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id stringlengths 40 40	pid stringlengths 42 42	input stringlengths 8.37k 169k	output stringlengths 1 1.63k
af60462881b2d723adeb4acb5fbc07ea27b6bde2	af60462881b2d723adeb4acb5fbc07ea27b6bde2_0	Q: What patterns were discovered from the stories? Text: Introduction Sexual violence, including harassment, is a pervasive, worldwide problem with a long history. This global problem has finally become a mainstream issue thanks to the efforts of survivors and advocates. Statistics show that girls and women are put at ...	we demonstrate that harassment occurred more frequently during the night time than the day time, it shows that besides unspecified strangers (not shown in the figure), conductors and drivers are top the list of identified types of harassers, followed by friends and relatives, we uncovered that there exist strong correl...
879bec20c0fdfda952444018e9435f91e34d8788	879bec20c0fdfda952444018e9435f91e34d8788_0	Q: Did they use a crowdsourcing platform? Text: Introduction Sexual violence, including harassment, is a pervasive, worldwide problem with a long history. This global problem has finally become a mainstream issue thanks to the efforts of survivors and advocates. Statistics show that girls and women are put at high risk...	Unanswerable
3c378074111a6cc7319c0db0aced5752c30bfffb	3c378074111a6cc7319c0db0aced5752c30bfffb_0	Q: Does the performance increase using their method? Text: Introduction Slot filling models are a useful method for simple natural language understanding tasks, where information can be extracted from a sentence and used to perform some structured action. For example, dates, departure cities and destinations represent ...	The multi-task model outperforms the single-task model at all data sizes, but none have an overall benefit from the open vocabulary system
b464bc48f176a5945e54051e3ffaea9a6ad886d7	b464bc48f176a5945e54051e3ffaea9a6ad886d7_0	Q: What tasks are they experimenting with in this paper? Text: Introduction Slot filling models are a useful method for simple natural language understanding tasks, where information can be extracted from a sentence and used to perform some structured action. For example, dates, departure cities and destinations repres...	Slot filling, we consider the actions that a user might perform via apps on their phone, The corresponding actions are booking a flight, renting a home, buying bus tickets, and making a reservation at a restaurant
3b40799f25dbd98bba5b526e0a1d0d0bb51173e0	3b40799f25dbd98bba5b526e0a1d0d0bb51173e0_0	Q: What is the size of the open vocabulary? Text: Introduction Slot filling models are a useful method for simple natural language understanding tasks, where information can be extracted from a sentence and used to perform some structured action. For example, dates, departure cities and destinations represent slots to ...	Unanswerable
3c16d4cf5dc23223980d9c0f924cb9e4e6943f13	3c16d4cf5dc23223980d9c0f924cb9e4e6943f13_0	Q: How do they select answer candidates for their QA task? Text: Introduction Pre-trained language representation models, including feature-based methods BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 and fine-tuning methods BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , can capture rich language information from text and then benefit many NLP tasks. Bidirectional...	AMS method.
4c822bbb06141433d04bbc472f08c48bc8378865	4c822bbb06141433d04bbc472f08c48bc8378865_0	Q: How do they extract causality from text? Text: Introduction Social media and online social networks now provide vast amounts of data on human online discourse and other activities BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 . With so much communication taking place online and with social medi...	They identify documents that contain the unigrams 'caused', 'causing', or 'causes'
1baf87437b70cc0375b8b7dc2cfc2830279bc8b5	1baf87437b70cc0375b8b7dc2cfc2830279bc8b5_0	Q: What is the source of the "control" corpus? Text: Introduction Social media and online social networks now provide vast amounts of data on human online discourse and other activities BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 . With so much communication taking place online and with social m...	Randomly selected from a Twitter dump, temporally matched to causal documents
0b31eb5bb111770a3aaf8a3931d8613e578e07a8	0b31eb5bb111770a3aaf8a3931d8613e578e07a8_0	Q: What are the selection criteria for "causal statements"? Text: Introduction Social media and online social networks now provide vast amounts of data on human online discourse and other activities BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 . With so much communication taking place online and ...	Presence of only the exact unigrams 'caused', 'causing', or 'causes'
7348e781b2c3755b33df33f4f0cab4b94fcbeb9b	7348e781b2c3755b33df33f4f0cab4b94fcbeb9b_0	Q: Do they use expert annotations, crowdsourcing, or only automatic methods to analyze the corpora? Text: Introduction Social media and online social networks now provide vast amounts of data on human online discourse and other activities BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 . With so muc...	Only automatic methods
f68bd65b5251f86e1ed89f0c858a8bb2a02b233a	f68bd65b5251f86e1ed89f0c858a8bb2a02b233a_0	Q: how do they collect the comparable corpus? Text: Introduction Social media and online social networks now provide vast amounts of data on human online discourse and other activities BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 . With so much communication taking place online and with social me...	Randomly from a Twitter dump
e111925a82bad50f8e83da274988b9bea8b90005	e111925a82bad50f8e83da274988b9bea8b90005_0	Q: How do they collect the control corpus? Text: Introduction Social media and online social networks now provide vast amounts of data on human online discourse and other activities BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 . With so much communication taking place online and with social media...	Randomly from Twitter
ba48c095c496d01c7717eaa271470c3406bf2d7c	ba48c095c496d01c7717eaa271470c3406bf2d7c_0	Q: What languages do they experiment with? Text: Introduction Question answering (QA) with neural network, i.e. neural QA, is an active research direction along the road towards the long-term AI goal of building general dialogue agents BIBREF0 . Unlike conventional methods, neural QA does not rely on feature engineerin...	Chinese
42a61773aa494f7b12838f71a949034c12084de1	42a61773aa494f7b12838f71a949034c12084de1_0	Q: What are the baselines? Text: Introduction Question answering (QA) with neural network, i.e. neural QA, is an active research direction along the road towards the long-term AI goal of building general dialogue agents BIBREF0 . Unlike conventional methods, neural QA does not rely on feature engineering and is (at lea...	MemN2N BIBREF12, Attentive and Impatient Readers BIBREF6
48c3e61b2ed7b3f97706e2a522172bf9b51ec467	48c3e61b2ed7b3f97706e2a522172bf9b51ec467_0	Q: What was the inter-annotator agreement? Text: Introduction Question answering (QA) with neural network, i.e. neural QA, is an active research direction along the road towards the long-term AI goal of building general dialogue agents BIBREF0 . Unlike conventional methods, neural QA does not rely on feature engineerin...	correctness of all the question answer pairs are verified by at least two annotators
61fba3ab10f7b6906e27b028fb1d42ec601c3fb8	61fba3ab10f7b6906e27b028fb1d42ec601c3fb8_0	Q: Did they use a crowdsourcing platform? Text: Introduction Question answering (QA) with neural network, i.e. neural QA, is an active research direction along the road towards the long-term AI goal of building general dialogue agents BIBREF0 . Unlike conventional methods, neural QA does not rely on feature engineering...	Unanswerable
80de3baf97a55ea33e0fe0cafa6f6221ba347d0a	80de3baf97a55ea33e0fe0cafa6f6221ba347d0a_0	Q: Are resolution mode variables hand crafted? Text: Introduction Entity coreference resolution has become a critical component for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Systems requiring deep language understanding, such as information extraction BIBREF2 , semantic event learning BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , and named ...	No
f5707610dc8ae2a3dc23aec63d4afa4b40b7ec1e	f5707610dc8ae2a3dc23aec63d4afa4b40b7ec1e_0	Q: What are resolution model variables? Text: Introduction Entity coreference resolution has become a critical component for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Systems requiring deep language understanding, such as information extraction BIBREF2 , semantic event learning BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , and named entity ...	Variables in the set {str, prec, attr} indicating in which mode the mention should be resolved.
e76139c63da0f861c097466983fbe0c94d1d9810	e76139c63da0f861c097466983fbe0c94d1d9810_0	Q: Is the model presented in the paper state of the art? Text: Introduction Entity coreference resolution has become a critical component for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Systems requiring deep language understanding, such as information extraction BIBREF2 , semantic event learning BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , ...	No, supervised models perform better for this task.
b8b588ca1e876b3094ae561a875dd949c8965b2e	b8b588ca1e876b3094ae561a875dd949c8965b2e_0	Q: What problems are found with the evaluation scheme? Text: Introduction Recently, human-computer dialogue has been emerged as a hot topic, which has attracted the attention of both academia and industry. In research, the natural language understanding (NLU), dialogue management (DM) and natural language generation (N...	no gold standard for automatically evaluating two (or more) dialogue systems when considering the satisfaction of the human and the fluency of the generated dialogue
2ec640e6b4f1ebc158d13ee6589778b4c08a04c8	2ec640e6b4f1ebc158d13ee6589778b4c08a04c8_0	Q: How is the data annotated? Text: Introduction Recently, human-computer dialogue has been emerged as a hot topic, which has attracted the attention of both academia and industry. In research, the natural language understanding (NLU), dialogue management (DM) and natural language generation (NLG) have been promoted by...	Unanswerable
ab0bb4d0a9796416d3d7ceba0ba9ab50c964e9d6	ab0bb4d0a9796416d3d7ceba0ba9ab50c964e9d6_0	Q: What collection steps do they mention? Text: Introduction Recently, human-computer dialogue has been emerged as a hot topic, which has attracted the attention of both academia and industry. In research, the natural language understanding (NLU), dialogue management (DM) and natural language generation (NLG) have been...	Unanswerable
0460019eb2186aef835f7852fc445b037bd43bb7	0460019eb2186aef835f7852fc445b037bd43bb7_0	Q: How many intents were classified? Text: Introduction Recently, human-computer dialogue has been emerged as a hot topic, which has attracted the attention of both academia and industry. In research, the natural language understanding (NLU), dialogue management (DM) and natural language generation (NLG) have been prom...	two
96c09ece36a992762860cde4c110f1653c110d96	96c09ece36a992762860cde4c110f1653c110d96_0	Q: What was the result of the highest performing system? Text: Introduction Recently, human-computer dialogue has been emerged as a hot topic, which has attracted the attention of both academia and industry. In research, the natural language understanding (NLU), dialogue management (DM) and natural language generation ...	For task 1 best F1 score was 0.9391 on closed and 0.9414 on open test. For task2 best result had: Ratio 0.3175 , Satisfaction 64.53, Fluency 0, Turns -1 and Guide 2
a9cc4b17063711c8606b8fc1c5eaf057b317a0c9	a9cc4b17063711c8606b8fc1c5eaf057b317a0c9_0	Q: What metrics are used in the evaluation? Text: Introduction Recently, human-computer dialogue has been emerged as a hot topic, which has attracted the attention of both academia and industry. In research, the natural language understanding (NLU), dialogue management (DM) and natural language generation (NLG) have be...	For task 1, we use F1-score, Task completion ratio, User satisfaction degree, Response fluency, Number of dialogue turns, Guidance ability for out of scope input
6ead576ee5813164684a8cdda36e6a8c180455d9	6ead576ee5813164684a8cdda36e6a8c180455d9_0	Q: How do they measure the quality of summaries? Text: Introduction Question answering has been a long-standing research problem. Recently, reading comprehension (RC), a challenge to answer a question given textual evidence provided in a document set, has received much attention. Here, current mainstream studies have t...	Rouge-L, Bleu-1
0117aa1266a37b0d2ef429f1b0653b9dde3677fe	0117aa1266a37b0d2ef429f1b0653b9dde3677fe_0	Q: Does their model also take the expected answer style as input? Text: Introduction Question answering has been a long-standing research problem. Recently, reading comprehension (RC), a challenge to answer a question given textual evidence provided in a document set, has received much attention. Here, current mainstre...	Yes
5455b3cdcf426f4d5fc40bc11644a432fa7a5c8f	5455b3cdcf426f4d5fc40bc11644a432fa7a5c8f_0	Q: What do they mean by answer styles? Text: Introduction Question answering has been a long-standing research problem. Recently, reading comprehension (RC), a challenge to answer a question given textual evidence provided in a document set, has received much attention. Here, current mainstream studies have treated RC ...	well-formed sentences vs concise answers
6c80bc3ed6df228c8ca6e02c0a8a1c2889498688	6c80bc3ed6df228c8ca6e02c0a8a1c2889498688_0	Q: Is there exactly one "answer style" per dataset? Text: Introduction Question answering has been a long-standing research problem. Recently, reading comprehension (RC), a challenge to answer a question given textual evidence provided in a document set, has received much attention. Here, current mainstream studies hav...	Yes
2d274c93901c193cf7ad227ab28b1436c5f410af	2d274c93901c193cf7ad227ab28b1436c5f410af_0	Q: What are the baselines that Masque is compared against? Text: Introduction Question answering has been a long-standing research problem. Recently, reading comprehension (RC), a challenge to answer a question given textual evidence provided in a document set, has received much attention. Here, current mainstream stud...	BiDAF, Deep Cascade QA, S-Net+CES2S, BERT+Multi-PGNet, Selector+CCG, VNET, DECAPROP, MHPGM+NOIC, ConZNet, RMR+A2D
e63bde5c7b154fbe990c3185e2626d13a1bad171	e63bde5c7b154fbe990c3185e2626d13a1bad171_0	Q: What is the performance achieved on NarrativeQA? Text: Introduction Question answering has been a long-standing research problem. Recently, reading comprehension (RC), a challenge to answer a question given textual evidence provided in a document set, has received much attention. Here, current mainstream studies hav...	Bleu-1: 54.11, Bleu-4: 30.43, METEOR: 26.13, ROUGE-L: 59.87
cb8a6f5c29715619a137e21b54b29e9dd48dad7d	cb8a6f5c29715619a137e21b54b29e9dd48dad7d_0	Q: What is an "answer style"? Text: Introduction Question answering has been a long-standing research problem. Recently, reading comprehension (RC), a challenge to answer a question given textual evidence provided in a document set, has received much attention. Here, current mainstream studies have treated RC as a proc...	well-formed sentences vs concise answers
8a7bd9579d2783bfa81e055a7a6ebc3935da9d20	8a7bd9579d2783bfa81e055a7a6ebc3935da9d20_0	Q: What was the previous state of the art model for this task? Text: Introduction Lip reading, also known as visual speech recognition, aims to predict the sentence being spoken, given a silent video of a talking face. In noisy environments, where speech recognition is difficult, visual speech recognition offers an alt...	WAS, LipCH-Net-seq, CSSMCM-w/o video
27b01883ed947b457d3bab0c66de26c0736e4f90	27b01883ed947b457d3bab0c66de26c0736e4f90_0	Q: What syntactic structure is used to model tones? Text: Introduction Lip reading, also known as visual speech recognition, aims to predict the sentence being spoken, given a silent video of a talking face. In noisy environments, where speech recognition is difficult, visual speech recognition offers an alternative wa...	syllables
9714cb7203c18a0c53805f6c889f2e20b4cab5dd	9714cb7203c18a0c53805f6c889f2e20b4cab5dd_0	Q: What visual information characterizes tones? Text: Introduction Lip reading, also known as visual speech recognition, aims to predict the sentence being spoken, given a silent video of a talking face. In noisy environments, where speech recognition is difficult, visual speech recognition offers an alternative way to...	video sequence is first fed into the VGG model BIBREF9 to extract visual feature
a22b900fcd76c3d36b5679691982dc6e9a3d34bf	a22b900fcd76c3d36b5679691982dc6e9a3d34bf_0	Q: Do they report results only on English data? Text: Introduction In recent years we have witnessed a great surge in activity in the area of computational argument analysis (e.g. BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 ), and the emergence of dedicated venues such as the ACL Argument Mining workshop series starting in 2...	Unanswerable
fb2593de1f5cc632724e39d92e4dd82477f06ea1	fb2593de1f5cc632724e39d92e4dd82477f06ea1_0	Q: How do they demonstrate the robustness of their results? Text: Introduction In recent years we have witnessed a great surge in activity in the area of computational argument analysis (e.g. BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 ), and the emergence of dedicated venues such as the ACL Argument Mining workshop series s...	performances of a purely content-based model naturally stays stable
476d0b5579deb9199423bb843e584e606d606bc7	476d0b5579deb9199423bb843e584e606d606bc7_0	Q: What baseline and classification systems are used in experiments? Text: Introduction In recent years we have witnessed a great surge in activity in the area of computational argument analysis (e.g. BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 ), and the emergence of dedicated venues such as the ACL Argument Mining workshop...	BIBREF13, majority baseline
eddabb24bc6de6451bcdaa7940f708e925010912	eddabb24bc6de6451bcdaa7940f708e925010912_0	Q: How are the EAU text spans annotated? Text: Introduction In recent years we have witnessed a great surge in activity in the area of computational argument analysis (e.g. BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 ), and the emergence of dedicated venues such as the ACL Argument Mining workshop series starting in 2014 BIB...	Answer with content missing: (Data and pre-processing section) The data is suited for our experiments because the annotators were explicitly asked to provide annotations on a clausal level.
f0946fb9df9839977f4d16c43476e4c2724ff772	f0946fb9df9839977f4d16c43476e4c2724ff772_0	Q: How are elementary argumentative units defined? Text: Introduction In recent years we have witnessed a great surge in activity in the area of computational argument analysis (e.g. BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 ), and the emergence of dedicated venues such as the ACL Argument Mining workshop series starting i...	Unanswerable