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id stringlengths 40 40	pid stringlengths 42 42	input stringlengths 8.37k 169k	output stringlengths 1 1.63k
b2b0321b0aaf58c3aa9050906ade6ef35874c5c1	b2b0321b0aaf58c3aa9050906ade6ef35874c5c1_0	Q: How large is the dataset? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech and other types of online harassment. Hate speech is defined in legal literat...	$150,000$ tweets
4e9684fd68a242cb354fa6961b0e3b5c35aae4b6	4e9684fd68a242cb354fa6961b0e3b5c35aae4b6_0	Q: What is the results of multimodal compared to unimodal models? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech and other types of online harassment. Ha...	Unimodal LSTM vs Best Multimodal (FCM) - F score: 0.703 vs 0.704 - AUC: 0.732 vs 0.734 - Mean Accuracy: 68.3 vs 68.4
2e632eb5ad611bbd16174824de0ae5efe4892daf	2e632eb5ad611bbd16174824de0ae5efe4892daf_0	Q: What is author's opinion on why current multimodal models cannot outperform models analyzing only text? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech...	Noisy data, Complexity and diversity of multimodal relations, Small set of multimodal examples
d1ff6cba8c37e25ac6b261a25ea804d8e58e09c0	d1ff6cba8c37e25ac6b261a25ea804d8e58e09c0_0	Q: What metrics are used to benchmark the results? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech and other types of online harassment. Hate speech is de...	F-score, Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC), mean accuracy (ACC), Precision vs Recall plot, ROC curve (which plots the True Positive Rate vs the False Positive Rate)
24c0f3d6170623385283dfda7f2b6ca2c7169238	24c0f3d6170623385283dfda7f2b6ca2c7169238_0	Q: How is data collected, manual collection or Twitter api? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech and other types of online harassment. Hate spe...	Twitter API
21a9f1cddd7cb65d5d48ec4f33fe2221b2a8f62e	21a9f1cddd7cb65d5d48ec4f33fe2221b2a8f62e_0	Q: How many tweats does MMHS150k contains, 150000? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech and other types of online harassment. Hate speech is de...	$150,000$ tweets
a0ef0633d8b4040bf7cdc5e254d8adf82c8eed5e	a0ef0633d8b4040bf7cdc5e254d8adf82c8eed5e_0	Q: What unimodal detection models were used? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech and other types of online harassment. Hate speech is defined ...	single layer LSTM with a 150-dimensional hidden state for hate / not hate classification
b0799e26152197aeb3aa3b11687a6cc9f6c31011	b0799e26152197aeb3aa3b11687a6cc9f6c31011_0	Q: What different models for multimodal detection were proposed? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech and other types of online harassment. Hat...	Feature Concatenation Model (FCM), Spatial Concatenation Model (SCM), Textual Kernels Model (TKM)
4ce4db7f277a06595014db181342f8cb5cb94626	4ce4db7f277a06595014db181342f8cb5cb94626_0	Q: What annotations are available in the dataset - tweat used hate speach or not? Text: Introduction Social Media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Reddit have empowered individuals' voices and facilitated freedom of expression. However they have also been a breeding ground for hate speech and other types of onlin...	No attacks to any community, racist, sexist, homophobic, religion based attacks, attacks to other communities
62a6382157d5f9c1dce6e6c24ac5994442053002	62a6382157d5f9c1dce6e6c24ac5994442053002_0	Q: What were the evaluation metrics used? Text: Introduction Short text clustering is of great importance due to its various applications, such as user profiling BIBREF0 and recommendation BIBREF1 , for nowaday's social media dataset emerged day by day. However, short text clustering has the data sparsity problem and m...	accuracy, normalized mutual information
9e04730907ad728d62049f49ac828acb4e0a1a2a	9e04730907ad728d62049f49ac828acb4e0a1a2a_0	Q: What were their performance results? Text: Introduction Short text clustering is of great importance due to its various applications, such as user profiling BIBREF0 and recommendation BIBREF1 , for nowaday's social media dataset emerged day by day. However, short text clustering has the data sparsity problem and mos...	On SearchSnippets dataset ACC 77.01%, NMI 62.94%, on StackOverflow dataset ACC 51.14%, NMI 49.08%, on Biomedical dataset ACC 43.00%, NMI 38.18%
5a0841cc0628e872fe473874694f4ab9411a1d10	5a0841cc0628e872fe473874694f4ab9411a1d10_0	Q: By how much did they outperform the other methods? Text: Introduction Short text clustering is of great importance due to its various applications, such as user profiling BIBREF0 and recommendation BIBREF1 , for nowaday's social media dataset emerged day by day. However, short text clustering has the data sparsity p...	on SearchSnippets dataset by 6.72% in ACC, by 6.94% in NMI; on Biomedical dataset by 5.77% in ACC, 3.91% in NMI
a5dd569e6d641efa86d2c2b2e970ce5871e0963f	a5dd569e6d641efa86d2c2b2e970ce5871e0963f_0	Q: Which popular clustering methods did they experiment with? Text: Introduction Short text clustering is of great importance due to its various applications, such as user profiling BIBREF0 and recommendation BIBREF1 , for nowaday's social media dataset emerged day by day. However, short text clustering has the data sp...	K-means, Skip-thought Vectors, Recursive Neural Network and Paragraph Vector based clustering methods
785c054f6ea04701f4ab260d064af7d124260ccc	785c054f6ea04701f4ab260d064af7d124260ccc_0	Q: What datasets did they use? Text: Introduction Short text clustering is of great importance due to its various applications, such as user profiling BIBREF0 and recommendation BIBREF1 , for nowaday's social media dataset emerged day by day. However, short text clustering has the data sparsity problem and most words o...	SearchSnippets, StackOverflow, Biomedical
3f6610d1d68c62eddc2150c460bf1b48a064e5e6	3f6610d1d68c62eddc2150c460bf1b48a064e5e6_0	Q: Does pre-training on general text corpus improve performance? Text: Introduction Students are exposed to simple arithmetic word problems starting in elementary school, and most become proficient in solving them at a young age. Automatic solvers of such problems could potentially help educators, as well as become an ...	No
4c854d33a832f3f729ce73b206ff90677e131e48	4c854d33a832f3f729ce73b206ff90677e131e48_0	Q: What neural configurations are explored? Text: Introduction Students are exposed to simple arithmetic word problems starting in elementary school, and most become proficient in solving them at a young age. Automatic solvers of such problems could potentially help educators, as well as become an integral part of gene...	tried many configurations of our network models, but report results with only three configurations, Transformer Type 1, Transformer Type 2, Transformer Type 3
163c15da1aa0ba370a00c5a09294cd2ccdb4b96d	163c15da1aa0ba370a00c5a09294cd2ccdb4b96d_0	Q: Are the Transformers masked? Text: Introduction Students are exposed to simple arithmetic word problems starting in elementary school, and most become proficient in solving them at a young age. Automatic solvers of such problems could potentially help educators, as well as become an integral part of general question...	Yes
90dd5c0f5084a045fd6346469bc853c33622908f	90dd5c0f5084a045fd6346469bc853c33622908f_0	Q: How is this problem evaluated? Text: Introduction Students are exposed to simple arithmetic word problems starting in elementary school, and most become proficient in solving them at a young age. Automatic solvers of such problems could potentially help educators, as well as become an integral part of general questi...	BLEU-2, average accuracies over 3 test trials on different randomly sampled test sets
095888f6e10080a958d9cd3f779a339498f3a109	095888f6e10080a958d9cd3f779a339498f3a109_0	Q: What datasets do they use? Text: Introduction Students are exposed to simple arithmetic word problems starting in elementary school, and most become proficient in solving them at a young age. Automatic solvers of such problems could potentially help educators, as well as become an integral part of general question a...	AI2 BIBREF2, CC BIBREF19, IL BIBREF4, MAWPS BIBREF20
57e783f00f594e08e43a31939aedb235c9d5a102	57e783f00f594e08e43a31939aedb235c9d5a102_0	Q: What evaluation metrics were used? Text: Introduction Voice-controlled virtual assistants (VVA) such as Siri and Alexa have experienced an exponential growth in terms of number of users and provided capabilities. They are used by millions for a variety of tasks including shopping, playing music, and even telling jok...	AUC-ROC
9646fa1abbe3102a0364f84e0a55d107d45c97f0	9646fa1abbe3102a0364f84e0a55d107d45c97f0_0	Q: Where did the real production data come from? Text: Introduction Voice-controlled virtual assistants (VVA) such as Siri and Alexa have experienced an exponential growth in terms of number of users and provided capabilities. They are used by millions for a variety of tasks including shopping, playing music, and even ...	jokes of different categories (sci-fi, sports, etc) and types (puns, limerick, etc)
29983f4bc8a5513a198755e474361deee93d4ab6	29983f4bc8a5513a198755e474361deee93d4ab6_0	Q: What feedback labels are used? Text: Introduction Voice-controlled virtual assistants (VVA) such as Siri and Alexa have experienced an exponential growth in terms of number of users and provided capabilities. They are used by millions for a variety of tasks including shopping, playing music, and even telling jokes. ...	five-minute reuse and one-day return
6c0f97807cd83a94a4d26040286c6f89c4a0f8e0	6c0f97807cd83a94a4d26040286c6f89c4a0f8e0_0	Q: What representations for textual documents do they use? Text: Introduction Over the past few years, the term big data has become an important key point for research into data mining and information retrieval. Through the years, the quantity of data managed across enterprises has evolved from a simple and imperceptib...	finite sequence of terms
13ca4bf76565564c8ec3238c0cbfacb0b41e14d2	13ca4bf76565564c8ec3238c0cbfacb0b41e14d2_0	Q: Which dataset(s) do they use? Text: Introduction Over the past few years, the term big data has become an important key point for research into data mining and information retrieval. Through the years, the quantity of data managed across enterprises has evolved from a simple and imperceptible task to an extent to wh...	14 TDs, BIBREF15
70797f66d96aa163a3bee2be30a328ba61c40a18	70797f66d96aa163a3bee2be30a328ba61c40a18_0	Q: How do they evaluate knowledge extraction performance? Text: Introduction Over the past few years, the term big data has become an important key point for research into data mining and information retrieval. Through the years, the quantity of data managed across enterprises has evolved from a simple and imperceptibl...	SRCC
71f2b368228a748fd348f1abf540236568a61b07	71f2b368228a748fd348f1abf540236568a61b07_0	Q: What is CamemBERT trained on? Text: Introduction Pretrained word representations have a long history in Natural Language Processing (NLP), from non-neural methods BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2 to neural word embeddings BIBREF3, BIBREF4 and to contextualised representations BIBREF5, BIBREF6. Approaches shifted more recen...	unshuffled version of the French OSCAR corpus
d3d4eef047aa01391e3e5d613a0f1f786ae7cfc7	d3d4eef047aa01391e3e5d613a0f1f786ae7cfc7_0	Q: Which tasks does CamemBERT not improve on? Text: Introduction Pretrained word representations have a long history in Natural Language Processing (NLP), from non-neural methods BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2 to neural word embeddings BIBREF3, BIBREF4 and to contextualised representations BIBREF5, BIBREF6. Approaches shift...	its performance still lags behind models trained on the original English training set in the TRANSLATE-TEST setting, 81.2 vs. 82.91 for RoBERTa
63723c6b398100bba5dc21754451f503cb91c9b8	63723c6b398100bba5dc21754451f503cb91c9b8_0	Q: What is the state of the art? Text: Introduction Pretrained word representations have a long history in Natural Language Processing (NLP), from non-neural methods BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2 to neural word embeddings BIBREF3, BIBREF4 and to contextualised representations BIBREF5, BIBREF6. Approaches shifted more recen...	POS and DP task: CONLL 2018 NER task: (no extensive work) Strong baselines CRF and BiLSTM-CRF NLI task: mBERT or XLM (not clear from text)
5471766ca7c995dd7f0f449407902b32ac9db269	5471766ca7c995dd7f0f449407902b32ac9db269_0	Q: How much better was results of CamemBERT than previous results on these tasks? Text: Introduction Pretrained word representations have a long history in Natural Language Processing (NLP), from non-neural methods BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2 to neural word embeddings BIBREF3, BIBREF4 and to contextualised representation...	2.36 point increase in the F1 score with respect to the best SEM architecture, on the TRANSLATE-TRAIN setting (81.2 vs. 80.2 for XLM), lags behind models trained on the original English training set in the TRANSLATE-TEST setting, 81.2 vs. 82.91 for RoBERTa, For POS tagging, we observe error reductions of respectively 0...
dc49746fc98647445599da9d17bc004bafdc4579	dc49746fc98647445599da9d17bc004bafdc4579_0	Q: Was CamemBERT compared against multilingual BERT on these tasks? Text: Introduction Pretrained word representations have a long history in Natural Language Processing (NLP), from non-neural methods BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2 to neural word embeddings BIBREF3, BIBREF4 and to contextualised representations BIBREF5, BIB...	Yes
8720c096c8b990c7b19f956ee4930d5f2c019e2b	8720c096c8b990c7b19f956ee4930d5f2c019e2b_0	Q: How long was CamemBERT trained? Text: Introduction Pretrained word representations have a long history in Natural Language Processing (NLP), from non-neural methods BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2 to neural word embeddings BIBREF3, BIBREF4 and to contextualised representations BIBREF5, BIBREF6. Approaches shifted more rec...	Unanswerable
b573b36936ffdf1d70e66f9b5567511c989b46b2	b573b36936ffdf1d70e66f9b5567511c989b46b2_0	Q: What data is used for training CamemBERT? Text: Introduction Pretrained word representations have a long history in Natural Language Processing (NLP), from non-neural methods BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2 to neural word embeddings BIBREF3, BIBREF4 and to contextualised representations BIBREF5, BIBREF6. Approaches shifte...	unshuffled version of the French OSCAR corpus
bf25a202ac713a34e09bf599b3601058d9cace46	bf25a202ac713a34e09bf599b3601058d9cace46_0	Q: What are the state of the art measures? Text: Introduction Controversy is a phenomenom with a high impact at various levels. It has been broadly studied from the perspective of different disciplines, ranging from the seminal analysis of the conflicts within the members of a karate club BIBREF0 to political issues in...	Randomwalk, Walktrap, Louvain clustering
abebf9c8c9cf70ae222ecb1d3cabf8115b9fc8ac	abebf9c8c9cf70ae222ecb1d3cabf8115b9fc8ac_0	Q: What controversial topics are experimented with? Text: Introduction Controversy is a phenomenom with a high impact at various levels. It has been broadly studied from the perspective of different disciplines, ranging from the seminal analysis of the conflicts within the members of a karate club BIBREF0 to political ...	political events such as elections, corruption cases or justice decisions
2df910c9806f0c379d7bb1bc2be2610438e487dc	2df910c9806f0c379d7bb1bc2be2610438e487dc_0	Q: What datasets did they use? Text: Introduction Controversy is a phenomenom with a high impact at various levels. It has been broadly studied from the perspective of different disciplines, ranging from the seminal analysis of the conflicts within the members of a karate club BIBREF0 to political issues in modern time...	BIBREF32, BIBREF23, BIBREF33, discussions in four different languages: English, Portuguese, Spanish and French, occurring in five regions over the world: South and North America, Western Europe, Central and Southern Asia.
a2a3af59f3f18a28eb2ca7055e1613948f395052	a2a3af59f3f18a28eb2ca7055e1613948f395052_0	Q: What social media platform is observed? Text: Introduction Controversy is a phenomenom with a high impact at various levels. It has been broadly studied from the perspective of different disciplines, ranging from the seminal analysis of the conflicts within the members of a karate club BIBREF0 to political issues in...	Twitter
d92f1c15537b33b32bfc436e6d017ae7d9d6c29a	d92f1c15537b33b32bfc436e6d017ae7d9d6c29a_0	Q: How many languages do they experiment with? Text: Introduction Controversy is a phenomenom with a high impact at various levels. It has been broadly studied from the perspective of different disciplines, ranging from the seminal analysis of the conflicts within the members of a karate club BIBREF0 to political issue...	four different languages: English, Portuguese, Spanish and French
fa3663567c48c27703e09c42930e51bacfa54905	fa3663567c48c27703e09c42930e51bacfa54905_0	Q: What is the current SOTA for sentiment analysis on Twitter at the time of writing? Text: Synonyms Microblog sentiment analysis; Twitter opinion mining Glossary Sentiment Analysis: This is text analysis aiming to determine the attitude of a speaker or a writer with respect to some topic or the overall contextual pola...	deep convolutional networks BIBREF53 , BIBREF54
7997b9971f864a504014110a708f215c84815941	7997b9971f864a504014110a708f215c84815941_0	Q: What difficulties does sentiment analysis on Twitter have, compared to sentiment analysis in other domains? Text: Synonyms Microblog sentiment analysis; Twitter opinion mining Glossary Sentiment Analysis: This is text analysis aiming to determine the attitude of a speaker or a writer with respect to some topic or th...	Tweets noisy nature, use of creative spelling and punctuation, misspellings, slang, new words, URLs, and genre-specific terminology and abbreviations, short (length limited) text
0d1408744651c3847469c4a005e4a9dccbd89cf1	0d1408744651c3847469c4a005e4a9dccbd89cf1_0	Q: What are the metrics to evaluate sentiment analysis on Twitter? Text: Synonyms Microblog sentiment analysis; Twitter opinion mining Glossary Sentiment Analysis: This is text analysis aiming to determine the attitude of a speaker or a writer with respect to some topic or the overall contextual polarity of a piece of ...	Unanswerable