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 315, 401 N.W.2d 816; WIS. STAT. § 802.08(2).
¶ 26 WISCONSIN STAT § 100.18, entitled "Fraudulent representations,"[6] protects the public from all "untrue, deceptive or misleading" representations made in sales and promotions, including representations made in face-to-face sales. See, e.g., State v. Automatic Merchandisers of Am., Inc., 64 Wis.2d 659, 665, 221 N.W.2d 683 (1974); Bonn v. Haubrich, 123 Wis.2d 168, 173, 366 N.W.2d 503 (Ct.App.1985).
*724 ¶ 27 Peterson first responds to the trial court's conclusion that her WIS. STAT. § 100.18 claim is barred by the economic loss doctrine by pointing to Kailin v. Armstrong, 2002 WI App 70, 252 Wis.2d 676, 643 N.W.2d 132, which explicitly held that the economic loss doctrine does not bar § 100.18 claims. Kailin, 252 Wis.2d 676, ¶¶ 2, 43, 643 N.W.2d 132. In her reply, Peterson emphasizes the timing of when the allegedly misleading statements were made and asserts that "if Cornerstone made the representations asserted by Ms. Peterson in inducing her to purchase the condominium it is actionable under Wis. Stat. 100.18(1)," and that to prevail she must show only "that as a covered member of the class the statute protects, Cornerstone[,] in inducing her to purchase the condominium[,] made a representation or representations which were untrue, deceptive or misleading resulting in her suffering damages."
¶ 28 Addressing the trial court's second reason for dismissing her WIS. STAT. § 100.18 claim, Peterson submits that the integration clause does not bar a § 100.18 claim because "[i]ntegration clauses cannot be used to escape liability for misrepresentations." She relies heavily on Grube v. Daun, 173 Wis.2d 30, 496 N.W.2d 106 (Ct. App.1992) for support, and cites it for the proposition that "integration clauses do not negate representations which are not part of the written contract" (underlining by Peterson). In her reply, continuing to cite Grube, she asserts that the integration clause "cannot eliminate the protection [of] this statute and the remedy it affords" because "[t]he purpose of Wis. Stat. 100.18(1) is to protect individuals such as Ms. Peterson from just the type of untrue, deceptive and misleading misrepresentations she alleges were made to her by Cornerstone."
¶ 29 Cornerstone responds by first conceding that the economic loss doctrine does not bar a WIS. STAT. § 100.18 claim and that an integration clause does not bar a misrepresentation claim,[7] but asserts that in arguing that integration clauses cannot be used to escape liability for misrepresentation, Peterson mistakenly combines her § 100.18 claim, the subject of this appeal, with her misrepresentation claim, which she elected not to appeal, "to argue incorrectly as to the integration clause's ability to bar a [§ 100.18] claim." Cornerstone asserts that Peterson's reliance on Grube heightens her error of combining the § 100.18(1) and misrepresentation claims because, unlike Peterson's contract, which explicitly precludes a reliance on a representation that is allegedly untrue, deceptive or misleading, the integration clause in Grube dealt with the phrase "as is." Cornerstone submits that the integration clause here bars § 100.18(1) claims because Peterson never alleged that "oral representations" were incorporated into the contract to vary the terms of the written documents, and because there is no case law stating that an integration clause does not bar a § 100.18 claim.
¶ 30 We begin by noting that Peterson correctly asserts, and Cornerstone properly concedes, that a WIS. STAT. *725 § 100.18(1) claim is not barred by the economic loss doctrine under Kailin, 252 Wis.2d 676, ¶ 43, 643 N.W.2d 132 ("We conclude the economic loss doctrine does not apply to claims under WIS. STAT. 100.18."). We therefore need not address the economic loss doctrine further. Consequently, the only issue before us is whether the contract's integration clause bars a § 100.18(1) claim. We conclude that it does.
¶ 31 The general rule is that when a contract includes an integration clause, evidence of contemporaneous or prior oral agreements relating to the same subject matter are not admissible. Matthew v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 54 Wis.2d 336, 341-42, 195 N.W.2d 611 (1972). In conjunction with the parol evidence rule,[8] an integration clause generally bars the introduction of extrinsic evidence to "vary or contradict the terms of a writing." Ziegler Co. v. Rexnord, Inc., 139 Wis.2d 593, 608-09 n. 11, 407 N.W.2d 873 (1987). Absent claims of duress, fraud, or mutual mistake, integration clauses are given effect. See, e.g., Matthew, 54 Wis.2d at 341-42, 195 N.W.2d 611 (giving effect to integration clause).
¶ 32 In Grube, cited by Peterson, this court discussed the applicability of integration clauses. Grube involved the sale of a farm in an "as is" condition, where the purchasers sued the real estate broker, seller, previous owner, and the previous owner's liability insurer for making allegedly untrue assertions about the property and for failing to disclose the existence of an underground gasoline tank that was later found to have caused groundwater contamination. Id., 173 Wis.2d at 46-47, 496 N.W.2d 106. The purchasers alleged negligence, intentional misrepresentation, strict liability for misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation and deceptive or misleading advertisement in violation of WIS. STAT. § 100.18. Grube, 173 Wis.2d at 47-48, 496 N.W.2d 106. The trial court granted summary judgment on all five counts and the purchasers appealed. Id. at 49, 496 N.W.2d 106.
¶ 33 On appeal, this court discussed the integration clause, phrased as an "as is" clause, and addressed the question of "whether an `as is' clause shields the seller and his agent only from breach of warranty claims in contract, or also from tort claims based on misrepresentation." Id. at 59, 496 N.W.2d 106. We acknowledged that "Wisconsin follows the general rule that integration clauses which negate the existence of any representations not incorporated into the contract may not be used to escape liability for the misrepresentations[,]" id. at 59-60, 496 N.W.2d 106, ultimately reversing the order granting summary judgment on the misrepresentation claim, id. at 62, 496 N.W.2d 106.
¶ 34 In another discussion, separate from our analysis involving the "as is" clause, we addressed the remaining cause of action based on a violation of WIS. STAT. § 100.18. We concluded that the defendants had not provided any basis for a prime facie defense and therefore also allowed that claim to go forward. Grube, 173 Wis.2d at 62-63, 496 N.W.2d 106.
*726 ¶ 35 Peterson's reliance on Grube is misplaced. She apparently fails to realize that although Grube did involve a WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1) claim, the portions she cites for support address the applicability of the "as is" clause as a bar to common law misrepresentation claims, not a § 100.18 claim. See Grube, 173 Wis.2d at 59, 496 N.W.2d 106. Because Peterson elected not to appeal her misrepresentation claims, she cannot now rely on Grube's holding that integration clauses do not bar misrepresentation claims to support her arguments that she should be allowed to bring a § 100.18 claim.
¶ 36 However, even if the holding from Grube is applied to Peterson's statutory claim, Grube is still easily distinguishable because Peterson overlooks an important distinction between the integration clause in her contact and the one in Grube. In Grube, we noted that to be effective, disclaimers in the form of integration clauses will not be honored, as matter of public policy, unless the disclaimer is specific as to the tort that is being disclaimed and the disclaimer makes it "apparent that an express bargain was struck to forego the possibility of tort recovery in exchange for negotiated alternative economic damages." 173 Wis.2d at 60, 496 N.W.2d 106 (citing Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Bucyrus-Erie Co., 131 Wis.2d 21, 33, 388 N.W.2d 584 (1986)). Stated differently, although exculpatory clauses are closely scrutinized and void if they violate public policy, Mettler ex rel. Burnett v. Nellis, 2005 WI App 73, ¶ 13, 280 Wis.2d 753, 695 N.W.2d 861, they are enforceable so long as they "clearly, unambiguously, and unmistakably inform the signer of what is being waived," Yauger v. Skiing Enters., Inc., 206 Wis.2d 76, 84, 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996).
¶ 37 The integration clause in Grube was merely an "as is" clause, stating: "Buyer is buying the property in a [sic] as is condition without any warranties." Grube, 173 Wis.2d at 47, 496 N.W.2d 106 (bracketing in Grube). In Peterson's contract, by contrast, three different provisions expressed that all prior negotiations were excluded and that only the text of the written documents constituted the contract: "This Offer, including any amendments to it, contains the entire agreement of the Buyer and Seller regarding the transaction. All prior negotiations and discussion have been merged into this Offer"; "Seller has made no representations other than written in this offer and attached documents concerning the property"; and finally:
The Buyer acknowledges, subject to the Limited Warranty contained in Exhibit E . . . (c) other than those written representations concerning the condition of the Property contained in the Condominium Offer to purchase, including the Exhibits annexed thereto, she has not relied on any representations made by the Seller in entering into the Condominium Offer to Purchase . . . .
(Emphasis added.) Thus, unlike the clause in Grube, the integration clause here specifically disclaims the purchaser's right to rely on any alleged fraudulent misrepresentations. Indeed, the three provisions of Peterson's contract that expressly stated that the written contract made up the entire contract, to the exclusion of all other provisions, provide exactly the kind of specific disclaimer that makes it apparent that an express bargain had been struck. See Grube, 173 Wis.2d at 60, 496 N.W.2d 106. With an integration clause, worded as clearly and unmistakably as the one in question, we see no reason not to give the integration clause its intended effect.
¶ 38 We are also not convinced by Peterson's emphasis on the timing of the alleged statements and her argument that they occurred before the purchase was completed *727 and that she therefore was induced into purchasing the condominium. In addition to being precluded by the reasons already discussed, she appears to misstate the applicable law. In Grube, we concluded that "while the `as is' [integration] clause is not a complete bar" to claims of negligence and misrepresentation, unless the seller makes affirmative misrepresentations, the clause shifts the burden to the buyer to determine the condition of the property:
[T]he "as is" clause put[s] the burden upon a buyer to determine the condition of the property purchased. This shifting of the burden, with nothing more, protects a seller and his or her agent from claims premised upon nondisclosure. But we hold that once the seller or his agent has made an affirmative representation about some aspect of the property, the buyer is entitled to rely upon that statement and expect full and fair disclosure of all material facts relating to that aspect of the property.
Id. at 61, 496 N.W.2d 106 (citations omitted; emphasis in original). In Grube, the defendants made an untrue statement about wells that turned out to be contaminated, and it was this affirmative representation that constituted a viable WIS. STAT. § 100.18 claim. Grube, 173 Wis.2d at 62, 496 N.W.2d 106.
¶ 39 Here, Peterson does not dispute that she was given the opportunity, and in fact did, inspect the property prior to entering into the purchase contract. She therefore had to show that Cornerstone made affirmative representations upon which she relied. Unlike the situation in Grube, Peterson never provided affidavits alleging that she inquired about the property, and that Cornerstone made an affirmative representation in response to her inquiry. She likewise never provided affidavits alleging that she did not get the property in the condition in which she agreed to purchase it. In fact, Peterson continually states only that Cornerstone made "representations and omissions" that entitle her to relief under WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1), but she fails to specify what those alleged representations or omissions were or even reference portions of the record to indicate exactly what she is referring to.[9] Because Peterson chose to go forward with the closing, having inspected the property, and because she has failed to identify the representations that she alleges were false, she cannot now allege false advertising.
¶ 40 Accordingly, the integration clause governs and bars Peterson's claim under WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1).[10]
B. Consequential Damages
¶ 41 Peterson also contends that the trial court erred in granting Cornerstone's motion in limine to exclude evidence of consequential damages regarding her breach of contract claim because it erroneously concluded that the fact that she purchased her condominium "as is" bars consequential damages.
¶ 42 "We review a circuit court's decision to admit or exclude evidence *728 under an erroneous exercise of discretion standard." Martindale v. Ripp, 2001 WI 113, ¶ 28, 246 Wis.2d 67, 629 N.W.2d 698 (citations omitted). However, when the exercise of such discretion turns upon a question of law, we review the question de novo, benefiting from the trial court's analysis. Gulmire v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 2004 WI App 18, ¶ 10, 269 Wis.2d 501, 674 N.W.2d 629. Here, we are asked to interpret the purchase contract to determine whether it allows for the recovery of consequential damages, which is a question of law. See Ford Motor Co. v. Lyons, 137 Wis.2d 397, 460, 405 N.W.2d 354 (Ct.App.1987). Whether the terms of a written contract are ambiguous is also a question of law that we review de novo. Wisconsin Label Corp. v. Northbrook Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 2000 WI 26, ¶ 24, 233 Wis.2d 314, 607 N.W.2d 276.
¶ 43 Peterson contends that she should be allowed to introduce evidence of consequential damages because she asserts that, as a result of Cornerstone's breach of contract, she is entitled to recover such damages. She maintains that Cornerstone breached the contract by failing to: provide a unit fit for its intended purpose, well constructed and upon her completion ready for occupancy; perform repairs and construction and provide materials prior to or at the closing, as agreed in Revised Exhibit A; provide a unit free from latent defects, as promised in the Limited Warranty; and assume the responsibilities agreed upon in the Limited Warranty in the event a latent defect was discovered. Peterson asserts that these breaches and failures entitle her to recover consequential damages.
¶ 44 Responding to whether the contract's "as is" clause bars her from recovering consequential damages, Peterson submits that the contract is ambiguous because it contains an "as is" clause, as well as a Limited Warranty, and a clause assuring that Cornerstone would fulfill certain obligations prior to or at the closing (Revised Exhibit A), and that the these conflicting provisions cannot be applied harmoniously. Peterson notes that while Cornerstone could have inserted an "as is" clause without a warranty or promising to meet other obligations, or provided specific disclaimers effecting warranties and damages, Cornerstone did not. Peterson further submits that the only way to harmonize these provisions is by giving meaning to either the "as is" clause or the Limited Warranty and Revised Exhibit A, and citing Goldmann Trust v. Goldmann, 26 Wis.2d 141, 131 N.W.2d 902 (1965), for the proposition that "[s]pecific provisions of a contract take precedence over conflicting general provisions," she argues that the "as is" clause cannot be given meaning. Referring to the "as is" clause as a "poor boilerplate effort . . . to shift responsibility" to her, Peterson asserts that:
The "as is" clause has no realistic meaning or effect given the specific provisions of Revised Exhibit A and Exhibit E. These specific provisions must be given effect for them to be meaningfully enforceable contractual provisions. These provisions either created an exception to the "as is" clause or negated it completely. Cornerstone's breach of either or both gave rise to a breach of contract claim for which consequential damages are recoverable.
¶ 45 Cornerstone responds that the trial court correctly barred Peterson from introducing evidence of consequential damages, and that the only money Peterson should recover is the $3,388.00 the parties agreed to at the closing.
¶ 46 Cornerstone first notes that Peterson fails to identify the damages she believes constitute consequential damages. Cornerstone then maintains that the contract *729 itself explicitly limits her right to collect consequential damages for several reasons: with the exception of the items identified in the Limited Warranty, it bars her from recovering damages for patent and latent defects in the construction of the property; Peterson herself agreed at the closing that Cornerstone had no additional obligations to her, including the supply of labor, except those specifically agreed to in Revised Exhibit A; and the "as is" clause bars consequential damages because an "as is" clause puts the burden on a buyer to determine the condition of the property purchased.[11]
¶ 47 We begin by addressing the "as is" clause and by examining whether the contract is ambiguous. In Omernik v. Bushman, 151 Wis.2d 299, 444 N.W.2d 409 (Ct.App.1989), we held that "[a]n `as is' clause in a real estate contract puts the burden upon a buyer to determine the condition of the property purchased." Id. at 303, 444 N.W.2d 409. Similarly, as already noted in our discussion about the integration clause, Grube affirmed the same principle. 173 Wis.2d at 61, 496 N.W.2d 106. We agree with Peterson that the contract's more specific provisions, the Limited Warranty and Revised Exhibit A, do conflict with the "as is" clause, and we further agree that under Goldmann, the Limited Warranty and Revised Exhibit A should be given meaning. We disagree with Peterson, however, that the existence of a Limited Warranty and the additional obligations set forth in Revised Exhibit A render the "as is" clause meaningless. We also disagree that a contract that sells a property "as is," yet provides a Limited Warranty and other obligations, is ambiguous: The only reasonable interpretation of this contract is that with the exception of the specific items covered by the Limited Warranty and Revised Exhibit A the condominium was sold "as is." See, e.g., Jones v. Jenkins, 88 Wis.2d 712, 722, 277 N.W.2d 815 (1979) ("A contract provision which is reasonably and fairly susceptible to more than one construction is ambiguous."). With respect to Revised Exhibit A, because the parties specifically agreed at the closing that the amount owed was $3,388.00, we see no reason to further discuss that provision. With respect to the Limited Warranty, by contrast, we conclude that because the "as is" clause is limited by the warranty, the Limited Warranty, if breached, does indeed permit a claim for consequential damages.
¶ 48 Consequently, the items not covered by the Limited Warranty are subject to the "as is" provision, and with respect to those it was Peterson's responsibility to inspect the property prior to entering into the contract. See Omernik, 151 Wis.2d at 303, 444 N.W.2d 409. Peterson, as mentioned, was given the opportunity and did inspect the condominium and is therefore precluded from claiming consequential damages for the items that fall under the "as is" clause. The question therefore becomes what the Limited Warranty covers.
¶ 49 First, a major problem with Peterson's argument is that in her appellate briefs she fails to specify what the damages *730 she alleges stem from. Indeed, she fails to even provide a dollar amount.[12] Earlier in the proceeding, however, Peterson had specified eleven different areas for which she was seeking consequential damages. Referring to the trial court's ruling excluding consequential damages, her brief-in-chief in fact references "eleven categories of Ms. Peterson's claimed damages," yet she fails to elaborate on what those categories are or explain whether she is still seeking consequential damages for those same categories. What seems to be the most recent list of consequential damages sought by Peterson appears in her Pretrial Report, also presented at a hearing on May 18, 2004, which indicates the following eight categories of damages: (1) mortgage payments of $1,670.00 per month since September 2001; (2) condominium dues since September 2001; (3) real estate taxes since September 2001; (4) storage fees since August 2001; (5) $28,432.28 for undelivered materials; (6) square footage adjustment due to Peterson's misunderstanding as to the size of the unit; (7) $33,373.00 to complete the unit; and (8) Peterson's share of any assessment to repair common elements. We will assume that these are still the damages currently sought by Peterson.
¶ 50 Assuming that Peterson is in fact still seeking the same damages she reported in her Pretrial Report, much of her claim is still problematic. In general, the amount of consequential damages to which a party is entitled "is limited to such damages as are the natural and probable consequences of the breach and were within contemplation of the parties when the contract was made." General Star Indem. Co. v. Bankruptcy Estate of Lake Geneva Sugar Shack, Inc., 215 Wis.2d 104, 119-20, 572 N.W.2d 881 (Ct.App.1997). The damages must "flow directly and necessarily from the breach of contract, and must be reasonably foreseeable at the time the contract was made as a probable result of the breach." Reiman Assocs., Inc. v. R/A Adver., Inc., 102 Wis.2d 305, 321, 306 N.W.2d 292 (Ct.App.1981); see also WIS JICIVIL 3710. In addition, under general principles of contract law, "[a]n injured party is entitled to the benefit of his agreement, which is the net gain he would have realized from the contract but for the failure of the other party to perform[,]" Thorp Sales Corp. v. Gyuro Grading Co., 111 Wis.2d 431, 438-39, 331 N.W.2d 342 (1983), however, "[a] party is not entitled to be placed in a better position because of a breach than he would have if the contract had been performed," Hanz Trucking, Inc. v. Harris Bros. Co., 29 Wis.2d 254, 268, 138 N.W.2d 238 (1965).
¶ 51 Here, the only contract provision that mentioned damages was the Limited Warranty, and therefore the only damages that Peterson may recover are ones resulting from "latent defects due to faulty materials or workmanship." Because these were the only damages contemplated by the parties at the time they entered into the contract, any other damages do not meet the definition of consequential damages. See General Star, 215 Wis.2d at *731 119-20, 572 N.W.2d 881. It follows that damages for mortgage payments, condominium dues, real estate taxes, storage fees, square footage adjustment, and the cost to complete the unit, are not included as none of these come close to being covered by the Limited Warranty. Particularly baffling is Peterson's demand that she be compensated for the cost of completing the unit, since the contract explicitly provided that she would complete the construction, and it was clearly understood that she was allowed to purchase the unit for a lower price in exchange for completing the construction herself.
¶ 52 Nonetheless, because at this point it is unclear what exactly Peterson is seeking, we conclude that such general descriptions as undelivered materials with the exception of those already covered by Revised Exhibit Aand Peterson's share of any assessment to repair common elements, could potentially qualify as "latent defects due to faulty materials or workmanship." Therefore, Peterson may pursue consequential damages under her breach of contract claim, with respect to damage stemming from the alleged breach of the Limited Warranty. We emphasize that only damages resulting from "latent defects due to faulty materials and workmanship" are included, and that this narrow definition in particular does not include the cost to complete the property, mortgage payments, real estate taxes, storage fees, or the like.
¶ 53 Moreover, another important consideration in determining damages is that "[t]he party alleging breach of the contract has a duty to mitigate damages, that is, `to use reasonable means under the circumstances to avoid or minimize the damages.'" Kramer v. Board of Educ. of the Sch. Dist. of the Menomonie Area, 2001 WI App 244, ¶ 13, 248 Wis.2d 333, 635 N.W.2d 857 (citing Kuhlman, Inc. v. G. Heileman Brewing Co., 83 Wis.2d 749, 752, 266 N.W.2d 382 (1978)). "An injured party cannot recover any item of damage that could have been, or was, avoided." Id.; see also WIS JICIVIL 1731. Cornerstone contends that Peterson failed to mitigate or even attempt to mitigate her alleged inability to use the condominium, and therefore should not be allowed to recover the consequential damages she seeks. For instance, to obtain a certificate of occupancy Peterson was required to install a kitchen sink, but apparently fearing that the sink would sustain damage from the yet to be completed construction, she refused to install the sink and is now claiming damages because she was unable to live in her condominium. Cornerstone notes that although she could have, for instance, covered up the sink, "Peterson made a conscious, yet expensive choice, to incur damages for her alleged inability to occupy the property." Because the law requires mitigation, should Peterson's breach of contract claim under the Limited Warranty succeed, in subsequently determining Peterson's damages, it will be necessary to determine whether she satisfactorily mitigated her damages.
¶ 54 In sum, we affirm the order dismissing Peterson's claim based on a violation of WIS. STAT. § 100.18; we affirm the judgment awarding Peterson $3,388.00 for breach for contract, for damages under Revised Exhibit A; and we reverse the order granting Cornerstone a motion in limine to exclude evidence of consequential damages under the breach of contract claim with respect to the Limited Warranty only, and affirm the order with respect to all other claims for damages.
Judgment affirmed in part; reversed in part and cause remanded with directions.
NOTES
[2] All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2003-04 version unless otherwise noted.
[3] Peterson's suit also initially included a claim against Timothy Dixon, the Cornerstone representative who handled the sale of the condominium; however, the parties subsequently stipulated to the voluntary dismissal of that claim without prejudice.
[4] Peterson originally sought consequential damages for eleven separate areas; however, her Pretrial Report and a hearing on May 18, 2004, reduced the damages that she sought, to the following eight areas: (1) mortgage payments of $1,670.00 per month since September 2001; (2) condominium dues since September 2001; (3) real estate taxes since September 2001; (4) storage fees since August 2001; (5) $28,432.28 for undelivered materials; (6) square footage adjustment due to Peterson's misunderstanding as to the size of the unit; (7) $33,373.00 to complete the unit; and (8) Peterson's share of any assessment to repair common elements. Whether this is an accurate list of the consequential damages that Peterson is still seeking is unclear because her briefs do not address the issue.
[5] Although the summary judgment encompassed not only Peterson's WIS. STAT. § 100.18(1) claim, but also her claims of misrepresentation, she appeals only the dismissal of her § 100.18(1) claim.
[6] WISCONSIN STAT. § 100.18, provides in relevant part:
Fraudulent representations. (1) No person, firm, corporation or association, or agent or employee thereof, with intent to sell, any real estate or with intent to induce the public in any manner to enter into any contract or obligation relating to the purchase [or] sale of any real estate shall make, publish, disseminate, circulate, or place before the public in this state, in a newspaper, magazine or other publication, or in the form of a book, notice, handbill, poster, bill, circular, pamphlet, letter, sign, placard, card, label, or over any radio or television station, or in any other way similar or dissimilar to the foregoing, an advertisement, announcement, statement or representation of any kind to the public relating to such purchase [or] sale of such real estate or to the terms or conditions thereof, which advertisement, announcement, statement or representation contains any assertion, representation or statement of fact which is untrue, deceptive or misleading.
[7] At oral argument, Cornerstone argued that as a result of subsequent developments in the economic loss doctrine in Wisconsin, specifically Kaloti Enters., Inc. v. Kellogg Sales Co., 2005 WI 111, 283 Wis.2d 555, 699 N.W.2d 205, the economic loss doctrine may in fact bar a WIS. STAT. § 100.18 claim and hence trump contrary language in Kailin v. Armstrong, 2002 WI App 70, 252 Wis.2d 676, 643 N.W.2d 132. Because we conclude that Peterson's § 100.18 claim is barred by the integration clause, we do not further address the possible applicability of the economic loss doctrine.
[8] The parol evidence rule can be stated as follows:
When the parties to a contract embody their agreement in writing and intend the writing to be the final expression of their agreement, the terms of the writing may not be varied or contradicted by evidence of any prior written or oral agreement in the absence of fraud, duress, or mutual mistake.
Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. First Mortgage Investors, 76 Wis.2d 151, 156, 250 N.W.2d 362 (1977) (footnote omitted).
[9] Curiously, despite extensive discovery and ample time, Peterson repeatedly refers to the allegations she made in her complaint.
[10] If one party to a contract with a disclaimer, integration clause, or similar provision lacks the sophistication in business matters or possesses unequal bargaining power, this provides a basis for voiding that clause. See, e.g., Finch v. Southside Lincoln-Mercury, Inc., 2004 WI App 110, ¶ 22, 274 Wis.2d 719, 685 N.W.2d 154. Here, however, because Peterson was represented by an attorney throughout the entire proceeding, she cannot be said to have lacked the necessary sophistication or to have been disadvantaged by unequal bargaining power.
[11] Cornerstone also contends that consequential damages for the loss of the property's appreciated value are barred as a matter of law because Peterson "cannot allege a fraud in the contract formation and avoid its integration clause, yet seek benefit of the bargain damages." We decline to address the issue of consequential damages for the loss of the property's appreciated value because it appears as though Peterson is no longer seeking such damages. Although a claim for lost appreciation was among the eleven alleged damages she originally brought, her Pretrial Report did not mention such damages and neither do her appellate briefs.
[12] In fact, the closest she comes to explaining the alleged damages is on the last page of her reply brief in attacking Cornerstone's assertion that she should have put in her kitchen sink when she notes:
Cornerstone over simplifies the condition of Ms. Peterson's unit. It wasn't just the sink. It was poor construction including significant roof issues, ceiling construction, heating and air conditioning design and execution, water leakage and mold. The unit was because of these problems rendered uninhabitable. Ms. Peterson has expended substantial dollars attempting to make the unit habitable.
These brief mentions of what she actually alleges was wrong with her unit were not accompanied by citations to the record.
| 1 |
a09f816fd16355b0 | Sleep disordered breathing concomitant with fibromyalgia syndrome.
To identify fibromyalgia syndrome in patients with sleep disordered breathing. We studied 50 patients seeking treatment at a sleep disorder clinic for snoring, apnea and excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep disordered breathing was diagnosed through the use of polysomnography. To diagnose fibromyalgia syndrome, patients were evaluated in accordance with the criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology. Of the 50 patients, 32 were male. The mean (+/- standard deviation) age of the group was 50 +/- 12 years. The mean body mass index was 29.7 +/- 5.6 kg/m(2). The mean apnea-hypopnea index was 36 +/- 29 attacks of apnea or hypopnea per hour of sleep. Of the 18 women and 32 men evaluated, 9 and 2, respectively, met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia syndrome. Considering the fact that the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in the general population is 0.5% for men and 3.4% for women, the more than ten-fold higher proportion of fibromyalgia cases seen in this sample supports the hypothesis that there is an association between sleep disordered breathing and fibromyalgia syndrome. | 1 |
00d2ccfd39d71370 | Differential dimer activities of the transcription factor Oct-1 by DNA-induced interface swapping.
Two crystal structures of Oct-1 POU domain bound to DNA provide a rationale for differential, conformation-dependent recruitment of transcription cofactors. The POU-homeo and POU-specific subdomains of Oct-1 contain two different nonoverlapping pairs of surface patches that are capable of forming unrelated protein-protein interfaces. Members of the POU factor family contain one or two conserved sequence motifs in the interface that are known to be phosphorylated, as noted for Oct-1 and Pit-1. Modeling of Oct-4 reveals the unique case where the same conserved sequence is located in both interfaces. Our studies provide the basis for two distinct dimeric POU factor arrangements that are dictated by the architecture of each DNA response element. We suggest interface swapping in dimers could be a general mechanism of modulating the activity of transcription factors. | 1 |
44396cda204989ca | Culture, Lifestyle, and Commentary
03/17/2011
And the secret to profit from the country / place combination bets? The field bet, when used alone, is not a good bet. Must be used with other bets or a progression to make it profitable for the crapshoot experience. These seven different field numbers (2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12) can make a total of only 16 times, leaving 20 for the other numbers. If a 5, 6, 7 or 8 rolls is lost. So if you place a field bet on himself, will win 16 times and lose 20 times (in 36 rolls theoretical). According to Barry Rosenstein the field is only worth 1:1 - that is, if you bet $ 5, you win $ 5. For example, if you bet $ 5 on the field and 4 rolls, you win only $ 5 (1:1) instead of $ 9 (9:5) who would win if you place 4.
02/03/2011
The internet is a great educational tool, but if not properly used it can be very disappointing. MyWebSearch does everything possible to make your internet search simpler and more effective. It helps to know about what top level domains(TLD) are and how they can help you identify sites. Here are a few of the major TDL's in use today: .com are commercial company domains. They are the majority of the web sites on the internet. .org domains are used for organizations.They can be any type of organization. .gov domains are used for governments and government agencies. It generally refers to federal level organizations, but it could also refer to the state level organizations. .edu domains refers to educational institutions. .net refers to Internet network services or network companies
03/18/2010
With the economic crisis seemingly far from subsiding, many families have taken to homesteading. Although not as rustic as the real deal that has permeated American folklore, today's homesteading still has plenty of challenges and many perks.
"We feel we own our land and our lives again," one homesteader said as he puts the finishing touches on a roof of the home he and his wife bought on a 200 hundred plot of land in Idaho. "The land was inexpensive and beautiful," he adds.
More and more homesteaders are finding solace from immersing themselves in solitary areas, in hopes of escaping former financial trouble or the society that they feel is on sharp course with implosion.
03/17/2010
One of the least hit real estate markets in the country during the recession was Texas'. One main reason is Texans were never willing to pay the kind of prices for housing that other areas of the country were. This caused many areas in Texas to remain outside of the housing bubble.
With this in mind it is not surprising that Real Estate is Texas' third most important industry according Texas Real Estate. "The importance of Texas Real Estate activity in the Lone Star State cuts across State Boundary lines and affects the economy in other parts of the country. The complex web of inter-related finances which reflects the state of our modern economy means that what happens in Texas affects the rest of the USA and, more than likely, the rest of the world," says the magazine.
One area of particular interest that is still growing is the Austin condo market. Many people are still able to find god deals that are low risk for the buyer. Austin, Texas remains a desirable place to live as many transplants from different places in the U.S. have made their way giving it a cosmopolitan feel.
Other areas in Texas that have remained strong and good for investment is San Antonio and suburban Dallas. | 1 |
44deefe6cfe32042 | AI - AltimatOS Installer is a custom installation utility that will guide new users through the task of installing AltimatOS on to their computer. The overarching goal is to make AI intuitive and user friendly, yet not sacrifice the flexibility necessary needed for all three branches of AltimatOS (Desktop, Workstation, and Server). The technologies used in AI are Perl 5, PerlQt, RPM5, and GNU PartEd.
Goals:
The goals of the AI project are to develop an easy to use, and easy to maintain installer for AltimatOS. To acheive these goals, the user interface must conform to standard human interface design paradigms, be well documented both in the code and externally, and be flexible enough to be extended for other purposes.
Technologies:
The rapid application development aspects of Perl and Qt allow us to speed the development of AI and keep the interface attractive. Additionally, to develop the partitioning software, we aim to wrap the GNU PartEd command line tool with our PerlQt frontend. To optimise the application to run quicker, we use the Inline::C Perl 5 module to gain access to system level APIs that make certain slower code paths in Perl execute much faster. Finally, to innovate and lead the way for other distributions, AltimatOS' AI uses RPM 5, the main upstream development version of RPM from to install the operating system.
Overview of the Installer:
AI is comprised of two seperate applications ai amd aftwizard and a number of reusable PerlQt and plain Perl 5 modules. The ai application has been designed install the packages from the planned live DVD, and to get the common required configuration files written to disk. The second application, aftwizard, is meant to guide the user in completeing the system's configuration. The various libraries and modules developed for AI will be reused for other tools in AltimatOS. | 1 |
33b5ec4f97199077 | Q:
Cisco ISE Wlan user authentication fails for users with umlaut
We have setup a Cisco Identity Services Engine to manage WLAN access for our users.
Access should be granted to users from a specific Windows Active Directory group.
This works fine for users having a username consisting only of ASCII letters. However, user names having e.g. an umlaut fail. The live authentication log shows an error "22056 Subject not found in the applicable identity store(s)".
Any idea what could be wrong? (And, no, renaming all non-ASCII users is not an option)
A:
The solution is surprisingly simple:
Users with Umlauts in ther name automatically can login with their usual login name with umlauts replaced (e.g. "Müller" becomes "Muller"). So renaming users in AD is not necessary, they just have to be informed to type the modified username in the WLAN login. (They could also do the same in any normal windows login, which may come in handy when they need to do a remote login from abroad where they don't have umlauts available on the keyboard).
| 1 |
6a926d6ea9996cc5 | This December Skateistan's aiming to raise 35,000 USD and they need your help to KEEP SKATEISTAN ROLLING. By joining their biannual fundraising drive you can empower Afghan and Cambodian youth. Donate now at http://skateistan.org | 1 |
cea998391ed93f04 | Mesopore control of high surface area NaOH-activated carbon.
Activated carbon with BET surface areas in a narrow range from 2318 to 2474 m2/g was made by soaking the char made from corncob in a concentrated NaOH solution at NaOH/char ratios from 3 to 6; the mesopore volumes of the activated carbon were significantly changed from 21 to 58%. The relationships between pore properties (Sp, Vpore, Vmicro/Vpore, Dp) and NaOH dosage were investigated. Comparisons between the methods of NaOH and KOH activation revealed that NaOH activation can suitably control the mesopore specific volume of the activated carbon. Elemental analysis revealed that the H/C and O/C values of the activated carbons of NaOH/char ratios from 3 to 6 were significantly lower. SEM observation of surface hole variation of the activated carbon ascertained that the reaction process was inner pore etching. Based on the above three measurements and experimental investigations, the assumption made by previous researchers, namely that NaOH and KOH produce similar results, was challenged. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics was used to investigate the adsorption rate of an Elovich equation to determine the relationships between the adsorption behavior on larger molecules (dyes) and smaller molecules (phenols) and the pore structure of the activated carbon. | 1 |
d0e90354f936f9a3 | Data Use Policy
1. Information we receive and how it is used
Information we receive about you
We receive a number of different types of information about you, including:
Your information
Your information is the information that's required when you sign up for the site, as well as the information you choose to share.• Registration information: When you sign up for Just Croydon, you are required to provide information such as your name, email address, birthday, and gender.• Information you choose to share: Your information also includes the information you choose to share on Just Croydon, such as when you post a shout, upload a photo, or comment on a story.It also includes the information you choose to share when you communicate with us, such as when you contact us using an email address, or when you take an action, such as when you follow another member or like an organisation.
Your name, profile pictures, gender and networks are treated just like information you choose to make public.
Other information we receive about you
We also receive other types of information about you:• We receive data about you whenever you use or are running Just Croydon, such as when you look at another person's profile, send or receive a message, search for a friend or a Page, click on, view or otherwise interact with things.• When you post things like photos on Just Croydon, we may receive additional related data (or metadata), such as the time, date, and place you took the photo.• We receive data from or about the computer, mobile phone, or other devices you use to access Just Croydon, including when multiple users log in from the same device. This may include network and communication information, such as your IP address or mobile phone number, and other information about things like your internet service, operating system, location, the type (including identifiers) of the device or browser you use, or the pages you visit.• Sometimes we get data from our affiliates or our advertising partners, customers and other third parties that helps us (or them) deliver ads, understand online activity, and generally make Just Croydon better. For example, an advertiser may tell us information about you (like how you responded to an ad on Just Croydon or on another site) in order to measure the effectiveness of - and improve the quality of - ads.As described in "How we use the information we receive" we also put together data from the information we already have about you, your followers, and others, so we can offer and suggest a variety of services and features. We may also put together data about you to serve you ads or other content that might be more relevant to you.
We only provide data to our advertising partners or customers after we have removed your name and any other personally identifying information from it, or have combined it with other people's data in a way that it no longer personally identifies you.
Public information
When we use the phrase "public information" (which we sometimes refer to as "Everyone information"), we mean the information that is always publicly available.
Public information is exactly what it sounds like: anyone, including people off Just Croydon, will be able to see it.
Your public information:• can be associated with you (i.e., your name, profile picture, shouts, etc.) even off Just Croydon;• can show up when someone does a search on Just Croydon or on a public search engine;Information that is always publicly available
The types of information listed below are always publicly available:• Name: This helps people find you. If you are uncomfortable sharing your real name, you can always delete your account.• Profile Picture: This help people recognize you. If you are uncomfortable making any of these photos public, you can always delete them. When you upload a new profile picture the previous profile picture will be replaced.• Gender: This allows us to refer to you properly.• User ID: These allow you to give out a custom link to your timeline or Page, receive email at your Just Croydon email address, and help make Just Croydon Platform possible.Information that is not publicly available
The types of information listed below are not publicly available:• Email Address: Although people can search for you by this.• Date Of Birth
User IDs
User IDs are a way to identify you on Just Croydon. A User ID is a string of numbers and allows a custom link to be generated to your profile that you can give out to people or post on external websites.
How we use the information we receive
We use the information we receive about you in connection with the services and features we provide to you and other users like your followers, our partners, the advertisers that purchase ads on the site and websites you use. For example, in addition to helping people see and find things that you do and share, we may use the information we receive about you:• as part of our efforts to keep Just Croydon products, services and integrations safe and secure;• to protect Just Croydon's or others' rights or property;• to measure or understand the effectiveness of ads you and others see, including to deliver relevant ads to you;• for internal operations, including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, research and service improvement.Granting us permission to use your information not only allows us to provide Just Croydon as it exists today, but it also allows us to provide you with innovative features and services we develop in the future that use the information we receive about you in new ways.While you are allowing us to use the information we receive about you, you always own all of your information. Your trust is important to us, which is why we don't share information we receive about you with others unless we have:• received your permission;• given you notice, such as by telling you about it in this policy; or• removed your name and any other personally identifying information from it.We store data for as long as it is necessary to provide products and services to you and others, including those described above. Typically, information associated with your account will be kept until your account is deleted. For certain categories of data, we may also tell you about specific data retention practices.
We may enable access to public information that has been shared through our services.
We may allow service providers to access information so they can help us provide services.
Deleting and deactivating your account
If you want to stop using your account, you can either deactivate or delete it.
Deactivate
Deactivating your account puts your account on hold. Other users will no longer see your timeline, but we do not delete any of your information. Deactivating an account is the same as you telling us not to delete any information because you might want to reactivate your account at some point in the future.
Deletion
When you delete your account, it is permanently deleted from Just Croydon. It typically takes about one month to delete an account, but some information may remain in backup copies and logs for up to 90 days. You should only delete your account if you are sure you never want to reactivate it.
Certain information is needed to provide you with services, so we only delete this information after you delete your account. Some of the things you do on Just Croydon aren’t stored in your account, like posting to a group or sending someone a message (where your friend may still have a message you sent, even after you delete your account). That information remains after you delete your account.
2. Sharing and finding you on Just Croydon
Always think before you post. Just like anything else you post on the web or send in an email, information you share on Just Croydon can be copied or re-shared by anyone who can see it.
As a general rule, you should assume that information, unless specified, will be publicly available.
Finding you on Just Croydon
To make it easier for people to find you, we allow anyone with your contact information (such as email address) to find you through the Just Croydon search bar at the top of most pages - even if you have not shared your contact information with them on Just Croydon.
Access on phones and other devices
Once you share information with your followers and others, they may be able to sync it with or access it via their mobile phones and other devices. For example, if you share a photo on Just Croydon, someone viewing that photo could save it to a device. Similarly, if you share your contact information, they may be able to sync that information.
What your friends and others share about you
Links
Anyone can add a link to a story. Links are references to something on the Internet; anything from a website to a Page or timeline on Just Croydon. For example, if you are writing a story, you might include a link to a blog you are referencing or a link to the blogger’s Just Croydon profile.
Organisations
Just Croydon Organisations pages are public. Companies share information about their products and communities discuss topics of interest.
Because Organisations are public, information you share with an Organisation is public information. This means, for example, that if you post a comment on an Organisation page, that comment may be used by the Organisation owner off Just Croydon, and anyone can see it.
When you "like" an Organisation, you create a connection to that Organisation. You may be contacted by or receive updates from the Organisation, such as in your Activity Feed and your messages. You can remove the Organisations you've "liked" through your profile or on the Page.
3. Advertising and Just Croydon content
Advertising
Just Croydon offers a range of products that allow advertisers to reach people on and off Just Croydon. In addition to the information we provide in this section, you can also learn more about advertising products, how they work, our partnerships, and the controls you have, by visiting our “Advertising on Just Croydon” page.
When we deliver ads, we do not share your information (information that personally identifies you, such as your name or contact information) with advertisers unless you give us permission. We may provide advertisers with information when we have removed your name and other personally identifying information from it, or combined it with other information so that it no longer personally identifies you. For example, we may tell an advertiser how its ads perform or how many people viewed or clicked on their ads or install an app after seeing an ad.
So we can show you content that you may find interesting, we may use all of the information we receive about you to serve ads that are more relevant to you. For example, this includes:• information you provide at registration or add to your account or profile,• things you share and do on Just Croydon, such as what you like, and your interactions with advertisements or partners,• keywords from your stories, and• things we infer from your use of Just Croydon.For many ads we serve, advertisers may choose their audience by location, demographics, likes, keywords, and any other information we receive or infer about users. Here are some of the ways advertisers may target relevant ads:• demographics: for example, 18 to 35 year-old women• topics or keywords: for example, “music” or people who like a particular song or artist;• Page likes (including topics such as products, brands, religion, health status, or political views): for example, if you like an article about gluten-free food, you may receive ads about relevant food products; or• categories (including things like "artist" or a "dancer"): for example, if a person "likes" the "Croydon Arts Network" Page, we may infer that this person is likely to be an art fan and advertisers of the arts could ask us to target that category.Advertisers and their partners sometimes use cookies or other similar technologies in order to serve and measure ads and to make their ads more effective.
Just Croydon content
4. Cookies, pixels and other similar technologies
Cookies are small pieces of data that are stored on your computer, mobile phone or other device. Pixels are small blocks of code on webpages that do things like allow another server to measure viewing of a webpage and often are used in connection with cookies.We use technologies like cookies, pixels, and local storage (like on your browser or device, which is similar to a cookie but holds more information) to provide and understand a range of products and services.
We use these technologies to do things like:• make Just Croydon easier or faster to use;• enable features and store information about you (including on your device or in your browser cache) and your use of Just Croydon;• deliver, understand and improve advertising;• monitor and understand the use of our products and services; and• protect you, others and Just Croydon.For example, we may use these tools to know you are logged in to Just Croydon or to know when you are interacting with our advertising or partners.
We may ask advertisers or other partners to serve ads or services to computers, mobile phones or other devices, which may use a cookie, pixel or other similar technology placed by Just Croydon or the third party (although we would not share information that personally identifies you with an advertiser).
Cookies and things like local storage help make Just Croydon work, like allowing pages to load faster because certain content is stored on your browser or by helping us authenticate you to deliver personalized content.
To learn more about how advertisers generally use cookies and the choices advertisers provide, visit the Network Advertising Initiative at http://www.networkadvertising.org/managing/opt_out.asp, the Digital Advertising Alliance at http://www.aboutads.info/, the Internet Advertising Bureau (US) at http://www.iab.net or the Internet Advertising Bureau (EU) at http://youronlinechoices.eu/.Refer to your browser or device's help material to learn what controls you can often use to remove or block cookies or other similar technologies or block or remove other data stored on your computer or device (such as by using the various settings in your browser). If you do this, it may affect your ability to use Just Croydon or other websites and apps.
5. Some other things you need to know
Contact us with questions or disputes
If you have questions or complaints regarding our Data Use Policy or practices, please contact us by email at hello@JustCroydon.com
Responding to legal requests and preventing harm
We may access, preserve and share your information in response to a legal request (like a search warrant, court order or subpoena) if we have a good faith belief that the law requires us to do so. We may also access, preserve and share information when we have a good faith belief it is necessary to: detect, prevent and address fraud and other illegal activity; to protect ourselves, you and others, including as part of investigations; or to prevent death or imminent bodily harm.
Information we receive about you may be accessed, processed and retained for an extended period of time when it is the subject of a legal request or obligation, governmental investigation, or investigations concerning possible violations of our terms or policies, or otherwise to prevent harm. We also may retain information from accounts disabled for violations of our terms for at least a year to prevent repeat abuse or other violations of our terms.
Access requests
You can access and correct most of your personal data stored by Just Croydon by logging into your account and viewing your profile and your My Account section.
Notifications and Other Messages
We may send you notifications and other messages using the contact information we have for you, like your email address. You can control most of the notifications you receive, using controls we provide within your My Account section.
Affiliates
We may share information we receive with businesses that are legally part of the same group of companies that Just Croydon is part of, or that become part of that group (often these companies are called affiliates or partners). Likewise, our affiliates may share information with us as well. This sharing is done in compliance with applicable laws including where such applicable laws require consent. We and our affiliates may use shared information to help provide, understand, and improve our services and their own services.
Service Providers
We give your information to the people and companies that help us provide, understand and improve the services we offer. For example, we may use outside vendors to help host our website, serve photos and videos, process payments, analyse data, conduct and publish research, measure the effectiveness of ads, or provide search results. In some cases we provide the service jointly with another company. In all of these cases our partners must agree to only use your information consistent with the agreement we enter into with them, as well as this Data Use Policy.
Security and bugs
We do our best to keep your information secure. We try to keep Just Croydon up, bug-free and safe, but can’t make guarantees about any part of our services or products.
Change of Control
If the ownership of our business changes, we may transfer your information to the new owner so they can continue to operate the service. But they will still have to honour the commitments we have made in this Data Use Policy. | 1 |
1abcaedbdf16f140 | SERS as tool for the analysis of DNA-chips in a microfluidic platform.
A sequence-specific detection method of DNA is presented combining a solid chip surface for immobilisation of capture DNAs with a microfluidic platform and a readout of the chip based on SERS. The solid chip surface is used for immobilisation of different capture DNAs, where target strands can be hybridised and unbound surfactants can be washed away. For the detection via SERS, short-labelled oligonucleotides are hybridised to the target strands. This technique is combined with a microfluidic platform that enables a fast and automated preparation process. By applying a chip format, the problems of sequence-specific DNA detection in solution phase by means of SERS can be overcome. With this setup, we are able to distinguish between different complementary and non-complementary target sequences in one sample solution. | 1 |
22b9bd7ce1b2ecf9 | The majority of present day integrated circuits (ICs) are implemented by using a plurality of interconnected field effect transistors (FETs), also called metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs or MOS transistors). The ICs are usually formed using both P-channel and N-channel FETs and the IC is then referred to as a complementary MOS or CMOS circuit. Certain improvements in performance of FET ICs can be realized by forming the FETs in a thin layer of semiconductor material overlying an insulator layer. Such semiconductor on insulator (SOI) FETs, for example, exhibit lower junction capacitance and hence can operate at higher speeds. It is advantageous in certain applications, however, to fabricate at least some devices in the semiconductor substrate that supports the insulator layer. The devices formed in the substrate, for example, may have better thermal properties and can support higher voltages than devices formed in the thin semiconductor layer.
As the complexity of the integrated circuits increases, more and more MOS transistors are needed to implement the integrated circuit function. As more and more transistors are designed into the IC, it becomes important to shrink the size of individual MOS transistors so that the size of the IC remains reasonable and the IC can be reliably manufactured. Shrinking the size of an MOS transistor implies that the minimum feature size, that is, the minimum width of a line or the minimum spacing between lines, is reduced. MOS transistors have now been aggressively reduced to the point at which the gate electrode of the transistor is less than or equal to 45 nanometers (nm) in width. Methods previously used to fabricate devices in the substrate of an SOI structure, however, have not be able to achieve the same minimum feature size in substrate devices as are realized in the devices formed in the thin semiconductor layer.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method for fabricating SOI devices having minimum feature size. In addition, it is desirable to provide a self aligned method for fabricating SOI devices having minimum feature size substrate devices. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing technical field and background. | 1 |
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