q_id stringlengths 5 6 | question stringlengths 3 300 | best_answer stringlengths 15 10.1k | all_answers sequence | num_answers int64 1 208 | top_answers sequence | num_top_answers int64 0 110 | orig stringlengths 13 310 | target stringlengths 23 10.1k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1zupru | How did horses survive with humans before horseshoes? When did horseshoes formally become a thing? | While I can only speculate with regards to the first part of your question, I can perhaps help with the latter.Basically, the practice of protecting the feet of horses was not universal even among the Greeks and Romans. Fabretti, an Italian antiquary, examined with care the representations of horses on many ancient columns and marbles, and found but one instance in which the horse appeared to be shod; and in most specimens of ancient art the iron horse-shoe is conspicuous by its absence. However, in the mosaic portraying the battle of Issus—which was unearthed at Pompeii in 1831 and which is now in the Naples Museum (go, if you ever have a chance)—is the figure of a horse whose feet appear to be shod with iron shoes similar to those in modern use. There's also an ancient Finnish incantation against the plague, quoted in Lenormant's "Chaldean Magic and Sorcery," which states: > "O Scourge depart; Plague, take thy flight. . . . I will give thee a horse with which to escape, whose shoes shall not slide on ice, nor whose feet slip on the rocks."Winckelmann, the Prussian art historian, describes an antique engraved stone representing a man holding up a horse's foot, while an assistant, kneeling, fastens on a shoe. In the works of the Roman poet Catullus occurs the simile of the iron shoe of a mule sticking in the mire. More contemporary historians relate that the Emperor Nero caused his mules to be shod with silver, while golden shoes adorned the feet of the mules belonging to the notorious Empress Poppaea.According to N. S. Shaler, iron horse-shoes were invented in the 4th century in Greece. (It's interesting how he decides on this but I won't go into that here.) But even France in the 9th century, horses were shod with iron on special occasions only. The early Britons, Saxons, and Danes do not appear to have had much knowledge of ferriery. Therefore, the modern art of shoeing horses is thought to have been generally introduced in England by the Normans under William the Conqueror. Henry de Ferrars, who accompanied that monarch, is believed to have received his surname because he was entrusted with the inspection of the farriers; and the coat-of-arms of his descendants still bears six horse-shoes. | [
"While I can only speculate with regards to the first part of your question, I can perhaps help with the latter.\n\n\nBasically, the practice of protecting the feet of horses was not universal even among the Greeks and Romans. Fabretti, an Italian antiquary, examined with care the representations of horses on many... | 2 | [
"While I can only speculate with regards to the first part of your question, I can perhaps help with the latter.\n\n\nBasically, the practice of protecting the feet of horses was not universal even among the Greeks and Romans. Fabretti, an Italian antiquary, examined with care the representations of horses on many... | 2 | question: How did horses survive with humans before horseshoes? When did horseshoes formally become a thing? | answer: While I can only speculate with regards to the first part of your question, I can perhaps help with the latter.Basically, the practice of protecting the feet of horses was not universal even among the Greeks and Romans. Fabretti, an Italian antiquary, examined with care the representations of horses on many ancient columns and marbles, and found but one instance in which the horse appeared to be shod; and in most specimens of ancient art the iron horse-shoe is conspicuous by its absence. However, in the mosaic portraying the battle of Issus—which was unearthed at Pompeii in 1831 and which is now in the Naples Museum (go, if you ever have a chance)—is the figure of a horse whose feet appear to be shod with iron shoes similar to those in modern use. There's also an ancient Finnish incantation against the plague, quoted in Lenormant's "Chaldean Magic and Sorcery," which states: > "O Scourge depart; Plague, take thy flight. . . . I will give thee a horse with which to escape, whose shoes shall not slide on ice, nor whose feet slip on the rocks."Winckelmann, the Prussian art historian, describes an antique engraved stone representing a man holding up a horse's foot, while an assistant, kneeling, fastens on a shoe. In the works of the Roman poet Catullus occurs the simile of the iron shoe of a mule sticking in the mire. More contemporary historians relate that the Emperor Nero caused his mules to be shod with silver, while golden shoes adorned the feet of the mules belonging to the notorious Empress Poppaea.According to N. S. Shaler, iron horse-shoes were invented in the 4th century in Greece. (It's interesting how he decides on this but I won't go into that here.) But even France in the 9th century, horses were shod with iron on special occasions only. The early Britons, Saxons, and Danes do not appear to have had much knowledge of ferriery. Therefore, the modern art of shoeing horses is thought to have been generally introduced in England by the Normans under William the Conqueror. Henry de Ferrars, who accompanied that monarch, is believed to have received his surname because he was entrusted with the inspection of the farriers; and the coat-of-arms of his descendants still bears six horse-shoes. |
2kdote | [uk] how would a political party go from having no influence whatsoever to eventually winning a general election? | They would need to appeal to voters and get votes, win some constituencies and be recognized as being able to handle a real government.Canada's NDP latched onto big issues of the day to get their initial supporters. Haven't won a government yet, but are the official opposition. | [
"They would need to appeal to voters and get votes, win some constituencies and be recognized as being able to handle a real government.\n\nCanada's NDP latched onto big issues of the day to get their initial supporters. Haven't won a government yet, but are the official opposition. ",
"In essence, they need to d... | 2 | [] | 0 | question: [uk] how would a political party go from having no influence whatsoever to eventually winning a general election? | answer: They would need to appeal to voters and get votes, win some constituencies and be recognized as being able to handle a real government.Canada's NDP latched onto big issues of the day to get their initial supporters. Haven't won a government yet, but are the official opposition. |
2sd0ql | why is it that europeans explored the world more than anyone else on other continents? | You're ignoring the Polynesians, who spread from Malaysia to South America, colonized every habitable island in the Pacific, by 1300AD, before Europeans knew anything about anything. Really, the reason that Europeans did most of the exploring was that Europeans had some advanced technology in firearms that few other cultures worldwide had.They were the first major Rennaisance-era culture to discover the Americas (the Polynesians were more tribal in nature, each island was it's own "nation" though they shared one culture). Nobody else was really trying at the time because it wasn't known that the continent existed, so a atlantic-pacific crossing was thought to be suicide (Columbus didn't have any new ideas, he was bad at math). European nations at the time were extremely nationalistic and had strong rivalries. As soon as it was known that there were new lands, they started expanding there so that they could pull ahead of their rivals. Since Spain started doing it, and they started getting gold and slaves from New Spain, the other nations had to do the same to keep up. | [
"You're ignoring the Polynesians, who spread from Malaysia to South America, colonized every habitable island in the Pacific, by 1300AD, before Europeans knew anything about anything. \n\nReally, the reason that Europeans did most of the exploring was that Europeans had some advanced technology in firearms that few... | 2 | [
"You're ignoring the Polynesians, who spread from Malaysia to South America, colonized every habitable island in the Pacific, by 1300AD, before Europeans knew anything about anything. \n\nReally, the reason that Europeans did most of the exploring was that Europeans had some advanced technology in firearms that few... | 1 | question: why is it that europeans explored the world more than anyone else on other continents? | answer: You're ignoring the Polynesians, who spread from Malaysia to South America, colonized every habitable island in the Pacific, by 1300AD, before Europeans knew anything about anything. Really, the reason that Europeans did most of the exploring was that Europeans had some advanced technology in firearms that few other cultures worldwide had.They were the first major Rennaisance-era culture to discover the Americas (the Polynesians were more tribal in nature, each island was it's own "nation" though they shared one culture). Nobody else was really trying at the time because it wasn't known that the continent existed, so a atlantic-pacific crossing was thought to be suicide (Columbus didn't have any new ideas, he was bad at math). European nations at the time were extremely nationalistic and had strong rivalries. As soon as it was known that there were new lands, they started expanding there so that they could pull ahead of their rivals. Since Spain started doing it, and they started getting gold and slaves from New Spain, the other nations had to do the same to keep up. |
tg0j5 | why does ron paul seem to be doing leaps and bounds better recently? | Because you're reading too much reddit. | [
"Because you're reading too much reddit.",
"It could be argued that with the recent withdrawal of Newt Gingrich and Rick Santorum from the race, Ron Paul stands as the alternative vote for those not keen on Mitt Romney as the Republican nominee. \n\nRomney also has many detractors for various reasons (his wealth,... | 5 | [
"Because you're reading too much reddit.",
"It could be argued that with the recent withdrawal of Newt Gingrich and Rick Santorum from the race, Ron Paul stands as the alternative vote for those not keen on Mitt Romney as the Republican nominee. \n\nRomney also has many detractors for various reasons (his wealth,... | 2 | question: why does ron paul seem to be doing leaps and bounds better recently? | answer: Because you're reading too much reddit. |
4ttx6w | why do flies have such short life-spans? | Their lifespans are only short relative to human lifespans. There's no objective way to measure "long" or "short" when you're looking at organisms' life spans; these words only mean anything in reference to something else. You could just as easily ask why humans have such long lifespans.There isn't a universal evolutionary pressure for organisms to have similar lifespans, so lifespan lengths are very diverse depending on the evolutionary strategy of the organism. One advantage of a shorter lifespan is the organism can evolve more rapidly and therefore adapt more rapidly to a changing environment. Conversely, the longer lifespan of humans allows us to develop into very complex organisms capable of high levels of intelligence and knowledge retention. | [
"Their lifespans are only short relative to human lifespans. There's no objective way to measure \"long\" or \"short\" when you're looking at organisms' life spans; these words only mean anything in reference to something else. You could just as easily ask why humans have such long lifespans.\n\nThere isn't a unive... | 1 | [
"Their lifespans are only short relative to human lifespans. There's no objective way to measure \"long\" or \"short\" when you're looking at organisms' life spans; these words only mean anything in reference to something else. You could just as easily ask why humans have such long lifespans.\n\nThere isn't a unive... | 1 | question: why do flies have such short life-spans? | answer: Their lifespans are only short relative to human lifespans. There's no objective way to measure "long" or "short" when you're looking at organisms' life spans; these words only mean anything in reference to something else. You could just as easily ask why humans have such long lifespans.There isn't a universal evolutionary pressure for organisms to have similar lifespans, so lifespan lengths are very diverse depending on the evolutionary strategy of the organism. One advantage of a shorter lifespan is the organism can evolve more rapidly and therefore adapt more rapidly to a changing environment. Conversely, the longer lifespan of humans allows us to develop into very complex organisms capable of high levels of intelligence and knowledge retention. |
ci6qt5 | what purpose do continents serve apart from broad classification? | There is not one but a few different models for the continets. Some of them are just for classification. Some are used to differentiate what is one landmass and what is another. I thing the most common models used are the geopolitical and historic political one. These differentiate between what you could roughly call cultures. | [
"There is not one but a few different models for the continets. Some of them are just for classification. Some are used to differentiate what is one landmass and what is another. I thing the most common models used are the geopolitical and historic political one. These differentiate between what you could roughly ... | 2 | [
"There is not one but a few different models for the continets. Some of them are just for classification. Some are used to differentiate what is one landmass and what is another. I thing the most common models used are the geopolitical and historic political one. These differentiate between what you could roughly ... | 1 | question: what purpose do continents serve apart from broad classification? | answer: There is not one but a few different models for the continets. Some of them are just for classification. Some are used to differentiate what is one landmass and what is another. I thing the most common models used are the geopolitical and historic political one. These differentiate between what you could roughly call cultures. |
3ky0xe | why is newly appointed labour leader, jeremy corbyn so unpopular with his own party? | In recent times both the Labour (traditionally left) and Tories (traditionally right) have taken a more central position. For Labour this all really started with Blair and "New Labour".Corbyn is on the far left, he's a socialist. Those who don't like him think he is too left wing - even calling him a radical and claim he will take them back to the 70s / 80s (which were a bad time for the party). Anyone could join the Labour party and vote for him as leader - you pay £3 to join the party and you could then vote on who became leader. Some claim that a large number of people joined after the General Election up until now just to vote. Some people even say that lots of Tory supporters joined and then voted for Corbyn as he'd do the most damage to the party, leaving the Tories in power for some time. That may be a little far fetched, but who knows. | [
"My understanding is that the current system to elect the leader allows anyone to vote who has paid dues. This is, apparently, a relatively recent development. \n\nCorbyn and his supporters supposedly used this system to flood the voting ranks with Corbyn supporters. Of course, if you are left leaning, this is a... | 3 | [
"My understanding is that the current system to elect the leader allows anyone to vote who has paid dues. This is, apparently, a relatively recent development. \n\nCorbyn and his supporters supposedly used this system to flood the voting ranks with Corbyn supporters. Of course, if you are left leaning, this is a... | 2 | question: why is newly appointed labour leader, jeremy corbyn so unpopular with his own party? | answer: In recent times both the Labour (traditionally left) and Tories (traditionally right) have taken a more central position. For Labour this all really started with Blair and "New Labour".Corbyn is on the far left, he's a socialist. Those who don't like him think he is too left wing - even calling him a radical and claim he will take them back to the 70s / 80s (which were a bad time for the party). Anyone could join the Labour party and vote for him as leader - you pay £3 to join the party and you could then vote on who became leader. Some claim that a large number of people joined after the General Election up until now just to vote. Some people even say that lots of Tory supporters joined and then voted for Corbyn as he'd do the most damage to the party, leaving the Tories in power for some time. That may be a little far fetched, but who knows. |
34d3fk | why do people like politicians announce that they'll announce something, rather than just announce it? | to build publicity. reporters aren't following them all the time. in order to get reporters to show up, the person has to announce that they're going to make a major announcement that'll make news. | [
"to build publicity. reporters aren't following them all the time. in order to get reporters to show up, the person has to announce that they're going to make a major announcement that'll make news."
] | 1 | [
"to build publicity. reporters aren't following them all the time. in order to get reporters to show up, the person has to announce that they're going to make a major announcement that'll make news."
] | 1 | question: why do people like politicians announce that they'll announce something, rather than just announce it? | answer: to build publicity. reporters aren't following them all the time. in order to get reporters to show up, the person has to announce that they're going to make a major announcement that'll make news. |
ghasc | Is there any evidence that earlier hominids had
different sense organs? Conversely, is there any
way of conjecturing whether or not descendants of
present-day h. sapiens may develop other senses? | > Since other creatures can navigate by detecting aspects of the Earth's magnetic field, for exampleI guess you mean birds et al.? well yes they do, but that required quite an amount of evolution and given that we don't see any exceptional features in any of our living cousins that we don't have, its highly unlikely (yet remotely possible) that some non-extant hominids had any sense organ of significance. Also fossil evidence doesn't show any gross difference from structures in our cousins or us, so probably not.Will we be able to evolve some new super-sense? not impossible, but entirely new "sense organs" take real long to develop (speak 10-100s of million years) and they might not do so unless there is persistent pressure to develop a way to sense some particular thing. Given physical constraints and how much humans can augment their physical senses with tools and gadgets, we might never have a need to wait millions of years to evolve a new sense, and hence we never might. | [
" > Since other creatures can navigate by detecting aspects of the Earth's magnetic field, for example\n\nI guess you mean birds et al.? well yes they do, but that required quite an amount of evolution and given that we don't see any exceptional features in any of our living cousins that we don't have, its highly u... | 1 | [] | 0 | question: Is there any evidence that earlier hominids had
different sense organs? Conversely, is there any
way of conjecturing whether or not descendants of
present-day h. sapiens may develop other senses? | answer: > Since other creatures can navigate by detecting aspects of the Earth's magnetic field, for exampleI guess you mean birds et al.? well yes they do, but that required quite an amount of evolution and given that we don't see any exceptional features in any of our living cousins that we don't have, its highly unlikely (yet remotely possible) that some non-extant hominids had any sense organ of significance. Also fossil evidence doesn't show any gross difference from structures in our cousins or us, so probably not.Will we be able to evolve some new super-sense? not impossible, but entirely new "sense organs" take real long to develop (speak 10-100s of million years) and they might not do so unless there is persistent pressure to develop a way to sense some particular thing. Given physical constraints and how much humans can augment their physical senses with tools and gadgets, we might never have a need to wait millions of years to evolve a new sense, and hence we never might. |
b8dxyd | why are illicit drugs cut with dangerous chemicals? | When you're making drugs "at home' (ie - not a professional lab), you tend to cut corners and not buy everything from the most reputable chemical suppliers. Maybe you need a strong acid, why not grab battery acid or concrete cleaner? A strong base means you use lye-based drain cleaner. A solvent has you use gasoline.Since there's no real standards or testing, these things get left in there. You then have anti-drug propaganda giving it the scariest possible description when they say what it is. | [
"When you're making drugs \"at home' (ie - not a professional lab), you tend to cut corners and not buy everything from the most reputable chemical suppliers. Maybe you need a strong acid, why not grab battery acid or concrete cleaner? A strong base means you use lye-based drain cleaner. A solvent has you use ga... | 1 | [] | 0 | question: why are illicit drugs cut with dangerous chemicals? | answer: When you're making drugs "at home' (ie - not a professional lab), you tend to cut corners and not buy everything from the most reputable chemical suppliers. Maybe you need a strong acid, why not grab battery acid or concrete cleaner? A strong base means you use lye-based drain cleaner. A solvent has you use gasoline.Since there's no real standards or testing, these things get left in there. You then have anti-drug propaganda giving it the scariest possible description when they say what it is. |
3c8d1u | I can type without looking at the keyboard, but when asked to draw a keyboard, I am completely unable to correctly label half of the letter keys. How is this possible? | Watch this: [Smarter Every Day - Backwards Brain bicycle](_URL_0_); it's the same thing. When we type, we "know" how to type, where to type, but we don't automatically understand the keyboard. You know that the "F" key is "around there", next to your left hand, or that the "J" key is next to your right hand, somewhere, because you know where to push to print an F or a J, but you don't really learn the keyboard. If you use a different keyboard from example (it's very noticeable when you go from a laptop to a desktop because of the shape of the keys), you won't be able at first to type as fast as you used to. Because you learned to type with your keyboard, you didn't learn to type with "a" keyboard. | [
"Watch this: [Smarter Every Day - Backwards Brain bicycle](_URL_0_); it's the same thing. \n \nWhen we type, we \"know\" how to type, where to type, but we don't automatically understand the keyboard. You know that the \"F\" key is \"around there\", next to your left hand, or that the \"J\" key is next to your ri... | 28 | [
"Watch this: [Smarter Every Day - Backwards Brain bicycle](_URL_0_); it's the same thing. \n \nWhen we type, we \"know\" how to type, where to type, but we don't automatically understand the keyboard. You know that the \"F\" key is \"around there\", next to your left hand, or that the \"J\" key is next to your ri... | 11 | question: I can type without looking at the keyboard, but when asked to draw a keyboard, I am completely unable to correctly label half of the letter keys. How is this possible? | answer: Watch this: [Smarter Every Day - Backwards Brain bicycle](_URL_0_); it's the same thing. When we type, we "know" how to type, where to type, but we don't automatically understand the keyboard. You know that the "F" key is "around there", next to your left hand, or that the "J" key is next to your right hand, somewhere, because you know where to push to print an F or a J, but you don't really learn the keyboard. If you use a different keyboard from example (it's very noticeable when you go from a laptop to a desktop because of the shape of the keys), you won't be able at first to type as fast as you used to. Because you learned to type with your keyboard, you didn't learn to type with "a" keyboard. |
300lnn | What is the processing speed of our brains? | Cells are covered in a lipid bilayer, which is not conductive like most metals. Instead, neuronal conductance relies on voltage-gated ion channels for propagation of electrochemical impulses. There is no traveling of electrons along a neuron like you would expect in metal and thus impulses travel much slower than the "speed of electricity."First, there is the issue of how fast axons conduct action potentials. This can range anywhere from [0.5 m/s to 120 m/s](_URL_1_), depending on thickness of the axon and mylenation. Thicker axons conduct faster and mylenated axons conduct faster (due to [saltatory conduction](_URL_3_)). For more information, you can read the classic studies by [Hodgkin and Huxley](_URL_5_) on the squid giant axon.Next, you have to consider the time for the information to jump from neuron to neuron. Most connections in the brain are [chemical synapses](_URL_4_) and can take up to 1-2 ms to go from one neuron to another. Some synapses are [electrical](_URL_6_) and are very fast (~200 microseconds), though these are more rare.One further variable is the distance between structures that you're interested. This distance is both in terms of absolute distance and number of synapses. This is important if you're considering the processing of information. And this is also the most nebulous variable. We can talk about how fast an impulse can travel along an axon, but that doesn't address information processing. Information is processed in [neural circuits](_URL_2_), which aren't completely serial. There are feedback and feed-forward loops. There are small-scale networks (e.g., within a brain area) and large-scale networks (between brain areas). The simplest example of processing stimuli from sensation to behavior is [simple detection](_URL_0_.) (reporting the presence of a stimulus). Detection of auditory stimuli are quite fast (140-160 ms) while visual detection is a bit slower (180-200 ms). While these times seem very fast, consider all the processing that must be required (considering how fast our neurons conduct and transmit information). We still don't know exactly what goes on in the brain within neural networks for even these simple processes.**TL;DR: our brains don't have a "processing speed."** | [
"Cells are covered in a lipid bilayer, which is not conductive like most metals. Instead, neuronal conductance relies on voltage-gated ion channels for propagation of electrochemical impulses. There is no traveling of electrons along a neuron like you would expect in metal and thus impulses travel much slower than ... | 2 | [
"Cells are covered in a lipid bilayer, which is not conductive like most metals. Instead, neuronal conductance relies on voltage-gated ion channels for propagation of electrochemical impulses. There is no traveling of electrons along a neuron like you would expect in metal and thus impulses travel much slower than ... | 1 | question: What is the processing speed of our brains? | answer: Cells are covered in a lipid bilayer, which is not conductive like most metals. Instead, neuronal conductance relies on voltage-gated ion channels for propagation of electrochemical impulses. There is no traveling of electrons along a neuron like you would expect in metal and thus impulses travel much slower than the "speed of electricity."First, there is the issue of how fast axons conduct action potentials. This can range anywhere from [0.5 m/s to 120 m/s](_URL_1_), depending on thickness of the axon and mylenation. Thicker axons conduct faster and mylenated axons conduct faster (due to [saltatory conduction](_URL_3_)). For more information, you can read the classic studies by [Hodgkin and Huxley](_URL_5_) on the squid giant axon.Next, you have to consider the time for the information to jump from neuron to neuron. Most connections in the brain are [chemical synapses](_URL_4_) and can take up to 1-2 ms to go from one neuron to another. Some synapses are [electrical](_URL_6_) and are very fast (~200 microseconds), though these are more rare.One further variable is the distance between structures that you're interested. This distance is both in terms of absolute distance and number of synapses. This is important if you're considering the processing of information. And this is also the most nebulous variable. We can talk about how fast an impulse can travel along an axon, but that doesn't address information processing. Information is processed in [neural circuits](_URL_2_), which aren't completely serial. There are feedback and feed-forward loops. There are small-scale networks (e.g., within a brain area) and large-scale networks (between brain areas). The simplest example of processing stimuli from sensation to behavior is [simple detection](_URL_0_.) (reporting the presence of a stimulus). Detection of auditory stimuli are quite fast (140-160 ms) while visual detection is a bit slower (180-200 ms). While these times seem very fast, consider all the processing that must be required (considering how fast our neurons conduct and transmit information). We still don't know exactly what goes on in the brain within neural networks for even these simple processes.**TL;DR: our brains don't have a "processing speed."** |
2bez16 | what happens to a wasp when i hit it with raid? | You must have hit the wasp with RAID 0, which is why it worked so fast. RAID 1 was still effective on the beetle, it just didn't have the same level of performance (but was safer for you, incidentally). ...I'm so sorry. | [
"You must have hit the wasp with RAID 0, which is why it worked so fast. RAID 1 was still effective on the beetle, it just didn't have the same level of performance (but was safer for you, incidentally). \n\n...I'm so sorry.",
"Insecticides are neurotoxins, they're the insect equivalent of satin of VX. They work ... | 2 | [
"You must have hit the wasp with RAID 0, which is why it worked so fast. RAID 1 was still effective on the beetle, it just didn't have the same level of performance (but was safer for you, incidentally). \n\n...I'm so sorry.",
"Insecticides are neurotoxins, they're the insect equivalent of satin of VX. They work ... | 2 | question: what happens to a wasp when i hit it with raid? | answer: You must have hit the wasp with RAID 0, which is why it worked so fast. RAID 1 was still effective on the beetle, it just didn't have the same level of performance (but was safer for you, incidentally). ...I'm so sorry. |
2foajl | what nation was the first to allow black men to serve in the military? | Remember that it is actuelly relativly few nations that have had laws against black people serving in the military. There is no periode in history where black people haven't served somewhere in the world. | [
"Remember that it is actuelly relativly few nations that have had laws against black people serving in the military. There is no periode in history where black people haven't served somewhere in the world."
] | 1 | [
"Remember that it is actuelly relativly few nations that have had laws against black people serving in the military. There is no periode in history where black people haven't served somewhere in the world."
] | 1 | question: what nation was the first to allow black men to serve in the military? | answer: Remember that it is actuelly relativly few nations that have had laws against black people serving in the military. There is no periode in history where black people haven't served somewhere in the world. |
2wxzca | Need to settle a 2nd Amendment argument. Could someone store a cannon in their barn in 1790? | According to the [FAQ on owning cannons](_URL_1_), yes you could. See this response in particular:* [When the Second Amendment was ratified, did the "right to bear arms" include the right of private citizens to own a cannon or any other weapon of war?](_URL_0_) | [
"According to the [FAQ on owning cannons](_URL_1_), yes you could. See this response in particular:\n\n* [When the Second Amendment was ratified, did the \"right to bear arms\" include the right of private citizens to own a cannon or any other weapon of war?](_URL_0_)\n"
] | 1 | [] | 0 | question: Need to settle a 2nd Amendment argument. Could someone store a cannon in their barn in 1790? | answer: According to the [FAQ on owning cannons](_URL_1_), yes you could. See this response in particular:* [When the Second Amendment was ratified, did the "right to bear arms" include the right of private citizens to own a cannon or any other weapon of war?](_URL_0_) |
12nmwr | If a car used a generator to power an electric motor, would it be more fuel efficient than an engine? | That's what the [Chevy Volt](_URL_1_) does. Also, [diesel-electric locomotives](_URL_0_) have a combustion engine driving a generator driving electric motors.The premise is that an internal combustion engine is not very efficient at low loads. If you have good enough generators, batteries and motors, it may be worth your while to design a car with a smaller engine that runs at peak efficiency to charge a battery, then use the battery to drive the motor at whatever power you desire. This way, you can run the engine at full efficiency, turn it off, then restart it when the battery runs low. | [
"That's what the [Chevy Volt](_URL_1_) does. Also, [diesel-electric locomotives](_URL_0_) have a combustion engine driving a generator driving electric motors.\n\nThe premise is that an internal combustion engine is not very efficient at low loads. If you have good enough generators, batteries and motors, it may be... | 1 | [
"That's what the [Chevy Volt](_URL_1_) does. Also, [diesel-electric locomotives](_URL_0_) have a combustion engine driving a generator driving electric motors.\n\nThe premise is that an internal combustion engine is not very efficient at low loads. If you have good enough generators, batteries and motors, it may be... | 1 | question: If a car used a generator to power an electric motor, would it be more fuel efficient than an engine? | answer: That's what the [Chevy Volt](_URL_1_) does. Also, [diesel-electric locomotives](_URL_0_) have a combustion engine driving a generator driving electric motors.The premise is that an internal combustion engine is not very efficient at low loads. If you have good enough generators, batteries and motors, it may be worth your while to design a car with a smaller engine that runs at peak efficiency to charge a battery, then use the battery to drive the motor at whatever power you desire. This way, you can run the engine at full efficiency, turn it off, then restart it when the battery runs low. |
2iiymy | would anything outrageous happen if an electron was forced into the nucleus of an atom? | > Would anything outrageous happen if an electron was forced into the nucleus of an atom?Not really. It's called [electron capture](_URL_0_), and it happens all the time. It causes a proton to change to a neutron, and an electron neutrino is emitted. This is actually the primary method of radioactive decay for many isotopes. | [
" > Would anything outrageous happen if an electron was forced into the nucleus of an atom?\n\nNot really. It's called [electron capture](_URL_0_), and it happens all the time. It causes a proton to change to a neutron, and an electron neutrino is emitted. This is actually the primary method of radioactive decay... | 1 | [
" > Would anything outrageous happen if an electron was forced into the nucleus of an atom?\n\nNot really. It's called [electron capture](_URL_0_), and it happens all the time. It causes a proton to change to a neutron, and an electron neutrino is emitted. This is actually the primary method of radioactive decay... | 1 | question: would anything outrageous happen if an electron was forced into the nucleus of an atom? | answer: > Would anything outrageous happen if an electron was forced into the nucleus of an atom?Not really. It's called [electron capture](_URL_0_), and it happens all the time. It causes a proton to change to a neutron, and an electron neutrino is emitted. This is actually the primary method of radioactive decay for many isotopes. |
6nh1c1 | why are trucks that carry gas/other liquids shaped like a cylinder instead of a rectangle like most trucks | A rounded container is much stronger. corners of a rectangular box create a weak spot where pressure could cause a rupture, but a rounded surface inside lets the pressure spread evenly around the surface. | [
"A rounded container is much stronger. corners of a rectangular box create a weak spot where pressure could cause a rupture, but a rounded surface inside lets the pressure spread evenly around the surface."
] | 1 | [
"A rounded container is much stronger. corners of a rectangular box create a weak spot where pressure could cause a rupture, but a rounded surface inside lets the pressure spread evenly around the surface."
] | 1 | question: why are trucks that carry gas/other liquids shaped like a cylinder instead of a rectangle like most trucks | answer: A rounded container is much stronger. corners of a rectangular box create a weak spot where pressure could cause a rupture, but a rounded surface inside lets the pressure spread evenly around the surface. |
5r3yfh | by mining asteroids could we ever acquire enough extra mass to alter the orbit of the earth? | Technically yes, but it would have to be an incredibly massive amount. Odds are by the time it becomes a real problem, we'd have an equivalent amount of mass working outside the earth as spaceships and orbital factories. | [
"Technically yes, but it would have to be an incredibly massive amount. Odds are by the time it becomes a real problem, we'd have an equivalent amount of mass working outside the earth as spaceships and orbital factories. ",
"The mass of the earth varies by a couple tens of thousands of pounds every year. The... | 2 | [
"Technically yes, but it would have to be an incredibly massive amount. Odds are by the time it becomes a real problem, we'd have an equivalent amount of mass working outside the earth as spaceships and orbital factories. "
] | 1 | question: by mining asteroids could we ever acquire enough extra mass to alter the orbit of the earth? | answer: Technically yes, but it would have to be an incredibly massive amount. Odds are by the time it becomes a real problem, we'd have an equivalent amount of mass working outside the earth as spaceships and orbital factories. |
1kv3ul | assuming unlimited monetary resources, is there an upper limit to the size of a synthetic diamond that one could create? | there's a star BPM 37093. the stellar core is a diamond 4,000km in diameter. | [
"Well how big can you make a press, and containment box? I think scaling up the equipment would do what you are asking. But from what I have seen the presses are already huge and the only produce a one inch block with industrial grade diamonds. \n\nHow ever, an ex of mine was a jeweler. They sold lab grown stones o... | 4 | [] | 0 | question: assuming unlimited monetary resources, is there an upper limit to the size of a synthetic diamond that one could create? | answer: there's a star BPM 37093. the stellar core is a diamond 4,000km in diameter. |
3vyk2e | why do younger people seem to prefer instructional videos over text, even when there are few visuals required? | Even if we accept your assertion that the most reliable information is via youtube, that only tells us about the content creators, not the content consumers. And I believe that in many cases, the content creators choose video over audio because it's easier, flashier, and less subject to academic criticism (spelling, grammar, organization). Nevertheless, I believe your premise is true, even though I can't point to anything that proves it. In the particular case of gaming, it's often easier to show how to do something than to explain it clearly. It's the picture-worth-a-thousand-words phenomenon. That doesn't explain it in general. We know that different people have different learning styles, but less about how they develop them. It's possible that with more A/V instruction available (particularly at younger ages), that people simply become more adept at learning that way. But another possibility is that text, while very effective in hard copy, loses its advantages on screen. | [
"Even if we accept your assertion that the most reliable information is via youtube, that only tells us about the content creators, not the content consumers. And I believe that in many cases, the content creators choose video over audio because it's easier, flashier, and less subject to academic criticism (spelli... | 1 | [] | 0 | question: why do younger people seem to prefer instructional videos over text, even when there are few visuals required? | answer: Even if we accept your assertion that the most reliable information is via youtube, that only tells us about the content creators, not the content consumers. And I believe that in many cases, the content creators choose video over audio because it's easier, flashier, and less subject to academic criticism (spelling, grammar, organization). Nevertheless, I believe your premise is true, even though I can't point to anything that proves it. In the particular case of gaming, it's often easier to show how to do something than to explain it clearly. It's the picture-worth-a-thousand-words phenomenon. That doesn't explain it in general. We know that different people have different learning styles, but less about how they develop them. It's possible that with more A/V instruction available (particularly at younger ages), that people simply become more adept at learning that way. But another possibility is that text, while very effective in hard copy, loses its advantages on screen. |
223aao | During the Black Death, were the deaths scattered across all economic groups, or were most of the victims peasants? | I'm currently taking a class on the Black Death but don't have my books on me so I'll cite my sources later. As for your question, the Black Death affected all of Europe regardless of class. As the plague can be spread through fleas as well as through the air, with one creating buboes and the other being pneumonic, no one was really safe from the reach of the plague. Furthermore, the more one came in contact with those inflicted with the illness the more likely one was to contract it. It is for this reason that so many clergy fell victim to the plague due to their close proximity to those that were sick through mass, anointing of the sick, etc. In an interesting side-note, it has been reasoned that the reason why Pope Clement VI did not contract the plague is due to the advice of his physician Guy de Chauliac. After Clement fled Avignon, Guy, who through his research had been able to distinguish between the two forms of plague, recommended that Clement not allow visitors in his chambers and that he continuously burn wood to purify the air. By not allowing visitors Clement was able to drastically decrease his exposure to plague through contact with individuals who had contracted it, while the lighting of fires most likely killed the flea population in his chambers. While you wait for print sources I would suggest you visit the Wikipedia articles below.[The Black Death](_URL_1_)[Pope Clement VI](_URL_2_)[Guy de Chauliac](_URL_0_)Here are some print sources. Please keep in mind that Kelly's book is a popular history and that he is a journalist. It should be noted that I do still think that his work is a great launching point for someone who is interested in the Black DeathThe Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time - John KellyThe Black Death: A Personal History by John HatcherThe Black Death by Rosemary HorroxThe Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe by Robert Gottfriededit: added print sources | [
"I'm currently taking a class on the Black Death but don't have my books on me so I'll cite my sources later. As for your question, the Black Death affected all of Europe regardless of class. As the plague can be spread through fleas as well as through the air, with one creating buboes and the other being pneumonic... | 3 | [
"I'm currently taking a class on the Black Death but don't have my books on me so I'll cite my sources later. As for your question, the Black Death affected all of Europe regardless of class. As the plague can be spread through fleas as well as through the air, with one creating buboes and the other being pneumonic... | 2 | question: During the Black Death, were the deaths scattered across all economic groups, or were most of the victims peasants? | answer: I'm currently taking a class on the Black Death but don't have my books on me so I'll cite my sources later. As for your question, the Black Death affected all of Europe regardless of class. As the plague can be spread through fleas as well as through the air, with one creating buboes and the other being pneumonic, no one was really safe from the reach of the plague. Furthermore, the more one came in contact with those inflicted with the illness the more likely one was to contract it. It is for this reason that so many clergy fell victim to the plague due to their close proximity to those that were sick through mass, anointing of the sick, etc. In an interesting side-note, it has been reasoned that the reason why Pope Clement VI did not contract the plague is due to the advice of his physician Guy de Chauliac. After Clement fled Avignon, Guy, who through his research had been able to distinguish between the two forms of plague, recommended that Clement not allow visitors in his chambers and that he continuously burn wood to purify the air. By not allowing visitors Clement was able to drastically decrease his exposure to plague through contact with individuals who had contracted it, while the lighting of fires most likely killed the flea population in his chambers. While you wait for print sources I would suggest you visit the Wikipedia articles below.[The Black Death](_URL_1_)[Pope Clement VI](_URL_2_)[Guy de Chauliac](_URL_0_)Here are some print sources. Please keep in mind that Kelly's book is a popular history and that he is a journalist. It should be noted that I do still think that his work is a great launching point for someone who is interested in the Black DeathThe Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time - John KellyThe Black Death: A Personal History by John HatcherThe Black Death by Rosemary HorroxThe Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe by Robert Gottfriededit: added print sources |
a6ua46 | why law enforcement uses polygraphs but they are not admissible in court | It is a useful tool for finding pressure points.There are two types of modern police interrogations - reid method and interrogative. Interrogative - That is basically questioning people until you catch them in lies. Knowing which questions to ask is very helpful. Reid method is basically accusing them of doing something in a manner that follows a storyline.Obviously, a trained liar has a better chance of passing a polygraph with discipline. Thing is that most criminals aren't highly trained or as sociopathic/anhedonic as is required to maintain the cool required to pass a polygraph in a simple criminal investigation. While the polygraph can be very revealing, it isn't considered admissible because of the technical arguments for guilt are easily refuted with arguments by the defense for "innocent behavior". | [
"Because even though it might not be admissible In court, it'll flag people who are worth investigating further... and when you investigate those people further, you WILL find evidence that IS admissible in court.\n\nEg: \nCop: \"Did you kill her?\" \nMurderer: \"Naw!\" \nPolygraph: \"He's lying.\" \nCop: \"So,... | 3 | [
"It is a useful tool for finding pressure points.\n\nThere are two types of modern police interrogations - reid method and interrogative. Interrogative - That is basically questioning people until you catch them in lies. Knowing which questions to ask is very helpful. Reid method is basically accusing them of doing... | 2 | question: why law enforcement uses polygraphs but they are not admissible in court | answer: It is a useful tool for finding pressure points.There are two types of modern police interrogations - reid method and interrogative. Interrogative - That is basically questioning people until you catch them in lies. Knowing which questions to ask is very helpful. Reid method is basically accusing them of doing something in a manner that follows a storyline.Obviously, a trained liar has a better chance of passing a polygraph with discipline. Thing is that most criminals aren't highly trained or as sociopathic/anhedonic as is required to maintain the cool required to pass a polygraph in a simple criminal investigation. While the polygraph can be very revealing, it isn't considered admissible because of the technical arguments for guilt are easily refuted with arguments by the defense for "innocent behavior". |
1rrykt | What are some sources of fresh water for animals during winter months or in permanently frozen areas? | Metabolic water is water that is produced during the breakdown of food. It can be a major source of water fro desert animals. Also the moisture that is directly contained by a food item is a large potential source.Different animals have different water budgets and so the details will vary from one to the next. Which ones are you interested in? | [
"You're right; if animals consumed too much snow/ice, then they'd develop hypothermia. The main source of water during the winter is transferred from the food they eat. For example, mammals that don't hibernate (i.e. ruminants like elk or deer) continue their diet of plants, be it grasses or leaves. Plants naturall... | 2 | [] | 0 | question: What are some sources of fresh water for animals during winter months or in permanently frozen areas? | answer: Metabolic water is water that is produced during the breakdown of food. It can be a major source of water fro desert animals. Also the moisture that is directly contained by a food item is a large potential source.Different animals have different water budgets and so the details will vary from one to the next. Which ones are you interested in? |
kmm9w | how does religious confession work? | There are two sides to this story … but the fact is, they both have the same ending.In canon law — that is, the law that governs the actions of priests while they carry out their duties to the Church — what you're referring to is called *the seal of the confessional.* The seal of the confessional is *absolutely inviolable.* That means that whatever is disclosed to a priest during the sacrament of confession cannot be disclosed to anyone, under any circumstances, no exceptions, period, end of paragraph.So say you have a penitent — that is, a person doing the confessing — who during the sacrament confesses to his priest that he, just to pick an example, has murdered his wife. Under canon law, the priest is absolutely forbidden from disclosing that statement to *anyone,* including civil law enforcement. This prohibition also extends to anyone who rightly or wrongly overhears the confession, such as a translator or just some random somebody who happens to be walking by the confessional.The priest, upon hearing such a confession, may urge the penitent to turn himself in to the secular authority, but he may not make that a condition of absolution. In other words, the priest cannot withhold absolution from a penitent who confesses his crime before God but not before the civil authority.There are some exceptions, but they're very narrow in scope. For example, if a penitent confesses that he *intends* to commit a murder, the priest can go to his bishop and seek absolution for violating the seal of the confessional in order to save the life of an innocent. But such an absolution would generally not be sought, nor granted if sought, if the topic were a crime that *had been* committed. It's one thing to break the seal of the confessional to save a life, but another thing entirely to do so merely in the name of civil justice.So that's the canon law side of things. The *civil* side of things, as a rule, respects canon law in this matter. A priest cannot be compelled to testify about what goes on in the confessional, nor can a priest be held personally liable for failing to report what goes on in the confessional to the civil authorities. Furthermore, there is precedent in criminal law for the inadmissibility of evidence obtained from within the confessional no matter what the means. There was a famous case that I can't recall the details of right now in which an attorney on one side or the other of some criminal case sought to admit an audio recording made within a confessional. The recording was *not* admitted, and in fact it was seized by the court and destroyed. If I remember correctly, the ruling cited both the fourth *and* the first amendments, but again, I'm groggy on the details.The long story made short is that the state has a vested interest in what crimes you, as an individual *have* committed or *intend* to commit, but *no interest whatsoever* in what goes on between you and your God. The Church does not invite the state into the confessional, and the state does not try to find a way in. | [
"There are two sides to this story … but the fact is, they both have the same ending.\n\nIn canon law — that is, the law that governs the actions of priests while they carry out their duties to the Church — what you're referring to is called *the seal of the confessional.* The seal of the confessional is *absolutel... | 4 | [
"There are two sides to this story … but the fact is, they both have the same ending.\n\nIn canon law — that is, the law that governs the actions of priests while they carry out their duties to the Church — what you're referring to is called *the seal of the confessional.* The seal of the confessional is *absolutel... | 2 | question: how does religious confession work? | answer: There are two sides to this story … but the fact is, they both have the same ending.In canon law — that is, the law that governs the actions of priests while they carry out their duties to the Church — what you're referring to is called *the seal of the confessional.* The seal of the confessional is *absolutely inviolable.* That means that whatever is disclosed to a priest during the sacrament of confession cannot be disclosed to anyone, under any circumstances, no exceptions, period, end of paragraph.So say you have a penitent — that is, a person doing the confessing — who during the sacrament confesses to his priest that he, just to pick an example, has murdered his wife. Under canon law, the priest is absolutely forbidden from disclosing that statement to *anyone,* including civil law enforcement. This prohibition also extends to anyone who rightly or wrongly overhears the confession, such as a translator or just some random somebody who happens to be walking by the confessional.The priest, upon hearing such a confession, may urge the penitent to turn himself in to the secular authority, but he may not make that a condition of absolution. In other words, the priest cannot withhold absolution from a penitent who confesses his crime before God but not before the civil authority.There are some exceptions, but they're very narrow in scope. For example, if a penitent confesses that he *intends* to commit a murder, the priest can go to his bishop and seek absolution for violating the seal of the confessional in order to save the life of an innocent. But such an absolution would generally not be sought, nor granted if sought, if the topic were a crime that *had been* committed. It's one thing to break the seal of the confessional to save a life, but another thing entirely to do so merely in the name of civil justice.So that's the canon law side of things. The *civil* side of things, as a rule, respects canon law in this matter. A priest cannot be compelled to testify about what goes on in the confessional, nor can a priest be held personally liable for failing to report what goes on in the confessional to the civil authorities. Furthermore, there is precedent in criminal law for the inadmissibility of evidence obtained from within the confessional no matter what the means. There was a famous case that I can't recall the details of right now in which an attorney on one side or the other of some criminal case sought to admit an audio recording made within a confessional. The recording was *not* admitted, and in fact it was seized by the court and destroyed. If I remember correctly, the ruling cited both the fourth *and* the first amendments, but again, I'm groggy on the details.The long story made short is that the state has a vested interest in what crimes you, as an individual *have* committed or *intend* to commit, but *no interest whatsoever* in what goes on between you and your God. The Church does not invite the state into the confessional, and the state does not try to find a way in. |
2io1cc | If approximately half of all pregnancies are unplanned and many women drink alcohol, how are there not more cases of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? | Well, given that at least 1 in 9 women drink during pregnancy (survey only asked for last month), but only 1 in around 500 women don't know they're pregnant by 20 weeks, I don't know that the unknown factor is really as big of an issue as you might think. [REF1](_URL_1_) [REF2](_URL_2_) That said, that's a lot more drinkers than the prevalence of FAS, which occurs around 1 per 1000 births, so the question is still a good one. Even when looking at pregnant women who drink 5+ drinks per week (1 in 30) and the whole spectrum of alcohol related disorders (FASD, 1 per 100), there's still a sizable disparity.There's a pretty comprehensive review [here](_URL_0_), but I'll summarize the main points of why it's so variable.* Drinking behaviors - probably kind of obvious, but just because two people both drink doesn't mean they drink with equal frequency. The more frequent and the longer the duration (through the pregnancy) of drinking, the greater the risk of FASD. In addition, binge drinking is more dangerous than normal drinking.* Mother's physical characteristics - smaller women have an increased risk of FASD, which could be due to biology (storage capacity, etc) or poor nutrition.* Childbearing variables - the age of the mother and the number of pregnancies are also correlated; the more pregnancies, the greater the risk of FASD.* Time of drinking - drinking during certain windows of fetal development, especially neurological development, may be more damaging than drinking at other times.* Metabolism - some people have mutant protective versions of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme which allow them to safely drink higher quantities of alcohol; this protective effect transfers to the child also.There are other effects correlated (smoking, socioeconomic status), but the above are the primary correlations. | [
"Well, given that at least 1 in 9 women drink during pregnancy (survey only asked for last month), but only 1 in around 500 women don't know they're pregnant by 20 weeks, I don't know that the unknown factor is really as big of an issue as you might think. [REF1](_URL_1_) [REF2](_URL_2_) That said, that's a lot mor... | 2 | [
"Well, given that at least 1 in 9 women drink during pregnancy (survey only asked for last month), but only 1 in around 500 women don't know they're pregnant by 20 weeks, I don't know that the unknown factor is really as big of an issue as you might think. [REF1](_URL_1_) [REF2](_URL_2_) That said, that's a lot mor... | 1 | question: If approximately half of all pregnancies are unplanned and many women drink alcohol, how are there not more cases of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? | answer: Well, given that at least 1 in 9 women drink during pregnancy (survey only asked for last month), but only 1 in around 500 women don't know they're pregnant by 20 weeks, I don't know that the unknown factor is really as big of an issue as you might think. [REF1](_URL_1_) [REF2](_URL_2_) That said, that's a lot more drinkers than the prevalence of FAS, which occurs around 1 per 1000 births, so the question is still a good one. Even when looking at pregnant women who drink 5+ drinks per week (1 in 30) and the whole spectrum of alcohol related disorders (FASD, 1 per 100), there's still a sizable disparity.There's a pretty comprehensive review [here](_URL_0_), but I'll summarize the main points of why it's so variable.* Drinking behaviors - probably kind of obvious, but just because two people both drink doesn't mean they drink with equal frequency. The more frequent and the longer the duration (through the pregnancy) of drinking, the greater the risk of FASD. In addition, binge drinking is more dangerous than normal drinking.* Mother's physical characteristics - smaller women have an increased risk of FASD, which could be due to biology (storage capacity, etc) or poor nutrition.* Childbearing variables - the age of the mother and the number of pregnancies are also correlated; the more pregnancies, the greater the risk of FASD.* Time of drinking - drinking during certain windows of fetal development, especially neurological development, may be more damaging than drinking at other times.* Metabolism - some people have mutant protective versions of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme which allow them to safely drink higher quantities of alcohol; this protective effect transfers to the child also.There are other effects correlated (smoking, socioeconomic status), but the above are the primary correlations. |
8l5dbx | how are super-rare antiques valuated? | Honestly if there isn't a prior sale of a similar item in simialr condition to appriase it next to, than a super\-rare antiquie like the never been sold before, one\-of\-a\-kind piece you described would literally be priceless. And it would sell for whatever price someone would be willing to pay for it. Art/antiquities appraisals work by comparison to known prior sales of similar items. | [
"Honestly if there isn't a prior sale of a similar item in simialr condition to appriase it next to, than a super\\-rare antiquie like the never been sold before, one\\-of\\-a\\-kind piece you described would literally be priceless. And it would sell for whatever price someone would be willing to pay for it. \n\nAr... | 1 | [] | 0 | question: how are super-rare antiques valuated? | answer: Honestly if there isn't a prior sale of a similar item in simialr condition to appriase it next to, than a super\-rare antiquie like the never been sold before, one\-of\-a\-kind piece you described would literally be priceless. And it would sell for whatever price someone would be willing to pay for it. Art/antiquities appraisals work by comparison to known prior sales of similar items. |
1ac83d | Do deaf sufferers of schizophrenia have an equivalent of auditory hallucinations? | People with schizophrenia hallucinate using all of their senses. Deaf people hallucinate just the same, except for sound. So they see, smell, taste and feel hallucinations instead. | [
"There's great book by Oliver Sacks called hallucinations. In it he talks about many occurrences of deaf people having auditory hallucinations and blind people having visual hallucinations. I can't remember the names of the syndromes but it does seem to happen. Not sure about with schizophrenics though.",
"People... | 2 | [
"There's great book by Oliver Sacks called hallucinations. In it he talks about many occurrences of deaf people having auditory hallucinations and blind people having visual hallucinations. I can't remember the names of the syndromes but it does seem to happen. Not sure about with schizophrenics though.",
"People... | 2 | question: Do deaf sufferers of schizophrenia have an equivalent of auditory hallucinations? | answer: People with schizophrenia hallucinate using all of their senses. Deaf people hallucinate just the same, except for sound. So they see, smell, taste and feel hallucinations instead. |
1tv5yi | what is the healthcare system like in countries like america, canada, sweeden, denmark, austrailia, etc? and how does obamacare compare? | Denmark has a public health care system. We pay through our taxes and everyone can use ambulances, hospitals and doctors without paying anything but taxes.Everyone is entitled to help, not only the rich. | [
"Australia has both a public and a private health care system. All citizens and permanent residents get access to Medicare which is the public health care system. People who want can also pay for private health care. Private health care basically gets you quicker access to elective surgeries (non emergency surge... | 18 | [
"Australia has both a public and a private health care system. All citizens and permanent residents get access to Medicare which is the public health care system. People who want can also pay for private health care. Private health care basically gets you quicker access to elective surgeries (non emergency surge... | 11 | question: what is the healthcare system like in countries like america, canada, sweeden, denmark, austrailia, etc? and how does obamacare compare? | answer: Denmark has a public health care system. We pay through our taxes and everyone can use ambulances, hospitals and doctors without paying anything but taxes.Everyone is entitled to help, not only the rich. |
346md0 | why is it so difficult for people to agree on the best ways to work out and eat properly? | Having just completed a report in an undergraduate biology class on different diets (not claiming any expertise here), there is just no set-in-stone way that will work for everybody. Yes, there are general guidelines that can be followed, but when it comes down to different beliefs (paleo vs. food pyramid, crossfit vs. muscle-specific training), there are competing studies that offer up very different results. My conclusion, eating and exercise habits need to be tailored to the individual. This requires the person to experiment a little and ultimately determine the best lifestyle for them, because to be frank, there really just isn't that "100% right" way to eat or exercise that can be applied to EVERY person. | [
"Because we don't know the BEST way to do it, as we really just don't know the human body that well.\n\nWhat we do have is a whole lot of decent ways to stay healthy, a handful of good ways, and a whole lot of things to avoid doing. ",
"Having just completed a report in an undergraduate biology class on different... | 2 | [] | 0 | question: why is it so difficult for people to agree on the best ways to work out and eat properly? | answer: Having just completed a report in an undergraduate biology class on different diets (not claiming any expertise here), there is just no set-in-stone way that will work for everybody. Yes, there are general guidelines that can be followed, but when it comes down to different beliefs (paleo vs. food pyramid, crossfit vs. muscle-specific training), there are competing studies that offer up very different results. My conclusion, eating and exercise habits need to be tailored to the individual. This requires the person to experiment a little and ultimately determine the best lifestyle for them, because to be frank, there really just isn't that "100% right" way to eat or exercise that can be applied to EVERY person. |
4o5z62 | How was the Economic Situation in The Post-War Soviet Union | Don't you know? You just [accused a former Soviet citizen](_URL_0_) of not knowing anything about it because they contradicted your viewpoint. I assume you must know a lot about this already to be able to tell him that his experiences are wrong? | [
"Don't you know? You just [accused a former Soviet citizen](_URL_0_) of not knowing anything about it because they contradicted your viewpoint. I assume you must know a lot about this already to be able to tell him that his experiences are wrong?"
] | 1 | [] | 0 | question: How was the Economic Situation in The Post-War Soviet Union | answer: Don't you know? You just [accused a former Soviet citizen](_URL_0_) of not knowing anything about it because they contradicted your viewpoint. I assume you must know a lot about this already to be able to tell him that his experiences are wrong? |
1cfnkc | Was the controversy over dams primarily environmental or were there other issues that people had? | It depends on the dam and when it was built; I will focus on the US and a tiny corner of Canada. Hetch Hetcy was the first dam I can think of that got any real environmental resistance in the US, primarily from John Muir. Other resistance factors were water rights and use - after the dam who will have more water and who may have less. In the east, the private landowners owned good bottom land that was flooded by the TVA. The land owners and farmers were compensated through eminent domain, but a cash payment may not suffice for loosing the family farm during the depression. Dams still face opposition from landowners in their current operation. Dam operation may cause shore levels to vary dramatically through the year or years. This can erode shorelines, reducing the a landowner's property on pretty much an annual basis. Other dams were built out of sausage, such as the ones on the Missouri. Here there were numerous political, administrative, and economic factors that had to jostle for how and where the dams were going to be built as well as what pork (irrigation projects) would accompany them. Also, there was administrative wrangling between the Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation. In this case the main losers were the Native American Tribes (Three Affiliated Tribe) who owned and farmed the good bottom land. Also, relevant during the golden age of dams 70-100 years ago, were a host of factors that supported the building of dams. Dams meant electricity, industry, and progress - See Great Falls, MT the Electric City whose dam ran copper smelters and turned on the lights while the region was still dark. From the beginning, dams would help run factories and textile mills. Dams meant flood control, cutting out the high spring and early summer flows left houses standing, livestock alive, and people breathing. Dams meant irrigation. With a lot of these dams the Bureau of Reclamation would develop extensive ditches and canals to supply farmers in the area with cheap, subsidized water which would turn unproductive dry land into agricultural bonanzas. Municipal water was an additional consideration. Dams meant navigation. Often forgotten now (and sometimes a complete bust on places like the Missouri) barges and river boats were and are an important stream of commerce and vehicle for transporting large goods and commodities. Cutting out the high and low flows allow barges to move along the river for more months of the year. In some cases, such as the Columbia River Treaty dams, dams meant money. The US literally sends Canada a check every year for the dams they have on the Columbia in BC which arguably keep Portland from flooding. More important now, dams mean recreation - people like to powerboat, sail, catch fish, and have fun on reservoirs. People also like the idea of a nice lakefront vacation home. Above all, dams meant jobs during the New Deal. Roosevelt put scores of unemployed to work constructing concrete and earthen monstrosities across the nation. So, with the exception of Hetch Hetchy and a few outliers, environmental opposition and fisheries are the exception rather than the norm. In the 70s, like with the rest of the modern environmental movement, you begin to see opposition to the construction of new dams. A good example of this is *TVA v. Hill* in which the Snail Darter and the Endangered Species Act held up the Tellico dam for years. With the ESA help up a number of other new dams. More importantly, dams build under the Federal Power Act have to be relicensed by FERC every 50 years. Because of this, dams owners and operators have to consider a myriad of factors and sit down with a bunch of stake holders regarding the continued operation (and sometimes ownership) of the dam. These can get heated - such as on the Klamath River. These can also be vehicles for resolution - See the Catawba River. Regardless, it forces dams to address issues that it would otherwise not, allowing opposition to have their concerns aired and problems addressed. So, the newest trends in the dam opposition game are fish (oxygenation of the water, fish ladders, restoration of species), indigenous/treaty fishing rights (PacNW and Columbia River Basin where Williams Treaty tribes have made some real gains), decommissioning (plenty of dams are defunct, failed, or otherwise unneeded), water use (just about all of them) and ownership (Badin Dam on the Yadkin, Kerr Dam on the Flathead). This is balanced by the fact that dams are renewable (and green depending on who you talk to) energy. Advocates and generators are attempting add hydroelectric to state renewable energy portfolios. I won't go any further as to not run afoul of the 20 year rule, but I hope this covers some of the issues. | [
"It depends on the dam and when it was built; I will focus on the US and a tiny corner of Canada. Hetch Hetcy was the first dam I can think of that got any real environmental resistance in the US, primarily from John Muir. Other resistance factors were water rights and use - after the dam who will have more water a... | 1 | [] | 0 | question: Was the controversy over dams primarily environmental or were there other issues that people had? | answer: It depends on the dam and when it was built; I will focus on the US and a tiny corner of Canada. Hetch Hetcy was the first dam I can think of that got any real environmental resistance in the US, primarily from John Muir. Other resistance factors were water rights and use - after the dam who will have more water and who may have less. In the east, the private landowners owned good bottom land that was flooded by the TVA. The land owners and farmers were compensated through eminent domain, but a cash payment may not suffice for loosing the family farm during the depression. Dams still face opposition from landowners in their current operation. Dam operation may cause shore levels to vary dramatically through the year or years. This can erode shorelines, reducing the a landowner's property on pretty much an annual basis. Other dams were built out of sausage, such as the ones on the Missouri. Here there were numerous political, administrative, and economic factors that had to jostle for how and where the dams were going to be built as well as what pork (irrigation projects) would accompany them. Also, there was administrative wrangling between the Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation. In this case the main losers were the Native American Tribes (Three Affiliated Tribe) who owned and farmed the good bottom land. Also, relevant during the golden age of dams 70-100 years ago, were a host of factors that supported the building of dams. Dams meant electricity, industry, and progress - See Great Falls, MT the Electric City whose dam ran copper smelters and turned on the lights while the region was still dark. From the beginning, dams would help run factories and textile mills. Dams meant flood control, cutting out the high spring and early summer flows left houses standing, livestock alive, and people breathing. Dams meant irrigation. With a lot of these dams the Bureau of Reclamation would develop extensive ditches and canals to supply farmers in the area with cheap, subsidized water which would turn unproductive dry land into agricultural bonanzas. Municipal water was an additional consideration. Dams meant navigation. Often forgotten now (and sometimes a complete bust on places like the Missouri) barges and river boats were and are an important stream of commerce and vehicle for transporting large goods and commodities. Cutting out the high and low flows allow barges to move along the river for more months of the year. In some cases, such as the Columbia River Treaty dams, dams meant money. The US literally sends Canada a check every year for the dams they have on the Columbia in BC which arguably keep Portland from flooding. More important now, dams mean recreation - people like to powerboat, sail, catch fish, and have fun on reservoirs. People also like the idea of a nice lakefront vacation home. Above all, dams meant jobs during the New Deal. Roosevelt put scores of unemployed to work constructing concrete and earthen monstrosities across the nation. So, with the exception of Hetch Hetchy and a few outliers, environmental opposition and fisheries are the exception rather than the norm. In the 70s, like with the rest of the modern environmental movement, you begin to see opposition to the construction of new dams. A good example of this is *TVA v. Hill* in which the Snail Darter and the Endangered Species Act held up the Tellico dam for years. With the ESA help up a number of other new dams. More importantly, dams build under the Federal Power Act have to be relicensed by FERC every 50 years. Because of this, dams owners and operators have to consider a myriad of factors and sit down with a bunch of stake holders regarding the continued operation (and sometimes ownership) of the dam. These can get heated - such as on the Klamath River. These can also be vehicles for resolution - See the Catawba River. Regardless, it forces dams to address issues that it would otherwise not, allowing opposition to have their concerns aired and problems addressed. So, the newest trends in the dam opposition game are fish (oxygenation of the water, fish ladders, restoration of species), indigenous/treaty fishing rights (PacNW and Columbia River Basin where Williams Treaty tribes have made some real gains), decommissioning (plenty of dams are defunct, failed, or otherwise unneeded), water use (just about all of them) and ownership (Badin Dam on the Yadkin, Kerr Dam on the Flathead). This is balanced by the fact that dams are renewable (and green depending on who you talk to) energy. Advocates and generators are attempting add hydroelectric to state renewable energy portfolios. I won't go any further as to not run afoul of the 20 year rule, but I hope this covers some of the issues. |
smir0 | What is actually happening when you get dizzy from say spinning in a chair? Is there a quick way to nullify these effects? | Med student here.When you spin, the liquor in the semicircular canals begin moving after a certain delay because of their specific density. Even when you have already stopped spinning, the liquor is still moving/spinning. This causes the dizziness because the information which come from your eyes and muscles (that you are actually NOT moving/spinning anymore) do not match with the information which come from your N. vestibulocochlearis (the VIII cranial nerve a.k.a. auditory vestibular nerve; responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium/balance). This leads to a misinformation according to your brain. Your brain is like: "lol wtf is going on". Nausea can result from that.I though don't know whether there's a way to stop the dizziness instantly. I don't think that it exists. | [
"Med student here.\n\nWhen you spin, the liquor in the semicircular canals begin moving after a certain delay because of their specific density. Even when you have already stopped spinning, the liquor is still moving/spinning. This causes the dizziness because the information which come from your eyes and muscles (... | 3 | [
"Med student here.\n\nWhen you spin, the liquor in the semicircular canals begin moving after a certain delay because of their specific density. Even when you have already stopped spinning, the liquor is still moving/spinning. This causes the dizziness because the information which come from your eyes and muscles (... | 1 | question: What is actually happening when you get dizzy from say spinning in a chair? Is there a quick way to nullify these effects? | answer: Med student here.When you spin, the liquor in the semicircular canals begin moving after a certain delay because of their specific density. Even when you have already stopped spinning, the liquor is still moving/spinning. This causes the dizziness because the information which come from your eyes and muscles (that you are actually NOT moving/spinning anymore) do not match with the information which come from your N. vestibulocochlearis (the VIII cranial nerve a.k.a. auditory vestibular nerve; responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium/balance). This leads to a misinformation according to your brain. Your brain is like: "lol wtf is going on". Nausea can result from that.I though don't know whether there's a way to stop the dizziness instantly. I don't think that it exists. |
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